The rise of the fourth estate
Subtitle: how newspapers became informative and why it mattered
By: Matthew Gentzkow, Edward L. Glaeser, Claudia Goldin.
Contributors: Glaeser, Edward L. 1967-; Goldin, Claudia Dale.; National Bureau of Economic Research.
Series: NBER working paper series ;; working paper 10791; Working paper series (National Bureau of Economic Research : Online) ;; working paper no. 10791.
Publisher: National Bureau of Economic Research
Published: 2004
Place of publication: Cambridge, MA
Language: eng
Format: Electronic resource
Subjects: American newspapers -- History.
Description: "A free and informative press is widely agreed to be crucial to the democratic process today.  But throughout much of the nineteenth century U.S. newspapers were often public relations tools funded by politicians, and newspaper independence was a rarity.  The newspaper industry underwent fundamental changes between 1870 and 1920 as the press became more informative and less partisan.  Whereas 11 percent of urban dailies were "independent" in 1870, 62 percent were in 1920.  The rise of the informative press was the result of increased scale and competitiveness in the newspaper industry caused by technological progress in the newsprint and newspaper industries.  We examine the press coverage surrounding two major political scandals -- Credit Mobilier in the early 1870s and Teapot Dome in the 1920s.  The analysis demonstrates a sharp reduction in bias and charged language in the half century after 1870.From 1870 to 1920, when corruption appears to have declined significantly within the United States, the press became more informative, less partisan, and expanded its circulation considerably.  It seems a reasonable hypothesis that the rise of the informative press was one of the reasons why the corruption of the Gilded Age was sharply reduced during the subsequent Progressive Era"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.
Notes: Includes bibliographical references.
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Mode of access: World Wide Web.