Signals & systems
By: Alan V. Oppenheim, Alan S. Willsky, with S. Hamad Nawab.
Contributors: Willsky, Alan S.; Nawab, S. Hamid.
Edition: 2nd ed.
Series: Prentice-Hall signal processing series
Publisher: Prentice Hall
Published: 1997
Place of publication: Upper Saddle River, New Jersey; London
Language: eng
Number of pages: 957
Subjects: System analysis; Signal theory (Telecommunication)
Notes: Previous ed.: 1983.
Includes index.

Bibliography: p. 921-929.
Table of contents: title: Preface
pagenum: xvii; title: Acknowledgments
pagenum: xxv; title: Foreword
pagenum: xxvii; label: 1
title: Signals and Systems
pagenum: 1; label: 1.0
title: Introduction
pagenum: 1; label: 1.1
title: Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Signals
pagenum: 1; label: 1.1.1
title: Examples and Mathematical Representation
pagenum: 1; label: 1.1.2
title: Signal Energy and Power
pagenum: 5; label: 1.2
title: Transformations of the Independent Variable
pagenum: 7; label: 1.2.1
title: Examples of Transformations of the Independent Variable; label: 1.2.2
title: Periodic Signals
pagenum: 11; label: 1.2.3
title: Even and Odd Signals
pagenum: 13; label: 1.3
title: Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals
pagenum: 14; label: 1.3.1
title: Continuous-Time Complex Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals
pagenum: 15; label: 1.3.2
title: Discrete-Time Complex Exponential and Sinusoidal Signals
pagenum: 21; label: 1.3.3
title: Periodicity Properties of Discrete-Time Complex Exponentials
pagenum: 25; label: 1.4
title: The Unit Impulse and Unit Step Functions
pagenum: 30; label: 1.4.1
title: The Discrete-Time Unit Impulse and Unit Step Sequences
pagenum: 30; label: 1.4.2
title: The Continuous-Time Unit Step and Unit Impulse Functions
pagenum: 32; label: 1.5
title: Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Systems
pagenum: 38; label: 1.5.1
title: Simple Examples of Systems
pagenum: 39; label: 1.5.2
title: Interconnections of Systems
pagenum: 41; label: 1.6
title: Basic System Properties
pagenum: 44; label: 1.6.1
title: Systems with and Without Memory
pagenum: 44; label: 1.6.2
title: Invertibility and Inverse Systems
pagenum: 45; label: 1.6.3
title: Causality
pagenum: 46; label: 1.6.4
title: Stability
pagenum: 48; label: 1.6.5
title: Time Invariance
pagenum: 50; label: 1.6.6
title: Linearity
pagenum: 53; label: 1.7
title: Summary
pagenum: 56; title: Problems
pagenum: 57; label: 2
title: Linear Time-Invariant Systems
pagenum: 74; label: 2.0
title: Introduction
pagenum: 74; label: 2.1
title: Discrete-Time LTI Systems: The Convolution Sum
pagenum: 75; label: 2.1.1
title: The Representation of Discrete-Time Signals in Terms of Impulses
pagenum: 75; label: 2.1.2
title: The Discrete-Time Unit Impulse Response and the Convolution-Sum Representation of LTI Systems
pagenum: 77; label: 2.2
title: Continuous-Time LTI Systems: The Convolution Integral
pagenum: 89; label: 2.2.1
title: The Representation of Continuous-Time Signals in Terms of Impulses
pagenum: 90; label: 2.2.2
title: The Continuous-Time Unit Impulse Response and the Convolution Integral Representation of LTI Systems
pagenum: 94; label: 2.3
title: Properties of Linear Time-Invariant Systems
pagenum: 103; label: 2.3.1
title: The Commutative Property
pagenum: 104; label: 2.3.2
title: The Distributive Property
pagenum: 104; label: 2.3.3
title: The Associative Property
pagenum: 107; label: 2.3.4
title: LTI Systems with and without Memory
pagenum: 108; label: 2.3.5
title: Invertibility of LTI Systems
pagenum: 109; label: 2.3.6
title: Causality for LTI Systems
pagenum: 112; label: 2.3.7
title: Stability for LTI Systems
pagenum: 113; label: 2.3.8
title: The Unit Step Response of an LTI System
pagenum: 115; label: 2.4
title: Causal LTI Systems Described by Differential and Difference Equations
pagenum: 116; label: 2.4.1
title: Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations
pagenum: 117; label: 2.4.2
title: Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference Equations
pagenum: 121; label: 2.4.3
title: Block Diagram Representations of First-Order Systems Described by Differential and Difference Equations
pagenum: 124; label: 2.5
title: Singularity Functions
pagenum: 127; label: 2.5.1
title: The Unit Impulse as an Idealized Short Pulse
pagenum: 128; label: 2.5.2
title: Defining the Unit Impulse through Convolution
pagenum: 131; label: 2.5.3
title: Unit Doublets and Other Singularity Functions
pagenum: 132; label: 2.6
title: Summary
pagenum: 137; title: Problems
pagenum: 137; label: 3
title: Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals
pagenum: 177; label: 3.0
title: Introduction
pagenum: 177; label: 3.1
title: A Historical Perspective
pagenum: 178; label: 3.2
title: The Response of LTI Systems to Complex Exponentials
pagenum: 182; label: 3.3
title: Fourier Series Representation of Continuous-Time Periodic Signals
pagenum: 186; label: 3.3.1
title: Linear Combinations of Harmonically Related Complex Exponentials
pagenum: 186; label: 3.3.2
title: Determination of the Fourier Series Representation of a Continuous-Time Periodic Signal
pagenum: 190; label: 3.4
title: Convergence of the Fourier Series
pagenum: 195; label: 3.5
title: Properties of Continuous-Time Fourier Series
pagenum: 202; label: 3.5.1
title: Linearity
pagenum: 202; label: 3.5.2
title: Time Shifting
pagenum: 202; label: 3.5.3
title: Time Reversal
pagenum: 203; label: 3.5.4
title: Time Scaling
pagenum: 204; label: 3.5.5
title: Multiplication
pagenum: 204; label: 3.5.6
title: Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry
pagenum: 204; label: 3.5.7
title: Parseval's Relation for Continuous-Time Periodic Signals
pagenum: 205; label: 3.5.8
title: Summary of Properties of the Continuous-Time Fourier Series
pagenum: 205; label: 3.5.9
title: Examples
pagenum: 205; label: 3.6
title: Fourier Series Representation of Discrete-Time Periodic Signals
pagenum: 211; label: 3.6.1
title: Linear Combinations of Harmonically Related Complex Exponentials
pagenum: 211; label: 3.6.2
title: Determination of the Fourier Series Representation of a Periodic Signal
pagenum: 212; label: 3.7
title: Properties of Discrete-Time Fourier Series
pagenum: 221; label: 3.7.1
title: Multiplication
pagenum: 222; label: 3.7.2
title: First Difference
pagenum: 222; label: 3.7.3
title: Parseval's Relation for Discrete-Time Periodic Signals
pagenum: 223; label: 3.7.4
title: Examples
pagenum: 223; label: 3.8
title: Fourier Series and LTI Systems
pagenum: 226; label: 3.9
title: Filtering
pagenum: 231; label: 3.9.1
title: Frequency-Shaping Filters
pagenum: 232; label: 3.9.2
title: Frequency-Selective Filters
pagenum: 236; label: 3.10
title: Examples of Continuous-Time Filters Described by Differential Equations
pagenum: 239; label: 3.10.1
title: A Simple RC Lowpass Filter
pagenum: 239; label: 3.10.2
title: A Simple RC Highpass Filter
pagenum: 241; label: 3.11
title: Examples of Discrete-Time Filters Described by Difference Equations
pagenum: 244; label: 3.11.1
title: First-Order Recursive Discrete-Time Filters
pagenum: 244; label: 3.11.2
title: Nonrecursive Discrete-Time Filters
pagenum: 245; label: 3.12
title: Summary
pagenum: 249; title: Problems
pagenum: 250; label: 4
title: The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
pagenum: 284; label: 4.0
title: Introduction
pagenum: 284; label: 4.1
title: Representation of Aperiodic Signals: The Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
pagenum: 285; label: 4.1.1
title: Development of the Fourier Transform Representation of an Aperiodic Signal
pagenum: 285; label: 4.1.2
title: Convergence of Fourier Transforms
pagenum: 289; label: 4.1.3
title: Examples of Continuous-Time Fourier Transforms
pagenum: 290; label: 4.2
title: The Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
pagenum: 296; label: 4.3
title: Properties of the Continuous-Time Fourier Transform
pagenum: 300; label: 4.3.1
title: Linearity
pagenum: 301; label: 4.3.2
title: Time Shifting
pagenum: 301; label: 4.3.3
title: Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry
pagenum: 303; label: 4.3.4
title: Differentiation and Integration
pagenum: 306; label: 4.3.5
title: Time and Frequency Scaling
pagenum: 308; label: 4.3.6
title: Duality
pagenum: 309; label: 4.3.7
title: Parseval's Relation
pagenum: 312; label: 4.4
title: The Convolution Property
pagenum: 314; label: 4.4.1
title: Examples
pagenum: 317; label: 4.5
title: The Multiplication Property
pagenum: 322; label: 4.5.1
title: Frequency-Selective Filtering with Variable Center Frequency
pagenum: 325; label: 4.6
title: Tables of Fourier Properties and of Basic Fourier Transform Pairs
pagenum: 328; label: 4.7
title: Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations
pagenum: 330; label: 4.8
title: Summary
pagenum: 333; title: Problems
pagenum: 334; label: 5
title: The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
pagenum: 358; label: 5.0
title: Introduction
pagenum: 358; label: 5.1
title: Representation of Aperiodic Signals: The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
pagenum: 359; label: 5.1.1
title: Development of the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
pagenum: 359; label: 5.1.2
title: Examples of Discrete-Time Fourier Transforms
pagenum: 362; label: 5.1.3
title: Convergence Issues Associated with the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
pagenum: 366; label: 5.2
title: The Fourier Transform for Periodic Signals
pagenum: 367; label: 5.3
title: Properties of the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
pagenum: 372; label: 5.3.1
title: Periodicity of the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform
pagenum: 373; label: 5.3.2
title: Linearity of the Fourier Transform
pagenum: 373; label: 5.3.3
title: Time Shifting and Frequency Shifting
pagenum: 373; label: 5.3.4
title: Conjugation and Conjugate Symmetry
pagenum: 375; label: 5.3.5
title: Differencing and Accumulation
pagenum: 375; label: 5.3.6
title: Time Reversal
pagenum: 376; label: 5.3.7
title: Time Expansion
pagenum: 377; label: 5.3.8
title: Differentiation in Frequency
pagenum: 380; label: 5.3.9
title: Parseval's Relation
pagenum: 380; label: 5.4
title: The Convolution Property
pagenum: 382; label: 5.4.1
title: Examples
pagenum: 383; label: 5.5
title: The Multiplication Property
pagenum: 388; label: 5.6
title: Tables of Fourier Transform Properties and Basic Fourier Transform Pairs
pagenum: 390; label: 5.7
title: Duality
pagenum: 390; label: 5.7.1
title: Duality in the Discrete-Time Fourier Series
pagenum: 391; label: 5.7.2
title: Duality between the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform and the Continuous-Time Fourier Series
pagenum: 395; label: 5.8
title: Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference Equations
pagenum: 396; label: 5.9
title: Summary
pagenum: 399; title: Problems
pagenum: 400; label: 6
title: Time and Frequency Characterization of Signals and Systems
pagenum: 423; label: 6.0
title: Introduction
pagenum: 423; label: 6.1
title: The Magnitude-Phase Representation of the Fourier Transform
pagenum: 423; label: 6.2
title: The Magnitude-Phase Representation of the Frequency Response of LTI Systems
pagenum: 427; label: 6.2.1
title: Linear and Nonlinear Phase
pagenum: 428; label: 6.2.2
title: Group Delay
pagenum: 430; label: 6.2.3
title: Log-Magnitude and Bode Plots
pagenum: 436; label: 6.3
title: Time-Domain Properties of Ideal Frequency-Selective Filters
pagenum: 439; label: 6.4
title: Time-Domain and Frequency-Domain Aspects of Nonideal Filters
pagenum: 444; label: 6.5
title: First-Order and Second-Order Continuous-Time Systems
pagenum: 448; label: 6.5.1
title: First-Order Continuous-Time Systems
pagenum: 448; label: 6.5.2
title: Second-Order Continuous-Time Systems
pagenum: 451; label: 6.5.3
title: Bode Plots for Rational Frequency Responses
pagenum: 456; label: 6.6
title: First-Order and Second-Order Discrete-Time Systems
pagenum: 461; label: 6.6.1
title: First-Order Discrete-Time Systems
pagenum: 461; label: 6.6.2
title: Second-Order Discrete-Time Systems
pagenum: 465; label: 6.7
title: Examples of Time- and Frequency-Domain Analysis of Systems
pagenum: 472; label: 6.7.1
title: Analysis of an Automobile Suspension System
pagenum: 473; label: 6.7.2
title: Examples of Discrete-Time Nonrecursive Filters
pagenum: 476; label: 6.8
title: Summary
pagenum: 482; title: Problems
pagenum: 483; label: 7
title: Sampling
pagenum: 514; label: 7.0
title: Introduction
pagenum: 514; label: 7.1
title: Representation of a Continuous-Time Signal by Its Samples: The Sampling Theorem
pagenum: 515; label: 7.1.1
title: Impulse-Train Sampling
pagenum: 516; label: 7.1.2
title: Sampling with a Zero-Order Hold
pagenum: 520; label: 7.2
title: Reconstruction of a Signal from Its Samples Using Interpolation
pagenum: 522; label: 7.3
title: The Effect of Undersampling: Aliasing
pagenum: 527; label: 7.4
title: Discrete-Time Processing of Continuous-Time Signals
pagenum: 534; label: 7.4.1
title: Digital Differentiator
pagenum: 541; label: 7.4.2
title: Half-Sample Delay
pagenum: 543; label: 7.5
title: Sampling of Discrete-Time Signals
pagenum: 545; label: 7.5.1
title: Impulse-Train Sampling
pagenum: 545; label: 7.5.2
title: Discrete-Time Decimation and Interpolation
pagenum: 549; label: 7.6
title: Summary
pagenum: 555; title: Problems
pagenum: 556; label: 8
title: Communication Systems
pagenum: 582; label: 8.0
title: Introduction
pagenum: 582; label: 8.1
title: Complex Exponential and Sinusoidal Amplitude Modulation
pagenum: 583; label: 8.1.1
title: Amplitude Modulation with a Complex Exponential Carrier
pagenum: 583; label: 8.1.2
title: Amplitude Modulation with a Sinusoidal Carrier
pagenum: 585; label: 8.2
title: Demodulation for Sinusoidal AM
pagenum: 587; label: 8.2.1
title: Synchronous Demodulation
pagenum: 587; label: 8.2.2
title: Asynchronous Demodulation
pagenum: 590; label: 8.3
title: Frequency-Division Multiplexing
pagenum: 594; label: 8.4
title: Single-Sideband Sinusoidal Amplitude Modulation
pagenum: 597; label: 8.5
title: Amplitude Modulation with a Pulse-Train Carrier
pagenum: 601; label: 8.5.1
title: Modulation of a Pulse-Train Carrier
pagenum: 601; label: 8.5.2
title: Time-Division Multiplexing
pagenum: 604; label: 8.6
title: Pulse-Amplitude Modulation
pagenum: 604; label: 8.6.1
title: Pulse-Amplitude Modulated Signals
pagenum: 604; label: 8.6.2
title: Intersymbol Interference in PAM Systems
pagenum: 607; label: 8.6.3
title: Digital Pulse-Amplitude and Pulse-Code Modulation
pagenum: 610; label: 8.7
title: Sinusoidal Frequency Modulation
pagenum: 611; label: 8.7.1
title: Narrowband Frequency Modulation
pagenum: 613; label: 8.7.2
title: Wideband Frequency Modulation
pagenum: 615; label: 8.7.3
title: Periodic Square-Wave Modulating Signal
pagenum: 617; label: 8.8
title: Discrete-Time Modulation
pagenum: 619; label: 8.8.1
title: Discrete-Time Sinusoidal Amplitude Modulation
pagenum: 619; label: 8.8.2
title: Discrete-Time Transmodulation
pagenum: 623; label: 8.9
title: Summary
pagenum: 623; title: Problems
pagenum: 625; label: 9
title: The Laplace Transform
pagenum: 654; label: 9.0
title: Introduction
pagenum: 654; label: 9.1
title: The Laplace Transform
pagenum: 655; label: 9.2
title: The Region of Convergence for Laplace Transforms
pagenum: 662; label: 9.3
title: The Inverse Laplace Transform
pagenum: 670; label: 9.4
title: Geometric Evaluation of the Fourier Transform from the Pole-Zero Plot
pagenum: 674; label: 9.4.1
title: First-Order Systems
pagenum: 676; label: 9.4.2
title: Second-Order Systems
pagenum: 677; label: 9.4.3
title: All-Pass Systems
pagenum: 681; label: 9.5
title: Properties of the Laplace Transform
pagenum: 682; label: 9.5.1
title: Linearity of the Laplace Transform
pagenum: 683; label: 9.5.2
title: Time Shifting
pagenum: 684; label: 9.5.3
title: Shifting in the s-Domain
pagenum: 685; label: 9.5.4
title: Time Scaling
pagenum: 685; label: 9.5.5
title: Conjugation
pagenum: 687; label: 9.5.6
title: Convolution Property
pagenum: 687; label: 9.5.7
title: Differentiation in the Time Domain
pagenum: 688; label: 9.5.8
title: Differentiation in the s-Domain
pagenum: 688; label: 9.5.9
title: Integration in the Time Domain
pagenum: 690; label: 9.5.10
title: The Initial- and Final-Value Theorems
pagenum: 690; label: 9.5.11
title: Table of Properties
pagenum: 691; label: 9.6
title: Some Laplace Transform Pairs
pagenum: 692; label: 9.7
title: Analysis and Characterization of LTI Systems Using the Laplace Transform
pagenum: 693; label: 9.7.1
title: Causality
pagenum: 693; label: 9.7.2
title: Stability
pagenum: 695; label: 9.7.3
title: LTI Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Differential Equations
pagenum: 698; label: 9.7.4
title: Examples Relating System Behavior to the System Function
pagenum: 701; label: 9.7.5
title: Butterworth Filters
pagenum: 703; label: 9.8
title: System Function Algebra and Block Diagram Representations
pagenum: 706; label: 9.8.1
title: System Functions for Interconnections of LTI Systems
pagenum: 707; label: 9.8.2
title: Block Diagram Representations for Causal LTI Systems Described by Differential Equations and Rational System Functions
pagenum: 708; label: 9.9
title: The Unilateral Laplace Transform
pagenum: 714; label: 9.9.1
title: Examples of Unilateral Laplace Transforms
pagenum: 714; label: 9.9.2
title: Properties of the Unilateral Laplace Transform
pagenum: 716; label: 9.9.3
title: Solving Differential Equations Using the Unilateral Laplace Transform
pagenum: 719; label: 9.10
title: Summary
pagenum: 720; title: Problems
pagenum: 721; label: 10
title: The Z-Transform
pagenum: 741; label: 10.0
title: Introduction
pagenum: 741; label: 10.1
title: The z-Transform
pagenum: 741; label: 10.2
title: The Region of Convergence for the z-Transform
pagenum: 748; label: 10.3
title: The Inverse z-Transform
pagenum: 757; label: 10.4
title: Geometric Evaluation of the Fourier Transform from the Pole-Zero Plot
pagenum: 763; label: 10.4.1
title: First-Order Systems
pagenum: 763; label: 10.4.2
title: Second-Order Systems
pagenum: 765; label: 10.5
title: Properties of the z-Transform
pagenum: 767; label: 10.5.1
title: Linearity
pagenum: 767; label: 10.5.2
title: Time Shifting
pagenum: 767; label: 10.5.3
title: Scaling in the z-Domain
pagenum: 768; label: 10.5.4
title: Time Reversal
pagenum: 769; label: 10.5.5
title: Time Expansion
pagenum: 769; label: 10.5.6
title: Conjugation
pagenum: 770; label: 10.5.7
title: The Convolution Property
pagenum: 770; label: 10.5.8
title: Differentiation in the z-Domain
pagenum: 772; label: 10.5.9
title: The Initial-Value Theorem
pagenum: 773; label: 10.5.10
title: Summary of Properties
pagenum: 774; label: 10.6
title: Some Common z-Transform Pairs
pagenum: 774; label: 10.7
title: Analysis and Characterization of LTI Systems Using z-Transforms
pagenum: 774; label: 10.7.1
title: Causality
pagenum: 776; label: 10.7.2
title: Stability
pagenum: 777; label: 10.7.3
title: LTI Systems Characterized by Linear Constant-Coefficient Difference Equations
pagenum: 779; label: 10.7.4
title: Examples Relating System Behavior to the System Function
pagenum: 781; label: 10.8
title: System Function Algebra and Block Diagram Representations
pagenum: 783; label: 10.8.1
title: System Functions for Interconnections of LTI Systems
pagenum: 784; label: 10.8.2
title: Block Diagram Representations for Causal LTI Systems Described by Difference Equations and Rational System Functions
pagenum: 784; label: 10.9
title: The Unilateral z-Transform
pagenum: 789; label: 10.9.1
title: Examples of Unilateral z-Transforms and Inverse Transforms
pagenum: 790; label: 10.9.2
title: Properties of the Unilateral z-Transform
pagenum: 792; label: 10.9.3
title: Solving Difference Equations Using the Unilateral z-Transform
pagenum: 795; label: 10.10
title: Summary
pagenum: 796; title: Problems
pagenum: 797; label: 11
title: Linear Feedback Systems
pagenum: 816; label: 11.0
title: Introduction
pagenum: 816; label: 11.1
title: Linear Feedback Systems
pagenum: 819; label: 11.2
title: Some Applications and Consequences of Feedback
pagenum: 820; label: 11.2.1
title: Inverse System Design
pagenum: 820; label: 11.2.2
title: Compensation for Nonideal Elements
pagenum: 821; label: 11.2.3
title: Stabilization of Unstable Systems
pagenum: 823; label: 11.2.4
title: Sampled-Data Feedback Systems
pagenum: 826; label: 11.2.5
title: Tracking Systems
pagenum: 828; label: 11.2.6
title: Destabilization Caused by Feedback
pagenum: 830; label: 11.3
title: Root-Locus Analysis of Linear Feedback Systems
pagenum: 832; label: 11.3.1
title: An Introductory Example
pagenum: 833; label: 11.3.2
title: Equation for the Closed-Loop Poles
pagenum: 834; label: 11.3.3
title: The End Points of the Root Locus: The Closed-Loop Poles for K = 0 and |K| = +∞
pagenum: 836; label: 11.3.4
title: The Angle Criterion
pagenum: 836; label: 11.3.5
title: Properties of the Root Locus
pagenum: 841; label: 11.4
title: The Nyquist Stability Criterion
pagenum: 846; label: 11.4.1
title: The Encirclement Property
pagenum: 847; label: 11.4.2
title: The Nyquist Criterion for Continuous-Time LTI Feedback Systems
pagenum: 850; label: 11.4.3
title: The Nyquist Criterion for Discrete-Time LTI Feedback Systems
pagenum: 856; label: 11.5
title: Gain and Phase Margins
pagenum: 858; label: 11.6
title: Summary
pagenum: 866; title: Problems
pagenum: 867; title: Appendix
pagenum: 909; title: Partial-Fraction Expansion
pagenum: 909; title: Bibliography
pagenum: 921; title: Answers
pagenum: 931; title: Index
pagenum: 941