Psychology in America
Subtitle: a historical survey
By: Ernest R. Hilgard.
Publisher: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Published: 1987
Place of publication: San Diego
Language: eng
Format: Hardcover
Number of pages: 1009
Subjects: Psychology -- United States -- History.; Psychology -- History.; Psychologists -- United States -- History.; Psychologists -- Biography.
Notes: Bibliography: p. 851-953.
Includes indexes.
Table of contents: title: The Running Start: The Nineteenth Century. American Psychology Before the Days of the Laboratory: Scottish Psychology and Its Residues -- Why Did Psychological Science Develop Late in the Nineteenth Century and Primarily in Germany? -- Science and Technology in the Nineteenth Century -- Scientific Research and the Universities of England, France, Germany, and America -- The Preparation for a Scientific Psychology in England and France --Readiness for a Naturalistic Psychology in Germany Before Wundt -- Wilhelm Wundt as the Founder of Psychology as a Laboratory Science -- The Role of the Laboratory in the Institutionalization of Psychology -- The End of the Nineteenth Century: Wundt and James. Wundt as a Systematic Psychologist -- James as an Unsystematic Psychologist -- Wundt and James: Similarities and Differences -- The Twentieth Century Begins -- The Era of Systems and Schools of Psychology, 1890 -1935. European Controversies Over Systematic Psychology -- Structuralism: Primacy of Sensation -- Functionalism: Primacy of Habit and Adaptive Response -- Behaviorism : Primacy of Objectivity and the Conditioned Reflex as a Unit of Habit -- Hormic Psychology : Primacy of Purpose -- Gestalt Psychology : Primacy of Wholes Over Parts -- Psychoanalytic Psychology : Primacy of the Unconscious -- The Theoretical Stance of 1935 -- Sensation and Sensory Science. Sensation, Attribute, and Dimension -- Psychophysics in the Twentieth Century -- Color Theories  : Psychology, Physics, and Physiology -- Sensory aspects of hearing -- Sensory Science and its applications -- Perception In and Beyond the Laboratory. Nativism Versus Empiricism -- Competing Theories of Space Perception -- The Perception of Meaningful Events -- The Perception of the Beautiful and the Pleasing -- Learning and Remembering. Early Experiments on Memory and Skill -- The Quantification of Associative Learning -- Animal Learning in the Association Tradition -- Beyond Associative Learning -- Mathematical Models as Transitional to the Cognitive Psychology of Learning and Memory -- Cognitive Psychology of Memory -- Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Science: Thinking, Language, and Artificial Intelligence. The Preparation for Cognitive Psychology -- Thought Content and Process in the First Half Century -- The Imageless Thought Controversy -- Productive Thinking and Creativity -- Toward a Cognitive Science -- Language and Thought: Psycholinguistics -- Artificial Intelligence -- Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge Processing, and Fifth-Generation Computers -- The Brain and the Computer -- Consciousness, the Subliminal, and Altered States. Consciousness Long Problematical -- The Subliminal -- Altered States of Consciousness -- Sleep and Dreams -- Hypnosis and Its Struggle for Scientific Recognition -- Multiple Personality and Dissociation -- Feeling and Emotion. Nineteenth-Century Theories of Feeling and Emotion -- Psychological Theories of the Early Twentieth Century -- Physiology of Emotion -- Theory Development After Midcentury -- Cognitive Aspects of Emotion -- Emotion and Motivation -- Emotion, Mood, and Temperament -- Action, Motivation, and Volition. Hedonism and the Issue of Rationalism and Empiricism -- The Biological Basis for the Initiation and Control of Action -- Drive as a Motivational Concept -- Murray’s Theory of Needs -- The Concept of Social Motivation -- Freud’s Influence on the Psychology of Human Motivation -- Voluntary Choice in a Motivational Psychology -- The Decline of Interest in Motivation With the Rise of Cognitive Psychology -- Comparative Psychology as Behavioral Biology: Evolution and Genetics. Theories of Evolution in the Nineteenth Century -- Evolutionary Theory and Anecdotal Comparative Psychology -- Animal Psychology or Comparative Psychology? -- Evolutionary Comparative Psychology -- The Instinct Controversy -- Behavioral Genetics in Comparative Psychology -- Added Impact of Biology on Comparative Psychology -- Uneasiness Within Comparative Psychology -- Physiological Psychology as Neuroscience. Localization of Cerebral Function Versus Mass Action -- Reflex Physiology -- Organization of Brain and Behavior -- Electrophysiology as Dependent on Modem Technology -- Technological Advances in Other Aspects of Neuropsychology -- The Search for the Engram -- Intelligence: Measurement and Controversy. Galton and Individual Differences -- Early Developments of Mental Testing -- Mental Measurement in World War I and Its Aftermath -- Psychometric Refinements in Intelligence Testing -- The Nature-Nurture Issue Rises Again -- New Possibilities in the Measurement of the Components of Intelligence -- Personality and the Self. The Background Through the Nineteenth Century -- Representative Theories of Personality -- The Person and the Self -- The Measurement and Assessment of Personality -- Personality Theorists in Revolt -- Developmental Psychology. An Implicit Child Psychology : Observing and Educating the Young Child -- Genetic Psychologies : The First Explicit Child Psychologies in America -- New Provisions for Research -- Longitudinal Studies -- Life-Span Developmental Psychology -- Experimental Studies of Children Over a Short Time Span -- Theory-guided Developmental Psychology and Research : The Influential Theoreticians -- Social Psychology. The Domain of Social Psychology -- Nineteenth-Century Origins -- Two Social Psychologies : The Psychological and the Sociological -- The Development of Experimental Social Psychology -- Social Psychology in Its Environmental Context -- Social Psychology During World War II -- Problems of Integration Between Social Psychology as Studied by Psychologists and Sociologists -- Postwar Topics and Issues in Social Psychology -- Topics That Became Centers of Excitement Over Short Time Spans -- Malaise and Self-criticism -- The Turn to the Positive -- Clinical Psychology. The Mentally Ill and Their Treatment -- Clinical Psychology and Counseling in America Before World War II -- World War II and the Status of Clinical Psychology After the War -- Competing Psychotherapies After Midcentury -- Group Therapies -- Research in Experimental Psychopathology and Clinical Psychology -- Psychology and Education. The Nineteenth-Century Background -- Psychology and Education in the Early Years of the Twentieth Century -- Educational Research and Innovation Between Two Wars : 1920—1940 -- Educational Psychology in the Textbooks, 1926-1956 -- Instructional Psychology in the 1960s and Beyond -- Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Predecessors to Industrial Psychology : Efficiency Engineers -- Beginnings of Industrial and Business Psychology -- The Beginnings of Human Relations Industrial Psychology : The Hawthorne Studies -- World War II and Its Aftermath -- Organizational and Managerial Psychology -- The Professional Organization of Psychologists : Scholars and Practitioners. International Organizations of Psychologists -- The American Psychological Association (APA) -- Organizational Diversity -- Science, Technology, and Professionalization -- The Unity of Psychology Again Threatened -- Psychology as Science. Lawfulness Within Limited Domains -- Conceptions of Psychology as a Natural Science -- The Emergence of Cognitive Psychology : A New Paradigm? -- Alternative Conceptions of Psychology -- Sources of conflict in Psychological Science.