Chemical process safety
Subtitle: fundamentals with applications
By: Daniel A. Crowl, Joseph F. Louvar
Contributors: Louvar, Joseph F.
Edition: 3rd ed.
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Published: 2011
Place of publication: Upper Saddle River, NJ
Language: eng
Number of pages: 752
Subjects: Chemical plants; Safety measures
Notes: Includes bibliographical references and index.
Table of contents: title: Preface
pagenum: xv; title: About the Authors
pagenum: xvii; title: On the Cover
pagenum: xviii; title: Nomenclature
pagenum: xix; label: 1
title: Introduction
pagenum: 1; label: 1-1
title: Safety Programs
pagenum: 2; label: 1-2
title: Engineering Ethics
pagenum: 4; label: 1-3
title: Accident and Loss Statistics
pagenum: 4; label: 1-4
title: Acceptable Risk
pagenum: 12; label: 1-5
title: Public Perceptions
pagenum: 14; label: 1-6
title: The Nature of the Accident Process
pagenum: 15; label: 1-7
title: Inherent Safety
pagenum: 20; label: 1-8
title: Seven Significant Disasters
pagenum: 23; title: Flixborough, England
pagenum: 23; title: Bhopal, India
pagenum: 25; title: Seveso, Italy
pagenum: 26; title: Pasadena, Texas
pagenum: 27; title: Texas City, Texas
pagenum: 29; title: Jacksonville, Florida
pagenum: 30; title: Port Wentworth, Georgia
pagenum: 30; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 31; title: Problems
pagenum: 32; label: 2
title: Toxicology
pagenum: 37; label: 2-1
title: How Toxicants Enter Biological Organisms
pagenum: 38; title: Gastrointestinal Tract
pagenum: 39; title: Skin
pagenum: 39; title: Respiratory System
pagenum: 40; label: 2-2
title: How Toxicants Are Eliminated from Biological Organisms
pagenum: 41; label: 2-3
title: Effects of Toxicants on Biological Organisms
pagenum: 42; label: 2-4
title: Toxicological Studies
pagenum: 43; label: 2-5
title: Dose versus Response
pagenum: 44; label: 2-6
title: Models for Dose and Response Curves
pagenum: 50; label: 2-7
title: Relative Toxicity
pagenum: 56; label: 2-8
title: Threshold Limit Values
pagenum: 56; label: 2-9
title: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Diamond
pagenum: 58; title: On-Line Resources
pagenum: 59; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 60; title: Problems
pagenum: 60; label: 3
title: Industrial Hygiene
pagenum: 65; label: 3-1
title: Government Regulations
pagenum: 66; title: Laws and Regulations
pagenum: 66; title: Creating a Law
pagenum: 66; title: Creating a Regulation
pagenum: 66; title: OSHA: Process Safety Management
pagenum: 71; title: EPA: Risk Management Plan
pagenum: 73; title: DHS: Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS)
pagenum: 76; label: 3-2
title: Industrial Hygiene: Anticipation and Identification
pagenum: 78; title: Material Safety Data Sheets
pagenum: 81; label: 3-3
title: Industrial Hygiene: Evaluation
pagenum: 84; title: Evaluating Exposures to Volatile Toxicants by Monitoring
pagenum: 84; title: Evaluating Worker Exposures to Dusts
pagenum: 88; title: Evaluating Worker Exposures to Noise
pagenum: 89; title: Estimating Worker Exposures to Toxic Vapors
pagenum: 91; label: 3-4
title: Industrial Hygiene: Control
pagenum: 99; title: Respirators
pagenum: 101; title: Ventilation
pagenum: 103; title: On-Line Resources
pagenum: 109; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 109; title: Problems
pagenum: 110; label: 4
title: Source Models
pagenum: 119; label: 4-1
title: Introduction to Source Models
pagenum: 119; label: 4-2
title: Flow of Liquid through a Hole
pagenum: 122; label: 4-3
title: Flow of Liquid through a Hole in a Tank
pagenum: 126; label: 4-4
title: Flow of Liquids through Pipes
pagenum: 131; title: 2-K Method
pagenum: 134; label: 4-5
title: Flow of Gases or Vapors through Holes
pagenum: 140; label: 4-6
title: Flow of Gases or Vapors through Pipes
pagenum: 146; label: 4-7
title: Flashing Liquids
pagenum: 163; label: 4-8
title: Liquid Pool Evaporation or Boiling
pagenum: 169; label: 4-9
title: Realistic and Worst-Case Releases
pagenum: 170; label: 4-10
title: Conservative Analysis
pagenum: 172; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 173; title: Problems
pagenum: 174; label: 5
title: Toxic Release and Dispersion Models
pagenum: 185; label: 5-1
title: Parameters Affecting Dispersion
pagenum: 186; label: 5-2
title: Neutrally Buoyant Dispersion Models
pagenum: 190; label: Case 1
title: Steady-State Continuous Point Release with No Wind
pagenum: 194; label: Case 2
title: Puff with No Wind
pagenum: 195; label: Case 3
title: Non-Steady-State Continuous Point Release with No Wind
pagenum: 196; label: Case 4
title: Steady-State Continuous Point Source Release with Wind
pagenum: 197; label: Case 5
title: Puff with No Wind and Eddy Diffusivity Is a Function of Direction
pagenum: 197; label: Case 6
title: Steady-State Continuous Point Source Release with Wind and Eddy Diffusivity Is a Function of Direction
pagenum: 198; label: Case 7
title: Puff with Wind
pagenum: 198; label: Case 8
title: Puff with No Wind and with Source on Ground
pagenum: 199; label: Case 9
title: Steady-State Plume with Source on Ground
pagenum: 199; label: Case 10
title: Continuous Steady-State Source with Source at Height H, above the Ground
pagenum: 200; label: Case 11
title: Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Ground Level, Coordinates Fixed at Release Point, Constant Wind Only in x Direction with Constant Velocity u
pagenum: 204; label: Case 12
title: Plume with Continuous Steady-State Source at Ground Level and Wind Moving in x Direction at Constant Velocity u
pagenum: 205; label: Case 13
title: Plume with Continuous Steady-State Source at Height Hr above Ground Level and Wind Moving in x Direction at Constant Velocity u
pagenum: 206; label: Case 14
title: Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Height H, above Ground Level and a Coordinate System on the Ground That Moves with the Puff
pagenum: 207; label: Case 15
title: Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Height H, above Ground Level and a Coordinate System Fixed on the Ground at the Release Point
pagenum: 208; title: Worst-Case Conditions
pagenum: 208; title: Limitations to Pasquill-Gifford Dispersion Modeling
pagenum: 208; label: 5-3
title: Dense Gas Dispersion
pagenum: 209; label: 5-4
title: Dense Gas Transition to Neutrally Buoyant Gas
pagenum: 219; title: Continuous Release Transition
pagenum: 219; title: Continuous Release Downwind Concentration
pagenum: 221; title: Instantaneous Release Transition
pagenum: 221; title: Instantaneous Release Downwind Composition
pagenum: 222; label: 5-5
title: Toxic Effect Criteria
pagenum: 225; label: 5-6
title: Effect of Release Momentum and Buoyancy
pagenum: 233; label: 5-7
title: Release Mitigation
pagenum: 234; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 235; title: Problems
pagenum: 236; label: 6
title: Fires and Explosions
pagenum: 245; label: 6-1
title: The Fire Triangle
pagenum: 245; label: 6-2
title: Distinction between Fires and Explosions
pagenum: 247; label: 6-3
title: Definitions
pagenum: 247; label: 6-4
title: Flammability Characteristics of Liquids and Vapors
pagenum: 249; title: Liquids
pagenum: 250; title: Gases and Vapors
pagenum: 253; title: Vapor Mixtures
pagenum: 253; title: Flammability Limit Dependence on Temperature
pagenum: 255; title: Flammability Limit Dependence on Pressure
pagenum: 256; title: Estimating Flammability Limits
pagenum: 256; label: 6-5
title: Limiting Oxygen Concentration and Inerting
pagenum: 260; label: 6-6
title: Flammability Diagram
pagenum: 262; label: 6-7
title: Ignition Energy
pagenum: 270; label: 6-8
title: Autoignition
pagenum: 270; label: 6-9
title: Auto-Oxidation
pagenum: 271; label: 6-10
title: Adiabatic Compression
pagenum: 272; label: 6-11
title: Ignition Sources
pagenum: 273; label: 6-12
title: Sprays and Mists
pagenum: 274; label: 6-13
title: Explosions
pagenum: 275; title: Detonation and Deflagration
pagenum: 276; title: Confined Explosions
pagenum: 277; title: Blast Damage Resulting from Overpressure
pagenum: 287; title: TNT Equivalency
pagenum: 291; title: TNO Multi-Energy Method
pagenum: 293; title: Energy of Chemical Explosions
pagenum: 296; title: Energy of Mechanical Explosions
pagenum: 298; title: Missile Damage
pagenum: 301; title: Blast Damage to People
pagenum: 301; title: Vapor Cloud Explosions
pagenum: 303; title: Boiling-Liquid Expanding-Vapor Explosions
pagenum: 304; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 304; title: Problems
pagenum: 305; label: 7
title: Concepts to Prevent Fires and Explosions
pagenum: 317; label: 7-1
title: Inerting
pagenum: 318; title: Vacuum Purging
pagenum: 318; title: Pressure Purging
pagenum: 321; title: Combined Pressure-Vacuum Purging
pagenum: 323; title: Vacuum and Pressure Purging with Impure Nitrogen
pagenum: 323; title: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Various Pressure and Vacuum Inerting Procedures
pagenum: 325; title: Sweep-Through Purging
pagenum: 325; title: Siphon Purging
pagenum: 327; title: Using the Flammability Diagram to Avoid Flammable Atmospheres
pagenum: 327; label: 7-2
title: Static Electricity
pagenum: 333; title: Fundamentals of Static Charge
pagenum: 333; title: Charge Accumulation
pagenum: 334; title: Electrostatic Discharges
pagenum: 335; title: Energy from Electrostatic Discharges
pagenum: 337; title: Energy of Electrostatic Ignition Sources
pagenum: 338; title: Streaming Current
pagenum: 339; title: Electrostatic Voltage Drops
pagenum: 342; title: Energy of Charged Capacitors
pagenum: 342; title: Capacitance of a Body
pagenum: 347; title: Balance of Charges
pagenum: 350; label: 7-3
title: Controlling Static Electricity
pagenum: 356; title: General Design Methods to Prevent Electrostatic Ignitions
pagenum: 357; title: Relaxation
pagenum: 358; title: Bonding and Grounding
pagenum: 358; title: Dip Pipes
pagenum: 359; title: Increasing Conductivity with Additives
pagenum: 362; title: Handling Solids without Flammable Vapors
pagenum: 363; title: Handling Solids with Flammable Vapors
pagenum: 363; label: 7-4
title: Explosion-Proof Equipment and Instruments
pagenum: 363; title: Explosion-Proof Housings
pagenum: 365; title: Area and Material Classification
pagenum: 365; title: Design of an XP Area
pagenum: 366; label: 7-5
title: Ventilation
pagenum: 367; title: Open-Air Plants
pagenum: 367; title: Plants Inside Buildings
pagenum: 368; label: 7-6
title: Sprinkler Systems
pagenum: 370; label: 7-7
title: Miscellaneous Concepts for Preventing Fires and Explosions
pagenum: 374; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 374; title: Problems
pagenum: 375; label: 8
title: Chemical Reactivity
pagenum: 381; label: 8-1
title: Background Understanding
pagenum: 382; label: 8-2
title: Commitment, Awareness, and Identification of Reactive Chemical Hazards
pagenum: 384; label: 8-3
title: Characterization of Reactive Chemical Hazards Using Calorimeters
pagenum: 390; title: Introduction to Reactive Hazards Calorimetry
pagenum: 391; title: Theoretical Analysis of Calorimeter Data
pagenum: 397; title: Estimation of Parameters from Calorimeter Data
pagenum: 408; title: Adjusting the Data for the Heat Capacity of the Sample Vessel
pagenum: 412; title: Heat of Reaction Data from Calorimeter Data
pagenum: 413; title: Using Pressure Data from the Calorimeter
pagenum: 414; title: Application of Calorimeter Data
pagenum: 415; label: 8-4
title: Controlling Reactive Hazards
pagenum: 416; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 418; title: Problems
pagenum: 418; label: 9
title: Introduction to Reliefs
pagenum: 429; label: 9-1
title: Relief Concepts
pagenum: 430; label: 9-2
title: Definitions
pagenum: 432; label: 9-3
title: Location of Reliefs
pagenum: 433; label: 9-4
title: Relief Types and Characteristics
pagenum: 436; title: Spring-Operated and Rupture Discs
pagenum: 436; title: Buckling-Pin Reliefs
pagenum: 440; title: Pilot-Operated Reliefs
pagenum: 440; title: Chatter
pagenum: 441; title: Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Reliefs
pagenum: 442; label: 9-5
title: Relief Scenarios
pagenum: 443; label: 9-6
title: Data for Sizing Reliefs
pagenum: 444; label: 9-7
title: Relief Systems
pagenum: 444; title: Relief Installation Practices
pagenum: 445; title: Relief Design Considerations
pagenum: 447; title: Horizontal Knockout Drum
pagenum: 448; title: Flares
pagenum: 451; title: Scrubbers
pagenum: 452; title: Condensers
pagenum: 452; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 452; title: Problems
pagenum: 453; label: 10
title: Relief Sizing
pagenum: 459; label: 10-1
title: Conventional Spring-Operated Reliefs in Liquid Service
pagenum: 460; label: 10-2
title: Conventional Spring-Operated Reliefs in Vapor or Gas Service
pagenum: 466; label: 10-3
title: Rupture Disc Reliefs in Liquid Service
pagenum: 470; label: 10-4
title: Rupture Disc Reliefs in Vapor or Gas Service
pagenum: 471; label: 10-5
title: Two-Phase Flow during Runaway Reaction Relief
pagenum: 472; label: 10-6
title: Pilot-Operated and Bucking-Pin Reliefs
pagenum: 481; label: 10-7
title: Deflagration Venting for Dust and Vapor Explosions
pagenum: 481; title: Vents for Low-Pressure Structures
pagenum: 483; title: Vents for High-Pressure Structures
pagenum: 485; label: 10-8
title: Venting for Fires External to Process Vessels
pagenum: 488; label: 10-9
title: Reliefs for Thermal Expansion of Process Fluids
pagenum: 492; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 496; title: Problems
pagenum: 497; label: 11
title: Hazards Identification
pagenum: 505; label: 11-1
title: Process Hazards Checklists
pagenum: 508; label: 11-2
title: Hazards Surveys
pagenum: 508; label: 11-3
title: Hazards and Operability Studies
pagenum: 524; label: 11-4
title: Safety Reviews
pagenum: 530; title: Informal Review
pagenum: 533; title: Formal Review
pagenum: 534; label: 11-5
title: Other Methods
pagenum: 537; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 538; title: Problems
pagenum: 538; label: 12
title: Risk Assessment
pagenum: 549; label: 12-1
title: Review of Probability Theory
pagenum: 550; title: Interactions between Process Units
pagenum: 552; title: Revealed and Unrevealed Failures
pagenum: 558; title: Probability of Coincidence
pagenum: 562; title: Redundancy
pagenum: 564; title: Common Mode Failures
pagenum: 564; label: 12-2
title: Event Trees
pagenum: 564; label: 12-3
title: Fault Trees
pagenum: 569; title: Determining the Minimal Cut Sets
pagenum: 572; title: Quantitative Calculations Using the Fault Tree
pagenum: 575; title: Advantages and Disadvantages of Fault Trees
pagenum: 576; title: Relationship between Fault Trees and Event Trees
pagenum: 576; label: 12-4
title: QRA and LOPA
pagenum: 577; title: Quantitative Risk Analysis
pagenum: 577; title: Layer of Protection Analysis
pagenum: 578; title: Consequence
pagenum: 581; title: Frequency
pagenum: 581; title: Typical LOPA
pagenum: 585; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 588; title: Problems
pagenum: 588; label: 13
title: Safety Procedures and Designs
pagenum: 597; label: 13-1
title: Process Safety Hierarchy
pagenum: 598; title: Process Safety Strategies
pagenum: 598; title: Layers of Protection
pagenum: 598; label: 13-2
title: Managing Safety
pagenum: 599; title: Documentation
pagenum: 599; title: Communications
pagenum: 599; title: Delegation
pagenum: 599; title: Follow-up
pagenum: 600; label: 13-3
title: Best Practices
pagenum: 600; label: 13-4
title: Procedures-Operating
pagenum: 600; label: 13-5
title: Procedures-Permits
pagenum: 601; title: Hot Work Permit
pagenum: 601; title: Lock-Tag-Try Permit
pagenum: 601; title: Vessel Entry Permit
pagenum: 602; label: 13-6
title: Procedures-Safety Reviews and Accident Investigations
pagenum: 603; title: Safety Reviews
pagenum: 603; title: Incident Investigations
pagenum: 603; label: 13-7
title: Designs for Process Safety
pagenum: 604; title: Inherently Safer Designs
pagenum: 605; title: Controls-Double Block and Bleed
pagenum: 606; title: Controls-Safeguards or Redundancy
pagenum: 607; title: Controls-Block Valves
pagenum: 608; title: Controls-Explosion Suppression
pagenum: 608; title: Flame Arrestors
pagenum: 608; title: Containment
pagenum: 609; title: Materials of Construction
pagenum: 610; title: Process Vessels
pagenum: 610; title: Deflagrations
pagenum: 612; title: Detonations
pagenum: 612; label: 13-8
title: Miscellaneous Designs for Fires and Explosions
pagenum: 615; label: 13-9
title: Designs for Runaway Reactions
pagenum: 615; label: 13-10
title: Designs for Handling Dusts
pagenum: 616; title: Designs for Preventing Dust Explosions
pagenum: 617; title: Management Practices for Preventing Dust Explosions
pagenum: 617; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 617; title: Problems
pagenum: 618; label: 14
title: Case Histories
pagenum: 621; label: 14-1
title: Static Electricity
pagenum: 622; title: Tank Car Loading Explosion
pagenum: 622; title: Explosion in a Centrifuge
pagenum: 622; title: Duct System Explosion
pagenum: 623; title: Conductor in a Solids Storage Bin
pagenum: 623; label: 14-1
title: Static Electricity
pagenum: 622; title: Pigment and Filter
pagenum: 624; title: Pipefitter's Helper
pagenum: 624; title: Lessons Learned Concerning Static Electricity
pagenum: 624; label: 14-2
title: Chemical Reactivity
pagenum: 626; title: Bottle of Isopropyl Ether
pagenum: 630; title: Nitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid Decomposition
pagenum: 630; title: Organic Oxidation
pagenum: 631; title: Lessons Learned Concerning Chemical Reactivity
pagenum: 631; label: 14-3
title: System Designs
pagenum: 631; title: Ethylene Oxide Explosion
pagenum: 631; title: Ethylene Explosion
pagenum: 632; title: Butadiene Explosion
pagenum: 632; title: Light Hydrocarbon Explosion
pagenum: 632; title: Pump Vibration
pagenum: 633; title: Pump Failure
pagenum: 633; title: Second Ethylene Explosion
pagenum: 633; title: Third Ethylene Explosion
pagenum: 634; title: Second Ethylene Oxide Explosion
pagenum: 634; title: Lessons Learned Concerning Designs
pagenum: 635; label: 14-4
title: Procedures
pagenum: 637; title: Leak Testing a Vessel
pagenum: 637; title: Man Working in Vessel
pagenum: 638; title: Vinyl Chloride Explosion
pagenum: 638; title: Dangerous Water Expansion
pagenum: 638; title: Phenol-Formaldehyde Runaway Reaction
pagenum: 639; title: Conditions and Secondary Reaction Cause Explosion
pagenum: 639; title: Fuel-Blending Tank Explosion
pagenum: 640; title: Lessons Learned Concerning Procedures
pagenum: 641; label: 14-5
title: Training
pagenum: 642; title: Weld Failure
pagenum: 642; title: Safety Culture
pagenum: 642; title: Training within Universities
pagenum: 643; title: Training Regarding the Use of Standards
pagenum: 643; title: Lessons Learned Concerning Training
pagenum: 645; label: 14-6
title: Conclusion
pagenum: 645; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 646; title: Problems
pagenum: 646; label: A
title: Unit Conversion Constants
pagenum: 649; label: B
title: Flammability Data for Selected Hydrocarbons
pagenum: 653; label: C
title: Detailed Equations for Flammability Diagrams
pagenum: 659; title: Equations Useful for Gas Mixtures
pagenum: 659; title: Equations Useful for Placing Vessels into and out of Service
pagenum: 664; label: D
title: Formal Safety Review Report for Example 10-4
pagenum: 669; label: E
title: Saturation Vapor Pressure Data
pagenum: 679; label: F
title: Special Types of Reactive Chemicals
pagenum: 681; label: G
title: Hazardous Chemicals Data for a Variety of Chemical Substances
pagenum: 687; title: Index
pagenum: 695