Infrared and Raman spectroscopy in forensic science
By: [edited by] John M. Chalmers, Howell G. M. Edwards, Michael D. Hargreaves
Edition: 1
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2012
Place of publication: Chichester, West Sussex, UK; Hoboken
Language: eng
ISBN-13: 9780470749067
Subjects: SCIENCE / Spectroscopy & Spectrum Analysis; Raman spectroscopy; Forensic sciences; Infrared spectroscopy; Criminal investigation
Description: "This book will provide a survey of the major areas in which information derived from vibrational spectroscopy investigations and studies have contributed to the benefit of forensic science, either in a complementary or a unique way. This is highlighted by examples taken from real case studies and analyses of forensic relevance, which provide a focus for current and future applications and developments"--
Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index.
Table of contents: title: Machine generated contents note: About the Editors xixList of Contributors xxiPreface xxvSECTION I: INTRODUCTION 11 Introduction and scope 31.1 Historical prologue 31.2 The application of infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy in forensic science 5References 62 Vibrational spectroscopy techniques: basics and instrumentation 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Vibrational spectroscopy techniques 72.2.1 The basics and some comparisons 72.2.1.1 Wavelength/wavenumber ranges and selection rules 82.2.1.2 Sampling considerations 92.2.1.3 Sensitivity, surfaces and signal enhancement techniques 102.2.1.4 IR and Raman bands 112.2.2 Quantitative and classification analyses 132.2.2.1 Multivariate data analyses 152.2.2.2 Data pre-processing 162.2.3 Reference databases and search libraries/algorithms 172.3 Vibrational spectroscopy: instrumentation 182.3.1 Spectrometers 192.3.1.1 Sources 192.3.1.2 Detectors 202.3.1.3 Spectrometers and interferometers 202.3.2 Vibrational spectroscopy-microscopy systems 242.3.2.1 Mapping and imaging 262.3.3 Fibre optics and fibre-optic probes 302.3.4 Remote, portable, handheld, field-use, and stand-off vibrational spectroscopyinstrumentation 312.4 Closing remarks 35References 353 Vibrational spectroscopy sampling techniques 393.1 Introduction 393.2 Vibrational spectroscopy: sampling techniques 403.2.1 Raman spectroscopy 413.2.1.1 Raman spectroscopy: sampling techniques and considerations 413.2.1.2 Resonance Raman spectroscopy 443.2.1.3 Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and surface enhancedresonance Raman spectroscopy 453.2.1.4 Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy 453.2.1.5 Transmission Raman spectroscopy 483.2.1.6 Raman microscopy/microspectroscopy and imaging 483.2.1.7 Remote and fibre-optic probe Raman spectroscopy 493.2.2 Mid-infrared spectroscopy 503.2.2.1 Mid-infrared transmission spectroscopy: sampling techniques 503.2.2.2 Mid-infrared reflection spectroscopy sampling techniques 543.2.2.3 Mid-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy 613.2.2.4 Mid-infrared microscopy/microspectroscopy and imaging 623.2.3 Near-infrared spectroscopy: sampling techniques 673.2.3.1 Near-infrared transmission spectroscopy 683.2.3.2 Near-infrared diffuse reflection spectroscopy 683.2.3.3 Near-infrared transflection spectroscopy 693.2.3.4 Near-infrared spectroscopy: interactance and fibre-optic probe measurements 693.2.3.5 Near-infrared microscopy and imaging 693.2.4 Terahertz/far-infrared spectroscopy: sampling techniques 703.3 Closing remarks 71Acknowledgements 72References 72SECTION II: CRIMINAL SCENE 774 Criminal forensic analysis 794.1 Introduction 794.2 Forensic analysis 794.3 General use of IR and Raman spectroscopy in forensic analysis 804.3.1 Progression of infrared spectroscopy development in forensic analysis 804.3.2 Progression of Raman spectroscopy development in forensic analysis 814.3.3 Sampling methods 814.3.3.1 Microscopes 814.3.3.2 Reflection methods 814.3.3.3 Gas chromatography/IR 824.3.3.4 Spectral imaging 824.4 Applications of evidential material analysis 824.4.1 Polymers 824.4.1.1 General 824.4.1.2 Copy toners 834.4.1.3 Fibres 844.4.1.4 Paints 864.4.1.5 Tapes 874.4.2 Drugs 894.4.3 Explosives 904.4.4 Fingerprint analysis 924.5 Summary and future direction 93Acknowledgements 94References 944.1 Forensic analysis of hair by infrared spectroscopy 974.1.1 Introduction 974.1.2 Basic forensic hair analysis 994.1.3 Uniqueness of hair to chemical analysis 994.1.4 Mechanism for chemical substance incorporation into hair 1014.1.5 Applications 1034.1.6 Disease diagnosis 1044.1.7 Summary 104References 1054.2 Raman spectroscopy for forensic analysis of household and automotive paints 1074.2.1 Introduction 1074.2.2 Paint composition 1074.2.3 Analysis of resin bases 1084.2.4 White paint 1104.2.5 Coloured household paints 1124.2.6 Multi-layer paints 1154.2.7 Automotive paint 1164.2.8 Conclusions 119References 1204.3 Raman spectroscopy for the characterisation of inks on written documents 1214.3.1 Introduction 1214.3.2 Experimental 1234.3.3 Chemical differences in the composition of writing inks through time,and modern inks: major groups 1254.3.4 Ink discrimination 1274.3.5 Forensic test 1284.3.6 Conclusions 132References 1324.4 Forensic analysis of fibres by vibrational spectroscopy 1354.4.1 Introduction 1354.4.1.1 Forensic importance of fibres 1354.4.1.2 Types of fibres 1354.4.1.3 Dyes 1364.4.1.4 Why use vibrational spectroscopy? 1364.4.2 Infrared spectroscopy 1364.4.2.1 Instrumentation and sample preparation 1364.4.2.2 Transmission mid-IR microspectroscopy 1384.4.2.3 ATR IR microspectroscopy 1394.4.2.4 IR synchrotron radiation 1414.4.2.5 Mid-IR imaging 1424.4.3 Raman spectroscopy 1434.4.3.1 Application to fibres 1434.4.3.2 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering 1454.4.3.3 Raman spectroscopy of titania filler 1454.4.4 Data analysis 1464.4.5 Conclusions 148Acknowledgement 148References 1484.5 In situ crime scene analysis 1514.5.1 Introduction 1514.5.2 Instrumentation 1534.5.2.1 Raman spectrometers 1534.5.2.2 Infrared spectrometers 1544.5.3 Applications 1564.5.3.1 Conditions of analysis 1564.5.3.2 General chemical analysis 1564.5.3.3 Explosives 1574.5.3.4 Drugs 1574.5.4 Conclusion 161Acknowledgements 161References 1614.6 Raman spectroscopy gains currency 1634.6.1 Introduction 1634.6.2 Banknotes 1644.6.3 Postage stamps 1714.6.4 Potential forensic applications 1744.6.5 Conclusions 179Acknowledgements 179References 179SECTION III: COUNTER TERRORISM AND HOMELAND SECURITY 1815 Counter terrorism and homeland security 1835.1 Introduction 1835.2 Infrared and Raman spectroscopy for explosives identification 1845.2.1 Level of chemical identification 1845.2.2 Capability to analyse a large range of explosivesand related chemicals 1865.2.3 Other positive features of IR and Raman spectroscopyin explosive analysis 1875.2.4 Case Studies - Example 1 1875.3 Portable IR and Raman instruments 1895.3.1 Case Studies - Example 2 1895.4 Post-blast examinations 1925.5 Detection of explosives in fingerprints 1925.6 Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy 1935.6.1 Applications of SORS in explosive analysis 1945.7 Terahertz spectroscopy of explosives 1955.7.1 Sampling modes and sample preparation 1965.7.2 THz spectroscopy of explosives and explosive related materials 1975.8 Summary 200Glossary 200References 2015.1 Tracing bioagents - a vibrational spectroscopic approach for a fast and reliableidentification of bioagents 2075.1.1 Introduction 2075.1.2 Toxins 2095.1.3 Viruses 2105.1.4 Bacteria 2125.1.4.1 Bulk samples 2125.1.4.2 Single bacterium identification 2135.1.5 Conclusion 219Acknowledgement 219References 2195.2 Raman spectroscopic studies of explosives and precursors: applications and instrumentation 2235.2.1 Background 2235.2.2 Introduction 2245.2.3 UV excited Raman studies of explosives 2255.2.4 FT-Raman studies of explosives 2275.2.5 Neither FT-Raman nor traditional dispersive Raman 2295.2.6 Surface enhanced Raman and surface enhanced resonance Raman studies of explosives 2295.2.7 Dispersive Raman studies of explosives 2305.2.8 Compact dispersive Raman spectrometers for the study of explosives 2315.2.9 Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy 2355.2.10 Stand-off Raman of explosives 2365.2.11 Raman microscopy and imaging 2365.2.12 Vehicle-mounted Raman analysers 2375.2.13 Classification schema for explosives 2375.2.14 Summary 238References 2385.3 Handheld Raman and FT-IR spectrometers 2435.3.1 Introduction 2435.3.2 Handheld/portable Raman and FT-IR devices 2435.3.3 Chemical warfare agents 2445.3.4 Explosives 2455.3.5 Tactical considerations 2465.3.6 Sample considerations 2465.3.7 Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy explosive identification capabilities 2485.3.8 Performance characterisation 2525.3.9 Summary 252References 2535.4 Non-invasive detection of concealed liquid and powder explosives using spatiallyoffset Raman spectroscopy 2555.4.1 Introduction 2555.4.2 Discussion and examples 2565.4.3 Summary 258References 2595.5 Terahertz frequency spectroscopy and its potential for security applications 2615.5.1 Introduction 2615.5.2 Terahertz frequency radiation 2615.5.3 Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy 2625.5.4 Example