Observational studies
By: Paul R. Rosenbaum.
Edition: 2nd ed.
Series: Springer series in statistics
Publisher: Springer
Published: 2002
Place of publication: New York
Language: eng
Number of pages: 375
Subjects: Experimental design; Analysis of variance
Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index.
Table of contents: title: Machine generated contents note: 1 Observational Studies; title: 1.1 What Are Observational Studies?; title: 1.2 Some Observational Studies; title: 1.3 Purpose of This Book; title: 1.4 Bibliographic Notes; title: 1.5 References; title: 2 Randomized Experiments; title: 2.1 Introduction and Example: A Randomized Clinical Trial; title: 2.2 The Lady Tasting Tea; title: 2.3 Randomized Experiments; title: 2.4 Testing the Hypothesis of No Treatment Effect; title: 2.5 Simple Models for Treatment Effects; title: 2.6 Confidence Intervals; title: 2.7 Point Estimates; title: 2.8 *More Complex Outcomes; title: 2.9 *Appendix: Effect Increasing Tests Under Alternatives.; title: 2.10 *Appendix: The Set of Treatment Assignments; title: 2.11 Bibliographic Notes; title: 2.12 Problems; title: 2.13 References; title: 3 Overt Bias in Observational Studies; title: 3.1 Introduction: An Example and Planning Adjustments; title: 3.2 Adjustments by Exact Stratification and Matching; title: 3.3 Case-Referent Studies; title: 3.4 *Small Sample Inference with an Unknown Propensity Score; title: 3.5 *Large Sample Inference with an Unknown Propensity Score; title: 3.6 *Inexact Matching Followed by Stratification; title: 3.7 Bibliographic Notes; title: 3.8 Problems; title: 3.9 References; title: 4 Sensitivity to Hidden Bias; title: 4.1 What Is a Sensitivity Analysis?; title: 4.2 A Model for Sensitivity Analysis; title: 4.3 Matched Pairs; title: 4.4 Sensitivity Analysis for Sign-Score Statistics; title: 4.5 Multiple Controls and Continuous Responses; title: 4.6 Sensitivity Analysis for Two Unmatched Groups; title: 4.7 Appendix: Technical Results and Proofs; title: 4.8 Bibliographic Notes; title: 4.9 Problems; title: 4.10 References; title: 5 Models for Treatment Effects; title: 5.1 Effects That Vary from Person to Person; title: 5.2 Order Statistics; title: 5.3 Dilated Effects; title: 5.4 Instrumental Variables; title: 5.5 Attributable Effects: Binary Responses; title: 5.6 Attributable Effects: Displacements; title: 5.7 Inference About a Quantile; title: 5.8 Bibliographic Notes; title: 5.9 Problems; title: 5.10 Appendix: Minimum Wage Data; title: 5.11 References; title: 6 Known Effects; title: 6.1 Detecting Hidden Bias Using Known Effects; title: 6.2 An Outcome Known to Be Unaffected by the Treatment.; title: 6.3 An Outcome With Known Direction of Effect; title: 6.4 *The Behavior of T* with Nonnegative Effects; title: 6.5 Bias of Known Direction; title: 6.6 Bibliographic Notes; title: 6.7 Problems; title: 6.8 References; title: 7 Multiple Reference Groups in Case-Referent Studies; title: 7.1 Multiple Reference Groups; title: 7.2 Matched Studies with Two Referent Groups; title: 7.3 *Appendix: Selection and Hidden Bias; title: 7.4 *Appendix: Derivation of Bounds for Sensitivity Analysis; title: 7.5 Bibliographic Notes; title: 7.6 Problems; title: 7.7 References; title: 8 Multiple Control Groups; title: 8.1 The Role of a Second Control Group; title: 8.2 Selecting Control Groups; title: 8.3 Comparing Outcomes in Two Control Groups; title: 8.4 Bibliographic Notes; title: 8.5 Problems; title: 8.6 References; title: 9 Coherence and Focused Hypotheses; title: 9.1 Coherent Associations; title: 9.2 Signed Rank Statistics for Coherent Predictions; title: 9.3 Example: Do Anesthetic Gases Cause Mutations?; title: 9.4 *Properties of the Coherent Signed Rank Test; title: 9.5 Some Other Forms of Coherence; title: 9.6 Strengths and Limitations of Coherence; title: 9.7 *Appendix: Arrangement-Increasing Functions of Matrices; title: 9.8 Bibliographic Notes; title: 9.9 Problems; title: 9.10 References; title: 10 Constructing Matched Sets and Strata; title: 10.1 Introduction: Propensity Scores, Structures, Algorithms; title: 10.2 The Propensity Score; title: 10.3 Optimal Strata; title: 10.4 Optimal Matching; title: 10.5 Bibliographic Notes; title: 10.6 Software; title: 10.7 Problems; title: 10.8 References; title: 11 Planning an Observational Study; title: 11.1 Introduction and Some Ground Rules; title: 11.2 Three Observational Studies; title: 11.3 Choice of Research Hypothesis; title: 11.4 A Control Group; title: 11.5 Defining Treated and Control Groups; title: 11.6 Competing Theories; title: 11.7 Internal Replication; title: 11.8 Nondose Nonresponse: An Absent Association; title: 11.9 Stability Analyses; title: 11.10 Abrupt, Short-Lived Treatments; title: 11.11 Natural Blocks; title: 11.12 Refute Several Alternative Explanations; title: 11.13 Bibliographic Notes; title: 11.14 Problems; title: 11.15 References; title: 12 Some Strategic Issues; title: 12.1 What Are Strategic Issues?; title: 12.2 Some Specific Suggestions; title: 12.3 References.