History of Christianity in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, 1450-1990
Subtitle: A Documentary Sourcebook
Contributors: Klaus Koschorke (Editor); Frieder Ludwig (Editor); Marian Delgado (Editor)
Publisher: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
Published: September 30, 2007
Language: eng
Format: Paperback
Number of pages: 432
ISBN-13: 9780802828897
Subjects: Christianity; History of religion; Christianity - History - General; Religion; Religion - Church History; Africa; Asia; Church History; Latin America
Table of contents: title: Asia 1450-1600. Christians in Asia before the arrival of the Portuguese. St. Thomas Christians in India -- Nestorians and Armenian Christians in southern Asia (1508). Jews and Christians in China -- Early Portuguese contacts. Searching for "Christians and spices" (1498) -- Fictitious and actual contacts with the St. Thomas Christians -- The arrival of the Portuguese from an Arab perspective -- St. Thomas Christians on the arrival of the Portuguese (1504) -- The organization of colonial churches. Portuguese and Spanish patronage in mission -- Goa as a political and ecclesiastical center -- Francis Xavier in Asia (1542-1552). India -- Southeast Asia: the sultanate of ternate -- Japan -- Plans for china -- Intercultural contacts. The Philippines: Christian conversion and the demonization of local religion -- Japan: religious debates between Jesuits and Buddhists (1551) -- Forms of local Christianity. Southern India: the mass conversion of the Paravas (1535-1538) -- Ceylon (Sri Lanka): the martyrs of Mannar (1544) -- St. Thomas Christians and the Portuguese before 1599. Growing alienation (1516/18) -- Campaigns for the latinization of the St. Thomas Christians (1550) -- Forced integration at the Synod of Diamper (1599) -- Asia 1600-1800. Forms of catholic presence. Religious orders in the Philippines report of Governor Francisco Tello (9 July 1598) -- Jesuits at the court of Mogul Emperor Akbar I -- The persecution of Christians in japan -- Accommodation strategies and the rites controversy -- Matteo Rricci in China (1583-1610) -- Roberto de Nobili in South India (1606-1656) -- Indochina: instruction of the "propaganda" of 1659 -- China: Emperor K'ang Hsi's edict of tolerance (1692) -- Prohibition of Chinese rites by Clement XI (1704) -- Colonial forms of Protestantism -- Trading companies as colonial rulers -- The English in Bombay (1698) -- Life in Dutch V.O.C. Churches -- Catholic underground church in Ceylon -- Autonomously founded communities in Korea (since 1784) --First Lutheran communities and church buildings -- Religious dialogue with Hindu Brahmans -- Conflicts with the colonial authorities -- Ziegenbalg's unpublished work: "Malabarian heathenism" (1711) -- Ordination of the first Indian pastor, Aaron (1733) -- Asia 1800-1890. The general situation in the early Nineteenth Century. India: decline of Catholicism (1815) -- Ceylon: collapse of the reformed V.O.C. Church (ca. 1796) -- Debates about the admission of missionaries to British India (1813) -- The reorganization of Protestantism in Indonesia (1817) -- William Carey on methods of evangelization (1796) -- Southern Asia: a new response in Serampore (1800)-- Bible translations and book printing (1811) -- The founding of Serampore College (1818) -- Ecumenical visions -- Mission as a means of modernization. The education system -- Medical missions in China -- Struggle against the "social evils" of Hinduism -- Burma: a missionary at the royal court in Mandalay (1868) -- Public response, non-Christian voices. The Hindu reformer Rammohun Roy (1772-1833) -- Religious debates in colonial Ceylon (1873) -- Japan: Buddhist voices on Christianity -- Northeast Asia: a forced opening. Karl Gützlaff's "Chinese accounts" -- China: forced missionary protectorate (from 1842) -- Japan: gradual steps towards legality -- Vietnam: edict against the Christians (1851) -- Korea: protestant beginnings (since 1884) -- Japan: the "hidden Christians" of Nagasaki (1865) -- South Asia: migrants as multipliers (1854) -- China: the Taiping rebellion (1850-1864) -- Asia 1890-1945. Religious revival and political nationalism. Religious revival as a pan-Asian phenomenon -- Hindu renaissance in India -- The rise of Buddhism in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) -- Japan's victory over Russia 1904-1905 and the Asian elites -- Attempts at indigenization in the protestant churches. Programmatic statements -- Demands for a "native bishop" (1899) -- Christian ashrams (1921) -- Local ecumenical initiatives and Edinburgh 1910. Protests against western denominationalism -- The world missionary conference in Edinburgh 1910 as a catalyst -- Edinburgh in Asia: the China conference of 1913 -- Local forms of cooperation -- Foundation of an Indian hierarchy -- Indigenous bishops in China -- The abolition of the anti-rites oath (1939) -- Independent church movements. Ceylon: petition for an "independent native church" (1878) -- India: the "National Church of India" (Madras 1886)-- Japan: Kanzo Uchimura's "non-church" (1901)-- Philippines: Aglipay's "Iglesia Filipina independiente" (1898-1902)-- Developments in the 1920s and 1930s. Korea: Christians and the independence movement (1919) -- China: the anti-Christian movement (1922-1925) -- India: Gandhi on Christianity -- Tambaram (1938) as an ecumenical event -- The Asian churches during World War II -- Japan: forced unification (1941)-- Persecution of Christians in territories occupied by Japan -- India: fear of marginalization (1944) -- Asia 1945-1990. The churches and nation building in the 1950s. India: church union and Hindu nationalism -- Indonesia: monotheism as state doctrine (Pancasila)-- Japan: Japanese Christians’ confession of responsibility (1946) -- Under communist rule. China: Christians in the People’s Republic -- North Korea: Kim Il Sung on the Sermon on the Mount -- North Vietnam: massive flight of Catholic Christians (1954) -- Developments in the 1960s. Sri lanka: nationalization of church schools -- Burma: Buddhist nationalism and the churches -- China: Christians during the Cultural Revolution -- South Korea: explosive church growth -- Indonesia: the coup of 1965 and its consequences -- The second Vatican council (1962-65) and its reception in Asia -- The "Christian conference of Asia" (1973) -- The concept of contextualization (1972)-- Minjung theology in Korea -- Theology of liberation and Asian religiosity -- Trends at the end of the 1980s. Political liberalization: Christians in china -- The "rosary revolution" in the Philippines -- Islamic fundamentalism: Christians in Pakistan -- Warning of exaggerated contextualization (1982)-- A new urgency for interreligious dialogue (1986) -- Africa 1450-1600. Ancient African Christianity. Leo africanus on Africa and Ethiopia -- Ethiopia according to the Kebra Nagast -- Saga Za-Àb: Ethiopian-Egyptian contacts (1540) -- Francisco Alvarez: traces of Nubian Christianity -- European expansion and new discoveries. The rise of Portugal: Schedel’s world chronicle (1493) -- The papal privileges of Portugal -- Mission and violence -- Explorations: Vasco da Gama in Mozambique -- Destruction of eastern African city states (1505)-- Encounters. A Portuguese ambassador in Benin (1516) -- An African ambassador from Benin in Portugal -- South Africa: between aggression and martyrdom -- African Catholicism in the Congo. Lopez: the beginnings of the church in Congo (1491) -- The Manikongo complains about unfit priests (1514) -- Complaints about the slave trade (1526) -- Ethiopia and Portugal -- The Ethiopian king to the Pope (1524) -- The war against the Muslims in the king's chronicle -- The 'confessio fidei' of Emperor Galawdewos (1555) -- Lent and Easter in the Ethiopian church -- Africa 1600-1800. Slave trade. Early accounts of Africans captured by Europeans -- Joachim Nettelbeck: trade in Africa -- A protestant on the Portuguese slave trade -- Account of the slave trade by an African priest -- Mission to slaves in South Africa (1658) -- Catholic rulers. The king of Warri (West Africa) to the Pope (1652) -- Warri: complaints about shortage of priests (1692) -- Zimbabwe: baptism of King Manamotapa (1652) -- Catholic experiments and failures. Sierra Leone as base -- Egypt: report of a Jesuit (1723) -- Gold coast: traditions difficult to overcome -- "We are no better than our forefathers" (1704) -- Execution of three Capuchins in Ethiopia (1684) -- Gold coast: Lutheran mission initiatives (1673) -- An African pastor concerning India as model -- The Moravians in south and West Africa -- Protests against the slave trade. The "encyclopédie" on the slave trade (1765) -- The Zong insurance case (1783) -- William Wilberforce: speech at the parliament (1789) -- Olaudah Equiano on his enslavement (1789) -- Opposition to the anti slavery movement -- Africa 1800-1890. Abolition of the slave trade and mission. Liberated slaves and Sierra Leone -- The tasks of the church missionary society -- A freed slave: Samuel Ajayi Crowther (1837) -- Afro-American missionaries for Liberia (1833) -- Reform program to abolish the slave trade. New missionary societies -- Samuel Johnson: the Anglican Yoruba mission -- Negotiations of the Basel mission in Ghana (1835) -- Alexander Merensky: "openings" in Swaziland (1860)-- Casalis and Chief Moshesh in Lesotho (1833) -- A Catholic voice: Cardinal Lavigerie (ca. 1877) -- Livingstone and other "explorers". Egypt: Napoleon and Coptic Christians -- Explorations in Africa: an "open door for missions" -- Heinrich Barth: a German in Muslim West Africa -- Johann Rebmann: on Mount Kilimanjaro (1848) -- David Livingstone: conversion of Sechele -- Mission initiatives and African rulers. Madagascar -- Buganda (Uganda) --African Christian elite. West Africa -- South African voices -- Africa 1890-1945. "Scramble for Africa". Declarations of intentions and objectives -- Rebellion and "pacification efforts" -- African Christians and adaptation of European ideas -- Concepts of ecclesiastical independency. Ethiopianism in West Africa -- Ethiopianism in South Africa -- Prophetic movements in southern Africa -- Prophetism in West Africa: Garrick Braide in Nigeria -- Uganda: orthodox and independent -- Developments within the Roman Catholic Church. White fathers: 'folk mission' at Lake Victoria -- The white fathers and Rwanda’s ethnicities (1913) -- Jesuits and "paganism" in Madagascar (1924) -- Basutoland: the first ordination of an African (1931) -- South Africa: new orientation in education (1928) -- Aims in Zimbabwe: an "African Lourdes" (1943) -- Themes of the1920s and 1930s. New interest in Africa -- South Africa: "united we stand, divided we fall" (1920) -- Italian occupation of Ethiopia and Nigerian critique -- Max Yergan: Christianity and social renewal -- Tambaram 1938: African experiences in India -- National movements and Christianity. Kwame Nkrumah: the significance of J.E.K. Aggrey -- Herbert Macaulay: criticism of missionary work -- Nnamdi Azikiwe: religious tolerance -- National church of Nigeria, 1948 -- Kaji Tovalou Houenou, protest, 1924 -- Jomo Kenyatta: Christianity and individualism (1938) -- Waruhiu Itote: World War II as turning point -- Julius Nyerere and the Maryknoll fathers -- Africa 1945-1990. "Wind of change". Harold Macmillan: wind of change, 1960 -- Pan-African congress, Manchester 1945 -- First conference of independent African states, 1958 -- All Africa conference of churches (1963) -- "Unity and freedom in the new Tanganyika" -- Protestant missions and rebellion in Angola, 1969 -- African churches and nation building. All Africa conference of churches: Africa in transition -- Kwame Nkrumah: conciencism (1964) -- Ghana: "Verandah Boys" creed -- Léopold Senghor: Islam and Christianity (1964) -- Julius Nyerere on the church in Africa (1970) -- Christian council, Tanzania: inevitable change (1977) -- African theology. Lamin Sanneh: translating the message (1988) -- Kwesi Dickson: the theology of the cross (1984) -- John Mbiti: the biblical basis for African theology -- Steve Biko: black consciousness (1973) -- Manas Buthelezi: black theology (1973) -- Kimbangu's New Jerusalem (1951) -- Church and apartheid in South Africa. Ideology of apartheid -- Attitudes of the churches -- Conflicts and new beginnings. Tensions between Christians and Muslims -- Ghana: dialogue efforts since 1987 -- Churches and civil society -- Independent churches and democratization -- Latin America 1450-1600. The first encounters and the perspectives of victor and victim. Columbus: first contact with the "Indians" (1492)-- Caribbean: on the religion of the Tainos (1498)-- Mexico: Moctezuma in anticipation of Cortes (1519)-- Mexico: lament after the conquest (about 1523)-- José de Acosta: conquest and evangelization (1590)-- Legitimation and criticism of the conquest. Sources of legitimation -- The advent sermon of Antonio Montesinos (1511) -- The "requerimiento" and criticism of it -- Pope Paul III on the human dignity of the Indians (1537)-- Two controversial interpretations of the "compelle intrare" -- Establishment of colonial church structures. Pope Julius II: kingly patronage (1508)-- Exercise of patronage by Philip II (1574)-- Mission and missionaries. Mexico: the missionary method of the Franciscans (1596)-- Peru: evangelization of the Inca empire (end of the sixteenth century) -- Guatemala: agreement on peaceful missionization (1537) -- Brazil: Catholic and Calvinistic activities -- Language and missionary work -- Religious dialogue and ethnographic works. Mexico: religious dialogue between Aztecs and Franciscans (1524) -- Bernardino de Sahagún: rehabilitation of the Aztec culture (1577) -- Failed approaches to Indian Christianity. Inquisition proceeding against an Indian nobleman (1539) -- Pedro de Quiroga: life story of a new convert (around 1563) -- Mexico: debates about a college for Indians (around 1570) -- G. De Mendieta: no Indian priests (1596) -- Latin America 1600-1800. Church and mission in colonial society. Peru: monasteries, hospitals and the university in baroque Lima (1629) -- Mexico: the cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe (1649) -- Mexico: a debate on the erudition of women (1690/91) -- Missionary work in the baroque period -- Indian and mestizo voices. A Morning Prayer of the evangelized Quechua (around 1600) -- Garcilaso de la Vega: the Incas looked for the true god (1609) -- A Mayan priest: Christianity as the origin of all evil (seventeenth century) -- Indian brotherhood of the Virgin of Copacabana (1613) -- Chronicle of the Indian F. Guam n Poma de Ayala (around 1615) -- The reductions (settlements) of the Jesuits and their purpose. The reductions of the Jesuits -- Paraguay: everyday life in the reductions (1697) -- Paraguay: Sunday in the reductions (1771) -- Franciscans in California (1787) -- Slavery. Alonso de Sandoval: slavery and mission (1627) -- Afro-Brazilian protests at the curia (1684/86) -- J.B. Labat: Negro slaves in the French Antilles (around 1700) -- Colonial Protestantism. The Dutch in Brazil (around 1650) -- The Moravian mission in the Caribbean (1739)-- Heralds of independence. Mexico: against the discrimination of the Creoles (1771)-- Peru: uprising of Túpac Amaru II (1780-1781) -- Juan Pablo Viscardo: letter to the Spaniards in America (1792) -- Mexico: historical-theological emancipation of the Creoles (1794) -- Latin America 1800-1890. On the path to independence. The Bishop of Michoacán on the situation around 1810 -- Mexico: priest in the fight for independence -- Demand for a memorial for Las Casas (1813) -- Columbia: political catechism (1814) -- Simón Bolivar: on the rights of the Indian (1825) -- Rome and the new countries. Leo XII: encyclical "etsi lam Diu" (September 24, 1824) -- A report on the state of the church (1825) -- Ecuador: concordat of September 26, 1862 -- Surrounding Vatican I (1869-1870) -- Popular religion and the state of the church and the missions. Indian religiosity in the Andes (1801) -- Ecuador: on the decadence of the clergy in Quito (1805) -- Uruguay: report on a former reduction (1825) -- Cuba: Catholicism and the religion of African-Americans (around 1880) -- Protestantism. English overseas congregation in Rio de Janeiro (1819ff) -- Brazil: problems of a German immigrant congregation (1833) -- Private initiatives for the distribution of bibles (1826) -- Brazil: Anglo-Saxon missionary Protestantism (1862) -- Nicaragua: Native American Moravian Indian communities (1849) -- Mexico: civil status of protestants (1843) -- Latin America 1890-1945. Catholicism becomes more Roman and European. The Latin American Plenary Council of 1899 in Rome -- Brazil: immigration from non-Iberian Europe -- Brazil: problems with popular piety -- Confessional pluralisation. Protestant emigrant Cubans in the USA (1880) -- Brazil: beginnings of the Pentecostal movement (1911) -- Panama Congress 1916: beginnings of an inter-protestant network -- Beginnings of an Afro-Brazilian religion: Umbanda (1939) -- Brazil: German immigrants and the Third Reich (1934) -- Faces of Latin American Catholicism. Brazil: Antonio Conselheiro and his movement 'os canudos' -- Mexico: the "cristiada" (1926-1929) -- Peru: conflict between the supporters of the indigenous and the supporters of the Hispanics -- Brazil: black African popular piety (1941) -- The emergence of the social question. Gabriela Mistral: for a social Christianity (1925) -- A. Hurtado: on the social condition and the church in Latin America (1947) -- Latin America 1945-1990. The path to a new Latin American Christianity. Integration of protestant churches (CELA) 1949 -- The formation of CELAM in 1955 -- Argentina: call for a strong Christian state (1953) -- Cuba: church and revolution (1960) -- Brazil: Catholics on the side of the military dictatorship (1964) -- The second Vatican council and its reception. A Latin American bishop at the council -- Revolution and violence -- Second general conference of the episcopate in Medellin (1968) -- Characteristics of liberation theology -- Third general conference of the episcopate in Puebla (1979) -- The conflict on the theology of liberation. Nicaragua: the Sandinista revolution (1979) -- Ernesto Cardenal: Cuba as a reference model -- Instruction of the congregation for the doctrine of the faith on August 6, 1984 -- From the encyclical "sollicitudo rei socialis" (1987) -- Developments of Protestantism. Nicaragua: Indian protestant churches (1982) -- Rubem Alves, a protestant liberation theologian -- Neo-Pentecostal movements (since 1980) -- Awakening and multiplicity. Charismatic Catholicism (1977) -- Recognition of religious pluralism (1985) -- An ethnic liturgy: the "missa dos quilombos" (1980) -- Debates surrounding the 500-year celebration -- Ecumenism and liberation (1989).