A History Of Penance, Being A Study Of Authorities
Subtitle: Volume 2: The Western Church From A.D. 450 To A.D. 1215
Publisher: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Published: 1920
Place of publication: London, England
Language: eng; grc
Description: Volume 2 of 2.
Table of contents: title: A HISTORY OF PENANCE; title: BEING A STUDY OF THE AUTHORITIES; title: VOL. II; title: THE WESTERN CHURCH FROM A.D. 450 TO A.D. 1215; title: CONTENTS; title: PART B. — THE HISTORY OF PENANCE IN THE WESTERN CHURCHES FROM A.D. 450 TO A.D. 1215; title: X. FROM A.D. 450 TO A.D. 650; title: I. THE CONTINENTAL SYSTEM; title: TEXT OF AUTHORITIES 499; title: PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE PERIOD A.D. 460 TO A.D. 1215 536; title: After the disruption of the Roman empire the Church proceeds to conquer the conquerors.; title: Extraordinary variety of use in the exercise of Penance.; title: The investigation will henceforth be confined to the West.; title: The Western history of Penance now falls into three divisions : —; title: I. From A.D. 460 to A.D. 660.; title: A. The Continental system.; title: 1. Penance public.; title: 2. Reconciliation public.; title: 3. Reconciliation by the bishop.; title: B. The Keltic system.; title: 1. Penance private.; title: 2. Reconciliation private.; title: 3. Reconciliation by a priest.; title: Also the practice of recurring confession.; title: II. From A.D. 660 to A.D. 960. (Period of northern missions.); title: Spread of the private system of Penance.; title: In England public penance never practised.; title: The Penitential of Theodore.; title: Continental acceptance of the private system of penance and reconciliation.; title: Recurring confession becomes a practice of the devout life.; title: III. From A.D. 960 to the Lateran Council of A.D. 1215.; title: Development of the practice of confession till it is required of all once a year.; title: THE PERIOD FROM A.D. 450 TO A.D. 660 538; title: At about A.D. 460 Penance employed for two classes of persons : —; title: (a) Those who come forward voluntarily.; title: (b) Those attainted by authority.; title: But large numbers of offenders escape all discipline.; title: Points for inquiry.; title: Arrangement chronological.; title: THE "LIBER PONTIFICALIS" 540; title: Simplicius appoints three supplementary stations at Rome for penitents and Baptism.; title: VICTOR VITENSIS 541; title: The Historia Persecutions Provincial Africance.; title: The persecution of the Catholics in Africa by the Arian Vandals.; title: Reference to the according of the status of Penance, and also of reconciliation.; title: S. FELIX III 542; title: Synodical letter of S. Felix III. indicating grades of penance.; title: No sign anywhere of these grades in the Roman church.; title: To be understood as a citation of the Nioene canons.; title: For young persons the imposition of the hand for a time.; title: S. FULGENTIUS OF RUSPE 543; title: Treatise of S. Fulgentius On the Remission of Sins.; title: No remission outside the Catholic Church.; title: Sin not remitted here will not be remitted hereafter.; title: GENNADIUS 544; title: Gennadius of Marseilles On Ecclesiastical Doctrines.; title: Those who communicate must be free from the will to sin.; title: For committed sin there should be tears and prayers.; title: If the sin be capital there must be public penance, or the monastic life.; title: The confession of the dying may find the Divine pardon.; title: Differences of opinion in southern Gaul on this subject.; title: FAUSTUS OF REII 546; title: Faustus of Reii is identified with the rigorist contention.; title: Death-bed penitence insufficient because acts of penance not forthcoming.; title: Monks exempt from public penance.; title: S. AVITUS OF VIENNE 547; title: Case of a man who married his wife's sister.; title: Counsel that separation of life be accepted without requiring public penance.; title: JULIANUS POMERIUS 547; title: The De Vita contemplativa of Julianus Pomerius, professor at Arles.; title: Confession made to the clergy.; title: Discipline may be imposed by authority : excommunication to follow default.; title: Some whose sins are not notorious may discipline themselves by self-inflicted penance and excommunication.; title: Some communicate without justification.; title: Alternative courses.; title: Case of ecclesiastics.; title: The assumptions underlying the Catholic conception of Penance.; title: The admission by Pomerius of self-inflicted penance as an alternative was an important departure.; title: S. CAESARIUS OF ARLES  (bp. A.D. 502-A.D. 542)   550; title: Life of S. Caasarius.; title: Moral condition of southern Gaul terribly relaxed.; title: Outward marks of those doing public penance (Agde A.D. 506).; title: Terms of public penance.; title: Public penance suited to capital sins.; title: Priests not to bless penitents in church (Agde).; title: Disabilities after Penance.; title: Thus in southern Gaul moral laxity and public penance co-exist.; title: Result the general use of death-bed Penance.; title: Caesarius urges penance in the lifetime.; title: For capital offences public penance.; title: With confession to the priest.; title: S. CAESARIUS OF ARLES 555; title: Yet even for capital sins there is another way.; title: This is to live worthily through the whole course of life.; title: Caesarius does not look for public penance from young married men, or from those in military service.; title: Public penitents might have taken a private course.; title: The alternative of a bettered life is to be in its way Penance.; title: It is to produce the fruits of penance in the reconciliation of the sinner.; title: Pomerius had for such alternative penance contemplated a set term :; title: Caesarius looks for it to cover the whole course of Life.; title: Great importance of the admission of this alternative penance.; title: S. Caesarius gives a careful pronouncement on death-bed penitence.; title: The acute controversy on this subject in southern Gaul.; title: There are three kinds of death-bed penitence : —; title: 1. When (a) there are no capital offences, or (b) the capital offences have been washed out by good works. Penance at death is not needed for these : but if rendered, the persons will not only be pardoned but rewarded.; title: 2. When the persons have deferred the Penance till death : but have sinned without the spirit of abandonment, and now purpose amendment.; title: 3. When Penance is deferred till death, and even then restitution and forgiveness are not forthcoming.; title: For this last class the priest may give Penance, but will be doubtful of the Divine forgiveness.; title: The prevalent conviction that all do well to seek Penance at death.; title: Caesarius desired that none should die "without the medicaments of Penance."; title: Death-bed penitence involved (1) confession to the priest, (2) admission to the status of the penitent, (3) reconciliation by the priest, at least by the Viaticum.; title: Caesarius teaches that Penance may be accorded twice.; title: Homily xiii. An enumeration of alternative modes of penance.; title: Indisposition of the Church to accord penance to young men.; title: S. GELASIUS {POPE A.D. 492-A.D. 496) 562; title: Public penance required at Rome for those who had united themselves with consecrated virgins.; title: COUNCIL OF EPAON (A.D. 617) 563; title: At Epaon public penance for heretics retained, but reduced to two years.; title: For cases of homicide canons of Ancyra to be observed.; title: COUNCIL OF GERONA (A.D. 617) 563; title: Persons whose penance was not public may be ordained.; title: Communion is benedictio penitential.; title: COUNCIL OF BARCELONA (A.D. 640) 563; title: Observances of public penitents.; title: Those who receive penance in sickness must, if they recover, lead the life of penitents.; title: COUNCIL OF ORLEANS (A.D. 649) 564; title: Excommunication not to be inflicted for trifling causes.; title: S. BENEDICT OF NURSIA (A.D. 480-A.D. 640) 666; title: Confession of evil thoughts to be made to the abbat.; title: VICTOR TUNUNENSIS (d. A.D. 667) 566; title: Liber de penitentia.; title: Necessity of confession to a spiritual physician.; title: Penance may be accorded twice.; title: Repentance finds pardon, for it is the gift of God.; title: THIRD COUNCIL OF TOLEDO (A.D. 589) 566; title: This council reconciled the Arian Goths to the Church.; title: Public penance enjoined.; title: Penance only admitted once.; title: Outward features of the public penance.; title: S. GREGORY THE GREAT (POPE A.D. 590-A.D. 604)    568; title: Gregory's theory of priestly absolution.; title: The priest looses those whom the Lord has already forgiven.; title: Yet Gregory speaks highly of the dignity of the commission; which, given to the Apostles, is now vested in the bishops.; title: S. Gregory's teaching on absolution compared with that of S. Leo.; title: The Church rather with S. Leo, that in absolution the Lord acts with and through His ministers.; title: Cases in which S. Gregory's view will be held to apply.; title: Three things required of the penitent : — (1) Conversion, (2) confession, (3) retaliation.; title: Confession without the fruits of penance is inadequate.; title: Some confessions inadequately made.; title: Lent, in S. Gregory's time, had only thirty-six fasting days, and tithed the year.; title: S. ISIDORE OF SEVILLE (bp. A.D. 600-A.D. 636) 572; title: Outward features of the public penance.; title: Grave sinners confess "with the priest standing solemnly in front of them in the presence of God."; title: Priests and deacons confess their sins to God only.; title: Three means of remission : — (1) Baptism, (2) Penance, (3) Martyrdom.; title: Lent has only thirty-six fasting days.; title: Exomologesis includes confession, penance, and amendment.; title: S. ELIGIUS (ELOI) OF NOYON (bp. A.D. 641-A.D. 660) 574; title: Life of S. Eligius.; title: His confession before a priest in early life.; title: His connexion with Luxeuil.; title: His Homilies preached in coma Domini.; title: Public penance still in force.; title: Public penitents are first excluded from communion, and then admitted to Penance.; title: Outward features of public penance.; title: Absolution given by the bishop on the coma Domini with the laying on of hands.; title: S. Eligius on absolution.; title: Eligius, like Caesarius, recognises the Penance of a consistent life.; title: All Christians such penitents.; title: Danger of deferring Penance till death.; title: Lent begins to be related to Penance.; title: Distinction between public penitents and other persons present.; title: Penance may be accorded twice.; title: THE "GELASIAN SACRAMENTARY" 578; title: Varying antiquity of sections of the Gelasian Sacramentary.; title: Order ad penitentiam dandam.; title: Prayers super pomitentes.; title: Order for those doing public penance.; title: Ash Wednesday as the caput jejunii.; title: Penitence conterminous with Lent.; title: Some accompaniments of the public penance remain.; title: THE "CANON PSEUDO-AGATHENSIS" 581; title: History of this canon.; title: It details the circumstances of public penance at about A.D. 654.; title: Leading features.; title: THE "PONTIFICALE ROMANUM" 583; title: The directions for the expulsion of penitents in the Pontificate; title: Romanum are closely related to the canon just cited.; title: The circumstances of public penance are substantially the same.; title: THE SPANISH  SERVICE OF "INDULGENTIA"  585; title: The Fourth Council of Toledo enjoins the Indulgentia on Good Friday.; title: The Mozarabic Breviary.; title: The Liber Ordinum gives an alternative form of the Indulgentia.; title: The Indulgentia has no distinction of penitents : it is a congregational use.; title: Those who worthily take part in it may communicate on Easter Day.; title: XI. FROM A.D. 450 TO A.D. 650; title: II. THE KELTIC SYSTEM; title: TEXT OF AUTHORITIES 687; title: SECOND SYNOD OF S. PATRICK (c. A.D. 475)   603; title: Penance involves weeping, sad attire, and confinement.; title: GILDAS (d. A.D. 570) 603; title: The Proefatio de Penitentia of Gildas.; title: It registers the discipline in force in the British church in the sixth century.; title: In this discipline penances are private without public counterparts in the Liturgy.; title: And there is no solemn reconciliation by the bishop.; title: The Prcefatio is a monastic code, but covers all Church action for the graver sins of monks.; title: Confession is presupposed.; title: S. DAVID 604; title: Synod of Llandewi-Brefi {ante A.D. 569).; title: Synod of Lucus Victoria (A.D. 569).; title: The records of these synods are brief penitentials.; title: They are primarily of monastic scope.; title: Excerpta quasdam de Libro Davidis.; title: These not mainly for monks.; title: No reference to penitential exercises in the Liturgy, or to solemn reconciliation by the bishop.; title: What was the character of the confessions noticed?; title: The mission of S. David, S. Gildas, and S. Cadoc to Ireland.; title: S. FINIAN OF CLONARD     606; title: The Poenitentiale Vinniai.; title: The lives of S. Finian show discrepancies and anachronisms.; title: The Poenitentiale may be most fitly assigned to S. Finian of Clonard.; title: Clonard a monastery of the Irish type.; title: It contains monks, clerks, students, penitents.; title: The non-monastic inmates.; title: The Irish communities combined the functions of a monastery with those of an university.; title: Eminence of the Irish scholarship in the sixth century.; title: The penitents of the Irish monasteries.; title: Some are inmates of the monastery; others not.; title: The abbat's relation to the penitents. He had a sphere of influence, which included : —; title: (a) Inmates : monks, clerks, scholars, penitents.; title: (b) Externs : country-folk, visitors.; title: S. FINIAN OF CLONARD 608; title: Within his sphere the abbat exercises supreme jurisdiction.; title: Incomplete character of the Poenitentiale Vinniai.; title: The saint's statement as to the Penitential.; title: Some of the provisions of the penitentials of S. Finian and S. Columbanus are shown side by side.; title: Various penances.; title: The features which stand out are seen to be these : —; title: 1. Penance has not the public character.; title: 2. Reconciliation has not the public character.; title: 3. Reconciliation is not effected by the bishop.; title: Nor in the Penitential of S. Finian is it clear that the priest pronounces any formal absolution.; title: S. COLUMBANUS 612; title: The Penitential of S. Columbanus.; title: Training of S. Columbanus.; title: He and twelve other monks set out for the Continent.; title: The motive is mortification rather than missionary zeal.; title: Anagrai, Luxeuil, Fontaines.; title: These are all monasteries of the Irish type; and reproduce the various classes of inmates.; title: Columbanus exercises supreme jurisdiction.; title: After twenty years he is driven forth. His foundation at Bobbio.; title: The Regula Monachorum, the Regula Cenobialis, and the Penitential.; title: The Penitential of S. Columbanus represents the Keltic system, with the exception of § B. 25.; title: Its contents.; title: It is not confined to monastic persons.; title: Various penances. These are privately performed.; title: The reconciliation also has no public character.; title: The priest is much more in evidence than in S. Finian 's penitential.; title: § B. 25 prescribes public penance, and public reconciliation by the bishop for certain heretics.; title: It is due to some Gallic source outside Columbanus.; title: The injunction of diligent confession before mass.; title: This is, in fact, a monastic instruction.; title: Confession enjoined in the Regula Camobialis.; title: S. Columbanus does not seem to have extended his system of Penance to persons outside his bounds.; title: S. EUSTASIUS 620; title: His successor, Eustasius, did.; title: S. DONATUS (A.D. 592-A.D. 651) 621; title: S. Donatus founder of the monastery of S. Paul at Besancon,; title: And is in authority over the convent of Joussamoutier.; title: His rule for Joussamoutier based on S. Caesarius, S. Benedict and S. Columbanus.; title: Confession to be made assiduously to the abbess.; title: REVIEW OF THE FOREGOING EVIDENCE REGARDING THE KELTIC OR PRIVATE SYSTEM 621; title: EXTENSION OF THE KELTIC SYSTEM ON THE CONTINENT 622; title: Next to be noticed is the further extension of the Keltic system on the continent of Europe.; title: (A) MONASTERIES MULTIPLIED 622; title: First through the remarkable multiplication of monasteries on the model of Luxeuil.; title: Irish founders : S. Gall, S. Fridolin, S. Fursey.; title: Frankish foundations on the Keltic model.; title: Decline of the ancient Gallic monasteries.; title: (a) MONASTERIES MULTIPLIED (CONTINUED) 623; title: Foundation of Soliznac by S. Eligius.; title: Jouarre, Reuil, Rebais, Faremoutier, S. Valery, Centule, S. Vandrille, Jumieges.; title: The penitential system of S. Columbanus in force in all these houses.; title: The attraction of the monastic life lay largely in its provision for Penance.; title: (b) LEADING MEN OF KELTIC TRAINING 625; title: Next to be noticed are the prominent men of Keltic training.; title: S. Eligius. His confession to a priest in early manhood.; title: No hint here of public penance.; title: His own public reconciliations as a bishop. Yet his personal sympathies with Luxeuil.; title: Bishops of Luxeuil training : Chagnoald, Acharius, Ragnacharius, Omer, Faro, Ouen, Remaclus, Hildebert, Dieudonne.; title: Saints; twenty-one from Luxeuil in twenty years.; title: Episcopal sympathy with the private system of Penance.; title: Council of Chalon, between A.D. 639 and A.D. 654.; title: Penance is a medicine of the soul useful for all men.; title: The priest may impose penance.; title: The abbat Adso on the influence of the foundations of Columbanus.; title: (c) THE PENITENTIALS 627; title: The penitentials put forth on the continent in the seventh century.; title: Each penitential is a handbook of the private system of Penance for the use of the priest.; title: The Pomitentiale (pseudo-)Romanum and others.; title: Their characteristics.; title: The introduction of the P. pa. -Romanum giving directions for the conduct of the private system of Penance.; title: This is the first-known directory for the priest's office in private penance.; title: Of the penances of the P. pa. -Romanum twenty based on Columbanus, six on Gildas, others from various sources.; title: The penances for homicide.; title: This penitential certainly produced in the Frankish lands.; title: A peculiar feature of the P. pa. -Romanum are the two offices taken from the public use : (a) for giving penance, (b) for reconciling the penitent.; title: These offices derived in great part from the Roman SacramentArles.; title: Hence the name P. Romanum.; title: The phrase ex acrinio Romance ecclesias due to Halitgar.; title: The P. Bobiense and the P. Parisiense.; title: The vogue of the private or Keltic system at about A.D. 650.; title: XII. FROM A.D. 650 TO A.D. 950; title: I. TO CHARLES THE GREAT; title: TEXT OF AUTHORITIES     632; title: PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE PERIOD A.D. 650-A.D. 950 643; title: The period A.D. 650-A.D. 950 is the period of the conversion of Northern Europe, and in particular of the English peoples.; title: In England the missionArles were (a) Roman, (b) Keltic.; title: In England public penance and public reconciliation by the bishop never found actual observance.; title: The private system of Penance accepted by Theodore.; title: In England also the practice of recurring confessions for persons in the world takes its beginnings.; title: On the continent the Keltic (private) system is employed in monasteries of Keltic origin.; title: PRELIMINARY SURVEY OF THE PERIOD A.D. 660-A.D. 950. 644; title: And with it the practice of recurring confession.; title: The influence of English missionArles and English men of letters.; title: The clash of the public and private systems.; title: The reform councils of A.D. 813.; title: By A.D. 960 the private system, and recurring confession, have laid hold of all Western Christendom north of the Alps.; title: ENGLAND 646; title: The ancient Keltic Christianity and the continental mission side by side in England.; title: The Northumbrian Church Keltic.; title: S. Cuthbert.; title: Mercia is converted from Northumbria.; title: The missions of S. Felix in East Anglia, and of S. Birinus in Wessex.; title: Wilfrid in Sussex.; title: Theodore's statement that "in this province" there was no public penance, and no public reconciliation.; title: Theodore's life. His appointment to Canterbury. His character and work.; title: The Penitential of Theodore; title: Was not written by Theodore, but gives his pronouncements;; title: Was taken down by Eoda the priest;; title: And edited for all English Catholics by the discipulus Umbrenaium.; title: Subjects treated in the Penitential of Theodore.; title: His summary of contemporary practice at Rome and in the East.; title: Theodore admits the private system, and reconciliation by a priest.; title: What Keltic book was in the hands of Eoda?; title: Examples of penance prescribed in Theodore's penitential.; title: Confession may be made to God alone.; title: Later English penitentials (Poen. Boedas; Poen. Egberti).; title: The beginnings of the practice of recurring confession.; title: Monastic practice.; title: Statement of the Dialogue, of Egbert that annual confessions had been employed in the church of the English from the times of Vitalian and Theodore.; title: Importance of the introduction of recurring confession.; title: It is adopted first in a missionary region.; title: THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE 666; title: The development of private penance on the continent.; title: This may be traced in four different streams : —; title: 1. The development of the beginnings set in course by S. Columbanus.; title: 2. The influence of the Penitential of Theodore.; title: 3. The English missionArles.; title: 4. The English scholars at the court of Charles the Great.; title: Othmar, abbat of S. Gall. His instructions for the making of a confession.; title: The influence of the Penitential of Theodore.; title: The variety of penitentials.; title: English missionArles: S. Boniface, S. Willibald, S. Willehad, S. Willebrord, S. Lioba, S. Walpurga.; title: S. Boniface.; title: It is better to confess to one man.; title: The German council of A.D. 742. The only priests to attend the army to be chaplains for the hearing of confessions.; title: Commutation of penance.; title: Case of Adalbert.; title: Bavarian council between A.D. 740 and A.D. 750. The people not to shrink from confessing their sins in the presence of the priests.; title: Statute qucedam formerly attributed to Boniface.; title: Priests to reconcile penitents immediately after their confessions.; title: THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE 663; title: The Regula canonicorum of S. Chrodegang.; title: The clergy had formerly not been admitted to Penance.; title: S. Chrodegang, bishop of Metz (A.D. 742), founder of Canons regular.; title: He adapts the rule of S. Benedict for his canons.; title: They are to confess yearly, or twice a year, to the bishop or his deputy.; title: The rule thus derived from monastic practice, in fact, synchronises with the spread of the private system of Penance among the laity.; title: In future no distinction in procedure will be discernible between clergy and laity.; title: XIII. FROM A.D. 650 TO A.D. 950; title: II. Charles the Great and After; title: TEXT OF AUTHORITIES 665; title: THE TIMES OF CHARLES THE GREAT. ALCUUIN    688; title: Alcuin (A.D. 735-804).; title: Eminent as a man of letters.; title: Head of the palace school at Aachen.; title: Abbat of S. Martin at Tours A.D. 796.; title: Letter "to the brethren in the province of the Goths."; title: Sketch of Gothic Christianity.; title: The laity do not practise confession to the priests.; title: Opusculum to the students of S. Martin's at Tours.; title: Exhortation to all the students to use confession.; title: The same treatise sent to Arno, archbishop of Salzburg, for his students.; title: To the same Arno that the clergy should exhort to confession.; title: Advice to one of his "sons" to use confession.; title: To Damoetas to prepare for a campaign by confession.; title: Letters to monastic communities.; title: (a) Wearmouth. To wash away sins by confession.; title: (b) Fulda. The students to use confession.; title: (c) Monasteries throughout Ireland. None to decline confession.; title: All this the more modern teaching.; title: THEODULF 693; title: Theodulf of Orleans, bishop and poet (died c. A.D. 821).; title: Born in Spain of Gothic race.; title: At the court of Charles.; title: Modifies the Gothic position, which declined confession.; title: Accepts confession to a priest as open to a Christian.; title: The Capitularles of Theodulf.; title: Distinguishes between confession to a priest and confession to God alone. Both admissible.; title: When confession is made to a priest it must be adequate.; title: The eight principal vices.; title: Lenten exercise of penance.; title: Clergy to prepare themselves for hearing confessions.; title: Penances to be sought in the canons of the Fathers and in Holy Scripture.; title: Thus originates the position of the anti-penitential party.; title: Theodulf has place both for public and for private penance.; title: Theodulf perhaps the latest writer who teaches that what calls for public penance is capital sin.; title: Henceforth the teaching will be that public offences call for public penance, and that private offences are met by private penance.; title: PUBLIC ENACTMENTS 697; title: No imperial requirement of confession from the people.; title: Capitulary of A.D. 802. All priests to be prepared to assign penances.; title: Another Capitulary of A.D. 802. Inquiry to be made as to how priests hear confessions and impose remedies.; title: No mention in these Capitularles of penitential books.; title: But episcopal inquiries call for knowledge of a penitential.; title: SURVEY OF WESTERN CHRISTENDOM 698; title: All the Western Christendom of the continent now comprised in the empire of Charles, except the province of the Popes.; title: The two streams of fervour from the British Isles, (a) Keltic, (b) English.; title: Charles the Great. A true spiritual reformer.; title: THE COUNCILS OF A.D. 813 700; title: The reform synods of A.D. 813 at Mainz, Rheims, Tours, Chalon, and Arles.; title: The independent action of Charles in spiritual matters.; title: Contrast of the public and private systems of Penance.; title: Council of Arles. Public crime to be met by public Penance.; title: Council of Chalon.; title: The emperor to be asked to assist in requiring public Penance.; title: Confession may be made to a priest, or to God alone.; title: If to a priest, instruction to be given as to the eight principal vices.; title: Penitential books to be repudiated and altogether banished.; title: Penance to follow (1) Canons, (2) Scripture, or (3) Custom.; title: The Council of Chalon follows the lead of Theodulf; title: Council of Tours. Desiderates an authoritative penitential.; title: Council of Rheims.; title: Priests to know how to receive confessions and assign penances.; title: Public penance to be retained for those requiring it.; title: Council of Mainz. Incestuous persons to be expelled.; title: The Capitulary of the assembly of Aachen A.D. 813,; title: Accepts (1) expulsion of the incestuous, and (2) imposition of public Penance.; title: Gives no ruling as to penitentials.; title: Capitula ecclestaetica (c. A.D. 813); these leave over the question of penitentials.; title: CONTINUANCE OF THE CONTROVERSY ABOUT PENITENTIALS  707; title: Council of Paris (A.D. 829). Penitentials to be burnt.; title: Confession regulated : — (a) Absolution after penance, (b) Penance according to canons, (c) Reconciliation only on episcopal authority.; title: Jonas, bishop of Orleans.; title: It is the custom to confess the graver sins : few confess the minor sins.; title: Vernacular forms of confession in Germany. The Fulda form (c. A.D. 830).; title: NEW COMPILATIONS 708; title: Ebbo, archbishop of Rheims, calls upon Halitgar, bishop of Cambray, to compile a penitential based upon Fathers and Canons.; title: Halitgar adds to his compilation the Pamitentiale Romanum.; title: The phrase ex acrinio Romane ecclesie.; title: Otgar, archbishop of Mainz, similarly calls on Rabanus (Maurus), then abbat of Fulda, to make a selection from Canons and Fathers.; title: Rodulf, archbishop of Bourges (c. A.D. 850),; title: Compiles a guide for priests from Fathers and Canons.; title: Other collections.; title: Council of Mainz (A.D. 847). Penances from (1) Canons, (2) Scripture, (3) Custom.; title: NEW COMPILATIONS 710; title: Public penance for public sin (following Rabanus).; title: Rodulf of Bourges repeats this.; title: So too Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims (A.D. 857).; title: Council of Mainz (A.D. 852).; title: Private penance admitted for secret incest.; title: Change in character of penances imposed.; title: The ninth century is thus a period of conflict as regards Penance.; title: The new compilations not felt to be an improvement on the penitentials.; title: PENITENTLALS REGAIN POSSESSION BY A.D. 900 713; title: Regino, abbat of Prum.; title: De synodalibus causis et disciplinis ecclesiasticis (c. A.D. 906).; title: Priest required to have "a Roman penitential, either that put forth by Theodore the bishop, or by the venerable Bede."; title: The penitentials have thus regained possession by A.D. 900.; title: Recommends confession at the beginning of Lent.; title: Even for those who have not committed mortal sins.; title: DISCRETION OF THE PRIEST 714; title: Council of Worms (A.D. 868).; title: Recognises the discretion of the priest.; title: So too the Council of Tribur (A.D. 895).; title: LOMBARDY 714; title: Sketch of Lombard history.; title: Lombardy under Charles not a part of the Frankish realm.; title: It has its own laws and traditions, both civil and ecclesiastical.; title: The monastery of Bobbio, founded by S. Columbanus, is a centre of Keltic traditions.; title: Here, no doubt, the private system of Penance would find observance.; title: Elsewhere in Lombardy no evidence of private penance.; title: Pauhnus of Aquileia.; title: Letter to Heistulf, a Lombard who had killed his wife (A.D. 794).; title: Alternative penances open : (a) a monastery for life, (b) public penance (with detail of observance).; title: Council of Pavia (A.D. 850).; title: All reconciliation to be by the bishop, except in grave necessity.; title: Capitulary of Atto, bishop of Vercell» (e. A.D. 945).; title: Presbyter to assign penance by the judgment of the bishop and not to reconcile without consulting the bishop.; title: Thus the priest has no more authority than in the fourth and fifth centuries.; title: Contrast with the empire north of the Alps.; title: Private penance and private reconciliation by a priest unknown in Lombardy outside Bobbio.; title: THE ITALY OF THE POPES 720; title: The Order for public penance used at Rome.; title: No penitentials of Roman origin.; title: A judicium pcenitentice sent by Pope Nicholas I. to the Bulgarians (A.D. 866).; title: This was probably some existing penitential.; title: It was not to be shown to secular persons.; title: No proof of the use of penitentials in Rome at this time.; title: XIV. FROM A.D. 950 TO THE FOURTH LATERAN COUNCIL IN A.D. 1215; title: TEXT OF AUTHORITIES 723; title: PRELIMINARY SURVEY 725; title: This period will see private penance become (1) universal, (2) obligatory, (3) recurring.; title: BURCHARD OF WORMS 735; title: Burchard, bishop of Worms A.D. 1000-1025. The Corrector Burchardi.; title: The detail of sins shows the considerable use of confession.; title: The seal of confession.; title: ALEXANDER II.  735; title: Alexander II. (Anselm of Lucca), c. A.D. 1065.; title: Licence to the priests Rudolf and Theobald to impose penances.; title: Inference that without such authority priests in Italy were not expected to administer Penance.; title: Letter to a bishop admitting the discretion of the ministrant as the ultimate determinant of penance.; title: PETER DAMIANI   737; title: Cardinal S. Peter Damiani, A.D. 1007-1072.; title: The Liber Gomorrhianus.; title: Against making confessions to a partner in guilt.; title: Such confessions were therefore made.; title: The Opusculum. De Fluxa Mundi Gloria.; title: Description of the confession of the Empress Agnes.; title: Epistle 17 to the marquis Rainer on the fulfilment of his penance.; title: Violent attack upon the penitentials. (Lib. Oom.).; title: Thus at Rome penitentials were in some use, but their authority was angrily disputed.; title: At no time were the penitentials received at Rome without question.; title: HONORIUS OF AUTUN     742; title: Honorius of Autun c. A.D. 1135. The Speculum eceleaice.; title: Confession is now made frequently by those addressed.; title: A form of common confession.; title: This not to do duty for formal penance in the case of grave sins.; title: For such sins a carrina is enjoined.; title: HUGH OF S. VICTOR     743; title: Hugh of S. Victor, d. A.D. 1141. De eacramentis Christianas fidei.; title: He represents Paris.; title: Some dispute the requirement of confession.; title: Some practise confession from sheer habit without compunction of heart.; title: GRATIAN 744; title: Gratian, c. A.D. 1150. The Goncordantia discordantium canonum.; title: Gratian's personal experience was entirely Italian.; title: Is confession to a priest required, or is contrition adequate?; title: Gratian cites eighty-nine passages, and judges that both opinions are well supported.; title: PETER LOMBARD   745; title: Peter Lombard, Master of the Sentences, A.D. 1100-1160.; title: Peter Lombard was born in Lombardy, but is to be identified with the church of Paris.; title: The penitent should confess if time admit : but given the intention, contrition is adequate without the act of confession.; title: Confession in general terms covers venial sins, and such mortal sins as the memory does not retain.; title: PETER THE CANTOR     746; title: Peter the Cantor, precentor of Notre Dame at Paris, d. A.D. 1197.; title: To the more priests confession is made, the swifter the absolution.; title: ANONYMUS BENEDICTINUS 746; title: Anonymus Benedictinus, c. A.D. 1189.; title: The De pamitentia et tentationibus religiosorum.; title: Importance of confessing the circumstances of sin.; title: Confession of a sin once, and to only one priest, sufficient.; title: Sins will be forgiven as often as they occur, if the penitence be real.; title: ALANUS DE INSULIS 747; title: Alain de Lille (Alanus de Insulis), d. A.D. 1202. Doctor in Paris.; title: The priest a spiritual physician.; title: Persons should confess to a priest, even without necessity, that they may not seem to set aside a rule of ecclesiastical institution.; title: PARIS A.D. 1197 AND LONDON A.D. 1200 748; title: Synodical Constitutions of Odo, bishop of Paris, A.D. 1197.; title: Council of London A.D. 1200.; title: These show confession in general use, and regulate it.; title: CONCILIUM LATERANENSE IV 748; title: Fourth Council of the Lateran A.D. 1215.; title: XV. A REVIEW OF THE PRACTICE OF PENANCE IN WESTERN CHRISTENDOM FROM A.D. 450 TO THE FOURTH LATERAN COUNCIL IN A.D. 1215; title: THE WESTERN SYSTEM OF PUBLIC PENANCE 760; title: The fifth century.; title: Moral decadence of Christendom.; title: In the West the discipline of Penance maintained.; title: Its main features.; title: Penance accorded once only.; title: After disabilities.; title: Contrast of strictness of Penance with prevalent laxity of morals.; title: Practice of deferring Penance to the death-bed.; title: Penance as ministered does not meet all needs.; title: S. Caesarius would have all seek Penance at death.; title: Alternative modes of Penance : —; title: (a) Julian us Pomerius.; title: (b) S. Casearius.; title: Controversy regarding death-bed penitence.; title: Actual practice of Christians.; title: Many avoid Penance.; title: A few accept Penance while in health.; title: Public penance preceded by private confession.; title: Penance and Lent.; title: Congregational penitence.; title: The Spanish Indulgentia.; title: THE KELTIC SYSTEM 756; title: The British Isles.; title: No public penance.; title: The Keltic system.; title: Early Welsh documents.; title: S. Finian of Clonard.; title: His Penitential.; title: Distinctive features of this Penance : —; title: (a) Private penance;; title: (b) Private reconciliation;; title: (c) And this by a priest.; title: THE KELTIC SYSTEM 757; title: Significance of the Penitentials.; title: They are the hand-books of the priests.; title: The Penitential of S. Columbanus follows that of S. Finian.; title: S. Columbanus.; title: His administration of Penance in Burgundy.; title: The new procedure of Penance like that of death-bed Penance.; title: Influence of the Keltic monasteries.; title: They train bishops,; title: And nurture saints.; title: Penance approved by Council of Chalon for all (c. A.D. 640).; title: Multiplication of penitential books.; title: Appreciable use of the Keltic Penance in the seventh century.; title: The public system also employed.; title: ENGLAND 760; title: The Saxon conquest of England.; title: (a) from Rome, (b) from Iona.; title: The Keltic and Roman traditions.; title: THE KELTIC SYSTEM ALONE IN USE 761; title: The Keltic system of Penance accepted by Theodore.; title: Reasons for this : —; title: 1. The public system never in force.; title: 2. The Eastern training of Theodore.; title: The Penitential of Theodore.; title: Recurring confession.; title: It is practised by lay-people from the time of Theodore.; title: The practice of Penance in the eighth century.; title: IT SPREADS ON THE CONTINENT  762; title: Four streams of influence spread the Keltic Penance on the continent : —; title: 1. Existing use.; title: 2. The Penitential of Theodore.; title: 3. The English missionArles.; title: 4. Alcuin and his scholars.; title: The empire of Charles the Great.; title: THE CLASH OF THE SYSTEMS 764; title: Clash of the two systems.; title: Theodulf of Orleans.; title: The Council of Chalon (A.D. 813).; title: It attacks penitentials.; title: The Council of Tours (A.D. 813).; title: It recommends the selection of one penitential.; title: The Council of Paris (A.D. 829) condemns all penitentials.; title: Considerable practice of confession in the ninth century.; title: Attempts to compile authoritative penitentials.; title: Halitgar.; title: Rabanus Maurus.; title: These not satisfactory.; title: Regino of Prum (c. A.D. 906) requires the Penitential of Theodore or that of Bede.; title: Some discretion admitted in the priest.; title: Council of Worms (A.D. 868).; title: Alexander II. (c. A.D. 1065).; title: The Italian lands.; title: Lombardy.; title: Ancient system of Penance retained.; title: Paulinus of Aquileia (d. A.D. 802).; title: Council of Pavia (A.D. 860).; title: THE CLASH OF  THE SYSTEMS 767; title: Atto of Vercellse (c. A.D. 946).; title: The Italy of the Popes.; title: Penitentials not used at Rome.; title: Survey of Western practice A.D. 90.; title: Developments after A.D. 960.; title: These earlier in France and Germany than in Italy.; title: S. Peter Damiani.; title: THE PRIVATE SYSTEM BECOMES UNIVERSAL, COMPULSORY, AND RECURRENT 769; title: Opposition to penitentials.; title: Gratian.; title: Fourth Lateran Council (A.D. 1215).; title: Survey of Western use from A.D. 460 to A.D. 1216.; title: Survey of the history throughout. Variety of conditions and procedure.; title: The Commission is throughout the same.; title: The Last Tribunal.; title: INDEX 773