Learning to Use Statistical Skills in Psychology
Edition: 3 edition
Publisher: Open University Press
Published: December 1, 2005
Language: eng
Format: Hardcover
Number of pages: 232
ISBN-13: 9780335216819
Subjects: Assessment, Testing & Measurement; General; Research & Methodology; Statistics; Psychology & Psychiatry / Research; Psychology
Table of contents: title: Research in psychology. Psychological research and statistics -- Variability in human behavior -- Relationships between variables -- Research hypothesis -- Null hypothesis -- Rationale for using statistical tests -- Participants in psychological research -- Experiments in psychology. The experimental method -- Independent and dependent variables -- Experimental and control conditions -- Three or more experimental conditions -- Same participants (related designs) -- Different participants (unrelated designs) -- Selecting statistical tests. Basic principles for selecting tests -- Experiments -- Number of experimental conditions -- Related or unrelated designs -- Non-parametric or parametric tests -- Using the Decision Chart -- Using statistical tests. Variability in data -- Probabilities in statistical tables -- Selecting a level of significance -- One-tailed and two-tailed hypotheses -- Introduction to non-parametric tests. Ordinal data -- Assigning ranks to scores -- Assigning tied ranks -- Standard headings for presenting statistical tests -- Wilcoxon test (related). Scores from same participants -- Ranking differences between conditions -- Ranking plus and minus differences -- Ties between scores -- Selecting a statistical test in the Decision Chart -- Using the Wilcoxon test (related) -- Mann-Whitney test (unrelated). Scores from different participants -- Overall ranking of scores -- Rank totals for each condition -- Selecting a statistical test in the Decision Chart -- Using the Mann-Whitney test (unrelated) -- Introduction to parametric t tests. Comparisons between parametric and non-parametric tests -- Numerical calculations for parametric tests -- Calculating variances -- Ratio of variances -- t test (related). Scores from same participants -- Squaring differences -- Ratio of variances -- Selecting a statistical test in the Decision Chart -- Using the t test (related) -- t test (unrelated) -- Scores from different participants -- Squaring scores -- Ratio of variances -- Selecting a statistical test in the Decision Chart -- Using the t test (unrelated) -- Friedman test (related). Scores from same participants for three conditions -- Ranking three conditions -- Assigning tied ranks -- Rank totals -- Selecting a statistical test in the Decision Chart -- Using the Friedman test (related) -- Kruskal-Wallis test (unrelated). Scores from different participants for three conditions -- Overall ranking of scores -- Totals of ranks for each condition -- Selecting a statistical test in the Decision Chart -- Using the Kruskal-Wallis test (unrelated) -- Note about names of non-parametric tests -- Introduction to ANOVA. Parametric tests -- Analysis of variance -- Sources of variance -- Degrees of freedom -- Requirements for parametric tests -- Normal distribution -- Computer statistical packages -- One-way ANOVA (unrelated). Scores from different participants -- Definitions of variance -- Selecting a statistical test in the Decision Chart -- Using one-way ANOVA (unrelated) -- One-way ANOVA (related). Scores from same participants -- Definitions of variance -- Selecting a statistical test in the Decision Chart -- Using one-way ANOVA (related) -- Comparisons between ANOVA conditions. Overall differences in ANOVA -- Graphs showing patterns of mean scores -- Comparisons between individual conditions -- Multiple comparisons between conditions -- Using t tests for pairs of conditions -- Adjusting significance levels -- Bonferroni test -- Tukey's honestly significant difference -- Introduction to two-way ANOVA. Comparison with one-way ANOVA -- Two-way ANOVA -- Two-by-two tables -- Interpreting interactions -- Using graphs to demonstrate interactions -- Two-way ANOVA (unrelated). Scores from different participants -- Definitions of variances -- Selecting a statistical test in the Decision Chart -- Using two-way ANOVA (unrelated) -- Using graphs -- Two-way ANOVA (related). Scores from same participants -- Definitions of variances -- Selecting a statistical test in the Decision Chart -- Using two-way ANOVA (related) -- Using the SPSS computer program -- Note about mixed designs -- Chi-square. Comparison with experiments -- Measuring categories -- Nominal data -- Predicting categories -- Selecting a statistical test in the Decision Chart -- Using the chi-square test -- Pearson product moment correlation. Comparison with experiments -- Measuring variables in correlations -- Predicting positive correlations -- Predicting negative correlations -- Correlation coefficients -- Selecting a statistical test in the Decision Chart -- Using Pearson correlation product moment correlation -- Introduction to simple linear regression. Comparisons with correlation -- Predictor variable and criterion variable -- Scatterplots -- Regression equation for calculating a regression line -- Residual error -- Rationale for using ANOVA as a test of linear regression -- ANOVA table to test linear regression -- Multiple regression. Comparison with simple regression -- Objectives of multiple regression -- Types of multiple regression -- Selecting a statistical test in the Decision Chart -- Using multiple regression -- General linear model. Introduction -- The role of error in GLM -- Application of GLM to linear regression -- Application of GLM to ANOVA -- Conclusions.