Secret of Legume and Non-Legume Hosts on Sandalwood Growth in Entisol in Timor-Leste
Subtitle: Legume & Non-Legume for Sandalwood Growth in Timor-Leste
Publisher: Staten House
Published: 2024
Place of publication: New York, USA
Language: eng
Format: Hardback
Number of pages: 295
ISBN-13: 9798894965741
Copyright date: September 30, 2024
Subjects: Agriculture; Science
First sentence: Secret of Legume and Non-Legume Hosts on Sandalwood Growth in Entisol in Timor-Leste
Table of contents: title: TABLE OF CONTENTS; title: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	iv; title: SUMMARY AND THOUGHTS	vi; title: ABSTRACT	vii; title: SUMMARY	viii; title: 1	CHAPTER I	1; title: BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE OF SANDALWOOD IN TIMOR-LESTE	1; title: 1.1	Background of sandalwood in Timor-Leste	1; title: 1.2	Understanding Santalum Album	4; title: 1.2.1	Botanical Characteristics	4; title: 1.2.2	Cultivation and Growth Conditions	5; title: 1.2.3	Economic and Cultural Significance	5; title: 1.2.4	Medicinal and Therapeutic Properties	5; title: 1.2.5	Raw Material for Industrial	6; title: 1.2.6	Conservation and Sustainability	6; title: 1.3	Soil Types and Their Influence Soil Properties and Santalum Album Growth in Timor-Leste	7; title: 1.3.1	Soil Types in Timor-Leste	7; title: 1.3.2	Influence of Soil Properties on Santalum Album Growth	8; title: 1.3.3	Soil Management Practices for Santalum Album Cultivation	9; title: 1.4	Chemical Interactions in Soil Properties and Santalum Album Growth in Timor-Leste	10; title: 1.4.1	Soil Properties: An Overview	11; title: 1.4.2	Chemical Interactions in Soil	11; title: 1.4.3	Soil Amendments and Management Practices	12; title: 1.5	Physical Properties and Santalum Album Growth in Timor-Leste	13; title: 1.5.1	Understanding Soil Physical Properties	13; title: 1.5.2	The Impact of Soil Physical Properties on Santalum Album Growth	14; title: 1.6	Cultivation and Management Practices for  Santalum Album Growth in Timor-Leste	15; title: 1.7	Soil Preparation for Santalum Album Cultivation	16; title: 1.7.1	Soil Analysis and Amendment	16; title: 1.7.2	Land Preparation and Site Selection	16; title: 1.8	Irrigation Strategies for Santalum Album	16; title: 1.8.1	Water Management and Conservation	16; title: 1.9	Nutrient Management for Santalum Album	17; title: 1.9.1	Organic and Inorganic Fertilization	17; title: 1.9.2	Biofertilizers and Microbial Inoculants	17; title: 1.10	Disease Management and Pest Control	17; title: 1.10.1	Integrated Pest and Disease Management	18; title: 1.10.2	Monitoring and Early Intervention	18; title: 1.11	Type of sandalwood	19; title: 1.11.1	Santalum austrocaledonicum, Vieill.	19; title: 1.11.2	Santalum lanceolatum, R.Br	23; title: 1.11.3	Santalum paniculatum	26; title: 1.11.4	Santalum elipticum	30; title: 1.11.5	Santalum spicatum	33; title: 1.11.6	Santalum yasi	37; title: 1.11.7	Santalum album, L.	41; title: 1.12	Sandalwood ecosystem	46; title: 1.13	Sandalwood root parasitism process	47; title: 1.14	Enhanced Haustoria Formation of Sandalwood Growth	48; title: 1.15	Understanding Haustoria Formation	48; title: 1.16	The Role of Haustoria in Sandalwood Growth	53; title: 1.17	Influence of Host Plants on Haustoria Formation	54; title: 1.18	Host-Specific Adaptations	54; title: 1.18.1	Dalbergia sissoo (Shisham)	54; title: 1.18.2	Melia dubia	54; title: 1.18.3	Azadirachta indica (Neem)	55; title: 1.18.4	Alternanthera sp.	55; title: 1.18.5	Implications for Sandalwood Cultivation	55; title: 1.19	Sustainable Agriculture and Ecosystem Services	55; title: 1.20	Economic Considerations	55; title: 1.21	Implications for Cultivation Strategies	56; title: 2	CHAPTER II	58; title: PLANTING SPACE AND CONFIGURATION	58; title: 2.1	Understanding the Significance of Planting Configurations and Spacing	58; title: 2.2	Impact Of Planting Configurations On Haustoria Formation Of Sandalwood Growth	58; title: 2.3	Influence of Planting Configurations	59; title: 2.3.1	Intercropping Patterns	60; title: 2.4	Empirical Findings and Practical Implications	60; title: 2.5	Counterarguments and Challenges	61; title: 2.6	Future Directions	61; title: 2.6.1	Clustered Planting	62; title: 2.6.2	Spacing and Proximity	62; title: 2.7	Research Findings and Implications	62; title: 2.8	Practical Applications and Future Considerations	63; title: 2.9	Optimal Spacing for Haustoria Development and Sandalwood Growth	64; title: 2.10	Understanding Haustoria Development and Sandalwood Growth	64; title: 2.11	Research Findings on Optimal Spacing and Haustoria Development	64; title: 2.12	Implications for Sandalwood Cultivation in Entisols	65; title: 2.13	Considerations for Practical Implementation	65; title: 2.13.1	Planning and Design of Plantations	65; title: 2.13.2	Monitoring and Management Practices	66; title: 2.13.3	Research and Innovation	66; title: 2.13.4	Sustainability and Environmental Impact	66; title: 2.14	Planting Distance	66; title: 2.15	Understanding Sandalwood Growth and Haustoria Development	68; title: 2.16	Impact of Planting Configurations and Spacing	69; title: 2.17	Research Findings and Insights	69; title: 2.18	Implications for Sustainable Sandalwood Cultivation	69; title: 2.18.1	Optimizing Planting Configurations	69; title: 2.18.2	Soil Management	70; title: 2.18.3	Environmental Variability	70; title: 2.18.4	Long-Term Monitoring	71; title: 2.18.5	Sustainability and Ecosystem Health	71; title: 2.18.6	Advanced Planting Technologies	71; title: 2.18.7	Genetic and Physiological Studies	71; title: 2.18.8	Integrated Agroforestry Approaches	71; title: 3	CHAPTER III	73; title: HOST PLANT SELECTION – LEGUMES VS. NON-LEGUMES	73; title: 3.1	The Effect of Legumes and Non-Legumes on the Growth of Sandalwood (Santalum album) in Timor-Leste	73; title: 3.2	The Biology of Sandalwood	73; title: 3.3	Legume Host Plants	73; title: 3.3.1	Sesbania grandiflora	74; title: 3.3.2	Alternanthera sp.	74; title: 3.4	Non-Legume Host Plants	74; title: 3.4.1	Casuarina junghuniana	74; title: 3.4.2	Other Non-Legume Hosts	74; title: 3.5	Comparative Analysis	75; title: 3.6	Implications for Cultivation Practices	75; title: 3.7	Future Research Directions	75; title: 3.8	Influence of Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Entisol on Sandalwood Growth in Timor-Leste	76; title: 3.9	Identification of Suitable Host for Sandalwood Cultivation	79; title: 3.9.1	Characteristics of Suitable Host Plants	79; title: 3.9.2	Legumes	79; title: 3.9.3	Comparative Analysis of Legume and Non-Legume Host Plants	80; title: 3.9.4	Practical Considerations for Farmers and Cultivators	81; title: 3.10	Host Plant Influence on Haustorial Growth and Development of Sandalwood	82; title: 3.10.1	The Role of Haustoria in Sandalwood	82; title: 3.10.2	Physiological Interactions	83; title: 3.10.3	Host-Specific Growth Patterns	83; title: 3.10.4	Future Directions and Research	85; title: 3.11	Forage Tree Legumes and Sustainable Upland Farming in Timor Island	86; title: 3.11.1	The Agricultural Context of Timor Island	86; title: 3.11.2	The Role of Forage Tree Legumes	86; title: 3.11.3	Integration into Agroforestry Systems	87; title: 3.11.4	Implications for Sandalwood Growth	87; title: 4	CHAPTER IV	90; title: THE HIDDEN POWER OF SOIL	90; title: 4.1	Understanding Entisols	90; title: 4.1.1	Formation and Characteristics	90; title: 4.1.2	Distribution	91; title: 4.1.3	Physical and Chemical Properties	91; title: 4.1.4	Impact on Plant Growth	92; title: 4.2	Physical Properties of Entisols	93; title: 4.2.1	Soil Texture	93; title: 4.2.2	Soil Structure	93; title: 4.2.3	Bulk Density	94; title: 4.2.4	Porosity	94; title: 4.2.5	Case Study: Santalum album in Timor-Leste	94; title: 4.2.6	Management Practices for Enhancing Entisol Properties	95; title: 4.3	Chemical Characteristics of Entisols	95; title: 4.3.1	pH (Pontential Hidrogen)	96; title: 4.3.2	Nutrient Content as Essential Elements for Plant Growth	96; title: 4.3.3	Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC): Soil’s Nutrient Holding Capacity	97; title: 4.3.4	Toxic Elements as Risks and Management	97; title: 4.3.5	Soil Amendments and Fertilizers: Enhancing Soil Chemical Properties	98; title: 4.3.6	Case Study: Santalum Album	99; title: 4.4	Entisols and Santalum Album Growth	99; title: 4.4.1	Characteristics of Entisols	100; title: 4.4.2	The Growth of Santalum Album in Timor-Leste	100; title: 4.4.3	Influence of Entisols on Santalum Album Growth	100; title: 4.4.4	Soil Management Strategies for Optimal Sandalwood Cultivation	101; title: 4.4.5	Case Studies and Field Observations	101; title: 4.5	Soil Management Practices	102; title: 4.6	Practical Guidance for Host Selection	105; title: 4.7	Legume Hosts	106; title: 4.7.1	Turi plant (Sesbania grandiflora L. Pers)	107; title: 4.7.2	Mung bean plant (Cajanus cajan L. Mill sp)	107; title: 4.8	Non-legume hosts	109; title: 4.8.1	Alternanthera sp (purslane) plants.	109; title: 4.8.2	Mountain fir plant (Casuarina junghuniana Miq)	110; title: 5	CHAPTER V	112; title: CHARACTERISTICS OF ENTISOL SOIL	112; title: 5.1	Characteristics of Soils that Support Sandalwood Growth	112; title: 5.2	Characteristics of Entisols	114; title: 5.3	Entisol and Sandalwood Growth Relationship	118; title: 5.4	Understanding Entisol Soil	118; title: 5.5	Entisol Soil and Sandalwood Growth	119; title: 5.6	Research Insights and Implications	120; title: 5.7	Future Directions and Considerations	121; title: 5.8	Impact of Planting Configurations and Spacing on Haustoria Formation of Sandalwood Growth	121; title: 6	CHAPTER VI	122; title: SOIL AND PLANT HEALTH – CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INTERACTIONS	122; title: 6.1	Physical properties of soil	122; title: 6.2	Soil chemical properties	128; title: 6.3	Influence of Soil Characteristics on Sandalwood Growth	137; title: 6.3.1	Soil Texture and Sandalwood Growth	137; title: 6.4	Comparative Analysis of Legume and Non-Legume Hosts for Sandalwood Growth	141; title: 6.4.1	Introduction to Sandalwood and Host Plant Relationships	141; title: 6.4.2	Characteristics of Entisol Soil	141; title: 7	CHAPTER VII	142; title: RESEARCH FRAMEWORK, CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH HYPOTHESES	142; title: 7.1	Research Framework	142; title: 7.2	Research Concepts	145; title: 7.3	Hypothesis	147; title: 8	CHAPTER VIII	148; title: EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES AND RESULTS	148; title: 8.1	Results The Effect of Legume and Non Legume to the Sandalwood (Santalum Album) Growth in Timor Leste	149; title: 8.1.1	The Influence of Legume and Non-legume Plants on Santalum Album Growth: A Comprehensive Analysis	149; title: 8.1.2	Understanding the Role of Legume and Non-legume Plants	150; title: 8.1.3	The Effect of Legume and Non-legume Plants on Santalum Album Growth	150; title: 8.1.4	Experimental Studies and Results	150; title: 8.2	Impact of Planting Distances	150; title: 8.3	Statistical Analysis and Trends	150; title: 8.4	Insights from Experimental Studies	151; title: 8.5	Future Research Trends and Implications	151; title: 8.6	Discussion The Effect of Legume and Non Legume to the Sandalwood (Santalum Album) Growth in Timor Leste	151; title: 8.6.1	Understanding the Significance of Legume and Non-Legume Plants	152; title: 8.6.2	Implications for Santalum Album Cultivation	152; title: 8.6.3	Recommendations for Optimizing Growth	153; title: 8.7	Sandalwood Cultivation and Sustainable Agriculture in Timor Leste: A Comprehensive Analysis	154; title: 8.7.1	Introduction to Sandalwood Cultivation and Its Importance	154; title: 8.7.2	Understanding the Effect of Legume and Non-Legume Plants on Sandalwood Growth	155; title: 8.7.3	The Effect of Legume and Non-Legume Plants on Sandalwood Growth in Timor Leste	155; title: 8.7.4	Future Research Directions and Implications for Sustainable Agriculture	155; title: 8.7.5	Central Idea and Thoughts The Effect of Legume and Non Legume to the Sandalwood (Santalum Album) Growth in Timor Leste	157; title: 8.8	Place and Time of Research.	157; title: 8.8.1	Place of research	157; title: 8.8.2	Research time	157; title: 8.9	Research Materials and Tools	158; title: 8.10	Research Methods	158; title: 8.11	Preliminary research	158; title: 8.11.1	Experiment 1: Experiment in the nursery to determine the role of host type, legume and non-legume on the growth of sandalwood seedlings. of legumes and non-legumes on the growth of sandalwood seedlings.	159; title: 8.11.2	Experiment 2: Field planting configuration experiment to determine differences in sandalwood growth due to planting configuration factors and plant spacing and host type.	160; title: 8.11.3	Analysis of soil characteristics (research III)	161; title: 8.12	Data analysis	163; title: 9	CHAPTER IX	165; title: PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR SANDALWOOD CULTIVATION	165; title: 9.1	Research Results	165; title: 9.2	Optimal Planting Strategies for Maximizing Sandalwood Growth	165; title: 9.3	Host-Plant Relationships and Nutrient Acquisition	166; title: 9.4	Soil Characteristics and Moisture Management	166; title: 9.5	Maximizing Land Utilization and Agro-Forestry Integration	166; title: 9.6	Practical Considerations for Cultivators	167; title: 9.7	Impact of Planting Configurations on Haustoria Formation	167; title: 9.8	Spacing and Haustorial Development	168; title: 9.9	Practical Implications for Cultivators	168; title: 9.10	Improved Plant Growth and Vigor of sandalwood growth	169; title: 9.11	Optimal Spacing for Haustoria Formation and Plant Vigor	170; title: 9.11.1	Haustoria Formation and Host Plant Influence	170; title: 9.11.2	Planting Distances and Vigorous Growth	170; title: 9.12	Implications for Commercial Value	171; title: 9.12.1	Environmental Considerations and Sustainability	171; title: 9.12.2	Sustainable Cultivation Practices of Sandalwood Growth	172; title: 9.13	Sustainable Cultivation Practices for Sandalwood Growth in Entisols	172; title: 9.14	Understanding Sandalwood Cultivation in Entisols	172; title: 9.15	Importance of Sustainable Cultivation Practices	173; title: 9.16	Optimizing Planting Configurations and Spacing	173; title: 9.17	Case Studies and Best Practices	173; title: 9.17.1	Preliminary Research	174; title: 9.17.2	Experiment in the nursery (study I)	174; title: 9.18	Destructive observation	175; title: 9.19	Non-destructive observation for Sandalwood plant height in seedbed	177; title: 9.19.1	Number of leaves (blade) of sandalwood in the nursery	187; title: 9.19.2	Diameter of sandalwood stem in the nursery	194; title: 9.20	Field planting configuration experiment (study II)	198; title: 9.20.1	Sandalwood plant height on Entisol soil characteristics	198; title: 9.20.2	Sandalwood stem diameter in entisol characteristics	206; title: 9.20.3	Effect of soil physical properties on sandalwood plant diameter growth	211; title: 9.20.4	Chemical properties	217; title: 9.20.5	Effect of soil chemical properties on sandalwood plant height growth	217; title: 9.20.6	Effect of soil chemical properties on sandalwood plant diameter growth	222; title: 9.21	Discussion	224; title: 9.21.1	Implementing Research Insights of Sandalwood Growth	224; title: 9.21.2	Understanding the Research Insights	225; title: 9.21.3	Optimal Host-Plant Configuration and Spacing	225; title: 9.21.4	Comparative Effect of Legume and Non-Legume Hosts	225; title: 9.21.5	Soil Property Integration with Planting Configurations	226; title: 9.21.6	Intercropping Patterns for Haustoria Enhancement for sandalwood growth	226; title: 9.22	Interactive Effects of Host Species on Sandalwood Physiology of Sandalwood Growth	228; title: 9.23	Interactive Effects of Host Species on Sandalwood Physiology and Growth	228; title: 9.24	The Role of Host Plants in Sandalwood Growth	228; title: 9.25	Water and Nutrient Uptake	228; title: 9.26	Symbiotic Relationship and Soil Interaction	229; title: 9.27	Physiological and Biochemical Processes	229; title: 9.27.1	Photosynthesis and Transpiration	229; title: 9.27.2	Antioxidant Mechanisms	229; title: 9.27.3	Intercropping Patterns for Haustoria Enhancement in Entisol-Rich Regions	230; title: 9.28	Precision Spacing for Optimal Growth Parameters of Sandalwood Growth	231; title: 9.29	Sandalwood Cultivation: Precision Spacing for Optimal Growth Parameters	232; title: 9.29.1	Understanding the Significance of Precision Spacing	232; title: 9.29.2	Research Insights and Optimizing Planting Configurations	232; title: 9.29.3	Haustoria Formation and Sustainable Cultivation Practices	233; title: 9.29.4	The Path Forward: Embracing Informed Cultivation Strategies	233; title: 9.30	Research Result	234; title: 9.31	Sandalwood Growth and Planting Configurations in Entisol Soil: A Comprehensive Analysis	240; title: 9.31.1	Understanding Entisol Soil	240; title: 9.31.2	Host Species and Their Role	240; title: 9.31.3	Planting Configurations and Spacing	241; title: 9.31.4	Physical and Chemical Soil Characteristics	241; title: 9.31.5	Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Sandalwood Cultivation	241; title: 9.31.6	Practical Recommendations for Enhancing Sandalwood Growth	242; title: 9.32	Research Findings	242; title: 9.32.1	Practical Recommendations	242; title: 9.33	Central Idea and Reflection of Sandalwood Growth	243; title: 10	CHAPTER X	244; title: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS	244; title: 10.1	Conclusion	244; title: 10.2	Suggestion	244; title: 10.3	Future Prospects and Challenges	244; title: 10.4	Future Research and Considerations	245; title: 10.4.1	Long-Term Studies	245; title: 10.4.2	Soil Amendment and Management	245; title: 10.4.3	Climate Resilience	245; title: 11	REFERENCE	247