Surfactants and Other Additives in Agricultural Formulations
Subtitle: A Report from Hewin International
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
Published: November 2, 1999
Language: eng
Format: Paperback
Number of pages: 157
ISBN-13: 9780471382850
Subjects: Chemistry; Earth Sciences; Science; Technology & Industrial Arts; Science/Mathematics; Chemical & Biochemical; Chemistry - Industrial & Technical; Agricultural chemicals; Surface active agents
Notes: Executive Summary


1. Introduction


2. Main Types Of Surfactants And Properties
    2.1 General Characteristics 
    2.2 Chemical Structures 

    2.2.1 Hydrophobic Part of Surfactant Molecule 
    2.2.2 Hydrophilic Part of Surfactant Molecule 
    2.2.3 Anionic Surfactants 
    2.2.4 Cationic Surfactants 
    2.2.5 Nonionic Surfactants 
    2.2.6 Amphoteric Surfactants 
    2.2.7 Polymeric Surfactants 

    2.3 Properties of Surfactants 

    2.3.1 Adsorption and Surface Tension 
    2.3.2 Micellization 
    2.3.3 Krafft Temperature and Cloud Points 
    2.3.4 Wetting and Contact Angles 
    2.3.5 Particle and Droplet Stabilization 

    2.4 Surfactant Products 

    2.4.1 Anionic Surfactants 
    2.4.2 Nonionic Surfactants 
    2.4.3 Cationic Surfactants 
    2.4.4 Amphoteric Surfactants 
    2.4.5 Silicone Surfactants 
    2.4.6 Fluorosurfactants 
    2.4.7 Polymeric Surfactants 

3. Agricultural Chemicals And Formulations
    3.1 Introduction 
    3.2 Pesticide Active Ingredients 
    3.3 Pesticide Formulations 

    3.3.1 General Formulation Guidelines 
    3.3.2 International Formulation Codes 
    3.3.3 Formulation Types 

4. Functions Of Surfactants In Formulations
    4.1 Wetting Agent 
    4.2 Dispersing Agent 
    4.3 Emulsifying Agent 
    4.4 Solubilizing Agent 
    4.5 Bioenhancement 

5. Other Additives For Agricultural Formulations
    5.1 Carriers and Diluents 
    5.2 Solvents 

    5.2.1 Aliphatics 
    5.2.2 Aromatics 
    5.2.3 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 
    5.2.4 Ketones 
    5.2.5 Alcohols 
    5.2.6 Ethers 

    5.3 Thickeners 

    5.3.1 Water Insoluble Particulates 
    5.3.2 Water Soluble Polymers 

    5.4 Preservatives 

    5.4.1 Spoilage Microoganisms 
    5.4.2 Types of Preservatives 

    5.5 Antifreeze Agents 
    5.6 Antifoam Agents 
    5.7 Anticaking Agents 

6. Future Trends In Formulations And Surfactants
    6.1 Introduction 
    6.2 Formulation Developments 

    6.2.1 Water Dispersible Granules (WG) 
    6.2.2 Suspension Concentrates (SC) 
    6.2.3 Suspoemulsions (SE) 
    6.2.4 Emulsions (EW) 
    6.2.5 Microemulsions (ME) 
    6.2.6 Controlled-Release Formulations 
    6.2.7 Other Formulation Trends 
    6.2.8 Built-in-Wetter Formulations 
    6.2.9 Biotechnology 

    6.3 Novel Surfactants and Other Additives 

    6.3.1 Polymeric Surfactants 
    6.3.2 Tristyrylphenol Ethoxylates 
    6.3.3 Fluorinated and Silicone-Based Surfactants 
    6.3.4 Alkylpolysaccharides/Alkylpolyglucosides 
    6.3.5 New Solvents and Binders/Disintegrants 

    6.4 Environmental Aspects 

    6.4.1 Surfactant Biodegradability and Toxicity 
    6.4.2 Formulation and Packaging 

7. Regulatory Requirements
    7.1 Regulation in Europe 

    7.1.1 Inert Additives and Adjuvants 

    7.2 Regulation in the US 

    7.2.1 Product Labelling 
    7.2.2 Inert Additives and Adjuvants 

8. Biotechnology And Genetically Modified Crops
    8.1 Biopesticides 
    8.2 Genetically Modified Crops 

9. Market Trends For Formulations And Surfactants
    9.1 World Market for Agricultural Formulations 
    9.2 The Western European Market for Agricultural Formulations 
    9.3 Generic Agrochemicals Market 
    9.4 World Market for Surfactants by Type and Application 

Appendix I: Typical Selected Formulations


Appendix II: Main Suppliers Of Surfactants For Agrochemicals


Appendix III: Information Resources


List Of Tables
    2.1 Surface Tensions for the Water/Air Interface (mN/m) 
    2.2 Critical Micelle Concentrations 
    2.4 Properties of Nonylphenol Ethoxylates 
    2.5 Properties of ABA Block Copolymers 
    2.6 Examples of Nonionic Surfactants 
    2.7 Physical Properties of Some Nonionic Surfactants 
    3.1 Herbicides by Chemical Class 
    3.2 Fungicides by Chemical Class 
    3.3 Insecticides by Chemical Class 
    3.4 Rodenticides by Chemical Class 
    3.5 International Codes for Major Types of Pesticide Formulations 
    3.6 Processing Techniques for Water Dispersible Granules 
    3.7 Comparison of Granulation Processes 
    4.1 Wetting Agents and Their Suppliers 
    4.2 Dispersing Agents and Their Suppliers 
    4.3 Emulsifying Agents and Their Suppliers 
    5.1 Classification of Fillers 
    5.2 Absorptive Capacity of Fillers/Carriers 
    5.3 Properties of an Ideal Solvent 
    5.4 Some Properties of Commonly Used Solvents 
    6.1 Typical Surfactants for Susoemulsion Formulations 
    7.1 European Union Data Requirements for Active Ingredients in Annex II and Formulated Products in Annex III, Respectively 
    7.2 EPA Acute Toxicity Categories (40 CFT Part 156.10) 
    7.3 WHO Toxicity Classification of Pesticides 
    9.1 Top 10 Agrochemical Companies in the World (1998) 
    9.2 World Agrochemical Market by Global Regions (1998) 
    9.3 World Agrochemical Market by Crop (1998) 
    9.4 Western European Agrochemical Market by Country (1989-2000) 
    9.5 Western European Market Shares by Country (1998) 
    9.6 Western European Market Shares by Company (1998) 
    9.7 General Formulation Types (Western Europe) by Volume 
    9.8 Total Surfactants Market by Region (1998 and 2005) 
    9.9 Surfactant Consumption in the US, Western Europe, and Japan (1998) 
    9.10 Surfactant Market in the US, Western Europe, and Japan 
    9.11 Western European Surfactant Consumption by Type 
    9.12 Western European Surfactant Consumption by Type 
    9.13 Western European Surfactant Consumption by Application 
    9.14 Western European Surfactant Consumption by Application 
    9.15 Surfactants Used in Agrochemical Formulations by Region (1998) 
    9.16 Global Usage of Surfactants in Formulations by Surfactant Type 
    9.17 Surfactant Usage by Formulation Type in Western Europe (1998)