Chemical Process Safety
Publisher: Pearson Education India
Published: May 14, 2011
Language: eng
Format: paperback
Number of pages: 732
ISBN-13: 9789332524057
Notes: Source title: Chemical Process Safety (International Edition)
Table of contents: title: Preface
pagenum: XV; title: About the Authors
pagenum: xvii; title: Nomenclature
pagenum: xix; label: 1
title: Introduction
pagenum: 1; label: 1-1
title: Safety Programs
pagenum: 2; label: 1-2
title: Engineering Ethics
pagenum: 4; label: 1-3
title: Accident and Loss Statistics
pagenum: 4; label: 1-4
title: Acceptable Risk
pagenum: 12; label: 1-5
title: Public Perceptions
pagenum: 14; label: 1-6
title: The Nature of the Accident Process
pagenum: 15; label: 1-7
title: Inherent Safety
pagenum: 20; label: 1-8
title: Seven Significant Disasters
pagenum: 23; title: Flixborough, England
pagenum: 23; title: Bhopal, India
pagenum: 25; title: Seveso, Italy
pagenum: 26; title: Pasadena, Texas
pagenum: 27; title: Texas City, Texas
pagenum: 29; title: Jacksonville, Florida
pagenum: 30; title: Port Wentworth, Georgia
pagenum: 30; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 31; title: Problems
pagenum: 32; label: 2
title: Toxicology
pagenum: 37; label: 2-1
title: How Toxicants Enter Biological Organisms
pagenum: 38; title: Gastrointestinal Tract
pagenum: 39; title: Skin
pagenum: 39; title: Respiratory System
pagenum: 40; label: 2-2
title: How Toxicants Are Eliminated from Biological Organisms
pagenum: 41; label: 2-3
title: Effects of Toxicants on Biological Organisms
pagenum: 42; label: 2-4
title: Toxicological Studies
pagenum: 43; label: 2-5
title: Dose versus Response
pagenum: 44; label: 2-6
title: Models for Dose and Response Curves
pagenum: 50; label: 2-7
title: Relative Toxicity
pagenum: 56; label: 2-8
title: Threshold Limit Values
pagenum: 56; label: 2-9
title: National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Diamond
pagenum: 58; title: On-Line Resources
pagenum: 59; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 60; title: Problems
pagenum: 60; label: 3
title: Industrial Hygiene
pagenum: 65; label: 3-1
title: Government Regulations
pagenum: 66; title: Laws and Regulations
pagenum: 66; title: Creating a Law
pagenum: 66; title: Creating a Regulation
pagenum: 66; title: OSHA: Process Safety Management
pagenum: 71; title: EPA: Risk Management Plan
pagenum: 73; title: DHS: Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards (CFATS)
pagenum: 76; label: 3-2
title: Industrial Hygiene: Anticipation and Identification
pagenum: 78; title: Material Safety Data Sheets
pagenum: 81; label: 3-3
title: Industrial Hygiene: Evaluation
pagenum: 84; title: Evaluating Exposures to Volatile Toxicants by Monitoring
pagenum: 84; title: Evaluating Worker Exposures to Dusts
pagenum: 88; title: Evaluating Worker Exposures to Noise
pagenum: 89; title: Estimating Worker Exposures to Toxic Vapors
pagenum: 91; label: 3-4
title: Industrial Hygiene: Control
pagenum: 99; title: Respirators
pagenum: 101; title: Ventilation
pagenum: 103; title: On-Line Resources
pagenum: 109; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 109; title: Problems
pagenum: 110; label: 4
title: Source Models
pagenum: 117; label: 4-1
title: Introduction to Source Models
pagenum: 117; label: 4-2
title: Flow of Liquid through a Hole
pagenum: 120; label: 4-3
title: Flow of Liquid through a Hole in a Tank
pagenum: 124; label: 4-4
title: Flow of Liquids through Pipes
pagenum: 129; title: 2-K Method
pagenum: 132; label: 4-5
title: Flow of Gases or Vapors through Holes
pagenum: 138; label: 4-6
title: Flow of Gases or Vapors through Pipes
pagenum: 144; title: Adiabatic Flows
pagenum: 144; title: Isothermal Flows
pagenum: 151; label: 4-7
title: Flashing Liquids
pagenum: 161; label: 4-8
title: Liquid Pool Evaporation or Boiling
pagenum: 167; label: 4-9
title: Realistic and Worst-Case Releases
pagenum: 168; label: 4-10
title: Conservative Analysis
pagenum: 170; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 171; title: Problems
pagenum: 172; label: 5
title: Toxic Release and Dispersion Models
pagenum: 181; label: 5-1
title: Parameters Affecting Dispersion
pagenum: 182; label: 5-2
title: Neutrally Buoyant Dispersion Models
pagenum: 186; title: Case 1: Steady-State Continuous Point Release with No Wind
pagenum: 190; title: Case 2: Puff with No Wind
pagenum: 191; title: Case 3: Non-Steady-State Continuous Point Release with No Wind
pagenum: 192; title: Case 4: Steady-State Continuous Point Source Release with Wind
pagenum: 193; title: Case 5: Puff with No Wind and Eddy Diffusivity Is a Function of Direction
pagenum: 193; title: Case 6: Steady-State Continuous Point Source Release with Wind and Eddy Diffusivity Is a Function of Direction
pagenum: 194; title: Case 7: Puff with Wind
pagenum: 194; title: Case 8: Puff with No Wind and with Source on Ground
pagenum: 195; title: Case 9: Steady-State Plume with Source on Ground
pagenum: 195; title: Case 10: Continuous Steady-State Source with Source at Height H, above the Ground
pagenum: 196; title: Pasquill-Gifford Model
pagenum: 196; title: Case 11: Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Ground Level, Coordinates Fixed at Release Point, Constant Wind Only in x Direction with Constant Velocity u
pagenum: 200; title: Case 12: Plume with Continuous Steady-State Source at Ground Level and Wind Moving in x Direction at Constant Velocity u
pagenum: 201; title: Case 13: Plume with Continuous Steady-State Source at Height H, above Ground Level and Wind Moving in x Direction at Constant Velocity u
pagenum: 202; title: Case 14: Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Height H, above Ground Level and a Coordinate System on the Ground That Moves with the Puff
pagenum: 203; title: Case 15: Puff with Instantaneous Point Source at Height H, above Ground Level and a Coordinate System Fixed on the Ground at the Release Point
pagenum: 204; title: Worst-Case Conditions
pagenum: 204; title: Limitations to Pasquill-Gifford Dispersion Modeling
pagenum: 204; label: 5-3
title: Dense Gas Dispersion
pagenum: 205; label: 5-4
title: Dense Gas Transition to Neutrally Buoyant Gas
pagenum: 215; title: Continuous Release Transition
pagenum: 215; title: Continuous Release Downwind Concentration
pagenum: 217; title: Instantaneous Release Transition
pagenum: 217; title: Instantaneous Release Downwind Composition
pagenum: 218; label: 5-5
title: Toxic Effect Criteria
pagenum: 221; label: 5-6
title: Effect of Release Momentum and Buoyancy
pagenum: 229; label: 5-7
title: Release Mitigation
pagenum: 230; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 231; title: Problems
pagenum: 232; label: 6
title: Fires and Explosions
pagenum: 239; label: 6-1
title: The Fire Triangle
pagenum: 239; label: 6-2
title: Distinction between Fires and Explosions
pagenum: 241; label: 6-3
title: Definitions
pagenum: 241; label: 6-4
title: Flammability Characteristics of Liquids and Vapors
pagenum: 243; title: Liquids
pagenum: 244; title: Gases and Vapors
pagenum: 247; title: Vapor Mixtures
pagenum: 247; title: Flammability Limit Dependence on Temperature
pagenum: 249; title: Flammability Limit Dependence on Pressure
pagenum: 250; title: Estimating Flammability Limits
pagenum: 250; label: 6-5
title: Limiting Oxygen Concentration and Inerting
pagenum: 254; label: 6-6
title: Flammability Diagram
pagenum: 256; label: 6-7
title: Ignition Energy
pagenum: 264; label: 6-8
title: Autoignition
pagenum: 264; label: 6-9
title: Auto-Oxidation
pagenum: 265; label: 6-10
title: Adiabatic Compression
pagenum: 266; label: 6-11
title: Ignition Sources
pagenum: 267; label: 6-12
title: Sprays and Mists
pagenum: 268; label: 6-13
title: Explosions
pagenum: 269; title: Detonation and Deflagration
pagenum: 270; title: Confined Explosions
pagenum: 271; title: Blast Damage Resulting from Overpressure
pagenum: 281; title: TNT Equivalency
pagenum: 285; title: TNO Multi-Energy Method
pagenum: 287; title: Energy of Chemical Explosions
pagenum: 290; title: Energy of Mechanical Explosions
pagenum: 292; title: Missile Damage
pagenum: 295; title: Blast Damage to People
pagenum: 295; title: Vapor Cloud Explosions
pagenum: 297; title: Boiling-Liquid Expanding-Vapor Explosions
pagenum: 298; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 298; title: Problems
pagenum: 299; label: 7
title: Concepts to Prevent Fires and Explosions
pagenum: 309; label: 7-1
title: Inerting
pagenum: 310; title: Vacuum Purging
pagenum: 310; title: Pressure Purging
pagenum: 313; title: Combined Pressure-Vacuum Purging
pagenum: 315; title: Vacuum and Pressure Purging with Impure Nitrogen
pagenum: 315; title: Advantages and Disadvantages of the Various Pressure and Vacuum Inerting Procedures
pagenum: 317; title: Sweep-Through Purging
pagenum: 317; title: Siphon Purging
pagenum: 319; title: Using the Flammability Diagram to Avoid Flammable Atmospheres
pagenum: 319; label: 7-2
title: Static Electricity
pagenum: 325; title: Fundamentals of Static Charge
pagenum: 325; title: Charge Accumulation
pagenum: 326; title: Electrostatic Discharges
pagenum: 327; title: Energy from Electrostatic Discharges
pagenum: 329; title: Energy of Electrostatic Ignition Sources
pagenum: 330; title: Streaming Current
pagenum: 331; title: Electrostatic Voltage Drops
pagenum: 334; title: Energy of Charged Capacitors
pagenum: 334; title: Capacitance of a Body
pagenum: 339; title: Balance of Charges
pagenum: 342; label: 7-3
title: Controlling Static Electricity
pagenum: 348; title: General Design Methods to Prevent Electrostatic Ignitions
pagenum: 349; title: Relaxation
pagenum: 350; title: Bonding and Grounding
pagenum: 350; title: Dip Pipes
pagenum: 351; title: Increasing Conductivity with Additives
pagenum: 354; title: Handling Solids without Flammable Vapors
pagenum: 355; title: Handling Solids with Flammable Vapors
pagenum: 355; label: 7-4
title: Explosion-Proof Equipment and Instruments
pagenum: 355; title: Explosion-Proof Housings
pagenum: 357; title: Area and Material Classification
pagenum: 357; title: Design of an XP Area
pagenum: 358; label: 7-5
title: Ventilation
pagenum: 359; title: Open-Air Plants
pagenum: 359; title: Plants Inside Buildings
pagenum: 360; label: 7-6
title: Sprinkler Systems
pagenum: 362; label: 7-7
title: Miscellaneous Concepts for Preventing Fires and Explosions
pagenum: 366; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 366; title: Problems
pagenum: 367; label: 8
title: Chemical Reactivity
pagenum: 373; label: 8-1
title: Background Understanding
pagenum: 374; label: 8-2
title: Commitment, Awareness, and Identification of Reactive Chemical Hazards
pagenum: 376; label: 8-3
title: Characterization of Reactive Chemical Hazards Using Calorimeters
pagenum: 382; title: Introduction to Reactive Hazards Calorimetry
pagenum: 383; title: Theoretical Analysis of Calorimeter Data
pagenum: 389; title: Estimation of Parameters from Calorimeter Data
pagenum: 400; title: Adjusting the Data for the Heat Capacity of the Sample Vessel
pagenum: 404; title: Heat of Reaction Data from Calorimeter Data
pagenum: 405; title: Using Pressure Data from the Calorimeter
pagenum: 406; title: Application of Calorimeter Data
pagenum: 407; label: 8-4
title: Controlling Reactive Hazards
pagenum: 408; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 410; title: Problems
pagenum: 410; label: 9
title: Introduction to Reliefs
pagenum: 419; label: 9-1
title: Relief Concepts
pagenum: 420; label: 9-2
title: Definitions
pagenum: 422; label: 9-3
title: Location of Reliefs
pagenum: 423; label: 9-4
title: Relief Types and Characteristics
pagenum: 426; title: Spring-Operated and Rupture Discs
pagenum: 426; title: Buckling-Pin Reliefs
pagenum: 430; title: Pilot-Operated Reliefs
pagenum: 430; title: Chatter
pagenum: 431; title: Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Reliefs
pagenum: 432; label: 9-5
title: Relief Scenarios
pagenum: 433; label: 9-6
title: Data for Sizing Reliefs
pagenum: 434; label: 9-7
title: Relief Systems
pagenum: 434; title: Relief Installation Practices
pagenum: 435; title: Relief Design Considerations
pagenum: 437; title: Horizontal Knockout Drum
pagenum: 438; title: Flares
pagenum: 441; title: Scrubbers
pagenum: 442; title: Condensers
pagenum: 442; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 442; title: Problems
pagenum: 443; label: 10
title: Relief Sizing
pagenum: 447; label: 10-1
title: Conventional Spring-Operated Reliefs in Liquid Service
pagenum: 448; label: 10-2
title: Conventional Spring-Operated Reliefs in Vapor or Gas Service
pagenum: 454; label: 10-3
title: Rupture Disc Reliefs in Liquid Service
pagenum: 458; label: 10-4
title: Rupture Disc Reliefs in Vapor or Gas Service
pagenum: 459; label: 10-5
title: Two-Phase Flow During Runaway Reaction Relief
pagenum: 460; label: 10-6
title: Pilot-Operated and Bucking-Pin Reliefs
pagenum: 469; label: 10-7
title: Deflagration Venting for Dust and Vapor Explosions
pagenum: 469; label: 10-8
title: Venting for Fires External to Process Vessels
pagenum: 476; label: 10-9
title: Reliefs for Thermal Expansion of Process Fluids
pagenum: 480; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 484; title: Problems
pagenum: 485; label: 11
title: Hazards Identification
pagenum: 491; label: 11-1
title: Process Hazards Checklists
pagenum: 494; label: 11-2
title: Hazards Surveys
pagenum: 494; label: 11-3
title: Hazards and Operability Studies
pagenum: 510; label: 11-4
title: Safety Reviews
pagenum: 516; title: Informal Review
pagenum: 519; title: Formal Review
pagenum: 520; label: 11-5
title: Other Methods
pagenum: 523; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 524; title: Problems
pagenum: 524; label: 12
title: Risk Assessment
pagenum: 533; label: 12-1
title: Review of Probability Theory
pagenum: 534; title: Interactions between Process Units
pagenum: 536; title: Revealed and Unrevealed Failures
pagenum: 542; title: Probability of Coincidence
pagenum: 546; title: Redundancy
pagenum: 548; title: Common Mode Failures
pagenum: 548; label: 12-2
title: Event Trees
pagenum: 548; label: 12-3
title: Fault Trees
pagenum: 553; title: Determining the Minimal Cut Sets
pagenum: 556; title: Quantitative Calculations Using the Fault Tree
pagenum: 559; title: Advantages and Disadvantages of Fault Trees
pagenum: 560; title: Relationship between Fault Trees and Event Trees
pagenum: 560; label: 12-4
title: QRA and LOPA
pagenum: 561; title: Quantitative Risk Analysis
pagenum: 561; title: Layer of Protection Analysis
pagenum: 562; title: Consequence
pagenum: 565; title: Frequency
pagenum: 565; title: Typical LOPA
pagenum: 569; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 572; title: Problems
pagenum: 572; label: 13
title: Safety Procedures and Designs
pagenum: 579; label: 13-1
title: Process Safety Hierarchy
pagenum: 580; title: Process Safety Strategies
pagenum: 580; title: Layers of Protection
pagenum: 580; label: 13-2
title: Managing Safety
pagenum: 581; title: Documentation
pagenum: 581; title: Communications
pagenum: 581; title: Delegation
pagenum: 581; title: Follow-up
pagenum: 582; label: 13-3
title: Best Practices
pagenum: 582; label: 13-4
title: Procedures - Operating
pagenum: 582; label: 13-5
title: Procedures - Permits
pagenum: 583; title: Hot Work Permit
pagenum: 583; title: Lock-Tag-Try Permit
pagenum: 583; title: Vessel Entry Permit
pagenum: 584; label: 13-6
title: Procedures - Safety Reviews and Accident Investigations
pagenum: 585; title: Safety Reviews
pagenum: 585; title: Incident Investigations
pagenum: 585; label: 13-7
title: Designs for Process Safety
pagenum: 586; title: Inherently Safer Designs
pagenum: 587; title: Controls - Double Block and Bleed
pagenum: 588; title: Controls - Safeguards or Redundancy
pagenum: 589; title: Controls - Block Valves
pagenum: 590; title: Controls - Explosion Suppression
pagenum: 590; title: Flame Arrestors
pagenum: 590; title: Containment
pagenum: 591; title: Materials of Construction
pagenum: 592; title: Process Vessels
pagenum: 592; title: Deflagrations
pagenum: 594; title: Detonations
pagenum: 594; label: 13-8
title: Miscellaneous Designs for Fires and Explosions
pagenum: 597; label: 13-9
title: Designs for Runaway Reactions
pagenum: 597; label: 13-10
title: Designs for Handling Dusts
pagenum: 598; title: Designs for Preventing Dust Explosions
pagenum: 599; title: Management Practices for Preventing Dust Explosions
pagenum: 599; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 599; title: Problems
pagenum: 600; label: 14
title: Case Histories
pagenum: 603; label: 14-1
title: Static Electricity
pagenum: 604; title: Tank Car Loading Explosion
pagenum: 604; title: Explosion in a Centrifuge
pagenum: 604; title: Duct System Explosion
pagenum: 605; title: Conductor in a Solids Storage Bin
pagenum: 605; label: 14-1
title: Lessons Learned Concerning Static Electricity
pagenum: 606; label: 14-2
title: Chemical Reactivity
pagenum: 608; title: Bottle of Isopropyl Ether
pagenum: 612; title: Nitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid Decomposition
pagenum: 612; title: Organic Oxidation
pagenum: 613; title: Lessons Learned Concerning Chemical Reactivity
pagenum: 613; label: 14-3
title: System Designs
pagenum: 613; title: Ethylene Oxide Explosion
pagenum: 613; title: Ethylene Explosion
pagenum: 614; title: Butadiene Explosion
pagenum: 614; title: Light Hydrocarbon Explosion
pagenum: 614; title: Pump Vibration
pagenum: 615; title: Pump Failure
pagenum: 615; title: Second Ethylene Explosion
pagenum: 615; title: Third Ethylene Explosion
pagenum: 616; title: Second Ethylene Oxide Explosion
pagenum: 616; title: Lessons Learned Concerning Designs
pagenum: 617; label: 14-4
title: Procedures
pagenum: 619; title: Leak Testing a Vessel
pagenum: 619; title: Man Working in Vessel
pagenum: 620; title: Vinyl Chloride Explosion
pagenum: 620; title: Dangerous Water Expansion
pagenum: 620; title: Phenol-Formaldehyde Runaway Reaction
pagenum: 621; title: Conditions and Secondary Reaction Cause Explosion
pagenum: 621; title: Fuel-Blending Tank Explosion
pagenum: 622; title: Lessons Learned Concerning Procedures
pagenum: 623; label: 14-5
title: Training
pagenum: 624; title: Weld Failure
pagenum: 624; title: Safety Culture
pagenum: 624; title: Training within Universities
pagenum: 625; title: Training Regarding the Use of Standards
pagenum: 625; title: Lessons Learned Concerning Training
pagenum: 627; label: 14-6
title: Conclusion
pagenum: 627; title: Suggested Reading
pagenum: 628; title: Problems
pagenum: 628; label: A
title: Unit Conversion Constants
pagenum: 631; label: B
title: Flammability Data for Selected Hydrocarbons
pagenum: 635; label: C
title: Detailed Equations for Flammability Diagrams
pagenum: 641; title: Equations Useful for Gas Mixtures
pagenum: 641; title: Equations Useful for Placing Vessels into and out of Service
pagenum: 646; label: D
title: Formal Safety Review Report for Example 10-4
pagenum: 651; label: E
title: Saturation Vapor Pressure Data
pagenum: 661; label: F
title: Special Types of Reactive Chemicals
pagenum: 663; label: G
title: Hazardous Chemicals Data for a Variety of Chemical Substances
pagenum: 669; title: Index
pagenum: 677