survival companion for medical students, graduates and interns
Publisher: self published
Published: 2014
Place of publication: africa
Language: eng
Table of contents: title: Contents; title: Acknowledgement	I; title: Dedication	II; title: Preface	III; title: Chapter1:Medical School; title: Choice Of Medical School	1-2; title: Medical School Years	3; title: What To Do In Holidays?	4; title: Chapter2:After Graduation	5-6; title: Medical Oath and Afterwards; title: The Internship, What To Expect?	7; title: General Skills and Competencies	8-9; title: The Daily Routine Of House Officers In Internship; title: 9-11; title: Internship In UK(Foundation Program)	12-14; title: Sudan Medical Licensing Exam(SDMLE); title: 15-17; title: Chapter3: Medical Specialization; title: Factors Considered In Choice Of Specialty	18-19; title: Sudan Medical Specialization Board	20-37; title: Arab Medical Specialization Board	38-41; title: Specialty Information In United States 	42-63; title: Chapter4: International Exams; title: Temporary Registration Assessment Scheme Exam(TRAS)	 64-67; title: Professional & Linguistic Assessments Board Test (PLAB); title: 68-77; title: International Foundation of Medicine Exam-Clinical Science Exam (IFOM - CSE); title: 78-79; title: United States Medical License Exam(Step1,2 and 3)	80-94; title: Royal College Exams	95-100; title: Chapter4: Alternative Career Options	101-103; title: References And Appendices	104-127; title: Acknowledgement; title: I Thank ALLAH first and always.; title: Then my family for their support and my Mom for believing in me.; title: Dr. Ali Albassam who encouraged me all the time and  Prof. M.Y. Sukar for his expert advices which helped me a lot during the writing of this book.; title: DEDICATION; title: To my father( Kamal Abdalgadir) and mother(Kawser Ibrahim Ahmed); title: To my family(Dr Mohamed, Dr Amel and engineer Khalid, Suzan and her cute daughters , Nada and  my uncles and aunties Love you all); title: To my teachers in Comboni College Khartoum, Doctors and professors especially Dr. Ali Thoulfikar Albassam; title: To Dr Mozan Jaber Hammadnallah; title: To all medical students, Graduates and Interns.; title: Preface; title: This book is intended for pre-graduate, graduate medical students and Interns( House Officers) to guide them through the path of medical training with concrete knowledge to make them choose what and where to Specialize.; title: The objectives of this book  are to show how to choose a medical school and what is needed from you, what awaits graduates after graduation, what is expected from House officers and their daily routine in Sudan and  UK, Sudan medical license exam and  Factors to be considered before choosing specialty then medical specializations in Sudan Medical Specialization Board, Arab Board Of Medical Specialization, Specialties in United States. International Exams(Royal Colleges, IFOM,PLAB,TRAS  and USMLE)where most of the information was gathered from known international and national reports, Websites and journals(FMOH Sudan annual report 2012, IFOM.netGMC.net, FMOH.gov.sd.net, USMLE.org.net, Association Of American Medical Colleges(AAMC)British Medical Journal and World Health Organization) and logbooks of Internship in Sudan are included at the end of the book.  Hopefully it would be of great value to all.; title: Dr.Ahmed Kamal Abdalgadir Mohamed; title: Author; title: Chapter1: Medical School; title: Choice of Medical School:; title: Medical schools in Sudan are numerous but what a student need to know before getting into any is if it is accredited so when graduation comes he/she does not waste a lot of time running around these procedures and eventually feeling that he/she lost the money paid in Education for nothing.; title: There are certain criteria that you need to put in mind before choosing a medical school which are:; title: 1)	Accreditation: Means that the medical school is known and registered, and you have to know the level of registration:; title: a)	Local accreditation: Medical School is registered in Sudan Medical Council.; title: b)	International accreditation: Medical School is Registered in international committee (e.g WHO = World Health Organization) To Know that  you can go to www. WHO directory of Medical schools where you will find a list of all WHO registered medical schools, and this is where Royal Colleges check the name of your medical school.; title: 2)	System of study: There are many systems of study in Sudanese universities each with advantages and disadvantages but the most important in medical schools are tutorials and continuous  assessment so when choosing a medical school check their system of study and assessment process of students throughout study year.; title: 3)	Medical School Library: during medical school students need to spend an amount of time in libraries of their schools to study and read their references, that would be better than going to a distant library or having a limited time in other universities to study, so the medical school library must be equipped with photocopiers and new editions of medical references,  a good wireless connection( not for chatting but to check medical sites and researches) and most of all a good time frame so when you finish studying you can come and review what you read today.; title: 4)	Extracurricular activities in medical school: of course students will not be all the time in libraries so you need to know what are the extracurricular activities done in break time, because studying medicine is difficult and needs a real good rest from time to time.; title: 5)	Teaching Staff: Teaching staff is a vital part of medical school so try to know if the teaching staff are best in their field and whether they help students actively, such an information can be known from the Dean of medical School.; title: (Figure1: World Institutions, Graduates and Workforce by Region(2008)(22); title: Medical School Years; title: Medical school years varies from  each university and another but what you need to know is the following:; title: 1)	1st year: Foundation usually composed of basic subjects as preparation to study medical subjects:(Biology= Botany, Zoology), Physics, Chemistry,  English, Arabic, Religious studies and the basic medical studies in 2nd semester: Anatomy, Physiology and Biochemistry.( Exam will be in all subjects ); title: 2)	2nd Year: Basic medical studies( Normal  Body) will be studied more extensively: Anatomy( Embryology, Neuro-anatomy, Histology and Gross anatomy) Physiology by systems and Biochemistry( 2 semesters and at the end the exam will compose of all what you studied in 1st and 2nd year).; title: 3)	3rd year: Basic medical studies+ Medical  subjects : Pathology( Study of Diseases), Microbiology( Study Of Microbes ) subdivided to : Immunology, parasitology, virology, bacteriology , Pharmacology( Study Of Drugs and Medicines),  Community Medicine( Study of Public Health), Medicine, surgery+ medical rounds .; title: 4)	4th year : Medicine( study of disease signs and management), surgery( study of disease and surgical managing), Obstetrics and Gynecology( Study Of Diseases of pregnancies and normal delivery and diseases of Females ), Forensic Medicine and toxicology ( Study of cause of death and homicides) , community medicine and then there are Minors( Ear nose and throat surgery, Psychiatry, Ophthalmology( Disease of Eye and management), Dermatology( Diseases of skin and management), Neurosurgery( Disease of brain and spine an management), Nuclear medicine and radiology( cancers and management + diagnostic radiology)+ Medical rounds.; title: 5)	5th /6thyear : Pure medical studies: Medicine, surgery , pediatrics and obstetrics and gynecology+ medical rounds( Final exam will be clinical + theoretical).; title: What To Do In Holidays? :; title: Most of us during our holidays have fun and want to forget the stress of college and studies and most of our time we stay in the internet, we can benefit from such a thing by checking scholarship websites and entering groups that talk about it (facebook, twitter….etc) so gain more knowledge about these sites as you are having fun in the internet; title: Useful websites:; title: 1)	Scholarships.net; title: 2)	Harvardx online courses; title: 3)	Studyabroad.net; title: 4)	Sudan medical council.net; title: 5)	Medscape.net; title: 6)	E.medicine.net; title: 7)	Sudan Medical specialization board.net; title: 8)	Royal colleges websites; title: 9)	Pubmed.net( It helps a lot in preparing your graduate research); title: 10)	Universities websites; title: 11)	IELTS.com; title: 12)	British Council; title: 13)	Scholarships positions.com; title: 14)	Youtube/ Royal College Of Physicians; title: Clinical exposure: Gain some basic knowledge about what you are going to face in clinical practice especially in your last years in college so to know your weakness and power points, this also helps in giving you a clue about what specialty you attracted to and what is it to be in that specialty.; title: Last year in college: this year as they say the toughest because you want to complete your bachelor and get a satisfactory result so keep concentrating your studies and try to get as great results as you can because any place in the world will get to see your results when you want to work there.; title: Chapter2: After Graduation; title: After Passing Bachelor, the next steps; title: The following steps are important so keep in mind:; title: A)	Prepare your application for Bachelor and transcript papers as soon as results come out, because you will need it later. Always revise your Bachelor report especially transcript and do not forget to write the name in your passport  because abroad they will compare between them, get a   photo (  wear a causal cloth).; title: B)	Go to the Medical council and know the papers needed for preparation to have the oath; usually they are the following:; title: 1)	Stamped paper from medical school showing that you finished bachelor and passes exams( Release papers original and 10 photocopies of it  ); title: 2)	10 photos(3 for medical oath 1 for ID intern card and the rest as backup); title: 3)	Identification Card( copy and original Passport or other ); title: 4)	Fees:  they change from year to year. Check Medical council for information.; title: Medical Oath And Afterwards:; title: You will be informed about  the day of medical oath after completing above  application and you will have a card with a number that will get you to the medical oath room. After having a lecture usually given by  Medical council president you will start oath and after that you will be told to take your  certificate of council and photocopy it 4-5 times.; title: After  that the council will give you information about what to do next and at the end you will be given a card with a number and will be told to check website( Sudarecboard.net) after that you will go to internship administration ( In street albaldia) were you will start an application for internship password and will be given a number and a secret file.; title: Required documents for password application( You need to photocopy these documents):; title: 1)	Original Nationality card; title: 2)	Original Sudan Medical council Registration certificate( Which you get after  Medical oath; title: 3)	Original Birth certificate; title: 4)	Ministry of labor( Job number); title: 5)	Neighborhood committee certificate of nationality(  usually given from neighborhood committee( LAJNA alsha3bia); title: 6)	Original university release paper( which we talked about above).; title: After finishing password application you will be asked to get an internship log( 2 logs from Ministry of health of Khartoum) then will wait for distribution in FMOH.gov website/ interns column you will find a phrase( Application for internship active press it and then they will guide you through); title: The Internship, What To Expect?:; title: After finishing oath the intern will rotate every 3 month in a general specialty under supervision of a consultant in various hospitals to learn basic knowledge and practice about that specialty, during the time spent in each specialty you are expected to accomplish objectives which are listed in a Logbook prepared to you from Ministry Of Health.; title: Internship logs: the log contains the required knowledge and practice that you need to do and there is a grade for each.; title: There are 2 logs: one for supervising registrar(houseofficer,s Assessment logbook= there is a sample for it in appendices at the end of the book) and  supervising consultant  logbook(The final assessment report); these logbooks must be with you in every shift so you can fill through and at the end of your internship then at the end of the shift you give it to medical director who will get it to Ministry of Health .; title: After 1st shift you will have to open a secret file in federal ministry of health and you will be given a number which should be written in the cover of every logbook so they do not get lost. These logbooks are gathered in that secret file and are vital for intern so he/she can examine the permanent exam. Also during the end of every shift you will be given a release paper which is signed by medical director and supervising consultant( these release papers are vital to get your original papers from ministry and get your end of internship financial price so photocopy them and always keep the original ones).; title: During your different rotations, you are expected to(24):; title: 1)To do a competent initial assessment of the patients including an informative history, competent clinical examination and identifying problems to be addressed.; title: 2)Discuss with registrar/medical officer the plan of management& arrange for follow up using the specified flow sheets.; title: 3)Present cases in clinical rounds.; title: 4) Do and document in the patients record regular follow up visits including: clinical check up review of implementation and compliance with managements'(Nursing, Nutrition&medications).; title: 5) Execute tasks assigned to him/her seniors.; title: 6) Offer initial emergency managements for emergency and critical cases and ask for help.; title: 7) Contribute in solving patients non-medical problems.; title: 8) Recognize the job description of other health team members and positively interact with& support them.; title: 9) Contribute to unit teaching activities& promote himself professionally.; title: Limitations on Authority(24): The patient’s care is primarily the responsibility of your consultant. While this may be delegated to you to varying degrees s/he must always be aware of your service activity. Except in exceptional circumstances all major clinical decisions must have the clear confirmation of the consultant. It is imperative that, when in doubt, you seek the opinion of the consultant or from other appropriate sources.; title: You are not allowed to issue a death certificate.; title: You are not allowed to fill in Criminal record (Form 8).; title: General Skills/Competencies(24):; title: 1)Professional Ethics.; title: 2) Bedside Manners and Communication Skills.; title: 3) Taking proper history for various clinical conditions; title: 4)  Clinical Examination.; title: 5) Basic Clinical Skills.  6) Working In Team.; title: 7) Confirm Death.  8) Basic Life Support.; title: 9) Learning Emergency management of critically ill patient.; title: 10)  Giving Oxygen.; title: 11) Effective Suction.; title: 12) Using Ambo bag.; title: 13) Fixing I/V line 14) Introduction of NG tube.; title: 15) Nebulizer use. 16) Urethral Catheterization.; title: 17) S/C,  I/V,  I/M injections.  18) Lumbar Puncture.; title: 19) Blood transfusion procedure and pre/post preparations and its complications.; title: 20) Obtaining an Informed Consent.; title: ( You can find details in the house officer assessment logbook, in the appendices or you can download it from FMOH.gov.sd/internship doctors).; title: The Daily Routine Of  House Officers In Internship :; title: A)Surgery :you will have the following duties:; title: 1)	Operation List preparation: once per week( Depends on frequency of theatres and specialties of consultants of the unit )Prepare operation lists/prepare blood for patients, take history, examine patients and interpret their investigation( All under supervision of  the Units Registrar).; title: 2)	On-call ( You stay in hospital and follow up the patients of your unit pre/postoperative patients, also under supervision of The Unit registrar); title: 3)	Grand round : once per week, where the senior consultant in the unit check the patients, you have to prepare all your patients files with full information about their condition( all house officers and registrars will be present) some hospital have professors round senior consultants round plus the grand round.; title: 4)	Postoperative  round:  the consultant follow up patients postoperatively and let the registrar do another follow up with you to check for post-operative complications.; title: 5)	Duty : once per week, you will cover the emergency room with registrars and house officers of your unit, you will examine patients do minor surgeries( Abscess drainage) prepare for surgery and operate with registrars in the theatre. There is a Friday duty(rotation)  that comes every 5weeks,clearance round the next day done by the consultant of the unit.; title: 6)	 Usual daily follow up for your patients.; title: 7)	The Outpatient clinic; once per week ,where patients come for consultations, post operative follow up. Here you also examine patients and write investigations.; title: 8)	Registrar round: once per week done by registrars and house officers to follow up patients, it is usually done before grand round.; title: 9)	If there is a patient who needed referral to another hospital you are the one who is going to go with him/her.; title: 10)   Tutorial: you will be asked to present a subject to the unit, usually done after the outpatient clinic, you do it almost 2-3 times in the whole 3month shift.; title: B) Medicine:; title: 1) Take history, examine patients and write investigations and drugs.; title: 2) Daily follow up of your patients.; title: 3) On call( follow up patients of your unit).; title: 4) Duty: Once per week, you cover Emergency room diagnosing and treating patients and admitting patients to hospital ( registrars and house officers cover it with you) clearance round is done the next day by consultant to discharge or admit patients to the hospital.; title: 5) Outpatient clinic: follow up patients, write drugs and investigations, the consultant will be present.; title: 6) Tutorial: you will be asked to present a subject to the unit, usually done after the outpatient clinic, you do it almost 2-3 times in the whole 3month shift.; title: 7) Registrar Round; once per week done by registrars and house officers to follow up patients, it is usually done before grand round.; title: 8) Grand Round: once per week done in the inpatient and ICU wards, where the senior consultant in the unit check the patients, you have to prepare all your patients files with full information about their condition( all house officers and registrars will be present), some hospital have professors round senior consultants round plus the grand round.; title: C) Pediatrics: Same as medicine.; title: D) Obstetrics and Gynecology: Same as Surgery but the differences are:; title: 1) Duty: You Manage normal Labour, prepare patients for cesarean sections/hysterectomy/ dilatation and curettage diagnose Obstetrical and gynecological diseases.; title: 2) Operation list: there is gynecology list and Caesarean Section list( so 2 lists per week).; title: Useful books during internship:; title: Sudanese books:; title: 1)	Manual for medical emergencies( By prof. aboaishhaa sedi); title: 2)	Sudan Medicines Handbook.; title: 3)	PCH pediatrics collection handbook(drugs Doses); title: 4)	Management protocols for pediatric emergencies( By prof. Kararr); title: 5)	Khartoum teaching hospital obstetric guidelines.; title: 6)	Sudan National Formulary(SNF); title: International Books:; title: 1)	Oxford Hand Book Of Clinical Medicine.; title: 2)	Oxford Hand book Foundation Program.; title: 3)	Oxford Hand Book Of Surgery.; title: 4)	Oxford Hand Book Of Acute Medicine.; title: 5)	Harriet Lane Hand Book For Pediatric House officers.; title: 6)	British National Formulary.; title: Internship in United Kingdom( Foundation Program):; title: The Foundation Program is part of the continuum of medical education. It is the only point in medical training which is common to all United Kingdom medical students and doctors and ensures that newly qualified doctors develop their clinical and professional skills in the workplace in readiness for core, specialty or general practice training.; title: The Foundation Program aims to ensure that all doctors deliver safe and effective patient care and aspire to excellence in their professional development in accordance with the GMC guidance laid down in Tomorrow’s Doctors (2009), The Trainee Doctor (2011) and Good Medical Practice (2006).; title: During the program, foundation doctors work in a supportive environment where they are properly managed and supervised, enabling them to learn through service delivery whilst ensuring that patients are not put at risk. Foundation doctors practice within their own level of competence and are provided with adequate supervision and feedback to reach higher levels of competence in existing skills and to acquire new skills. The Foundation Program builds on and develops the responsibilities of clinical professionalism. Satisfactory progress through the Foundation Program indicates that a doctor is moving towards independent practice.; title: Throughout medical school and the Foundation Program, medical students and foundation doctors should draw upon career information and guidance and reflect on their abilities, interests and opportunities as well as anticipated service needs to make informed choices about their future career.; title: The Foundation Program aims to:; title: • build on undergraduate education by instilling recently graduated doctors with the attributes of professionalism and the primacy of patient welfare, which are required for safe and effective care of patients with both acute and long-term conditions.; title: • provide generic training that ensures foundation doctors develop and demonstrate a range of essential interpersonal and clinical skills for managing patients with both acute and long-term conditions, regardless of the specialty.; title: • provide the opportunity to develop leadership, team working and supervisory skills in order to deliver care in the setting of a contemporary multidisciplinary team and to begin to make independent clinical decisions with appropriate support.; title: • provide each foundation doctor with a variety of workplace experience during their foundation program in order to best inform career choice. Whatever career path is subsequently entered, all foundation doctors must have opportunities to understand community care provision and the majority should be offered community placements.; title: Outcomes of foundation training:; title: Foundation year 1 (F1) enables medical graduates to begin to take supervised responsibility for patient care and consolidate the skills that they have learnt at medical school. Satisfactory completion of F1 allows the relevant university (or their designated representative in a postgraduate deanery or foundation school) to recommend to the GMC that the foundation doctor is granted full registration.; title: Foundation year 2 (F2) doctors remain under clinical supervision (as do all doctors in training) but take on increasing responsibility for patient care. In particular they begin to make management decisions as part of their progress towards independent practice. F2 doctors further develop their core generic skills and contribute more to the education and training of the wider healthcare workforce e.g. nurses, medical students and less experienced doctors. At the end of F2 they will have begun to demonstrate clinical effectiveness, leadership and decision-making responsibilities that are essential for hospital and general practice specialty. Satisfactory completion of F2 will lead to the award of a Foundation Achievement of Competence Document (FACD) which indicates that the foundation doctor is ready to enter a core, specialty or general practice training program(15).; title: (Figure3: International Medical Graduates Employment across UK 2012)(23); title: Sudan Medical licensing Exam(SDMLE) :; title: 1- content:; title: The SDMLE consists of two components:; title: 1-1 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs):; title: It is an objective evaluation and is designed to assess width of knowledge and; title: problem solving abilities based on clinical practice models. The questions are; title: set in the form of clinical scenarios. Themes for this section reflect critical care,; title: common cases in primary care and hospital settings. Medical graduates are; title: typically examined in multiple domains of clinical medicine . Hence,; title: examinees need to decide on one of the following course of actions for every; title: scenario:; title:  Most likely diagnosis; title:  Most appropriate choice of investigation; title:  Immediate patient management; title:  Preferred treatment choice; title: Each MCQ question starts with a stem which is followed by 4-5 responses; title: only one of which is correct.; title: This part consist of two papers:; title: a- Paper 1:; title: 80 MCQs covering medicine, paeditrics and related specialties.; title: b- Paper 2:; title: 80 MCQs covering surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology and related; title: specialties.; title: In addition, both papers also contain some questions on medical ethics and; title: applied basic medical sciences.; title: 1-2 Clinically related Objective Scientific Practical Examination; title: (OSPE):; title: It consists of 40 slides containing the following:; title:  Slide recognition; title:  Medical equipments; title:  Radiographs; title:  Lab data; title:  Pathology; title:  ECG; title: Videos; title: SMC is quite aware of the importance and role of OSCE in assessing skills and; title: attitudes. Arrangements are being made to start such type of assessment in the near future.; title: 2- Standard Setting; title: Absolute standards are used at SDMLE for candidate assessment. Modified; title: Angoff Procedure is used to set the standards for pass/fail (minimum pass level; title: or MPL). Briefly, a group of judges (4-6) will estimate the percentage of; title: borderline examinees who would answer each examination item correctly; title: before the item is entered in the question bank. This is done by the discipline; title: group and approved by the Examination Committee. The items for each exam; title: are randomly selected by the exam software according to preset criteria. The; title: pass/fail standard of the test is the average percentage of minimum pass indices; title: of all the items(MPL). This is done by the convener of the examination; title: committee who is also the head department of examination and the item bank; title: administrator.; title: 3- Test Item Analysis; title: Analysis of MCQs is used to evaluate the quality of items. Item analysis output; title: includes the percentages ofstudents who selected each option as well as some; title: measures of difficulty (difficulty index) and discrimination (discrimination; title: index). Test items with difficulty indices below 0.2 are considered; title: nonfunctioning and removed before recomputing to get the final result. Results; title: of item analysis are discussed by the discipline groups and problematic; title: questions are reviewed and either corrected or removed.; title: 4- Place of the exam:; title: The exam is usually held in the exam center at the SMC premises. More exam; title: centers are going to be established in the future.; title: Exam Requirements; title: 1- Eligibility:; title: 1-1 Graduate of a medical school recognized by SMC(MBBS or equivalent); title: 1-2 Provisional registration in SMC Medical Register; title: 1-3 Successful completion of housemanship; title: 1-4 Completion of the registration process for the exam; title: 2- Registration:; title: The registration process is as follows:; title: 2-1 Applicant must fill the application form and submit it to the office; title: of registration in the examination department.; title: 2-2 A receipt of the payment of the required fees must be shown.; title: 2-3 A copy of exam permit from the ---- office is attached.; title: 2-4 A username and a password are assigned to each candidate.; title: Preparation for SDMLE:; title: There are no specific books for SDMLE and the candidates are instructed to; title: read from standard textbooks and examination preparation books which are; title: available in medical libraries, and to concentrate on clinical practice. No; title: specific books are recommended.( Source: Sudan Medical Council.net/ Department of examinations).; title: Chapter3; title: Medical Specialization; title: (Figure2: postgraduate pathway); title: Factors Considered In Choice Of Specialty:; title: There are various factors that need to be put in mind in the choice of specialty because there are many circumstances that must be put in mind, These factors are:; title: 1)Financial factor: medical school is expensive and in some countries you take loans from government, so some graduates choose a specialty with good income to get themselves out of that loan and live luxurious life, or at least to have a good income as easy as possible, this was similar to a study on US medical students whom mentioned that good income is a very important factor in the choice of specialty(20).; title: 2)Life style: when getting to medical school and starting basic clinical training most of students and graduates  have a great change in their habits and lifestyle, some of them have to live in a campus away from their parents, others only see their parents when they are sleeping after a long day in hospital and friends start to miss going out with their doctor friend, all this pressures makes medical graduates put in mind a specialty which is convenient to his lifestyle which is  also similar to US medical students(20).; title: 3) Medical school lecturers and specialists: getting inspired by specialists and professors in a specialty is also a factor in choosing a specialty. Many of medical students get to choose their specialty because of  a distinguished professor or a consultant during their study years(21); title: 4) Patient contact hours: specialties differ from each other in their patient contact hours( Surgery, anesthesia, Emergency Medicine and Obs and Gyne. Strong contact to Patients/ Radiology for example you rarely see patients you only see X-ray films) some graduates do not love too much time in hospitals or near patients so you need to consider this factor in your choice.; title: Specialization In Sudan Medical Specialization Board(SMSB); title: (Source: Sudan Medical Specialization Board.net 2011)(1); title: (Development of Health force in 2011); title: (Statistical report about the number of specialists in following specialties according to annual report of FMOH in 2011); title: (Registrars distribution by specialties in 2011); title: ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS( Ophthalmology); title: 1) Admission requirements for part-one:; title: 1 Bachelor of Medicine & Surgery (MBBS) from a Sudanese University; title: (or Equivalent recognized by the ophthalmology council); title: 2 Full registration in Sudan Medical Council; title: 3 Advised to attend the Basic science Course; title: 4 Advised to attend the Preparatory Coarse; title: 5 Passed the selection exam & Interview.; title: 2) Admission requirements for part-two:; title: 1 Passed part-one exam (or equivalent); title: 3) The duration of the program:; title: Is 4 years period (after fulfilling admission criteria for part-two).; title: 4) The role and responsibilities of trainees:; title: Given the provisions of adequate resources by the council residents; title: should accept responsibility for their own learning &ensure that it is in; title: accordance with the relevant requirements i.e. (on-job training) as follows:-; title: 1 )Out-patient; title: 2 )Theatre; title: 3) Rounds; title: 4 )Emergency ophthalmology; title: 5) Academic activities; title: Admission requirements( obstetrics and Gynecology) :; title: 1) Admission requirements for part‐ one:; title: 1. M.B.B.S; title: 2. Full registration with Sudan Medical Council.; title: 2) Admission requirements for part – two:; title: 1. Registration with Sudan Medical Council.; title: 2. Have passed part 1 MD (SUDAN), or a recognized equivalent by; title: SMSB.; title: 3. Registered with regulations of SMSB; title: 4. Recommended by two practicing O/G consultants; title: 3) The duration of the program:; title: Sudan training in obstetrics and gynaecology (O&G) comprises a minimum; title: of 4 years specialty training in O&G. The program is divided into two; title: components: core and advanced training.; title: After successful completion of the program, it is likely that you will be; title: ready to sit the MD‐Sudan Part II in O&G.; title: Admission requirements(Internal Medicine) for part‐one; title: Have a recognized medical degree ie. Sudanese MBBS or an; title: equivalent.; title: 1.Requirements for admission to the training program:; title: To register for the training program, the candidate should; title: 1) Have a recognized medical degree ie. MBBS or equivalent at least; title: four years before registration.; title: 2) Have a valid part 1 clinical MD, Sudan Internal Medicine or an; title: equivalent. ( Part one is valid for….years before joining the training; title: program); title: 3) Have permanent registration with the Sudan Medical Council.; title: 4) Able to communicate in Arabic and English languages.; title: (Candidates who have obtained the first part from equivalent; title: institutes will be exempted from part 1 examination at the; title: discretion of the council).; title: 5) Duly fill the specific registration form at the registration office.; title: 2.Admission requirements for part‐two examination:; title: 1) Successful Completion of the clinical training programme (48; title: months with a minimum period of 36 month of training in; title: Sudan).; title: 2) To submit a completed and duly attested logbook 2 months; title: before the date of the final exam.; title: 3) Approval of the dissertation (thesis) 4 months before entering; title: the final exam); title: 4) Satisfactory confidential reports from supervisors.; title: 5) Exemption from training period should not exceed 12 months; title: provided that the candidate had spent that period in a; title: recognized training center (at the discretion of the council).; title: 3. The duration of the training program; title: Total period of training is 48 months; title: 4. The role and responsibilities of trainees; title: It is the trainee responsibility to:; title: 1) To complete his/her log book; title: 2 )To attend all academic and clinical activities and to render; title: medical services to his/her patient and the community.; title: Admission requirement( Family Medicine):; title: 1. Admission requirement for part one:; title: 1. Criteria for selection; title: Prospective candidates must be :; title: - Holder of MBBS from Sudanese Universities or equivalent.; title: - Have completed a one year internship program.; title: - Fully registered by the Sudan Medical Council.; title: - Age equal or less than 40 yea; title: - Pass an entry exam & the interview.; title: - Good references (hard worker and medically competent); title: - Physically fit; title:  Pre‐ requisite to sit the first part exam; title: 2. Admission requirement for part two:; title: - Pass the first part exam; title: - Complete the rotation or equivalent which should be confirmed by; title: specialty council.; title: - Eligible to sit for the second part; title: 3. Number of candidates; title: The number of candidates in the FM Residency Program will be dictated by the; title: available resources and trainers.; title: 4. Program Sites; title: The Residency Program in FM will utilize the following sites:; title: Khartoum Teaching Hospital, Khartoum; title: Khartoum‐North Hospital, Khartoum; title: Omdurman Teaching Hospital, Khartoum; title: Soba Teaching Hospital, Khartoum; title: Primary Health Centers and institutions recognized for training by the; title: Accreditation Committee of the program.; title: 3. The duration of the program:; title: The Training Program in FM is four calendar years.; title: Training program structure; title: The annual schedule will be distributed by the program secretary at the; title: beginning of each year for the residents.; title: The role and responsibilities of the trainees:; title: - Active involvement in the on‐call rotation. The range should be at least 7; title: on calls per month including one week end.; title: - Adequate attendance participation and attendance in the; title: departmental activities, e.g. handover round, case presentation,; title: journal clubs, etc. (at least 80% of the activities); title: - Each resident will have a trainer family physician who will act as his or; title: her mentor. Residents are expected to meet with their mentor on a; title: regular basis, a minimum being of once in every 2months. This time; title: can be used to deal with any problems they may be experiencing in; title: the program and to discuss their learning progress and needs.; title: - Tutorial Residents working in family medicine rotations will have a; title: tutorial session on weekly basis. This will focus on more advanced; title: family medicine topics, using different teaching styles; title: - The resident is to be attached to a unit where he / she should work; title: under close supervision by senior staff till he acquires enough; title: knowledge and ability to work independently.; title: - Participates in departmental activities, e.g. grand rounds, lectures; title: tutorials, journal clubs, etc.; title: - Performs and assists in common surgical procedures under direct; title: supervision of a consultant or senior registrar and takes full; title: responsibility at in‐patient and out‐patient care.; title: - Residents should be given opportunities to perform minor surgical; title: procedures, particularly those done in our patient under local; title: anaesthesia.; title: - Prepares material of relevance to primary health care to be discussed; title: with senior staff and presented in a form of tutorial once a week.; title: - A balance between the service and teaching should be mint; title: ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR PART‐ONE( Community Medicine); title: To be enrolled in part‐one courses student should fulfill the followings:; title: Must attend 75% or more of phase I (Induction Program).; title: Must sit for phase I (Induction Program) exam.; title: 2 .ADMISSION REQUIREMENTS FOR PART‐TWO; title: For student to shift from part‐one to part‐two they should fulfill the followings:; title: Must attend 75% or more in each module of part‐one.; title: Must sit for part‐one exam.; title: Must pass part‐one exam; title: However, for the student to be allowed to sit for part‐two exam he/she must; title: fulfil the followings:; title: Must attend the Advance Module; title: Must complete the internship period successfully (have all competencies; title: in his/her log‐book done and signed by the supervisor and approved by; title: the internship committee).; title: Must complete the dissertation and submit it to admission and; title: accreditation committee after fulfilling all requirements.; title: 3. DURATION OF THE PROGRAMME; title: This is a 4‐year postgraduate study divided into 5 phases: induction, core and; title: advanced courses, in addition to internship (field work) and dissertation; title: (research project).; title: THE ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF TRAINEES; title: The trainees have the following roles and responsibilities:; title: Attending scheduled teaching class/ training arranged by community; title: medicine council or any of its accredited training sites.; title: Completing assignments and other assessment tasks given during the; title: course of the training period.; title: Accepting instruction and be willing to undertake training in the assigned; title: sites for training as indicated by the community medicine council or by; title: the internship supervisor.; title: Maintaining the competency record book or work evidence guide if you; title: have been issued one.; title: Be always ready to join field work teams (disease investigation teams,; title: supervisory teams, assessment teams, ....ect) as indicated by the; title: internship supervisor.; title: Admission requirements( Pediatrics and Child Health):; title: All applicants should go through a selection procedure which requires a; title: personal interview and takes into consideration:; title: A recommendation letter from a paediatrician/ senior; title: Administrator.; title: • An internship report satisfactory to the SMSB; title: • An undergraduate record satisfactory to the SMSB; title: • Previous working experience.; title: • The results of a written test (MCQ questions); title: (Applicants with part 1of the British membership or; title: an equivalent are exempted from this test).; title: • Other certificates and academic achievements.; title: • Signing a contract with the SMSB.; title: (The SMSB of pediatrics also considers applications from; title: candidates providing evidence of structured training; title: programs); title: 4. Requirements for sitting part one of the SMSB:; title: Fulfilling the admission criteria and staying for one year in the programme.; title: 5. The duration of the program.; title: The training program offers structured advanced in‐service training in; title: Paediatrics and Child Health over a period of four calendar years.; title: The candidate on the recommendation of the paediatric and childhealth; title: council and approval of the SMSB can be exempted from parts of the; title: training program for a period of not more than 12 months in recognition; title: of equivalent training experiences in recognized graduate training; title: programs in Paediatrics. Such candidates must pass the end of first year; title: exam.; title: 6. Criteria for promotion to senior levels:; title: - Trainees will be subject to continuous evaluation during residency; title: weighing 30% of the end of training level evaluation mark. This comprises; title: attendance to different training activities, supervisors’ reports and a logbook; title: for skills. They also have to pass a written examination.; title: - The rest of levels evaluation will include written and clinical exams tailored; title: to the respective level.; title: 7. Roles and responsibilities of trainees:; title: • It is the responsibility of the trainees to provide evidence for all; title: requirements of admission to the program.; title: • They have to read the laws and regulations of SMSB and to abide by; title: them.; title: • They have to keep all required documents that enable them to be; title: promoted from one level to another.; title: • They have to realize that part of their training is in community health care; title: facilities and also outside the capital of the country.; title: • The SMSB does not have grants for training and each candidate should; title: look for the suitable sponsorship.; title: 8. Outcomes of the training program; title: 1. Educational domain:; title: 1. Cognitive (knowledge and intellectual skills); title: Graduates of the program will:; title: • Acquire generic characteristics and competencies relating to; title: science and the profession globally.; title: • Understand the normal physiology, growth and development of the; title: fetus, newborn and child at different ages up to adolescence.; title: • Relates how the body is affected by disease; title: • Rationally request investigations.; title: • Plan appropriate management of paediatric disorders.; title: • Assess and apply evidence based approach according to local; title: settings aiming to provide the best possible quality care and service; title: for children, adolescents and their families.; title: REQUIREMENTS FOR THE TRAINEES( Oncology); title: The candidate for the postgraduate program in radiation oncology should; title: be a medical graduate from a medical school ( some medical schools also; title: provide education in other disciplines not only towards an MD degree ) that; title: has completed the entire core curriculum of the graduate training program; title: as laid down by the National Authority. It is the responsibility of the Training; title: Institute and Program Directory to ensure that the candidate’s background; title: level of knowledge in medicine is adequate to successfully undertake the; title: radiation oncology training program.; title: 5. TRAINING INSTITUTES; title: 4.5.1. General requirements; title: The institutes offering the training program should be accredited by; title: National Authority through an auditing process ( Appendix I ) taking into; title: consideration the necessary infrastructure, both in terms of the clinical; title: medical, radiation therapy equipment and an adequate strength of faculty as; title: described in this syllabus; title: A training institute should have the necessary infrastructure, staffing and; title: patient case – mix to provide training for the different skills levels as; title: described in this syllabus. The National Authority can accredit a training; title: institute for the training in the different levels of skills.; title: If the requirements for training institutes set forth in this syllabus cannot be; title: met by a single institution, several training institutes may collaborate to offer; title: an integrated program that meets these requirements.; title: These affiliated institution should be considered as part of ONE TRAINING; title: PROGRAMME. Each affiliated institute may have a local program coordinator; title: for activities in that particular centre ( Local program coordinators).; title: One of these will be the Program Director who should bare; title: responsibility for the full training program .; title: The training institute should be embedded in or affiliated with a hospital; title: where adequate medical services are available such as surgical and medical; title: specialties ,Gynecology, pathology, diagnostic radiology, nuclear medicine and other specialized medical and surgical departments.; title: In addition, the training institute should have sufficient reference books,; title: journals, and ready access to computerized medical literature search systems.; title: The training institute must ensure that the clinical and basic sciences are; title: taught through regularly scheduled lectures, case presentations, conferences; title: and discussions relevant to the practice radiation oncology.; title: It is recommended that the teaching program has a number of activities; title: that will greatly contribute to the trainee’s education such as : new case; title: conferences, chart rounds, journal clubs, seminars and multidisciplinary; title: tumour boards.; title: It should also ensure --- through a documentation mechanism --- that the; title: candidate attends these lectures, conferences, teaching rounds, case; title: presentations on the various topics of radiation oncology including; title: radiotherapy, chemotherapy, cancer biology , statistic, radiation biology,; title: medical physics and others as per the core curriculum.; title: 4.5.2.INFTRASTRUCTURE OF TRAINING INSTITUTES; title: Based on the level of skills the infrastructure of the ( collaborating ) training; title: institutes is described as follows :; title: No. MANDATORY FOR LEVELS 1 – 2; title: 1. Teletherapy : at least two megavoltage units one of which may be cobalt –; title: 60 unit and one must be a linear accelerator with or without electron beam.; title: 2. Brachytherapy unit: preferably high dose – rate; title: 3. Treatment simulator, either a conventional simulator or a CT-simulator; title: 4. Treatment planning system or access to computerized treatment planning; title: 5. Mould room facility; title: 6. Equipments for dosimetry and physical quality assurance ( QA ); title: DESIRABLE FOR LEVEL 3; title: 1. Facilities to execute 3-Dconformal, intensity modulated radiotherapy; title: and if available stereotactic radiotherapy, radiosurgery and/or intraoperative; title: radiotherapy.; title: Not all of these activities are required to qualify as level 3 .; title: 2. Tumour biology and/or radiobiology laboratory.; title: In the event that the training centre cannot provide all equipments/techniques; title: related to levels 1-2 the Programme Director; title: (PD)  has to make adequate arrangements in collaboration with the; title: other co-ordinators, So that the trainees can rotate to affiliated centers where; title: these techniques are in use .; title: For level 3 skills the PD can make a decision to send the trainees to the; title: appropriate centers to gain clinical experiences in these modalities.; title: 4.5.2. Size of training institutes; title: To ensure adequate numbers and variety of patients, a minimum number of; title: patients (suggested : at least 500 patients per year ) should be treated in the; title: programme with external beam and adequate number of brachythertapy; title: procedures to fulfill the requirements according to national guidelines.; title: 6. TRAINING PROGRAMME; title: The program should comply with guidelines outlined in this syllabus and to; title: the specific national requirements.; title: The curriculum structure, time frame, distribution of responsibilities and; title: objectives of each module of each individual training program should be; title: outlined in writing at the beginning of the program.; title: The trainee will be aware of the objectives of the training and will also develop; title: personal objectives for each module.; title: The educational effectiveness of the program should be regularly evaluated; title: in systemic manner by the Program Director (PD ) through evaluation of the; title: curriculum and faculty.; title: Admission requirements( Respiratory Medicine):‐; title: 1. MBBS from a recognized university.; title: 2. Full registration on Sudan medical council.; title: 3. Age less than 35 years.; title: 4. To pass a selection exam of 50 questions best of five on the basics; title: and skills of respiratory medicine.; title: 2. Admission requirements for part‐two; title: 1. The candidate should hold a valid part one in respiratory medicine or; title: general medicine or any other qualification approved by the council of; title: respiratory medicine.; title: 2. Part one is valid for 5 calendar years.; title: 3. Must register for training with the SMSB.; title: 4. Submission of a thesis 3 month before the exam.; title: 2.3 The duration of the program.; title: The duration of the program is 44 month.; title: 2.4 The role and responsibilities of trainees.; title: 1. Meetings‐clinico‐pathological, radiology etc .; title: 2. Seminars and tutorials.; title: 3. Workshops and laboratory training.; title: 4. Small discussion groups and journal clubs.; title: 5. Case presentation and case conference.; title: 6. Classical lectures and multi‐disciplinary meeting.; title: Admission requirements( Otorhinolaryngology=Ear Nose and Throat surgery):; title: 1. Admission requirements for Part‐one examination:; title: The candidate should:; title: 1. Have an MBBS or its equivalent.; title: 2. Have successful completion of internship.; title: 3. Register with Sudan GMC.; title: 4. Satisfy the registration regulations of SMSB.; title: 5. Have spent 6 months after internship preferably in a surgical discipline.; title: 6. Be recommended by two referees.; title: 7. Be advised to attend Basic Sciences and Specialty Basic Sciences courses run by; title: SMSB or engaged in a self directed learning in Basic Sciences. This will need a; title: period of six months.; title: 2. Admission requirements for Part‐two:; title: The candidate should have:; title: 1. Passed Part‐one examination or its equivalent which is approved by the specialty; title: council.; title: 2. Completed the specified training period.; title: 3. Completed the designated log book.; title: 4. Passed thesis examination.; title: 3. Duration of the program:; title: The duration of the program is a period of four (4) calendar years which starts after obtaining registration with SMSB and includes rotation in allied specialties. Training must be at sites accredited by SMSB.; title: 4. The role and responsibilities of trainers and trainees:; title: 1. Academic supervisor and trainer:; title: 2a. Academic supervisor: The academic supervisor is a university staff of a; title: professor or associate professor status or a consultant with postgraduate qualification; title: recognized by the SMSB who has at least ten years of experience including experience in; title: post graduate training and scientific writing.; title: 2b. Trainer: The trainer is a specialist with postgraduate qualification recognized by; title: the SMSB who has at least five years of experience in the specialty and practicing in an; title: approved setup.; title: 3. Supervisors and trainers have the following responsibilities and are expected:; title: - To ensure and monitor adequate training.; title: - To provide continuous helpful feedback (formative) regarding the; title: process of training.; title: - To observe trainees performance and help the trainee to achieve the; title: objectives of the training program:; title: - To participate actively in workshops and other activities conducted by; title: the SMSB.; title: - To establish direct contact with the council if any problem arises during; title: the training process, including the suitability of trainee.; title: - To supervise candidates′s thesis proposals and execution.; title: 4. Trainee role and responsibilities:; title: Trainee should:; title: - Accept responsibility for his\her learning.; title: - Ensure that he\ she undertakes training.; title: - Accept the responsibility for the thesis and plan to execute it within the; title: designated time limits.; title: - Be responsible for arrangement of regular meetings with the; title: supervisor.; title: - Complete the entire requirement for the final examination.; title: - Provide feedback regarding the training.; title: - Submit yearly summary sheets of the logbooks duly filled and signed by; title: the supervisor.; title: Admission requirements (Neurosurgery)for part‐one; title: 1)Admission requirement for part one; title: 1: M.B.B.S from Sudanese medical school or equivalent qualification; title: registered with Sudan Medical Council .; title: 2 : Three years in active medical practice including the houseman ship; title: period is an advantage .; title: 3 : Passed the interview sitting organized by the neurosurgical board of; title: the Sudan Medical Specialization Board; title: 2) Admission requirements for part‐two; title: 1: Passed the part one examination in Neurosurgery required by the; title: Postgraduate Medical Board; title: 2: In certain occasions the neurosurgical board can exempt from part; title: one the candidates who have attained post graduate degrees in general; title: surgery or first part in neurosurgery from accredited neurosurgical programs; title: considered on individual bases .; title: 3: Fulfill the general regulations of the Sudan Medical Specialization Board; title: regarding admission to the Clinical Doctorate of Neurosurgery; title: 3) The duration of the program .; title: The Sudan Medical Specialization Board is hereby empowered to offer a; title: Postgraduate Course of six years ( six calendar years ) for eligible candidates; title: leading to the Clinical Doctorate in Neurosurgery ( MD Sudan in Neurosurgery ).; title: 4)The role and responsibilities of trainees.; title: 1. In Patient care; title: 1. 1 The trainee shall fill in the following information in the patient’s; title: file;; title: 1 .1.1 Full medical clerking and clinical examination.; title: 1 .1.2 Results of the different investigations.; title: 1 .1.3 Treatment program; title: 1 .1.4 Preoperative assessment remarks.; title: 1 .1.5Patient’s consent for surgery; title: 1 .1.6 Operation remarks. Daily follow up remarks; title: 1 .1.7 Discharge summary sheet.; title: 2. Attendance of the referral clinics; title: 3. Attendance of preoperative and postoperative clinics; title: 4. To share in on call Rota; title: 5. To keep the patient’s records confidential; title: 6. To keep good relations with the patient, the patient’s family and the working; title: staff.; title: 7. To keep the records of (20) major neurosurgical cases whom he/ she did during; title: the period of training.; title: 8. To keep all scientific activity in a portfolio counter signed by The trainer. This; title: should include the following;; title: 8.1. The operations , their type , name of the patient and date of the; title: operation; title: 8.2. Seminars , conferences , courses journal clubs; title: Admission Requirements for MD( Radiology and Imaging); title: 1.Admission Requirements for Part One(Radiology and Imaging):; title: • The candidate should be a holder of an MBBS from Sudan Universities; title: or equivalents.; title: • Should be fully registered with the Sudan Medical Council.; title: • Should have worked as a medical practitioner for at least two years; title: including the internship.; title: • Should pass a selection examination in general medicine arranged by; title: the specialty committee.; title: 2. Admission Requirements for Part Two:; title: 1. In order to be admitted to part II course, the candidate must have:; title: a) Passed part I examination or its equivalent.; title: b) Attended the part II course including hospital work for at least; title: 30 months after passing part I.; title: c) Presented and passed a thesis on a selected subject which; title: he/she can start after passing the part I examination and should; title: present it 6 months before the final examination.; title: 3 . Duration of Course:; title: • Four calendar years as follows.; title: • One year for part I.; title: • Three years for part II.; title: • Candidate has a leave of one month every year.; title: 4 . The Role and Responsibilities of Trainees:; title: • The regular attendance. Observing, learning and gaining.; title: • Skills from senior staff.; title: • Carrying out the work under supervision of senior colleagues.; title: • Carrying out work independently later on.; title: Admission Requirements for MD( Psychiatry); title: 1)	Admission requirements for Part‐I; title: 1. Candidate should hold an MBBS from a recognized medical; title: school.; title: 2. Candidate should be registered in the Sudan Medical Council.; title: 3. Candidate should pass a selection examination set by the; title: Psychiatric council.; title: 2) Admission requirements for Part‐ II; title: 1. Candidate should have a valid Part I examination (attained not; title: more than 7 years before starting part‐II training).; title: 3) MD program duration; title: 1. Total of four calendar years; title: ‐ Part I: One year; title: ‐ Part II: Three years; title: 2. Full time in‐service training; title: ‐ Part I: Psychiatry, Medicine, & Neurology; title: ‐ Part II: Psychiatry; title: Admission requirements( Urology):; title: So as to be registered to obtain the Clinical MD in Urology, a candidate; title: must:; title: a) be registered with the Sudan Medical Council as a general; title: surgeon; title: b) provide a certified evidence confirming the Clinical MD in; title: surgery or its equivalent; title: c) pass a structured interview according to the regulations of the; title: specialty council.; title: The duration of the program:; title: Thirty six months; title: The Role and responsibilities of the trainees:; title: • The trainee should:; title: - attend all the academic as well as the hospital; title: activities as laid out by the training committee of the; title: council; title: - management of all the patients under their care; title: during the period of training; title: - keep a record of all his activities during the period of; title: training; title: - adhere to all the instructions given by his supervisor; title: - be aware that this is a full time training period; title: - report to his supervisor on any deficiencies during the; title: period of training.(1); title: (Source: Sudan Medical Specialization Board.net 2011); title: The Arab Board Of Medical Specializations; title: Certification from the Arab Board is currently available in the following fields:  pediatrics, general surgery (including orthopedics and urology), neurosurgery, pediatric surgery, internal medicine (including cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal disease, renal disease, and tropical medicine and parasitology), obstetrics and gynecology, family medicine and community medicine, psychiatry, anesthesia and intensive care, dermatology, ophthalmology, surgery of the head and neck (ENT), neurology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, emergency medicine, and radiology and nuclear medicine.; title: Requirements For Registration For Training in; title: The Arab Board Of Medical Specializations:; title: • Proficiency in the Arabic language; title: • Doctor of Medicine from a medical school recognized by the Arab Board; title: • Must be licensed to practice medicine.; title: • Must have completed a year of clinical rotations either before or after graduation; title: • Completion and submission of required registration papers to the Arab Board of Medical Specializations.; title: • Payment of the $225 annual fee ($200 fee for registration and $25 for subscription to The Journal of the Arab Board of Medical Specializations); title: • Submission of the registration papers to the training center of choice where the  selection   process proceeds according to the regulations of the Board .Other stipulations may apply in individual cases.; title: Trainees from each country must communicate with the Board through the local organization exclusively.  If there is no local organization, communication must be through the individual center for training affiliated with the Board:; title: • Local Organization Committee in the United Arab Emirates for trainees from The Emirates.; title: • The Central Department of Training in the Kingdom of Bahrain; title: • Saudi Council for Health Specializations in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; title: • The Iraqi Commission for Medical Specializations in Iraq; title: • Sudan Medical Specialization Board (S.M.S.B); title: • Kuwait Institutions of Medical Specializations in Kuwait; title: • The Educational and Training Office for Medicine in Qatar; title: • Libyan Board in the Republic Of Libya; title: • Egyptian Board of Medical Specializations in Egypt; title: • Yemeni Board Of Medical Specializations in Yemen; title: • Directorate General of Education & Training In Sultanate of Oman; title: General Rules of the Training:; title: • The period of training is 4 to 6 years, depending on the requirements of the specialization.  The training period for obstetrics and gynecology, internal medicine, pediatrics, family and community medicine, psychiatry, anesthesia, dermatology, psychiatry, ophthalmology, ENT, and emergency medicine is 4 years.  The training period for general surgery, orthopedics, urology, oral and maxillofacial surgery is 5 years.  The training period for neurosurgery and pediatric surgery is 6 years.; title: • Responsibility for patient care is determined by the stage of residency.; title: • Responsibility for night call should be no less than twice per week.; title: Residents must attend lectures and other educational and scientific meetings organized by various departments of the training hospital which pertain to the area of specialization; title: Training Centers:; title: The Scientific Council accepts teaching hospitals as training centers after a thorough evaluation.  There are minimum requirements, which include such factors as hospital size, facilities, and the availability of full time faculty in multiple specialties.  The suitability of the hospital is verified by means of visits from a local committee and the training committee from the Scientific Council as a final step.  Reevaluation of each training center is carried out every five years.  For further information, see the Arabic version.; title: Examinations:; title: Certification examination consists of two parts:; title: • Part One is a written examination given after 1-2 years of training.  His own supervisors and the head of the department in which he is training must sponsor each candidate.  The examination may be repeated 3-4 times.  If the candidate does not pass the examination, he is dismissed from the program.; title: • Part Two consists of written, oral, and clinical skills sections. It is administered at the end of the training program.  Each candidate must have passed Part One before he is eligible to register to take Part Two.  Two supervisors must sponsor each candidate.  The written exam must be passed before the oral and clinical skills sections can be taken.; title: The Examination Committee is responsible for each written examination.  This committee meets to select questions for each examination and organize its administration.  The Committee is responsible for supervising the selection of questions, printing, proof reading, and all administrative details.; title: Written examinations consist of multiple-choice questions.  The examinations are corrected by computer in Damascus at the Office of the Secretary General in the presence of a member of the Examination Committee. The examiners are chosen from the Examination Committee, the Scientific Committee, and from outside the Board at the discretion of the Committee.  Qualified local and foreign specialists may be invited to participate in these examinations, but the policy is that each candidate should be examined by individuals who are of a different national origin.; title: Examination centers are chosen based on the number of candidates taking an exam.  In general, the examinations are given wherever there are 10 or more candidates.  The candidates are referred to the closest center possible to take examinations.; title: Certification is conferred after completing the training program and passing all of the required examinations.; title: Fees To Be Paid By The Trainee:; title: • The annual fee is $225 to be paid to the Secretariat General of the Arab Board; title: • Fee for Part One is $200 which must accompany the application and should be sent to the Secretariat General; title: • Fee for Part Two is $200 which must accompany the application and should be sent to the Secretariat General; title: • Fee for Clinical and Oral Examination is $200 which must accompany the application and should be sent to the Secretariat General  . Fee for the Certificate is $200 and must be submitted before the certificate will be issued.(7); title: Specialty Information(In United States Of America)(2,17,18); title: Neurology; title: Nature of the work; title: A neurologist specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of all types of disease or impaired function of the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, muscles, and autonomic nervous system as well as the blood vessels that relate to these structures.; title: Neurologists can receive training in the following subspecialties:; title: clinical neurophysiology, which involves specialization in the diagnosis and management of central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous system disorders using a combination of clinical evaluation and electrophysiologic testing such as electroencephalography (EEG), electromyography (EMG), and nerve conduction studies (NCS), among others.; title: hospice and palliative medicine, which involves preventing and relieving the suffering experienced by patients with life-limiting illness.; title: neurodevelopmental disabilities, which involves diagnosing and managing chronic conditions that affect the developing and mature nervous system such as cerebral palsy, mental retardation, and chronic behavioral syndromes or neurologic conditions.; title: neuromuscular medicine, which involves diagnosing and managing disorders of nerves, muscle, or neuromuscular junction.; title: pain medicine, which involves providing a high level of care, either as a primary physician or consultant, for patients experiencing problems with acute, chronic, or cancer pain in hospital and ambulatory settings.; title: sleep medicine, which involves diagnosing and managing of clinical conditions that occur during sleep, disturb sleep, or are affected by disturbances in the wake-sleep cycle.; title: vascular neurology, which involves evaluating, preventing, treating, and recovering from vascular diseases of the nervous system.; title: Training/residency information; title: The residency training program for neurology is four years. Certification in any of the subspecialties requires an additional one to three years of training.; title: Salary information; title: Median compensation for assistant professors is $408,000, and for associate and full professors the median is $487,000.; title: For more information; title: •	American Academy of Neurology; title: •	American Board of Psychiatry & Neurology; title: •	American Neurological Association; title: •	National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke; title: Colon and Rectal Surgery; title: Nature of the work; title: A colon and rectal surgeon is trained to diagnose and treat various diseases of the small intestine, colon, rectum, anal canal, and perianal area by medical and surgical means. This specialist also deals with other organs and tissues (such as the liver, urinary and female reproductive system) involved with primary intestinal disease. Colon and rectal surgeons have the expertise to diagnose and often manage anorectal conditions such as hemorrhoids, fissures (painful tears in the anal lining), abscesses, and fistulas (infections located around the anus and rectum) in the office setting. They also treat problems of the intestine and colon and perform endoscopic procedures to evaluate and treat problems such as cancer, polyps (precancerous growths), and inflammatory conditions.; title: Training/residency information; title: The residency training for colon and rectal surgeons consists of five years in general surgery and one year specializing in colon and rectal surgery.; title: For more information; title: •	American Society of Colon & Rectal Surgeons; title: •	American Board of Colon and Rectal Surgery; title: Obstetrics and Gynecology; title: Nature of the work; title: An obstetrician/gynecologist possesses special knowledge, skills, and professional capability in the medical and surgical care of the female reproductive system and associated disorders. This physician serves as a consultant to other physicians and as a primary physician for women.; title: Obstetrician/gynecologists can receive training in the following subspecialties:; title: critical care medicine, which involves diagnosing, treating, and supporting female patients with multiple organ dysfunction.; title: gynecologic oncology, which involves providing consultation and comprehensive management of patients with gynecologic cancer.; title: hospice and palliative medicine, which involves preventing and relieving the suffering experienced by patients with life-limiting illnesses.; title: maternal and fetal medicine, which involves caring for, or providing consultation on, patients with complications of pregnancy. This specialist has advanced knowledge of the obstetrical, medical, and surgical complications of pregnancy.; title: reproductive endocrinology and infertility, which involves managing complex problems relating to reproductive endocrinology and infertility.; title: Training/residency information; title: The residency for obstetrics and gynecology is four years. One to three years of additional training is required to practice in one of the subspecialty areas.; title: Salary information; title: The annual salary ranges from approximately $251,500–$326,924.; title: For more information; title: •	American Board of Obstetrics & Gynecology; title: •	American Congress of Obstetricians & Gynecologists; title: Orthopaedic Surgery; title: Nature of the work; title: An orthopaedic surgeon is educated in the preservation, investigation, and restoration of the form and function of the extremities, spine, and associated structures by medical, surgical, and physical means. This specialist is involved with the care of patients whose musculoskeletal problems include congenital deformities, trauma, infections, tumors, metabolic disturbances of the musculoskeletal system, deformities, injuries, and degenerative diseases of the spine, hands, feet, knee, hip, shoulder, and elbow in children and adults. An orthopaedic surgeon is also concerned with primary and secondary muscular problems and the effects of the central or peripheral nervous system lesions of the musculoskeletal system.; title: Orthopaedic surgeons can receive training in the following subspecialties:; title: orthopaedic sports medicine, which involves providing appropriate care for all structures of the musculoskeletal system directly affected by participation in sporting activity.; title: surgery of the hand, which involves providing surgical and rehabilitative care for all structures of the upper extremity directly affecting the form and function of the hand and wrist.; title: Training/residency information; title: Residency in orthopaedic surgery consists of one year of general surgery training followed by four years of orthopaedic surgery training.; title: Salary information; title: The annual salary for orthopaedic surgeons ranges from $397,879–$600,000.; title: For more information; title: •	American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; title: •	American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery; title: •	American Orthopaedic Association; title: •	American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine; title: Pathology; title: Nature of the work; title: A pathologist deals with the causes and nature of diseases and contributes to diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment through knowledge gained by the laboratory application of the biologic, chemical, and physical sciences. This specialist uses information gathered from the microscopic examination of tissue specimens, cells, and body fluids, and from clinical laboratory tests on body fluids and secretions for the diagnosis, exclusion, and monitoring of disease.; title: Pathologists can receive training in the following subspecialties:; title: •	blood banking/transfusion medicine; title: •	chemical pathology; title: •	cytopathology; title: •	dermatopathology; title: •	forensic pathology	•	hematology; title: •	medical microbiology; title: •	molecular genetic pathology; title: •	neuropathology; title: •	pediatric pathology; title: Training/residency information; title: Residency training for pathologists is three to four years. Residents can receive their training in either combined anatomic pathology and clinical pathology (which requires four years of training), anatomic pathology only (requiring three years of training), or clinical pathology only (three years of training). Practice in a pathology subspecialty requires one additional year of training (two additional years for neuropathology).; title: Salary information; title: The annual salary for pathologists ranges from $239,000 to $331,842.; title: For more information; title: •	American Board of Pathology; title: •	American Society for Investigative Pathology; title: •	American Society for Clinical Pathology; title: •	College of American Pathologists; title: Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; title: Nature of the work; title: Physical medicine and rehabilitation, also referred to as rehabilitation medicine, is the medical specialty concerned with evaluating, diagnosing, and treating patients with physical disabilities. These disabilities may arise from conditions affecting the musculoskeletal system such as neck and back pain, sports injuries, or other painful conditions affecting the limbs, for example, carpal tunnel syndrome. Alternatively, the disabilities may result from neurological trauma or disease such as spinal cord or head injury or stroke. A physician certified in physical medicine and rehabilitation is often called a physiatrist. The primary goals of physicians in physical medicine and rehabilitation are to achieve maximum restoration of physical, psychological, social, and vocational function through comprehensive rehabilitation as well as effective pain management.; title: Physiatrists can receive training in the following subspecialties:; title: hospice and palliative medicine, which involves preventing and relieving the suffering experienced by patients with life-limiting illnesses.; title: neuromuscular medicine, which requires specialized knowledge in the science, clinical evaluation, and management of these disorders.; title: pain medicine, which involves providing a high level of care for patients experiencing problems with acute, chronic, or cancer pain.; title: pediatric rehabilitation medicine, which involves preventing, diagnosing, treating, and managing congenital and childhood-onset physical impairments.; title: spinal cord injury medicine, which addresses the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of traumatic spinal cord injury and non-traumatic causes of spinal cord dysfunction.; title: sports medicine, which entails continuous care related to the enhancement of health and fitness as well as the prevention of injury and illness.; title: Training/residency information; title: Residency in physical medicine and rehabilitation consists of one year of general clinical training followed by three years of physical medicine and rehabilitation training. Up to one year of additional training is required to practice in one of the subspecialty areas.; title: Salary information; title: Median compensation for assistant professors is $180,000, and for associate and full professors the median is $210,000.; title: For more information; title: •	American Academy of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation; title: •	American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; title: •	American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine; title: •	American Pain Society; title: •	Association of Academic Physiatrists; title: Preventive Medicine; title: Nature of the work; title: A preventive medicine specialist focuses on the health of individuals and defined populations to protect, promote, and maintain health and well-being as well as to prevent disease, disability, and premature death. A preventive medicine physician may be a specialist in general preventive medicine, public health, occupational medicine, or aerospace medicine.; title: Public health and general preventive medicine involves health promotion and disease prevention in communities and in defined populations.; title: Occupational medicine focuses on the relationships among the health of workers; the arrangements of work; and the physical, chemical, and social environments of the workplace.; title: Aerospace medicine focuses on the health of a population group consisting of the operating crews and passengers of air and space vehicles.; title: Physicians in preventive medicine can receive training in the following subspecialty areas:; title: medical toxicology, which involves evaluating and managing patients with accidental or purposeful poisoning through drugs or toxins.; title: undersea and hyperbaric medicine, which involves the treatment of decompression illness and diving accident cases.; title: Training/residency information; title: The residency training program for preventive medicine is three years. Additional training from one to two years is required to be certified in the subspecialty areas.; title: Salary information; title: Median compensation for assistant professors is $135,000, and for associate and full professors the median is $206,000.; title: For more information; title: •	Aerospace Medical Association; title: •	American Board of Preventive Medicine; title: •	American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine; title: •	American College of Preventive Medicine; title: •	American Public Health Association; title: Radiation Oncology; title: Nature of the work; title: Radiation oncology involves the therapeutic applications of radiant energy and its modifiers as well as the study and management of disease, especially malignant tumors.; title: Radiation oncologists can receive training in the following subspecialty:; title: hospice and palliative medicine, which involves preventing and relieving the suffering experienced by patients with life-limiting illnesses.; title: Training/residency information; title: The residency training program for radiation oncology is five years.; title: Salary information; title: The annual salary for oncologists ranges from $242,900–$518,991.; title: For more information; title: •	American College of Radiation Oncology; title: •	American Society of Clinical Oncology; title: •	American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology; title: Thoracic Surgery; title: Nature of the work; title: A thoracic surgeon provides the operative, perioperative care, and critical care of patients with acquired and congenital pathologic conditions within the chest. Included are the surgical repair of heart lesions as well as congenital and acquired conditions of the heart, including the pericardium, coronary arteries, valves, and myocardium. It also includes pathologic conditions of the lung, esophagus, and chest wall; abnormalities of the great vessels, tumors of the mediastinum; and diseases of the diaphragm and pericardium. Management of the airway and injuries of the chest are within the scope of the specialty.; title: Thoracic surgeons can receive training in the following subspecialty:; title: congenital cardiac surgery, which involves operative treatment of structural abnormalities involving the heart and major blood vessels.; title: Training/residency information; title: Residency training in thoracic surgery is six to eight years.; title: Salary information; title: Median compensation for assistant professors is $331,000, and for associate and full professors the median is $476,000.; title: For more information; title: •	American Association for Thoracic Surgery; title: •	American Board of Thoracic Surgery; title: •	American College of Chest Physicians; title: •	Society of Thoracic Surgeons; title: Emergency Medicine; title: Nature of the work; title: A physician who specializes in emergency medicine focuses on the immediate decision making and action necessary to prevent death or any further disability both in the pre-hospital setting by directing emergency medical technicians as well as in the emergency department. The emergency physician provides immediate recognition, evaluation, care, stabilization, and disposition of a generally diversified population of adult and pediatric patients in response to acute illness and injury.; title: Emergency medicine physicians can receive training in these subspecialties:; title: hospice and palliative medicine, which involves preventing and relieving the suffering experienced by patients with life-limiting illnesses.; title: medical toxicology, which uses special knowledge to evaluate and manage patients with accidental or purposeful poisoning through drugs or toxins.; title: pediatric emergency medicine, which involves managing emergencies in infants and children and requires special qualifications.; title: sports medicine, which involves the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of injuries sustained in athletic endeavors.; title: undersea and hyperbaric medicine, which involves treating decompression illness and diving accident cases.; title: Training/residency information; title: The residency training program for emergency medicine is three years. Additional training from one to two years is required to be certified in the subspecialty areas.; title: Salary information; title: The annual salary for emergency medicine physicians ranges from $239,000–$316,296.; title: For more information; title: •	American Academy of Emergency Medicine; title: •	American Board of Emergency Medicine; title: •	American College of Emergency Physicians; title: •	Emergency Medicine Residents Association; title: •	Society for Academic Emergency Medicine; title: Anesthesiology; title: Nature of the work; title: An anesthesiologist is trained to provide pain relief and maintenance or restoration of a stable condition during and immediately following an operation or an obstetric or diagnostic procedure. The anesthesiologist assesses the risk of the patient undergoing surgery and optimizes the patient's condition prior to, during, and after surgery. In addition to these management responsibilities, the anesthesiologist provides medical management and consultation in pain management and critical care medicine. Anesthesiologists diagnose and treat acute, long-standing, and cancer pain problems; critical illnesses; and severe injuries. They also direct resuscitation in the care of patients with cardiac or respiratory emergencies, including the need for artificial ventilation, as well as supervise post anesthesia recovery.; title: Anesthesiologists can receive training in the following subspecialties:; title: critical care medicine, which involves diagnosing, treating, and supporting critically ill and injured patients, particularly trauma victims and patients with multiple organ dysfunction.; title: hospice and palliative medicine, which involves preventing and relieving the suffering experienced by patients with life-limiting illnesses.; title: pain medicine, which involves diagnosing and treating of the entire range of painful disorders. These anesthesiologists care for patients experiencing problems with acute, chronic, and cancer pain.; title: Training/residency information; title: The residency training program for anesthesiology is four years. Fellowships in an anesthesia subspecialty and in education or research require an additional year of training.; title: Salary information; title: The annual salary for anesthesiologists ranges from $331,000–$423,507.; title: For more information; title: •	American Board of Anesthesiology; title: •	American Society of Anesthesiologists; title: Dermatology; title: Nature of the work; title: A dermatologist is trained to diagnose and treat pediatric and adult patients with disorders of the skin, mouth, external genitalia, hair, and nails as well as a number of sexually transmitted diseases. The dermatologist has earned additional training and experience in the diagnosis and treatment of skin cancers, melanomas, moles, and other tumors of the skin; management of contact dermatitis and other allergic and non-allergic skin disorders; and recognition of the skin manifestations of systemic (e.g., internal malignancy) and infectious diseases. Dermatologists earn special training in dermatopathology and in the surgical techniques used in dermatology. They also have expertise in the management of cosmetic disorders of the skin such as hair loss, scars, and the skin changes associated with aging.; title: Dermatologists can receive training in the following subspecialties:; title: dermatopathology, which involves diagnosing and monitoring diseases of the skin including infectious, immunologic, degenerative, and neoplastic diseases.; title: pediatric dermatology, which involves treating specific skin disease categories with emphasis on those diseases which predominate in infants, children, and adolescents.; title: procedural dermatology, which involves studying, diagnosing, and surgical treating of diseases of the skin and adjacent mucous membranes, cutaneous appendages, hair, nails, and subcutaneous tissue.; title: Training/residency information; title: The residency training for dermatologists is three to four years. The three-year program must be preceded by a year of broad-based clinical training (PGY-1). Practice in a dermatology subspecialty requires one additional year of training.; title: Salary information; title: The annual salary for dermatologists ranges from $313,100–$480,088.; title: For more information; title: •	American Academy of Dermatology; title: •	American Board of Dermatology; title: •	American College of Mohs Surgery; title: •	American Society for Dermatologic Surgery; title: •	American Society of Dermatology; title: Family Medicine; title: Nature of the work; title: A family physician is concerned with the total health care of the individual and the family and is trained to diagnose and treat a wide variety of ailments in patients of all ages. The family physician is trained to care for children as well as adults, including the unique needs of women and the elderly, preventive medicine, and behavioral science. Special emphasis is placed on the primary care of families, utilizing consultants, and community resources when appropriate.; title: Family physicians can receive training in the following subspecialties:; title: adolescent medicine, which requires multidisciplinary training in the unique physical, psychological, and social characteristics of adolescents and their health-care problems and needs.; title: geriatric medicine, which requires knowledge of the aging process including the diagnostic, therapeutic, preventive, and rehabilitative aspects of illness in the elderly.; title: hospice and palliative medicine, which involves preventing and relieving the suffering experienced by patients with life-limiting illnesses.; title: sleep medicine, which involves diagnosing and managing the clinical conditions that occur during sleep, disturb sleep, or are affected by disturbances.; title: sports medicine, which involves training physicians to be responsible for continuous care related to the enhancement of health and fitness as well as the prevention of injury and illness.; title: Training/residency information; title: The residency training for family practice is three years. An additional year of training is required to be certified in a subspecialty.; title: Salary information; title: The annual salary ranges from approximately $175,000–$220,196.; title: For more information; title: •	American Board of Family Medicine; title: •	American Academy of Family Physicians; title: •	American Geriatrics Society; title: •	American College of Sports Medicine; title: •; title: Internal Medicine; title: Nature of the work; title: A personal physician who provides long-term comprehensive care in the office and the hospital, managing both common and complex illness of adolescents, adults, and the elderly. Internists are trained in the diagnosis and treatment of of cancer, infections, and diseases affecting the heart, blood, kidneys, joints and digestive, respiratory, and vascular systems. They are also trained in the essentials of primary care internal medicine which incorporates an understanding of disease prevention, wellness, substance abuse, mental health, and effective treatment of common problems of the eyes, ears, skin, nervous system, and reproductive organs.; title: Internists can receive training in the following subspecialties:; title: •	adolescent medicine; title: •	cardiovascular disease; title: •	clinical cardiac electrophysiology; title: •	critical care medicine; title: •	endocrinology, diabetes & metabolism; title: •	gastroenterology; title: •	geriatric medicine; title: •	hematology; title: •	hospice and palliative medicine	•	infectious disease; title: •	interventional cardiology; title: •	medical oncology; title: •	nephrology; title: •	pulmonary disease; title: •	rheumatology; title: •	sleep medicine; title: •	sports medicine; title: •	transplant hepatology; title: Training/residency information; title: The residency for general internal medicine is three years. To practice in an internal medicine subspecialty requires from one to three years of additional training.; title: Salary information; title: The annual salary ranges from $184,200 to $231,691.; title: For more information; title: •	American Board of Internal Medicine; title: •	American College of Physicians; title: •	Society of General Internal Medicine; title: Neurological Surgery; title: Nature of the work; title: A neurological surgeon provides the operative and non-operative management (i.e., prevention, diagnosis, evaluation, treatment, critical care, and rehabilitation) of disorders of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems, including their supporting structures and vascular supply; the evaluation and treatment of pathological processes which modify function or activity of the nervous system; and the operative and non-operative management of pain. Neurological surgery involves the surgical, non-surgical, and stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of adult and pediatric patients with disorders of the nervous system; disorders of the brain, meninges, skull, and skull base, and their blood supply, including the surgical and endovascular treatment of disorders of the intracranial and extracranial vasculature supplying the brain and spinal cord; disorders of the pituitary gland; disorders of the spinal cord, meninges and vertebral column, including those that may require treatment by fusion, instrumentation, or endovascular techniques; and disorders of the cranial, peripheral, and spinal nerves throughout their distribution.; title: Neurological surgeons can receive training in the following subspecialty:; title: endovascular surgical neuroradiology, which involves utilizing catheter technology, radiologic imaging, and clinical expertise to diagnose and treat diseases of the central nervous system.; title: Training/residency information; title: Residency training in neurological surgery lasts five to seven years, the first year of which is a general clinical or surgery training year. Neurosurgical residents are trained in all aspects of neurosurgery, including cerebrovascular, pediatrics, spine, trauma, and tumor.; title: Salary information; title: The annual salary for neurological surgeons ranges from $287,000–$637,000.; title: For more information; title: •	American Association of Neurological Surgeons; title: •	American Board of Neurological Surgery; title: •	Congress of Neurological Surgeons; title: •	Society of Neurological Surgeons; title: Nuclear Medicine; title: Nature of the work; title: A nuclear medicine specialist uses the tracer principle, most often with radiopharmaceuticals, to evaluate molecular, metabolic, physiologic and pathologic conditions of the body for the purposes of diagnosis, therapy, and research. Nuclear medicine encompasses molecular imaging. Imaging systems are used to detect the tracer signal to provide spatial and temporal information on the processes of interest. A wide variety of diseases can be evaluated in this way. Changes in function usually occur before changes in structure thereby facilitating the earlier diagnosis of disease or response to therapy. The nuclear medicine physician often uses anatomic imaging combined with molecular imaging (e.g., PET/CT). The most common diagnostic applications of nuclear medicine include the early detection of coronary artery disease, cancer diagnosis and staging, and the evaluation of the effect of cancer treatment. Some types of radioactive molecules can be used to treat cancer (e.g., lymphoma, thyroid cancer) or relieve the severe pain caused by cancer that has spread to bone.; title: Training/residency information; title: Residency training in nuclear medicine is three years.; title: For more information; title: •	American Board of Nuclear Medicine; title: •	American College of Nuclear Physicians; title: •	American Nuclear Society; title: •	Society of Nuclear Medicine; title: Ophthalmology; title: Nature of the work; title: An ophthalmologist has the knowledge and professional skills needed to provide comprehensive eye and vision care for patients of all ages. Ophthalmologists are medically trained to diagnose, monitor, and medically or surgically treat all ocular and visual disorders. They also provide consultative services for the diagnosis and management of ocular manifestation of systemic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and infectious and non-infectious inflammation. This includes problems affecting the eye and its component structures, the eyelids, the orbit, and the visual pathways. In so doing, an ophthalmologist prescribes vision services, including glasses and contact lenses.; title: Training/residency information; title: Residency training in ophthalmology is four years.; title: Salary information; title: Median compensation for assistant professors is $200,000, and for associate and full professors the median is $268,000.; title: For more information; title: •	American Academy of Ophthalmology; title: •	American Board of Ophthalmology; title: Otolaryngology; title: Nature of the work; title: An otolaryngologist is a head and neck surgeon who provides comprehensive medical and surgical care for patients with diseases and disorders that affect the ears, nose, throat, the respiratory and upper alimentary systems, and related structures of the head and neck. The otolaryngologist diagnoses and provides medical and surgical therapy or prevention of diseases, allergies, neoplasms, deformities, disorders, and injuries of the ears, nose, sinuses, throat, respiratory and upper alimentary systems, face, jaws, and the other head and neck systems. Head and neck oncology, facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, and treatment of disorders of hearing and voice are fundamental areas of expertise.; title: Otolaryngologists can receive training in the following subspecialties:; title: neurotology, which involves treating diseases of the ear and temporal bone, including disorders of hearing and balance.; title: pediatric otolaryngology, which involves diagnosing and treating children with diseases of the ear, nose, and throat including disorders of voice, speech, language, and hearing.; title: plastic surgery within the head and neck, which involves plastic and reconstructive procedures within the head, face, neck, and associated structures, including cutaneous head and neck oncology and reconstruction, management of maxillofacial trauma, soft tissue repair, and neural surgery.; title: sleep medicine, which involves diagnosing and managing clinical conditions that occur during sleep, disturb sleep, or are affected by disturbances in the wake-sleep cycle.; title: Training/residency information; title: Residency in otolaryngology consists of one year of general surgery, emergency, critical care, and anesthesia training followed by four years of otolaryngology training. Up to two years of additional training is required to practice in one of the subspecialty areas.; title: Salary information; title: Median compensation for assistant professors is $245,000, and for associate and full professors the median is $333,000.; title: For more information; title: •	American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery; title: •	American Board of Otolaryngology; title: •	Association for Research in Otolaryngology; title: Pediatrics; title: Nature of the work; title: A pediatrician is concerned with the physical, emotional, and social health of children from birth to young adulthood. Care encompasses a broad spectrum of health services ranging from preventive health care to the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic diseases. The pediatrician deals with biological, social, and environmental influences on the developing child, and with the impact of disease and dysfunction on development.; title: Pediatricians can receive training in the following subspecialties:; title: •	adolescent medicine; title: •	developmental-behavioral pediatrics; title: •	hospice and palliative medicine; title: •	medical toxicology; title: •	neonatal-perinatal medicine; title: •	neurodevelopmental disabilities; title: •	pediatric cardiology; title: •	pediatric critical care medicine; title: •	pediatric emergency medicine; title: •	pediatric endocrinology	•	pediatric gastroenterology; title: •	pediatric hematology-oncology; title: •	pediatric infectious diseases; title: •	pediatric nephrology; title: •	pediatric pulmonology; title: •	pediatric rheumatology; title: •	pediatric sports medicine; title: •	pediatric transplant hepatology; title: •	sleep medicine; title: Training/residency information; title: Following graduation from medical school, pediatricians complete 3 years of education in a pediatric residency program. The 3-year residency includes mandated rotations in general pediatrics, normal newborn care, and time in selected subspecialty areas. Up to 3 additional years of training are required to be certified in a subspecialty.; title: Salary information; title: The annual salary for pediatricians ranges from $160,111 to $228,750.; title: For more information; title: •	American Academy of Pediatrics; title: •	American Board of Pediatrics; title: Plastic Surgery; title: Nature of the work; title: A plastic surgeon manages the repair, reconstruction, or replacement of physical defects of form or function involving the skin, musculoskeletal system, head and facial structures, hands, extremities, breasts, and trunk as well as cosmetic enhancement of these areas. Cosmetic surgery is an essential component of plastic surgery. A plastic surgeon uses cosmetic surgical principles to improve overall appearance and to optimize this outcome of reconstructive procedures.; title: Plastic surgeons can receive training in the following subspecialties:; title: plastic surgery within the head and neck, which involves reconstructive treatment of disorders of the soft and hard tissues of the face and cranial areas.; title: surgery of the hand, which requires expertise in the investigation, preservation, and restoration by medical, surgical, and rehabilitative means, of all structures of the hand and wrist.; title: Training/residency information; title: The residency training program for plastic surgery is five to seven years. One year of additional training is required to practice in one of the subspecialties.; title: Salary information; title: The annual salary for plastic surgeons ranges from $275,000–$499,656.; title: For more information; title: •	American Board of Plastic Surgery; title: •	American Society of Plastic Surgeons; title: •	Foundation for Reconstructive Plastic Surgery; title: Psychiatry; title: Nature of the work; title: Psychiatrists specialize in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental, addictive, and emotional disorders such as schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance-related disorders, sexual and gender identity disorders, and adjustment disorders. The psychiatrist is able to understand the biologic, psychologic, and social components of illness, and therefore is uniquely prepared to treat the whole person. A psychiatrist is qualified to order diagnostic laboratory tests and to prescribe medications, evaluate, and treat psychologic and interpersonal problems, and to intervene with families who are coping with stress, crises, and other problems in living.; title: Psychiatrists can receive training in the following subspecialties:; title: •	addiction psychiatry; title: •	child and adolescent psychiatry; title: •	clinical neurophysiology; title: •	forensic psychiatry; title: •	geriatric psychiatry	•	hospice and palliative medicine; title: •	pain management; title: •	psychosomatic medicine; title: •	sleep medicine; title: Training/residency information; title: The residency training for psychiatry is four years. Up to two years of additional training are required to practice in one of the subspecialty areas.; title: Salary information; title: The annual salary for psychiatrists ranges from $173,800 to $248,198.; title: For more information; title: •	American Psychiatric Association; title: •	American Board of Psychiatry & Neurology; title: •	American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; title: Radiology; title: Nature of the work; title: A radiologist is a physician who utilizes imaging methodologies to diagnose and manage patients and provide therapeutic options. A radiologist utilizes x-ray, ionizing radiation, radionuclides, ultrasound, electromagnetic radiation, and image-guided intervention to diagnose and treat disease. Physicians practicing in the field of radiology specialize in diagnostic radiology, or radiation oncology.; title: Radiologists can receive training in the following subspecialties:; title: •	neuroradiology; title: •	nuclear radiology; title: •	pediatric radiology; title: •	vascular and interventional radiology; title: Training/residency information; title: The residency training program for radiology is five years of approved training with a minimum of four years in diagnostic radiology. Additional training of at least one year is required to be certified in the subspecialty areas.; title: Salary information; title: The annual salary for radiologists ranges from $377,300 to $478,000.; title: For more information; title: •	American Board of Radiology; title: •	American College of Radiology; title: •	Radiological Society of North America; title: Urology; title: Nature of the work; title: A urologist, also known as a genitourinary surgeon, manages congenital and acquired conditions of the genitourinary system and contiguous structures including the adrenal gland. These conditions extend from the fetus to the elderly, and may be benign or malignant. A urologist has comprehensive knowledge of these disorders and the patients in whom they occur. This specialist is skilled in medical and open surgical therapy of these conditions as well as endoscopic, percutaneous, and other minimally invasive methods.; title: Training/residency information; title: The residency training for urologists is five years. Practice in the pediatric urology subspecialty requires one additional year of training.; title: Salary information; title: The annual salary for urologists ranges from $331,192 to $443,518.; title: For more information; title: •	American Association of Clinical Urologists, Inc.; title: •	American Board of Urology; title: •	American Urological Association; title: Chapter4: International Exams; title: Temporary Registration Assessment Scheme Exam:; title: TRAS Examination, TRAS (Temporary Registration Assessment Scheme), Ireland is required for overseas doctors wishing to practice in Ireland. The Medical Council will not accept that any doctor possesses the requisite knowledge, skill and language proficiency unless he/she has passed or has been exempted from the Temporary Registration Assessment Scheme (TRAS) conducted by, or on behalf of, the Ireland Medical Council. The TRAS assesses the ability of the doctor to practice as a Senior House Officer, in a safe manner, under consultant supervision.; title: It consists of three parts:; title: 1. IELTS – 7 overall bands is mandatory and minimum 6 based in any module.; title: 2. Written MCQs (IMP. Topics are also attached with) 90% MCQ’s will be from these topics and your 100% Viva will also be from these topics.; title: 3. OSCE. This part contains different stations and sample papers for OSCE are also attached with this material.; title: The most important thing is your presentation and confidence.; title: TRAS Part 1 - Topics; title: Psychiatry Important topics for TRAS examination; title: 1. Alzheimer’s disease; title: 2. Anorexia nervosa; title: 3. ECT – indications and its contradictions; title: 4. Clozapine and Resperidone; title: 5. Temporal lobe epilepsy; title: 6. Obsessive thoughts; title: 7. Delirium; title: 8. Anxiety neurosis; title: 9. Enuresis; title: 10. Hallucinations; title: 11. Puerperal psychosis; title: 12. Mania and hypomania; title: 13. Schizophrenia – 1st Rank Symptoms; title: 14. Tricyclic antidepressants; title: 15. Depression and its types, clinical features; title: 16. Post traumatic stress disorders; title: 17. Suicide; title: 18. Bulimia nervosa; title: 19. Alcohol dependence – CAGE questionnaire; title: 20. Smoking – How to quit it; title: 21. Psychotherapies – it’s types; title: GYNAECOLOGY; title: 1. Normal and abnormal menstruation; title: 2. Amenorrhoea; title: 3. Menorrhagia; title: 4. Menopausal syndrome; title: 5. HRT – side effects; title: 6. Oral contraceptives – side effects; title: 7. Abortion; title: 8. Ectopic pregnancy; title: 9. Trophoblastic diseases; title: 10. Ca Cervix; title: 11. Cervical biopsy – how to do it.; title: 12. Ca – endometrium, Procedure, indication; title: 13. Endometrial sampling; title: 14. Endometriosis – Prolapse; title: 15. Contraception (very, very important, everything about contraception – full question is must in every aspect about it); title: 16. Urinary malfunctioning; title: 17. PID; title: MEDICINE; title: The most important topics which one cannot miss, one should always keep by learnt is “the medical pages of Oxford Lard Book of Medicine”; title: Otherwise very common topics from different chapters of Oxford are:; title: CVS: - MI, Angina, ASD, VSD, MS, MI, SBE, and Myocardial Diseases.; title: CNS: - Stroke, Epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, Meningitis, Glasgow Coma Scale, CSF compositions, different Diseases.; title: Rheumatoid: - RA, OA, Arterial spondylosis, SLE, Gouty arthritis, Giant all arthritis; title: Respiratory: - PFT’s, COPD, Asthma, CA bronchus, CF, Fibrosing Alveolitis, Bronchoectasis, Plural effusions, Pneumothorax; title: GIT: - Dysphagia, APD, Upper and lower GIT bleeding, Diverticulitis, Crohn’s disease, Ulcerative colitis; title: Nephrology: -Urine/E; title: ARF, CRF, Glumerulonephrosis, Nephrotic; title: Syndrome, Nephrotoxic drugs; title: Blood: - Anaemias; title: Bleeding disorder; title: Leukaemias, Lymphomas; title: OBS; title: 1. Physiological changes in pregnancy; title: 2. Hyperemesis gravidarum; title: 3. Pre-pregnancy counselling; title: 4. Booking criteria for home deliveries; title: 5. Antenatal care; title: 6. HTN in pregnancy; title: 7. DM in pregnancy; title: 8. Prematurity – preterm labour; title: 9. IVG retardation; title: 10. APH and PPH; title: 11. Prolapsed Cord; title: 12. Fibroid uterus; title: 13. DIC and thromboembolism; title: 14. Cardiac diseases in pregnancy; title: 15. Anaemia; title: 16. Epilepsy in pregnancy; title: 17. Functions of placenta; title: GENERAL SURGERY; title: All those topics and only material that is written in Oxford handbook of medicine (blue pages in this book). Only this is enough for General Surgery, but you must know each word of this book material for surgery.; title: PAEDIATRICS; title: 1. Breast feeding and bottle feeding – different milk preparations on the market; title: 2. Preterm babies; title: 3. Short stature; title: 4. Coeliac disease; title: 5. Malnutrition; title: 6. UTI in childhood; title: 7. Child abuse; title: 8. Cystic fibrosis; title: 9. Phenylketonuria; title: 10. Measles, rubella and mumps; title: 11. Congenital heart disease; title: 12. Neural tube defects; title: 13. Jaundice; title: 14. Rh. Incompatibility; title: 15. Childhood fever; title: 16. Encephalitis, meningitis, febrile convulsions; title: 17. Epilepsy; title: 18. Children’s asthma; title: RECOMMENDED BOOKS FOR TRAS TO PASS; title: Only and Only; title: 1. Oxford handbook of medicine; title: 2. Oxford handbook of clinical specialties .(12)(Source: RxPG.net Posted on Sunday, November 20 @ 01:24:52 IST by RxPG  ); title: Professional & Linguistic Assessments Board Test (PLAB); title: 1. General information about the PLAB test; title: The PLAB test is relevant for overseas qualified doctors. For those wishing to take up a period of limited registration (which can only be held in supervised training posts) we require evidence that the doctor has the necessary skills and knowledge to practice in the UK. The PLAB test - so called because it is set by the Professional and Linguistic Assessments Board - is specifically designed to assess doctors' ability to work safely in a first appointment as a senior house officer in a UK hospital in the National Health Service (NHS).; title: The test is in two parts:; title: •	Part 1 consists of a single computer markable paper to a standard set using the Angoff method.; title: •	Part 2 consists of a 14-station objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). This tests both clinical and communication skills.; title: Candidates may not enter Part 2 until they have passed Part 1 and must take Part 2 within three years of having passed Part 1. Due to the high demand for places, we strongly advise you to allow at least four to six months from the time of submitting an application to getting a place. You should take this into account when applying for Part 2, which you must pass within three years of passing Part 1.; title: With effect from 1 November 2002 there is a time limit for the validity of a pass in the PLAB test. A pass in the Part 2 test will be valid for three years from 1 November 2002 or the date on which the test was passed, whichever is later. This means that you will need to work under limited registration within three years of passing the test otherwise you will need to take Parts 1 and 2 of the test again.; title: 2. Requirements to be met before taking the PLAB test; title: Before taking the test, you must have:; title: •	A primary medical qualification accepted for limited registration as listed in the WHO Directory of Medical Schools; title: •	Taken and obtained the relevant scores in the IELTS test which is administered by the British Council. You must have obtained at least 7.0 as an overall score and minimum scores of 7.0 in the speaking section and 6.0 in each of the other sections (listening, academic reading and academic writing).; title: You should also have 12 months' postgraduate clinical experience from teaching hospitals and other hospitals approved by the medical registration authorities in the appropriate country. It is possible for newly qualified doctors to take the test without this experience but only for subsequent employment as a junior house officer (the grade occupied by new medical graduates) rather than as a SHO.; title: You should be aware that the GMC currently requires a higher IELTS score for doctors who are not taking the PLAB test. We are currently undertaking work to look into the appropriate scores in IELTS and we will also be looking at whether accepting a lower score for those doctors taking the PLAB test remains valid.; title: If your pass in the IELTS test is more than two years old at the time of registration (or taking part 1 of the PLAB test, if appropriate) you will need to provide proof that you have actively maintained or tried to improve your English language skills since you passed the IELTS tests. The ways in which you can do this may include:; title: •	sending us proof that you have undertaken a postgraduate course of study within the last two years since you took your IELTS test, where the language of instruction and examination was in English  or; title: •	sending us a reference completed by a UK employer or your tutor or lecturer on a postgraduate course of study or; title: •	sending us proof that you have taken the IELTS test again and attaining the required scores. We will consider your request and will let you know if you will need to retake the IELTS test.You must obtain the minimum scores required in one sitting of the IELTS test.; title: 3. Training and work opportunities in the UK; title: Passing the PLAB test will not guarantee you a job in the UK and you will not be granted limited registration without the offer of a job. Finding a job is your responsibility and you should ensure that you are well informed about opportunities for work before embarking on the PLAB test. There are fewer vacancies in some specialties than in others and there is almost always a delay of several weeks, possibly months, between passing the test and starting a job.; title: The GMC does not have information about job vacancies. The British Medical Journal, the Health Service Journal and Personnelnet Health carry job adverts, and the National Advice Centre for overseas doctors has general information about postgraduate training opportunities.; title: 4. Fees for taking the PLAB test; title: The current fees are £145 for Part 1 and £430 for Part 2. These fees represent as fairly as possible the actual cost of the two Parts of the test. Refugee doctors living in the UK do not have to pay the fee for Part 1 on their first two attempts.; title: Cancellation of a confirmed place will incur a fee:; title: Period of notice	Cancellation fee; title: Four months or more	60% of fee; title: Between 21 days and four months	70% of fee; title: Less than 21 days	100% of fee; title: From time to time Part 2 tests are added to or removed from the list of available dates. Please note that if you have a confirmed booking on a test and wish to change to an earlier test which has been added to the list, you will still be charged a cancellation fee.; title: 5. Test locations and dates; title: Part 1 is held at centres in the United Kingdom and in certain other countries. Part 2 can only be taken in the UK.. From time to time we increase the capacity at existing venues or add further test dates where we see fit. We reserve the right to do so in an effort to cope with fluctuating demand for places. For information about accommodation in the UK, visit the British Tourist Authority website.; title: 6. How to apply for the PLAB test; title: Please Note:; title: Applications for the PLAB test should be made on the appropriate form. There is no longer a requirement to complete an 'Information Sheet'. Doing so will delay your application for the PLAB test.; title: •	Check you have a primary medical qualification accepted for limited registration.; title: •	Consider whether you have the appropriate postgraduate clinical experience.; title: •	Check the situation regarding job and training opportunities with the National Advice Centre for overseas doctors.; title: •	Check you have a valid IELTS report with a minimum overall score of 7.0 and minimum scores of 7.0 in the speaking component and 6.0 in the listening, academic reading and academic writing components. You can get information about this test from the British Council's IELTS website www.ielts.org; title: •	Complete and return an application form with the appropriate fee; title: 7. Test Results; title: Exact dates for the release of results are announced at the test. Results are on our website the day after the results have been sent out by post. We do not give results over the phone, by email, fax or in Reception.  You can ask for your marks to be verified by means of a clerical check. You must submit a request in writing no later than three weeks after the results have been issued. With effect from 1st July 2003 there will be a charge of £40.(3), to see past years results of PLAB check appendices at the end of the book.; title: PLAB Exam contents:; title: PLAB Exam Part 1:; title: The skill areas we test are set out on the top two rows of the sampling grid. These are:; title: Applying knowledge and experience to clinical practice; title: •	Epidemiology and health promotion; title: •	Genetics; title: •	Anatomy; title: •	Physiology; title: •	Pathology and microbiology; title: •	Pharmacology and biochemistry; title: •	Social science and statistics; title: Good clinical care: assessment; title: •	Diagnosis; title: •	Investigation: choice of appropriate tests; title: •	Investigation: interpretation of results; title: Good clinical care: management; title: •	Acute including emergency; title: •	Long-term; title: •	Symptom relief and end of life; title: •	Peri-operative.; title: Presentations and conditions; title: The topics we test are set out on the left hand column of the sampling grid and are largely defined by the symptoms with which the patient presents. These are:; title: •	Blood and lymph; title: •	Musculoskeletal; title: •	Infectious disease; title: •	Skin; title: •	Homeostatic; title: •	Endocrine; title: •	Neurological; title: •	Respiratory; title: •	Renal; title: •	Urological; title: •	Genitourinary; title: •	Cardiovascular; title: •	ENT; title: •	Eye; title: •	Digestive; title: •	Reproductive; title: •	Breast; title: •	Mental health; title: •	Seriously ill patient; title: •	Developmental problems; title: PLAB Part 2 Content:; title: What skills are assessed?; title: You will be assessed on four skill areas in the OSCE. These are:; title: •	Clinical examination (four stations); title: •	Practical skills (two stations); title: •	Communication skills (four stations); title: •	History taking (four stations); title: Within these four areas we will assess you on how managing long-term and acute conditions and patients in peri-operative and emergency situations, as well as palliative and terminal care.; title: The stations will be chosen from across the sampling grid (pdf) to ensure you are assessed on a wide range of body systems.; title: Clinical examination; title: The examiner will assess you on your ability to conduct a physical examination of a simulated patient. This will be an actor who is trained to display signs when required.; title: Where a station includes uncomfortable or intimate examinations, we will use an anatomical model. In these stations:; title: •	Do not speak to the model – you will not gain any marks for doing so; title: •	Tell the examiner what you are doing and why only if the instructions tell you to; title: •	Do not perform any actions on an anatomical model that would be unsafe or painful to a real person.; title: We expect you to be able to carry out any basic physical examination, such as examination of the abdomen, breast, chest, hand, heart, and joints. You must be able to perform a rectal or bimanual vaginal examination. You must also be able to use the appropriate equipment in carrying out an examination of the ear, eye or nervous system.; title: You may be required to perform an examination or other procedure on a high-fidelity simulator which can be programmed to show normal and abnormal clinical signs. A role player may speak from outside the room using a microphone connected to the simulator.; title: Examination of someone's mental state is a form of clinical examination for the purpose of the Part 2 exam.; title: Practical skills; title: The examiner will assess you on your ability to perform common practical procedures. Again, we may ask you to deal with a simulated patient or an anatomical model.; title: •	Do not speak to the model – you will not gain any marks for doing so.; title: •	Tell the examiner what you are doing and why if the instructions tell you to.; title: •	Do not perform any actions on an anatomical model that would be unsafe or painful to a real person.; title: The practical skills may include:; title: •	Checking blood pressure; title: •	Performing venepuncture; title: •	Inserting a cannula into a peripheral vein; title: •	Calculating drug dosage; title: •	Giving intravenous injections; title: •	Mixing and injecting drugs into an intravenous bag; title: •	Giving intramuscular and subcutaneous injections; title: •	Basic cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (adult and child); title: •	Suturing; title: •	Interpreting an electrocardiogram (ECG), X-rays or results of other investigations; title: •	Interpreting basic respiratory function tests; title: •	Performing urinary catheterisation; title: •	Taking a cervical smear; title: •	Safe disposal of sharps.; title: Communication skills: We test communication skills by observing the interaction between the candidate and another person, usually a simulated patient or the examiner. The examiner will assess your approach to the patient all through the examination, but in some stations communication will be the main skill for which they will award marks. This may include:; title: •	Explaining diagnosis, investigation and treatment; title: •	Involving the patient in the decision-making; title: •	Communicating with relatives; title: •	Communicating with health care professionals; title: •	Breaking bad news; title: •	Seeking informed consent/clarification for an invasive procedure or obtaining consent for a post-mortem; title: •	Dealing with anxious patients or relatives; title: •	Giving instructions on discharge from hospital; title: •	Giving advice on lifestyle, health promotion or risk factors.; title: While all stations last five minutes and the examiner will assess you on your interaction with simulated patients, we do not suggest that tasks such as breaking bad news would be completed within five minutes in the clinical environment. The examiner will mark you on what you complete within the five minutes. You should speak to the simulated patient as if it is the first time you have seen them.; title: The examiners will be considering:; title: Approach to the patient: You should:; title: •	Introduce yourself and explain or clarify the purpose of the consultation; title: •	Be polite, respectful, non-judgemental and maintain the patient's dignity; title: •	Be empathic and acknowledge the patient's emotions or concerns and show sensitivity to potential pain.; title: Explaining and advising; title: You should:; title: •	Check what the patient already knows and wants to know; title: •	Explain clearly at a level of detail and pace that the patient can follow, checking at intervals if the patient is understanding or has any questions; title: •	Offer appropriate reassurance and handle any uncertainty well, whilst refraining from false or premature reassurance; title: •	Not alarm the patient unnecessarily and be able to explain clearly the need for urgent action when indicated; title: •	Demonstrate attempts to check the patient has understood.; title: Involving patient in management; title: You should:; title: •	Respect patient autonomy and help the patient to make a decision based on available information and advice. This includes explaining skills as above; title: •	Explain information and its implications clearly including benefits, risks and options such that the patient is in a position to make informed decisions; title: •	Avoid coercing the patient or showing irritation; title: •	Check the patient's understanding and feelings about the information; title: •	Summarise any decision.; title: History taking: You should be able to take an accurate history from the patient, and make a reasoned diagnosis if required, based on the history you take. The examiner will know if you guess the diagnosis after having taken an inadequate history. In any case, we expect you to:; title: •	assess the patient's problem concisely and reasonably.; title: •	listen attentively to the patient's symptoms and concerns; title: •	use clear language and question at a comfortable pace, refraining from interrogative questioning.; title: •	take any necessary steps to clarify or check information and summarise understanding.; title: The following are examples of symptoms with which patients may present:; title: •	Diarrhoea; title: •	Wheezing; title: •	Vaginal bleeding; title: •	Palpitations; title: •	Abdominal pain; title: •	Headache; title: •	Anxiety; title: •	Weight loss; title: •	Joint pain; title: •	Difficulty in swallowing; title: •	Episodes of loss of consciousness.(3); title: International Foundation of Medicine Exam-Clinical Science Exam (IFOM - CSE); title: •	IFOM-CSE is an acceptable alternative to USMLE Step 2 CK for international medical students and graduates applying for HMC Internship/Residency programs in Doha - Qatar.; title: •	Test materials are derived from secure NBME item banks and from international test material development workshops. The IFOM CSE consists of 160 multiple choice questions (MCQs) similar in format to those used in other NBME programs. Laboratory results are given in international measurement units, and locally specific test items have been eliminated.; title: •	The content for Clinical Science Examination covers the international core of clinical knowledge expected of students in the final year of undergraduate medical education in:; title: 1. Medicine; title: 2. Surgery; title: 3. Pediatrics; title: 4. Obstetrics and Gynecology; title: 5. Psychiatry; title: APPLYING FOR THE EXAM AND SCHEDULING A TEST DATE; title: Eligibility Requirements; title: To be eligible, you must be a current medical student or medical school graduate .; title: Applying for IFOM CSE; title: Students and graduates of medical schools should apply for the IFOM CSE by following the instructions at the IFOM ordering website (https://wbt.nbme.org/order).; title: The IFOM CSE fee is $200 for paper and pencil exams taken in Doha, Qatar/or computer based testing(Like USMLE), payable in US funds. This fee is nonrefundable, except in situations where your eligibility status has not been verified in time. If you application and pay the full fee to take the IFOM CSE during a subsequent window. If there are extenuating circumstances that make it impossible for you to take the CSE once you have; title: APPLYING FOR THE EXAM AND SCHEDULING AN APPOINTMENT; title: Eligibility Requirements; title: To be eligible, you must be a currently enrolled medical student or medical school graduate (see ECFMG Eligibility Status Verification).; title: Applying for IFOM CSE or BSE; title: Students and graduates of medical schools should apply for the IFOM CSE or BSE by following the instructions at the IFOM ordering website (https://wbt.nbme.org/order).; title: The IFOM CSE fee is $300 and the IFOM BSE fee is $200 for CBT exams taken at Prometric centers, payable in US funds. This fee is nonrefundable, except in situations where your eligibility status has not been verified in time. If you do not take the examination during the testing window for which you were approved, you must submit a new application and pay the full fee to take the IFOM CSE or BSE during a subsequent window. If there are extenuating circumstances that make it impossible for you to take the exam once you have submitted your order and paid your fee, contact the IFOM exam program at IFOMtestadmin@nbme.org.; title: Applications and other requests for services will not be processed if it is determined that doing so would violate any applicable laws or regulations.(10)( Source: IFOM.net/IFOM 2013 Candidate Brochure); title: United States Medical License Exam; title: USMLE Step1; title: (source: Kaplan medical); title: USMLE Step 1 is the first of three examinations that you must pass in order; title: to become a licensed physician in the United States.1 The USMLE is a; title: joint endeavor of the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) and the; title: Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB). In previous years, the examination; title: was strictly organized around seven traditional disciplines: anatomy, behavioral science, biochemistry, microbiology, pathology, pharmacology, and; title: physiology. In June 1991, the NBME began administering the “new” NBME; title: Part I examination, which offered a more integrated and multidisciplinary format coupled with more clinically oriented questions.; title: In 1992, the USMLE replaced both the Federation Licensing Examination; title: (FLEX) and the certifying examinations of the NBME.3 The USMLE now serves; title: as the single examination system for U.S. medical students and international medical graduates (IMGs) seeking medical licensure in the United States.; title: How Is the CBT Structured?; title: The CBT Step 1 exam consists of seven question “blocks” of 50 questions; title: each for a total of 350 questions, timed at 60 minutes per block.; title: A short 11-question survey follows the last question block. The computer begins the survey with a prompt to proceed to the next block of questions. Don’t be fooled! “Block 8” is the NBME survey.; title: These blocks were designed to reduce eyestrain and fatigue during the exam.; title: Once an examinee finishes a particular block, he or she must click on a; title: screen icon to continue to the next block. Examinees will not be able to go; title: back and change answers to questions from any previously completed block.; title: Changing answers, however, is allowed within a block of questions as long as; title: time permits.; title: Prometric test centers offer Step 1 on a year-round basis, except for the first two weeks in January. The exam is given every day except Sunday at most centers. Some schools administer the exam on their own campuses.; title: What Is the CBT Like?; title: Because of the unique environment of the CBT, it’s important that you be familiar ahead of time with what your test-day conditions will be like. Familiarizing yourself with the testing interface before the exam can add 15 minutes to your break time! This is because a F tutorial, offered on exam day, may be skipped if you are already familiar with the exam procedures and the testing interface. The 15 minutes is added to your allotted break time (should you choose to skip the tutorial).; title: For security reasons, examinees are not allowed to bring any personal electronic equipment into the testing area. This includes digital watches, watches with computer communication and/or memory capability, cellular telephones, and electronic paging devices. Food and beverages are also prohibited. The testing centers are monitored by audio and video surveillance equipment. In 2006, the USMLE will have completed its transition to FRED. FRED is a computer-based format that is similar to the old forms of CBT, with minor differences. The typical question screen in FRED has a question followed by a number of choices on which an examinee can click, together with a number of navigational buttons on top. There is a countdown timer on the upper left-hand corner of the screen as well. There is also a button that allows the examinee to mark the question for review. If questions happen to be longer than the screen (which occurs very rarely), a scroll bar appears on the right, allowing the examinee to see the rest of the question. Regardless of whether the examinee clicks on the answer or leaves it blank, he or she must click the “Next” button to advance to the next question. Some questions contain figures or color illustrations. These are typically situated to the right of the question. Although the contrast and brightness of the screen can be adjusted, there are no other ways to manipulate the picture; title: (e.g., no zooming or panning).; title: The examinee can call up a window displaying normal lab values. In order to; title: do so, he or she must hit the “Lab” icon on the top part of the screen. Afterward, the examinee will have the option to choose between “Blood,” “Cerebrospinal,” “Hematologic,” or “Sweat and Urine.” The normal-values screen may obscure the question if it is expanded. The examinee may have to scroll down to search for the needed laboratory values.; title: FRED allows the examinee to see a running list of the questions on the left; title: part of the screen at all times. Also, with the new software, examinees will be; title: able to highlight or cross out information using their mouse. Finally, there is; title: an “Annotate” icon on the top part of the screen that allows students to write; title: notes to themselves for review at a later time. Examinees need to be careful; title: with all of these new features, because failure to do so can cost valuable time!; title: What Does the CBT Format Mean to Me?; title: The significance of the CBT to you depends on the requirements of your school; title: and your level of computer knowledge. If you hate computers and freak out; title: whenever you see one, you might want to face your fears as soon as possible.; title: Spend some time playing with a Windows-based system and pointing and clicking icons or buttons with a mouse. These are the absolute basics, and you won’t want to waste valuable exam time figuring them out on test day. Your test taking will proceed by pointing and clicking, essentially without the use of the keyboard.; title: The free CD is an excellent way to become familiar with the test interface.; title: For those who feel they would benefit, the USMLE offers an opportunity to; title: take a simulated test, or “CBT Practice Session at a Prometric center.” Students; title: are eligible to take the three-and-one-half-hour practice session after; title: they have received their fluorescent orange scheduling permit (see below).; title: The same USMLE Step 1 sample test items (150 questions) available on the CD; title: or USMLE Web site, www.usmle.org, are used at these sessions. The session is divided into three one-hour blocks of 50 test items each and costs about $42. The student receives a printed percent-correct score after completing the session. No explanations of questions are provided. You may register for a practice session online at www.usmle.org.; title: How Do I Register to Take the Exam?; title: Step 1 or Step 2 applications may be printed from the USMLE Web site.; title: The application allows applicants to select one of 12 overlapping three-month; title: blocks in which to be tested (e.g., April–May–June, June–July–August). The; title: application includes a photo ID form that must be certified by an official at; title: your medical school to verify your enrollment. After the NBME processes; title: your application, it will send you a fluorescent orange slip of paper called a; title: scheduling permit.; title: The scheduling permit you receive from the NBME will contain your USMLE; title: identification number, the eligibility period in which you may take the exam, and two unique numbers. One of these is known as your “scheduling number.” You must have this number to make your exam appointment with Prometric. The other number is known as the “candidate identification number,” or CIN. Examinees must enter their CINs at the Prometric workstation to access their exams.; title: Prometric has no access to the codes. Do not lose your permit! You will not be; title: allowed to take the boards unless you present this permit along with an unexpired, government-issued photo identification with your signature (such as a driver’s license or passport). Make sure the name on your photo ID exactly matches the name appearing on your scheduling permit.; title: Once you receive your scheduling permit, you may call the Prometric tollfree; title: number to arrange a time to take the exam. Although requests for taking; title: the exam may be completed more than six months before the test date, examinees will not receive their scheduling permits earlier than six months before the eligibility period. The eligibility period is the three-month period you have chosen to take the exam. Most medical students choose the April–June or June–August period. Because exams are scheduled on a “first-come, firstserved” basis, it is recommended that you telephone Prometric as soon as you have received your permit. After you’ve scheduled your exam, it’s a good idea to confirm your exam appointment with Prometric at least one week prior to your test date. Prometric does not provide written confirmation of exam date, time, or location.; title: What If I Need to Reschedule the Exam?; title: You can change your date and/or center by contacting Prometric at 1-800-; title: MED-EXAM (1-800-633-3926) or www.prometric.com. Make sure to have; title: your CIN when rescheduling. If you are rescheduling by phone, you must; title: speak with a Prometric representative; leaving a voice-mail message will not; title: suffice. To avoid a rescheduling fee, you will need to request a change before; title: noon EST at least five business days before your appointment. Please note; title: that your rescheduled test date must fall within your assigned three-month eligibility period.; title: When Should I Register for the Exam?; title: Although there are no deadlines for registering for Step 1, you should plan to; title: register at least six months ahead of your desired test date. This will guarantee; title: that you will get either your test center of choice or one within a 50-mile radius of your first choice. For most U.S. medical students, the desired testing; title: window is in June, since most medical school curricula for the second year; title: end in May or June. Thus, U.S. medical students should plan to register before; title: January for a June test date. The timing of the exam is more flexible for; title: IMGs, as it is related only to when they finish exam preparation.; title: Choose your three-month eligibility period wisely. If you need to reschedule; title: outside your initial three-month period, you must submit a new application; title: along with another application fee.(11); title: Pass in USMLE step1 2010-2011; title: USMLE Step2 CK( Clinical Knowledge); title: (source: Kaplan medical); title: The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 2 allows; title: you to pull together your clinical experience on the wards with the numerous; title: “factoids” and classical disease presentations that you have memorized over; title: the years. Whereas Step 1 stresses basic disease mechanisms and principles,; title: Step 2 places more emphasis on clinical diagnosis and management, disease; title: pathogenesis, and preventive medicine.; title: The Step 2 exam is now composed of two parts:; title: The Step 2 Clinical Knowledge examination (Step 2 CK); title: The Step 2 Clinical Skills examination (Step 2 CS); title: The USMLE Step 2 CK is the second of three examinations that you must; title: pass in order to become a licensed physician in the United States. The computerized Step 2 CK is a one-day (nine-hour) multiple-choice exam.; title: Students are also required to take the Step 2 CS, which is a one-day live; title: exam in which students examine 12 standardized patients. The goal of the; title: Step 2 CS is to ensure that students from more than 1600 medical schools; title: worldwide, with varying curricula and educational standards, can collect and; title: interpret a history, perform a physical exam, and communicate with patients; title: at a comparable level.(11); title: USMLE STEP 2 CK—COMPUTER-BASED TESTING BASICS; title: How Will the CBT Be Structured?; title: The Step 2 CK is a computer-based test (CBT) administered by Prometric,; title: Inc. It is a one-day exam with 368 questions divided into eight 60-minute; title: blocks of 46 questions each. A new form of testing software called FRED is; title: now being used by the USMLE. FRED is different from the Step 1 exam you; title: took in that you can now highlight and strike out test choices as well as make; title: brief notes to yourself. During the time allotted for each block, the examinee; title: can answer test questions in any order as well as review responses and change; title: answers just as in the Step 1 exam—but examinees cannot go back and; title: change answers from previous blocks. Once an examinee finishes a block, he; title: or she must click on a screen icon to continue to the next block. Time not; title: used during a testing block will be added to your overall break time, but it; title: cannot be used to complete other testing blocks. Expect to spend up to nine; title: hours at the test center.(11); title: Pass in USMLE step2 CK 2009-2011; title: USMLE STEP2 CS( Clinical Skills); title: (Source: Kaplan Medical); title: The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 2 CS is a; title: one-day exam whose objective is to ensure that all U.S. and Canadian medical; title: students seeking to obtain their medical licenses—as well as all IMGs; title: seeking to start their residencies in the United States—have the communication, interpersonal, and clinical skills necessary to achieve these goals. To pass the test, all examinees must show that they can speak, understand, and communicate in English as well as take a history and perform a brief physical exam. Examinees are also required to exhibit competence in written English and to demonstrate critical clinical skills by writing a brief patient note (PN), some follow-up orders, and a differential diagnosis.; title: The Step 2 CS simulates clinical encounters that are commonly found in clinics,; title: physicians’ offices, and emergency departments. The test makes use of standardized patients, or SPs, all of whom are laypeople who have been extensively trained to simulate various clinical problems. SPs give the same responses to all candidates participating in the assessment. When you take the Step 2 CS, you will see 10 to 12 SPs, but cases will be mixed in terms of age, gender, ethnicity, organ system, and discipline. For quality assurance purposes, a video camera will record all clinical encounters, but the resulting videotapes will not be used for scoring. The cases used in the Step 2 CS represent the types of patients who would typically be encountered during core clerkships in the curricula of accredited U.S. medical schools. These clerkships are as follows:; title: _ Internal medicine; title: _ Surgery; title: _ Obstetrics and gynecology; title: _ Pediatrics; title: _ Psychiatry; title: _ Family medicine; title: It should be noted that examinees do not interact with children during pediatric encounters. Instead, SPs assuming the role of pediatric patients’ mothers recount patients’ histories, and no physical exam is required under such circumstances.(11); title: How Is the Step 2 CS Structured?; title: Before entering a room to interact with an SP, you will be given an opportunity; title: to review some preliminary information. This information, which is; title: posted on the door of each room (and hence is often referred to as “doorway; title: information”), includes the following:; title: _ Patient characteristics (name, age, sex); title: _ Chief complaint and vitals (temperature, respiratory rate, pulse, blood; title: pressure); title: You will be given 15 minutes (with a warning bell sounded after 10 minutes); title: to perform the clinical encounter, which will include reading the doorway information,; title: entering the room, introducing yourself, obtaining an appropriate; title: history, conducting a focused physical exam, formulating a differential diagnosis,; title: and planning a diagnostic workup. You will also be expected to answer; title: any questions the SP might ask, to discuss the diagnoses being considered,; title: and to advise the SP about follow-up plans. After leaving the room, you will; title: have 10 minutes to write a PN.(11); title: How Is the Step 2 CS Scored?; title: Of your 10 to 12 patient encounters, 10 will be scored. Two people will score; title: each encounter: the SP and a physician. The SP will evaluate you at the end; title: of each encounter by filling out three checklists: one for the history, a second; title: for the physical exam, and a third for communication skills. The physician; title: will evaluate the PN you write after each encounter. Your score, which will be; title: based on the clinical encounter as a whole and on your overall communication; title: skills, will be determined in the following manner:; title: _ Integrated Clinical Encounter (ICE) score. The skills you demonstrate; title: in the clinical encounter are reflected in your ICE score. This score consists; title: in turn of a data-gathering (DG) score and a patient note (PN); title: score.; title: _ DG score. To determine your DG score, SPs will document your ability; title: to gather data pertinent to the clinical encounter. Specifically, SPs; title: will note whether you asked the questions listed on their checklists, successfully; title: obtained relevant information, and correctly conducted the; title: physical exam (as indicated by the performance of the procedures on; title: their checklists). Your final DG score will represent an average of your; title: performance with all 10 SPs. If you asked questions or performed procedures; title: that are not on an SP’s checklist, you will not receive credit but at; title: the same time will not lose credit for having done so.; title: _ PN score. A physician will score your PN according to predefined criteria,; title: including organization, quality of information, data interpretation,; title: legibility, and the absence of egregious or dangerous actions. Your final; title: PN score will then represent the average of your individual PN scores; title: over all 10 clinical encounters. Your ICE score will represent the sum; title: of your DG and PN scores (ICE = DG + PN).; title: _ Communication (COM) score. In addition to assessing your data-gathering; title: skills, SPs will evaluate your interpersonal skills (IPS) and your proficiency; title: in spoken English. Your IPS will be assessed on four criteria: rapport,; title: interviewing skills, personal manner, and counseling. Your overall; title: COM score will be the sum of your averaged IPS scores and your spoken; title: English proficiency rating.; title: The grade you receive on the USMLE Step 2 CS will be either a “pass” or a; title: “fail.” In order to pass the Step 2 CS, candidates must attain a minimum score; title: in both ICE and COM. This minimum passing score, which is based on the; title: achievement of a prespecified performance standard, is periodically reviewed; title: and adjusted. In 2000, the passing rate for IMGs taking the old CSA was; title: 80.4%. IMGs who were U.S. citizens fared better (87.1% passing rate) than; title: did non-U.S.-citizen IMGs (78.7% passing rate). Pass rates have increased in; title: 2001 and 2002 . ICE = DG + PN.; title: In recent pilot studies, U.S. students were found to have performed at the; title: same level as IMGs whose native language was English.; title: _ The mean performance of U.S. students was lower than that of IMGs in; title: the area of clinical skills.; title: _ The mean performance of U.S. students was higher than that of IMGs in; title: the area of communication skills.; title: Using the Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates’; title: (ECFMG’s) pass-fail standards, the passing rate of U.S. students was slightly; title: higher than that of first-time IMG test takers, whose passing rate was 83.3%.; title: How Do I Register to Take the USMLE Step 2 CS?; title: To register for the Step 2 CS, you must have obtained a passing score on the; title: USMLE Step 1. You should also bear in mind that registration information and; title: procedures are constantly evolving. For the most current information on registering; title: for the USMLE Step 2 CS, go to www.usmle.org or check with your dean’s; title: office. IMGs should also refer to the Web site of the ECFMG at www.ecfmg.org.; title: For U.S. and Canadian medical students, the registration fee for the; title: USMLE Step 2 CS is $975 (at least through June 2005). Students will register; title: using the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Interactive Website; title: for Applicants and Examinees (click the appropriate link at www.nbme.org).; title: For IMGs, the registration fee is currently $1200. IMGs can either apply online; title: using the ECFMG’s Interactive Web Application (IWA) at; title: http://iwa.ecfmg.org or download the paper application from the ECFMG; title: Web site and mail it to the ECFMG along with the registration fee. Although; title: there is no specific application deadline, you need to apply early to ensure; title: that you get your preferred test date and center.; title: After your application has been processed, you will receive a scheduling permit; title: by e-mail as well as a CD containing an orientation manual and a video; title: of sample encounters. You will then be eligible to take the Step 2 CS for one; title: year, starting when you are entered into the scheduling system to take the; title: exam. Your scheduling permit will list your eligibility period, scheduling instructions, and identification requirements for admission to the exam. You; title: can schedule the test either through the NBME or ECFMG Web sites or via; title: telephone. Access information will be included with your registration materials.(11); title: Note that test centers offer both morning and afternoon sessions. You may be offered an afternoon session if you select a date and center for which morning sessions are already filled. Try to select a date and center that will allow you to have a morning session (when you are fresher and more relaxed). Although you cannot extend your eligibility period for the Step 2 CS, you can reschedule your exam date. The fee is $50 if rescheduling is done more than 30 days before the original test date, $150 if it is done within 30 days, and $400 if it is done after a missed test date but within the eligibility period.(11); title: Where Can I Take the Exam?; title: The Step 2 CS will be administered at five regional centers.; title: Additional centers are currently under consideration.; title: For detailed information about cities, hotels, and transportation, please refer; title: to the USMLE Web site (www.usmle.org) or the ECFMG Web site; title: (www.ecfmg.org).(11); title: Pass in step2 CS 2009-2011; title: USMLE STEP3; title: (Source: Kaplan Medical); title: How Is Step 3 Structured?; title: The Step 3 exam is a two-day computer-based test (CBT) administered by Prometric,; title: Inc. The USMLE is now using new testing software called FRED.; title: FRED is different from the Step 1 and Step 2 exams you took in that you can; title: now highlight and strike out test choices as well as make brief notes to yourself.; title: Day 1 includes seven 60-minute blocks of 48 multiple-choice questions for a; title: total of 336 questions over seven hours. You get at least 45 minutes of break; title: time and 15 minutes for an optional tutorial. During the time allotted for each; title: block, you can answer test questions in any order as well as review responses; title: and change answers. Examinees cannot go back and change answers from previous; title: blocks. Once an examinee finishes a block, he or she must click on a; title: screen icon to continue to the next block. Time not used during a testing block; title: will be added to your overall break time, but it cannot be used to complete; title: other testing blocks. Expect to spend up to nine hours at the test center.; title: Day 2 consists of four 30-minute blocks of 36 questions for a total of 144 questions.; title: You also get nine interactive case simulations over four hours using the; title: Primum CCS format.; title: What Is Step 3 Like?; title: Even if you’re familiar with the CBT and the Prometric test centers, FRED is; title: a new testing format that you should access from the USMLE CD-ROM or; title: Web site and try out prior to the exam. In addition, there is the CCS format,; title: which definitely requires practice.; title: If you familiarize yourself with the FRED testing interface ahead of time, you; title: can skip the 15-minute tutorial offered on exam day and add those minutes to; title: your allotted break time of 45 minutes.; title: For security reasons, examinees are not allowed to bring personal electronic; title: equipment into the testing area, including digital watches, watches with com-; title: Step 3 is not a retread of Step 2.computer communication and/or memory capability, cellular telephones, and electronic paging devices. Food and beverages are also prohibited. Examinees are given laminated writing surfaces for note taking that must be returned after the examination. The testing centers are monitored by audio and video surveillance equipment.; title: You should become familiar with a typical question screen . A; title: window to the left displays all the questions in the block and shows you the; title: unanswered questions (marked with an “i”). Some questions will contain figures or color illustrations adjacent to the question. Although the contrast and brightness of the screen can be adjusted, there are no other ways to manipulate the picture (e.g., zooming, panning). Larger images are accessed with an “exhibit” button. The examinee can also call up a window displaying normal lab values. You may mark questions to review at a later time by clicking the checkmark at the top of the screen. The annotation feature functions like the provided erasable dryboards and allows you to jot down notes during the; title: exam. Play with the highlighting/strike-through and annotation features with; title: the vignettes and multiple choices.(11); title: ( Source: USMLE 1ST AID STEP1,2 and 3); title: Pass in USMLE step3 2010-2011; title: Royal Colleges Exams; title: (Medicine):; title: The MRCP diploma is a necessary entry qualification but confers no right to a training number in a medical specialty. Although the examination is difficult and the pass rate is low, more doctors are successful in the examination than can become specialists in medicine. Some deliberately acquire the diploma as an additional qualification before entering another hospital specialty or general practice. Part I of the examination can be taken 18 months after graduation and comprises multiple-choice questions covering a wide range of medicine and the sciences immediately relevant to it. Part II can be taken after 1 year in approved posts providing experience of responsibility for acute general medical emergencies and consists of a written section, including questions on interpretation of case histories and slides, and a searching clinical examination.; title: The MRCP examination is, above all, a test of clinical skills: it covers similar ground to the final MB examination in medicine but at a more demanding and discriminating level. It is necessary to know about rarities but it is even more important to have sound clinical skill and common sense, based on expertise in managing everyday medical emergencies.(5); title: (Obstetrics and gynaecology); title: Is one specialty with two different aspects.; title: Obstetrics offers a balance between medicine and surgery with the attraction of usually young and healthy patients, and a happy outcome to the encounter.; title: Gynaecology (diseases specifically of women) also demands both surgical and medical skills. There are still posts which combine these two areas in; title: equal measure, particularly in district general hospitals but increasingly consultants tend to develop, in addition, a subspecialist interest; for example in the investigation and treatment of sub-fertility, the management of the menopause or contraception, urogynaecology (combining conditions of the bladder and reproductive organs) or community sexual health.; title: Specialists in this field become Members of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (MRCOG). Part I of the examination, a multiple choice paper on the basic sciences, is related to the specialty and may be 155 Career opportunities taken at any time after full registration. Part II is taken after at least 3 years in approved posts and includes written, clinical, and oral examinations, together with preparation of case records and commentaries. Instruction in family planning is included in the training. Some obstetricians train first in general surgery and obtain the Membership of a Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) to acquire a much wider surgical ability than their limited surgical specialty necessarily demands; a few start in medicine (particularly endocrinology) and first pass the MRCP; an occasional brilliant workhorse obtains both; title: these diplomas and the MRCOG.(5); title: (MRCPath)(Pathology):; title: The part I examination is taken after 3 years in one of the many specialties of pathology. It is no longer a test of all branches of pathology. Part II is taken at; title: a minimum of 2 years after part I and is limited to the chosen specialty. Unlike the MRCP, which is in effect an entry qualification to specialization in medicine, acquisition of the MRCPath marks the completion of training as a pathologist. The FRCPath is granted about 12 years later.(5); title: (Psychiatry) (MRCPsych) :; title: The examination for Membership of the Royal College of Psychiatrists may be taken after 3 years of approved experience, most of which has to be in psychiatry. This means working as a specialist registrar in a psychiatric hospital looking after both emergency and long stay patients, besides seeing patients in the psychiatric outpatient clinic. It is possible to specialize in either adult or child psychiatry but all psychiatrists are expected to have some experience of both. A good knowledge of medicine is valuable in psychiatry, and some psychiatrists acquire the MRCP in the early years of their training.(5); title: (Radiology); title: Fellowship of the Royal College of Radiologists (FRCR) is a necessary qualification.; title: (Surgery) Part I is taken after at least 1 year in a recognized specialist training post and part II after at least 3 years of training.; title: Surgical training is divided into two parts: basic surgical training applicable to all surgical specialties and subspecialty training. Surgeons often obtain dual certification in general surgery and a subspecialty because most consultant surgeons are expected to cover acute surgical emergencies and undertake some relatively unspecialized surgery besides having a special field of expertise.; title: Basic surgical training follows pre-registration house officer appointments with about 2 years in the senior house officer grade. At the end of that time the trainee should have sufficient knowledge and skills to pursue career training in surgery as a specialist registrar. Basic training includes study of the basic; title: Medical sciences, together with experience in general surgery, accident and 159 Career opportunities emergency, and orthopedic surgery. The MRCS examination is taken at the end of this period. The trainee then competes for a surgical specialist registrar post, which provides training in both general surgery and a subspecialty, although there are growing trends to concentrate on the specialist element such as becoming an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) or eye (ophthalmic) or breast surgeon.; title: Towards the end of this period of surgical specialist training there is a further examination, the FRCS, which is an examination run by the four surgical colleges of Great Britain and Ireland. The examination particularly tests clinical skills and, together with the necessary years of experience, qualifies the trainee for the CCST(Certificate of Completion of Specialized Training).(5); title: (Public health); title: Physicians work in a number of settings within the NHS, the university, central government, and national agencies, such as the Communicable Diseases Surveillance Centre (which is part of the PHLS).; title: Two years of general professional and early specialist training culminate in part I of the examination for Membership of the Faculty of Public Health (MFPH of the Royal College of Physicians of London), which covers epidemiology, statistics, social and behavioral sciences, the principles of prevention of disease and promotion of health, assessment of health needs and audit of services provided, environmental health, and the management and organization of health services. It is a rapidly expanding specialty. During 3 years of higher specialist training, the trainee in public health medicine writes a report on practical projects as part of the requirement for part II of the MFPH examination.(5); title: (Occupational Medicine):; title: The examination for Membership of the Faculty of Occupational Medicine; title: (MFOM) of the Royal College of Physicians of London is taken after 4 years of training and experience in occupational medicine; a formal higher specialist training program leads up to it. Occupational medicine is another speciality suitable for part-time service.; title: (Journalism); title: The British Medical Journal, the Lancet, and a number of other publications have full-time medically qualified editors, together with some who are not medically qualified. Many specialist medical journals have part-time medical editors, as do several newspapers and industrially sponsored medical publications.(5) Freelance opportunities in journalism, radio, and television abound for fluent doctors with lively minds, even if they are not Jonathan Millers. You might even become a novelist or playwright along with Somerset Maugham, Chekhov, and many others by dipping your creative pen into your medical life experience.; title: Membership exams Overview( Medicine,  surgery and Accident and emergency):; title: To progress beyond the SHO level you need to complete the membership exams for your chosen specialty and gain experience in recognized training posts (check the BMJ careers advert, often written in bold, if in doubt check with the Royal College). Most membership exams take place 2-3 times a year. You need to apply about 2-4mth before each exam. For the contact details of the various Royal Colleges.; title: Medicine Regional centers in London, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Dublin, however all centers use the same exams. The MRCP has three sections:; title: ( Note: Fees change every year for further info. Go to Royal Colleges websites); title: •	Part 1 Written - basic science, Â£290, â‰¥18mth after finals; title: •	Part 2 Written - clinical, Â£290, <7yr since part 1; title: •	PACES - clinical skills, Â£470, <2yr and <3 attempts since part 2.; title: •	To become a SpR you need 2 1/2 yr experience after graduation including â‰¥12mth in an acute medical job.; title: Surgery Regional centers in London, Edinburgh, Glasgow and Dublin, however all centers use the same exams. The MRCS has four parts, once you attempt part 2 you only have 3 1/3 yr to complete the remaining parts:; title: •	Part 1 Written - basic science, Â£190, eligible after graduation; title: •	Part 2 Written - clinical, Â£190, eligible with part 1; title: •	Viva - anatomy, physiology, pathology, Â£320, eligible with part 2; title: •	OSCE - clinical and communication, Â£330, 1mth after successful viva To become a SpR. you need 2yr basic surgical training as a SHO. As a SpR you must pass an exit exam in your chosen specialty, eg ENT.; title: General practice You need to register with a vocational training scheme to take the MRCGP. There are four parts and no time limits:; title: •	Two written modules (MCQ and short answer) - current evidence, appraisal of research, GP management and clinical, Â£275 each; title: •	Consulting skills - assessment of videoed consultations, Â£275; title: •	Viva - clinical, work place, political, ethical and legal issues, Â£275; title: To become a GP you need 2yr SHO experience and 1yr as GP registrar.; title: Other membership exams; title: Accident and Emergency (MFAEM) Two-part exam taken as a SHO, but MRCS, MRCP or FRCA also accepted; FFAEM exit exam after SpR.; title: Anaesthetics (FRCA) Primary exam is taken as a SHO with 1yr experience in anaesthetics; the final exam is completed as a SpR; title: Obstetrics and Gynaecology (MRCOG) Part 1 (written) can be taken after graduation. Completed as a SpR after 4yr O+G experience.; title: Ophthalmology (MRCOphth) A three-part exam; part 1 can be taken after graduation; all must be completed before progressing to SpR level.; title: Paediatrics (MRCPCH) Similar structure to MRCP; part 1 can be taken after graduation; all must becompleted before progressing to SpR level.; title: Pathology and Radiology Membership exams are taken as an SpR; it is possible to become a SpR with <12mth SHO clinical experience.; title: Psychiatry (MRCPsych) 12mth SHO psychiatry experience required before taking part 1 (written and clinical). Completed as a SpR.( 5,6); title: Chapter4; title: Alternative career options; title: After finishing internship and even after going through all specialties some doctors do not have the feeling that clinical practice is their strong point although every one before graduating  from medical school have the dream of becoming a consultant. But this is not the end of the road for them because there are so many other pathways were a doctor would fit in a great matter due to their good basic and clinical background but you have to put in mind getting your license because a registration in medical council is vital.; title: The following will give a clue about what path can you choose other than clinical practice or even do both:; title: Basic Medical Sciences: Having a doctor teaching basic medical sciences is better as most of medical students think because he/she can give you what is needed in practice and also gives a good clinical correlation;; title: Clinical Biochemistry: The study of chemistry, enzymes, chemical structure and metabolism of body is of important value to know how does it work so to know what is the abnormal, simply put patients come complaining of Gout do not want you to tell them the urea cycle but they need medications, many students think that they study too much information about basic sciences with no understanding of how to use this knowledge, here comes the value of a doctor who can give the clinical correlation needed.; title: Clinical Anatomy: All medical students remember the structure of human body and the enormous number of names and positions of nerves and muscles,  the embryology, histology  and neuroanatomy which they suffered to put in their minds, but again most of them do not know how to correlate to clinical practice ( examining stroke patients knowing which artery is blocked by clinical examination, looking in CT brain and try to know the difference between CSF and Hematoma, diagnosing fractured radius in X-ray film, knowing the abnormal congenital anomaly by remembering  embryology, doing US for a pregnant lady to figure out CR length ….etc) here clinical correlation is vital and here is where a doctor can give medical students a small idea about what is expected from them by using their knowledge in practice.; title: Clinical Physiology:  Knowing how the body works and normal functions of each organ is important to identify the abnormal, a doctor will give you the physiology and pathophysiology and sometimes correlates it with diseases.; title: Clinical Pharmacology: Studying drugs and their actions is one of basics of practice, but a clinician needs a specified amount that can help him/her to do so because patient want to have treatment and want to know when/how/how long and side effects, a doctor will inform students about practicing drug prescription and how to write doses and when to stop and again correlates it with clinical practice.; title: There are many examples of basic sciences( Microbiology, pathology, molecular medicine, genetics even preventive medicine) that can be taught by doctors so thinking about this pathway is another option that can be put in mind.; title: Research Posts: evolving researches come out every time with great demand of clinicians and scientists and it has a variety of specializations and degrees, getting a PhD, Msc. or even becoming a professor or lead researcher is a satisfying goal to some doctors.; title: Pharmaceutical Industry: many pharmaceutical industries need doctors either in advisory positions or researches, although it needs good knowledge of clinical pharmacology.; title: Media: this term varies as doctors can write in local journals giving general preventive information, or write in medical journals ( British medical journal, lancet, sudan medical journal….etc), even some doctors can write screen plays or  even television shows( House, Greys anatomy, ER….etc); title: Management: Many hospitals are being administered by doctors, where some of them have MBA in hospital management so as they work they will know what the hospital need and demands of the working staff from the janitor to the head departments of all the hospital and actually doctors love to know that a doctor is leading  the administration of a hospital because they feel that their rights are safe.; title: Law and patient safety: Some doctors can have a degree in medical law and rights or even patient safety as a supervisor and to know the rights of doctors and patients alike.; title: Insurance Companies: most of insurance companies need doctors to process their papers as they call them insurance officers( they process medical investigations, surgeries, diagnosis and drug prescription papers and reports.; title: References:; title: 1)Sudan Medical Specialization Board.net; title: 2)American Association Of Medical Colleges(AAMC)( US specialty guide); title: 3)General Medical Council.net/PLAB exam.; title: 4)United States Medical License Exam.Org.net; title: 5)Peter. R et al, Learning medicine, 17th edition, Cambridge,154-167.; title: 6)Oxford Handbook of Foundation program; title: 7)Arab Board Of Medical Specialization.net; title: 8)Career options in Surgery A guide to Planning your surgical career by Royal College Of Surgeons Of England.; title: 9)Kaplan Medical .net( Brochure for courses).; title: 10) IFOM.net/IFOM 2013 Candidate Brochure.; title: 11) USMLE Step1 aid and USMLE Step2 Aid and USMLE STEP3 Aid.; title: 12)   RPGx.net RxPG.net Posted on Sunday, November 20 @ 01:24:52 IST by RxPG); title: 13)    National Resident Matching  Program Match/Results and Data     2012 Residency Match.; title: 14)  Student BMJ 2005; 13: 1–44; title: 15) The UK Foundation Programme  Curriculum july2012; title: 16)  The American Board of Medical Specialties. Guide to Physician   Specialties. Evanston, IL: American Board of Medical Specialties; February 2008.; title: 17)  Association of American Medical Colleges. Report on Medical School Faculty Salaries 2009–2010. Washington, DC: AAMC; February 2011.; title: 18)  2010 Physician Compensation Survey [special feature]. Modern Healthcare. July 19, 2010: 20-26.; title: 19) FMOH Annual report of Health2011.( FMOH.gov.sd).; title: 20) Saigal P, Takemura Y, Nishiue T, Fetters MD.. Factors considered   by medical students when formulating their specialty preferences in Japan: findings from a qualitative study. BMC Med Educ 2007 Sep 11;7:31.; title: 21) Chew YW, Rajakrishnan S, Low CA, Jayapalan PK, Sreeramareddy  CT Medical students' choice of specialty and factors determining their choice: a cross-sectional questionnaire survey in Melaka-Manipal Medical College, Malaysia Biosci Trends. 2011;5(2):69-76.; title: 22) WHO, Transformative Scale Up of Health Professional Education2011.; title: 23)  GMC report 2012/Chapter1: The changing shape of profession and medical education.; title: 24) FMOH.gov.sd.net/Internship doctors/House officer assessment and final assessment logbooks.; title: Appendices; title: Pass in USMLE step1 2010-2011; title: Pass in USMLE step2 CK 2009-2011; title: Pass in step2 CS 2009-2011; title: Pass in USMLE step3 2010-2011; title: National Ministry of Health Sudan; title: House-officer's; title: Assessment Logbook; title: House-Officer's Assessment Logbook; title: Name:; title: Date &University of graduation :; title: Starting Date:; title: Hospital :; title: Training Unit:; title: Consultants Name :; title: Education supervisor :; title: Duration: From                                 To:; title: Address / Tel:                                  Email:; title: Check list; title: The house officer may not commence duties until the following criteria are met:-; title: a)	Completed administrative procedure with the hospital and given written permission to start work.; title: b)	Presence of  a formal ID; title: c)	Receiving a formal introduction to work& pamphlets  by:; title: 1.	Administration:; title: •	Showing hospital Map facilities and layout.; title: •	Administrative structures and head of sections.; title: •	Standard operating procedures written.; title: •	Safety procedures.; title: 2.	consultant or deputy:; title: •	Any protocols and guidelines.; title: •	Written timetable of duties and responsibilities.; title: •	Formal handover supervised by a senior member of medical staff.; title: •	Date and time to meet supervising consultant if not already done.; title: •	Date and time to meet educational supervisor for hospital.; title: •	Set training objectives with supervisor.; title: Note:; title: Have you been vaccinated against?; title: 1.	Hepatitis B; title: 2.	HIV; title: 3.	TB; title: It's advisable to protect yourself against these diseases.; title: House-Officer's Logbook; title: Guidelines to House-Officers:; title: A-	Purpose :; title: This Logbook is meant to:; title: •	Provide an evidence of the quality& content of the training received during the internship period.; title: •	To assist consultants in a fair & proper evaluation of the house officer during the shift period.; title: •	To document your daily work regarding activities in different departments and the related departments.; title: B-	How to use :; title: This logbook should remain the house-officer and its his / her responsibility to ensure that all sections are completely filled and signed by the appropriate person and countersigned by the consultant.; title: C-	Final Assessment Report :; title: The final assessment form will be filled by the consultant in charge of your training and your educational supervisor based on the competencies and skills documented in this logbook and the professional attitude & knowledge parameters.; title: D-	House officer Feedback :; title: There is also a section to be filled by the trainee to voice his opinion about the quality of training received in each shift and form should be filled immediately after finishing the rotation and submitted to the hospital administration.; title: Where to Submit the document :; title: The Assessment report form will be submitted to the consultant who will submit to the Hospital Administration.; title: •	The intern feedback to be submitted to the hospital administration.; title: •	The house officer logbook should be submitted to the National Ministry of Health.; title: Job Description of the House-Officers; title: Dear Doctor; title: Welcome to the start of your professional career, and please always remember, that your professional practice must always be guided and based on the finest ethical & professional standards detailed in the Oath you took before starting emphasizing human values, ethics, equity, respect of community values, team approach, modesty and continuing professional development.; title: During your different rotations, you are expected to:; title: 1.	To do a competent initial assessment of the patients including an informative history, competent clinical examination and identifying problems to be addressed.; title: 2.	Discuss with registrar/medical officer the plan of management& arrange for follow up using the specified flow sheets.; title: 3.	Present cases in clinical rounds.; title: 4.	Do and document in the patients record regular follow up visits including: clinical check up review of implementation and compliance with managements'(Nursing, Nutrition&medications).; title: 5.	Execute tasks assigned to him/her seniors.; title: 6.	Offer initial emergency managements for emergency and critical cases and ask for help.; title: 7.	Contribute in solving patients non-medical problems.; title: 8.	Recognize the job description of other health team members and positively interact with& support them.; title: 9.	Contribute to unit teaching activities& promote himself professionally.; title: Limitations on Authority:; title: The patient’s care is primarily the responsibility of your consultant. While this may be delegated to you to varying degrees s/he must always be aware; title: of your service activity. Except in exceptional circumstances all major clinical decisions must have the clear confirmation of the consultant. It is imperative that, when in doubt, you seek the opinion of the consultant or from other appropriate sources.; title: •	You are not allowed to issue a death certificate.; title: •	You are not allowed to fill in Criminal record (Form 8); title: General Skills/Competencies; title: •	During internship the house officer must be signed as competent by an authorized supervisor or provide evidence of attending a recognized formal teaching sessions.; title: •	The consultant must countersign all competencies done.; title: Skill/Competency	Supervisor's Name	Position	Assessment Tool	Date; title: Professional Ethics; title: Bedside manners and communication skills; title: Taking proper history for various clinical conditions; title: Clinical examination; title: Basic clinical skills; title: Working in team; title: Confirmation of death; title: Basic life support; title: Offering emergency Management of critically ill patient; title: Giving oxygen; title: Effective suction; title: Using ambo bag; title: Fixing IV line; title: Introduction of N/G tube; title: Nebulizer  use; title: Urethral catheterization; title: Subcutaneous   injection; title: IV/ IM injection; title: Lumbar puncture; title: Blood transfusion: procedure and complications; title: Obtaining an informed consent; title: Competencies & skills in Surgery; title: Skill/ Competency	Assessment  Tool	Signature; title: Understanding of indications of Surgery; title: Different surgical examination techniques; title: Management of Acute Abdomen; title: Offering Pre-& post-operative care; title: Post-operative complications management; title: Use of various instruments; title: Suturing wounds; title: Drainage of abscess; title: Chest tube (under water seal); title: Haemorrhoidectomy& acute anal conditions; title: Introduction of Rectal tube; title: Hernia repair; title: Appendectomy; title: Obtaining informed consent; title: Venesection; title: Simple Fractures stabilization& application of plasters.; title: Competencies and Skills in Obs&Gynae; title: Skill /Competency	Assessment Tool	Signature; title: taking proper obstetrics and gynecological history; title: perform obstetrical examination; title: per form gynecological  examination; title: conduct antenatal visit including booking; title: Diagnose and manage normal labour; title: Suture episiotomy; title: understand mechanism of labour; title: Diagnose abnormal labour; title: Understand danger signs to mother and baby; title: Attend delivery of Multiple pregnancies; title: Caesarean section :-; title: 	Attend.; title: 	Assist; title: 	Perform under observation.; title: Attend Forecps& ventouse and breech delivery.; title: Manage obstetric emergencies: to EMOC standards:; title: APH, PPH, Pre-eclampsia& Eclampsia; title: Understand differential diagnosis and management; title: Of common conditions.; title: Evacuation of retained products; title: Management of Pregnancy with diabetes; title: Management of Pregnancy with heart disease; title: Management of Pregnancy with pre-eclampsia and eclampsia; title: Management of normal puerpirium; title: Management of  preoperative & postoperative patients; title: Drainage  of vulvae abscess; title: Attend and assist in gynaecological surgery.; title: Advise and counsel on family planning; title: Venesection; title: Obtaining of an informed consent; title: Competencies and Skills in Paediatrics; title: Skill /Competency	Assessment Tool	Signature; title: Considerate and sympathetic approach to child& family and use of good communication skills.; title: Taking a Paediatric History; title: Clinical examination including basic developmental assessment; title: Performing a competent neonatal examination; title: Assess growth using appropriate anthropometric tools and charts; title: Assess puberty in girls and boys; title: Ability to recognize sick children and life threatening presentation; title: Competently assess and intiate managmenet of newborns with birth asphyxia, RDS & other life threatening situations.; title: ability to initiate appropriate management plan  for emergency and common problems; title: ability to formulate appropriate differential diagnosis; title: Ability to interpret routine blood tests and CXRs; title: Basic paediatric life support, (face mask ventilation and cardiac compression & Neonatal resuscitation; title: basic airway management maneuvers; title: Intial management of convulsions.; title: Insertion of NG and Orogastric tubes; title: Urinary catheters; title: Use  of photo therapy; title: Umblical catheterization ( observe, done under observation); title: Intra – osseous line; title: Abdominal paracentesis& pleural tap (assist& done); title: To attend:; title: -	Bone marrow aspiration; title: -	Liver& L.Node needle aspiration biopsy; title: Competencies and Skills in Medicine; title: Skill/Competency	Assessment Tool	Signature; title: History taking : with emphasis on relevant points, provisional diagnosis and management frame; title: Clinical examination: ability of conduction of systematic examination and identifying clinical abnormalities; title: Management of clinical emergencies: commonly presenting to the medical emergency unit.; title: Data Interpretation:; title: 	FBC, Biochemistry, etc; title: 	X-rays; title: 	ECG; title: 	Mantoux Test; title: Safe Prescriptions: knowing indications, contraindications, interactions, correct dosage and root of administration; title: NG tube placement.; title: Arterial stabs ( for ABGs if possible).; title: Perform ECG (whenever available); title: Medical Record Keeping; title: Confirmation of Death; title: Urinary catheters; title: Peritoneal tap& pleural aspiration; title: Attend :; title: -	Bone marrow aspiration; title: -	Liver biopsy; title: -	Lymph node biopsy; title: Other procedures and competencies:; title: (To be filled by the House-Officer and counter-signed); title: Skill; title: Assessment Tool; title: Signature; title: A-	Done by the house-Officer:; title: _______________________________; title: _______________________________; title: ______________________________; title: B-	Assisted in doing:; title: _______________________________; title: _______________________________; title: ______________________________; title: C-	Observed:; title: _______________________________; title: _______________________________; title: ______________________________; title: TRAINEES Evaluation of the shift; title: Views expressed here are confidential and will not be revealed to your trainers. You may choose not to write your name.; title: Trainer Name: - ………………………………………………….; title: Hospital: -	……………………………………………………; title: Specialty: - 	…………………………………………………….; title: Date of commencement of training: - …………………………...; title: •	Unit Composition:; title: o	Number of consultants	……………………….; title: o	Number of registrars		……………………….; title: o	Number of House officers	………………………; title: •	Training site:; title: o	Inpatient:; title: 	Number of beds (Unit)		………………………; title: 	Number of beds under your care	………………………; title: o	Emmergency Unit:; title: 	Frequency:; title: Once			Twice 		More; title: 	Number of patients/ day			…………………….; title: 	Number of beds:				……………………; title: •	Unit activities:; title: o	Emergency admission:	Yes 			No; title: o	Supervision:; title: 	Regular registrar supervision Yes 		No    No; title: 	Consultant evening round      Yes		No    No; title: 	Consultant on call back up     Yes 		No    No; title: o	Average number of patients/day:; title: 	Number adequate: Yes			 No; title: 	vacancy adequate: Yes			 No; title: •	Emergency Support&Equipments:; title: o	Equipments:; title: Available				Not Available; title: o	Drugs& support:; title: Available				Not Available; title: •	Back up units:; title: o	Blood bank; title: o	Laboratories; title: o	Radiology; title: •	Referred clinic:; title: o	  Regular				   Not regular; title: o	Is it :		Useful			Not useful; title: o	Number of patients per session	……………………………….; title: o	Is the consultant available: 	Yes			No; title: •	Inpatient care:; title: o	Consultant round/ week :; title: Once				more; title: o	Registrar round/ week:; title: Once				more; title: o	Discharge and Death sessions:; title: Done				Not-done; title: o	Teaching sessions:; title: Useful				Not-useful; title: o	Seminars/ discussion group:; title: Done				Not done; title: National Ministry of Health Sudan; title: House-man Training period; title: The Final Assessment Report; title: Guidelines to Evaluators; title: 1.	This report is strictly confidential.; title: 2.	It should be filled immediately after the end of the shift.; title: 3.	It should be filled after review of the house officer logbook& must be consistent with it.; title: 4.	The rating scale for each criteria& domains must be adhered to.; title: 5.	House officers who were performing unsatisfactory in the first half of the shift must be counseled about their shortcomings and helped to overcome them. This must be documented in writing.; title: 6.	The report should be put in an envelope labeled strictly confidential and dispatched to the hospital administration.; title: 7.	In case of an adverse report, the candidate should be informed by the evaluator.; title: Final Assessment Report; title: Grade: House- Officer; title: Specialty: __________________________________________________; title: Name	: __________________________________________________; title: Period:	From:	__________________ To: __________________; title: Domains; title: Unsatisfactory; title: Good; title: Very Good; title: Knowledge:; title: •	Basic; title: •	Clinical Integration; title: Clinical:; title: •	History taking; title: •	Physical examination; title: •	Identifying problems and priorities; title: •	Discrete use of lab tests; title: •	Suggestion Appropriate management plans; title: •	Data interpretation; title: •	Good records keeping; title: Clinical& Technical Skills:; title: •	Clinical skills; title: •	Technical skills (Procedures); title: Professional attitudes:; title: •	Work habits& Ethics; title: •	Attendance& punctuality; title: •	Inter-professional relationship; title: •	Patients& parents relationship; title: •	Academic contribution& continuous professional development.; title: Overall Assessment; title: Recommendation:; title: Completed the shift satisfactorily              Grade; title: Unsatisfactory; title: •	State reasons: ____________________________________; title: •	Was He/She counselled and advised about his unsatisfactory performance midway during the shift:; title: YES				NO; title: •	in case of an adverse report was the candidate informed by the evaluator; title: YES				NO; title: Recommendation:; title: A-	To repeat the shift; title: B-	To spend extra (remedial) time            months; title: Name of Evaluator: ______________________________; title: Professional Status: ______________________________; title: Signature	      : __________________________________; title: Date		     : ___________________________________; title: Hospital Director: ___________________________________; title: signature:              ___________________________________; title: Date :		    ___________________________________; title: Stamp