English Grammar Into Pashto
Publisher: MD NAZIR AHMADZAI
Published: 15/5/2011
Place of publication: KUWAIT CITY
Table of contents: title: By MD Nazir (Ahmadzai); label: ( محمد نذیر (احمدزئ; title: SIMPLE PRESENT; title: (See also Verbs -'Regular verbs in the simple present'); title: Simple present, third person singular; title: Note:; title: 1.	he, she, it: in the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:; title: he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.; title: 2.	Negative and question forms use DOES (=the third person of the auxiliary ‘DO') + the infinitive of the verb.; title: He wants. Does he want? He does not want.; title: 3.	Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:; title: fly  flies, cry  cries; title: Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:; title: play  plays, pray  prays; title: 4.	Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:; title: he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes; title: See also Verbs -'Regular verbs in the simple present', and 'Be, do & have'; title: Examples:; title: 1. Third person singular with s or -es; title: •	He goes to school every morning.; title: •	She understands English.; title: •	It mixes the sand and the water.; title: •	He tries very hard.; title: •	She enjoys playing the piano.; title: 2. Simple present, form; title: Example: to think, present simple; title: Affirmative	Interrogative	Negative; title: I think	Do I think ?	I do not think.; title: You think	Do you think?	You don't think.; title: he, she, it thinks	Does he, she, it think?	He, she, it doesn't think.; title: we think	Do we think?	We don't think.; title: you think	Do you think?	You don't think.; title: The simple present is used:; title: 1.	to express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes:; title: I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation); London is a large city (general truth); title: 2.	to give instructions or directions:; title: You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.; title: 3.	to express fixed arrangements, present or future:; title: Your exam starts at 09.00; title: 4.	to express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as, until:; title: He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.; title: BE CAREFUL! The simple present is not used to express actions happening now. See Present Continuous.; title: Examples:; title: 1.	For habits; title: He drinks tea at breakfast.; title: She only eats fish.; title: They watch television regularly.; title: 2.	For repeated actions or events; title: We catch the bus every morning.; title: It rains every afternoon in the hot season.; title: They drive to Monaco every summer.; title: 3.	For general truths; title: Water freezes at zero degrees.; title: The Earth revolves around the Sun.; title: Her mother is Peruvian.; title: 4.	For instructions or directions; title: Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.; title: You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.; title: 5.	For fixed arrangements; title: His mother arrives tomorrow.; title: Our holiday starts on the 26th March; title: 6.	With future constructions; title: She'll see you before she leaves.; title: We'll give it to her when she arrives.; title: Present Continuous or Present Progressive; title: Present Continuous or Present Progressive Verb Form; title: 1. Present continuous, form; title: The present continuous of any verb is composed of two parts - the present tense of the verb to be + the present participle of the main verb.; title: (The form of the present participle is: base+ing, e.g. talking, playing, moving, smiling); title: Affirmative; title: Subject 	+ to be 	+ base+ing; title: she 	is 	talking; title: Negative; title: Subject 	+ to be + not 	+ base+ing; title: she 	is not (isn't) 	talking; title: Interrogative; title: to be 	+ subject 	+ base+ing; title: is 	she 	talking?; title: Example: to go, present continuous; title: Affirmative 	Negative 	Interrogative; title: I am going 	I am not going 	Am I going?; title: You are going 	You aren't going. 	Are you going?; title: He, she, it is going 	He, she, it isn't going 	Is he, she, it going?; title: We are going 	We aren't going 	Are we going?; title: You are going 	You aren't going 	Are you going?; title: They are going 	They aren't going 	Are they going?; title: Note: alternative negative contractions: I'm not going, you're not going, he's not going etc.; title: 2. Present Continuous, function; title: As with all tenses in English, the speaker's attitude is as important as the time of the action or event. When someone uses the present continuous, they are thinking about something that is unfinished or incomplete.; title: The present continuous is used:; title: •	to describe an action that is going on at this moment e.g.; title: You are using the Internet. You are studying English grammar.; title: •	to describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend, e.g.; title: Are you still working for the same company? More and more people are becoming vegetarian.; title: •	to describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or prepared (See also 'Ways of expressing the future) e.g.; title: We're going on holiday tomorrow. I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight. Are they visiting you next winter?; title: •	to describe a temporary event or situation, e.g.; title: He usually plays the drums, but he's playing bass guitar tonight. The weather forecast was good, but it's raining at the moment.; title: •	with 'always, forever, constantly', to describe and emphasise a continuing series of repeated actions, e.g.; title: Harry and Sally are always arguing! You're forever complaining about your mother-in-law!; title: BE CAREFUL! Some verbs are not used in the continuous form - see below.; title: 3. Verbs that are not normally used in the continuous form; title: The verbs in the list below are normally used in the simple form, because they refer to states, rather than actions or processes:; title: List of common verbs normally used in simple form:; title: Senses / Perception; title: feel*, hear, see*, smell, taste; title: Opinion; title: assume, believe, consider, doubt, feel (= think), find (= consider), suppose, think*; title: Mental states; title: forget, imagine, know, mean, notice, recognise, remember, understand; title: Emotions / desires; title: envy, fear, dislike, hate, hope, like, love, mind, prefer, regret, want, wish; title: Measurement; title: contain, cost, hold, measure, weigh; title: Others; title: look (=resemble), seem, be (in most cases), have (when it means to possess)*; title: Notes:; title: •	'Perception' verbs (see, hear, feel, taste, smell) are often used with 'can': e.g.; title: I can see...; title: •	* These verbs may be used in the continuous form but with a different meaning, compare:; title: •	This coat feels nice and warm. (= your perception of the coat's qualities); title: •	John's feeling much better now (= his health is improving); title: •	She has three dogs and a cat. (=possession); title: •	She's having supper. (= She's eating); title: •	I can see Anthony in the garden (= perception); title: •	I'm seeing Anthony later (= We are planning to meet); title: Examples; title: •	I wish I was in Greece now.; title: •	She wants to see him now.; title: •	I don't understand why he is shouting.; title: •	I feel we are making a mistake.; title: •	This glass holds half a liter.; title: Present Perfect Verb Tense; title: PRESENT PERFECT; title: 1. Present Perfect - Form; title: The present perfect of any verb is composed of two elements : the appropriate form of the auxiliary verb to have (present tense), plus the past participle of the main verb. The past participle of a regular verb is base+ed, e.g. played, arrived, looked. For irregular verbs, see the Table of irregular verbs in the section called 'Verbs'.; title: Affirmative; title: Subject 	to have 	past participle; title: She 	has 	visited; title: Negative; title: Subject 	to have + not 	past participle; title: She 	hasn't 	visited; title: Interrogative; title: to have 	subject 	past participle; title: Has 	she 	visited..?; title: Interrogative negative; title: to have + not 	subject 	past participle; title: Hasn't 	she 	visited...?; title: Example: to walk, present perfect; title: Affirmative 	Negative 	Interrogative; title: I have walked 	I haven't walked 	Have I walked?; title: You have walked 	You haven't walked 	Have you walked?; title: He, she, it has walked 	He, she, it hasn't walked 	Has he,she,it walked; title: We have walked 	We haven't walked 	Have we walked?; title: You have walked 	You haven't walked 	Have you walked?; title: They have walked 	They haven't walked 	Have they walked?; title: 2. Present perfect, function; title: The Present Perfect is used to indicate a link between the present and the past. The time of the action is before now but not specified, and we are often more interested in the result than in the action itself.; title: BE CAREFUL! There may be a verb tense in your language with a similar form, but the meaning is probably NOT the same.; title: The Present Perfect is used to describe:; title: 1.	An action or situation that started in the past and continues in the present. Example: I have lived in Bristol since 1984 (= and I still do.); title: 2.	An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. Example: She has been to the cinema twice this week (= and the week isn't over yet.); title: 3.	A repeated action in an unspecified period between the past and now. Example: We have visited Portugal several times.; title: 4.	An action that was completed in the very recent past, (expressed by 'just'). Example: I have just finished my work.; title: 5.	An action when the time is not important. Example: He has read 'War and Peace'. (the result of his reading is important); title: Note: When we want to give or ask details about when, where, who, we use the simple past. Example: He read 'War and Peace' last week.; title: Examples:; title: 1. Actions started in the past and continuing in the present.; title: •	They haven't lived here for years.; title: •	She has worked in the bank for five years.; title: •	We have had the same car for ten years.; title: •	Have you played the piano since you were a child?; title: 2. When the time period referred to has not finished.; title: •	I have worked hard this week.; title: •	It has rained a lot this year.; title: •	We haven't seen her today.; title: 3. Actions repeated in an unspecified period between the past and now.; title: •	They have seen that film six times.; title: •	It has happened several times already.; title: •	She has visited them frequently.; title: •	We have eaten at that restaurant many times.; title: 4. Actions completed in the very recent past (+just).; title: •	Have you just finished work?; title: •	I have just eaten.; title: •	We have just seen her.; title: •	Has he just left?; title: 5. When the precise time of the action is not important or not known.; title: •	Someone has eaten my soup!; title: •	Have you seen 'Gone with the Wind'?; title: •	She's studied Japanese, Russian and English.; title: Present perfect + ever,never,already,yet; title: PRESENT PERFECT + ever, never, already, yet; title: The adverbs ever and never express the idea of an unidentified time before now e.g. Have you ever visited Berlin?; title: 'Ever' is used; title: •	in questions. e.g.; title: Have you ever been to England?; title: Has she ever met the Prime Minister?; title: •	in negative questions e.g.; title: Haven't they ever been to Europe?; title: Haven't you ever eaten Chinese food?; title: •	and in negative statements using the pattern nothing.......ever, nobody.......ever e.g.; title: Nobody has ever said that to me before.; title: Nothing like this has ever happened to us.; title: •	'Ever' is also used with 'The first time.... e.g.; title: It's the first time (that) I've ever eaten snails.; title: This is the first time I've ever been to England.; title: 'Never' means at no time before now, and is the same as not ..... ever:; title: •	I have never visited Berlin; title: BE CAREFUL!; title: You must not use never and not together:; title: •	I haven't never been to Italy.; title: •	I have never been to Italy.; title: Position; title: 'Ever' and 'never' are always placed before the main verb (past participle).; title: Already and yet; title: Already; title: refers to an action that has happened at an unspecified time before now. It suggests that there is no need for repetition, e.g.; title: a. I've already drunk three coffees this morning. (and you're offering me another one!); title: b. Don't write to John, I've already done it.; title: It is also used in questions:; title: •	Have you already written to John?; title: •	Has she finished her homework already?; title: Position; title: already can be placed before the main verb (past participle) or at the end of the sentence:; title: •	I have already been to Tokyo.; title: •	I have been to Tokyo already.; title: Yet; title: is used in negative statements and questions, to mean (not) in the period of time between before now and now, (not) up to and including the present. e.g.; title: •	Have you met Judy yet?; title: •	I haven't visited the Tate Gallery yet.; title: •	Has he arrived yet?; title: •	They haven't eaten yet.; title: Position; title: Yet is usually placed at the end of the sentence.; title: Present Perfect of Simple Past?; title: How to choose between the Present Perfect and Simple Past Tenses; title: •	Always use the Present Perfect when the time is not important, or not specified.; title: •	Always use the Simple Past when details about the time or place are specified or asked for.; title: Compare:; title: Present Perfect 	Simple Past; title: I have lived in Lyon. 	I lived in Lyon in 1989.; title: They have eaten Thai food. 	They ate Thai food last night.; title: Have you seen 'Othello'?. 	Where did you see 'Othello'?; title: We have been to Ireland. 	When did you go to Ireland?; title: There is also a difference of attitude that is often more important than the time factor.; title: •	"What did you do at school today?" is a question about activities, and considers the school day as finished.; title: •	"What have you done at school today?" is a question about results - "show me", and regards the time of speaking as a continuation of the school day.; title: Present Perfect + for and since; title: PRESENT PERFECT + for, since; title: Using the present perfect, we can define a period of time before now by considering its duration, with for + a period of time, or by considering its starting point, with since + a point in time.; title: For + a period of time; title: •	for six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two hours.; title: •	I have worked here for five years.; title: Since + a point in time; title: •	since this morning, since last week, since yesterday,; title: •	since I was a child, since Wednesday, since 2 o'clock.; title: •	I have worked here since 1990.; title: present perfect with for; title: •	She has lived here for twenty years.; title: •	We have taught at this school for a long time.; title: •	Alice has been married for three months.; title: •	They have been at the hotel for a week.; title: present perfect with since; title: •	She has lived here since 1980.; title: •	We have taught at this school since 1965; title: •	Alice has been married since March 2nd.; title: •	They have been at the hotel since last Tuesday.; title: Note:; title: •	For and since can both be used with the past perfect.; title: •	Since can only be used with perfect tenses, for can also be used with the simple past.; title: Present Perfect Continuous; title: PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS; title: Present Perfect Continuous, Form; title: The present perfect continuous is made up of two elements:; title: 1.	the present perfect of the verb 'to be' (have/has been), and; title: 2.	the present participle of the main verb (base+ing).; title: Subject 	has/have been 	base+ing; title: She 	has been 	swimming; title: Affirmative; title: She has been / She's been 	running; title: Negative; title: She hasn't been 	running; title: Interrogative; title: Has she been 	running?; title: Interrogative negative; title: Hasn't she been 	running?; title: Example: to live, present perfect continuous; title: Affirmative 	Negative 	Interrogative; title: I have been living 	I haven't been living 	Have I been living?; title: You have been living 	You haven't been living 	Have you been living?; title: He, she, it has been living 	He hasn't been living 	Has she been living?; title: We have been living 	We haven't been living 	Have we been living?; title: You have been living 	You haven't been living 	Have you been living?; title: They have been living 	They haven't been living 	Have they been living?; title: Present perfect continuous, function; title: The present perfect continuous refers to an unspecified time between 'before now' and 'now'. The speaker is thinking about something that started but perhaps did not finish in that period of time. He/she is interested in the process as well as the result, and this process may still be going on, or may have just finished.; title: Examples; title: 1. Actions that started in the past and continue in the present.; title: •	She has been waiting for you all day (=and she's still waiting now).; title: •	I've been working on this report since eight o'clock this morning (=and I still haven't finished it).; title: •	They have been travelling since last October (=and they're not home yet).; title: 2. Actions that have just finished, but we are interested in the results:; title: •	She has been cooking since last night (=and the food on the table looks delicious).; title: •	It's been raining (= and the streets are still wet).; title: •	Someone's been eating my chips (= half of them have gone).; title: Verbs without continuous forms; title: With verbs not normally used in the continuous form, use the present perfect simple. See list of these verbs under 'Present Continuous':; title: •	I've wanted to visit China for years.; title: •	She's known Robert since she was a child.; title: •	I've hated that music since I first heard it.; title: •	I've heard a lot about you recently.; title: •	We've understood everything we've heard this morning.; title: Simple Past; title: SIMPLE PAST; title: BE CAREFUL!; title: The simple past in English may look like a tense in your own language, but the meaning may be different.; title: 1. Simple Past: Form; title: Regular verbs: base+ed; title: e.g. walked, showed, watched, played, smiled, stopped; title: Irregular verbs: see list of verbs; title: Simple past, be, have, do:; title: Subject 	Verb; title: Be 	Have 	Do; title: I 	was 	had 	did; title: You 	were 	had 	did; title: He, she, it 	was 	had 	did; title: We 	were 	had 	did; title: You 	were 	had 	did; title: They 	were 	had 	did; title: Affirmative; title: •	I was in Japan last year; title: •	She had a headache yesterday.; title: •	We did our homework last night.; title: Negative and interrogative; title: Note:; title: For the negative and interrogative simple past form of "do" as an ordinary verb, use the auxiliary "do", e.g. We didn't do our homework last night. The negative of "have" in the simple past is usually formed using the auxiliary "do", but sometimes by simply adding not or the contraction "n't".; title: The interrogative form of "have" in the simple past normally uses the auxiliary "do".; title: •	They weren't in Rio last summer.; title: •	We hadn't any money.; title: •	We didn't have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.; title: •	We didn't do our exercises this morning.; title: •	Were they in Iceland last January?; title: •	Did you have a bicycle when you were a boy?; title: •	Did you do much climbing in Switzerland?; title: Simple past, regular verbs; title: Affirmative; title: Subject 	verb + ed; title: I 	washed; title: Negative; title: Subject 	did not 	infinitive without to; title: They 	didn't 	visit ...; title: Interrogative; title: Did 	subject 	infinitive without to; title: Did 	she 	arrive...?; title: Interrogative negative; title: Did not 	subject 	infinitive without to; title: Didn't 	you 	like..?; title: Example: to walk, simple past.; title: Affirmative 	Negative 	Interrogative; title: I walked 	I didn't walk 	Did I walk?; title: You walked 	You didn't walk 	Did you walk?; title: He,she,it walked 	He didn't walk 	Did he walk?; title: We walked 	We didn't walk 	Did we walk?; title: You walked 	You didn't walk 	Did you walk?; title: They walked 	They didn't walk 	Did they walk?; title: Note: For the negative and interrogative form of all verbs in the simple past, always use the auxiliary 'did''.; title: Examples: Simple past, irregular verbs; title: to go; title: •	He went to a club last night.; title: •	Did he go to the cinema last night?; title: •	He didn't go to bed early last night.; title: to give; title: •	We gave her a doll for her birthday.; title: •	They didn't give John their new address.; title: •	Did Barry give you my passport?; title: to come; title: •	My parents came to visit me last July.; title: •	We didn't come because it was raining.; title: •	Did he come to your party last week?; title: 2. Simple past, function; title: The simple past is used to talk about a completed action in a time before now. Duration is not important. The time of the action can be in the recent past or the distant past.; title: •	John Cabot sailed to America in 1498.; title: •	My father died last year.; title: •	He lived in Fiji in 1976.; title: •	We crossed the Channel yesterday.; title: You always use the simple past when you say when something happened, so it is associated with certain past time expressions; title: Examples; title: •	frequency:; title: often, sometimes, always;; title: •	a definite point in time:; title: last week, when I was a child, yesterday, six weeks ago.; title: •	an indefinite point in time:; title: the other day, ages ago, a long time ago etc.; title: Note: the word ago is a useful way of expressing the distance into the past. It is placed after the period of time e.g. a week ago, three years ago, a minute ago.; title: Examples; title: •	Yesterday, I arrived in Geneva.; title: •	She finished her work at seven o'clock.; title: •	We saw a good film last week.; title: •	I went to the theatre last night.; title: •	She played the piano when she was a child.; title: •	He sent me a letter six months ago.; title: •	Peter left five minutes ago.; title: Verb Tenses: Past Continuous; title: PAST CONTINUOUS; title: Past continuous - form.; title: The past continuous of any verb is composed of two parts : the past tense of the verb to be (was/were), and the base of the main verb +ing.; title: Subject 	was/were 	base-ing; title: They 	were 	watching; title: Affirmative; title: She	was	reading; title: Negative; title: She	wasn't	reading; title: Interrogative; title: Was	she	reading?; title: Interrogative negative; title: Wasn't	she	reading?; title: Example: to play, past continuous; title: Affirmative 	Negative 	Interrogative; title: I was playing 	I was not playing 	Was I playing?; title: You were playing 	You were not playing 	Were you playing?; title: He, she, it was playing 	She wasn't playing 	Was she playing?; title: We were playing 	We weren't playing 	Were we playing?; title: You were playing 	You weren't playing 	Were you playing?; title: They were playing 	They weren't playing 	Were they playing?; title: Past continuous, function; title: The past continuous describes actions or events in a time before now, which began in the past and was still going on at the time of speaking. In other words, it expresses an unfinished or incomplete action in the past.; title: It is used:; title: •	often, to describe the background in a story written in the past tense, e.g. "The sun was shining and the birds were singing as the elephant came out of the jungle. The other animals were relaxing in the shade of the trees, but the elephant moved very quickly. She was looking for her baby, and she didn't notice the hunter who was watching her through his binoculars. When the shot rang out, she was running towards the river..."; title: •	to describe an unfinished action that was interrupted by another event or action: "I was having a beautiful dream when the alarm clock rang."; title: •	to express a change of mind: e.g. "I was going to spend the day at the beach but I've decided to go on an excursion instead."; title: •	with 'wonder', to make a very polite request: e.g. "I was wondering if you could baby-sit for me tonight."; title: More examples; title: •	They were waiting for the bus when the accident happened.; title: •	Caroline was skiing when she broke her leg.; title: •	When we arrived he was having a bath.; title: •	When the fire started I was watching television.; title: Note: with verbs not normally used in the continuous form, the simple past is used. See list in Present continuous; title: Verb Tenses: The Past Perfect; title: PAST PERFECT; title: Past perfect, form; title: The Past Perfect tense in English is composed of two parts: the past tense of the verb to have (had) + the past participle of the main verb.; title: Subject 	had 	past participle; title: We 	had 	decided...; title: Affirmative; title: She 	had 	given.; title: Negative; title: We	hadn't	asked.; title: Interrogative; title: Had	they 	arrived?; title: Interrogative negative; title: Hadn't	you	finished?; title: Example: to decide, Past perfect; title: Affirmative 	Negative 	Interrogative; title: I had decided 	I hadn't decided 	Had I decided?; title: You had decided 	You hadn't decided 	Had you decided?; title: He, she, it had decided 	He hadn't decided 	Had she decided?; title: We had decided 	We hadn't decided 	Had we decided?; title: You had decided 	You hadn't decided 	Had you decided?; title: They had decided 	They hadn't decided 	Had they decided?; title: Past perfect, function; title: The past perfect refers to a time earlier than before now. It is used to make it clear that one event happened before another in the past. It does not matter which event is mentioned first - the tense makes it clear which one happened first.; title: In these examples, Event A is the first or earliest event, Event B is the second or latest event:; title: a.	John had gone out 	when I arrived in the office.; title: Event A 	Event B; title: b.	I had saved my document 	before the computer crashed.; title: Event A Event B 	Event B; title: c.	When they arrived	we had already started cooking; title: Event B 	Event A; title: d.	He was very tired 	because he hadn't slept well.; title: Event B 	Event A; title: Past perfect + just; title: 'Just' is used with the past perfect to refer to an event that was only a short time earlier than before now, e.g.; title: •	The train had just left when I arrived at the station.; title: •	She had just left the room when the police arrived.; title: •	I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.; title: Verb Tenses: Past Perfect Continuous; title: PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS; title: Past Perfect Continuous Form; title: The past perfect continuous is composed of two elements - the past perfect of the verb to be (=had been) + the present participle (base+ing).; title: Examples; title: Subject 	had been	verb-ing; title: I 	had been	walking; title: Affirmative; title: She 	had been 	trying; title: Negative; title: We 	hadn't been 	sleeping; title: Interrogative; title: Had you 	been 	eating; title: Interrogative negative; title: Hadn't they 	been 	living; title: Example: to buy, past perfect continuous; title: Affirmative 	Negative 	Interrogative; title: I had been buying 	I hadn't been buying 	Had I been buying?; title: You had been buying 	You hadn't been buying 	Had you been buying; title: He,she,it had been buying 	He hadn't been buying 	Had she been buying?; title: We had been buying	We hadn't been buying	Had we been buying?; title: You had been buying	You hadn't been buying	Had you been buying; title: They had been buying	They hadn't been buying 	Had they been buying; title: Past Perfect Continuous: Function; title: The past perfect continuous corresponds to the present perfect continuous, but with reference to a time earlier than 'before now'. Again, we are more interested in the process.; title: Examples; title: •	Had you been waiting long before the taxi arrived?; title: •	We had been trying to open the door for five minutes when Jane found her key.; title: •	It had been raining hard for several hours and the streets were very wet.; title: •	Her friends had been thinking of calling the police when she walked in.; title: This form is also used in reported speech. It is the equivalent of the past continuous and the present perfect continuous in direct speech:; title: •	Jane said "I have been gardening all afternoon."  Jane said she had been gardening all afternoon.; title: •	When the police questioned him, John said "I was working late in the office that night."  When the police questioned him, John told them he had been working late in the office that night.; title: Verb Tenses: Future Forms Introduction; title: FUTURE FORMS; title: Introduction; title: There are a number of different ways of referring to the future in English. It is important to remember that we are expressing more than simply the time of the action or event. Obviously, any 'future' tense will always refer to a time 'later than now', but it may also express our attitude to the future event.; title: All of the following ideas can be expressed using different tenses:; title: •	Simple prediction; title: •	Arrangements; title: •	Plans and intentions; title: •	Time-tabled events; title: •	Prediction based on present evidence; title: •	Willingness; title: •	An action in progress in the future; title: •	An action or event that is a matter of routine; title: •	Obligation; title: •	An action or event that will take place immediately or very soon; title: •	Projecting ourselves into the future and looking back at a completed action.; title: The example sentences below correspond to the ideas above:; title: •	There will be snow in many areas tomorrow.; title: •	I'm meeting Jim at the airport.; title: •	We're going to spend the summer abroad.; title: •	The plane takes off at 3 a.m.; title: •	I think it's going to rain!; title: •	We'll give you a lift to the cinema.; title: •	This time next week I'll be sun-bathing.; title: •	h. You'll be seeing John in the office tomorrow, won't you?; title: •	You are to travel directly to London.; title: •	The train is about to leave.; title: •	A month from now he will have finished all his exams.; title: It is clear from these examples that several tenses are used to express the future. The sections that follow show the form and function of each of these tenses.; title: Verb Tenses: The Simple Future; title: SIMPLE FUTURE; title: Simple future, form; title: The 'simple' future is composed of two parts: will / shall + the infinitive without 'to'; title: Subject 	will 	infinitive without to; title: He 	will 	leave...; title: Affirmative; title: I 	will 	go; title: I 	shall 	go; title: Negative; title: They 	will not	see; title: They 	won't 	see; title: Interrogative; title: Will 	she 	ask?; title: Interrogative negative; title: Won't 	she 	take?; title: Contractions; title: I will  I'll 	We will  we'll; title: You will  you'll 	You will  you'll; title: He,she, will  he'll, she'll 	They will  they'll; title: NOTE: The form 'it will' is not normally shortened.; title: Example: to see, simple future; title: Affirmative 	Negative 	Interrogative; title: I'll see 	I won't see	Will I see?; title: I will / shall see 	I shan't see 	Shall I see?; title: You'll see 	You won't see 	Will you see?; title: He, she, it will see 	He won't see 	Will she see?; title: We'll see 	We won't see 	Will we see?; title: We will / shall see 	We shan't see 	Shall we see?; title: You will see 	You won't see 	Will you see?; title: They'll see 	They won't see 	Will they see?; title: NOTE: shall is slightly dated but can be used instead of will with I or we.; title: Simple future, function; title: The simple future refers to a time later than now, and expresses facts or certainty. In this case there is no 'attitude'.; title: The simple future is used:; title: •	to predict a future event:; title: It will rain tomorrow.; title: •	(with I/we) to express a spontaneous decision:; title: I'll pay for the tickets by credit card.; title: •	to express willingness:; title: I'll do the washing-up. He'll carry your bag for you.; title: •	(in the negative form) to express unwillingness:; title: The baby won't eat his soup.; title: I won't leave until I've seen the manager!; title: •	(with I in the interrogative form) to make an offer:; title: Shall I open the window?; title: •	(with we in the interrogative form) to make a suggestion:; title: Shall we go to the cinema tonight?; title: •	(with I in the interrogative form) to ask for advice or instructions:; title: What shall I tell the boss about this money?; title: •	(with you) to give orders:; title: You will do exactly as I say.; title: •	(with you) to give an invitation:; title: Will you come to the dance with me? Will you marry me?; title: NOTE: In modern English will is preferred to shall.; title: Shall is mainly used with I and we to make an offer or suggestion (see examples (e) and (f) above, or to ask for advice (example (g) above).; title: With the other persons (you, he, she, they) shall is only used in literary or poetic situations, e.g.; title: •	"With rings on her fingers and bells on her toes, She shall have music wherever she goes."; title: Future with Present Continuous; title: PRESENT CONTINUOUS FOR FUTURE EVENTS; title: 1. Present Continuous for the Future: Form; title: See notes on form in section on Present Continuous.; title: Subject 	+ to be 	+ base-ing; title: She 	is 	meeting; title: 2. Future: Present Continuous for the Future: Function; title: The present continuous is used to talk about arrangements for events at a time later than now.; title: There is a suggestion that more than one person is aware of the event, and that some preparation has already happened. e.g.; title: •	I'm meeting Jim at the airport = and both Jim and I have discussed this.; title: •	I am leaving tomorrow. = and I've already bought my train ticket.; title: •	We're having a staff meeting next Monday = and all members of staff have been told about it.; title: More examples; title: •	Is she seeing him tomorrow?; title: •	He isn't working next week.; title: •	They aren't leaving until the end of next year.; title: •	We are staying with friends when we get to Boston.; title: Note: in example (a), seeing is used in a continuous form because it means meeting.; title: BE CAREFUL! The simple present is used when a future event is part of a programme or time-table. Notice the difference between:; title: a. We're having a staff meeting next Monday.; title: b. We have a staff meeting next Monday.(= we have a meeting every Monday, it's on the time-table.); title: Verb Tenses: Simple Present for Future Events; title: SIMPLE PRESENT FOR FUTURE EVENTS; title: Simple Present for Future Events: Form; title: See Simple Present section.; title: Simple Present for Future Events: Function; title: The simple present is used to make statements about events at a time later than now, when the statements are based on present facts, and when these facts are something fixed like a time-table, schedule, calendar.; title: Examples; title: •	The plane arrives at 18.00 tomorrow.; title: •	She has a yoga class tomorrow morning.; title: •	The restaurant opens at 19.30 tonight.; title: •	Next Thursday at 14.00 there is an English exam.; title: Note the difference between:; title: •	The plane leaves in ten minutes (= statement of fact); title: •	The plane's going to leave in ten minutes (= prediction based on present situation, meaning "...and if you don't hurry up you're going to miss it!"); title: Verb Tenses: Future with 'Going to'; title: FUTURE WITH GOING TO; title: 1. Future with Going to - form; title: This form is composed of three elements: the appropriate form of the verb 'to be' + going to + the infinitive of the main verb:; title: Subject 	'to be' 	going to 	infinitive; title: She 	is 	going to 	leave; title: 2. Future with Going to - function; title: The use of 'going to' to refer to future events suggests a very strong association with the present. The time is not important - it is later than now, but the attitude is that the event depends on a present situation, that we know about. So it is used:; title: •	to refer to our plans and intentions:; title: We're going to move to London next year. (= the plan is in our minds now.); title: •	to make predictions based on present evidence:; title: Look at those clouds - it's going to pour with rain! (= It's clear from what I can see now.); title: Note: In everyday speech, 'going to' is often shortened to 'gonna', especially in American English.; title: Plans and intentions:; title: •	Is Freddy going to buy a new car soon?; title: •	Are John and Pam going to visit Milan when they are in Italy?; title: •	I think Nigel and Mary are going to have a party next week.; title: Predictions based on present evidence:; title: •	There's going to be a terrible accident!; title: •	He's going to be a brilliant politician.; title: •	I'm going to have terrible indigestion.; title: NOTE: It is unusual to say 'I'm going to go to...'; title: Instead, we use 'going to' + a place or event:; title: Examples; title: •	We are going to the beach tomorrow.; title: •	She is going to the ballet tonight.; title: •	Are you going to the party tomorrow night?; title: Verb Tenses:Future Continuous; title: FUTURE CONTINUOUS; title: Future continuous, form; title: The future continuous is made up of two elements: the simple future of the verb 'to be' + the present participle (base+ing); title: Subject 	simple future, 'to be' 	base+ing; title: You 	will be 	watching; title: Affirmative; title: I will be asking; title: Negative; title: She won't be leaving; title: Interrogative; title: Will they be retiring?; title: Interrogative negative; title: Won't we be staying?; title: Example: to stay, future continuous; title: Affirmative 	Negative 	Interrogative; title: I will be staying 	I won't be staying 	Will I be staying?; title: You will be staying 	You won't be staying 	Will you be staying?; title: He, she, it will be staying 	He won't be staying 	Will she be staying?; title: We will be staying 	We won't be staying 	Will we be staying?; title: You will be staying 	You won't be staying 	Will you be staying?; title: They will be staying 	They won't be staying 	Will they be staying?; title: Future continuous, function; title: The future continuous refers to an unfinished action or event that will be in progress at a time later than now. It is used:; title: To project ourselves into the future and see something happening:; title: •	This time next week I will be sun-bathing in Bali.; title: To refer to actions/events that will happen in the normal course of events:; title: •	I'll be seeing Jim at the conference next week.; title: In the interrogative form, especially with 'you', to distinguish between a simple request for information and an invitation:; title: •	Will you be coming to the party tonight? (= request for information); title: Will you come to the party? (= invitation); title: To predict or guess about someone's actions or feelings, now or in the future:; title: •	You'll be feeling tired after that long walk, I expect.; title: Events in progress in the future:; title: •	When you are in Australia will you be staying with friends?; title: •	This time next week you will be working in your new job.; title: •	At four thirty on Tuesday afternoon I will be signing the contract.; title: Events/actions in normal course of events:; title: •	I'll be going into town this afternoon, is there anything you want from the shops?; title: •	Will you be using the car tomorrow? - No, you can take it.; title: •	I'll be seeing Jane this evening - I'll give her the message.; title: Asking for information:; title: •	Will you be bringing your friend to the pub tonight?; title: •	Will Jim be coming with us?; title: Predicting or guessing:; title: •	You'll be feeling thirsty after working in the sun.; title: •	He'll be coming to the meeting, I expect.; title: •	You'll be missing the sunshine now you're back in England.; title: Verb Tenses: Future Perfect; title: FUTURE PERFECT; title: Future Perfect: Form; title: The future perfect is composed of two elements: the simple future of the verb to have (will have) + the past participle of the main verb:; title: Subject 	will have 	past participle; title: He 	will have 	finished; title: Affirmative; title: I will have left; title: Negative; title: They won't have gone; title: Interrogative; title: Will we have seen?; title: Interrogative negative; title: Won't he have arrived?; title: Example: to arrive, future perfect; title: Affirmative 	Negative 	Interrogative; title: I'll have arrived 	I won't have arrived 	Will I have arrived?; title: You'll have arrived 	You won't have arrived 	Will you have arrived?; title: He'll have arrived 	She won't have arrived 	Will it have arrived?; title: We'll have arrived 	We won't have arrived 	Will we have arrived?; title: You'll have arrived 	You won't have arrived 	Will you have arrived?; title: They'll have arrived 	They won't have arrived 	Will they have arrived?; title: Future perfect, function; title: The future perfect refers to a completed action in the future. When we use this tense we are projecting ourselves forward into the future and looking back at an action that will be completed some time later than now.; title: It is often used with a time expression using by + a point in future time.; title: Examples; title: •	I'll have been here for six months on June 23rd.; title: •	By the time you read this I'll have left.; title: •	You will have finished your work by this time next week.; title: Verb Tenses: Future Perfect Continuous; title: FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS; title: Future Perfect Continuous: Form; title: This form is composed of two elements: the future perfect of the verb to be (will have been) + the present participle of the main verb (base+ing):; title: Subject 	will have been 	base+ing; title: We	will have been 	living; title: Affirmative; title: I 	will have been 	working; title: Negative; title: I 	won't have been 	working; title: Interrogative; title: Will 	I have been 	working?; title: Interrogative negative; title: Won't 	I have been 	working?; title: Example: to live, Future Perfect Continuous; title: Affirmative 	Negative 	Interrogative; title: I'll have been living 	I won't have been living 	Will I have been living?; title: You'll have been living 	You won't have been living 	Will you have been living?; title: He'll have been living 	He won't have been living 	Will she have been living?; title: We'll have been living 	We won't have been living 	Will we have been living?; title: You'll have been living 	You won't have been living 	Will you have been living?; title: They'll have been living 	They won't have been living 	Will they have been living?; title: Future Perfect Continuous: Function; title: Like the future perfect simple, this form is used to project ourselves forward in time and to look back. It refers to events or actions in a time between now and some future time, that may be unfinished.; title: Examples:; title: •	I will have been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock.; title: •	By 2001 I will have been living here for sixteen years.; title: •	By the time I finish this course, I will have been learning English for twenty years.; title: •	Next year I will have been working here for four years; title: Other ways of talking about the future; title: OTHER WAYS OF TALKING ABOUT THE FUTURE; title: 1. IS TO + INFINITIVE; title: Form; title: This form is composed of two elements: the appropriate form of the verb to be + to (am to, are to, is to), and the infinitive of the main verb without 'to'..; title: Subject 	to be to 	infinitive without to; title: We 	are to 	leave; title: Affirmative; title: She 	is to 	travel; title: Negative; title: You 	are not (aren't) to 	travel; title: Interrogative; title: Am 	I to 	travel?; title: Interrogative negative; title: Aren't 	they to 	travel?; title: Function; title: This form refers to an obligation to do something at a time later than now. It is similar to 'must', but there is a suggestion that something has been arranged or organised for us. It is not normally used in spoken English, but might be found in spy stories, e.g.; title: •	"You are to leave this room at once, and you are to travel by train to London. In London you are to pick up your ticket from Mr Smith, and you are to fly to your destination alone. When you arrive, you are to meet our agent, Mr X, who will give you further information. You are to destroy this message now."; title: 2. BE + ABOUT TO + INFINITIVE; title: Form; title: This form is composed of three elements : the appropriate form of the verb to be, present tense, + 'about to' + the infinitive of the main verb without 'to':; title: Subject 	be 	about to 	infinitive without to; title: I 	am 	about to	leave; title: She 	is 	about to	arrive; title: Function; title: This form refers to a time immediately after the moment of speaking, and emphasises that the event or action will happen very soon:; title: Examples; title: •	She is about to leave.; title: •	You are about to see something very unusual.; title: •	I am about to go to a meeting - can I talk to you later?; title: It is often used with the word 'just', which emphasises the immediacy of the action:; title: •	We are just about to go to sleep.; title: •	Sally is just about to take an exam.; title: This form can also be used in the simple past tense to refer to an action that was imminent, but was interrupted. In such cases it is often followed by a 'when - clause':; title: •	She was about to leave when he arrived.; title: •	I was just about to telephone her when she walked into the house.; title: •	'IF' SENTENCES AND THE 'UNREAL' PAST; title: •	In this section you will find information on sentences containing the word 'if', the use of conditional tenses, and the 'unreal past', that is, when we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to past time.; title: •	IF AND THE CONDITIONAL; title: •	There are four main types of 'if' sentences in English:; title: •	1. The 'zero' conditional, where the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present:; title: 'IF' CLAUSE 	MAIN CLAUSE; title: If + simple present; title: If you heat ice; title: If it rains 	simple present; title: it melts.; title: you get wet; title: •	In these sentences, the time is now or always and the situation is real and possible. They are often used to refer to general truths.; title: •	2. The Type 1 conditional, where the tense in the 'if clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future; title: 'IF' CLAUSE 	MAIN CLAUSE; title: If + simple present; title: If it rains; title: If you don't hurry 	Simple future; title: you will get wet; title: we will miss the train.; title: •	In these sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is real. They refer to a possible condition and its probable result.; title: •	3. The Type 2 conditional, where the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional:; title: 'IF' CLAUSE 	MAIN CLAUSE; title: If + simple past; title: If it rained; title: If you went to bed earlier 	Present conditional; title: you would get wet; title: you wouldn't be so tired.; title: •	In these sentences, the time is now or any time, and the situation is unreal. They are not based on fact, and they refer to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable result.; title: •	4. The Type 3 conditional, where the tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional:; title: 'IF' CLAUSE 	MAIN CLAUSE; title: If + past perfect; title: If it had rained; title: If you had worked harder 	Perfect conditional; title: you would have got wet; title: you would have passed the exam.; title: •	In these sentences, the time is past, and the situation is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed, and they refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result.; title: •	A further type of 'if' sentence exists, where Type 2 and Type 3 are mixed. The tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional:; title: 'IF' CLAUSE 	MAIN CLAUSE; title: If + past perfect; title: If I had worked harder at school; title: If we had looked at the map 	Present conditional; title: I would have a better job now.; title: we wouldn't be lost.; title: •	In these sentences, the time is past in the 'if' clause, and present in the main clause. They refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present.; title: THE 'ZERO' CONDITIONAL; title: 1. Form; title: In 'zero' conditional sentences, the tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present:; title: 'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION) 	MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT); title: If + simple present; title: If you heat ice; title: If it rains 	simple present; title: it melts.; title: you get wet; title: NOTE: The order of the clauses is not fixed - the 'if' clause can be first or second:; title: Examples; title: •	Ice melts if you heat it.; title: •	You get wet if it rains.; title: 2. Function; title: In these sentences, the time is now or always and the situation is real and possible. They are used to make statements about the real world, and often refer to general truths, such as scientific facts.; title: Examples; title: •	If you freeze water, it becomes a solid.; title: •	Plants die if they don't get enough water.; title: •	If my husband has a cold, I usually catch it.; title: •	If public transport is efficient, people stop using their cars.; title: •	If you mix red and blue, you get purple.; title: This structure is often used to give instructions, using the imperative in the main clause:; title: Examples; title: •	If Bill phones, tell him to meet me at the cinema.; title: •	Ask Pete if you're not sure what to do.; title: TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL; title: 1. Form; title: In a Type 1 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple present, and the tense in the main clause is the simple future; title: 'IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION) 	MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT); title: If + simple present; title: If it rains; title: If you don't hurry	Simple future; title: you will get wet; title: we will miss the train.; title: 2. Function; title: In these sentences, the time is the present or future and the situation is real. They refer to a possible condition and its probable result. They are based on facts, and they are used to make statements about the real world, and about particular situations. We often use such sentences to give warnings:; title: •	If you don't leave, I'll call the police.; title: •	If you don't drop the gun, I'll shoot!; title: •	If you drop that glass, it will break.; title: •	Nobody will notice if you make a mistake.; title: •	If I have time, I'll finish that letter.; title: •	What will you do if you miss the plane?; title: NOTE: We can use modals to express the degree of certainty of the result:; title: •	If you drop that glass, it might break.; title: •	I may finish that letter if I have time.; title: TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES; title: 1. Form; title: In a Type 2 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional:; title: 'IF' CLAUSE 	MAIN CLAUSE; title: If + simple past; title: If it rained; title: If you went to bed earlier 	Present conditional; title: you would get wet; title: you wouldn't be so tired.; title: Present conditional, form; title: The present conditional of any verb is composed of two parts - the modal auxiliary would + the infinitive of the main verb (without 'to'.); title: Subject   +	would  +	infinitive; title: without to; title: She	would	learn; title: Affirmative; title: I 	would 	go; title: Negative; title: I 	wouldn't 	ask; title: Interrogative; title: Would 	she 	come?; title: Interrogative negative; title: Wouldn't 	they 	accept?; title: Would: Contractions of would; title: In spoken English, would is contracted to 'd.; title: I'd 	We'd; title: you'd 	you'd; title: he'd, she'd 	they'd; title: The negative contraction = wouldn't.; title: Example: to accept, Present conditional; title: Affirmative 	Negative 	Interrogative; title: I would accept 	I wouldn't accept 	Would I accept?; title: You would accept 	You wouldn't accept 	Would you accept?; title: He would accept 	She wouldn't accept 	Would he accept?; title: We would accept 	We wouldn't accept 	Would we accept?; title: You would accept 	You wouldn't accept 	Would you accept?; title: They would accept 	They wouldn't accept 	Would they accept?; title: 2. Function; title: In these sentences, the time is now or any time, and the situation is unreal. They are not based on fact, and they refer to an unlikely or hypothetical condition and its probable result. The use of the past tense after 'if' indicates unreality. We can nearly always add a phrase starting with "but", that expresses the real situation:; title: •	If the weather wasn't so bad, we would go to the park (...but it is bad, so we can't go); title: •	If I was the Queen of England, I would give everyone ?100. (...but I'm not, so I won't); title: Examples of use:; title: 1.	To make a statement about something that is not real at present, but is possible:; title: I would visit her if I had time. (= I haven't got time but I might have some time); title: 2.	To make a statement about a situation that is not real now and never could be real:; title: If I were you, I'd give up smoking (but I could never be you); title: Examples:; title: a. If I was a plant, I would love the rain.; title: b. If you really loved me, you would buy me a diamond ring.; title: c. If I knew where she lived, I would go and see her.; title: d. You wouldn't need to read this if you understood English grammar.; title: e. Would he go to the concert if I gave him a ticket?; title: f. They wouldn't invite her if they didn't like her; title: g. We would be able to buy a larger house if we had more money; title: NOTE: It is correct, and very common, to say "If I were" instead of "If I was".; title: PRESENT CONTINUOUS CONDITIONAL; title: In type 2 conditional sentences, the continuous form of the present conditional may be used:; title: If I were a millionaire, I wouldn't be doing this job!; title: 1. Present continuous conditional - form.; title: This form is composed of two elements: the present conditional of the verb 'to be' (would be) + the present participle of the main verb (base+ing).; title: Subject 	would be 	base+ing; title: He; title: They 	would be; title: would be 	going; title: living; title: Affirmative; title: We 	would be 	coming; title: Negative; title: You 	wouldn't be 	working; title: Interrogative; title: Would 	you be 	sharing?; title: Interrogative negative; title: Wouldn't 	they be 	playing?; title: Example: to live, Present continuous conditional.; title: Affirmative 	Negative 	Interrogative; title: I would be living 	I wouldn't be living 	Would I be living?; title: You would be living 	You wouldn't be living 	Would you be living?; title: He would be living 	She wouldn't be living 	Would he be living?; title: We would be living 	We wouldn't be living 	Would we be living?; title: You would be living 	You wouldn't be living 	Would you be living?; title: They would be living 	They wouldn't be living 	Would they be living?; title: 2. Present continuous conditional - function; title: This form is common in Type 2 conditional sentences. It expresses an unfinished or continuing action or situation, which is the probable result of an unreal condition:; title: •	I would be working in Italy if I spoke Italian.; title: (but I don't speak Italian, so I am not working in Italy.; title: •	She would be living with Jack if she wasn't living with her parents.; title: (but she is living with her parents so she's not living with Jack).; title: More examples:; title: •	I wouldn't be eating this if I wasn't extremely hungry.; title: •	If I had an exam tomorrow, I'd be revising now.; title: •	You wouldn't be smiling if you knew the truth.; title: NOTE: This form is also found in: mixed conditional sentences (See section on Mixed Conditional Sentences); in indirect speech:; title: She said "I'll be working in the garden."  She said she would be working in the garden. (See section on Indirect Speech); title: TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL SENTENCES; title: 1. Form; title: In a Type 3 conditional sentence, the tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional:; title: 'IF' CLAUSE 	MAIN CLAUSE; title: If + past perfect; title: If it had rained; title: If you had worked harder 	Perfect conditional; title: you would have got wet; title: you would have passed the exam.; title: Perfect conditional - form; title: The perfect conditional of any verb is composed of two elements: would + the perfect infinitive of the main verb (=have + past participle):; title: Subject 	would	perfect infinitive; title: He; title: They 	would; title: would 	have gone...; title: have stayed...; title: Affirmative; title: I 	would 	have believed ...; title: Negative; title: She 	wouldn't 	have given...; title: Interrogative; title: Would 	you 	have left...?; title: Interrogative negative; title: Wouldn't 	he 	have been...?; title: Example: to go, Past conditional; title: Affirmative 	Negative 	Interrogative; title: I would have gone 	I wouldn't have gone 	Would I have gone?; title: You would have gone 	You wouldn't have gone 	Would you have gone?; title: He would have gone 	She wouldn't have gone 	Would it have gone?; title: We would have gone 	We wouldn't have gone 	Would we have gone?; title: You would have gone 	You wouldn't have gone 	Would you have gone?; title: They would have gone 	They wouldn't have gone 	Would they have gone?; title: In these sentences, the time is past, and the situation is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed.; title: Type 3 conditional sentences, are truly hypothetical or unreal, because it is now too late for the condition or its result to exist. There is always an unspoken "but..." phrase:; title: •	If I had worked harder I would have passed the exam; title: (but I didn't work hard, and I didn't pass the exam).; title: •	If I'd known you were coming I'd have baked a cake; title: (but I didn't know, and I haven't baked a cake).; title: NOTE: Both would and had can be contracted to 'd, which can be confusing. Remember that you NEVER use would in the IF-clause, so in the example above, "If I'd known" must be "If I had known", and "I'd have baked" must be "I would have baked.."; title: Examples:; title: a. If I'd known you were in hospital, I would have visited you.; title: b. I would have bought you a present if I'd known it was your birthday.; title: c. If they'd had a better goalkeeper they wouldn't have lost the game.; title: d. If you had told me you were on the Internet, I'd have sent you an e-mail.; title: e. Would you have bought an elephant if you'd known how much they eat?; title: PERFECT CONDITIONAL, CONTINUOUS; title: 1. Perfect conditional, continuous - Form; title: This tense is composed of two elements: the perfect condtional of the verb 'to be' (would have been) + the present participle (base+ing).; title: Subject 	would have been	base+ing; title: I; title: We 	would have been; title: would have been 	sitting; title: swimming; title: Affirmative; title: I 	would have been 	studying.; title: Negative; title: You 	wouldn't have been 	living.; title: Interrogative; title: Would 	we have been 	travelling?; title: Interrogative negative; title: Wouldn't 	it have been 	working?; title: Examples to work, Past continuous conditional; title: Affirmative 	Negative; title: I would have been working 	I wouldn't have been working; title: You would have been working 	You wouldn't have been working.; title: He would have been working 	She wouldn't have been working; title: We would have been working 	We wouldn't have been working; title: You would have been working 	You wouldn't have been working; title: They would have been working 	They wouldn't have been working; title: Interrogative 	Interrogative negative; title: Would I have been working? 	Wouldn't I have been working?; title: Would you have been working? 	Wouldn't you have been working?; title: Would he have been working? 	Wouldn't she have been working?; title: Would we have been working? 	Wouldn't we have been working?; title: Would you have been working? 	Wouldn't you have been working?; title: Would they have been working? 	Wouldn't they have been working?; title: 2. Function; title: This tense can be used in Type 3 conditional sentences. It refers to the unfulfilled result of the action in the if-clause, and expresses this result as an unfinished or continuous action. Again, there is always an unspoken "but.." phrase:; title: Examples; title: •	If the weather had been better (but it wasn't), I'd have been sitting in the garden when he arrived (but I wasn't and so I didn't see him).; title: •	If she hadn't got a job in London (but she did), she would have been working in Paris (but she wasn't).; title: •	If I'd had a ball I would have been playing football.; title: •	If I'd had any money I'd have been drinking with my friends in the pub that night.; title: •	If I had known it was dangerous I wouldn't have been climbing that cliff.; title: •	She wouldn't have been wearing a seat-belt if her father hadn't told her to.; title: MIXED CONDITIONAL SENTENCES; title: It is possible for the two parts of a conditional sentence to refer to different times, and the resulting sentence is a "mixed conditional" sentence. There are two types of mixed conditional sentence:; title: A. Present result of past condition:; title: 1. Form; title: The tense in the 'if' clause is the past perfect, and the tense in the main clause is the present conditional:; title: 'IF' CLAUSE 	MAIN CLAUSE; title: If + past perfect; title: If I had worked harder at school; title: If we had looked at the map 	Present conditional; title: I would have a better job now.; title: we wouldn't be lost.; title: 2. Function; title: In these sentences, the time is past in the 'if' clause, and present in the main clause. They refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. They express a situation which is contrary to reality both in the past and in the present:; title: 'If I had worked harder at school' is contrary to past fact - I didn't work hard at school, and 'I would have a better job now' is contrary to present fact - I haven't got a good job.; title: If we had looked at the map (we didn't), we wouldn't be lost (we are lost).; title: Examples; title: •	I would be a millionaire now if I had taken that job.; title: •	If you'd caught that plane you'd be dead now.; title: •	If you hadn't spent all your money on CDs, you wouldn't be broke.; title: B. Past result of present or continuing condition.; title: 1. Form; title: The tense in the If-clause is the simple past, and the tense in the main clause is the perfect conditional:; title: 'IF' CLAUSE 	MAIN CLAUSE; title: If + simple past; title: If I wasn't afraid of spiders; title: If we didn't trust him 	Perfect conditional; title: I would have picked it up.; title: we would have sacked him months ago.; title: 2. Function; title: In these sentences the time in the If-clause is now or always, and the time in the main clause is before now. They refer to an unreal present situation and its probable (but unreal) past result:; title: •	'If I wasn't afraid of spiders' is contrary to present reality - I am afraid of spiders, and 'I would have picked it up' is contrary to past reality - I didn't pick it up.; title: •	'If we didn't trust him' is contrary to present reality - we do trust him, and 'we would have sacked him' is contrary to past reality - we haven't sacked him.; title: Examples; title: a. If she wasn't afraid of flying she wouldn't have travelled by boat.; title: b. I'd have been able to translate the letter if my Italian was better.; title: c. If I was a good cook, I'd have invited them to lunch.; title: d. If the elephant wasn't in love with the mouse, she'd have trodden on him by now.; title: UNLESS; title: Unless means the same as if...not. Like if, it is followed by a present tense, a past tense or a past perfect (never by 'would'). It is used instead of if + not in conditional sentences of all types:; title: Type 1: (Unless + present); title: •	You'll be sick unless you stop eating. (= You will be sick if you don't stop eating); title: •	I won't pay unless you provide the goods immediately. (= If you don't provide them I won't pay); title: •	You'll never understand English unless you study this grammar carefully. (= You'll never understand if you don't study...); title: Type 2: (Unless + past); title: •	Unless he was very ill, he would be at work.; title: •	I wouldn't eat that food unless I was really hungry.; title: •	She would be here by now unless she was stuck in the traffic.; title: Type 3: (Unless + past perfect); title: •	Our marketing director would not have signed the contract unless she'd had the company legal expert present.; title: •	I wouldn't have phoned him unless you'd suggested it.; title: •	They would have shot her unless she'd given them the money.; title: Conditional : Unreal Past; title: The past tense is sometimes used in English to refer to an 'unreal' situation. So, although the tense is the past, we are usually talking about the present, e.g. in a Type 2 conditional sentence:; title: If an elephant and a mouse fell in love, they would have many problems.; title: Although fell is in the past tense, we are talking about a hypothetical situation that might exist now or at any time, but we are not referring to the past. We call this use the unreal past.; title: Other situations where this occurs are:; title: •	after other words and expressions like 'if' (supposing, if only, what if);; title: •	after the verb 'to wish';; title: •	after the expression 'I'd rather..'; title: Expressions like 'if'; title: The following expressions can be used to introduce hypothetical situations:; title: - supposing, if only, what if. They are followed by a past tense to indicate that the condition they introduce is unreal:; title: •	Supposing an elephant and a mouse fell in love? (= but we know this is unlikely or impossible); title: •	What if we painted the room purple? (= that would be very surprising); title: •	If only I had more money. (= but I haven't).; title: These expressions can also introduce hypothetical situations in the past and then they are followed by the past perfect.; title: Examples; title: •	If only I hadn't kissed the frog (= I did and it was a mistake because he turned into a horrible prince, but I can't change it now.); title: •	What if the elephant had trodden on the mouse? (She didn't, but we can imagine the result!); title: •	Supposing I had given that man my money! (I didn't, so I've still got my money now.); title: The verb to wish; title: The verb to wish is followed by an 'unreal' past tense when we want to talk about situations in the present that we are not happy about but cannot change:; title: •	I wish I had more money (=but I haven't); title: •	She wishes she was beautiful (= but she's not); title: •	We wish we could come to your party (but we can't); title: When we want to talk about situations in the past that we are not happy about or actions that we regret, we use the verb to wish followed by the past perfect:; title: •	I wish I hadn't said that (= but I did); title: •	He wishes he hadn't bought the car (= but he did buy it.); title: •	I wish I had taken that job in New York (= but I didn't, so I'm stuck in Bristol); title: NOTE: When we want to talk about situations we are not happy about and where we want someone else to change them, we use to wish followed by would + infinitive:; title: •	I wish he would stop smoking. (= I don't like it, I want him to change it); title: •	I wish you would go away. (= I don't want you here, I want you to take some action); title: •	I wish you wouldn't squeeze the toothpaste from the middle! (= I want you to change your habits.); title: I'd rather and it's time...; title: These two expressions are also followed by an unreal past. The verb is in the past tense, but the situation is in the present.; title: When we want to talk about a course of action we would prefer someone else to take, we use I'd rather + past tense:; title: •	I'd rather you went; title: •	He'd rather you called the police; title: •	I'd rather you didn't hunt elephants.; title: NOTE: the stress can be important in these sentences, to show what our preference is:; title: •	I'd rather you went = not me,; title: •	I'd rather you went = don't stay; title: •	He'd rather you called the police = he doesn't want to; title: •	He'd rather you called the police = not the ambulance service; title: Similarly, when we want to say that now is a suitable moment to do something, either for ourselves or for someone else, we use it's time + past tense:; title: •	It's (high) time I went.; title: •	It's time you paid that bill.; title: •	Don't you think it's time you had a haircut?; title: Verb Tenses in English; title: Introduction to Verb Tenses in English; title: It is important to understand the meaning and use of tenses in English. The form may be like that of a tense in your own language, but the meaning may be different, so be very careful!; title: •	Summary of Verb Tenses; title: •	Present tenses; title: •	Simple present; title: •	Present continuous; title: •	Past tenses; title: •	Simple past; title: •	Past continuous; title: •	Perfect tenses; title: •	Present Perfect; title: •	Present perfect continuous; title: •	Past perfect; title: •	Past perfect continuous; title: •	Future perfect; title: •	Future perfect continuous; title: •	Future tenses; title: •	Simple future; title: •	Future continuous; title: •	Conditional tenses; title: •	Present conditional; title: •	Present continuous conditional; title: •	Perfect conditional; title: •	Perfect continuous conditional; title: Both, Either, Neither, Nor and So; title: Expression	Example; title: both … and …	I like both cats and dogs.; title: so	Jane likes cats. So do I.; title: not … either	Jane doesn't like cats. I don't like cats either.; title: either … or …	Jane either has a cat or a dog.; title: neither/nor	Jane doesn't like cats. Neither do I./Nor do I.; title: neither … nor …	I like neither cats nor dogs.; title: Some & Any; title: Exercises on some and any; title: The words some and any are used for countable and uncountable nouns. In general, we could say that some means a few / a little and any means none in negative clauses or a few / a little in questions.; title: Positive Clauses; title: In positive clauses, we usually use some.; title: Example:; title: I have bought some bread.; title: I have bought some apples.; title: Negative Clauses; title: In negative clauses, we use any. Note, however, that any alone is not a negative - it must be not ... any; title: Example:; title: I have not bought any bread.; title: I have not bought any apples.; title: Questions; title: In questions, we usually use any.; title: Example:; title: Have you bought any bread?; title: Have you bought any apples?; title: Compound Words with some & any; title: Some & any can also be part of compound words such as:; title: 	something / anything; title: 	someone / anyone; title: 	somewhere / anywhere; title: Note that some & any have to be used with a noun while compound words with some & any can stand on their own.; title: Example:; title: I have bought some bread.; title: I have bought something.; title: However, some and any need not stand directly before the noun. Sometimes, the noun appears somewhere before some or any and is not repeated. So if you are not sure whether to use some or something for example, check if there is a noun in the sentence that you can place after some.; title: Example:; title: I do not have to buy bread. Rachel has already bought some [bread].; title: Exceptions; title: Positive Clauses with Any; title: We usually use some in positive clauses. But after never, without, hardly, we use any.; title: Example:; title: We never go anywhere.; title: She did her homework without any help.; title: There’s hardly anyone here.; title: Also in if clauses, we usually use any.; title: Example:; title: If there is anything to do, just call me.; title: Questions with Some; title: We usually use any in questions. But if we expect or want the other to answer ‚yes‘, we use some.; title: Example:; title: Have you got any brothers and sisters?; title: → some people have brothers or sisters, others don't - we cannot expect the answer to be ‚yes‘; title: Would you like some biscuits?; title: → we offer something and want to encourage the other to say ‚ja‘; title: Exercise on »since« and »for«; title: - since - if the starting point is given (two o'clock, last Friday, 1998); title: - for - if the period of time is given (twenty minutes, two days, one year); title: Decide whether to use »since« or »for«.; title: 1.	I have been waiting  4 o'clock.; title: 2.	Sue has only been waiting  20 minutes.; title: 3.	Tim and Tina have been learning English  six years.; title: 4.	Fred and Frida have been learning French  1998.; title: 5.	Joe and Josephine have been going out together  Valentine's Day.; title: 6.	I haven't been on holiday  last July.; title: 7.	Mary has been saving her money  many years.; title: 8.	I haven't eaten anything  breakfast.; title: 9.	You have been watching TV  hours.; title: 10.	We have been living here  2 months.; title: A Little / A Few; title: Exercises on A Little and A Few; title: The expressions a little and a few mean some.; title: 	If a noun is in singular, we use a little; title: Example:; title: a little money; title: 	If a noun is in plural, we use a few; title: Example:; title: a few friends; title: Countable / Uncountable Nouns; title: In connection with a little / a few people often speak of countable nouns and uncountable nouns.; title: Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a number (that's why they are called 'countable nouns'). Countable nouns take a few.; title: Example:; title: 4 friends – a few friends; title: Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used with a number (that's why they are called 'uncountable nouns'). Uncountable nouns take a little.; title: Example:; title: 3 money – a little money; title: Note: Of course you can count money – but then you would name the currency and say that you have got 3 euro (but not „3 money“).; title: A Little / A few or Little / Few; title: It's a difference if you use a little / a few or little / few. Without the article, the words have a limiting or negative meaning.; title: 	a little = some; title: little = hardly any; title: Example:; title: I need a little money. - I need some money.; title: I need little money. - I need hardly any money.; title: 	a few = some; title: few = hardly any; title: Example:; title: A few friends visited me. - Some friends visited me.; title: Few friends visited me. - Hardly any friends visited me.; title: Without the article, little / few sound rather formal. That's why we don't use them very often in everyday English. A negative sentence with much / many is more common here.; title: Example:; title: I need little money. = I do not need much money.; title: Few friends visited me. = Not many friends visited me.; title: Much / many; title: Exercises on much and many; title: The words much and many mean a lot of.; title: 	If a noun is in singular, we use much; title: Example:; title: much money; title: 	If a noun is in plural, we use many; title: Example:; title: many friends; title: Use of much / many; title: In everyday English, we normally use much / many only in questions and negative clauses.; title: Example:; title: How much money have you got?; title: Carla does not have many friends.; title: In positive clauses with so, as or too, we also use much / many.; title: Example:; title: Carla has so many friends.; title: She has as many friends as Sue.; title: Kevin has too much money.; title: In all other positive clauses, however, we prefer expressions like a lot of / lots of.; title: Example:; title: Carla has a lot of / lots of friends.; title: Kevin has a lot of / lots of money.; title: In formal texts, however, much / many are also common in positive clauses. This you will notice for example when you read English news.; title: Countable / Uncountable Nouns; title: In connection with much / many people often speak of countable nouns and uncountable nouns.; title: Countable nouns have a singular and a plural form. In plural, these nouns can be used with a number (that's why they are called 'countable nouns'). Countable nouns take many.; title: Example:; title: 100 friends – many friends; title: Uncountable nouns can only be used in singular. These nouns cannot be used with a number (that's why they are called 'uncountable nouns'). Uncountable nouns take much.; title: Example:; title: 100 money – much money; title: Note: Of course you can count money – but then you would name the currency and say that you have got 5 euro (but not „5 money“).; title: Exercise on 'must not' and 'need not'; title: - must not - prohibition (it is not allowed); title: - need not - option (it is not necessary); title: Soccer Rules; title: Decide whether to use 'must not' or 'need not'.; title: 1.	The teams must not  have more than 11 players on the field during a match.; title: 2.	But there need not  even be 11 players playing for each team.; title: 3.	Players must not  wear anything which might injure another player.; title: 4.	Players need not  play the ball with their feet only.; title: 5.	Substituted players must not  return to the game.; title: 6.	Players must not  leave the game without the referee's permission.; title: 7.	Players must not  hold an opponent.; title: 8.	The referee need not  send a player off if he has committed foul play.; title: 9.	However, if a player is sent off during the game, he must not  be replaced.; title: 10.	A period need not  be over after exactly 45 minutes.; title: 0 out of 10 answers are correct.; title: Weather – Whether; title: Exercise - A Poem about the Weather; title: 	Whether the weather be fine.; title: 	Or whether the weather be not.; title: 	Whether the weather be cold.; title: 	Or whether the weather be hot.; title: 	We'll weather the weather,; title: 	Whatever the weather  .; title: 	Whether we like it or not.; title: Possessive Pronouns; title: 1.	It belongs to me, it's ___; title: 2.	It belongs to my father, it's ___; title: 3.	It belongs to her, it's ___; title: 4.	It belongs to Mr. and Mrs. Smith, it's ___; title: 5.	It belongs to me and my wife, it's ___; title: 6.	It belongs to my mother, it's ___; title: 7.	It belongs to him, it's ___; title: 8.	It belongs to you, it's ___; title: 9.	It belongs to the dog, it's ___; title: 10.	It belongs to them, it's ___; title: 11.	Here are the personal pronouns, followed by some example sentences:; title: number	person	gender	personal pronouns; title: subject	object; title: singular	1st	male/female	I	me; title: 2nd	male/female	you	you; title: 3rd	male	he	him; title: female	she	her; title: neuter	it	it; title: plural	1st	male/female	we	us; title: 2nd	male/female	you	you; title: 3rd	male/female/neuter	they	them; title: 12.	Examples (in each case, the first example shows a subject pronoun, the second an object pronoun):; title: Demonstrative Pronouns; title: demonstrate (verb): to show; to indicate; to point to; title: A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things:; title: •	near in distance or time (this, these); title: •	far in distance or time (that, those); title: near	far; title: singular	this	that; title: plural	these	those; title: Possessive Pronouns; title: We use possessive pronouns to refer to a specific person/people or thing/things (the "antecedent") belonging to a person/people (and sometimes belonging to an animal/animals or thing/things).; title: We use possessive pronouns depending on:; title: •	number: singular (eg: mine) or plural (eg: ours); title: •	person: 1st person (eg: mine), 2nd person (eg: yours) or 3rd person (eg: his); title: •	gender: male (his), female (hers); title: Below are the possessive pronouns, followed by some example sentences. Notice that each possessive pronoun can:; title: •	be subject or object; title: •	refer to a singular or plural antecedent; title: number	person	gender (of "owner") 	possessive pronouns; title: singular	1st	male/female	mine; title: 2nd	male/female	yours; title: 3rd	male	his; title: female	hers; title: plural	1st	male/female	ours; title: 2nd	male/female	yours; title: 3rd	male/female/neuter	theirs; title: Interrogative Pronouns; title: We use interrogative pronouns to ask questions. The interrogative pronoun represents the thing that we don't know (what we are asking the question about).; title: There are four main interrogative pronouns: who, whom, what, which; title: Notice that the possessive pronoun whose can also be an interrogative pronoun (an interrogative possessive pronoun).; title: subject	object; title: person	who	whom; title: thing	what; title: person/thing	which; title: person	whose	(possessive); title: Reflexive Pronouns; title: reflexive (adj.) [grammar]: reflecting back on the subject, like a mirror; title: We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural).; title: There are eight reflexive pronouns:; title: reflexive pronoun; title: singular	myself; title: yourself; title: himself, herself, itself; title: plural	ourselves; title: yourselves; title: themselves; title: Look at these examples:; title: reflexive pronouns; title: the underlined words are NOT the same person/thing 	the underlined words are the SAME person/thing; title: John saw me. 	I saw myself in the mirror.; title: Why does he blame you? 	Why do you blame yourself?; title: David sent him a copy. 	John sent himself a copy.; title: David sent her a copy. 	Mary sent herself a copy.; title: My dog hurt the cat. 	My dog hurt itself.; title: We blame you. 	We blame ourselves.; title: Can you help my children?	Can you help yourselves?; title: They cannot look after the babies. 	They cannot look after themselves; title: Indefinite Pronouns; title: That's Not My Job!; title: This is a story about four people named Everybody, Somebody, Anybody and Nobody.; title: An indefinite pronoun does not refer to any specific person, thing or amount. It is vague and "not definite". Some typical indefinite pronouns are:; title: •	all, another, any, anybody/anyone, anything, each, everybody/everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody/someone; title: Relative Pronouns; title: A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it modifies. Here is an example:; title: •	The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.; title: In the above example, "who":; title: •	relates to "person", which it modifies; title: •	introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night"; title: There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that*; title: Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose is for possession. Which is for things. That can be used for people** and things and as subject and object in defining relative clauses (clauses that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information).; title: Pronoun Case; title: Pronouns (and nouns) in English display "case" according to their function in the sentence. Their function can be:; title: •	subjective (they act as the subject); title: •	objective (they act as the object); title: •	possessive (they show possession of something else); title: The following table shows the different forms for pronouns depending on case.; title: subjective case	objective case	possessive case; title: personal pronouns	singular	1st	I	me	mine; title: 2nd	you	you	yours; title: 3rd	he; title: she; title: it	him; title: her; title: it	his; title: hers; title: its; title: plural	1st	we	us	ours; title: 2nd	you	you	yours; title: 3rd	they	them	theirs; title: relative/interrogative pronouns	 	 	who	whom	whose; title: whoever	whomever; title: which/that/what	which/that/what; title: indefinite pronouns	 	 	everybody	everybody	everybody's; title: Use of Passive; title: Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.; title: Example: My bike was stolen.; title: In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.; title: Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:; title: Example: A mistake was made.; title: In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).; title: Form of Passive; title: Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs); title: Example: A letter was written.; title: When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:; title: 	the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence; title: 	the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle); title: 	the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped); title: Examples of Passive; title: Tense	Subject	Verb	Object; title: Simple Present	Active:	Rita	writes	a letter.; title: Passive:	A letter	is written	by Rita.; title: Simple Past	Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter.; title: Passive:	A letter	was written	by Rita.; title: Present Perfect	Active:	Rita	has written	a letter.; title: Passive:	A letter	has been written	by Rita.; title: Future I	Active:	Rita	will write	a letter.; title: Passive:	A letter	will be written	by Rita.; title: Hilfsverben	Active:	Rita	can write	a letter.; title: Passive:	A letter	can be written	by Rita.; title: Examples of Passive; title: Tense	Subject	Verb	Object; title: Present Progressive	Active:	Rita	is writing	a letter.; title: Passive:	A letter	is being written	by Rita.; title: Past Progressive	Active:	Rita	was writing	a letter.; title: Passive:	A letter	was being written	by Rita.; title: Past Perfect	Active:	Rita	had written	a letter.; title: Passive:	A letter	had been written	by Rita.; title: Future II	Active:	Rita	will have written	a letter.; title: Passive:	A letter	will have been written	by Rita.; title: Conditional I	Active:	Rita	would write	a letter.; title: Passive:	A letter	would be written	by Rita.; title: Conditional II	Active:	Rita	would have written	a letter.; title: Passive:	A letter	would have been written	by Rita.; title: Passive Sentences with Two Objects; title: Rewriting an active sentence with two objects in passive voice means that one of the two objects becomes the subject, the other one remains an object. Which object to transform into a subject depends on what you want to put the focus on.; title: Subject	Verb	Object 1	Object 2; title: Active:	Rita	wrote	a letter	to me.; title: Passive:	A letter	was written	to me	by Rita.; title: Passive:	I	was written	a letter	by Rita.; title: .; title: As you can see in the examples, adding by Rita does not sound very elegant. That’s why it is usually dropped; title: Reported speech (English exercise n°3041 - Please quote this number when contacting us); title: Other English exercises on the same topic; title: Reported speech; title: Direct speech	Indirect speech; title: He said'I live in Paris'.	He said he lived in Paris.; title: He said'I am cooking dinner.'	He said he was cooking dinner.; title: He said' I have visited London twice.'	He said he had visited London twice.; title: He said' I went to New York last week.'	He said he had gone to New York the week before; title: He said 'I had already eaten'.	He said he had already eaten.; title: He said, 'I am going to find a new job'.	He said he was going to find a new job.; title: He said,'I will give Jack a call'.	He said he would give Jack a call.; title: He said,'I have been working on that project for over two weeks'.	He said he had been working on that project for over two weeks.; title: He said, ‘I can come tonight '.	He said he could come that night .; title: He said,'I may buy a new car.'	He said he might buy a new car .; title: He said,'I might go to Denver.'	He said he might go to Denver.; title: He said,'I must give Ken a call.'	He said he had to give Ken  a call.; title: He said,'I have to give Ken a call.'	He said he  had to give Ken a call.; title: He said,'I should see a doctor'.	He said he should see a doctor.; title: 	Now report these statments and questions using the following  verbs: said-told-asked-advised-suggested.; title: RESULTS; title: 1. 'Where do you live?' [NO ANSWER]  SHE ASKED ME WHERE I LIVED (She asked me.....).; title: 2. 'Who is your favorite singer?' [NO ANSWER]  HE ASKED MARY WHO HER FAVORITE SINGER WAS (He asked Mary....).; title: 3. 'Are you married ?' [NO ANSWER]  HE ASKED SUSAN IF SHE WAS MARRIED (He asked Susan ...).; title: 4. 'Has your father retired yet?' [NO ANSWER]  SHE ASKED JAMES IF HIS FATHER HAD RETIRED YET (She asked James....).; title: 5. 'We' ve lived here for six years'. [NO ANSWER]  HE TOLD ME THAT THEY HAD LIVED THERE FOR SIX YEARS (He told me that ...).; title: 6. 'Why didn't you finish your studies?' [NO ANSWER]  SHE ASKED MERIEM WHY SHE HADN'T FINISHED HER STUDIES (She asked Meriem....).; title: 7. 'I saw this film two weeks ago.' [NO ANSWER]  HE SAID THAT HE HAD SEEN THAT FILM TWO WEEKS BEFORE(he said that....).; title: 8. 'You should have a rest .' [NO ANSWER]  THE DOCTOR ADVISES THE PATIENT HE SHOULD HAVE A REST -or- THE DOCTOR ADVISES THE PATIENT THAT HE SHOULD HAVE A REST (The doctor advises the patient....).; title: 9. 'What about going to the beach?' [NO ANSWER]  SHE SUGGESTED GOING TO THE BEACH (She suggested ....).; title: 10. 'Don't switch on TV !' [NO ANSWER]  THE MOTHER TOLD HER SON; title: Chart—Time Clues and Verb Tense; title: Past	Present	Future; title: Simple	Simple Past	Simple Present	Simple Future; title: yesterday; title: last year/ month/ etc.; title: before; title: for five weeks/days/etc.; title: one year/ month ago	every morning / day / etc.; title: always; title: usually; title: frequently; title: sometimes	tomorrow; title: tonight; title: next week/month/etc.; title: soon; title: in the future; title: Progressive	Past Progressive	Present Progressive	Future progressive; title: while; title: when	now; title: right now; title: this week/minute/etc.	when; title: after; title: as soon as; title: before; title: Perfect	Past Perfect	Present Perfect	Future Perfect; title: before; title: already; title: by the time; title: until then/last week/etc.; title: after	until now; title: since; title: ever; title: never; title: many times/ weeks/years/etc.; title: for three hours/ minutes/etc/	by the time you go (somewhere); title: by the time you do (something); title: already; title: Perfect Progressive	Past Perfect progressive	Present Perfect Progressive	Future Perfect Progressive; title: before; title: for one week/hour/etc.; title: since	for the past year/ month/ etc.; title: for the last 2 months/ weeks/etc.; title: up to now; title: for 6 weeks/hours/etc.; title: since	by the time; title: for ten days/weeks/etc.; title: by; title: Simple	Continuous	Perfect; title: Present	Active	He takes it.; title: He does not take it.; title: Does he take it?	He is taking it.; title: He is not taking it.; title: Is he taking it?	He has taken it.; title: He has not taken it.; title: Has he taken it?; title: Passive	It is taken.; title: It is not taken.; title: Is it taken?	It is being taken.; title: It is not being taken.; title: Is it being taken?	It has been taken.; title: It has not been taken.; title: Has it been taken; title: Past	Active	He took it.; title: He did not take it.; title: Did he take it?	He was taking it.; title: He was not taking it.; title: Was he taking it?	He had taken it.; title: He had not taken it.; title: Had he taken it?; title: Passive	It was taken.; title: It was not taken.; title: Was it taken?	It was being taken.; title: It was not being taken.; title: Was it being taken?	It had been taken.; title: It had not been taken.; title: Had it been taken?; title: Future	Active	He will take it.; title: He will not take it.; title: Will he take it.	He will be taking it.; title: He will not be taking it.; title: Will he be taking it?	He will have taken it.; title: He will not have taken it.; title: Will he have taken it?; title: Passive	It will be taken.; title: It will not be taken.; title: Will it be taken?	It will be being taken.; title: It will not be being taken.; title: Will it be being taken?	It will have been taken.; title: It will not have been taken.; title: Will it have been taken.
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