Slavs.
Published: 1969
Language: eng
Table of contents: value: INTRODUCTION:  THE ESSENTIAL BACKGROUND … 1; value: ◦; value: The Slavs Are Europeans … 3; value: Linguistic and Religious Diversity … 3; value: Dependence and Independence … 6; value: A Common Interest:  Opposition to the Turks	 … 8; value: Danger from Germany and Austria … 9; value: Dubious Collective Spirit … 10; value: Strength of Foreign Traditions and Influences … 11; value: ‘National’ Civilizations … 13; value: Some Over-Simplifications Corrected … 14; value: Parallelism, Not Congruence … 15; value: The Case of Russia … 16; value: Nationalism in Ferment:  Pan-Slavism … 18; value: What Nationalism Divided, Socialism Must Unite … 19; value: Origins of the Slavs … 21; value: The Lusatian Civilization and Poland … 25; value: ◦; value: ◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦; value: ◦; value: BOOK I. FROM ‘RUS’ TO RUSSIA (8th–15th CENTURIES); value: ◦; value: ◦ 1. THE EAST SLAVS … 29; value: ◦; value: I. The First Russian State … 29; value: ◦; value: Obscure Beginnings:  the Age of the Primitive Community … 29; value: — The first Russian State; A Significant Controversy … 32; value: Russia as Kiev (9th–13th Centuries) … 34; value: — Achievements of the Scandinavian Princes … 34; value: — Political  Discord, Unified Civilization, Linguistic Divergences … 35; value: — Kiev and the Outside World … 37; value: — Byzantium and Kiev. Conversion to Christianity … 38; value: — Kiev, Western Europe and Rome … 40; value: Kiev’s Economy – Traditional Agriculture and Its Long Career … 41; value: — Landlord and Peasant … 42; value: — The Towns … 42; value: — Caravan Routes to Byzantium … 44; value: — The Origins of Serfdom … 44; value: — A Golden Age? … 45; value: Signposts of a Civilization and Its Culture … 45; value: — Conscious National Spirit … 46; value: — Contrasts and Continuity … 47; value: ◦; value: II. Peace Under the Mongols …48; value: ◦; value: Novgorod: A Free Commercial City … 48; value: The Rise of the Second Russian State	 … 51; value: — Mongols and Russians … 52; value: — Russians versus Poles in Lithuania … 54; value: — The Emergence of Moscow … 55; value: — Danger from Lithuania Repulsed … 56; value: The Rise of Moscow	57; value: — A Society on the Move. Internal Colonization … 58; value: — Freedom and the Peasantry … 59; value: — Russians and non-Russian Natives:  New Contacts … 60; value: — Rural Economy: Trade with the Outside World … 60; value: — Birth of the Rouble … 51; value: — Urban Liberties on the Wane … 61; value: — New Life in the Arts. Icon Painters: Theophanes and Rublev … 62; value: — Russia's Mesopotamia: A New Artistic Centre … 63; value: A Despotic State: The Great Reign of Ivan III … 66; value: — Decline of an Ancient Aristocracy; Rise of the New Men … 66; value: — Architecture for Monarchs … 68; value: ◦; value: ◦ 2. THE WEST SLAVS … 70; value: ◦; value: I. The Poles … 70; value: ◦; value: The Polish People … 70; value: Polish Agriculture … 72; value: Rural Government. Nobles and Peasants … 72; value: Towns under German Law … 74; value: Poland as a Baltic Power … 75; value: Russo-Polish Rivalry; and a Permanent Crusade … 76; value: Poland’s Latin Culture … 77; value: ◦; value: II. Czechs and Slovaks … 79; value: ◦; value: The Nation and the State … 79; value: The Czech Nation and the German Influx … 80; value: Bohemia's ‘Golden Age’ … 82; value: The Hussite Movement; Social and National Overtones … 85; value: Jan Hus: Patriot, Christian, Reformer … 85; value: The Hussite Wars … 86; value: An Extraordinary Experiment:  Tabor … 86; value: Defeat … 88; value: The Hussite Heritage … 88; value: ◦; value: ◦ 3. THE SOUTH SLAVS — FLEDGELING STATES AND THEIR VICISSITUDES … 90; value: ◦; value: Alphabets at War … 90; value: Religious Literature. Regional Dialects … 92; value: Bulgaria and the Bogomils … 93; value: Unobtrusive Nationality:  the Slovenes … 95; value: Political Durability:  Croatia … 96; value: ◦; value: ◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦; value: ◦; value: BOOK TWO:  THE BALKANS IN TURKISH HANDS. RUSSIA: A CONTINENTAL EMPIRE (16th AND 17th CENTURIES); value: ◦; value: ◦ 4. THE SERBS ON THE CREST OF THE WAVE … 103; value: ◦; value: A Hardworking Peasant People … 103; value: Serbian Art … 105; value: Serbia's Independence Obliterated; the Turkish Conquest … 106; value: ◦; value: ◦ 5. FROM MOSCOW TO EURASIA … 108; value: ◦; value: I.  Expansion in Siberia:  The Russians on the Pacific … 108; value: ◦; value: Conquest in Siberia … 108; value: Russians and non-Russians … 110; value: Russian Siberia … 111; value: ◦; value: II. The Centralized Russian State … 112; value: ◦; value: Authoritarian Reforms … 112; value: Monarchical Compromise: A Brief Interlude … 113; value: From Feudal Supporter to State Servant … 114; value: Enforced Decline of the Trading Cities … 115; value: ◦; value: III. From Freedom to Serfdom … 116; value: ◦; value: Popular Revolts … 120; value: ◦; value: ◦ 6   FOUNDATIONS OF RUSSIA’S POWER … 123; value: ◦; value: I. A Mercantile Economy … 123; value: ◦; value: Slow Progress in Agriculture … 123; value: Urban Growth … 124; value: Moscow: Religion in the Life of a Great City … 125; value: How the People Lived … 126; value: The Upper Classes … 128; value: The Position of Women … 128; value: Economic Independence in Jeopardy; a Policy of Mercantile Self-Defence … 129; value: A Plutocratic Class and Its Brief Political Power … 131; value: A Burgher Grandee:  the ‘Gost’ Nikitin … 131; value: ◦; value: II.  Intellectual Trends – National Culture … 133; value: ◦; value: Attachment to the Past … 133; value: Religious Trends. Frustrated Heresies … 133; value: National Culture … 135; value: Kiev’s Contribution … 137; value: Time-lag in the Sciences … 138; value: Birth of the Theatre … 138; value: ◦; value: III. The Church in the Seventeenth Century … 139; value: ◦; value: Power of the Church … 139; value: A Great Schism … 141; value: ◦; value: ◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦; value: ◦; value: BOOK THREE:  MODERN STATES  (1700-1860); value: ◦; value: ◦ 7. THE DAWN OF CAPITALISM IN RUSSIA … 147; value: ◦; value: I. Novel Achievements and Objectives … 147; value: ◦; value: Creative Practicality:  Peter the Great … 147; value: The Reign of Bluff: Catherine II … 150; value: ◦; value: II. Broader Social and Economic Foundations … 152; value: ◦; value: Development of Trade and Transport … 152; value: The Century of Iron. A Great Industrial Region … 156; value: The Last Great Popular Revolt … 159; value: First Steps towards Industrial Capitalism … 160; value: Demography and Migration … 161; value: Villages and Towns … 163; value: The Beginnings of Deliberate Urban Development … 164; value: Urban Life … 166; value: ◦; value: III. An Age of Achievement – The Eighteenth Century … 166; value: ◦; value: Economic Thought … 169; value: Development of a National Spirit … 170; value: The Old and the New … 171; value: The Popular Arts at Their Best … 173; value: Noble and Official Art … 174; value: ◦; value: IV. Russian Society on the Eve of the Great Reforms … 177; value: ◦; value: The Church in State Harness … 178; value: The Nobles and the Nation … 179; value: Noblemen Wealthy and Needy … 182; value: The Troubled Conscience of the Nobles … 183; value: From ‘gosti’ to ‘bourgeois’ … 185; value: Origin of the Industrial Middle Class … 185; value: Paternalism and the Working Class … 188; value: Peasant Life:  Subjection and Hope … 189; value: Peasant Ways of Life … 192; value: ◦; value: V. Intellectual Trends – Literature and the Arts … 193; value: ◦; value: The University’s New Role … 193; value: Russia's Future Debated … 194; value: Russian Literary Greatness … 196; value: Before the Reforms … 196; value: National Music … 197; value: ◦; value: VI. The Turn Of The Century … 197; value: ◦; value: ◦ 8. FROM GREATNESS TO DECLINE – THE POLISH STATE … 198; value: ◦; value: I. From the ‘Golden Century’ to the Partitions … 198; value: ◦; value: Liberal Aristocratic Monarchism … 198; value: — Religious Toleration in Poland … 199; value: — The ‘Golden Century’ … 200; value: — Literature and Language:  Polish and Latin … 202; value: Rocks and Shoals … 203; value: — Poland Recaptured by Catholicism … 203; value: — Disaster Begins … 205; value: — Stagnation of the Nobility … 207; value: ◦; value: II. Death of a State, Survival of a Nation … 208; value: ◦; value: Facts and Conditions … 208; value: — Poverty of the People … 209; value: — Religious Differences … 210; value: — Interplay of Patriotism and Self-interest … 212; value: — Poland as ‘the Paradise of the Jews’? … 216; value: The Partitions … 216; value: — A Crowned philosophe: Stanislas Augustus … 217; value: — The Commission of National Education … 219; value: — Cracow, the Home of Patriotism … 220; value: — Upsurge of National Literature. Committed Writers … 220; value: — The Epoch of the Reforms; Patriotism Resurgent … 221; value: — Insurrection of a People … 227; value: — Survival of a Nation … 229; value: ◦; value: ◦ 9. DEPENDENT AND SUBJECT NATIONS … 232; value: ◦; value: I. Decline of Bohemia … 232; value: ◦; value: A Czech Sovereign:  George of Podebrady … 232; value: Temporary Religious Peace … 232; value: The Nobles in Power … 233; value: The Reformation in Bohemia … 234; value: German and Catholic Pressure … 235; value: Brilliant Cultural Achievements … 236; value: The National Catastrophe … 237; value: The Slovaks and the Czechs … 239; value: The Age of Baroque … 239; value: Economic and Social Inequalities … 241; value: ◦; value: II. The South Slavs:  the Sleepy Balkans … 243; value: ◦; value: Partition by Ottoman Conquest … 242; value: Dubrovnik, a Gateway to the West … 243; value: The Slavs in the Holy Roman Empire … 244; value: Slav Unity and the Reformation … 244; value: The Slavs in the Ottoman Empire … 246; value: ◦; value: ◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦; value: ◦; value: BOOK FOUR:  NATIONALISM AND THE SLAV PEOPLES  (1861-1917); value: ◦; value: ◦ 10. RUSSIA AT THE CROSSROADS – ACCELERATED DEVELOPMENT … 251; value: ◦; value: I. Demography and the Onward Drive of Colonization … 251; value: ◦; value: Acquisition and Settlement of New Territories … 251; value: The Cossack Hosts … 255; value: ◦; value: II. The Effects of the Great Reforms … 258; value: ◦; value: Peasant Emancipation:  Dependence in a New Form … 258; value: Harder Times for the Peasants … 260; value: The Nobles and the Wind of Change … 262; value: Development of the Middle Classes … 263; value: ◦; value: III. A Delayed ‘Industrial Revolution’ … 264; value: ◦; value: On the Road to Capitalism. Uneven Development … 264; value: Monopolistic Tendencies … 270; value: Revival of the Manual Crafts … 273; value: ◦; value: IV. The Changing Social Structure … 274; value: ◦; value: A Two-way Process:  Decadence and Enrichment among the Nobility … 274; value: The Church’s Apparent Power … 276; value: Rise of the Industrial Middle Class … 279; value: The Self-made Man … 281; value: The Middle Class on the Threshold of Politics … 282; value: Growth of a Proletariat … 282; value: Urban Outcasts … 285; value: ◦; value: V. Progress in Education and the Sciences … 287; value: ◦; value: Universities and Schools … 287; value: Russian Contributions to Science … 289; value: Prominence of Women … 289; value: ◦; value: VI. The Arts and the Nation … 291; value: ◦; value: Half a Century of Great Literature … 291; value: Realistic Painting and Abstract Art … 296; value: Russian Music Conquers the World … 299; value: ◦; value: ◦ 11. RUSSIA AS A BOURGEOIS NATIONAL STATE … 301; value: ◦; value: I. The Capitals at the Turn of the Century … 301; value: ◦; value: II. From Autocracy to the Constitution … 305; value: ◦; value: Revolutionary Agitation … 305; value: — Slavophilism on the Defensive … 305; value: — Populism and Marxism … 306; value: — The Great Turning-Point:  1905 … 313; value: New Social Forces … 320; value: — A Rural ‘Third Estate’? … 320; value: — The Middle Classes on the Make … 323; value: ◦; value: III. Nationalism or Federalism? … 324; value: ◦; value: The Problem of the Nation and Its Nationalities … 324; value: A Special Case:  the Jews … 326; value: The Ukrainian Nation … 327; value: Another Centre of Ukrainian Nationalism … 330; value: The Travelling Theatre and Its Contribution … 330; value: ◦; value: IV. Before the Storm – a Summary of Russian Progress … 331; value: ◦; value: ◦ 12. VITALITY UNDAUNTED – POLAND 1815-1914 … 336; value: ◦; value: I. The Polish People:  Prolific, Unanimous, Divided … 336; value: ◦; value: The Kingdom of the Congress … 338; value: Romanticism and the Patriotic Upsurge … 340; value: The Insurrection of 1863 … 343; value: ◦; value: II. Three Confluent Destinies … 344; value: ◦; value: The Polish Diaspora … 344; value: The Training-Ground:  Galicia … 344; value: Resistance to Germanization … 345; value: Attempted Russification … 346; value: ◦; value: III. Hopes of Liberation … 347; value: ◦; value: ◦ 13. NATIONAL RENAISSANCE IN BOHEMIA-SLOVAKIA … 350; value: ◦; value: I. Preconditions of Revival	 … 350; value: ◦; value: The Czech State:  Fiction and Reality … 350; value: Economic and Social Conditions … 352; value: ◦; value: II. Recovering the Slav Heritage … 352; value: ◦; value: Role of the Intellectuals and Scholars … 352; value: Prague as the Mecca of the Slavs under the Empire … 355; value: From a People to a Nation:  Slovakia in Transition … 357; value: Czech Culture … 358; value: ◦; value: III. Premonitions of the Future … 360; value: ◦; value: The Germans in Recession … 360; value: Independence and Revolution … 362; value: Individuality of Slovakia … 363; value: ◦; value: ◦ 14. THE BALKANS HALFWAY TO LIBERATION … 364; value: ◦; value: I. The Northern Sector:  Vienna and Budapest … 364; value: ◦; value: Illyrianism: Decline and Fall of a Dream … 364; value: Croatian Literature … 365; value: Birth of a Nation: the Slovenes … 366; value: The Voivodina and the Rise of Serbia … 368; value: ◦; value: II. The Istanbul Sector … 369; value: ◦; value: Serbia’s Progress towards Independence … 369; value: Serbian Literature and the Patriotic Movement … 371; value: The Bulgarian Renaissance … 373; value: An Ally of Serbia:  Bosnia … 378; value: ◦; value: III. From Pan-Slavism to ‘Balkanization’ … 379; value: ◦; value: Nationalism's Motley Victory … 379; value: Experiment in Macedonia … 382; value: ◦; value: ◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦◦; value: ◦; value: BOOK FIVE:  THE SLAVS DRAW CLOSER TOGETHER (1917-1960); value: ◦; value: ◦ 15. THE SOVIET UNION – A GREAT EXAMPLE … 390; value: ◦; value: I. A New Ideal … 390; value: ◦; value: Changing the Mentality of the Peasant … 390; value: ‘Communist Man’:  Myth or Reality? … 394; value: Federalism and the Peoples:  Byelorussia and the Ukraine … 395; value: ◦; value: II. Social And Political Realism … 398; value: ◦; value: Socialist Culture … 398; value: Realism and Truth:  Literature, Painting and Music … 400; value: — Literature … 400; value: — Painting … 404; value: — Music … 405; value: Tradition and Revolution in Writing and the Film … 406; value: ◦; value: III. Past And Future … 408; value: ◦; value: Have the Russians been de-Christianized? … 408; value: Rural Craftsmen … 410; value: The New Image of the Towns … 411; value: Widening Power and Influence … 413; value: Threats to Socialism … 414; value: Future Prospects … 417; value: ◦; value: ◦ 16. FROM INDEPENDENCE TO CONSOLIDATION:  POLAND AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA … 419; value: ◦; value: I. Poland … 419; value: ◦; value: Precarious Unity … 419; value: Resurrection among the Ruins … 421; value: A Socialist City:  Nowa Huta … 423; value: The New Warsaw … 425; value: Democratic Education … 425; value: Variety in the Arts and Literature … 426; value: ◦; value: II. Czechoslovakia … 430; value: ◦; value: The Masaryk Republic … 430; value: — Western-Style Parliamentary Democracy … 430; value: — Independence in Peril … 433; value: Socialist Czechoslovakia … 434; value: ◦; value: ◦ 17. THE SLAV PEOPLES OF THE BALKANS:  BULGARIA AND YUGOSLAVIA … 440; value: ◦; value: I. Bulgaria Under the Soviet Union’s Wing … 440; value: ◦; value: II. Originality:  Yugoslavia … 443; value: ◦; value: Dictatorship and Assimilation … 443; value: From a Federal to a Socialist Republic … 446; value: The Federal Solution … 447; value: ◦; value: CONCLUSION:  DIVERSITY AND UNITY: A NEW WORLD IN THE MAKING … 451; value: ◦; value: Bibliography … 453; value: Glossary … 459; value: Chronological Tables … 467; value: Index … 487