Anatomy and Physiology
Publisher: OpenStax, Rice University
Published: April 25, 2013
Place of publication: Huston, Texas
Language: eng
Number of pages: 1418
ISBN-13: 9781947172043
Copyright date: 2013
Table of contents: label: Preface
title: 1; label: Unit 1: Levels of Organization; label: Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body; label: 1.1 Overview of Anatomy and Physiology; label: 1.2 Structural Organization of the Human Body; label: 1.3 Functions of Human Life; label: 1.4 Requirements for Human Life; label: 1.5 Homeostasis; label: 1.6 Anatomical Terminology; label: 1.7 Medical Imaging; label: Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization; label: 2.1 Elements and Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter; label: 2.2 Chemical Bonds; label: 2.3 Chemical Reactions; label: 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning; label: 2.5 Organic Compounds Essential to Human Functioning; label: Chapter 3: The Cellular Level of Organization; label: 3.1 The Cell Membrane; label: 3.2 The Cytoplasm and Cellular Organelles; label: 3.3 The Nucleus and DNA Replication; label: 3.4 Protein Synthesis; label: 3.5 Cell Growth and Division; label: 3.6 Cellular Differentiation; label: Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization; label: 4.1 Types of Tissues; label: 4.2 Epithelial Tissue; label: 4.3 Connective Tissue Supports and Protects; label: 4.4 Muscle Tissue and Motion; label: 4.5 Nervous Tissue Mediates Perception and Response; label: 4.6 Tissue Injury and Aging; label: Unit 2: Support and Movement; label: Chapter 5: The Integumentary System; label: 5.1 Layers of the Skin; label: 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin; label: 5.3 Functions of the Integumentary System; label: 5.4 Diseases, Disorders, and Injuries of the Integumentary System; label: Chapter 6: Bone Tissue and the Skeletal System; label: 6.1 The Functions of the Skeletal System; label: 6.2 Bone Classification; label: 6.3 Bone Structure; label: 6.4 Bone Formation and Development; label: 6.5 Fractures: Bone Repair; label: 6.6 Exercise, Nutrition, Hormones, and Bone Tissue; label: 6.7 Calcium Homeostasis: Interactions of the Skeletal System and Other Organ Systems; label: Chapter 7: Axial Skeleton; label: 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System; label: 7.2 The Skull; label: 7.3 The Vertebral Column; label: 7.4 The Thoracic Cage; label: 7.5 Embryonic Development of the Axial Skeleton; label: Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton; label: 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle; label: 8.2 Bones of the Upper Limb; label: 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis; label: 8.4 Bones of the Lower Limb; label: 8.5 Development of the Appendicular Skeleton; label: Chapter 9: Joints; label: 9.1 Classification of Joints; label: 9.2 Fibrous Joints; label: 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints; label: 9.4 Synovial Joints; label: 9.5 Types of Body Movements; label: 9.6 Anatomy of Selected Synovial Joints; label: 9.7 Development of Joints; label: Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue; label: 10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissues; label: 10.2 Skeletal Muscle; label: 10.3 Muscle Fiber Contraction and Relaxation; label: 10.4 Nervous System Control of Muscle Tension; label: 10.5 Types of Muscle Fibers; label: 10.6 Exercise and Muscle Performance; label: 10.7 Cardiac Muscle Tissue; label: 10.8 Smooth Muscle; label: 10.9 Development and Regeneration of Muscle Tissue; label: Chapter 11: The Muscular System; label: 11.1 Interactions of Skeletal Muscles, Their Fascicle Arrangement, and Their Lever Systems; label: 11.2 Naming Skeletal Muscles; label: 11.3 Axial Muscles of the Head, Neck, and Back; label: 11.4 Axial Muscles of the Abdominal Wall, and Thorax; label: 11.5 Muscles of the Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limbs; label: 11.6 Appendicular Muscles of the Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limbs; label: Unit 3: Regulation, Integration, and Control; label: Chapter 12: The Nervous System and Nervous Tissue; label: 12.1 Basic Structure and Function of the Nervous System; label: 12.2 Nervous Tissue; label: 12.3 The Function of Nervous Tissue; label: 12.4 The Action Potential; label: 12.5 Communication Between Neurons; label: Chapter 13: Anatomy of the Nervous System; label: 13.1 The Embryologic Perspective; label: 13.2 The Central Nervous System; label: 13.3 Circulation and the Central Nervous System; label: 13.4 The Peripheral Nervous System; label: Chapter 14: The Somatic Nervous System; label: 14.1 Sensory Perception; label: 14.2 Central Processing; label: 14.3 Motor Responses; label: Chapter 15: The Autonomic Nervous System; label: 15.1 Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System; label: 15.2 Autonomic Reflexes and Homeostasis; label: 15.3 Central Control; label: 15.4 Drugs that Affect the Autonomic System; label: Chapter 16: The Neurological Exam; label: 16.1 Overview of the Neurological Exam; label: 16.2 The Mental Status Exam; label: 16.3 The Cranial Nerve Exam; label: 16.4 The Sensory and Motor Exams; label: 16.5 The Coordination and Gait Exams; label: Chapter 17: The Endocrine System; label: 17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System; label: 17.2 Hormones; label: 17.3 The Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus; label: 17.4 The Thyroid Gland; label: 17.5 The Parathyroid Glands; label: 17.6 The Adrenal Glands; label: 17.7 The Pineal Gland; label: 17.8 Gonadal and Placental Hormones; label: 17.9 The Endocrine Pancreas; label: 17.10 Organs with Secondary Endocrine Functions; label: 17.11 Development and Aging of the Endocrine System; label: Unit 4: Fluids and Transport; label: Chapter 18: The Cardiovascular System: Blood; label: 18.1 An Overview of Blood; label: 18.2 Production of the Formed Elements; label: 18.3 Erythrocytes; label: 18.4 Leukocytes and Platelets; label: 18.5 Hemostasis; label: 18.6 Blood Typing; label: Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System: The Heart; label: 19.1 Heart Anatomy; label: 19.2 Cardiac Muscle and Electrical Activity; label: 19.3 Cardiac Cycle; label: 19.4 Cardiac Physiology; label: 19.5 Development of the Heart; label: Chapter 20: The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation; label: 20.1 Structure and Function of Blood Vessels; label: 20.2 Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance; label: 20.3 Capillary Exchange; label: 20.4 Homeostatic Regulation of the Vascular System; label: 20.5 Circulatory Pathways; label: 20.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Fetal Circulation; label: Chapter 21: The Lymphatic and Immune System; label: 21.1 Anatomy of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems; label: 21.2 Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response; label: 21.3 The Adaptive Immune Response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types; label: 21.4 The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies; label: 21.5 The Immune Response against Pathogens; label: 21.6 Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses; label: 21.7 Transplantation and Cancer Immunology; label: Unit 5: Energy, Maintenance, and Environmental Exchange; label: Chapter 22: The Respiratory System; label: 22.1 Organs and Structures of the Respiratory System; label: 22.2 The Lungs; label: 22.3 The Process of Breathing; label: 22.4 Gas Exchange; label: 22.5 Transport of Gases; label: 22.6 Modifications in Respiratory Functions; label: 22.7 Embryonic Development of the Respiratory System; label: Chapter 23: The Digestive System; label: 23.1 Overview of the Digestive System; label: 23.2 Digestive System Processes and Regulation; label: 23.3 The Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus; label: 23.4 The Stomach; label: 23.5 The Small and Large Intestines; label: 23.6 Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder; label: 23.7 Chemical Digestion and Absorption: A Closer Look; label: Chapter 24: Metabolism and Nutrition; label: 24.1 Overview of Metabolic Reactions; label: 24.2 Carbohydrate Metabolism; label: 24.3 Lipid Metabolism; label: 24.4 Protein Metabolism; label: 24.5 Metabolic States of the Body; label: 24.6 Energy and Heat Balance; label: 24.7 Nutrition and Diet; label: Chapter 25: The Urinary System; label: 25.1 Physical Characteristics of Urine; label: 25.2 Gross Anatomy of Urine Transport; label: 25.3 Gross Anatomy of the Kidney; label: 25.4 Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidney; label: 25.5 Physiology of Urine Formation; label: 25.6 Tubular Reabsorption; label: 25.7 Regulation of Renal Blood Flow; label: 25.8 Endocrine Regulation of Kidney Function; label: 25.9 Regulation of Fluid Volume and Composition; label: 25.10 The Urinary System and Homeostasis; label: Chapter 26: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance; label: 26.1 Body Fluids and Fluid Compartments; label: 26.2 Water Balance; label: 26.3 Electrolyte Balance; label: 26.4 Acid-Base Balance; label: 26.5 Disorders of Acid-Base Balance; label: Unit 6: Human Development and the Continuity of Life; label: Chapter 27: The Reproductive System; label: 27.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System; label: 27.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Female Reproductive System; label: 27.3 Development of the Male and Female Reproductive Systems; label: Chapter 28: Development and Inheritance; label: 28.1 Fertilization; label: 28.2 Embryonic Development; label: 28.3 Fetal Development; label: 28.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy, Labor, and Birth; label: 28.5 Adjustments of the Infant at Birth and Postnatal Stages; label: 28.6 Lactation; label: 28.7 Patterns of Inheritance; label: Index