Diesel engine maintenance training manual
Subtitle: U.S. Navy. February, 1946.
By: Prepard by the Bureau of ships for Standards and curriculum division, training, Bureau of naval personnel.
Contributors: United States. Bureau of Naval Personnel.
Publisher: U.S. Govt. print. off.
Published: 1946
Place of publication: Washington, D.C., USA
Language: eng
Number of pages: 344
Subjects: Diesel motor.; Marine engines.
Description: NAVPERS  16179.
Notes: At head of title: Navpers 16179.
Table of contents: title: CONTENTS; title: Chapter 1. Troubles: Their Symptoms and Their Causes; title: A. General Trouble Shooting Procedure; title: 1A1. Recognizing and locating troubles; title: B. Engine; title: Fails to Start; title: 1B1. Engine will not crank but can be barred over; title: 1B2. Engine cannot be cranked and cannot be; title: 1B3.; title: C. Unusual or Erratic Operation; title: 1C1.; title: 1C2.; title: Engine stops suddenly; title: 1C3.; title: Engine overspeeds; title: 1C4.; title: Engine will not carry load (loss of power).; title: 1C5.; title: Engine will not shut off; title: 1C6.; title: 1C7.; title: 1C8.; title: Cylinder safety valves pop frequently during engine operation; title: 1C9.; title: Engine will not reach rated speed; title: 1C10.; title: Engine hunts (speed varies at constant throttle setting); title: D. Noises; title: 1D1. Pounding; title: 1D2. Knocking; title: 1D3. Metallic clicking; title: 1D4. Rattling; title: E. Instruments — Pressure; title: 1E1. Low lube oil pressure; title: 1E2. High lube oil pressure; title: 1E3. Low fuel oil pressure (in low-pressure fuel supply system); title: 1E4. Low cooling water pressure (fresh); title: 1E5. Low cooling water pressure (salt); title: 1E6. High cooling water pressure (salt); title: 1E7. Low compression pressure; title: 1E8. Low firing pressure 6; title: 1E9. High firing pressure 6; title: 1E10. Low scavenging air receiver pressure (super-charged engine) 6; title: 1E11. High exhaust back pressure 6; title: R Instruments — Temperature; title: 1F1. Low lube oil temperature 6; title: 1F2. High lube oil temperature 6; title: 1F3. Low cooling water temperature (fresh) 6; title: 1F4. High cooling water temperature (fresh). 6; title: 1F5. Low cylinder exhaust temperature 7; title: 1F6. High exhaust temperature in one cylinder 7; title: G. Instruments — Correlation of Cylinder Exhaust Temperature and Cylinder Firing and Compression; title: Temperatures; title: 1G1. Low firing pressure and low exhaust temperature 7; title: 1G2. Low firing pressure and high exhaust temperature 7; title: 1G3. High firing pressure and low exhaust temperature 7; title: 1G4. High firing pressure and high exhaust temperature 7; title: 1G5. Low compression pressure and low exhaust temperature 7; title: 1G6. Low compression pressure and high exhaust temperature 7; title: 1G7. High compression pressure and low exhaust temperature 7; title: 1G8. High compression pressure and high exhaust temperature 7; title: H. Instruments — Speed; title: 1H1. Idling speed not normal 7; title: 1H2. Maximum speed not normal 7; title: I. Presence of Smoke; title: 111. Black exhaust smoke 8; title: 112. Bluish-white exhaust smoke 8; title: 113. Smoke arising from crankcase 8; title: 114. Smoke arising from cylinder head 8; title: 115- Smoke arising from engine auxiliary equipment such as blower, pumps, etc 8; title: J. Excessive Consumption of Lube Oil, Fuel, or Water; title: 1J1. Excessive lube oil consumption 8; title: 1J2. Excessive fresh water consumption 8; title: 1J3- Excessive fuel oil consumption 8; title: K. Contamination of Lube Oil, Fuel, or Water; title: 1K1. Fuel oil in lube oil 8; title: 1K2. Water in lube oil 9; title: 1K3. Oil or grease in water 9; title: 1K4. Water in fuel oil 9; title: 1K5. Air or gas in water 9; title: 1K6. Metal particles in lube oil . 9; title: Chapter 2. Air Intake System; title: A. Blowers; title: 2A1. Introduction 11; title: 2A2. Turbochargers 12; title: a. Possible trouble — Damaged shaft or thrust bearings 13; title: b. Possible trouble — Damaged turbine blading 14; title: c. Possible trouble — Damaged nozzle ring 15; title: d. Possible trouble — Damaged blower impeller 16; title: 2A3. Roots type blowers 17; title: a. Possible trouble — Worn gears 17; title: b. Possible trouble — Scored rotor lobes and casing 18; title: c. Possible trouble — Blower shaft oil seals leaking 20; title: d. Possible trouble — Failure of serrated shafts 21; title: 2A4. Hamilton-Whitfield blowers 21; title: B. Air Passages; title: 2B1. Troubles in air passages 22; title: a. Possible trouble — Foreign bodies in manifold 22; title: b. Possible trouble — Excess accumulation of oil in manifold or air box 23; title: C. Air Heaters; title: 2C1. Electrical air heaters 24; title: a. Possible trouble — Failure of electric air heater to operate 24; title: 2C2. Flame primers for air heating 25; title: a. Possible trouble — Failure of flame primer to operate 25; title: D. Air Cleaners and Silencers; title: 2D1. Introduction 25; title: 2D2. Dry, or viscous type air cleaner and silencers 25; title: a. Possible trouble — Clogged and dirty air cleaner 26; title: b. Possible trouble — Explosion from using volatile solvents for cleaning 26; title: 2D3. Oil bath type air cleaners and filters 26; title: a. Possible trouble — Excess oil in cleaner causing engine to run away 26; title: Chapter 3. Exhaust System; title: A. Manifolds; title: 3A1. Introduction 27; title: a. Possible trouble — Cracked manifold 27; title: B. Silencer; title: 3B1. Introduction 28; title: 3B2. Wet type silencers 28; title: a. Possible trouble — Back flow of water into engine 28; title: b. Possible trouble — Corrosion of muffler 30; title: 3B3- Dry type silencers 31; title: a. Possible trouble — Excessive accumulation of oil or soot in the muffler 31; title: b. Possible trouble — Baffles or end plates broken loose 31; title: C. Piping and Stacks; title: 3C1. Piping 32; title: a. Possible trouble — Restricted exhaust piping 32; title: 3C2. Stacks 34; title: a. Possible trouble — Corrosion of exhaust stack 35; title: Chapter 4. Fuel Systems; title: Section 1. Transfer Pumps 37; title: A. Gear Pumps; title: 4A1. Introduction 37; title: 4A2. General description 37; title: a. Possible trouble — Leakage at shafts 37; title: b. Possible trouble— Insufficient discharge. 39; title: B. Vane Pumps; title: 4B1. General description 39; title: a. Possible trouble — Insufficient fuel supplied to injector pumps 40; title: C. Plunger Pumps; title: 4C1. General 41; title: 4C2. The Bosch fuel transfer pump 41; title: a. Possible trouble — Bosch fuel transfer pump fails to operate 41; title: 4C3. The Excel lo fuel transfer pump 42; title: Section 2. Injection Pumps and Nozzles 42; title: D. General; title: 4D1. Functions of the system 42; title: 4D2. Types of fuel systems 42; title: E. Bosch; title: 4E1. General description 43; title: a. Possible trouble — Damaged plunger and barrel assembly 45; title: b. Possible trouble— External leakage from pump 46; title: c. Possible trouble — Plunger stuck in barrel 47; title: d. Possible trouble — Control rack sticky or jammed 47; title: e. Possible trouble— Delivery valve inoperative 48; title: f. Possible trouble — Backlash (looseness or play) in control rack 49; title: g. Possible trouble — Pump improperly timed 49; title: h. Possible trouble — Pumps improperly calibrated (balanced) 50; title: i. Possible trouble — Broken plunger spring 50; title: 4E2. Spray nozzles and nozzle holders 51; title: a. Possible trouble — Nozzle opening pressure too high 51; title: b. Possible trouble — Nozzle opening pressure too low 55; title: c. Possible trouble — Dribbling (leaky) nozzle 55; title: d. Possible trouble — Distorted nozzle spray pattern 56; title: e. Possible trouble — Nozzle fails to chatter 57; title: f. Possible trouble — Excessive overflow from nozzle leakoff connection 57; title: g. Possible trouble — Nozzle turns blue after service in engine 58; title: F. General Motors; title: 4F1. General description 60; title: a. Possible trouble — Damaged plunger and bushing 60; title: b. Possible trouble — External leakage from injector 61; title: c. Possible trouble — Plunger stuck in bushing 62; title: d. Possible trouble — Rack sticking or jammed 63; title: e. Possible trouble — Backlash (looseness) of rack 64; title: f. Possible trouble — Broken plunger spring 64; title: g. Possible trouble — Dribbling from spray tips 64; title: h. Possible trouble — Distorted spray pattern 64; title: i. Possible trouble — Pop pressure too high 65; title: j. Possible trouble — Pop pressure too low 65; title: k. Possible trouble — Injectors not balanced 66; title: I. Possible trouble — Injectors improperly timed 66; title: G. Excel I o Fuel Injection Equipment Type A Pump; title: 4G1. General description 67; title: a. Possible trouble— Pump unbalanced 69; title: b. Possible trouble — Scored plungers and cylinders 70; title: c. Possible trouble — Sticking plungers  70; title: d. Possible trouble — System air bound 71; title: 4G2. Exccllo fuel injection nozzle 72; title: a. Possible trouble — Faulty injector nozzles 72; title: H. Cummins Fuel System; title: 4H1. General description 73; title: a. Possible trouble — Scored distribution disk and cover 75; title: b. Possible trouble — Damaged metering pump plunger and barrel 77; title: c. Possible trouble — Damaged priming valve 77; title: d. Possible trouble — Sticky injector plungers 77; title: e. Possible trouble — Worn or scored injector plungers 78; title: f. Possible trouble — Clogged injector spray holes 78; title: g. Possible trouble — Worn injector cup tip 78; title: I. Atlas Fuel System; title: 411. General description 79; title: a. Possible trouble — Improper timing of fuel system 82; title: b. Possible trouble — Clogged spray orifices 83; title: c. Possible trouble — Leaky nozzle tip 83; title: d. Possible trouble — Worn spray valve packing 83; title: c. Possible trouble — Improper functioning of pressure regulating valve 83; title: J. Cooper-Bessemer Fuel Injection System; title: 4J1. General description 84; title: 4J2. The fuel oil pump 84; title: a. Possible trouble — Pump fails to operate properly 85; title: 4J3. The accumulator bottle 86; title: 4J4. The fuel injector (distributor) 87; title: a. Possible trouble — Injector operates improperly 87; title: 4J5. The fuel injection nozzle 90; title: Section 3- Fuel Links 90; title: K. Low-Pressure Lines; title: 4K1. General description 90; title: a. Possible trouble — Threaded pipe joints breaking at root of threads 90; title: L. High- Pressure Lines; title: 4L1 . General description 91; title: a. Possible trouble — Broken high pressure fuel lines 91; title: Section 4. Filters and Strainers 92; title: M. Filters; title: 4M1. General description 92; title: a. Possible trouble — Filter clogged before 500 hours' operation 92; title: b. Possible trouble — Air in filter 94; title: c. Possible trouble — Leaky filter case 95; title: N. Strainers; title: 4N1. General description 96; title: a. Possible trouble — Broken scraping mechanism 96; title: Section 5. Tanks 97; title: O. Fuel Oil Tanks; title: 401. Introduction 97; title: a. Possible trouble — Leaking tank 97; title: b. Possible trouble — Corrosion of tank interiors 98; title: c. Possible trouble — Suction and vent lines rusting through 98; title: Chapter 5- Speed Control System; title: A. Mechanical Governors; title: 5A1. Introduction 99; title: 5A2. General description 99; title: 5A3. G.M. 71 series mechanical governor 100; title: a. Possible trouble — Stripped splines on governor drive shaft 100; title: b. Possible trouble — Broken high or low speed springs 101; title: c. Possible trouble — Excessive wear of governor parts or external linkage 101; title: d. Possible trouble — Binding in governor or linkage 101; title: e. Possible trouble — Low speed spring tension improperly adjusted 102; title: f. Possible trouble — High speed spring tension adjustment improper 103; title: g. Possible trouble — Improper gap clearance 103; title: h. Possible trouble — Buffer screw adjustment improper 103; title: 5A4. Pierce mechanical governor 103; title: a. Possible trouble — Broken or loose fly- balls 104; title: b. Possible trouble — Worn shaft bearings . . 105; title: c. Possible trouble — Worn thrust sleeve face 105; title: d. Possible trouble — Improper adjustment of pump control rod positioning screw 105; title: e. Possible trouble — Improper adjustment of speeder spring tension; title: f. Possible trouble — Improper adjustment of speed droop; title: g. Possible trouble — Stickiness in governor or external linkage; title: h . Possible trouble — Stripped or worn drive gears; title: B. Hydraulic Governors; title: 5B1. Introduction; title: 5B2. Sources of information; title: a. Possible trouble — Low oil level; title: b. Possible trouble — Stickiness of governor mechanism or linkage; title: c. Possible trouble — Governor improperly adjusted; title: d. Possible trouble — Damaged drive shaft.; title: e. Possible trouble — Drive gear clearance improper; title: f . Possible trouble — Leaky oil seals; title: g. Possible trouble — Foaming of governor oil; title: C. Overspeed Safety Devices; title: 5C1. Introduction; title: 5C2. Types of speed governors; title: a. Possible trouble — Trip operates below specified tripping speed; title: b. Possible trouble — Trip fails to operate at specified tripping speed; title: Chapter 6. Lubricating System; title: A. Lube Oil Pumps; title: 6A1. Introduction; title: a. Possible trouble — Lube oil pump failures; title: B. Oil Coolers; title: 6B1. Introduction; title: a. Possible trouble- -Excess scale on cooler tubes; title: b. Possible trouble—Leakage of oil tubes . .; title: c. Possible trouble—Corroded zinc plugs and plates; title: C. Valves; title: 6C1. Introduction; title: 6C2. Line valves; title: a. Possible trouble — Leaking valve (globe; title: and angle valves); title: b. Possible trouble — Leaking valve (gate valves); title: c. Possible trouble — Leaking valve stems.; title: 6C3. Check valves; title: a. Possible trouble — Leaking check valves; title: 6C4. Pressure regulating valves; title: a. Possible trouble — Defective pressure regulating valve; title: 6C5. Temperature regulating valves; title: D. Oil Lines and Passages; title: 6D1. Cleanliness; title: a. Possible trouble — Plugged lube oil lines; title: b. Possible trouble — Cracked lube oil lines; title: E. Centrifuges, Strainers , Filters; title: 6E1. Introduction; title: 6E2. Centrifuges 133; title: 106 a. Possible trouble — Oil discharged from water outlet 133; title: 106 b. Possible trouble— Bent shaft 133; title: c. Possible trouble — Failure to use and to  clean 133; title: 6E3. Strainers 134; title: 107 Possible trouble — Broken scraping mechanism 134; title: 107 6E4. Filters 134; title: 109 a. Possible trouble — Filter clogged prematurely 135; title: 109 Chapter 7. Cooling System; title: A. General; title: 110 7A1. Introduction 137; title: 112 B. Heat Exchangers; title: 7B1. General 137; title: 115 7B2. Harrison type cooler 138; title: 115 a. Possible trouble — Excessive scale on cooler element 138; title: 116 b. Possible trouble — Clogged cooler element 139; title: 115 c. Possible trouble — Leaky cooler 140; title: 117 7B3. She 11 -and -tube type 140; title: a. Possible trouble — Excessive scale deny posit on cooler tubes 141; title: b. Possible trouble — Clogged cooler element 141; title: c. Possible trouble — Leaky cooler 141; title: C. Pumps; title: 7C1. General 141; title: 121 7C2. Centrifugal pumps 141; title: a. Possible trouble — Insufficient discharge. 142; title: b. Possible trouble — Scored shaft or shaft; title: 121 sleeve 143; title: c. Possible trouble — Broken shaft 144; title: 123 d. Possible trouble — Clogged impeller 144; title: 126 c . Possible trouble — Worn or broken im- peller 144; title: 127 f. Possible trouble — Corrosion of pump parts 146; title: 128 g. Possible trouble — Shaft seals worn 146; title: 128 h. Possible trouble — Poor condition of shaft bearings 147; title: 128 j. Possible trouble — Excessive wear of wear rings 147; title: 130 7C3. Gear pumps 147; title: 130 a. Possible trouble — Insufficient discharge 147; title: 131 b. Possible trouble— Scored shaft 148; title: 131 c. Possible trouble — Broken shaft 148; title: 131 d. Possible trouble — Damaged pumping gears 149; title: 131 e. Possible trouble — Corrosion of pump  parts 150; title: f. Possible trouble — Shaft seals worn 1 50; title: 132 g. Possible trouble — Poor condition of shaft bearings 150; title: 132 D. Valves; title: 7D1. General 150  7D2. Manually operated valves: general 151; title: 7D3. Manually operated valves; lubricated plug type 151; title: a. Possible trouble — Valve improperly lubricated 151; title: 7D4. Thermostatic valves: general 152; title: 7D5. Thermostatic valves : automatic temperature regulators 152; title: a. Possible trouble — Valve improperly adjusted 152; title: 7D6. Thermostatic valves: automotive type thermostat 154; title: a. Possible trouble — Inoperative thermostat 154; title: E. Passages and Piping; title: 7E1. General 155; title: 7E2. Passages 155; title: a. Possible trouble — Excessive scale formation in passages 156; title: b. Possible trouble — Corrosion of cooling water passages 156; title: c. Possible trouble — Leaky cooling passages 156; title: 7E3- Piping 157; title: a. Possible trouble — Clogged water line . . . 158; title: b. Possible trouble — Leaky water piping. . 158; title: F. Strainers; title: 7F1. General 161; title: a. Possible trouble — Clogged strainer basket 161; title: b. Possible trouble— Corroded strainer basket 162; title: Chapter 8. Starting Systems; title: A. Introduction; title: 8A1. General 163; title: B. Electrical Starting Systems; title: 8B1. General 163; title: a. Possible trouble — Dirty commutator... 163; title: b. Possible trouble Burned brushes 164; title: c. Possible trouble — Weak insulation 164; title: C. Air Starting Systems; title: 8C1. General 165; title: 8C2. Compressor 166; title: a. Possible trouble — Compressor overheating 166; title: b. Possible trouble — Excessive belt wear . 166; title: c. Possible trouble — Squeaking V-bclts . 167; title: 8C3- Receiver or tank . 167; title: a. Possible trouble -Sticking safety valve . 167; title: 8C4. Timing mechanisms: general 167; title: 8C5. Timing mechanisms: direct mechanical lift type 167; title: a. Possible trouble — Improper adjustment 167; title: 8C6. Timing mechanisms: rotary distributor — . 168; title: a. Possible trouble— Inoperative distributor 168; title: 8C7. Timing mechanisms: plunger type distributor valves 168; title: a. Possible trouble — Stuck distributor valves 168; title: 8C8. Air starting valves 169; title: a. Possible trouble — Air valve sticking open — air actuated 169; title: b. Possible trouble — Leaking air valve — mechanical lift 170; title: Chapter 9. Electrical Systems; title: A. Storage Batteries; title: 9A1. General 171; title: a. Possible trouble — Dead battery 172; title: b. Possible trouble — Rapid loss of electrolyte level 174; title: c. Possible trouble — Corrosion of battery terminals 175; title: d. Possible trouble — Burned terminals 175; title: e. Possible trouble — Battery explosion ... 176; title: B. Generators and Generator Control; title: 9B1. Generators 177; title: a. Possible trouble — Generator not charging — defective generator 177; title: 9B2. Generator controls 179; title: a. Possible trouble — Generator improperly charging — control unit defective ... . 179; title: C. Relays and Contactors; title: 9C1. General 181; title: a. Possible trouble — Burned contacts 181; title: b. Possible trouble — Magnetic device fails to engage pinion and close circuit 182; title: D. Wiring; title: 9D1. General 182; title: a. Possible trouble — Burned insulation 182; title: b. Possible trouble — Short circuits 183; title: E. Electrical Remote Control Devices; title: 9E1. General 183; title: 9E2. A.C. Sclsyn motor 184; title: a. Possible trouble — no response to changes of transmitter 184; title: 9E3. D.C. Selsvn motor 185; title: a. Possible trouble — Sclsyn fails to operate 185; title: 9E4. A.C, D C. split field motor 185; title: a. Possible trouble — Motor fails to operate 185; title: b. Possible trouble — Slip coupling too loose 186; title: Chapter 10. Engine Frame, Sub-Base, and Mountings; title: A. Engine Frame; title: 10A1. General 187; title: a. Possible trouble — Cracked frame 188; title: b. Possible trouble— Clogged oil passages. 190; title: c. Possible trouble — Excessive scale formation in passages 191; title: d. Possible trouble — Dirty air passages .... 191; title: e. Possible trouble — Crankcasc explosion . . 192; title: B. Sub-Base; title: 10B1. General 194; title: a. Possible trouble — Cracked sub-base 194; title: b. Possible trouble— Warped sub-base 194; title: C. Mountings; title: 10C1. General 195; title: a. Possible trouble — Inoperative vibration isolator 197; title: Chapter 11. Cylinder Assembly; title: A. Introduction; title: 11A1. General 199; title: B. Cylinder Liners; title: 11B1. General 199; title: a. Possible trouble — Cracked or broken liner 201; title: b. Possible trouble — Scored liner 203; title: c. Possible trouble — Obstructed liner ports 204; title: d. Possible trouble — Worn liner 205; title: C. Cylinder Heads; title: 11C1. General 208; title: 11C2. Parts 209; title: a. Possible trouble — Cracked cylinder head 210; title: b. Possible trouble — Burned or corroded cylinder head 211; title: C. Possible trouble — Distorted cylinder head 212; title: d. Possible trouble — Fouled combustion chamber 212; title: D. Cylinder Head Studs; title: 11D1. General 213; title: a. Possible trouble — Stripped or broken stud 214; title: E. Cylinder Head Gaskets; title: 11E1. General 217; title: a. Possible trouble — Leaky gasket 218; title: Chapter 12. Valve Gear; title: A. Exhaust Valves; title: 12A1. Mushroom type valves and assembly 221; title: a. Possible trouble — Exhaust valve sticking open 221; title: b. Possible trouble — Burned valves 222; title: c. Possible trouble — Broken valve springs 224; title: d. Possible trouble — Worn valve keepers and retaining washers 225; title: e. Possible trouble— Valve head broken off valve stem 227; title: 12A2. Hamilton supercharge valves 228; title: a. Possible trouble — Supercharge valves do not rotate 228; title: B. Intake Valves and Ports; title: 12B1. Poppet type valves 230; title: 12B2. Ports 230; title: a. Possible trouble — Dirty and clogged intake air ports 230; title: C. Rocker Arms and Push Rods; title: 12C1. Rocker arms 230; title: a. Possible trouble — Worn bushings 230; title: b. Possible trouble — Excessive wear on pads and end fittings 230; title: c. Possible trouble — Tappet adjusting screws worn 231; title: 12C2. Push rods 231; title: a. Possible trouble — Worn and loose end fittings 231; title: D. Cam Followers and Lash Adjusters; title: 12D1. Roller type cam followers 231; title: a. Possible trouble — Worn roller surface . . . 231; title: b. Possible trouble — Worn cam follower body and guide 232; title: c. Possible trouble — Worn roller needle bearings 232; title: 12D2. Mushroom type cam followers 232; title: a. Possible trouble — Worn surfaces 232; title: 12D3. Hydraulic valve lifters or lash adjusters 232; title: a. Possible trouble — Noisy operation of valve lifter 233; title: Chapter 13. Piston and Connecting Rod Assembly; title: A. Pistons; title: 13A1. Trunk type pistons 235; title: a. Possible trouble — Worn piston, excessive clearance 235; title: b. Possible trouble — Cracked crown 238; title: c. Possible trouble — Cracked lands 239; title: d. Possible trouble — Piston skirt seizure . . 240; title: e. Possible trouble — Crown and land dragging 241; title: f. Possible trouble — Ring groove clearance insufficient 241; title: g. Possible trouble — Clogged oil holes ... . 241; title: h. Possible trouble — Piston pin bushings worn 242; title: 13A2. Crosshead type pistons 243; title: a. Possible trouble — Worn and damaged piston skirt band on Hamilton-HOR pistons 243; title: B. Piston Rings; title: 13B1. General 244; title: a. Possible trouble — Worn compression rings 245; title: b. Possible trouble — Worn oil rings 249; title: c. Possible trouble — Sticking rings 250; title: d. Possible trouble — Broken rings 251; title: C. Piston Pins and Piston Pin Bearings; title: 13C1. General 252; title: a. Possible trouble — Worn piston pins 252; title: b. Possible trouble — Surface pitting and scoring of pins 253; title: c. Possible trouble — Worn bushings 254; title: d. Possible trouble — Worn needle bearings 255; title: D. Connecting Rods; title: 13D1. General 255; title: a. Possible trouble — Misaligned rod 255; title: b. Possible trouble — Cracked rods 256; title: c. Possible trouble — Defective bolts 257; title: d. Possible trouble — Plugged oil passages. 28; title: c. Possible trouble — Bore out-of-round — 258; title: E. Cross heads and Piston Rods; title: 13E1. Crossheads 259; title: a. Possible trouble — Broken crosshead .... 261; title: b. Possible trouble — Damaged crosshead pin and bushings 263; title: c. Possible trouble — Wiped or pitted babbitt material on slipper 264; title: 13E2. Piston rods 265; title: a. Possible trouble — Scored piston rod 265; title: b. Possible trouble — Broken, shattered, bent, or seized piston rod 267; title: Chapter 14. Engine Shafts; title: A. Crankshafts; title: 14A1. General 269; title: a. Possible trouble — Scored journals 269; title: b. Possible trouble — Broken or bent crankshafts 271; title: c. Possible trouble — Out-of-round journals 275; title: B. Camshafts; title: 14B1. General 277; title: a. Possible trouble — Damaged cams 277; title: b. Possible trouble— Broken shafts 279; title: c. Possible trouble — Failed camshaft bearings 280; title: Chapter 15. Engine Journal Bearings; title: A. General; title: 15A1. Introduction 281; title: a. Possible trouble — Journal bearing failures 282; title: Chapter 16. Anti-Friction Bearings; title: A. Introduction; title: 16A1. General 295; title: a. Possible trouble — Dirty bearing 297; title: b. Possible trouble — Spalled or pitted rollers or races 300; title: C. Possible trouble — Dented (brinelled) races 302; title: d. Possible trouble — Failed separator 304; title: e. Possible trouble — Races abraded on external surfaces 305; title: f. Possible trouble — Cracked race 305; title: g. Possible trouble — Worn bearing 306; title: Chapter 17. Auxiliary Drive Mechanisms; title: A. Introduction; title: 17A1. General 307; title: B. Gears; title: 17B1. General 307; title: a. Possible trouble — Gear failure 309; title: C. Chains and Belts; title: 17C1. Chains 312; title: a. Possible trouble — Worn or broken chains 312; title: 17C2. Belts 313; title: a. Possible trouble — Excessive belt wear 313; title: b. Possible trouble— Squeaking V-bolts 313; title: Chaptbr 18 Clutches and Drive Gears; title: A. Clutches; title: 18A1. Introduction 315; title: 18A2. Friction type clutches 315; title: a. Possible trouble — Slippage 315; title: b. Possible trouble— Wear 316; title: c Possible trouble — Frozen clutch 316; title: d. Possible trouble — Chattering clutch 316; title: 18A3. Dog type clutches 317; title: a. Possible trouble — Difficulty in engaging clutch 317; title: 18A4. Falk Airflex clutch 317; title: a. Possible trouble — Broken airshaft tube. 317; title: b. Possible trouble — Worn airshaft header and driver 318; title: c. Possible trouble — Oil clutch facings — slippage 318; title: d. Possible trouble— Pressure contact maker 319; title: e. Possible trouble — Clogged air filter 319; title: f. Possible trouble — Misalignment of reduction gear 319; title: 18A5. Fawick clutch and brake 321; title: a. Possible trouble — Burned clutch and brake friction blocks 321; title: 18A6. Twin disk clutch 322; title: a. Possible trouble — Worn clutch disks 322; title: b. Possible trouble — Grease and oil on clutch surface 323; title: 18A7. Joe's gears 323; title: a. Possible trouble — Slippage in the ahead position 323; title: b. Possible trouble — Slippage in the astern position 323; title: B. Drive Couplings; title: 18B1. Flange type solid coupling 324; title: a. Possible trouble— Shafts misaligned or coupling bent 324; title: 18B2. Flexible couplings 325; title: 18B3. Hydraulic coupling, quick dump type 325; title: a. Possible trouble — Dumping under load . 325; title: C. Reduction and Reverse Gears; title: 18C1. General 326; title: a. Possible trouble— Pitting 327; title: b. Possible trouble — Foaming 328; title: c. Possible trouble— Gear failure 328; title: Chapter 19. Instruments; title: A. Pressure; title: 19A1. Bourdon gage 329; title: a. Possible trouble — Hole in Bourdon tube element 329; title: b. Possible trouble — Broken cover glass .. . 330; title: c. Possible trouble — Pointer fails to move. 330; title: d. Possible trouble — Improper linkage ad- justment 330; title: e. Possible trouble — Loose linkages and gears 331; title: f. Possible trouble — Pointer docs not read zero for atmospheric pressure 332; title: 19A2. Manometers 332; title: a. Possible trouble — Loss of pressure 333; title: b. Possible trouble — Loss of liquid 333; title: 19A3. Engine indicators 333; title: a. Possible trouble— Gummed indicator pistons 334; title: b. Possible trouble — Electrical circuit failure 335; title: c. Possible trouble — Gummed check valve. 337; title: d. Possible trouble — Bourdon gage failure 338; title: e. Temperature; title: 19B1. Liquid in glass thermometer 338; title: a. Possible trouble — Broken cover glass  338; title: 19B2. Expansion thermometer 338; title: a. Possible trouble— Bourdon gage failures 339; title: b. Possible trouble — Inaccurate temperature readings 339; title: 19B3. Pyrometer 339; title: a. Possible trouble — Pyrometer reads backward for one cylinder only 339; title: b. Possible trouble — Pyrometer reads backward for every cylinder 340; title: C. Possible trouble — Incorrect zero or open circuit pointer position 340; title: d. Possible trouble — Incorrect temperature readings 340; title: e. Possible trouble — Pointer fails to operate 342; title: f. Possible trouble — Inaccurate temperature readings 342; title: 19B4. Electrical resistance thermometer 342; title: a. Possible trouble — Thermometer fails to record 342; title: b. Possible trouble — Thermometer reads low 342; title: C. Speed; title: 19C1. Mechanical centrifugal tachometers 343; title: a. Possible trouble — Fluctuation of pointer 343; title: 19C2. Electrical tachometer 343; title: a. Possible trouble — Pointer not at zero when engine is secured 344; title: b. Possible trouble — Pointer reads astern with engine going ahead 344; title: c. Possible trouble — Fluctuation of pointer 344; title: d. Possible trouble — Tachometer reads low 344; title: ILLUSTRATIONS; title: 2-1. Scavenging systems 11; title: 2-2. Turbochargers 12; title: 2-3. Turbine wheel with damaged blade 14; title: 2-4. Roots type blowers 16; title: 2-5. Roots type blower for G.M. 3-268A engine showing helical rotors and timing gears 17; title: 2-6. Checking backlash of rotor gears 18; title: 2-7. Scored blower lobes 18; title: 2-8. Checking clearances of Roots type blower lobes 19; title: 2-9. Shaft oil seals 20; title: 2-10. Failed serrated shaft 21; title: 2-11. Hamilton-Whitfield blower 21; title: 2-12. Air intake manifold 22; title: 2-13. Schematic drawing of an oil separator 23; title: 2-14. Effect of a worn bearing on oil leakage 24; title: 2-15. Flame primer as used on the G.M.-71 series engine. 25; title: 3-1. Cross section of manifold metal 27; title: 3-2. Formation of scale in water jacket 28; title: 3-3. Improper installation of wet type muffler 29; title: 3-4. Use of pipe bend to prevent backflow of water 29; title: 3-5. Use of three-way proportioning valve to regulate water flow to muffler 30; title: 3-6. Use of throttling valve to control flow of water to muffler 30; title: 3-7. Dry type muffler 31; title: 3-8. Force produced in exhaust piping by thermal expansion 32; title: 3-9. Use of flexible expansion joint to absorb thermal expansion 32; title: 3-10. Illustration of pressure drop in exhaust piping and muffler 33; title: 3-11. Types of bends used in exhaust lines 33; title: 3-12. Water trapped due to sagging of elbow 34; title: 3-13. Exhaust stack showing evidence of corrosion 34; title: 3- 14. Revision of stack design to eliminate corrosion 34; title: 4- 1. Schutte and Koerting gear pump 37; title: 4-2. Worn gear pump shafts 37; title: 4~3. Tuthill reversible fuel pump 38; title: 4-4. Packing clamps improperly tightened, cocked 39; title: 4-5. Cover plate of pump shown in Figure 4-4, showing uneven wear of bushing 39; title: 4-6. Vane type fuel oil pumps 40; title: 4-7. Worn and damaged seal on G.M. vane pump 40; title: 4-8. Bosch fuel supply pumps with hand prime feature. . 41; title: 4-9. Excello fuel transfer pump 41; title: 4-10. Schematic diagram of Bosch supply pumps 41; title: 4-11. Sectional views of Bosch type pumps : A — APF pump; B — 3-cylinder APE pump 43; title: 4-12. Pumping principle, one-plunger stroke 44; title: 4-13. Metering principle 44; title: 4-14. Types of plungers 44; title: 4-1 5. Plunger rotating mechanism 45; title: 4-16. Good and bad plungers 45; title: 4-17. APF pump sight window 48; title: 4-18. Typical Bosch spray nozzle 51; title: 4-19. Sectional views of nozzles 51; title: 4-20. Nozzle and nozzle holder 52; title: 4-21. American Bosch nozzle tester in operation 53; title: 4-22. Variations in nozzle holder connections and adjustments 54; title: 4-23. Throttling type pintle nozzle 56; title: 4-24. Good spray from throttling nozzles 56; title: 4-25. Spray patterns from standard pintle nozzles 56; title: 4-26. Types of General Motors injectors 59; title: 4-27. Injection and metering principle 60; title: 4-28. Injector test stand 60; title: 4-29. Sealing surfaces 62; title: 4-30. Type A Excello fuel injection pump 67; title: 4-31. Excello fuel pump drive unit, hydraulic unit, and safety filter 68; title: 4-32. Excello fuel injection nozzle 71; title: 4-33- Exploded view of nozzle tip 72; title: 4-34. Use of special tools to assemble and disassemble nozzle 73; title: 4-35. Cummins fuel system 74; title: 4-36. Cummins fuel injector 75; title: 4-37. Worn and scored distributor disk and cover 76; title: 4 38. Worn and eroded injector cup tip 79; title: 4-39. New injector cup tip 79; title: 4-40. Pressure regulating valve 79; title: 4-41. Atlas fuel system 80; title: 4-42. Spray valve and actuating mechanism 81; title: 4-43. Cutaway view of fuel oil pump 84; title: 4-44. Lapping the plunger and barrel 86; title: 4 45. Lapping the discharge vaive and seat 86; title: 4-46. Square lapping the relief valve seat 86; title: 4-47. Fuel injector 87; title: 4-48. Cutaway view of fuel injector 88; title: 4-49. Lapping the lower valve scat and stem 89; title: 4-50. Sectional view of fuel injection nozzle 90; title: 4-51 Recommended methods for elimination of pipe breakage at root of threads 91; title: 4-52. Duplex system (standard practice) 93; title: 4-53. Duplex fuel filter 93; title: 4-54. Plugging filter for washing 94; title: 4-55. Schematic drawing of a fuel system 95; title: 4-56. Strainer elements 96; title: 4- 57. Tank sampling device for diesel fuel 97; title: 5- 1. Elementary governor mechanisms 99; title: 5-2. G.M. mechanical governor 100; title: 5-3. Governor control mechanism 102; title: 5-4. Pierce mechanical governor 104; title: 5-5. Operating principle of hydraulic governor 108; title: 5-6. Marquette hydraulic governor 113; title: 5-7. Woodward type SI governor 114; title: 5- 8. Simple ovcrspecd trip mechanism 117; title: 6- 1 122; title: 6-2. 124; title: 6-3- Use of the centrifugal pump to clean heat exchangers 125; title: 6-4. Use of hand pumps and plungers to clean heat exchangers 125; title: 6-5. Repairing a strut tube leak. Both ends of tube require scaling 127; title: 6-6. Zinc electrode, before and after use 128; title: 6-7. Line valves 128; title: 6-8. Distortion of valve seat due to excess threads on pipe. 129; title: 6-9. Damaged gate valve, caused by throttling 130; title: 6-10. Tubing splice 133; title: 6-11. Simplex lube oil strainer 134; title: 6- 12. Michiana lube oil filter 135; title: 7- 1. Heat exchangers 138; title: 7-2. Harrison type cooler clement clogged with debris 139; title: 7-3. Attached centrifugal pump 142; title: 7-4. Worn sea-water pump clogged with seaweed 143; title: 7-5. Correct direction of rotation for unidirectional centrifugal pump 143; title: 7-6. Centrifugal pump with fluid sealed stuffing box 144; title: 7-7. Cracked keyway in water pump impeller 145; title: 7-8. Disintegrated key and burred keyway 146; title: 7-9. Location of wear rings on different types of centrifugal pumps 147; title: 7-10. Types of water pumps 148; title: 7-11. Failed neoprene impellers 149; title: 7-12. Mistimed neoprene impellers 149; title: 7-13. Water pump neoprene gear failure through fatigue 150; title: 7-14. Synchronizing gears marked to avoid mistiming 150; title: 7-15. Neoprene gear damaged by burning 150; title: 7-16. Lubricated plug valve 151; title: 7-17. Fulton-Sylphon automatic temperature regulator. . . 152; title: 7-18. Reference for adjustment instruction 153; title: 7-19. Installation of bulb 154; title: 7-20. Commonly used thermostats 155; title: 7-21. Sizing tools 159; title: 7-22. Steps in making a soldered joint 159; title: 7-23- Failure of piping at exposed thread 160; title: 7-24. Bends in copper tubing 160; title: 7-25. Typical sea-water strainer 161; title: 7-26. Clogged sea-water strainer 161; title: 7- 27. Dezincified (corroded) portions of sea-water strainer 161; title: 8- 1. Schematic diagram for checking insulation resistance 165; title: 8-2. Wiring diagram for checking resistance of the insulation, voltmeter method 165; title: 8-3. Checking belt tension 166; title: 8-4. Air pilot valve in Cooper-Bessemer type GSB-8 168; title: 8-5. Hamilton starting air distributor 169; title: 8-6. Sectional view of air starting valve 169; title: 9-1. Cutaway view of lead-acid cell 171; title: 9-2. Typical hard rubber battery case 172; title: 9-3. Typical battery name plate 172; title: 9-4. Corroded and burned battery terminal 175; title: 9-5. Improperly tightened battery terminal and lug 176; title: 9-6. Checking belt tension 177; title: 9-7. Sanding a brush 177; title: 9-8. Testing an armature on the growler 178; title: 9-9. Preparing to test for polarity of field coils 178; title: 9-10. Wiring diagram of current and voltage regulator 179; title: 9-11. Cleaning contact points 179; title: 9-12. Cutout relay adjustments 180; title: 9-13. Voltage regulator adjustments 180; title: 9-14. Current regulator check 181; title: 9-15. Making a wire splice 183; title: 9-16. Diagrammatic sketch of connections for self-synchronous transmitters and indicators 184; title: 9-17. Wiring diagram, sclsyn remote control, a.c 184; title: 9-18. Schematic connection diagram of d.c. solsyn system. 185; title: 9-19. Wiring diagram 185; title: 9-20. A.C. D.C. split field motor 186; title: 10- 1. Cylinder block 187; title: 10-2. Crankcase 187; title: 10-3. Cylinder block for Cooper-Bessemer GSB-8 188; title: 10-4. Engine base with main bearings and bearing caps in position, Cooper-Bessemer GSB-8 188; title: 10-5. Harmon Sav-A-Weld method for repairing cracks 190; title: 10-6. Mctalock process for repairing cracks 190; title: 10-7. Use of cloth patches for cleaning passages 191; title: 10-8. Engine and reduction gear mounted on common sub-base 193; title: 10- 9. Welding in wandering sequence 194; title: 10-10. Generator set secured on flexible mounting 195; title: 10-11. Fundamentals of vibration isolator 195; title: 10-12. Spring type vibration isolator 196; title: 10-13- "Rubber sandwich" type flexible mounting 196; title: 10- 14. Vibration isolator-shock absorber 197; title: 11- 1. Schematic drawing of a cylinder assembly 199; title: 11-2. Cylinder head requiring no gasket 200; title: 11—3- Types of cylinder liners 200; title: 11 4. Wet liner with integral cooling passages 201; title: 11-5. Cracked cylinder liners 202; title: 11-6. Distortion of cylinder due to oversize seal ring 202; title: 11-7. Improper fillet preventing seating 202; title: 11-8. Scored cylinder liners 203; title: 11-9. Effect of scoring on seal between rings and liner 203; title: 11-10. Liner ports before and after stoning 204; title: 11-11. Liner ports before and after cleaning 205; title: 11-12. Measurements of cylinder wear 205; title: 11-13. Measuring a cylinder liner 206; title: 11-14. Common errors in taking inside micrometer readings 206; title: 11 — 15- Trace of moving end of micrometer calipers 207; title: 11-16. Combustion chambers 207; title: 11 17. Typical cylinder heads 208; title: 11-18. Cutaway view of cylinder head 209; title: 1 1-19. Water ferrule assembly 210; title: 11-20. Set-up to test for gas in cooling water 210; title: 11-21. Cracked cylinder head 210; title: 11-22. Cylinder head showing effect of leaking gasket 212; title: 11-23. Cylinder head studs in place 213; title: 11-24. Cylinder head stud designs 213; title: 11-25. Failure at root of thread 214; title: 11-26. Failure in shank 214; title: 11-27. Effect of uneven stud tightening 214; title: 11-28. Use of special stud wrench 215; title: 11-29. Use of two nuts to drive stud 215; title: 11-30. Minimum effective thread length for stud 216; title: 11-31. Two methods for removing a broken stud 216; title: 11-32. Procedure for extracting a broken stud 217; title: 11-33. Use of pilot hole to aid in drilling of stud 217; title: 11-34. Principle of a gasket 218; title: 11-35. Types of cylinder head gaskets 218; title: 11-36. Effect of uneven tightening on a gasket 219; title: 11- 37. Proper order for tightening cylinder head studs 219; title: 12- 1. Exhaust valves 222; title: 12-2. Excessively lapped valves 224; title: 12-3. Exhaust valve springs 225; title: 12-4. Poppet valve assembly 226; title: 12-5. Valve stem cap 226; title: 12-6. Exhaust valves, G.M. 8-268A 226; title: 12-7. Damaged and undamaged cylinder heads 227; title: 12-8. Damaged valves from cylinder head shown in Figure; title: 12-7A. Broken valve that caused damage is not shown 228; title: 12-9. Supercharge valves in HOR engine 229; title: 12-10. Roller type cam followers 231; title: 12-11. Lash adjuster 233; title: 13-1. Typical trunk type piston 236; title: 13-2. Cylinder lubricators, Hamilton diesel 237; title: 13-3- Severe scoring of cylinder walls caused by piston seizure 238; title: 13-4. Piston scored by seizure. Note broken rings 238; title: 13-5. Piston measurements 238; title: 13-6. Piston skirt seizure — galling 241; title: 13-7. Piston ruined by clogged oil holes and seizure 242; title: 13-8. Location of joint in piston pin bushings for piston and connecting rod 243; title: 13-9. Hamilton double-acting crosshead type piston and piston rod 243; title: 13-10. Cylinder lube oil check valve 244; title: 13-11. General types of piston rings 245; title: 13-12. Common types of piston ring gaps 245; title: 13-13. Piston ring nomenclature 245; title: 13-14. Removing and replacing piston rings with piston ring tool 247; title: 13-15. Using metal strips to remove piston rings 247; title: 13-16. Shoulder in ring groove due to wear 248; title: 13-17. Level ring in bore with inverted piston 248; title: 13-18. Installing piston in cylinder bore with funnel type piston ring compressor 248; title: 13-19. Using wire to install piston rings 249; title: 13-20. Checking for stuck rings 249; title: 13-21. Examples of piston pin bearings 252; title: 13-22. Piston pin measurements 253; title: 1 3-23- Reaming tools 253; title: 13-24. Measuring the piston pin and piston pin bushing for wear 254; title: 13-25. Common types of connecting rods 256; title: 13-26. Critical area of a connecting rod 256; title: 13-27. Connecting rod bolts 257; title: 13-28. Incorrect and correct installation of cotter pins 257; title: 13-29. Measuring the bore of a connecting rod for out-of-roundness 258; title: 13-30. Single-acting engine 259; title: 13-31. Double-acting engine 260; title: 13-32. Crosshead and connecting rod assembly 260; title: 13-33. Exploded view of Hamilton HOR assembly 261; title: 13-34. Crosshead guide and crosshead guide gibs 261; title: 13-35- Spherical nut 261; title: 13-36. Crosshead cover nut 262; title: 13-37. Piston cooling linkage 263; title: 13-38. Checking alignment of connecting rods 265; title: 13-39. Stuffing box 266; title: 13- 40. Division cover 266; title: 14- 1. Diesel engine crankshaft 269; title: 14-2. Crankshaft oil passages 270; title: 14-3. Crankshaft with hollow crank pins 270; title: 14-4. Cracked journal 272; title: 14-5. Broken crankshaft 272; title: 14-6. Cracked crank web 273; title: 14-7. Fatigue failure resulting from torsional vibration 274; title: 14-8. Strain gage installed between crank webs 274; title: 14-9- Crankshaft bridge gage 275; title: 14-10. Measurement of crank-pin diameter. 275; title: 14-11. Diesel engine camshaft 276; title: 14-12. Built-up camshaft 276; title: 14-13. Individual cam 276; title: 14-14. Built-up camshaft 277; title: 14-15. Camshaft with adjustable fuel pump cams 277; title: 14-16. Camshaft showing lubrication passageways 277; title: 14-17. Cracked cam 278; title: 14-18. Camshaft key drift 278; title: 14-19. Installing a camshaft 279; title: 14-20. Broken camshaft 280; title: 15-1. Fatigue failure (magnified) 282; title: 15-2. Fatigue failure 282; title: 15-3. Failure due to corrosion 283; title: 15-4. Corroded bearing 283; title: 15-5. Corrosion 284; title: 15-6. Corroded copper-lead bearing 284; title: 15-7. Bearing failure due to inadequate bond 285; title: 15-8. Bond between tin-base babbitt and bronze shell 285; title: 15-9. Embedded foreign particles in a Tri-mctal bearing. . 285; title: 15-10. Defective bond between bronze and steel of a Tri- metal bearing 286; title: 15-11. Failure due to extrusion of bronze back into the connecting rod oil groove 286; title: 15-12. Bearing failure caused by faulty installation 287; title: 15-13. Proper and improper fitting locking lip 288; title: 15-14. Failed bearing 289; title: 15-15. Bearing with ability to carry the load after part of the bearing area has failed 290; title: 15-16. Pitted bearing surface 290; title: 15-17. Wiped bearing 290; title: 15-18. Overheated bearing 291; title: 15-19. Scratched bearing 291; title: 15-20. Proper care of bearings 291; title: 15-21. Use of torque wrench to tighten connecting rod bolt nuts 291; title: 15-22. Gage used to measure stretch in connecting rod bolts . 292; title: 15-23. Measuring stretch in connecting rod bolts 292; title: 15-24. Bearing micrometer 293; title: 15-25. Measuring bearing thickness 293; title: 16-1. Variations in bearing design 295; title: 16-2. Ball and roller bearings 296; title: Figure Page; title: 16-3. Connecting rod needle bearing 297; title: 16-4. Benches for bearing work 297; title: 16-5. Anti-friction bearing scaling devices 298; title: 16-6. Thimble for mounting flange type seal 299; title: 16-7. Wire basket for cleaning bearings 299; title: 16-8. Cleaning bearing with compressed air 300; title: 16-9. Spalled roller and races 301; title: 16-10. Spalling due to loose adjustment 301; title: 16-11. Spalling due to misalignment 302; title: 16-12. Brinelled races 302; title: 16-13- How to ruin a bearing 302; title: 16-14. Correct methods of bearing removal 303; title: 16-15- Split ring for removal of inaccessible bearings 304; title: 16-16. Failure of separator 304; title: 16-17. Abrasion of external surface of inner race 305; title: 16- 18. Bearing with cracked inner race 306; title: 17- 1. Timing gear train 307; title: 17-2. Camshaft timing gear train 307; title: 17-3. Drive chain assembly 308; title: 17-4. Split crankshaft gear 309; title: 17-5. Pitted metal gear 310; title: 17-6. Checking backlash of rotor gears 310; title: 17-7. Worn fibre gear 310; title: 17-8. Chipped gear tooth 311; title: 17-9. Broken gear tooth 311; title: 17-10. Defective gear determination 311; title: 17-11. Engine gear set 312; title: 17- 12. Chain connection assembly 313; title: 18- 1. Falk Airflcx clutch 317; title: 18-2. Brazing sctscrews into air tubes 318; title: 18-3. Checking angular and parallel alignment of propeller shafts 320; title: 18-4. Cross section of Fa wick reverse gear as used on G.M. engine 321; title: Figure Page; title: 18-5. Damaged twin-disk clutch disk 322; title: 18-6. Joe's reverse gear 323; title: 18-7. Flange type solid coupling 324; title: 18-8. Flange type solid coupling with shoulder and recess . . 325; title: 18-9. Checking alignment with dial gage 325; title: 18-10. Hydraulic coupling, quick dump type 326; title: 18-11. Farrell-Birmingham single reduction gear 326; title: 18-12. Location of pitch line 326; title: 18-13. Corroded tooth 327; title: 18-14. Pitting due to profile error 327; title: 18-15. Pitting due to improper lead angle 327; title: 18-16. Pitting due to misalignment 327; title: 19- 1. Bourdon gage 329; title: 19-2. Adjustment of Bourdon mechanism 330; title: 19-3. Dead weight tester 331; title: 19-4. U-tube manometer, open type 332; title: 19-5. Premax indicator, model YBC 333; title: 19-6. Bacharach model YRF engine pressure indicator 335; title: 19-7. Poor indicator connection 335; title: 19-8. Good indicator connection 336; title: 19-9. Kienc indicator 336; title: 19-10. Kienc indicator pressure chamber, internal view 336; title: 19-11. Kienc indicator installed on engine 337; title: 19-12. Reconditioning a valve seat (A) and valve (B) 337; title: 19-13. Thermometer 338; title: 19-14. Expansion thermometer 338; title: 19-15. Pyrometer installation 339; title: 19-16. Sectional view of a thermocouple 339; title: 19-17. Comparison of used and unused thermocouple units. 341; title: 19-18. Removing thermocouple unit from engine 341; title: 19-19. Portable pyrometer 342; title: 19-20. Duplex resistance thermometers 342; title: 19-21. Electrical tachometer 343