Frost and Crops
Subtitle: Frost Prediction and Plant Protection
Publisher: W. Ireland
Published: 2005
Place of publication: Eastbourne, New Zealand
Copyright date: 2005
Table of contents: label: Part 1
title: DEFINITIONS
pagenum: 1; label: Chapter 1
title: Introduction
pagenum: 3; label: Chapter 2
title: Frost forms
pagenum: 3; label: Chapter 3
title: Temperature
pagenum: 5; label: Chapter 4
title: Humidity, dewpoint and frost point
pagenum: 6; label: Chapter 5
title: Buoyancy
pagenum: 7; label: Chapter 6
title: Water
pagenum: 8; label: Chapter 7
title: Freezing and melting points
pagenum: 9; label: Part 2
title: CLIMATE CHANGE
pagenum: 11; label: Chapter 1
title: Introduction
pagenum: 11; label: Chapter 2
title: The greenhouse effect and global warming
pagenum: 11; label: Chapter 3
title: Gaia hypothesis
pagenum: 12; label: Chapter 4
title: Long term temperature changes
pagenum: 12; label: Chapter 5
title: Volcanic eruptions
pagenum: 14; label: Chapter 6
title: North Atlantic Oscillation
pagenum: 14; label: Chapter 7
title: El Nino
pagenum: 15; label: Part 3
title: ADAPTATION OF PLANTS TO CLIMATE
pagenum: 17; label: Chapter 1
title: Introduction
pagenum: 17; label: Chapter 2
title: Survival during winter
pagenum: 17; label: Chapter 3
title: Raunkiaer’s life forms
pagenum: 18; label: Chapter 4
title: Therophytes
pagenum: 18; label: Chapter 5
title: Cryptophytes
pagenum: 19; label: Chapter 6
title: Hemicryptophytes
pagenum: 19; label: Chapter 7
title: Chamaephytes
pagenum: 20; label: Chapter 8
title: Phanerophytes
pagenum: 20; label: Chapter 9
title: Climate change and plant distribution
pagenum: 20; label: Chapter 10
title: Cold spells and plant damage
pagenum: 21; label: Chapter 11
title: Growing season
pagenum: 22; label: Chapter 12
title: Frost hardiness
pagenum: 22; label: Chapter 13
title: Inadequate acclimation
pagenum: 23; label: Chapter 14
title: Inadequate winter chilling
pagenum: 23; label: Part 4
title: FREEZING OF PLANT MATERIAL
pagenum: 27; label: Chapter 1
title: Introduction
pagenum: 27; label: Chapter 2
title: Ice growth in plants
pagenum: 27; label: Chapter 3
title: Surface ice barriers
pagenum: 28; label: Chapter 4
title: Plant cell ice barriers
pagenum: 28; label: Chapter 5
title: Cell walls
pagenum: 29; label: Chapter 6
title: Cell membranes
pagenum: 30; label: Chapter 7
title: Damage by extra-cellular ice
pagenum: 30; label: Chapter 8
title: Dehydration damage
pagenum: 31; label: Chapter 9
title: Non-equilibrium freezing damage
pagenum: 33; label: Chapter 10
title: Thawing damage
pagenum: 34; label: Part 5
title: RADIATION FROST
pagenum: 35; label: Chapter 1
title: Introduction
pagenum: 35; label: Chapter 2
title: Day-night temperature cycles
pagenum: 35; label: Chapter 3
title: Typical frost conditions
pagenum: 35; label: Chapter 4
title: Observed frost statistics
pagenum: 36; label: Chapter 5
title: Temperature inversion below screen height
pagenum: 40; label: Chapter 6
title: Effect of variable weather
pagenum: 41; label: Chapter 7
title: Effect of wind
pagenum: 43; label: Chapter 8
title: Effect of cloud
pagenum: 47; label: Chapter 9
title: Effect of fog and haze
pagenum: 47; label: Chapter 10
title: Effect of dew
pagenum: 48; label: Chapter 11
title: Effect of soil
pagenum: 48; label: Chapter 12
title: Effect of aspect
pagenum: 48; label: Chapter 13
title: Effect of elevation
pagenum: 48; label: Chapter 14
title: Effect of elevation in valleys
pagenum: 49; label: Chapter 15
title: Effect of katabatic wind
pagenum: 50; label: Chapter 16
title: Effect of lakes harbours and rivers
pagenum: 51; label: Chapter 17
title: Effect of cities
pagenum: 52; label: Part 6
title: FROST PREDICTION AND PROTECTION MODELS
pagenum: 55; label: Chapter 1
title: Introduction
pagenum: 55; label: Chapter 2
title: Frost prediction – Brunt model
pagenum: 55; label: Chapter 3
title: Net radiation – clear sky
pagenum: 57; label: Chapter 4
title: Net radiation – cloudy sky
pagenum: 58; label: Chapter 5
title: Empirical formulas for minimum air temperature
pagenum: 59; label: Chapter 6
title: Frost prediction – Newton’s law of cooling
pagenum: 61; label: Chapter 7
title: Modelling ground surface heat flow
pagenum: 63; label: Chapter 8
title: Frost on plants
pagenum: 65; label: Chapter 9
title: Modelling crop heat flow
pagenum: 66; label: Chapter 10
title: Worked examples
pagenum: 68; label: Chapter 11
title: Protected crop heat balance
pagenum: 68; label: Part 7
title: FROST PROTECTION
pagenum: 71; label: Chapter 1
title: Introduction
pagenum: 71; label: Chapter 2
title: Site selection
pagenum: 71; label: Chapter 3
title: Probability of frost damage
pagenum: 72; label: Chapter 4
title: Measurements and forecasts for frost control
pagenum: 72; label: Chapter 5
title: Temperature measurement
pagenum: 73; label: Chapter 6
title: Humidity and net radiation measurement
pagenum: 74; label: Chapter 7
title: Forecasting with Newton’s law of cooling
pagenum: 75; label: Chapter 8
title: Frost protection methods
pagenum: 76; label: Chapter 9
title: Active frost control
pagenum: 76; label: Chapter 10
title: Hidden costs
pagenum: 77; label: Chapter 11
title: Sharing resources
pagenum: 77; label: Chapter 12
title: Reliability
pagenum: 77; label: Chapter 13
title: Side effects
pagenum: 77; label: Part 8
title: BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL FROST CONTROL
pagenum: 79; label: Chapter 1
title: Introduction
pagenum: 79; label: Chapter 2
title: Reduced super cooling
pagenum: 79; label: Chapter 3
title: Increased super cooling
pagenum: 79; label: Chapter 4
title: Ice nucleating bacteria
pagenum: 80; label: Chapter 5
title: Ice nucleation inhibitors
pagenum: 81; label: Chapter 6
title: Genetic engineering
pagenum: 81; label: Chapter 7
title: Chemically-induced frost resistance
pagenum: 82; label: Chapter 8
title: Antitranspirant sprays
pagenum: 82; label: Chapter 9
title: Fertilisers
pagenum: 82; label: Chapter 10
title: Choline and ethanolamine
pagenum: 83; label: Chapter 11
title: Tyrosine
pagenum: 83; label: Chapter 12
title: Growth regulators
pagenum: 83; label: Part 9
title: MODIFIED ENVIRONMENT FROST CONTROL
pagenum: 87; label: Chapter 1
title: Introduction
pagenum: 87; label: Chapter 2
title: Bare ground
pagenum: 87; label: Chapter 3
title: Grass cover
pagenum: 89; label: Chapter 4
title: Orchard surface cover
pagenum: 90; label: Chapter 5
title: Orchard canopies
pagenum: 91; label: Chapter 6
title: Shelter
pagenum: 92; label: Chapter 7
title: Modification of surface emissivity
pagenum: 93; label: Chapter 8
title: Insulating foams
pagenum: 95; label: Chapter 9
title: Organic mulches
pagenum: 97; label: Chapter 10
title: Plastic film mulches
pagenum: 97; label: Chapter 11
title: Soil banking
pagenum: 97; label: Chapter 12
title: Raised fields
pagenum: 98; label: Chapter 13
title: Trunk wrappings
pagenum: 98; label: Chapter 14
title: Modification of trunk emissivity
pagenum: 99; label: Chapter 15
title: Modification of leaf emissivity
pagenum: 100; label: Chapter 16
title: Individual plant covers
pagenum: 100; label: Chapter 17
title: Shading screens
pagenum: 100; label: Chapter 18
title: Orangeries
pagenum: 101; label: Chapter 19
title: Greenhouses
pagenum: 101; label: Chapter 20
title: Light frames
pagenum: 101; label: Chapter 21
title: Cloches
pagenum: 102; label: Chapter 22
title: Plastic covers
pagenum: 102; label: Chapter 23
title: Walls and fences
pagenum: 102; label: Chapter 24
title: Buildings
pagenum: 103; label: Part 10
title: HEATED ENVIRONMENT FROST CONTROL
pagenum: 105; label: Chapter 1
title: Introduction
pagenum: 105; label: Chapter 2
title: Crop heat balance
pagenum: 105; label: Chapter 3
title: Smudge pots
pagenum: 106; label: Chapter 4
title: Stack heaters
pagenum: 106; label: Chapter 5
title: Solid fuel heaters
pagenum: 107; label: Chapter 6
title: Petroleum wax heaters
pagenum: 107; label: Chapter 7
title: Wax candles
pagenum: 107; label: Chapter 8
title: Wax trays
pagenum: 108; label: Chapter 9
title: Petroleum coke bricks
pagenum: 108; label: Chapter 10
title: Pipeline heaters
pagenum: 108; label: Chapter 11
title: Electric heaters
pagenum: 109; label: Chapter 12
title: Heater design
pagenum: 109; label: Chapter 13
title: Undertree irrigation
pagenum: 110; label: Part 11
title: WATER SPRINKLING FROST CONTROL
pagenum: 113; label: Chapter 1
title: Introduction
pagenum: 113; label: Chapter 2
title: Protected crop heat balance
pagenum: 113; label: Chapter 3
title: Sprinkling rate
pagenum: 114; label: Chapter 4
title: Starting and stopping sprinkling
pagenum: 114; label: Chapter 5
title: Super cooling
pagenum: 115; label: Chapter 6
title: Ground wetting
pagenum: 116; label: Chapter 7
title: Inadequate water
pagenum: 116; label: Chapter 8
title: On-off pulsing
pagenum: 116; label: Chapter 9
title: Continuously variable pulse rate
pagenum: 117; label: Chapter 10
title: Fixed pulse rate sprinkling
pagenum: 117; label: Chapter 11
title: Targeted minisprinklers
pagenum: 118; label: Chapter 12
title: Artificial buds
pagenum: 119; label: Chapter 13
title: Sprinkling rate uniformity
pagenum: 120; label: Chapter 14
title: Loss of control
pagenum: 121; label: Chapter 15
title: Bud cooling rate
pagenum: 124; label: Part 12
title: ARTIFICIAL FOG FROST CONTROL
pagenum: 125; label: Chapter 1
title: Introduction
pagenum: 125; label: Chapter 2
title: Smoke particles
pagenum: 125; label: Chapter 3
title: Natural fog
pagenum: 125; label: Chapter 4
title: Frost-fighting fog
pagenum: 126; label: Chapter 5
title: Wind machine effect
pagenum: 129; label: Chapter 6
title: Heat balance
pagenum: 129; label: Chapter 7
title: Latent heat release
pagenum: 130; label: Part 13
title: WIND MACHINE FROST CONTROL
pagenum: 133; label: Chapter 1
title: Introduction
pagenum: 133; label: Chapter 2
title: Heat balance
pagenum: 133; label: Chapter 3
title: Limitations and variability
pagenum: 134; label: Chapter 4
title: Vertical axis fans
pagenum: 134; label: Chapter 5
title: Ducted vertical axis fans
pagenum: 136; label: Chapter 6
title: Ducted horizontal axis fans
pagenum: 137; label: Chapter 7
title: Tilted-axis fans
pagenum: 138; label: Chapter 8
title: Near-horizontal-axis propellers
pagenum: 139; label: Chapter 9
title: Helicopters
pagenum: 140; label: Part 14
title: BACK MATTER
pagenum: 145; label: Chapter 1
title: References
pagenum: 145; label: Chapter 2
title: Index
pagenum: 155; label: Chapter 3
title: Appendix: Newton’s Law of Cooling
pagenum: 159