Technical Communication
By: John M. Lannon.
Edition: 11th Edition
Publisher: Pearson/Longman
Published: 2008
Place of publication: New York
Language: eng
Format: Paperback
Number of pages: 769
ISBN-13: 9780205559572
Subjects: Technical writing; Communication of technical information
Description: Technical Communication is the premier resource for introductory technical communication, combining practical applications and clear writing with attention to the latest developments in the field.
 
Ten editions ago, John Lannon’s Technical Communication changed the study of technical communication, and in a new edition, the book reinvents the study of today’s communication.  Addressing a wide range of interests for students from a variety of majors, the Eleventh Edition of Technical Communication has been updated and streamlined throughout and includes a variety of new Checklists and Guidelines, as well as a unique chapter focused on usability. 
 
Rhetorical principles are explained, illustrated, and applied to an array of documents, from brief memos and summaries to formal reports and proposals. The emphasis on current topics like technology, global communication, working in teams, and usability underscores the realities of technical communication today. Exercises incorporated throughout the text enable students to better understand the skills necessary both in college and in the workplace.
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (p. 737-753) and index.
Table of contents: title: 1. Introduction to Technical Communication; title: Technical Communication Is User-Centered; title: Technical Communication Is Accessible; title: Sample Document: A Citizen's Guide to Bioremediation; title: Technical Communication Comes in All Shapes and Sizes; title: Technical Communicators Rely on Many Skills; title: Technical Communication Is Part of Most Careers; title: Communication Has Both an Electronic and a Human Side; title: Communication Reaches a Diverse Audience; title: Consider This: Twenty-First Century Jobs Require Portable Skills; title: On the Job…Types of Writing; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: Service-Learning Project; title: Part I; title: COMMUNICATING IN THE WORKPLACE; title: 2.  Preparing an Effective Technical Document; title: Complete the Key Tasks; title: Case Study: Completing the Key Tasks: Delivering the Essential Information; Making a Persuasive Case; Weighing the Ethical Issues; Working on a Team; title: Rely on Creative and Critical Thinking; title: Checklist:  Creative and Critical Thinking in the Writing Process; title: Make Proofreading Your Final Step; title: Guidelines for Proofreading; title: Checklist:  Proofreading; title: Consider This: Workplace Settings Are Increasingly Virtual; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: Service-Learning Project; title: 3.  Delivering Usable Information; title: Know What Different Audiences Expect; title: Assess the Audience’s Information Needs; title: Identify Levels of Technicality; title: The Highly Technical Document; title: Sample Document:  A Technical Version of an Emergency Treatment Report; title: The Semitechnical Document; title: Sample Document:  A Semitechnical Version of an Emergency Treatment Report; title: The Nontechnical Document; title: Sample Document:  A Nontechnical Version of an Emergency Treatment Report; title: Primary and Secondary Audiences; title: Case Study: Tailoring a Single Document for Different Users; title: Web-based Documents for Multiple Audiences; title: Develop an Audience and Use Profile; title: Audience Characteristics; title: Purpose of the Document; title: Intended Use of the Document; title: Audience’s Technical Background; title: Audience’s Cultural Background; title: Performance Objectives for This Document; title: Sample Document:  Performance Objectives for Using the Model 76 Boban Lawnmower; title: Setting; title: Possible Hazards or Sources of Error; title: Appropriate Details and Layout; title: Due Date and Timing; title: Create a Design Plan for the Document; title: Sample Document:  Design Plan for the Lawnmower Manual; title: Write, Test, and Revise Your Document; title: Checklist: Usability; title: Consider This:  Communication Failure Can Have Drastic Consequences; title: On the Job…Audiences; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: Service-Learning Project; title: 4.  Being Persuasive; title: Identify Your Specific Goal; title: Try to Predict Audience Reaction; title: Expect Audience Resistance; title: Know How to Connect with the Audience; title: Case Study:  Connecting with Your Audience: Power Connection; Relationship Connection; Rational Connection; title: Allow for Give-and-Take; title: Ask for a Specific Response; title: Never Ask for Too Much; title: Recognize All Constraints; title: Organizational Constraints; title: Legal Constraints; title: Ethical Constraints; title: Time Constraints; title: Social and Psychological Constraints; title: Consider This: People Often React Emotionally to Persuasive Appeals; title: Support Your Claims Convincingly; title: Offer Convincing Evidence; title: Appeal to Common Goals and Values; title: Consider the Cultural Context; title: Guidelines for Making Your Case; title: Shaping Your Argument; title: Sample document: Supporting a Claim with Good Reasons; title: Checklist: Cross-Cultural Documents; title: On the Job…Persuasive Challenges; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: Service-Learning Project; title: 5.  Weighing the Ethical Issues; title: Recognize Unethical Communication in the Workplace; title: Know the Major Causes of Unethical Communication; title: Yielding to Social Pressure; title: Mistaking Groupthink for Teamwork; title: Understand the Potential for Communication Abuse; title: Suppressing Knowledge the Public Needs; title: Hiding Conflicts of Interest; title: Exaggerating Claims about Technology; title: Falsifying or Fabricating Data; title: Using Visual Images That Conceal the Truth; title: Stealing or Divulging Proprietary Information; title: Misusing Electronic Information; title: Withholding Information People Need for Their Jobs; title: Exploiting Cultural Differences; title: Rely on Critical Thinking for Ethical Decisions; title: Reasonable Criteria for Ethical Judgment; title: Ethical Dilemmas; title: Anticipate Some Hard Choices; title: Case Study:  A Hard Choice; title: Never Depend Only on Legal Guidelines; title: Learn to Recognize Plagiarism; title: Consider This:  Ethical Standards Are Good for Business; title: Decide Where and How to Draw the Line; title: Guidelines for Ethical Communication; title: Checklist:  Ethical Communication; title: On the Job…Ethical Issues; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: Service-Learning Project; title: 6. Working in Teams; title: Teamwork and Project Management; title: Guidelines for Managing a Collaborative Project; title: Sample Document:  Form for Evaluating Team Members; title: Conducting Meetings; title: Guidelines for Running a Meeting; title: Sources of Conflict in Collaborative Groups; title: Interpersonal Differences; title: Gender and Cultural Differences; title: Managing Group Conflict; title: Overcoming Differences by Active Listening; title: Guidelines for Active Listening; title: Thinking Creatively; title: Brainstorming; title: Brainwriting; title: Mind-Mapping; title: Storyboarding; title: Reviewing and Editing Others’ Work; title: Guidelines for Peer Reviewing and Editing; title: Face-to-Face vs. Electronically Mediated Collaboration; title: Ethical Abuses in Workplace Collaboration; title: Consider This: How You Speak Shows Where You Rank; title: On the Job…Collaborative Writing; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: Service-Learning Project; title: Part II; title: THE RESEARCH PROCESS; title: 7. Thinking Critically about the Research Process; title: Asking the Right Questions; title: Case Study:  Defining and Refining a Research Question; title: Exploring a Balance of Views; title: Achieving Adequate Depth in Your Search; title: Evaluating Your Findings; title: Interpreting Your Findings; title: Consider This:  Expert Opinion Is Not Always Reliable; title: Guidelines for Evaluating Expert Information; title: EXERCISES; title: 8.   Exploring Electronic and Hard Copy Sources; title: Internet Sources; title: Online News and Magazines; title: Government Sites; title: Community Discussion Groups and Bulletin Boards; title: Blogs and Wikis; title: Email Lists; title: Library Chatrooms; title: Library Databases Searchable via the Internet; title: Other Types of Web Sites; title: Intranets and Extranets; title: Guidelines for Researching on the Internet; title: Other Electronic Sources; title: Compact Discs; title: Online Retrieval Services; title: Hard Copy Sources; title: Reference Works; title: Card Catalog; title: Guides to Literature; title: Indexes; title: Abstracts; title: Access Tools for U.S. Government Publications; title: Microforms; title: Consider This: Frequently Asked Questions about Copyright of Hard Copy Information; title: Consider This:  Information in Electronic Form is Copyright Protected; title: On the Job…The Role of Research; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: Service-Learning Project; title: 9.  Exploring Primary Sources; title: Informative Interviews; title: Guidelines for Informative Interviews; title: Surveys and Questionnaires; title: Defining the Survey’s Purpose and Target Population; title: Identifying the Sample Group; title: Defining the Survey Method; title: Guidelines for Developing a Questionnaire; title: A Sample Questionnaire; title: Sample Documents:  Cover Letter and Questionnaire; title: Inquiry Letters, Phone Calls, and Email Inquiries; title: Public Records and Organizational Publications; title: Personal Observation and Experiments; title: On the Job…The Role of Research; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: Service-Learning Project; title: 10. Evaluating and Interpreting Information; title: Evaluate the Sources; title: Guidelines for Evaluating Sources on the Web; title: Evaluate the Evidence; title: Guidelines for Evaluating Evidence; title: Interpret Your Findings; title: Identify Your Level of Certainty; title: Examine the Underlying Assumptions; title: Be Alert for Personal Bias; title: Consider Other Possible Interpretations; title: Consider This:  Standards of Proof Vary for Different Audiences and Cultural Settings; title: Avoid Errors in Reasoning; title: Faulty Generalization; title: Faulty Causal Reasoning; title: Faulty Statistical Reasoning; title: Acknowledge the Limits of Research; title: Obstacles to Validity and Reliability; title: Flaws in Research Studies; title: Measurement Errors; title: Deceptive Reporting; title: Guidelines for Evaluating and Interpreting Information; title: Checklist:  The Research Process; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: Service-Learning Project; title: 11.  Summarizing and Abstracting Information; title: Purpose of Summaries; title: Guidelines for Summarizing Information; title: What Users Expect from a Summary; title: Case Study:  Creating a Summary; title: Sample Documents:  Article to Be Summarized; Summary of Article; Compressed Summary; title: Forms of Summarized Information; title: Closing Summary; title: Informative Abstract  (“Summary”); title: Descriptive Abstract  (“Abstract”); title: Executive Abstract; title: Sample Documents:  Descriptive Abstract; Executive Abstract; title: Ethical Considerations in Summarizing Information; title: Checklist for Usability of Summaries; title: On the Job…The Importance of Summaries; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: Service-Learning Project; title: Part III; title: STRUCTURE, STYLE, GRAPHICS, AND PAGE DESIGN; title: 12.  Organizing for Users; title: Partitioning and Classifying; title: Outlining; title: A Document’s Basic Shape; title: The Formal Outline; title: Sample Document:  A Formal Outline; title: Organizing for Cross-Cultural Audiences; title: The Report Design Worksheet; title: Storyboarding; title: Sample Document:  Report Design Worksheet; title: Paragraphing; title: The Support Paragraph; title: The Topic Sentence; title: Paragraph Unity; title: Paragraph Coherence; title: Paragraph Length; title: Sequencing; title: Spatial Sequence; title: Chronological Sequence; title: Effect-to-Cause Sequence; title: Cause-to-Effect Sequence; title: Emphatic Sequence; title: Problem-Causes-Solution Sequence; title: Comparison-Contrast Sequence; title: Chunking; title: Creating an Overview; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: 13.   Editing for Readable Style; title: Editing for Clarity; title: Avoid Ambiguous Pronoun References; title: Avoid Ambiguous Modifiers; title: Unstack Modifying Nouns; title: Arrange Word Order for Coherence and Emphasis; title: Use Active Voice Whenever Possible; title: Use Passive Voice Selectively; title: Avoid Overstuffed Sentences; title: Editing for Conciseness; title: Avoid Wordy Phrases; title: Eliminate Redundancy; title: Avoid Needless Repetition; title: Avoid There Sentence Openers; title: Avoid Some It Sentence Openers; title: Delete Needless Prefaces; title: Avoid Weak Verbs; title: Avoid Excessive Prepositions; title: Fight Noun Addiction; title: Make Negatives Positive; title: Clean Out Clutter Words; title: Delete Needless Qualifiers; title: Editing for Fluency; title: Combine Related Ideas; title: Vary Sentence Construction and Length; title: Use Short Sentences for Special Emphasis; title: Finding the Exact Words; title: Prefer Simple and Familiar Wording; title: Avoid Useless Jargon; title: Use Acronyms Selectively; title: Avoid Triteness; title: Avoid Misleading Euphemisms; title: Avoid Overstatement; title: Avoid Imprecise Wording; title: Be Specific and Concrete; title: Adjusting Your Tone; title: Guidelines for Deciding about Tone; title: Consider Using an Occasional Contraction; title: Address Readers Directly; title: Use I and We When Appropriate; title: Prefer the Active Voice; title: Emphasize the Positive; title: Avoid an Overly Informal Tone; title: Avoid Personal Bias; title: Avoid Sexist Usage; title: Guidelines for Nonsexist Usage; title: Avoid Offensive Usage of All Types; title: Guidelines for Inoffensive Usage; title: Considering the Cultural Context; title: Legal and Ethical Implications of Word Choice; title: Using Automated Editing Tools Effectively; title: Checklist: Style; title: On the Job…Revising a Document; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: 14.  Designing Visual Information; title: Why Visuals Are Important; title: When to Use Visuals; title: What Types of Visuals to Consider; title: How to Select Visuals for Your Purpose and Audience; title: Tables; title: Graphs; title: Bar Graphs; title: Line Graphs; title: Guidelines for Displaying a Line Graph; title: Charts; title: Pie Charts; title: Guidelines for Displaying a Pie Chart; title: Organization Charts; title: Flowcharts; title: Tree Charts; title: Gantt and PERT Charts; title: Pictograms; title: Graphic Illustrations; title: Diagrams; title: Maps; title: Photographs; title: Guidelines for Using Photographs; title: Computer Graphics; title: Using the Software; title: Using Symbols and Icons; title: Using Visualization; title: Using Color; title: Guidelines for Incorporating Color; title: How to Avoid “Visual Noise”; title: Visuals and Ethics; title: Present the Real Picture; title: Present the Complete Picture; title: Don’t Mistake Distortion for Emphasis; title: Guidelines for Fitting Visuals with Text; title: Cultural Considerations; title: Checklist:  Usability of Visuals; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: 15. Designing Pages and Documents; title: Page Design in Workplace Documents; title: How Page Design Transforms a Document; title: Sample Documents:  Ineffective and Effective Page Design; title: Design Skills Needed in Today's Workplace; title: Desktop Publishing; title: Electronic Publishing; title: Using Style sheets and Company Style guides; title: Creating a Usable Design; title: Shaping the Page; title: Using Typography Effectively; title: Guidelines for Highlighting for Emphasis; title: Using Headings for Access and Orientation; title: Guidelines for Using Headings; title: Audience Considerations in Page Design; title: Designing On-Screen Documents; title: Web Pages; title: Online Help; title: Adobe Acrobat™ and PDF Files; title: CDs and Other Media; title: Checklist:  Usability of Page Design; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: PART IV:  SPECIFIC DOCUMENTS AND APPLICATIONS; title: 16. Memo Reports and Electronic Correspondence; title: Documents in Hard-Copy vs. Digital Format; title: Types of Memo Reports; title: Informational vs. Analytical Reports; title: Formal vs. Informal Reports; title: Purpose of Memo Reports; title: Elements of a Usable Memo; title: Interpersonal Considerations in Writing a Memo; title: Direct vs. Indirect Organizing Patterns; title: Informational Reports in Memo Form; title: Progress Reports; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENTS:  Brief Progress Report; Long-term Progress Report; title: Periodic Activity Reports; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:  Periodic Activity Report; title: Meeting Minutes; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:  Meeting Minutes; title: Analytical Reports in Memo Form; title: Feasibility Reports; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:  Feasibility Analysis; title: Recommendation Reports; title: Case Study:  A Problem-Solving Recommendation; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:  A Recommendation Memo; title: Justification Reports; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:  A Justification Report; title: Checklist for Usability of Memo Reports; title: Electronic Mail; title: Email Benefits; title: Email Copyright Issues; title: Email Privacy Issues; title: Guidelines for Using Electronic Mail; title: Guidelines for Choosing Email vs. Paper, Telephone, or Fax; title: Checklist:  Usability of Email; title: Instant Messaging; title: Corporate Blogs and Wikis; title: Internal Blogs; title: External Blogs; title: RSS Feeds; title: Ethical, Legal, and Privacy Issues; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: 17.  Workplace Letters; title: Elements of Usable Letters; title: Basic Parts of Letters; title: Sample DOCUMENT:  Standard Design for a Workplace Letter: Proposal and Estimate for Home Repairs; title: Specialized Parts of Letters; title: Design Features; title: Interpersonal Considerations in Workplace Letters; title: Conveying Bad or Unwelcome News; title: Guidelines for Conveying Bad News; title: Inquiry Letters; title: Guidelines for Writing an Inquiry; title: Requesting Information; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:  An Unsolicited Inquiry; title: Requesting an Interview; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:  Request for an Interview; title: Telephone and Email Inquiries; title: Claim Letters; title: Routine Claims; title: Guidelines for Routine Claim Letters; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:  A Routine Claim Letter; title: Arguable Claims; title: Guidelines for Arguable Claim Letters; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:  An Arguable Claim Letter; title: Adjustment Letters; title: Granting Adjustments; title: SAMPLE  DOCUMENT:  Letter Granting an Adjustment; title: Refusing Adjustments; title: Guidelines for Refusals; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:  Letter Refusing an Adjustment; title: Checklist:  Usability of Letters; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: 18. Employment Correspondence; title: Employment Outlook in the Twenty-First Century; title: Prospecting for Jobs; title: Search Online; title: Preparing Your Résumé; title: Typical Components of a Resume; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:  Request for References; title: Case:  Resumes for Different Situations: Composing a Reverse Chronological Resume; Composing a Function Resume; Composing a Modified Functional Resume; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENTS:  Reverse Chronological Resume; Functional Resume; Resume with Combined Organization; title: Guidelines for Resumes; title: Preparing Your Job Application Letter; title: The Solicited Application Letter; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENTS:  A Solicited Job Application Letter; A Solicited Internship Application Letter; title: The Unsolicited Application Letter; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:  An Unsolicited Application Letter; title: Guidelines for Job Application Letters; title: Consider This:  How Applicants Are Screened for Personal Qualities; title: Submitting Electronic Resumes; title: How Scanning Works; title: Guidelines for Preparing a Scannable Resume; title: Types of Electronic Resumes; title: Protecting Privacy and Security When You Post a Resume Online; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENTS:  A Computer-Scannable Resume; A Searchable Resume; title: Protecting Your Good Name Online; title: Support for the Application; title: Your Dossier; title: Your Professional Portfolio; title: Employment Interviews; title: Guidelines for Surviving a Job Interview; title: The Follow-Up Letter; title: Letters of Acceptance or Refusal; title: Checklist:  Usability of Letters; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: 19.  Web Pages; title: HTML:  Hypertext Markup Language; title: Elements of a Usable Web Site; title: Guidelines for Creating a Web Site; title: Laying Out Your Pages; title: Checking, Testing, and Monitoring Your Site; title: Privacy Issues in Online Communication; title: Checklist:  Usability of Web Sites; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: Service-Learning Project; title: 20. Technical Definitions; title: Purpose of Technical Definitions; title: Levels of Detail in a Definition; title: Parenthetical Definition; title: Sentence Definition; title: Expanded Definition; title: Sample DOCUMENT:  An Expanded Definition; title: Expansion Methods; title: Etymology; title: History and Background; title: Negation; title: Operating Principle; title: Analysis of Parts; title: Visuals; title: Comparison and Contrast; title: Required Materials or Conditions; title: Example; title: Situations Requiring Definitions; title: Case:  Anexpanded definition for semitechnical readers:  Solenoid; title: Case:  An expanded definition for Nontechnical readers:  Nanotechnology; title: Placement of Definitions; title: Guidelines for Defining Clearly and Precisely; title: Checklist:  Usability of Definitions; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: Service-Learning Project; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENTS:  Expanded Definition in a Technical Brochure; Expanded Definition in a FAQ List Format; Definition for Laypersons in a Two-Column Brochure; title: 21. Technical Descriptions and Specifications; title: Technical Descriptions and Specifications; title: Purposes and Types of Technical Description; title: Objectivity in Technical Description; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENTS:  A Product Description; A Process Description; title: Elements of a Usable Description; title: Clear and Limiting Title; title: Appropriate Level of Detail and Technicality; title: Visuals; title: Clearest Descriptive Sequence; title: An Outline and Model for Product Description; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: A Product Description:  The Standard Stethoscope; title: Description and Function of Parts; title: Summary and Operating Description; title: Case:  A Situation Requiring Product Description; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:  A Mechanism Description for a Nontechnical Audience; title: An Outline for Process Description; title: Case:  A Situation Requiring Process Description; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: A Process Description for a Nontechnical Audience; title: Specifications; title: sample Documents:  Specifications for a Building Project; title: Technical Marketing Literature; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: A Technical brochure:  Marvin™ Windows; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: A Technical Marketing Web Page:  Marvin™  Double Hung Window; title: Checklist:  Usability of Technical Descriptions; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:  A Technical Marketing Fact Sheet; title: 22. Instructions and Procedures; title: Purpose of Instructional Documents; title: Formats for Instructional Documents; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: A Foldout Instructional Brochure; title: Faulty Instructions and Legal Liability; title: Elements of Usable Instruction; title: Clear and Limiting Title; title: Informed Content; title: Visuals; title: Appropriate Level of Detail and Technicality; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Appropriate Instructions; title: Logically Ordered Steps; title: Notes and Hazard Notices; title: Readability; title: Effective Design; title: Guidelines for Designing Instructions; title: An Outline and Model for Instructions; title: Introduction; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Instructions for using the OCLC Terminal; title: Body: Required Steps; title: Conclusion; title: Case:  A Situation Requiring Instructions; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:  A Set of Instructions; title: Online Documentation; title: Testing the Usability of Your Document; title: How Usability Testing Is Done; title: Qualitative Testing; title: Quantitative Testing; title: Usability Testing in the Classroom; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: A Basic Usability Survey; title: Procedures; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENTS: A Standard Operating Procedure; A Safety Procedure; title: Checklist:  Usability of Instructions; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: Service-Learning Project; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Instructions for Leak Testing an Outdoor Grille; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Procedure for Caring for Contact Lenses; title: 23.  Proposals; title: How Proposals and Reports Differ in Purpose; title: The Proposal Audience; title: The Proposal Process; title: Case: Submitting a Competitive Proposal; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Request for Proposal; title: Proposal Types; title: Planning Proposal; title: Case:  Developing a Planning Proposal; title: Research Proposal; title: Case: Developing a Research Proposal; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: A Research Proposal; title: Sales Proposal; title: Case: Developing a Sales Proposal; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:  A Sales Proposal; title: Elements of a Persuasive Proposal; title: A Forecasting Title; title: Clear Understanding of the Audience’s Needs; title: A Clear Focus on Benefits; title: Honest and Supportable Claims; title: Appropriate Detail; title: Readability; title: Convincing Language; title: Visuals; title: Accessible Page Design; title: Supplements Tailored for a Diverse Audience; title: Proper Citation of Sources and Contributors; title: An Outline and Model for Proposals; title: Introduction; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Introduction to a Proposal for Reducing Noise in a College Library; title: Body; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Body of a Proposal for Reducing Noise in a College Library; title: Conclusion; title: Case:  A Situation Requiring a Proposal; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: A Funding Proposal; title: Checklist:  Usability of Proposals; title: EXERCISES; title: Service-Learning Project; title: 24.   Formal Analytical Reports; title: Purpose of Analysis; title: Typical Analytical Problems; title: Causal Analysis: “Why Does X Happen?”; title: Comparative Analysis: “Is X or Y Better for Our Purpose?”; title: Feasibility Analysis: “Is This a Good Idea?”; title: Combining Types of Analysis; title: Elements of a Usable Analysis; title: Clearly Identified Problem or Goal; title: Adequate but Not Excessive Data; title: Accurate and Balanced Data; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: A Summary Description of a Feasibility Study; title: Fully Interpreted Data; title: Subordination of Personal Bias; title: Appropriate Visuals; title: Valid Conclusions and Recommendations; title: Self-Assessment; title: An outline and Model for Analytical Reports; title: Introduction; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Introduction to a Causal Analysis; title: Body; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Data Section of a Causal Analysis; title: Conclusion; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Conclusion to a Causal Analysis; title: Supplements; title: Case: A Situation Requiring an Analytical Report; title: Sample Document: An Analytical Report; title: Guidelines for Reasoning through an Analytical Problem; title: Checklist:  Usability of Analytical Reports; title: EXERCISES; title: Collaborative Project; title: 25.  Front Matter and End Matter In Long Documents; title: Cover; title: Title Page; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Title Page for a Formal Report; title: Letter of Transmittal; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Letter of Transmittal for a Formal Report; title: Table of Contents; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Table of Contents for a Formal Report; title: List of Tables and Figures; title: Abstract or Executive Summary; title: Glossary; title: Appendices; title: Documentation; title: EXERCISES; title: 26.  Oral Presentations; title: Advantages and Drawbacks of Oral Reports; title: Avoiding Presentation Pitfalls; title: Planning Your Presentation; title: Analyze Your Listeners; title: Checklist:  Analyzing Your Listeners and Purpose; title: Work from an Explicit Purpose Statement; title: Analyze Your Speaking Situation; title: Select a Delivery Method; title: Preparing Your Presentation; title: Research Your Topic; title: Aim for Simplicity and Conciseness; title: Anticipate Audience Questions; title: Outline Your Presentation; title: Sample document: A Presentation Outline; title: Plan Your Visuals; title: Prepare Your Visuals; title: Guidelines  for Readable Visuals; title: Guidelines  for Understandable Visuals; title: Consider the Available Technology; title: Use PowerPoint ® and Other Software Wisely; title: Case:  PowerPoint and the Space Shuttle Columbia Disaster; title: Guidelines  for Using Presentation Software; title: Rehearse Your Delivery; title: Delivering Your Presentation; title: Cultivate the Human Landscape; title: Keep Your Listeners Oriented; title: Manage Your Visuals; title: Guidelines for Presenting Visuals; title: Manage Your Presentation Style; title: Manage Your Speaking Situation; title: Guidelines for Managing Listener Questions; title: Consider This:   Cross-Cultural Audiences May Have Specific Expectations; title: EXERCISES; title: A QUICK GUIDE TO DOCUMENTATION; title: Taking Notes; title: Quoting the Work of Others; title: Paraphrasing the Work of Others; title: What You Should Document; title: How You Should Document; title: MLA Documentation Style; title: MLA Parenthetical References; title: MLA Works Cited Entries; title: Index to Sample MLA Works Cited Entries; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:  MLA Works Cited Page; title: APA Documentation Style; title: APA Parenthetical References; title: APA Reference List Entries; title: Index to Sample APA Reference Entries; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT:      APA Reference List; title: CSE and Other Numbered Documentation Styles; title: CSE Numbered Citations; title: Index to Sample CSE Entries; title: A QUICK GUIDE TO GRAMMAR, USAGE, AND MECHANICS; title: Common Sentence Errors; title: Effective Punctuation; title: Mechanics; title: A CASEBOOK:  THE WRITING PROCESS ILLUSTRATED; title: Critical Thinking in the Writing Process; title: Case #1: An Everyday Writing Situation: The Evolution of a Short Report; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: A Final Draft Report:  October Management Training Program Evaluation and Recommendations; title: Case #2:  Preparing a Personal Statement in an Internship or Fellowship Application; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Early Draft:  Personal Statement for a Marine Biology Internship; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Final Draft:  Personal Statement for a Marine Biology Internship; title: Case #3:  Documents for the Course Project: A Sequence Culminating in the Final Report; title: The Project Documents; title: The Proposal Stage; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Proposal:  Studying Ways to Improve Quality Control at Megacrunch; title: The Progress Report Stage; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Progress Report; title: The Final Report Stage; title: SAMPLE DOCUMENT: Final Report; title: Additional Documents:  A Personal Statement to Accompany an Application to Medical School; A Personal Statement to Accompany an Application to Law School