ENGLISH LANGUAGE NOTE
Subtitle: To teach the students, how to develop in spoken English and not to make grammatical errors
Publisher: Nigeria press
Published: 2016
Place of publication: Nigeria
Format: paper back
Number of pages: 11
Table of contents: title: A noun phrase or nominal phrase (abbreviated NP) is a phrase which has a noun (or indefinite pronoun) as its head word, or which performs the same grammatical function as such a phrase.[1] Noun phrases are very common cross-linguistically, and they may be the most frequently occurring phrase type.; title: Noun phrases often function as verb subjects and objects, as predicative expressions, and as the complements of prepositions. Noun phrases can be embedded inside each other; for instance, the noun phrase some of his constituents contains the shorter noun phrase his constituents.; title: Adverbial; title: In grammar an adverbial (abbreviated adv) is a word (an adverb) or a group of words (an adverbial phrase or an adverbial clause) that modifies or tells us something about the sentence or the verb. (The word adverbial itself is also used as an adjective, meaning "having the same function as an adverb".) Look at the examples below:; title: Danny speaks fluently. (telling more about the verb); title: Lorna ate breakfast yesterday morning. (telling when the verb's action occurred); title: The form of adverbials; title: In English, adverbials most commonly take the form of adverbs, adverb phrases, temporal noun phrases or prepositional phrases. Many types of adverbials (for instance: reason and condition) are often expressed by clauses.; title: James answered immediately. (adverb); title: James answered in English. (prepositional phrase); title: James answered this morning. (noun phrase); title: James answered in English because he had a foreign visitor. (adverbial clause); title: An adverbial is a construction which modifies or describes verbs. When an adverbial modifies a verb, it changes the meaning of that verb. Word groups, which are also considered to be adverbials, can also modify verbs: for example, a prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, a finite clause or a non-finite clause.[1] Prepositional phrase in a sentence may be adverbial; that is, it modifies a verb.; title: Types of adverbials that form sentence elements; title: Adverbials are typically divided into four classes:; title: 1. adverbial complements (i.e. obligatory adverbial) are adverbials that render a sentence ungrammatical and meaningless if removed.; title: John put the flowers in the water.; title: 2.  adjuncts: these are part of the core meaning of the sentence, but if omitted still leave a meaningful sentence.; title: John and Sophia helped me with my homework.; title: 3.  conjuncts: these link two sentences together.; title: John helped; therefore, I was able to do my homework.; title: disjuncts: these make comments on the meaning of the rest of the sentence.; title: Surprisingly, he passed all of his exams.; title: Distinguishing an adverbial from an adjunct; title: All verb- or sentence-modifying adjuncts are adverbials, but some adverbials are not adjuncts.; title: If the removal of an adverbial does not leave a well-formed sentence, then it is not an adjunct; title: If the adverbial modifies within a sentence element, and is not a sentence element in its own right, it is not an adjunct.; title: If the adverbial is not grammatically tied to the sentence it is not an adjunct, e.g.; title: Mr Reninson, however, voted against the proposal. (adverbial conjunct not adjunct); title: Other types of adverbials; title: Directional and locative particles; title: Prepositions (in, out, etc.) may be used adverbially to indicate direction or location.; title: 1 Superman flew in. (directional); title: 2 Are you in? (locative); title: 3 The car drove out. (directional); title: 4 The ball is out. (locative); title: Negators; title: In some models of grammar negators such as "not" and "never" are considered adverbs and their function that of negating adverbial.; title: Expletives; title: Often ignored, expletives may take up many adverbial syntactic functions. Pragmatically and semantically, they often serve as intensifiers, boosting the content of the clause they appear in.; title: What the hell are you talking about?; title: I didn't bloody well do that!; title: You're freaking lying!; title: You bloody well know that smoking's not allowed here!; title: He got sodding killed.; title: An adverbial is a construction which modifies or describes verbs. When an adverbial modifies a verb, it changes the meaning of that verb. Word groups, which are also considered to be adverbials, can also modify verbs: for example, a prepositional phrase, a noun phrase, a finite clause or a non-finite clause.[1] Prepositional phrase in a sentence may be adverbial; that is, it modifies a verb.; title: predicate is to complete an idea about the subject, such as what it does or what it is like.; title: A predicate is therefore an expression that can be true of something; title: EXAMPLE; title: 1 She dances. - verb-only predicate; title: 2 Ben reads the book. - verb + direct object predicate; title: 3 Ben's mother, Felicity, gave me a present. - verb + indirect object + direct object predicate; title: 4 She listened to the radio. - verb + prepositional object predicate; title: 5 They elected him president. - verb + object + predicative noun predicate; title: 6 She met him in the park. - verb + object + adjunct predicate; title: 7 She is in the park. - verb + predicative prepositional phrase predicate.; title: The predicate provides information about the subject, such as what the subject is, what the subject is doing, or what the subject is like.; title: A predicative adjective is an adjective, such as in Ivano is attractive, attractive being the predicative adjective.; title: NOTE ON PREPOSITION; title: Prepositions is use to show the relationship between two entities in English. E. G between,  under,  in e.t.c.; title: Type of prepositions; title: Simple preposition :- contains just one word e.g under, because, between, before.  etc; title: Complex preposition :- that contains two or more words. He Beware of,  under the...; title: Function of prepositions; title: Directions, :- show the direction of things.; title: --- I saw her walking along the  street; title: --- The thief jump over the wall; title: Time:- show the time of things take place.; title: -- the meeting will start by 6pm; title: .       Position : show the position of where things been.; title: ---  the spon  is on the table; title: --- The woman standing beside of her husband; title: NOTE ON LESSON; title: A clause is a grouping of words in English that contains a subject and a verb. Clauses are the building blocks of sentences. They can be of two types: independent and dependent. It is important for the purpose of sentence formation to be able to recognise independent and dependent clauses.; title: Independent clauses are clauses that express a complete thought. They can function as sentences. For e.g. 'Ram left to buy supplies' is an independent clause, and if you end it with a full stop, it becomes a sentence.; title: Dependent clauses, on the other hand, do not express a complete thought and thus cannot function as sentences. For e.g. 'When Ram left to buy supplies' cannot be a sentence because it is an incomplete thought. What happened when Ram went to the shop? Here, 'when' functions as a 'dependent marker word'; this term refers to words which, when added to the beginnings of independent clauses or sentences, transform them into dependent clauses. Other examples of dependent marker words are after , although, as, as if, because, before, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether, and while.; title: Dependent clauses, thus, need to be combined with independent clauses to form full sentences. For e.g., 'When Ram left to buy supplies, Rohan snuck in and stole the money' is a complete sentence.