Evaluation of the relative effectiveness of low-energy photons and electrons in inducing cancer in humans
Series: NCRP report -- no. 181
Publisher: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements
Published: 2018
Place of publication: Bethesda, Maryland
Language: eng
Number of pages: 280
ISBN-13: 9781944888053; 9781944888046
Subjects: Cancer; Radioimmunotherapy; Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced; Etiology; Radiation Exposure; Adverse effects; Linear Energy Transfer; Radiation effects; Radioimmunothérapie; HEALTH & FITNESS; Diseases; General; MEDICAL; Clinical Medicine; Evidence-Based Medicine; Internal Medicine
Notes: Includes bibliographical references.
Table of contents: title: Cover; Preface; Contents; 1. Executive Summary; 2. Introduction; 2.1 Background for Present Study; 2.1.1 Recommendations for Purposes of Radiation Protection; 2.1.2 Assumptions for Purposes of Cancer Risk Assessment; 2.1.3 Previous Reviews by NCRP; 2.2 Importance of Present Evaluation; 2.3 Term to Describe Modifying Factor to Represent Biological Effectiveness; 2.4 Specification of Reference Radiation; 2.5 Use of Effectiveness Ratio in Cancer Risk Assessments; 2.6 Approach to Evaluation of Biological Effectiveness; title: 3. Spectral Characteristics of Representative Low Linear-Energy Transfer Radiations3.1 Production of Energetic Secondary Electrons by Photons; 3.2 Representative Spectra of Incident Photons; 3.3 Spectra of First-Collision Electrons and Tritium Beta Particles; 3.4 Spectra of Lower-Energy Electrons Produced by First-Collision Electrons; 4. Line of Evidence: Microdosimetry; 4.1 Lineal-Energy Distributions Produced by Photons; 4.2 Prediction of Ri Based on f(y); 4.3 Evaluation of the PDF of Ri; 5. Line of Evidence: Deoxyribonucleic Acid Damage; 5.1 DNA Damage from Ionizing Radiation; title: 5.2 Photon and Electron Damage to DNA5.3 Experimental Data on Relative Biological Effectiveness for DNA Double-Strand Breaks; 5.4 Relative Biological Effectiveness of DNA Double-Strand Breaks from Theoretical Simulations; 5.5 Enhancement of Relative Biological Effectiveness for Slow-Rejoining Double-Strand Breaks; 5.6 Enhancement of Relative Biological Effectiveness for Complex Double-Strand Breaks from Simulations; 5.7 Role of DNA Base Damage; 5.8 Estimation of Probability Density Functions for Ri of Double-Strand Breaks and also with Enhancement for Biological Severity; title: 5.8.1 PDFs of Ri for 15 to 30 keV Photons5.8.2 PDFs of Ri for 1.5 keV Photons; 5.8.3 PDF of Ri for 40 to 60 keV Photons; 5.8.4 PDF of Ri for>60 to 150 keV Photons; 5.8.5 PDF of Ri for Tritium Beta Particles; 5.8.6 Summary of Recommended PDFs; 5.8.7 Relevance of Ri for Initial DSBs in DNA; 6. Line of Evidence: Cellular Radiobiology and Animal Studies; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Structural Chromosome Aberrations; 6.2.1 Studies Using Conventional Giemsa Staining; 6.2.2 Difficulties with Studies Using Giemsa Staining; 6.2.3 Studies Using FISH and mFISH; 6.3 Micronuclei; title: 6.4 Cell Survival and Cell Killing6.5 Cell Mutation; 6.6 Cellular Transformation; 6.7 Effects in Cells (in vitro and in vivo) from Low-Energy Radionuclide Emissions; 6.8 Other Considerations of Cellular Effects; 6.9 Studies of Cancer and Other Organ Endpoints in Whole Animals; 6.9.1 Studies with External Radiation; 6.9.2 Studies with Radionuclides Incorporated in Animal Tissues; 6.10 Development of Probability Density Functions of Ri; 6.10.1 Photons of Energy 1.5 keV (AlK); 6.10.2 Photons of Energy 15 to 30 keV; 6.10.3 Photons of Energy 40 to 60 keV or>60 to 150 keV