Butua and the end of an era
Subtitle: the effect of the collapse of the Kalanga state on ordinary citizens : an analysis of behaviour under stress
By: Catharina van Waarden
Series: BAR international series -- 2420; Cambridge monographs in African archaeology -- 82; Cambridge monographs in African archaeology -- 82.; BAR international series -- 2420.
Publisher: Archaeopress
Published: 2012
Place of publication: Oxford
Language: eng
Number of pages: 380
ISBN-13: 9781407310190
Subjects: Kalanga (African people); History; Excavations (Archaeology); Social archaeology; Antiquities
Description: "The Kalanga state Butua, which had dominated the Zimbabwe plateau (south central Africa) for four centuries, collapsed in the 1830s due to repeated difaqane invasions, and its population became subject to Ndebele invaders. This work is a study of how the farming population coped with the stresses brought by these events and how this is manifest in the archaeological remains. A model of group behaviour under stress suggests that, with increasing stress, group solidarity at first increases, but later decreases: a series of hypotheses based on this model guides this study. The first section of the research presents a reconstruction of the 'Butua' state based on oral and documentary evidence as well as archaeological research in Botswana. The second part combines information from historical sources with archaeological evidence from two villages at Domboshaba to reconstruct events and conditions in northeastern Botswana during the turbulent 19th century."--Publisher's website.
Notes: Originally presented as: Thesis (Ph. D.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, 2010.

Includes bibliographical references.