Black flag over Dixie
Subtitle: racial atrocities and reprisals in the Civil War
By: edited by Gregory J.W. Urwin.
Contributors: Urwin, Gregory J. W., 1955-
Publisher: Southern Illinois University Press
Published: 2004
Place of publication: Carbondale
Language: eng
Number of pages: 265
Subjects: African American soldiers -- Crimes against -- Southern States -- History -- 19th century; Racism -- Southern States -- History -- 19th century; Massacres -- Southern States -- History -- 19th century; Reprisals -- History -- 19th century; United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Participation, African American; United States -- History -- Civil War, 1861-1865 -- Atrocities; United States -- Race relations; Southern States -- Race relations
Description: If the prevalence of Civil War reenactments, glossy magazines, admired documentaries, and hundreds of books published on the subject each year are any indication, one of America's darkest historical periods is also its most popular. But, as the essays in this provocative collection bring to mind, military history regularly takes precedence over social history, and the contemporary Civil War community too often ignores an integral part of the conflict: African Americans. Black Flag over Dixie: Racial Atrocities and Reprisals in the Civil War highlights the central role that race played in the Civil War by examining some of the ugliest incidents that played out on its battlefields. Challenging the American public's perception of the Civil War as a chivalrous family quarrel, twelve rising and prominent historians show the conflict to be a wrenching social revolution whose bloody excesses were exacerbated by racial hatred. Edited by Gregory J. W. Urwin, this compelling volume focuses on the tendency of Confederate troops to murder black Union soldiers and runaway slaves and divulges the details of black retaliation and the resulting cycle of fear and violence that poisoned race relations during Reconstruction.

In a powerful introduction to the collection, Urwin reminds readers that the Civil War was both a social and a racial revolution. Next to the Emancipation Proclamation, none of Abraham Lincoln's policies inflamed Confederates more than the recruitment of black regiments for the Union army. As the heirs and defenders of a slave society's ideology, Confederates considered African Americans to be savages who were incapable of waging war in a civilized fashion. Ironically, this conviction caused white Southerners to behave savagely themselves. Under the threat of Union retaliation, the Confederate government backed away from failing to treat the white officers and black enlisted men of the United States Colored Troops as legitimate combatants. Nevertheless, many rebel commands adopted a no-prisoners policy in the field. When the Union's black defenders responded in kind, the Civil War descended to a level of inhumanity that most Americans prefer to forget. In addition to covering the war's most notorious massacres at Olustee, Fort Pillow, Poison Spring, and the Crater, Black Flag over Dixie examines the responses of Union soldiers and politicians to these disturbing and unpleasant events, as well as the military, legal, and moral considerations that sometimes deterred Confederates from killing all black Federals who fell into their hands.
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 247-250) and index.