Potential for central nervous system effects from radiation exposure during space activities
Subtitle: Phase I: Overview
Series: NCRP COMMENTARY -- v. 25; NCRP commentary
Publisher: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
Published: 2016
Place of publication: Bethesda, Maryland
Language: eng
ISBN-13: 9780983545095; 9780983545088
Subjects: Central nervous system; Effect of radiation on; Diseases; Diagnosis; Extraterrestrial radiation; Radiation dosimetry; Radiation; Health aspects; Radiometry; Système nerveux central; Effets du rayonnement sur; Rayonnement extraterrestre; Dosimétrie; Dosimetry
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (pages 66-81).
Table of contents: title: Cover; Preface; Contents; 1. Executive Summary; 2. Introduction; 3. Reference Human Extended and Exploration Missions; 3.1 International Space Station: 12 Months; 3.2 Lunar Outpost and Sortie; 3.3 Near Earth Objects or Asteroids; 3.4 Mars; 4. Radiation Risk Management at NASA; 4.1 Human Research Road Map; 4.2 Radiation Risk Perspective; 4.3 Radiation Protection Standards; 4.3.1 Permissible Exposure Limit; 4.3.2 Safe Days in Space; 5. Space Radiation; 5.1 Radiation in Space; 5.1.1 Galactic Cosmic Radiation; 5.1.2 Solar Radiation; 5.1.3 Typical Dose Rate outside the Earth's Magnetosphere.; title: 5.2 Characteristics of Energy Depositions5.2.1 Electronic Interactions; 5.2.2 Nuclear Interactions; 6. Structure and Function of the Brain; 6.1 Structure of the Brain; 6.2 Subdivisions of the Brain; 6.3 Cell Types and Cellular Organization of the Brain; 6.3.1 Neurons; 6.3.2 Glial Cells and Their Functions; 7. Evidence of Radiation Effects on the Central Nervous System; 7.1 Evidence from Animal Research; 7.1.1 Behavior; 7.1.2 Electrophysiology; 7.1.3 Neurogenesis; 7.1.4 Neuronal and Brain Tissue Structural Changes; 7.1.5 Microvascular Changes.; title: 7.1.6 Neuroinflammation and Molecular Marker Changes7.1.7 Oxidative Stress; 7.1.8 Late Neurodegenerative Processes; 7.1.9 Summary of Evidence from Animal Research; 7.2 Human Studies; 7.2.1 Acute, Early Delayed, and Late Delayed Radiation Therapy Injury; 7.2.2 Long-Term Cognitive Outcomes of Radiation Therapy in Children; 7.2.3 Long-Term Cognitive Outcomes of Radiation Therapy in Adults; 7.2.4 Studies of Dementia in Radiation-Exposed Populations; 7.3 Gaps in Knowledge of Cognitive Impairment; 8. Examples of Other Known Stressors on the Central Nervous System; 8.1 Hypercapnia.; title: 8.2 Microvasculopathy, Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction, and Neuroinflammation9. Simulation of the Space Radiation Environment; 9.1 Impact of Experimental Geometry; 9.2 Impact of Fluence and Fluence Rate; 10. Central Nervous System Function Studies of Crew Members; 10.1 Assessment of Cognition In-Flight and Following Mission Completion; 10.2 Current Status of Cognitive Assessments During Mission; 10.3 Recommendations for Consideration; 11. Approaches to Limiting Potential Central Nervous System Risks; 11.1 Shielding Space Vehicles and Habitats; 11.2 Modifying Biological Effectiveness.; title: 12. Conclusions and Recommendations12.1 Conclusions; 12.2 Recommendations; Abbreviations, Acronyms and Symbols; Glossary; References; Scientific Committee Members; NCRP Commentaries.