The Plant Vascular System
Subtitle: Structure, Function, and Responses to Environmental Stress
Contributors: Holbrook, Noel M.; Pfister, Donald H.; Kramer, Elena
Published: 2013
Language: eng
Subjects: Vascular system of plants
Description: Environmental stressors such as nutrient deficiency and insect infestation can significantly impact tree health. Despite much research on the ecological effect on forests in the northeastern United States due to calcium depletion and hemlock woolly adelgid infestation, little is known regarding the physiological mechanisms altered by these stress factors. I tested the hypothesis that calcium depletion, associated with sugar maple decline, compromises water transport processes as a result of calcium-related reductions in cell growth and stabilization. A survey of forest-grown sugar maples from a long-term replicated calcium-manipulation study showed no significant impact of calcium deficiency on wood density, stem hydraulic conductivity (Ks), or vulnerability to cavitation (VC). In vitro removal of xylem-bound calcium showed no impact on VC or air seeding thresholds (Pt). Results suggest that sugar maple decline is not caused by compromises in xylem function due to calcium deficiency. I also tested the hypothesis that hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) (HWA) infestations impact water transport processes and nutrient partitioning in eastern hemlock trees. HWA infestation resulted in higher Ks due to an increase in average tracheid lumen area associated with the proliferation of false rings. HWA-infested trees exhibited higher rates of net photosynthesis and significant changes in foliar nutrient partitioning. These results are the first to demonstrate increases in Ks and alterations in foliar cation levels in response to HWA infestation.
Notes: Keywords: air seeding, cavitation, eastern hemlock, hemlock woolly adelgid, sugar maple, xylem.

Thesis Ph.D. Harvard University 2013