漢字古今音論
Subtitle: A sinitic historical phonology
Publisher: 中央研究院語言學研究所
Published: 二〇一〇年十一月三十日，November 30, 2010
Place of publication: 臺北
Number of pages: 453
Other titles: Ａ　ｓｉｎｉｔｉｃ　ｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃａｌ　ｐｈｏｎｏｌｏｇｙ
Description: 簡介：

　　做為漢語基礎的漢字，除了提供人際溝通的媒介之外，它還是個極具威力的文化表徵：掌握漢字可用於區别你我是否漢民族成員的特别標志。在第五世紀，操突厥語的拓跋魏統治中原，決定漢化，以漢語漢字為其統治工具。拓跋魏掌握漢字之後，就運用帶有突厥腔調的漢語，從事日常統治業務：宣布詔書、公告政令、呈獻奏章、例行訓示、法庭裁決等等口頭及文書作業。拓跋魏官員帶有腔調的漢語，經過兩百年的政經優勢，形成了達到正統地位的官話。

　　本文以漢語內部的文獻，論述古漢語音系，如何因突厥語的參與，而引起中古漢語音系的系統性轉移。涉及官話音系形成的機制，本文提出了「合一識別為分二」的非線性音變模式。此模式是根據：（1）切韻、廣韻、韻鏡的綜合信息，（2）詩經、兩漢、魏晉詩韻譜，（3）經典釋文的舊文反切，（4）清儒考證，（5）古突厥語音系須求。

　　非線性音變模式提供了一個擬測古音能夠遵循的線索。初步探索的結果：古聲紐十八由突厥雙語人識別為中古聲紐四十七。古聲韻十一韻圖由突厥雙語人識別為中古韻鏡四十三韻圖。

　　本文認定西元四百年是漢語歷史音韻學的關鍵里程。之前為古漢語，之後為突厥語參與後的今漢語。本文的結論可廣泛地運用於漢語方言的研究。進一步的古聲韻擬測也有待於集合各個方言的整合研究。
Table of contents: title: v; title: Table of Contents; title: 1. Introduction............................................................................................................................. 1; title: 2. Meta Linguistics..................................................................................................................... 7; title: 2.1 The Chinese writing system and its Xeno-lects .......................................................... 7; title: 2.2 The sound change capacity of the Chinese writing system ..................................... 10; title: 2.3 The literati-official class ............................................................................................... 11; title: 2.4 The Tabghatch rule and its power-knowledge system............................................. 12; title: 2.5 The Turkic identification of Tabghatch...................................................................... 19; title: 3. The Nonlinear Homology Schema ..................................................................................... 22; title: 3.1 The subjection of gu/jin yin 古今音............................................................................. 23; title: 3.2 The dichotomy of light/heavy 輕重and its radial category ..................................... 25; title: 3.3 A summary of the old Turkic phonological system.................................................. 27; title: 3.3.1 The old Turkic vowel system............................................................................... 27; title: 3.3.2 The old Turkic consonant system ....................................................................... 28; title: 3.3.2.1 The Orkhon script system ............................................................................ 28; title: 3.3.2.2 The principle of sound harmony ................................................................. 29; title: 3.3.2.3 The principle of fortis/lenis opposition...................................................... 32; title: 3.3.2.4 The Turkic phonological imperatives under contact................................ 32; title: 3.4 The paradigms of the nonlinear homology schema .................................................. 33; title: 3.4.1 The configuration of the nonlinear homology schema 合一識別爲分二........ 34; title: 3.4.2 The proposition...................................................................................................... 35; title: 3.4.3 A comparison with existing models.................................................................... 36; title: 3.4.4 The epistemic differences, comparing the linear and nonlinear model ......... 38; title: 4. A Reinterpretation of the Historical Phonological Documents...................................... 40; title: 4.1 Fanqie 反切, the alliterator-rhymer spelling system................................................. 41; title: 4.1.1 The prototypicality of the homologous canonical speller sets........................ 41; title: 4.1.2 The bi-modal spellings of the post-contact era 獨金陵與洛下耳..................... 43; title: 4.2 Jingdian Shiwen (JDSW) 經典釋文............................................................................. 44; title: 4.2.1 Markers of contact phonology 或專出己意、或祖述舊音................................ 45; title: 4.2.2 Time stamps on the pre-contact spellings 漢魏迄今......................................... 49; title: 4.3 The Yunjing System (YJS) 韻鏡系統.......................................................................... 50; title: 4.3.1 Specifications of light/heavy 輕重in rhyme and onset of a chart .................. 50; title: 4.3.2 The bi-modality manifested in rhyme rubrics of the YJS 支重支輕............... 53; title: 4.3.3 Specifications of labial and non-labial 開合...................................................... 55; title: 4.3.4 An interpretation of neiwai zhuan 內外轉and rhyme doublets 重紐............. 56; title: 4.3.5 The YJS phonological signature.......................................................................... 61; title: vi; title: 5. Manifestations of Phonological Restructuring of the Rhyme System 開合詳略.......... 63; title: 5.1 The implementation of the editorial policy of Qieyun 自可清濁皆通.................... 66; title: 5.2 The type I rhymes 主合到底......................................................................................... 69; title: 5.3 The type I-a rhymes 主合到底、微玼.......................................................................... 70; title: 5.4 The type I-b rhymes 主合到底、修正.......................................................................... 76; title: 5.5 The type II rhymes 主合中途變主分............................................................................ 79; title: 5.6 The type III rhymes 切韻時取捨爲主分...................................................................... 80; title: 5.7 The type IV rhymes 接觸後旋即主分.......................................................................... 85; title: 5.8 The bi-modality as practiced at the time of GY 辯輕重例法................................... 86; title: 5.9 Relevance of the Song, Ming and Qing scholarship 輕重含義的失落.................... 91; title: 6. Manifestations of Restructuring of the Onset System 質文、部仵................................ 94; title: 6.1 Incongruent spellings 類隔反切................................................................................... 94; title: 6.2 Audit trails of the incongruency 遺文可見................................................................. 97; title: 6.2.1 The pre-contact fanqie spellings 祖述舊音......................................................... 97; title: 6.2.2 The alternate spellings of GY 廣韻又音........................................................... 106; title: 6.3 The Qing scholarship and the incongruency 清儒考證類隔................................... 106; title: 6.3.1 Twenty onsets vs. thirty-six onsets 二十紐及三十六字母.............................. 108; title: 6.3.2 Void of the Incongruency in classical sinitics 類隔不可信............................ 109; title: 6.3.3 Void of dento-labial onsets in classical sinitics 古無輕唇音.......................... 109; title: 6.3.4 Void of lamino-retroflex in classical sinitics 古無舌上音.............................. 110; title: 6.3.5 Affricates and renegades from apico-alveolars 正齒二分.............................. 112; title: 6.3.6 Sibilants and renegades from apico-alveolar 書母歸舌.................................. 115; title: 6.3.7 Void of nasal fricative in the classical sinitics 娘日歸泥............................... 116; title: 6.3.8 Void of voiced dental fricatives and approximants in the CS 定澄禪邪以..... 117; title: 6.3.9 Void of voiced velar plosives in the MS 郡匣群............................................. 118; title: 6.3.10 Elision, ultimate lenition of onsets 影云爲以................................................. 121; title: 6.3.11 The grade-1 versus grade-4 opposition 一四等對立..................................... 123; title: 6.3.12 The universal serviceability of QY, and GY 清濁皆通................................ 124; title: 6.3.13 The principle of homorganic alternations 聲部諧聲原理............................. 124; title: 6.4 The paradigm of onset sound change in the nonlinear homology schema.......... 125; title: 6.4.1 The principle of onset sound change of the written Chinese ........................ 127; title: 6.4.2 The principles of fortition and lenition............................................................. 130; title: 6.5 The 18-phoneme onset system of the classical sinitics 古聲十八紐..................... 131; title: 6.5.1 The one-column-for-one-phoneme root of the YJS 古韻鏡的類隔不可信..... 132; title: 6.5.2 The fricative /r-/- or /ʐ-/-colony in column l2 日母歸泥................................ 134; title: 6.5.3 The fricative /ð-/- and palatal /ʒ-/-colonies in column c5 禪邪歸定............. 135; title: 6.5.4 The approximant /J-/-colony in cell <h4, 3> 喻三歸見溪................................ 135; title: 6.5.5 The approximant /ɹ-/-colony in cell <h4, 4> 喻四歸定.................................... 136; title: vii; title: 6.5.6 The fricative /x-/- and palatal /ç-/-colonies in column h2 曉母歸見溪......... 136; title: 6.5.7 The fricative /ɣ-/-colony in cell <h3, 1> 匣母歸郡......................................... 136; title: 6.5.8 The approximant /ɰ-/-colony in cell <h3, 3> 云母歸郡疑............................ 137; title: 6.5.9 The apico-alveolar colonies of row 3 of cc 章昌書船歸舌............................. 137; title: 6.5.10 The pristine Han onset system 古韻鏡十八縱行............................................ 138; title: 6.6 The 48-phoneme onset system of the modern sinitics 今聲四十八紐................... 139; title: 6.6.1 The schema of the onset sound change 質識別爲質文................................... 139; title: 6.6.2 The traditional view on the schema 紐其唇齒喉舌牙部仵.............................. 140; title: 7. Validation of the Proposition ............................................................................................ 148; title: 7.1 Evidence from historical rhyming practices ............................................................ 148; title: 7.1.1 Source information 詩經漢魏晉詩韻譜............................................................. 148; title: 7.1.2 Minimal rhyming pair as the unit of study 疊韻小紐...................................... 149; title: 7.1.3 The database of historical rhyming pairs 十八萬古疊韻小紐........................ 151; title: 7.1.4 Categorization of the non-Rusheng rhyme pairs 紐其疊韻小紐（陰陽）....... 151; title: HG.01: The 冬group, charts 1, 2, 3....................................................................... 158; title: HG.02: The 支group, charts 4, 5, 13, 14, 15, 16................................................. 158; title: HG.03: The 脂group, charts 6, 7, 8, 9, 10............................................................ 158; title: HG.04: The 魚group, charts 11, 12, 27, 28, 29, 30............................................. 159; title: HG.05: The 真group, charts 17, 18, 19, 20.......................................................... 159; title: HG.06: The 元group, charts 21, 22, 23, 24.......................................................... 159; title: HG.07: The 蕭group, charts 25, 26, 37 ................................................................ 159; title: HG.08: The 陽group, charts 31, 32....................................................................... 159; title: HG.09: The 耕group, charts 33, 34, 35, 36.......................................................... 159; title: HG.10: The 侵group, charts 38, 39, 40, 41.......................................................... 160; title: HG.11: The 蒸group, charts 42, 43....................................................................... 160; title: 7.1.5 Categorization of the Rusheng rhyme pairs 紐其疊韻小紐（入聲）............ 160; title: AG.01: The 屋侯affinity rhyme group, charts 1, 37........................................... 165; title: AG.02: The 質脂affinity group, charts 6, 7, 17, 18, 20...................................... 165; title: AG.03: The 月灰affinity group, charts 13, 14, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24 .................... 165; title: AG.04: The 藥魚affinity rhyme group, charts 11, 12, 31 .................................. 165; title: AG.05: The 昔支affinity rhyme group, charts 4, 33, 34, 35.............................. 165; title: 7.1.6 A reconstruction of the rhyme system 古韻十一圖......................................... 165; title: 7.1.6.1 The *AU nucleus vowel complex............................................................. 166; title: 7.1.6.2 The *OE nucleus vowel complex ............................................................. 167; title: 7.1.6.3 The *UOE nucleus vowel complex .......................................................... 169; title: 7.1.6.4 The *EU nucleus vowel complex ............................................................. 171; title: 7.1.6.5 The *EA nucleus vowel complex ............................................................. 172; title: 7.2 Evidence from historical alliterating practices ........................................................ 174; title: viii; title: 7.2.1 Sources of onset data 經典釋文舊文.................................................................. 174; title: 7.2.2 Nature of the historical onset data..................................................................... 175; title: 7.2.3 The homorganic and heterorganic phonetic compounds ............................... 175; title: 7.2.4 Homorganic alternations and sound change 認清噪音................................... 176; title: 7.2.5 The database of onset spelling pairs 三千三舊文雙聲小紐............................. 177; title: 7.2.6 Categorization on onset spelling pairs 古聲十八紐......................................... 177; title: 7.3 The onset system of the CS and the radial categories of the MS.......................... 186; title: 8. Conclusions......................................................................................................................... 190; title: 9. A Summary Sketch in Chinese 漢字古今音論：中文素描............................................. 195; title: 9.1 前言............................................................................................................................... 195; title: 9.2 漢字系統的開放性....................................................................................................... 197; title: 9.3 拓跋氏的統治形態....................................................................................................... 197; title: 9.4 拓跋是操突厥語的鮮卑人........................................................................................... 198; title: 9.5 古今與輕重的詮釋....................................................................................................... 200; title: 9.6 韻鏡系統的輕重........................................................................................................... 201; title: 9.7 陸德明描述切韻時代的語音....................................................................................... 201; title: 9.8 反切的性格................................................................................................................... 202; title: 9.9《切韻》的編輯制作目的.............................................................................................. 204; title: 9.10《切韻》清濁皆通的執行........................................................................................... 204; title: 9.10.1 老年成熟「一目表古今」的第一韻類：主合到底........................................... 206; title: 9.10.2 老年成熟「一目表古今」的第一甲韻類：主合到底，有微玼....................... 207; title: 9.10.3 老年成熟「一目表古今」的第一乙韻類：主合到底，有修正....................... 207; title: 9.10.4 中年成熟的第二韻類：主合中途變主分.......................................................... 208; title: 9.10.5 青年成熟的第三韻類：切韻時取捨爲主分...................................................... 209; title: 9.10.6 幼年成熟「多目晦古今」的第四韻類：接觸後旋即主分............................... 211; title: 9.11 韻書韻圖的古今音自我完整性.................................................................................. 212; title: 9.12 合一識別爲分二的音系重整...................................................................................... 213; title: 9.12.1「合一識別爲分二」是突厥音系的需求........................................................... 214; title: 9.12.2「合一識別爲分二」是容許非線性音變........................................................... 215; title: 9.13 韻部的合一識別爲分二.............................................................................................. 215; title: 9.13.1 學術研究成果...................................................................................................... 216; title: 9.13.2 古詩疊韻小紐十八萬.......................................................................................... 217; title: 9.13.3 古詩用韻的分析.................................................................................................. 219; title: 9.13.4 韻圖的拓樸結構與韻部音系的重整。古韻十一圖........................................... 221; title: 9.14 聲部的合一識別爲分二.............................................................................................. 221; title: 9.14.1 學術研究成果...................................................................................................... 222; title: 9.14.1.1 Q-1 二十紐和三十六字母....................................................................... 222; title: 9.14.1.2 Q-2 類隔不可信...................................................................................... 223; title: ix; title: 9.14.1.3 Q-3 古無輕唇音...................................................................................... 223; title: 9.14.1.4 Q-4 古無舌上音...................................................................................... 224; title: 9.14.1.5 Q-5 正齒二分，章昌船乃二度音變....................................................... 225; title: 9.14.1.6 Q-6 書母歸舌.......................................................................................... 227; title: 9.14.1.7 Q-7 娘日歸泥.......................................................................................... 228; title: 9.14.1.8 Q-8 定澄禪邪以...................................................................................... 228; title: 9.14.1.9 Q-9 匣群歸郡、見曉歸溪....................................................................... 229; title: 9.14.1.10 Q-10 影云爲以：零聲和有機無摩擦延續音...................................... 230; title: 9.14.1.11 Q-11 一四等對立.................................................................................. 230; title: 9.14.1.12 Q-12 清濁皆通：韻圖韻書的古今音自我完整性............................... 231; title: 9.14.1.13 Q-13 聲部諧聲原理.............................................................................. 231; title: 9.14.2 研究成果總結與突厥語音系需求...................................................................... 232; title: 9.14.3 切韻聲類和接觸以前的反切之分析.................................................................. 233; title: 9.14.4 舊文反切三千三.................................................................................................. 236; title: 9.14.5 韻圖的拓樸結構與聲部音系的重整。古聲十八紐........................................... 237; title: 9.15 結語.............................................................................................................................. 238; title: Glossary and Subject Section Index ..................................................................................... 241; title: A. English entries with Chinese translations....................................................................... 241; title: B. Cross-reference of entries, Chinese-English .................................................................. 271; title: Bibliography............................................................................................................................ 277; title: A. English and French Sources ............................................................................................. 277; title: B. Chinese and Japanese Sources ......................................................................................... 280; title: Appendix A. Historical Canonical Onset Speller Sets....................................................... 285; title: Appendix B. Historical Canonical Rhyme Speller Sets..................................................... 341; title: Appendix C. Rhyme Speciation Diagrams Based on Footnotes of WS.......................... 380; title: Appendix D. Cross-chart Frequencies for Non-Rusheng; title: a comparison of the WJ, HN and SJ eras................................................... 385; title: Appendix E. Cross-chart Frequencies for Rusheng; title: a comparison of the WJ, HN and SJ eras................................................... 393; title: Appendix F. Selected Spellings from Various Dialect Points (Karlgren 1940)............. 399; title: Appendix G. Headwords for Grades 2, 3 & 4 of Affricates/Sibilants from YJ, WS,; title: and GY ............................................................................................................................. 423; title: Appendix H. Onset-Threaded Networks of QY & GY...................................................... 440