The Montessori method
By: Maria Montessori ; with an introduction by J. McV. Hunt ; with a new introduction by Jaan Valsiner
Publisher: Transaction Publishers
Published: 2014
Language: eng
Number of pages: 376
ISBN-13: 9781412852821
Subjects: Montessori method of education; Philosophy; Preschool Education
Work titles: Metodo della pedagogia scientifica
Notes: Includes bibliographical references (pages xlv-xlix).
Table of contents: title: I. A critical consideration of the new pedagogy in its relation to modern science. Influence of modern science upon pedagogy; title: Italy's part in the development of scientific pedagogy; title: Difference between scientific technique and the scientific spirit; title: Direction of the preparation should be toward the spirit rather than toward the mechanism; title: The master to study man in the awakening of his intellectual life; title: Attitude of the teacher in the light of another example; title: The school must permit the free natural manifestations of the child if in the school scientific pedagogy is to be born; title: Stationary desks and chairs proof that the principle of slavery still informs the school; title: Conquest of liberty, what the school needs; title: What may happen to the spirit; title: Prizes and punishments, the bench of the soul; title: All human victories, all human progress, stand upon the inner force; title: II. History of methods. Necessity of establishing the method peculiar to scientific pedagogy; title: Origin of educational system in use in the "Children's Houses"; title: Practical application of the methods of Itard and Séguin in the Orthophrenic School at Rome; title: Origin of the methods in Germany and France; title: Séquin's first didactic material was spiritual; title: Methods for deficients applied to the education of normal children; title: Social and pedagogic importance of the "children's houses"; title: III. Inaugural address delivered on the occasion of the opening of one of the "Children's Houses". The Quarter of San Lorenzo before and since the establishment of the "Children's Houses"; title: Evil of subletting the most cruel form of usury; title: The problem of life more profound than that of the intellectual elevation of the poor; title: Isolation of the masses of the poor, unknown to past centuries; title: Work of the Roman Association of Good Building and the moral importance of their reforms; title: The "Children's House" earned by the parents through their care of the building; title: Pedagogical organization of the "Children's House"; title: The "Children's House" the first step toward the socialisation of the house; title: The communised house in its relation to the home and to the spiritual evolution of women; title: Rules and regulations of the "Children's Houses"; title: IV. Pedagogical methods used in the "Children's Houses". Child psychology can be established only through the method of external observation; title: Anthropological consideration; title: Anthropological notes; title: Environment and schoolroom furnishings; title: V. Discipline. Discipline through liberty; title: Independence; title: Abolition of prizes and external forms of punishment; title: Biological concept of liberty in pedagogy; title: VI. How the lesson should be given. Characteristics of the individual lessons; title: Method of observation the fundamental guide; title: Difference between the scientific and unscientific methods illustrated; title: First task of educators to stimulate life, leaving it then free to develop; title: VII. Exercises of practical life. Suggested schedule for the "Children's Houses"; title: The child must be prepared for the forms of social life and his attention attracted to these forms; title: Cleanliness, order, poise, conversation; title: VIII. Reflection, the child's diet. Diet must be adapted to the child's physical nature; title: Foods and their preparation; title: Drinks; title: Distribution of meals; title: IX. Muscular education: gymnastics. Generally accepted idea of gymnastics is inadequate; title: The special gymnastics necessary for little children; title: Other pieces of gymnastic apparatus; title: Free gymnastics; title: Educational gymnastics; title: Respiratory gymnastics, and labial, dental, and lingual gymnastics; title: X. Nature in education, agricultural labour: culture of plants and animals : The savage of the Aveyron; title: Itard's educative drama repeated in the education of little children; title: Gardening and horticulture basic of a method for education of children; title: The child initiated into observation of the phenomena of life and into foresight by way of auto-education; title: Children are initiated into the virtue of patience and into confident expectation, and are inspired with a feeling for nature; title: The child follows the natural way of development of the human race; title: XI. Manual labour: the potter's art, and building. Difference between manual labour and manual gymnastics; title: The School of Educative Art; title: Archaeological, historical, and artistic importance of the vase; title: Manufacture of diminutive bricks and construction of diminutive walls and houses; title: XII. Education of the senses. Aim of education to develop the energies; title: Difference in the reaction between deficient and normal children in the presentation of didactic material made up of graded stimuli; title: Education of the senses has as its aim the refinement of the differential perception of stimuli by means of repeated exercises; title: Three periods of Séguin; title: XIII. Education of the senses and illustrations of the didactic material: general sensibility: the tactile, thermic, baric and stereognostic senses. Education of the tactile, thermic and baric senses; title: Education of the stereognostic sense; title: Education of the senses of taste and smell; title: Education of the sense of vision; title: Exercises with the three series of cards; title: Education of the chromatic sense; title: Exercise for the discrimination of sounds; title: Musical education; title: Tests for acuteness of hearing; title: A lesson in silence; title: XIV. General notes on the education of the senses. Aim in education biological and social; title: Education of the senses makes men observers and prepares them directly for practical life; title: XV. Intellectual education. Sense exercises a species of auto-education; title: Importance of an exact nomenclature, and how to teach it; title: Spontaneous progress of the child the greatest triumph of scientific pedagogy; title: Games of the blind; title: Application of the visual sense to the observation of environment; title: Method of using didactic material: dimensions, form, design; title: Free plastic work; title: Geometric analysis of figures; title: Exercises in the chromatic sense; title: XVI. Method for the teaching of reading and writing. Spontaneous development of graphic language: Séguin and Itard; title: Necessity of a special education that shall fit man for objective observation and direct logical thought; title: Results of objective observation and logical thought; title: Not necessary to begin teaching writing with vertical strokes; title: Spontaneous drawing of normal children; title: Use of Froebel mats in teaching children sewing; title: Children should be taught how before they are made to execute a task; title: Two diverse forms of movement made in writing; title: Experiments with normal children; title: Origin of alphabets in present use; title: XVII. Description of the method and didactic material used. Exercise tending to develop the muscular mechanism necessary in holding and using the instrument in writing; title: Didactic material for writing; title: Exercise tending to establish the visual-muscular image of the alphabetical signs, and to establish the muscular memory of the movements necessary to writing; title: Exercises for the composition of words; title: Reading, the interpretation of an idea from written signs; title: Games for the reading of words; title: Games for the reading of phrases; title: Point education has reached in the "Children's Houses"; title: XVIII. Language in childhood. Physiological importance of graphic language; title: Two periods in the development of language; title: Analysis of speech necessary; title: Defects of language due to education; title: XIX. Teaching of numeration: introduction to arithmetic. Numbers as represented by graphic signs; title: Exercises for the memory of numbers; title: Addition and subtraction from one to twenty: multiplication and division; title: Lessons on decimels: arithmetical calculations beyond ten; title: XX. Sequence of exercises. Sequence and grades in the presentation of material and in the exercises; title: First grade; title: Second grade; title: Third grade; title: Fourth grade; title: Fifth grade; title: XXI. General review of discipline. Discipline better than in ordinary schools; title: First dawning of discipline comes through work; title: Orderly action is the true rest for muscles intended by nature for action; title: The exercise that develops life consists in the repetition, not in the mere grasp of the idea; title: Aim of repetition that the child shall refine his senses through the exercise of attention, of comparison, of judgment; title: Obedience is naturally sacrifice; title: Obedience develops will-power and the capacity to perform the act it becomes necessary to obey; title: XXII. Conclusions and impressions. The teacher has become the director of spontaneous work in the "Children's Houses"; title: The problems of religious education should be solved by positive pedagogy; title: Spiritual influence of the "Children's Houses".