Essentials of physical anthropology
By: Robert Jurmain ... [et al.].
Contributors: Jurmain, Robert.
Edition: 5th ed.
Publisher: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning
Published: 2004
Place of publication: Belmont, CA
Language: eng
Format: Paperback
Number of pages: 431
Subjects: Physical anthropology.
Other titles: Physical anthropology
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 405-414) and index.
Table of contents: title: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION. Introduction -- What Is Anthropology -- Cultural Anthropology -- Archaeology -- Linguistic Anthropology -- Physical Anthropology -- Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method -- Anthropological Perspective -- Conclusion -- Summary -- Questions for Review -- Suggested Further Readings -- Multimedia Resources -- PHOTO ESSAY Research in Physical Anthropology -- CHAPTER 2 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY THEORY. Introduction -- Brief History of Evolutionary Thought -- Scientific Revolution -- Path to Natural Selection -- Natural Selection -- Natural Selection in Action -- Constraints on Nineteenth-Century Evolutionary Theory -- Opposition to Evolution -- Conclusion -- Summary -- Questions for Review -- Suggested Further Readings -- Multimedia Resources -- CHAPTER 3 THE BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF LIFE. Introduction -- Cell -- DNA Structure -- DNA Replication -- Protein Synthesis -- Cell Division : Mitosis and Meiosis -- Mitosis -- Meiosis -- New Frontiers -- Summary -- Questions for Review -- Suggested Further Readings -- Multimedia Resources -- CHAPTER 4 HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION. Introduction -- Genetic Principles Discovered by Mendel -- Segregation -- Dominance and Recessiveness -- Independent Assortment -- Mendelian Inheritance in Humans -- Misconceptions Regarding Mendelian Traits -- Polygenic Inheritance -- Genetic and Environmental Factors -- Mitochondrial Inheritance -- Modern Evolutionary Theory -- Modern Synthesis -- Definition of Evolution -- Factors That Produce and Redistribute Variation -- Mutation -- Gene Flow -- Genetic Drift -- Recombination -- Natural Selection Acts on Variation -- Review of Genetics and Evolutionary Factors -- Summary -- Questions for Review -- Suggested Further Readings -- Multimedia Resources -- CHAPTER 5 AN OVERVIEW OF THE LIVING PRIMATES. Introduction -- Primates as Mammals -- Characteristics of Primates -- Primate Adaptations -- Evolutionary Factors -- Geographical Distribution and Habitats -- Diet and Teeth -- Locomotion -- Survey of the Living Primates -- Primate Taxonomy -- Prosimians (Lemurs and Lorises) -- Tarsiers -- Anthropoids (Monkeys, Apes, and Humans) -- Hominoids (Apes and Humans) -- Humans -- Endangered Primates -- Summary -- Questions for Review -- Suggested Further Readings -- Multimedia Resources -- PHOTO ESSAY Primate Studies : Free-Ranging and Captive Research -- CHAPTER 6 PRIMATE BEHAVIOR. Introduction -- Importance of Primate Studies -- Evolution of Behavior -- Nonhuman Primate Social Behavior -- Dominance -- Communication -- Aggression -- Affiliative Behaviors -- Reproduction and Reproductive Strategies -- Patterns of Reproduction -- Reproductive Strategies -- Mothers and Infants -- Nonhuman Primate Cultural Behavior -- Primate Cognitive Abilities -- Primate Continuum -- Summary -- Questions for Review -- Suggested Further Readings -- Multimedia Resources -- CHAPTER 7 PROCESSES OF MACROEVOLUTION: MAMMALIAN/PRIMATE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY. Introduction -- Human Place in the Organic World -- Principles of Classification -- Constructing Classifications and Interpreting Evolutionary Relationships -- Definition of Species -- Interpretation of Species and Other Groups in the Fossil Record -- Vertebrate Evolutionary History : A Brief Summary -- Mammalian Evolution -- Major Mammalian Groups -- Early Primate Evolution --  Miocene Fossil Hominoids -- Processes of Macroevolution -- Adaptive Radiation -- Generalized and Specialized Characteristics -- Modes of Evolutionary Change -- Summary -- Questions for Review -- Suggested Further Readings -- Multimedia Resources -- CHAPTER 8 HOMINID ORIGINS. Introduction -- Definition of Hominid -- Bipedal Adaptation -- Biocultural-Evolution : Human Capacity for Culture -- Paleoanthropology as a Multidisciplinary Science -- Dating Methods -- Early Hominids from Africa -- Earliest Traces -- Australopithecus from East Africa -- Australopithecus afarensis from  aetoli and Hadar -- A Contemporaneous Non-Australopithecine Find? -- Later East African Australopithecine Finds -- Early Homo -- South African Hominids -- Earliest Discoveries -- Further Discoveries of South African Hominids -- Review of Hominids from South Africa -- Interpretations : What Does It All Mean? -- Continuing Uncertainties - Taxonomic Issues -- Putting It All Together -- Summary -- Questions for Review -- Suggested Further Readings -- Multimedia Resources -- CHAPTER 9 HOMO ERECTUS AND CONTEMPORARIES. Introduction -- Homo erectus : Terminology and Geographical Distribution -- Pleistocene (1.8 m.y.a.-10,000 y.a.) -- Morphology of Homo erectus -- Brain Size -- Body Size -- Cranial Shape -- Dentition -- Historical Overview of Homo erectus Discoveries -- Java -- Homo erectus from Java -- Peking (Beijing) -- Zhoukoudian Homo erectus -- Other Chinese Sites -- East Africa -- Summary of East African H. erectus -- South Africa -- North Africa -- Europe -- Technological and Population Trends in the Middle Pleistocene -- Technological Trends -- Population Trends -- Summary -- Questions for Review -- Suggested Further Readings -- Multimedia Resources -- CHAPTER 10 NEANDERTALS AND OTHER ARCHAIC HOMO SAPIENS. Introduction -- Early Archaic H. sapiens -- Africa -- Asia -- Europe -- Review of Middle Pleistocene Evolution (circa 400,000-125,000 y.a.) -- Middle Pleistocene Culture -- Neandertals: Late Archaic H. sapiens (130,000-35,000 y.a.) -- France and Spain -- Central Europe -- Western Asia -- Central Asia -- Culture of Neandertals -- Technology -- Settlements -- Subsistence -- Symbolic Behavior -- Burials -- Genetic Evidence -- Evolutionary Trends in the Genus Homo -- Taxonomic Issues -- Summary -- Questions for Review -- Suggested Further Readings -- Multimedia Resources -- CHAPTER 11 HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS. Introduction -- Origin and Dispersal of Homo sapiens sapiens (Anatomically Modern Human Beings) -- Complete Replacement Model (Recent African Evolution) -- Partial Replacement Model -- Regional Continuity Model (Multiregional Evolution) -- Earliest Homo sapiens sapiens Discoveries -- Africa -- Near East -- Central Europe -- Western Europe -- Asia -- Australia -- Technology and Art in the Upper Paleolithic -- Europe -- Africa -- Summary of Upper Paleolithic Culture -- Summary -- Questions for Review -- Suggested Further Readings -- Multimedia Resources -- CHAPTER 12 HUMAN VARIATION AND ADAPTATION. Introduction -- Historical Views of Human Variation -- Concept of Race -- Racism -- Intelligence -- Contemporary Interpretations of Human Variation -- Human Polymorphisms -- Polymorphisms at the DNA Level -- Human Biocultural Evolution -- Population Genetics -- Adaptive Significance of Human Variation -- Solar Radiation, Vitamin D, and Skin Color -- Thermal Environment -- High Altitude -- Infectious Disease -- Continuing Impact of Infectious Disease -- Summary -- Questions for Review -- Suggested Further Readings -- Multimedia Resources -- PHOTO ESSAY Paleopatholoy : Diseases and Injuries of Bone. CHAPTER 13 THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE HUMAN LIFE COURSE. Introduction -- Fundamentals of Growth and Development -- Nutritional Requirements for Growth -- Other Factors Influencing Growth and Development -- Genetics -- Hormones -- Environmental Factors -- Human Life Cycle -- Pregnancy, Birth, and Infancy -- Childhood -- Adolescence -- Adulthood -- Aging -- Human Longevity -- Individuals, Society, and Evolution -- Summary -- Questions for Review -- Suggested Further Readings -- Multimedia Resources -- CHAPTER 14 LESSONS FROM THE PAST, LESSONS FOR THE FUTURE. Introduction -- How Successful Are We? -- Humans and the Impact of Culture -- Loss of Biodiversity -- Could the Human Species Become Extinct? -- Present Crisis : Our Cultural Heritage? -- Overpopulation -- Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming -- Looking for Solutions-- Summary -- Questions for Review -- Suggested Further Readings -- Multimedia Resources -- Appendix A: Atlas of Primate Skeletal Anatomy -- Appendix B: Summary of Early Hominid Fossil Finds from Africa -- Appendix C: Population Genetics -- Appendix D: Sexing and Aging the Skeleton -- Glossary.