Report of the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
By: Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
Edition: e-book
Publisher: Government of Canada Archives
Published: 1996
Place of publication: San Francisco, Ca., USA
Language: eng
Format: e-book
Copyright date: Crown Copyright 1996
Notes: This edition was created by collecting the html structure available from the Government of Canada Archives and collating it into searchable documents divided into the original volumes.
Table of contents: title: Volume 1 - Looking Forward, Looking Back; title: A Thanksgiving Address Opening the Door; title: 1 . Getting Started; title: 1 . Interpreting the Mandate; title: 2. Looking Ahead; title: 3. Imperatives for Change; title: 4. A Matter of Trust; title: 2. From Time Immemorial: A Demographic Profile; title: 1 . Historical Population Levels; title: 2. Current Population; title: 2. 1 North American Registered Indian Population; title: 2.2 Non-Status Population; title: 2.3 The Metis Population; title: 2.4 The Inuit Population; title: 3. Projected Population Growth; title: Part one: The Relationship in Historical Perspective; title: 3. Conceptions of History; title: 1 . Aboriginal and Non- Aboriginal Approaches to History; title: 2. An Historical Framework; title: 2.1 Stage 1: Separate Worlds; title: 2.2 Stage 2: Contact and Co-operation; title: 2.3 Stage 3: Displacement and Assimilation; title: 2.4 Stage 4: Negotiation and Renewal; title: 4. Stage One: Separate Worlds; title: 1. People of the Dawn: The Mi’kmaq; title: 2. Iroquoians and the Iroquois; title: 3. The Blackfoot Confederacy; title: 4. The Northwest Coast; title: 5. Inuit Innovation; title: 6. Conclusion; title: 5. Stage Two: Contact and Co-operation; title: 1 . The Innu, the Wendat and the Fur Trade; title: 2. The Royal Proclamation of 1763; title: 3. Early Patterns of Treaty Making; title: 3.1 Prior Traditions of Treaty Making — Confederacies in North America; title: 3.2 Prior Traditions of Treaty Making — The European Experience; title: 3.3 Pre-Confederation Treaties in Canada; title: 3.4 Understanding Treaties and the Treaty Relationship; title: 4. Conclusion; title: 6. Stage Three: Displacement and Assimilation; title: 1 . The Imposition of a Colonial Relationship; title: 2. The Forging of Metis Identity; title: 3. Treaty Making in Ontario, the West and the North; title: 3.1 The 1836 Manitoulin and Saugeen Treaties; title: 3.2 The Lake Huron and Lake Superior Treaties of 1850; title: 4. The Numbered Treaties; title: 4.1 The Selkirk Treaty (1817); title: 4.2 Treaties 1 and 2 (1871); title: 4.3 The Northwest Angle Treaty — Treaty 3; title: 4.4 Treaties 4, 5, 6 and 7; title: 4.5 Northern Treaties: 8, 9, 10 and 11; title: 5. Differing Assumptions and Understandings; title: 6. Non-Fulfilment of Treaties; title: 7. Restoring the Spirit of the Treaties; title: 8. Extending Measures of Control and Assimilation; title: 9. Conclusion; title: 7. Stage Four: Negotiation and Renewal; title: 1. Legislative and Constitutional Attempts: From the White Paper to Charlottetown, 1969-1992; title: 2. The Role of the Courts; title: 3. The Inuit Circumpolar Conference: The Emergence of Internationalism; title: 4. Conclusion; title: part two: False Assumptions and a Failed Relationship; title: 8. Introduction; title: 1. False Assumptions; title: 2. The Abuse of Power; title: 3. The Four Policies in Brief; title: 4. New False Assumptions; title: 9. The Indian Act; title: 1 . The Paradox of Indian Act Reform; title: 2. Indian Sovereignty and the Royal Proclamation of 1763; title: 3. Indian Policy: Protection, Civilization, and Assimilation; title: 4. Civilization to Assimilation: Indian Policy Formulated; title: 5. The Gradual Civilization Act: Assimilating Civilized Indians; title: 6. End of the Tripartite Imperial System; title: 7. The Gradual Enfranchisement Act: Responsible Band Government; title: 8. The Indian Act and Indians: Children of the State; title: 9. The Indian Act: Oppressive Measures; title: 9.1 Protection of the Reserve Land Base; title: 9.2 Band Government and Law-Making Powers; title: 9.3 Enfranchisement; title: 9.4 Reserve Justice Administration; title: 9.5 Attacks on Traditional Culture; title: 9.6 Liquor Offences; title: 9.7 Pool Room Prohibition; title: 9.8 Sale of Agricultural Products; title: 9.9 Indian Legal Claims; title: 9.10 The Pass System; title: 9.11 Indian Agents; title: 9.12 Indian Voting Rights; title: 9.13 Indian Women; title: 9.14 Indian Status and Band Membership; title: 10. Post-War Indian Policy Reform: Everything Old is New Again; title: 11. The 1951 Indian Act Revision; title: 12. The Modern Era: Contrasting Assumptions and Models of Self-Government; title: 13. Conclusion; title: 10. Residential Schools; title: 1. The Vision and Policies of Residential School Education; title: 1 . 1 The Vision; title: 1 .2 Changing Policies; title: 2. Systemic Neglect: Administrative and Financial Realities; title: 3. Discipline and Abuse; title: 4. Epilogue; title: 5. The Need for a Public Inquiry; title: 11 . Relocation of Aboriginal Communities; title: 1. Why Relocations Took Place; title: 1.1 Administrative Relocations; title: 1.2 Development Relocations; title: 2. Administrative Relocation; title: 2.1 To Make Things Easier for Government; title: 2.2 To Improve the Lives of Aboriginal People; title: 3. Development Relocation; title: 3.1 The Saugeen and the Bruce Peninsula; title: 3.2 Getting the Songhees Out of the Way (1911); title: 3.3 The Metis of Ste. Madeleine and the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Act (1935); title: 3.4 The Cheslatta T’en and the Kemano Hydro Project; title: 3.5 The Chemawawin Cree and the Grand Rapids Dam; title: 4. The Effects of Relocation; title: 4.1 The Relationship to the Land, Environment and Culture; title: 4.2 Economic Effects; title: 4.3 Health Effects; title: 4.4 Social and Political Effects; title: 4.5 Effects on the Relationship Between Aboriginal and Non- Aboriginal People; title: 5. Relocation and Responsibility; title: 5.1 Responsibility of Governments; title: 5.2 Establishing Standards for Relocation; title: 5.3 Proposals for Reform; title: 12. Veterans; title: 1 . Early Military Service; title: 2. The First World War; title: 3. Between the Wars; title: 4. The Second World War; title: 4.1 Enlistment; title: 4.2 Community Support; title: 4.3 Military Service; title: 4.4 Veterans Benefits; title: 4.5 The Veterans’ Land Act; title: 5. The Post-War Years; title: 5.1 The Parliamentary Hearings of 1946-47; title: 5.2 The Korean War; title: 5.3 Testimony at the Royal Commission’s Hearings; title: 6. Epilogue; title: 13. Conclusions; title: part three: Building the Foundations of a Renewed Relationship; title: 14. The Turning Point; title: 15. Rekindling the Fire; title: 1. Finding Common Ground Between Cultures; title: 2. Diverse Peoples, Common Goals; title: 3. Words Are Not Enough; title: 4. Meeting on the Trickster’s Ground; title: 5. Spirituality; title: 6. The Land That Supports Us; title: 7. Metis and Inuit Cultures; title: 8. Ceremonies and Symbols; title: 9. Cultural and Social Relations; title: 10. Culture and Economy; title: 11 . Culture and Government; title: 12. Charting the Future with Insights from the Past; title: 16. The Principles of a Renewed Relationship; title: 1. The Basic Principles; title: 1.1 The First Principle: Mutual Recognition; title: 1.2 The Second Principle: Mutual Respect; title: 1.3 The Third Principle: Sharing; title: 1.4 The Fourth Principle: Mutual Responsibility; title: 2. Maintaining the Relationship; title: 3. Conclusion; title: Appendix A: The Commission’s Terms of Reference; title: Appendix B Biographical Notes on Commissioners; title: Appendix C Abridged Tables of Contents, Volumes 2-5; title: Appendix D The Royal Proclamation of 1763; title: Appendix E Summary of Recommendations in Volume 1; title: Volume 2 - Restructuring the Relationship part one; title: 1 . Introduction; title: 1 . Treaties; title: 2. Governance; title: 3. Lands and Resources; title: 4. Economic Development; title: 2. Treaties; title: 1. A Need For Public Education; title: 1.1 Treaties are Nation-to-Nation; title: 1.2 Treaties are Sacred and Enduring; title: 1.3 Treaties are Part of the Canadian Constitution; title: 1.4 Fulfilment of the Treaties is Fundamental to Canada’s Honour; title: 2. Legal Context of the Treaty Relationship; title: 3. Historical Treaties: The Need for Justice and Reconciliation; title: 3.1 The Need for Justice; title: 3.2 The Need for Reconciliation; title: 3.3 Common Ground in the Treaties; title: 3.4 Lack of Common Ground; title: 3.5 The Vulnerability of Treaties; title: 3.6 Implementing the Spirit and Intent of Treaties; title: 3.7 The Fiduciary Relationship: Restoring the Treaty Partnership; title: 3.8 Aboriginal Rights and Title: Sharing, Not Extinguishment; title: 3.9 Sovereignty and Governance; title: 3.10 Observations Regarding Fulfilment of the Historical Treaties; title: 4. Treaty Implementation and Renewal Processes; title: 5. Treaty-Making Processes; title: 5.1 Implementation of Modem Treaties; title: 5.2 The Peace and Friendship Treaties; title: 5.3 Making New Treaties and Equivalent Agreements; title: 6. Establishment of Treaty Processes; title: 6.1 A Royal Proclamation; title: 6.2 Companion Legislation; title: 7. Content of Treaty Processes; title: 7.1 Entry to be Voluntary; title: 7.2 Timing to be Realistic; title: 7.3 Long-Term Resources to be Available; title: 7.4 Nature and Scope of Items for Discussion; title: 7.5 Outcomes of Treaty Processes; title: 7.6 Reorganization in Preparation for Treaty Processes; title: 7.7 Reorganization of Aboriginal and Treaty Nations; title: 8. Institutions for Treaty Processes; title: 8.1 Treaty Commissions; title: 8.2 Access to the Aboriginal Lands and Treaties Tribunal; title: 3. Governance; title: 1 . Aboriginal Perspectives; title: 1.1 Basic Concepts; title: 1.2 Traditions of Governance; title: 1.3 Visions of Governance; title: 2. Toward an Aboriginal Order of Government; title: 2.1 An Overview; title: 2.2 Self-Determination; title: 2.3 Self-Government; title: 3. Implementing an Aboriginal Order of Government; title: 3.1 Models of Aboriginal Government: An Overview; title: 3.2 Financing Aboriginal Government; title: 4. Transition; title: 4.1 Transitional Measures on the Road to Self-Government; title: 4.2 Capacity Building: Aboriginal Strategies for the Transition to Self-Government; title: 4.3 The Structure of the Government of Canada for the Conduct of Aboriginal Affairs; title: 4.4 Representation in the Institutions of Canadian Federalism; title: Appendix 3A Existing Financial Arrangements for Aboriginal Governments and Regional and Territorial Governments; title: Appendix 3B A Summary of the Proposal by the Native Council of Canada for a House of the First Peoples; title: Part Two; title: 4. Lands and Resources; title: 1. The Case for a New Deal; title: 2. A Story; title: 3. Lands and Resources: Background; title: 3.1 Lessons from the Hearings; title: 3.2 Significance of Lands and Resources to Aboriginal Peoples; title: 4. How Losses Occurred; title: 4. 1 The Law’s Initial Promise; title: 4.2 Losing the Land; title: 4.3 Failure of Alternative Economic Options; title: 4.4 The Impact of Crown Land Management Systems; title: 4.5 Conclusion; title: 5. The Inadequacy of Federal Claims Processes; title: 5.1 A Background of Aboriginal Protest; title: 5.2 Three Existing Claims Policies; title: 5.3 Specific Claims Initiatives: 1990-1995; title: 5.4 The Institutional Interests of the Federal Government; title: 5.5 Conclusion: The Need for Structural Change; title: 6. A New Deal for Aboriginal Nations; title: 6.1 Redressing the Consequences of Territorial Dispossession; title: 6.2 The Contemporary Law of Aboriginal Title as a Basis for Action; title: 6.3 A New Approach to Lands and Resources; title: 6.4 An Aboriginal Lands and Treaties Tribunal; title: 6.5 The Need for Public Education; title: 7. Securing an Adequate Land and Resource Base for Aboriginal Nations; title: 7.1 Interim Steps: Expanding the First Nations Land Base; title: 7.2 Interim Steps: Improving Access to Natural Resources; title: 7.3 Co-management; title: 8. Conclusions; title: Appendix 4 A Land Provisions of Modern Treaties; title: Appendix 4B Co-Management Agreements; title: 5. Economic Development; title: 1. Understanding Aboriginal Economies; title: 1.1 A Brief History of Aboriginal Economies and External Interventions; title: 1.2 Contemporary Aboriginal Economies; title: 2. The Levers of Change; title: 2.1 Transforming Aboriginal Economies: An Overview; title: 2.2 The Economic Implications of Aboriginal Rights and Treaties; title: 2.3 Regaining Control; title: 2.4 Lands and Natural Resources; title: 2.5 Agriculture: An Illustration; title: 2.6 Business Development; title: 2.7 Employment Development; title: 2.8 Education and Training; title: 2.9 Making Innovative Use of Income Support Alternatives; title: 2.10 Conclusion; title: 6. Conclusion; title: 1. An Act of National Intention; title: 2. Negotiating a Canada- Wide Framework; title: 3. Rebuilding Aboriginal Nations; title: 4. A Legislative Process for Treaties; title: 5. Redistributing Lands and Resources; title: 6. Meaningful Work and Sustainable Wealth; title: 7. Equipping for Self-Government; title: Appendix A Summary of Recommendations in Volume 2 (Parts One and Two); title: Appendix B Abridged Tables of Contents — Volumes 1-5; title: Volume 3 - Gathering Strength; title: 1. New Directions in Social Policy; title: 1. Social Policy in Context; title: 2. Confronting A Painful Legacy; title: 3. Looking Ahead; title: 4. From Dependency to Strength; title: 2. The Family; title: 1 . Introduction; title: 2. The Centrality of Family in Aboriginal Life; title: 2.1 Views from our Hearings; title: 2.2 Family Life in Various Traditions; title: 2.3 The Family as a Mediating Institution; title: 3. “Our Children Are Our Future”; title: 3.1 The Special Place of Children in Aboriginal Cultures; title: 3.2 Historical Highlights; title: 3.3 Child Welfare Reform; title: 3.4 Current Issues; title: 4. Family Violence; title: 4.1 Introduction; title: 4.2 Naming the Problem; title: 4.3 The Face of Aboriginal Violence; title: 4.4 Barriers to Change; title: 4.5 Solutions from the People; title: 5. Aspects of Family Law; title: 5.1 Continuity of Customary Law; title: 5.2 Division of Property on Marriage Breakdown; title: 5.3 Civil Law and Family Violence; title: 6. Epilogue; title: 3. Health and Healing; title: 1 . Introduction: Rethinking Aboriginal Health; title: 1.1 The Continuing Crisis in Aboriginal Health and Welfare; title: 1.2 The Scope and Substance of the Commission’s Concern; title: 1.3 Framework of the Chapter; title: 2. The Burden of 111 Health; title: 2.1 From the Past to the Present; title: 2.2 Physical Health; title: 2.3 Social and Emotional Health; title: 2.4 Community Health; title: 2.5 Conclusion; title: 3. Toward a New Aboriginal Health and Healing Strategy; title: 3.1 Aboriginal Perspectives on Health and Healing; title: 3.2 The Determinants of Health; title: 3.3 Two Great Traditions of Health and Healing: Convergence; title: 3.4 Characteristics of a New Strategy; title: 4. An Aboriginal Health and Healing Strategy; title: 4.1 Initiating Systematic Change; title: 4.2 Healing Centres; title: 4.3 Human Resources Strategy; title: 4.4 Enlisting the Support of the Mainstream Service System; title: 4.5 Housing and Community Infrastructure; title: 5. The Journey to Whole Health Appendix 1 The Statistical Evidence; title: Appendix 2 A Stronger Role for Traditional Healing; title: 4. Housing; title: 1. The Housing and Living Conditions of Aboriginal People; title: 1.1 Aboriginal and Canadian Housing Conditions; title: 1.2 Contrasts Among Aboriginal Groups and Within Communities; title: 2. Policy Foundations; title: 2.1 Housing and Community Services as Basic Human Needs; title: 2.2 A Right to Housing; title: 2.3 Aboriginal Self-Government; title: 3. Community Services: A Health Hazard; title: 4. On-Reserve Housing; title: 4.1 Federal Housing Programs On-Reserve; title: 4.2 The Legal Regime and Tenure; title: 4.3 Rallying Resources to Meet the Need for Adequate Shelter; title: 4.4 Institutional Development; title: 5. Housing in Non-Reserve Communities; title: 5.1 Policies and Programs; title: 5.2 The Institutional Base for Building Self-Reliance; title: 5.3 An Estimate of Government Expenditures Required; title: 6. Government Expenditures to Achieve Adequate Housing for Aboriginal People in Ten Years; title: 7. Revitalizing Aboriginal Communities Through Housing; title: 7.1 Economic Development; title: 7.2 Political, Social and Cultural Benefits; title: 5. Education; title: 1. Introduction; title: 2. The Framework: Lifelong, Holistic Education; title: 3. Children; title: 3.1 Introduction; title: 3.2 Early Childhood Education; title: 3.3 The Child in the Fonnal Education System; title: 3.4 Positive Directions for the Future; title: 4. Youth; title: 4.1 Introduction; title: 4.2 Youth Empowerment; title: 4.3 Need for Local High Schools; title: 4.4 Youth Re-Entry to High School; title: 4.5 Transition to Economic Activity and Careers; title: 5. Teacher Education Programs; title: 5.1 Quality of Teacher Education Programs; title: 5.2 The Need for More Elementary Education Teachers; title: 5.3 The Need for More Secondary Education Teachers; title: 5.4 Community-Based Teacher Education; title: 5.5 The Need for Other Educational Professionals; title: 5.6 The Education of Non- Aboriginal Teachers; title: 6. Adults; title: 6.1 Introduction; title: 6.2 Getting in the Door; title: 6.3 Inside the Door: Institutions Serving Aboriginal Adults; title: 6.4 Preparing for the Job Market; title: 7. Elders; title: 8. Institutions to Sustain Aboriginality in the Future; title: 8.1 Introduction; title: 8.2 Aboriginal Peoples International University; title: 8.3 Information Exchange: An Electronic Clearinghouse; title: 8.4 Statistical Data Bases; title: 8.5 Aboriginal Documentation Centre; title: 9. Education for Self-Government; title: 9.1 Planning for Self-Government; title: 9.2 Programs That Work; title: 9.3 A Profile of Human Resource Requirements for Self-Government; title: 9.4 What Needs to Be Done; title: 10. New Partnerships in Aboriginal Education; title: 10.1 A Shift in Authority; title: 10.2 Learning from the Past, Building for the Future; title: 10.3 New Partnerships; title: 6. Arts and Heritage; title: 1. Introduction; title: 2. Cultural Heritage; title: 2.1 Sacred and Historic Sites; title: 2.2 Sacred and Secular Artifacts; title: 2.3 Intellectual Property; title: 3. Language; title: 3.1 The Importance of Language; title: 3.2 The State of Language; title: 3.3 Language Maintenance and Identity; title: 3.4 Countering Language Shift; title: 4. Communications; title: 4.1 Introduction; title: 4.2 Stereotypes and Self-Representation; title: 4.3 Aboriginal Communications Media; title: 5. Publishing; title: 6. Visual and Performing Arts; title: 7. Conclusion; title: 1. Common Problems, Collective Solutions; title: 2. Traditional Culture and Institutions of Self-Government; title: 3. Policy Reform and Transition; title: 3.1 Social Policy as a Priority; title: 3.2 Integrated Approaches; title: 3.3 Creating Space for Aboriginal Initiative; title: 4. Achieving a Balance; title: Volume 4 - Perspectives and Realities; title: 1. Introduction; title: 2. Women’s Perspectives; title: 1. Introduction; title: 1.1 Historical Position and Role of Aboriginal Women: A Brief Overview; title: 1.2 Reversing a Pattern of Exclusion — Women’s Priorities for Change; title: 2. Aboriginal Women and Indian Policy: Evolution and Impacts; title: 2.1 Introduction; title: 2.2 Policy Development and its Impact on Aboriginal Women; title: 2.3 Bill C-31; title: 2.4 The Indian Act and Bill C-3 1 : Areas of Concern to First Nations Women; title: 3. Health and Social Services: A Priority on Healing; title: 4. The Need for Places of Refuge; title: 5. The Rise of Aboriginal Women’s Organizations; title: 6. The Need for Fairness and Accountability; title: 7. The Family; title: 7.1 Birth and Midwifery; title: 7.2 Child Support and Child Care; title: 7.3 Concern for Youth; title: 7.4 Concern for the Elderly; title: 7.5 Making a Fiving; title: 8. Conclusion Appendices; title: 3. Elders’ Perspectives; title: 1 . Introduction; title: 2. Who are the Elders?; title: 3. The Elders’ Perspectives; title: 3.1 The North American Intellectual Tradition; title: 3.2 Cultural Wisdom and the Oral Tradition; title: 3.3 When Cultures Collide; title: 4. Traditional Culture in the Modem World: The Elders’ Role; title: 4.1 The Context; title: 4.2 Freedom to Live a Traditional Spiritual Life; title: 5. Elders and...; title: 5.1 Culture, Language and Values; title: 5.2 Education; title: 5.3 Justice; title: 5.4 Governance; title: 5.5 Traditional Health and Healing; title: 5.6 Social Issues; title: 5.7 Lands and Resources; title: 6. Conclusion: A Call for Action; title: 4. The Search for Belonging: Perspectives of Youth; title: 1. Introduction: The Vision of Aboriginal Youth; title: 2. The Reality for Aboriginal Youth: An Overview of Current Conditions; title: 2.1 An Aboriginal Youth Profile; title: 2.2 The Importance of Listening to Aboriginal Youth; title: 3. Toward Whole Health; title: 3.1 The Need for Whole Health; title: 3.2 Spiritual Health; title: 3.3 A Healthy Mind; title: 3.4 A Healthy Body; title: 3.5 Emotional Health; title: 4. Making a Difference: Empowering Aboriginal Youth; title: 4.1 Empowerment; title: 4.2 Recognition and Involvement; title: 4.3 Economic Empowerment; title: 5. Consolidation: A Framework for a Canada- Wide Aboriginal Youth Policy; title: 5.1 The Need for a Canada-wide Policy; title: 5.2 The Policy Framework; title: 6. Conclusion; title: 5. Metis Perspectives; title: 1. The Other Aboriginal Peoples; title: 1.1 Genesis; title: 1.2 A Nation-to-Nation Approach; title: 1.3 Metis Identity; title: 1.4 Multiple Metis Cultures and Communities; title: 1.5 All Metis Protected by Section 35; title: 1.6 All Metis Covered by Section 91(24); title: 1.7 A Statistical Profile; title: 1.8 Metis Rights; title: 1.9 Discrimination and Neglect; title: 2. The Metis Nation; title: 2.1 The Past; title: 2.2 The Present and the Future; title: 3. The Other Metis; title: 3.1 The Past; title: 3.2 The Present and the Future Appendices Sources of Metis Rights; title: 6. The North; title: 1. Introduction; title: 1.1 Background: Living in the North; title: 1.2 The Commission’s Approach to the North; title: 2. What Northerners Told the Commission; title: 2.1 The Four Themes; title: 2.2 How the Themes are Related; title: 3. The Source of the Current Problems; title: 3.1 Early Northern Administration; title: 3.2 Wartime and After: A Problem of Development?; title: 3.3 The Changing Balance of Power in the 1970s; title: 4. Regional Dimensions of Political Development; title: 4.1 Yukon First Nations; title: 4.2 Dene; title: 4.3 Metis of the Northwest Territories; title: 4.4 Inuit; title: 5. Environmental Stewardship; title: 5.1 Introduction; title: 5.2 Pollution Control; title: 5.3 Environmental Management Regimes; title: 5.4 Traditional Knowledge; title: 5.5 The International Agenda on the Environment; title: 5.6 Conclusions; title: 6. Support for the Northern Economy; title: 6.1 Past Approaches to Northern Economic Development; title: 6.2 The Contemporary Northern Economy; title: 6.3 The Value of Country Food; title: 6.4 Supporting the Traditional-Mixed Economy; title: 6.5 Conclusions; title: 7. Investing in People; title: 7. 1 The Need to Heal; title: 7.2 The Opportunities Presented by Political Development; title: 7.3 Conclusions; title: 7. Urban Perspectives; title: 1 . Introduction; title: 2. Cultural Identity; title: 2. 1 The Essence of Cultural Identity; title: 2.2 Racism; title: 2.3 Urbanization; title: 2.4 Enhancing Cultural Identities in Urban Areas; title: 2.5 Conclusion; title: 3. Financing Social Programs for People Not Living on Aboriginal Territory; title: 3.1 Introduction; title: 3.2 Jurisdictional Roles; title: 3.3 Fiscal Off-Loading; title: 3.4 Federal-Provincial Fiscal Arrangements; title: 3.5 The Commission’s Proposals; title: 3.6 Rationale for Provincial Role: The Right to Equality of Treatment; title: 3.7 Conclusion; title: 4. Service Delivery; title: 4.1 Introduction; title: 4.2 The Current Situation; title: 4.3 Cultural Appropriateness; title: 4.4 Reform; title: 4.5 Special Perspectives; title: 4.6 Friendship Centres; title: 4.7 Urban Aboriginal Cultural Education Program; title: 5. Aboriginal Women in Urban Areas; title: 5.1 Introduction; title: 5.2 Who Are Urban Aboriginal Women?; title: 5.3 Migration; title: 5.4 The Urban Experience; title: 5.5 Housing; title: 5.6 Services; title: 5.7 Conclusions; title: 6. Governance for Aboriginal People in Urban Areas; title: 6. 1 Reform of Canadian Urban Governments and Public Authorities; title: 6.2 Urban Communities of Interest; title: 6.3 Nation-Based Approaches to Urban Self-Government; title: 6.4 Conclusions; title: 7. Urban Demographics and Socio-Economic Conditions; title: 7.1 Introduction; title: 7.2 Aboriginal Peoples Survey; title: 7.3 Population Size and Dynamics; title: 7.4 Composition of Urban Aboriginal Populations; title: 7.5 Demographic, Social and Economic Conditions; title: 7.6 Conclusion; title: Volume 5 - Renewal: A Twenty-Year Commitment; title: 1. Laying the Foundations of a Renewed Relationship; title: 1 . A New Beginning; title: 2. Content of the Proclamation and its Companion Legislation; title: 2.1 Preamble; title: 2.2 Procedure for the Recognition of Nations; title: 2.3 The Treaty Processes; title: 2.4 Lands and Resources; title: 3. A Canada- Wide Framework Agreement; title: 4. Gathering Strength; title: 4.1 Social Issues and Structural Change; title: 4.2 Four Dimensions of Social Change; title: 4.3 Federal, Provincial and Territorial Contributions; title: 5. Keeping Track of Progress; title: 6. A Broad Mandate — An Interactive Strategy; title: 2. Economic Disparities, Government Expenditures and the Cost of the Status Quo; title: 1. The Cost of Forgone Production; title: 2. Government Expenditures: The Burden of Remedial Costs; title: 2. 1 Federal Expenditures on Targeted Programs; title: 2.2 Total Expenditures of all Governments; title: 3. Dependency on Financial Assistance and Remedial Programs; title: 4. Escalating Costs of the Status Quo; title: 3. A Strategy for Renewal as a Good Investment; title: 1. Financing Fundamental Change; title: 2. Structural Measures: Establishing a New Relationship; title: 3. Social and Economic Measures: Gathering Strength; title: 4. Beyond the Twenty- Year Horizon; title: 5. The Distribution of Costs and Gains Among Governments; title: 6. Realizing the Gains: The Pace of Progress; title: 4. Public Education: Building Awareness and Understanding; title: 1 . Introduction; title: 2. Making Public Education a Reality; title: 2.1 Creating Dialogue; title: 2.2 Cross-Cultural Communication; title: 3. Stakeholder Groups; title: 3.1 Religious Institutions; title: 3.2 Municipalities; title: 3.3 Educational Institutions; title: 3.4 Labour Unions; title: 3.5 Professional Organizations; title: 3.6 Other Stakeholders; title: 4. Aboriginal Organizations; title: 5. The Media; title: 6. Symbols and Special Occasions; title: 7. Governments; title: 8. Resources; title: 9. Immediate Steps; title: 5. Constitutional Amendment: The Ultimate Challenge; title: 1. The Canadian Amending Formula; title: 2. Constitutional Amendments and the Commission’s Report; title: 2.1 Amendments for Greater Certainty; title: 2.2 Consequential Amendments; title: 2.3 Institutional Amendments; title: 2.4 Other Amendments; title: Appendices:; title: Appendix A Summary of Recommendations, Volumes 1-5; title: Appendix B Tables of Contents, Volumes; title: Appendix C How We Fulfilled Our Mandate; title: Appendix D Research Studies Prepared for the Commission; title: Appendix E Ethical Guidelines for Research; title: Appendix F Research Advisory Committee Members; title: Appendix G Commission Publications; title: Appendix H Commission Staff and Advisers