Research methods, design, and analysis
By: Larry B. Christensen, University of South Alabama, R. Burke Johnson, University of South Alabama, Lisa A. Turner, University of South Alabama
Contributors: Johnson, Burke; Turner, Lisa Anne
Edition: Twelfth edition.
Publisher: Pearson
Published: 2014
Place of publication: Boston
Language: eng
Number of pages: 552
ISBN-13: 9780205944569
Subjects: Experimental Psychology; Textbooks; Psychology; Experiments; Experimental design
Work titles: Experimental methodology
Table of contents: title: Machine generated contents note: ch. 1 Introduction to Scientific Research; title: Introduction; title: Methods of Acquiring Knowledge; title: Intuition; title: Authority; title: Rationalism; title: Empiricism; title: Science; title: Induction and Deduction; title: Hypothesis Testing; title: Naturalism; title: Kuhn and Paradigms; title: Feyerabend's Anarchistic Theory of Science; title: What Exactly Is Science?; title: Basic Assumptions Underlying Scientific Research; title: Uniformity or Regularity in Nature; title: Reality in Nature; title: Discoverability; title: Characteristics of Scientific Research; title: Control; title: Operationalism; title: Replication; title: The Role of Theory in Scientific Research; title: The Role of the Scientist in Psychological Research; title: Curiosity; title: Patience; title: Objectivity; title: Change; title: Objectives of Psychological Research; title: Description; title: Explanation; title: Prediction; title: Control or Influence; title: Pseudoscience; title: Summary; title: Key Terms and Concepts; title: Related Internet Sites; title: Practice Test; title: Challenge Exercises; title: Contents note continued: ch. 2 Research Approaches and Methods of Data Collection; title: Introduction; title: Variables in Quantitative Research; title: Experimental Research; title: Causation; title: Cause; title: Effect; title: Required Conditions for Making the Claim of Causation; title: The Psychological Experiment; title: 1.Objective Observation; title: 2.Of Phenomena That Are Made to Occur; title: 3.In a Strictly Controlled Situation in Which One or More Factors Are Varied and the Others Are Kept Constant; title: Example of an Experiment and Its Logic; title: Advantages of the Experimental Approach; title: 1.Causal Inference; title: 2.Ability to Manipulate Variables; title: 3.Control; title: Disadvantages of the Experimental Approach; title: 1.Does Not Test Effects of Nonmanipulated Variables; title: 2.Artificiality; title: 3.Inadequate Method of Scientific Inquiry; title: Experimental Research Settings; title: Field Experiments; title: Laboratory Experiments; title: Internet Experiments; title: Nonexperimental Quantitative Research; title: Correlational Study; title: Natural Manipulation Research; title: Contents note continued: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies; title: Qualitative Research; title: Major Methods of Data Collection; title: Tests; title: Questionnaires; title: Interviews; title: Focus Groups; title: Observation; title: Existing or Secondary Data; title: Summary; title: Key Terms and Concepts; title: Related Internet Sites; title: Practice Test; title: Challenge Exercises; title: ch. 3 Problem Identification and Hypothesis Formation; title: Introduction; title: Sources of Research Ideas; title: Everyday Life; title: Practical Issues; title: Past Research; title: Theory; title: Bias in Research Ideas; title: Ideas Not Capable of Scientific Investigation; title: Review of the Literature; title: Getting Started; title: Defining Objectives; title: Doing the Search; title: Books; title: Psychological Journals; title: Computerized or Electronic Databases; title: Internet Resources; title: Obtaining Resources; title: Additional Information Sources; title: Feasibility of the Study; title: Formulating the Research Problem; title: Defining the Research Problem; title: Specificity of the Research Question; title: Formulating Hypotheses; title: Summary; title: Contents note continued: Key Terms and Concepts; title: Related Internet Sites; title: Practice Test; title: Challenge Exercises; title: ch. 4 Ethics; title: Introduction; title: Research Ethics: What Are They?; title: Relationship Between Society and Science; title: Professional Issues; title: Treatment of Research Participants; title: Ethical Dilemmas; title: Ethical Guidelines; title: Beneficence and Nonmaleficence; title: Fidelity and Responsibility; title: Integrity; title: Justice; title: Respect for People's Rights and Dignity; title: APA Ethical Standards for Research; title: Ethical Issues to Consider When Conducting Research; title: Institutional Approval; title: Informed Consent; title: Dispensing With Informed Consent; title: Informed Consent and Minors; title: Passive Versus Active Consent; title: Deception; title: Debriefing; title: Coercion and Freedom to Decline Participation; title: Confidentiality, Anonymity, and the Concept of Privacy; title: Ethical Issues in Electronic Research; title: Informed Consent and Internet Research; title: Privacy and Internet Research; title: Debriefing and Internet Research; title: Contents note continued: Ethical Issues in Preparing the Research Report; title: Authorship; title: Writing the Research Report; title: Ethics of Animal (Nonhuman) Research; title: Safeguards in the Use of Animals; title: Animal Research Guidelines; title: I.Justification of the Research; title: II.Personnel; title: III.Care and Housing of Animals; title: IV.Acquisition of Animals; title: V.Experimental Procedures; title: VI.Field Research; title: VII.Educational Use of Animals; title: Summary; title: Key Terms and Concepts; title: Related Internet Sites; title: Practice Test; title: Challenge Exercises; title: ch. 5 Measuring Variables and Sampling; title: Introduction; title: Defining Measurement; title: Scales of Measurement; title: Nominal Scale; title: Ordinal Scale; title: Interval Scale; title: Ratio Scale; title: Psychometric Properties of Good Measurement; title: Overview of Reliability and Validity; title: Reliability; title: Test-Retest Reliability; title: Equivalent-Forms Reliability; title: Internal Consistency Reliability; title: Interrater Reliability; title: Validity; title: Validity Evidence Based on Content; title: Contents note continued: Validity Evidence Based on Internal Structure; title: Validity Evidence Based on Relations to Other Variables; title: Using Reliability and Validity Information; title: Sources of Information About Tests; title: Sampling Methods; title: Terminology Used in Sampling; title: Random Sampling Techniques; title: Simple Random Sampling; title: Stratified Random Sampling; title: Cluster Random Sampling; title: Systematic Sampling; title: Nonrandom Sampling Techniques; title: Random Selection and Random Assignment; title: Determining the Sample Size When Random Sampling Is Used; title: Sampling in Qualitative Research; title: Summary; title: Key Terms and Concepts; title: Related Internet Sites; title: Practice Test; title: Challenge Exercises; title: ch. 6 Research Validity; title: Introduction; title: Overview of Four Major Types of Validity; title: Statistical Conclusion Validity; title: Construct Validity; title: Threats to Construct Validity; title: Participant Reactivity to the Experimental Situation; title: Experimenter Effects; title: Internal Validity; title: Threats to Internal Validity; title: Contents note continued: History; title: Maturation; title: Instrumentation; title: Testing; title: Regression Artifact; title: Attrition; title: Selection; title: Additive and Interactive Effects; title: External Validity; title: Population Validity; title: Ecological Validity; title: Temporal Validity; title: Treatment Variation Validity; title: Outcome Validity; title: Relationship between Internal and External Validity; title: Summary; title: Key Terms and Concepts; title: Related Internet Sites; title: Practice Test; title: Challenge Exercises; title: ch. 7 Control Techniques in Experimental Research; title: Introduction; title: Control Techniques Carried Out at the Beginning of the Experiment Randomization; title: Matching; title: Matching by Holding Variables Constant; title: Matching by Building the Extraneous Variable into the Research Design; title: Matching by Yoked Control; title: Matching by Equating Participants; title: Control Techniques Carried Out During the Experiment; title: Counterbalancing; title: Randomized Counterbalancing; title: Intrasubject Counterbalancing; title: Complete Counterbalancing; title: Contents note continued: Incomplete Counterbalancing; title: Control of Participant Effects; title: Double-Blind Placebo Method; title: Deception; title: Control of Participant Interpretation; title: Control of Experimenter Effects; title: Control of Recording Errors; title: Control of Experimenter Attribute Errors; title: Control of Experimenter Expectancy Error; title: The Blind Technique; title: The Partial Blind Technique; title: Automation; title: Likelihood of Achieving Control; title: Summary; title: Key Terms and Concepts; title: Related Internet Sites; title: Practice Test; title: Challenge Exercises; title: ch. 8 Experimental Research Design; title: Introduction; title: Weak Experimental Research Designs; title: One-Group Posttest-Only Design; title: One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design; title: Posttest-Only Design with Nonequivalent Groups; title: Strong Experimental Research Designs; title: Between-Participants Designs; title: Posttest-Only Control-Group Design; title: Strengths and Weaknesses of the Posttest-Only Control-Group Design; title: Within-Participants Designs; title: Contents note continued: Strengths and Weaknesses of Within-Participants Designs; title: Mixed Designs (i.e., Combination of Between and Within); title: Pretest-Posttest Control-Group Design; title: Advantages and Disadvantages of Including a Pretest; title: Factorial Designs; title: Factorial Designs Based on within-subjects independent variables; title: Factorial Designs Based on a Mixed Model; title: Strengths and Weaknesses of Factorial Designs; title: How To Choose or Construct the Appropriate Experimental Design; title: Summary; title: Key Terms and Concepts; title: Related Internet Sites; title: Practice Test; title: Challenge Exercises; title: ch. 9 Procedure for Conducting an Experiment; title: Introduction; title: Institutional Approval; title: Research Participants; title: Obtaining Animals (Rats); title: Obtaining Human Participants; title: Sample Size; title: Power; title: Apparatus and/or Instruments; title: Procedure; title: Scheduling of Research Participants; title: Consent to Participate; title: Instructions; title: Data Collection; title: Debriefing, or Postexperimental Interview; title: Contents note continued: Debriefing Functions; title: How to Debrief; title: Pilot Study; title: Summary; title: Key Terms and Concepts; title: Related Internet Site; title: Practice Test; title: Challenge Exercise; title: ch. 10 Quasi-Experimental Designs; title: Introduction; title: Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design; title: Outcomes with Rival Hypotheses; title: Outcome I: Increasing Control and Experimental Groups; title: Outcome II: Experimental-Group-Higher-than-Control-Group-at-Pretest Effect; title: Outcome III: Experimental-Group-Lower-than-Control-Group-at-Pretest Effect; title: Outcome IV: Crossover Effect; title: Ruling out Threats to the Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design; title: Causal Inference from the Nonequivalent Comparison Group Design; title: Time-Series Design; title: Interrupted Time-Series Design; title: Regression Discontinuity Design; title: Summary; title: Key Terms and Concepts; title: Related Internet Sites; title: Practice Test; title: Challenge Exercises; title: ch. 11 Single-Case Research Designs; title: Introduction; title: History of Single-Case Designs; title: Contents note continued: Single-Case Designs; title: ABA and ABAB Designs; title: Interaction Design; title: Multiple-Baseline Design; title: Changing-Criterion Design; title: Methodological Considerations in Using Single-Case Designs; title: Baseline; title: Changing One Variable at a Time; title: Length of Phases; title: Criteria for Evaluating Change; title: Experimental Criterion; title: Therapeutic Criterion; title: Rival Hypotheses; title: Summary; title: Key Terms and Concepts; title: Related Internet Sites; title: Practice Test; title: Challenge Exercises; title: ch. 12 Survey Research; title: Introduction; title: When Should One Conduct Survey Research?; title: Steps in Survey Research; title: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal Designs; title: Selecting a Survey Data Collection Method; title: Constructing and Refining a Survey Instrument; title: Principle 1 Write Items to Match the Research Objectives; title: Principle 2 Write Items That Are Appropriate for the Respondents to be Surveyed; title: Principle 3 Write Short, Simple Questions; title: Principle 4 Avoid Loaded or Leading Questions; title: Contents note continued: Principle 5 Avoid Double-Barreled Questions; title: Principle 6 Avoid Double Negatives; title: Principle 7 Determine whether Closed-Ended and/or Open-Ended Questions Are Needed; title: Principle 8 Construct Mutually Exclusive and Exhaustive Response Categories for Closed-Ended Questions; title: Principle 9 Consider the Different Types of Closed-Ended Response Categories Rating Scales; title: Binary Forced Choice; title: Rankings; title: Checklists; title: Principle 10 Use Multiple Items to Measure Complex or Abstract Constructs; title: Semantic Differential; title: Likert Scaling; title: Principle 11 Make Sure the Questionnaire Is Easy to Use From the Beginning to the End; title: Ordering of Questions; title: Contingency Questions; title: Questionnaire Length; title: Response Bias; title: Principle 12 Pilot Test the Questionnaire Until It Is Perfected; title: Selecting Your Survey Sample From the Population; title: Preparing and Analyzing Your Survey Data; title: Summary; title: Key Terms and Concepts; title: Related Internet Sites; title: Practice Test; title: Contents note continued: Challenge Exercises; title: ch. 13 Qualitative and Mixed Methods Research; title: Introduction; title: Major Characteristics of Qualitative Research; title: Research Validity in Qualitative Research; title: Descriptive Validity; title: Interpretive Validity; title: Theoretical Validity; title: Internal Validity; title: External Validity; title: Four Major Qualitative Research Methods; title: Phenomenology; title: Phenomenological Data Collection and Data Analysis; title: Phenomenological Report Writing; title: Ethnography; title: Ethnographic Data Collection Methods; title: Entry, Group Acceptance, and Fieldwork; title: Data Analysis and Report Writing; title: Case Study Research; title: Data Collection in Case Study Research; title: Case Study Designs; title: Case Study Data Analysis and Report Writing; title: Grounded Theory; title: Data Collection in Grounded Theory Research; title: Grounded Theory Data Analysis and Report Writing; title: Mixed Methods Research; title: Research Validity in Mixed Methods Research; title: Mixed Methods Designs; title: Summary; title: Key Terms and Concepts; title: Contents note continued: Related Internet Sites; title: Practice Test; title: Challenge Exercises; title: ch. 14 Descriptive Statistics; title: Introduction; title: Descriptive Statistics; title: Frequency Distributions; title: Graphic Representations of Data; title: Bar Graphs; title: Histograms; title: Line Graphs; title: Scatterplots; title: Measures of Central Tendency; title: Mode; title: Median; title: Mean; title: Measures of Variability; title: Range; title: Variance and Standard Deviation; title: Standard Deviation and the Normal Curve; title: Z-scores; title: Examining Relationships Among Variables; title: Unstandardized and Standardized Difference Between Group Means; title: Correlation Coefficient; title: Partial Correlation Coefficient; title: Regression Analysis; title: Contingency Tables; title: Summary; title: Key Terms and Concepts; title: Related Internet Sites; title: Practice Test; title: Challenge Exercises; title: ch. 15 Inferential Statistics; title: Introduction; title: Sampling Distributions; title: Estimation; title: Hypothesis Testing; title: Directional Alternative Hypotheses; title: Review of the Logic of Hypothesis Testing; title: Contents note continued: Hypothesis-Testing Errors; title: Hypothesis Testing in Practice; title: The t Test for Correlation Coefficients; title: One-Way Analysis of Variance; title: Post Hoc Tests in Analysis of Variance; title: Analysis of Covariance; title: Two-Way Analysis of Variance; title: One-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance; title: The t Test for Regression Coefficients; title: Chi-Square Test for Contingency Tables; title: Other Significance Tests; title: Hypothesis Testing and Research Design; title: Summary; title: Key Terms and Concepts; title: Related Internet Sites; title: Practice Test; title: Challenge Exercises; title: ch. 16 Preparing the Research Report for Presentation or Publication; title: Introduction; title: The APA Format; title: Preparation of the Research Report; title: Writing Style; title: Language; title: Specificity; title: Labels; title: Participation; title: Specific Issues; title: Editorial Style; title: Italics; title: Abbreviations; title: Headings; title: Quotations; title: Numbers; title: Physical Measurements; title: Presentation of Statistical Results; title: Tables; title: Figures; title: Contents note continued: Figure Legends and Caption; title: Figure Preparation; title: Reference Citations; title: Reference List; title: Preparation of the Manuscript for Submission; title: Ordering of Manuscript Pages; title: Submission of the Research Report for Publication; title: Acceptance of the Manuscript; title: Presenting Research Results at Professional Conferences; title: Oral Presentation; title: Poster Presentation; title: Summary; title: Key Terms and Concepts; title: Related Internet Sites; title: Practice Test; title: Challenge Exercises.