Use and Formation of Chithliarnak (Gender) and Chatial Mih/kanhnak (Apostrophe) in Bawm
Publisher: The Author
Published: 2012
Language: eng
Number of pages: 5
Description: Use & Formation Of Chithliarnak (GENDER)And Chatial Mih/Kanhnak (APOSTOPHE) In Bawm

Vannunsiam Bawm
Ex - Headmaster
Ruma Junior High School

At first thanks to Mr. L. Dolian who had made BAWM BU-BULBU (Bawm Primary Book)in 1952. As far as my knowledge goes, since then the Bawms literature is mostimproved. According to S. Loncheu, now 99% of the Bawm people can read and writein their own script. It is very good to hearing for us. To improve or develop ourliterature, we are still in need of formation or structure of words and sentences. Therefore, I would like to present some structure or formations on Chithliarnak(GENDER) and Chatial Mih/Kanhnak (APOSTOPHE) in Bawm.

Gender:
Like English, there are four kind of Gender in Bawm, as–
1.MIPA CHI (Masculine Gender): Names of the male sex belong to this class; as –Lalpa (King).
2.NUNAU CHI (Feminine Gender):Names of the female sex belong to this class; as–Lalnu (Queen).
3.CHI PHIR (Common Gender) : Names common to both males and females areregarded as noun of the Common Gender; as – Fasem (Infant).
4.NUNGLO MI CHI (Neuter Gender) : Names denote neither the male nor thefemale, belong this class; as – Chabu (Book). 

Thus, there are four kind of Chithliarnak (Gender) in Bawm. But, the use and theformation are most different between MIPA CHI and NUNAU CHI. MIPA CHI is formedby adding suffixes with PA, CHAL, KHAWNG and prefixes with PA while NUNAU CHI isformed by adding suffixes with NU, PINU and prefixes with NU. But, the Bawms neverused Gender suffixes or prefixes in personal names. MIPA CHI and NUNAU CHI’Sformation given below: -

FORMATION OF MIPA CHI (MASCULINE GENDER):
1.‘PA’ is stands for father. It is uses/adding after CHI PHIR (Common Gender) toform MIPA CHI when it denotes relatives, position/title and doer/agent; as –

Base Word                                                                             Suffixes with ‘PA’ 
Tu (Common Gender for both male & female)                      -- Tu + Pa = Tupa (Nephew)
Fa                            (do)                                                      - - Fa + Pa = Fapa (Son)
Mithahtu                 (do)                                                       -- Mithahtu + Pa = Mithahtupa(Murderer)
Sintirtu                   (do)                                                       -- Sintirtu + Pa = Sintirtupa (Master)    

2.‘PA’ is also uses for Prefixes when it denotes relatives.

Base word                                                                            Prefixes with ‘PA’ 
TE (It stands for small, tiny, little etc.)                              -- Pa + Te = Pate (father’syounger brother 
                                                                                               or,mother’s younger sister’s husband)
PI (It stands for big, large, great etc.)                                -- Pa + Pi = Papi (father’s elder brother 
                                                                                              or,mother’s elder sister’s husband)

3.‘CHAL’ is always used for suffix to form MIPA CHI when it denotes Animal’s name.

Base word                                                                            Suffixes with ‘CHAL’
Uicho (Common Gender for both male & female)                -- Uicho + Chal =Uichochal (Dog)
Kel                                    (do)                                            -- Kel + Chal = Kelchal (He-goat)

4. ‘KHAWNG’ is used for suffix to form MIPA CHI when it denotes Bird’s name.

Base word                                                                            Suffixes with ‘KHAWNG’
Ar (Common Gender for both male & female)                       --Ar + Khawng = Arkhawng(Cock)
Varawhaw                  (do)                                                    -- Varawhaw + Khawng 
                                                                                                 =Varawhawkhawng(Pea-Cock)

FORMATION OF NUNAU CHI (FEMININE GENDER):
1.‘NU’ is stands for mother. It is uses/adding after CHI PHIR (Common Gender) toform NUNAU CHI when it denotes relatives, position/title and doer/agent; as-

Base word                                                                           Suffixes with ‘NU’ 
Tu (Common Gender for both male & female)                    -- Tu + Nu = Tunu (Niece)
Fa                            (do)                                                     -- Fa + Nu = Fanu (Daughter)
Mithahtu                 (do)                                                     -- Mithahtu + Nu = Mithahtunu(Murderess)
Sintirtu                   (do)                                                     -- Sintirtu + Nu = Sintirtunu (Mistress)

2.Like PA, ‘NU’ is uses for prefix when it denotes Relatives.

Base word                                                                           Prefixes with ‘NU’
TE (It stands for small, tiny, little etc.)                             -- Nu + Te = Nute (mother’syounger sister 
                                                                                            or,father’s younger brother’s wife)
PI (It stands for big, large, elder etc.)                              -- Nu + Pi = Nupi (mother’selder sister 
                                                                                            or,father’s elder brother’s wife)

3.‘PINU’ is used for suffix to form NUNAU CHI when it denotes Animal’s or Bird’sname.

Base word                                                                          Suffixes with ‘PINU’
Uicho (Common Gender for both male & female)              - – Uicho+ Pinu = Uichopinu(Bitch)   
Kel                       (do)                                                        -- Kel + Pinu = Kelpinu (She-goat)
Ar                        (do)                                                        -- Ar + Pinu = Arpinu (Hen)
Varawhaw           (do)                                                        -- Varawhaw + Pinu =Varawhawpinu (Pea-
                                                                                             hen)

From above explanations, it is clear that the Bawms are always used PA, CHAL, andKHAWNG to form MIPA CHI while NUNAU CHI is used for NU and PINU. These are theformations/structures of “MIPA” CHI and “NUNAU” CHI in the Bawm. We can formmore male and female words by using above structures. As far as my knowledgegoes, there is always Common Gender in Bawm without Prefix or Suffix viz: Pa, Chal,Khawng, Nu and Pinu etc. MIPA CHI and NUNAU CHI that are always formed from CHIPHIR (Common Gender) in Bawm are discussed briefly below: -

FIGURE: COMMON GENDER IN BAWM.

COMMON GENDER (BASE WORD)                          MACULINE Gender                    FEMININE Gender
1.Base Word(Relatives/Position/Doer etc):       Suffixes with ‘PA’                     Suffixes with ‘NU’
TU (Common Gender for both Tupa & Tunu)      Tupa (Nephew)                         Tunu(Niece)
FA (Common Gender for both Fapa &Fanu)        Fapa (Son)                                 Fanu (Daughter)
LAL (Common Gender for both Lalpa &Lalnu)     Lalpa (King)                               Lalnu (Queen)
MO (Common Gender for both Mopa &Monu)     Mopa (Bridegroom)                   Monu (Bride)


                                                                          Prefixes with ‘PA’                     Prefixes with ‘NU’
PI (It stands for big, large, great etc.)               Papi (father’s elderbrother)      Nupi (mother’s 
                                                                                                                            elder sister)
TE (It stands for small, tiny, little etc.)             Pate (father’s youngerbrother) Nute (mother’s 
                                                                                                                            younger sister)
                                                                          
                                                                         
2.Base Word (Animal’s Name):                                          Suffixes with ‘CHAL’    Suffixes with ‘PINU’
UICHO (Common Gender for bothUichochal & Uichopinu)    Uichochal (Dog)       Uichopinu (Bitch)
KEL (Common Gender for both Kelchal &Kelpinu)                 Kelchal (He-goat)    Kelpinu (She-goat)
DAWRA (Common Gender for bothDawrachal & Dawrapinu) Dawrachal (Ram)     Dawrapinu (Ewe)



3. Base Word (Bird’s Name):                                           Suffixes with‘KHAWNG’ Suffixes with ‘PINU’
AR (Common Gender or both Arkhawng& Arpinu)                   Arkhawng(Cock)     Arpinu (Hen)
Varawhaw (Comon Gender for bothVarawhawkhawng       Varawhawkhawng     Varawhawpinu
           & Varawhawpinu)                                                         (Pea-Cock)                (Pea- Hen) 

Thus, MIPA CHI and NUNAU CHI are always formed from CHI PHIR in Bawm which iscalled the Common Gender in English.CHATIAL MIH/KANHNAK (APOSTROPHE)/ ’Usually the Bawms do not use apostrophe (’) when they are writing. Even, theapostrophe was not found in their Hymn Book, the Holy Bible, and writing letter etc.We know that it is used for Possessive Case and short form.

For example:
1. Nutawi Chabu = Nutawi’s book.
2. Nunau Sikul = Girl’s School.
3. Hi hi = It’s (short form).
4. Chu chu = That’s (short form).

Here, it is clear that there are no use of apostrophe (’) in Bawm. I hope and believethat we could use the apostrophe by below structure or formation. The two Sentencesare given below that we could use apostrophe.

For Example:
1.Iteach you =Kansintir.
2.He teachs you = An sintir.

Here, ‘Kan’ is stands for ‘I’ and ‘He’ is stands for ‘An’. But ‘Kan’ and ‘An’ is plural notsingular in Bawm. Then, how can we use KAN and AN (Plural form) instead of I and HE(Singular form)? Here, apostrophe is most necessary for correct Sentence. The Correct Sentences will be:

1. I teach you        = Ka nan sintir (Without apostrophe)
                              = Ka’n sintir (By using apostrophe)

2. He teach you    = A nan sintir (Without apostrophe)
                             = A’n sintir (By using apostrophe)

For above the two Sentences, structure will be:

No-1: . 1st. Per. Sing. Num. is do something (verb) for 2nd. Per. Sing. Num.
No-2. 3rd. Per. Sing. Num. is do something (verb)for 2nd. Per. Sing. Num.

So, if we want to use respectively ‘KAN’ and ‘AN’ instead of ‘I’ and ‘HE’, we shouldwrite or use respectively ka’n and ‘A’n not ‘Kan’ and ‘An’ because ‘KA’ and ‘A’ are singular and ‘KAN’ and ‘AN’ is plural form. For more example are showed below foryour kind assistance and understanding.

Long Form                              Short Form (By using apostrophe)
1. Uichochal                           - Ui’chal (Dog)
2. Uichopinu                          - Ui’pinu (Bitch)
3. Ti-sum-sum-riat                 - Ti’sumriat (Sea/Ocean)
4. Sikhawmsele                      - ’Khawmsele
5. Sansuahtu                         - San’htu (Protector/Redeemer)
6. Khuaitizu                           - Khuai’zu (Honey)  
7. Karei                                  - K’rei (Intelligent)

Letters/alphabet is omitted in English when short form or apostrophe is using. But inthe Bawm, there is not only the letters/alphabet but also the word is omitted whenshort form is used. However, we can resolve the problem by making its structure orformation.
Table of contents: title: Use & Formation Of Chithliarnak (GENDER)And Chatial Mih/Kanhnak (APOSTOPHE) In Bawm; title: Vannunsiam Bawm; title: Ex - Headmaster; title: Ruma Junior High School; title: At first thanks to Mr. L. Dolian who had made BAWM BU-BULBU (Bawm Primary Book)in 1952. As far as my knowledge goes, since then the Bawms literature is mostimproved. According to S. Loncheu, now 99% of the Bawm people can read and writein their own script. It is very good to hearing for us. To improve or develop ourliterature, we are still in need of formation or structure of words and sentences. Therefore, I would like to present some structure or formations on Chithliarnak(GENDER) and Chatial Mih/Kanhnak (APOSTOPHE) in Bawm.; title: Gender:; title: Like English, there are four kind of Gender in Bawm, as–; title: 1.MIPA CHI (Masculine Gender): Names of the male sex belong to this class; as –Lalpa (King).; title: 2.NUNAU CHI (Feminine Gender):Names of the female sex belong to this class; as–Lalnu (Queen).; title: 3.CHI PHIR (Common Gender) : Names common to both males and females areregarded as noun of the Common Gender; as – Fasem (Infant).; title: 4.NUNGLO MI CHI (Neuter Gender) : Names denote neither the male nor thefemale, belong this class; as – Chabu (Book).; title: Thus, there are four kind of Chithliarnak (Gender) in Bawm. But, the use and theformation are most different between MIPA CHI and NUNAU CHI. MIPA CHI is formedby adding suffixes with PA, CHAL, KHAWNG and prefixes with PA while NUNAU CHI isformed by adding suffixes with NU, PINU and prefixes with NU. But, the Bawms neverused Gender suffixes or prefixes in personal names. MIPA CHI and NUNAU CHI’Sformation given below: -; title: FORMATION OF MIPA CHI (MASCULINE GENDER):; title: 1.‘PA’ is stands for father. It is uses/adding after CHI PHIR (Common Gender) toform MIPA CHI when it denotes relatives, position/title and doer/agent; as –; title: Base Word                                                                             Suffixes with ‘PA’; title: Tu (Common Gender for both male & female)                      -- Tu + Pa = Tupa (Nephew); title: Fa                            (do)                                                      - - Fa + Pa = Fapa (Son); title: Mithahtu                 (do)                                                       -- Mithahtu + Pa = Mithahtupa(Murderer); title: Sintirtu                   (do)                                                       -- Sintirtu + Pa = Sintirtupa (Master); title: 2.‘PA’ is also uses for Prefixes when it denotes relatives.; title: Base word                                                                            Prefixes with ‘PA’; title: TE (It stands for small, tiny, little etc.)                              -- Pa + Te = Pate (father’syounger brother; title: or,mother’s younger sister’s husband); title: PI (It stands for big, large, great etc.)                                -- Pa + Pi = Papi (father’s elder brother; title: or,mother’s elder sister’s husband); title: 3.‘CHAL’ is always used for suffix to form MIPA CHI when it denotes Animal’s name.; title: Base word                                                                            Suffixes with ‘CHAL’; title: Uicho (Common Gender for both male & female)                -- Uicho + Chal =Uichochal (Dog); title: Kel                                    (do)                                            -- Kel + Chal = Kelchal (He-goat); title: 4. ‘KHAWNG’ is used for suffix to form MIPA CHI when it denotes Bird’s name.; title: Base word                                                                            Suffixes with ‘KHAWNG’; title: Ar (Common Gender for both male & female)                       --Ar + Khawng = Arkhawng(Cock); title: Varawhaw                  (do)                                                    -- Varawhaw + Khawng; title: =Varawhawkhawng(Pea-Cock); title: FORMATION OF NUNAU CHI (FEMININE GENDER):; title: 1.‘NU’ is stands for mother. It is uses/adding after CHI PHIR (Common Gender) toform NUNAU CHI when it denotes relatives, position/title and doer/agent; as-; title: Base word                                                                           Suffixes with ‘NU’; title: Tu (Common Gender for both male & female)                    -- Tu + Nu = Tunu (Niece); title: Fa                            (do)                                                     -- Fa + Nu = Fanu (Daughter); title: Mithahtu                 (do)                                                     -- Mithahtu + Nu = Mithahtunu(Murderess); title: Sintirtu                   (do)                                                     -- Sintirtu + Nu = Sintirtunu (Mistress); title: 2.Like PA, ‘NU’ is uses for prefix when it denotes Relatives.; title: Base word                                                                           Prefixes with ‘NU’; title: TE (It stands for small, tiny, little etc.)                             -- Nu + Te = Nute (mother’syounger sister; title: or,father’s younger brother’s wife); title: PI (It stands for big, large, elder etc.)                              -- Nu + Pi = Nupi (mother’selder sister; title: or,father’s elder brother’s wife); title: 3.‘PINU’ is used for suffix to form NUNAU CHI when it denotes Animal’s or Bird’sname.; title: Base word                                                                          Suffixes with ‘PINU’; title: Uicho (Common Gender for both male & female)              - – Uicho+ Pinu = Uichopinu(Bitch); title: Kel                       (do)                                                        -- Kel + Pinu = Kelpinu (She-goat); title: Ar                        (do)                                                        -- Ar + Pinu = Arpinu (Hen); title: Varawhaw           (do)                                                        -- Varawhaw + Pinu =Varawhawpinu (Pea-; title: hen); title: From above explanations, it is clear that the Bawms are always used PA, CHAL, andKHAWNG to form MIPA CHI while NUNAU CHI is used for NU and PINU. These are theformations/structures of “MIPA” CHI and “NUNAU” CHI in the Bawm. We can formmore male and female words by using above structures. As far as my knowledgegoes, there is always Common Gender in Bawm without Prefix or Suffix viz: Pa, Chal,Khawng, Nu and Pinu etc. MIPA CHI and NUNAU CHI that are always formed from CHIPHIR (Common Gender) in Bawm are discussed briefly below: -; title: FIGURE: COMMON GENDER IN BAWM.; title: COMMON GENDER (BASE WORD)                          MACULINE Gender                    FEMININE Gender; title: 1.Base Word(Relatives/Position/Doer etc):       Suffixes with ‘PA’                     Suffixes with ‘NU’; title: TU (Common Gender for both Tupa & Tunu)      Tupa (Nephew)                         Tunu(Niece); title: FA (Common Gender for both Fapa &Fanu)        Fapa (Son)                                 Fanu (Daughter); title: LAL (Common Gender for both Lalpa &Lalnu)     Lalpa (King)                               Lalnu (Queen); title: MO (Common Gender for both Mopa &Monu)     Mopa (Bridegroom)                   Monu (Bride); title: Prefixes with ‘PA’                     Prefixes with ‘NU’; title: PI (It stands for big, large, great etc.)               Papi (father’s elderbrother)      Nupi (mother’s; title: elder sister); title: TE (It stands for small, tiny, little etc.)             Pate (father’s youngerbrother) Nute (mother’s; title: younger sister); title: 2.Base Word (Animal’s Name):                                          Suffixes with ‘CHAL’    Suffixes with ‘PINU’; title: UICHO (Common Gender for bothUichochal & Uichopinu)    Uichochal (Dog)       Uichopinu (Bitch); title: KEL (Common Gender for both Kelchal &Kelpinu)                 Kelchal (He-goat)    Kelpinu (She-goat); title: DAWRA (Common Gender for bothDawrachal & Dawrapinu) Dawrachal (Ram)     Dawrapinu (Ewe); title: 3. Base Word (Bird’s Name):                                           Suffixes with‘KHAWNG’ Suffixes with ‘PINU’; title: AR (Common Gender or both Arkhawng& Arpinu)                   Arkhawng(Cock)     Arpinu (Hen); title: Varawhaw (Comon Gender for bothVarawhawkhawng       Varawhawkhawng     Varawhawpinu; title: & Varawhawpinu)                                                         (Pea-Cock)                (Pea- Hen); title: Thus, MIPA CHI and NUNAU CHI are always formed from CHI PHIR in Bawm which iscalled the Common Gender in English.CHATIAL MIH/KANHNAK (APOSTROPHE)/ ’Usually the Bawms do not use apostrophe (’) when they are writing. Even, theapostrophe was not found in their Hymn Book, the Holy Bible, and writing letter etc.We know that it is used for Possessive Case and short form.; title: For example:; title: 1. Nutawi Chabu = Nutawi’s book.; title: 2. Nunau Sikul = Girl’s School.; title: 3. Hi hi = It’s (short form).; title: 4. Chu chu = That’s (short form).; title: Here, it is clear that there are no use of apostrophe (’) in Bawm. I hope and believethat we could use the apostrophe by below structure or formation. The two Sentencesare given below that we could use apostrophe.; title: For Example:; title: 1.Iteach you =Kansintir.; title: 2.He teachs you = An sintir.; title: Here, ‘Kan’ is stands for ‘I’ and ‘He’ is stands for ‘An’. But ‘Kan’ and ‘An’ is plural notsingular in Bawm. Then, how can we use KAN and AN (Plural form) instead of I and HE(Singular form)? Here, apostrophe is most necessary for correct Sentence. The Correct Sentences will be:; title: 1. I teach you        = Ka nan sintir (Without apostrophe); title: = Ka’n sintir (By using apostrophe); title: 2. He teach you    = A nan sintir (Without apostrophe); title: = A’n sintir (By using apostrophe); title: For above the two Sentences, structure will be:; title: No-1: . 1st. Per. Sing. Num. is do something (verb) for 2nd. Per. Sing. Num.; title: No-2. 3rd. Per. Sing. Num. is do something (verb)for 2nd. Per. Sing. Num.; title: So, if we want to use respectively ‘KAN’ and ‘AN’ instead of ‘I’ and ‘HE’, we shouldwrite or use respectively ka’n and ‘A’n not ‘Kan’ and ‘An’ because ‘KA’ and ‘A’ are singular and ‘KAN’ and ‘AN’ is plural form. For more example are showed below foryour kind assistance and understanding.; title: Long Form                              Short Form (By using apostrophe); title: 1. Uichochal                           - Ui’chal (Dog); title: 2. Uichopinu                          - Ui’pinu (Bitch); title: 3. Ti-sum-sum-riat                 - Ti’sumriat (Sea/Ocean); title: 4. Sikhawmsele                      - ’Khawmsele; title: 5. Sansuahtu                         - San’htu (Protector/Redeemer); title: 6. Khuaitizu                           - Khuai’zu (Honey); title: 7. Karei                                  - K’rei (Intelligent); title: Letters/alphabet is omitted in English when short form or apostrophe is using. But inthe Bawm, there is not only the letters/alphabet but also the word is omitted whenshort form is used. However, we can resolve the problem by making its structure orformation.