A History Of Penance, Being A Study Of Authorities
Subtitle: Volume 1: The Whole Church To A.D. 450
Publisher: Longmans, Green, and Co.
Published: 1920
Place of publication: London, England
Language: eng; grc; lat
Description: Volume 1 of 2.
Table of contents: title: A HISTORY OF PENANCE; title: BEING A STUDY OF THE AUTHORITIES; title: VOL. I; title: THE WHOLE CHURCH TO A.D. 450; title: CONTENTS; title: PART A.— THE HISTORY OF PENANCE IN THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH TO A.D. 450; title: I. THE APOSTOLIC PERIOD; title: Text of Authorities, New Testament and other 3; title: 1. THE AUTHORITY 8; title: The Authority to remit and to retain sins; to loose and to bind.; title: (a) Our Lord's Commission.; title: The narrative of the giving of this Commission in the Gospel of S. John (xx. 19-23).; title: The act of breathing and the words designed to convey a power.; title: (b) The discourse in Matt, xviii.; title: The binding and loosing are in the future.; title: The binding and loosing in heaven are to follow and confirm those on earth.; title: (c) The promise to S. Peter in Matt. xvi.; title: S. Peter's action in binding and loosing will be ratified in heaven.; title: Comparison of the three passages.; title: Remitting and retaining express a different aspect from binding and loosing.; title: The action of the Church on earth not understood as foreclosing the final judgment.; title: 2. THE UNPARDONABLE SIN  10; title: There is a sin to which God does not accord forgiveness. This much insisted on by the Novatianists.; title: 3. THE APOSTOLIC DECREE AND THE THREE CAPITAL SINS  11; title: The Apostolic Council.; title: Its Decree.; title: Various readings.; title: One reading prohibits idolatry, fornication, and homicide.; title: These are the three capital sins of the early centuries.; title: Admission of capital offenders to reconciliation only gradual.; title: The evidence for the various readings.; title: Dr. Resch decides for the reading prohibiting the three capital sins.; title: If so the Decree may be held largely responsible for the actual attitude of the Christian Church.; title: Tertullian appeals to the Decree as prohibiting these sins (c. A.D. 220).; title: Also S. Parian, Bishop of Barcelona (c. A.D. 343-392).; title: 4. SINS UNTO DEATH, AND SINS NOT UNTO DEATH    14; title: Some sins shut out from life : others do not.; title: The rationale of this distinction.; title: How does it affect the condition hereafter?; title: 5. APOSTOLIC PRACTICE 16; title: A forward glance over the Christian practice of the first three centuries.; title: Some varianoe of practice may be expected in Apostolic times.; title: The Epistle to the Hebrews.; title: Apostates not admissible to restoration (Heb. vi. 4-6).; title: This need not foreclose the final judgment of the Lord,; title: But the writer has anticipations of dread.; title: Another passage illustrates the sterner attitude (Heb. xii. 16, 17).; title: Fornicators and profane persons to find no place of repentance.; title: The Epistle to the Hebrews takes a sterner position than is taken by S. Paul and S. John.; title: Procedure of S. Paul.; title: Case of the incestuous Corinthian.; title: The "binding" by S. Paul.; title: What is delivery "to Satan"?; title: Binding might or might not be followed by repentance.; title: Did S. Paul restore the incestuous Corinthian?; title: Probably the person restored of the second Epistle is the same person.; title: If so, S. Paul absolves in a case of capital sin.; title: The procedure of reconciliation.; title: It is exercised "in the person of Christ," yet motived by considerations of circumstance.; title: Case of Hymenaeus and Alexander.; title: Delivery "unto Satan."; title: Distinction between this and the status of the penitent.; title: Binding a not less important part of the twofold Com mission than loosing.; title: The Revelation of S. John.; title: It shows the more lenient temper.; title: The Angel of the Church of Ephesus.; title: Capital sins in Pergamum may find reconciliation.; title: Also in Thyatira.; title: Story of S. John and the robber in S. Clement of Alexandria.; title: A homicide reconciled.; title: II. THE SUB-APOSTOLIC PERIOD; title: TEXT OF AUTHORITIES 27; title: THE SHEPHERD OF HERMAS 47; title: The Shepherd the most important of sub-Apostolic writings for the student of Penance.; title: The attitude of the Church, c. A.D. 100, towards sin after Baptism.; title: Some teach that there is no /urdrota after Baptism.; title: The Angel of Penitence approves this teaching under normal conditions.; title: Other teachers, who are lax, are reproved.; title: The Shepherd, however, in view of (1) persecution, and (2) the end of the world, has a present message of mercy.; title: The book claims to be a series of revelations.; title: Its cryptic form may be due to the approach of persecution.; title: Five Visions ; twelve Commandments ; ten Similitudes.; title: Hermas claims no personal superiority.; title: Copies of the earlier Visions to be given to Clement and to Grapte.; title: Large acceptance of the Shepherd as a revelation.; title: The Visions.; title: The Vision of the Tower (iii) embodies the revelation of repentanoe and forgiveness to Christians generally.; title: The Tower is built on the waters of Baptism.; title: The various classes of stones rejected from the building.; title: HERMAS 50; title: Reconciliation offered to those who repent at once, and do not waver.; title: Vision iv reveals a coming persecution.; title: It supplies a ground for the exercise of present mercy.; title: But penitence must be before a limiting day ; and once only.; title: This the inception of the rule forbidding the iteration of Penance.; title: Date and authorship of the Shepherd.; title: Date either c. A.D. 100 or c. A.D. 140.; title: The reference of Elkesai to a proclamation of the remission of sins in the third year of Trajan (A.D. 100).; title: Dr. Harnack suggests that the reference is to Hermas.; title: This would be the revelation made by command of the Church, and communicated to Clement and Grapte.; title: Personality of writer.; title: Nothing to indicate distinction.; title: If bona fides admitted, a contemporary of Clement.; title: Is the Shepherd the work of one man?; title: It may have been written in portions at various times.; title: Particular passages in the Visions.; title: Forgiveness offered to those who are penitent, and do not waver.; title: Apostates in the coming persecution will not find remission.; title: Yet an apostate is restored by subsequent confession of Christ.; title: Assurances of forgiveness repeated.; title: The stones rejected in the building of the Tower.; title: The completion of the Tower puts a limit to forgiveness.; title: Suggestion of possible penitence hereafter for those not fitted into the Tower.; title: The end of all things expected soon.; title: The saints to be notified three days after the vision.; title: The Beast of Vision iv.; title: The Angel of Penitence, or Shepherd, is introduced in Vision v.; title: He is the Commissioner of Forgiveness.; title: The Commandments are a system of Moral Theology.; title: Subjects of the twelve sections.; title: Not merely heads of offenoe, but the moral outlook of the Christian.; title: The Shepherd's office.; title: The current teaching on penitence.; title: The prerogative of binding is fully assumed ; that of loosing not ordinarily available.; title: The unfaithful Christian now offered reconciliation that he may stand.; title: The aim of the Angel that all shall "Live to God."; title: Hermas is to make these Commandments known.; title: This not to be confused with the former commission.; title: The Similitudes. Their contents.; title: Contrast of the life of the reconciled with the death of the unreconciled.; title: Fasting approved.; title: Purity required.; title: Sins of unguarded thought can be mortal.; title: This a distinctive Christian teaching.; title: Repentance of no service without obedience.; title: For some apostates no reconciliation.; title: The penalties of sin.; title: These applied by the Angel of Punishment in the experience of life.; title: Punishment corresponds in measure to the sin.; title: The grave sins which involve grave punishment.; title: Summary of teaching on the penalty of sin.; title: It comes (1) by the ordering of circumstances, and also (2) by self-discipline.; title: No mention of penalties as assigned by the bishop.; title: The Angel Michael retains those who nave no need to repent.; title: Penitence is the gift of God.; title: Mrrdroia usually comprises (1) penitence, (2) discipline, (3) reconciliation.; title: HERMAS 65; title: Certain apostates who find no remission.; title: The lazer moralists blameworthy, but admissible to Penitence.; title: Christians who live with the heathen.; title: Hermas is to make the Similitudes known.; title: Forgiveness again promised.; title: The later Similitudes (ix, x).; title: The persecution of Trajan may now be past.; title: Why is the Tower not finished?; title: It is as the Lord pleases.; title: And so long as the Tower is not completed, penitence is open.; title: Twelve sins as women clothed in black.; title: Twelve virtues as faithful virgins.; title: Facilities of repentance afforded by the cessation of the building.; title: For wilful apostates no remission.; title: Distinction of apostates.; title: Synopsis of passages treating of apostates.; title: For offenders other than apostates repentance is open.; title: Resume of points in the Shepherd bearing on the history of Penance.; title: From the tune of Hermas may be traced a system of Penance.; title: The status of penitents, and the public exomologesis.; title: No intention of Hermas to found a system,; title: But a system in fact comes to exist.; title: Two features of this system : —; title: (a) Penance admitted once only;; title: (b) a normally rigorist attitude towards the capital sins.; title: OTHER SUB-APOSTOLIC EVIDENCE 72; title: S. Clement of Rome (c. A.D. 96).; title: His references to penitence may or may not indicate Church procedure.; title: S. Ignatius (c. A.D. 112).; title: His use of [Greek text] and [Greek text].; title: S. Polycarp (c. A.D. 112).; title: Presbyters exercise a prerogative of judgment.; title: The Didache, or Teaching of the Twelve Apostles.; title: Ezomologesis may in the Didache mean general confession.; title: The Homily known as the Second Epistle of S. Clement,; title: It leaves a place of repentance for fleshly sins.; title: The heretic Cerdon (c. A.D. 135).; title: His exomologesis and his separation from the brethren.; title: His repetition of exomologesis.; title: Mansion (c. A.D. 141).; title: Refused admission to penance (1) at Sinope, (2) at Rome.; title: III. FROM A.D. 150 TO A.D. 250; title: TEXT OF AUTHORITIES    77; title: MARCUS THE GNOSTIC 101; title: Marcus the Gnostic (c. A.D. 150).; title: The exomologesis of women (a) in Asia Minor, (b) in the Rhone districts.; title: THE MARTYRS OF LYONS 102; title: The Martyrs of Lyons (A.D. 177).; title: Privilege of indulgence to apostates exercised by martyrs.; title: Some apostates confessed on a second occasion.; title: These were recognised as restored, and as martyrs.; title: DIONYSIUS OF CORINTH 103; title: Dionysius of Corinth (A.D. 171).; title: His letter to Pinytus, bishop of Cnossus.; title: Dionysius represents the more lenient. Pinytus the stricter, discipline.; title: The prevalence of rigorism in this age.; title: MONTANISM 104; title: Montanism and its influenoe for rigorism.; title: CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA 105; title: Clement of Alexandria (c. A.D. 100-203).; title: The Stromateis (Miscellanies).; title: Normally only the penitence before Baptism.; title: But one Penitence after Baptism conceded.; title: Relation of Clement to the Shepherd of Hermas.; title: That there can be only one Penitence after Baptism is now an accepted rule of Church practice.; title: The rule no longer has reference to a special emergency, or to the end of the world.; title: Such Penitence is not available for wilful sin, whether of first intention or of repeated act.; title: Yet Clement, following Hermas, allows Penitence to an adulteress.; title: But, on the whole, Clement takes up a rigorist position.; title: THE PENANCE OR NATALIUS 108; title: The penance of Natalius.; title: Its outward circumstance includes —; title: 1. Sackcloth and ashes.; title: 2. Prostration before the bishop.; title: 3. Rolling beneath the feet of the faithful.; title: 4. Tears and in treaties.; title: This is an instance of a bishop accepting penance.; title: The Roman Church before Calhstus was rigorist as regards impurity,; title: apostasy, and homicide.; title: HIPPOLYTUS 109; title: Hippolytus.; title: He was member of a body outside the church of which Callistus was bishop.; title: Von Dollinger regards him as bishop of a schism.; title: The charges of Hippolytus against Callistus.; title: The discipline of offending bishops.; title: TERTULLIAN 113; title: Tertullian (c. A.D. 150-230).; title: The De Poenitentia.; title: In Baptism all sins are pardoned.; title: One Penitence after Baptism admissible.; title: This Penitence cannot be had a second time.; title: New Testament references.; title: Tertullian's description of exomologesis as practised by the Church.; title: Its outward circumstance includes —; title: 1. A sordid garb. Sackcloth and ashes.; title: 2. Dietary restrictions. Fasting.; title: 3. Lamentation.; title: 4. Prostration before the presbyters.; title: 5. Kneeling before the faithful.; title: Not clear whether confession in word was made openly, or only to the bishop or priest.; title: Exomologesis leads to absolution.; title: Reluctance of offenders to make exomologesis.; title: The shame involved.; title: The inconveniences of penance.; title: Yet let it be compared with hell.; title: The De Pudicitia.; title: Called forth by the action of Callistus in according pardon to offenders against purity.; title: Callistus.; title: Tertullian asserts that the pardon accorded is against the "pristine discipline."; title: TERTULLIAN 119; title: Sins against purity are capital sins.; title: Strictness of the Montanists.; title: Some Sins are remissible; others irremissible.; title: Penance without present absolution is yet of value in view of the final pardon of the Lord.; title: If adulterers may be reconciled, why not idolaters and homicides?; title: This argument affords proof of the Roman praotioe of the day.; title: The officium poenitentias.; title: What were the offences after which restoration was open?; title: Tertullian's enumerations.; title: The deadly sins.; title: New Testament references.; title: Martyrdom restores even capital offenders.; title: Acts of our Lord.; title: The Apostolic Decree forbids idolatry, fornication, and bloodshed.; title: How the adulterer now does Penance at Rome.; title: Penance need not involve present pardon.; title: Summary of Tertullian's teaching as to graver and lighter sins.; title: The bishop the minister of reconciliation.; title: The Epistle to the Hebrews.; title: The graver sins are against God.; title: The Church has the power to forgive grave sins, but spares its use.; title: S. Peter's commission.; title: The Church forgives through spiritual persons.; title: The prerogative of the martyrs.; title: They have no authority to remit capital sins.; title: The martyrdom of the adulterer himself would reconcile him.; title: But not that of another.; title: As well claim for the martyrs the pardon of the homicide and the apostate, which is absurd.; title: ROMAN PRACTICE 128; title: The Roman practice of the day.; title: THREE CHURCH ORDERS 129; title: Three Church Orders.; title: The Canons of Hippolytus.; title: The Egyptian Church Order.; title: The Testamentum Domini nostri Jesu Christi.; title: Prayers used at consecrations of bishops, and ordinations of priests.; title: Disciplinary regulations.; title: ORIGEN 132; title: Origan.; title: The De Oratione.; title: "Incurable" sins.; title: The power exercised in binding and loosing sins is God's.; title: Sacrifices are not to be offered for capital sins.; title: Origen condemns the licence of absolution assumed by some.; title: Commentary on S. John.; title: The Unpardonable Sin.; title: The Exhortation to Martyrdom.; title: Martyrdom effects remission of sins.; title: And is of service in obtaining remission for others.; title: Homilies on Leviticus.; title: Origen's seven means of remission: — (1) Baptism, (2) Martyrdom, (3) Alms, (4) Forgiveness of others, (5) Conversion of sinners, (6) Love, (7) Penance.; title: Penance characterised by (a) confession to a priest, (b) outward affliction.; title: The confession is to a priest, and not in open congregation.; title: Church action in restoring or rejecting a penitent is not always in acoord with the hidden realities.; title: Crimes and faults. A confused passage.; title: ORIGEN 139; title: Homilies on the Psalms.; title: The incestuous Corinthian was restored.; title: Choice of a physician to whom to confess.; title: Commentary on S. Matthew.; title: Bishops absolving must be free from sin.; title: A contrast of the graver and the lighter sins.; title: Summary of Origen's views.; title: THE WRITERS OF THE PERIOD RIGORIST 141; title: The writers of this period favour rigorism.; title: Clement, Hippolytus, Tertullian, Ongen.; title: THERE WAS ALSO A LENIENT BODY OF OPINION 142; title: But there was also a body of opinion for leniency.; title: Dionysius of Corinth.; title: Callistus.; title: IV. THE DECIAN PERSECUTION; title: (FROM JANUARY A.D. 250); title: TEXT OF AUTHORITIES 143; title: THE DBOIAN PERSECUTION 176; title: This period admits the lapsed to reconciliation.; title: Carthage and Rome the two centres.; title: S. Cyprian the dominating figure. His record.; title: The edict of Decius.; title: Extent of the persecution. Widespread martyrdom.; title: But appalling apostasy.; title: A new situation created. A new remedy demanded.; title: CARTHAGE 179; title: The persecution at Carthage. Martyra. Lapsed.; title: Sacrificati, Thurificati, Libellataci.; title: Examples of libelli.; title: A great apostasy. Causes various. Result for all expulsion.; title: The difficult position of Cyprian in face of the demand for reconciliation.; title: Reconciliation at death first indicated from Rome.; title: The clamour for reconciliation at Carthage.; title: THE MARTYRS' CLAIM 184; title: The privilege of indulgence claimed for the martyrs.; title: The magnitude of this claim at Carthage.; title: Cyprian declines to anticipate a council.; title: Only one exception. A lapsed person holding a martyr's indulgence may be reconciled at death.; title: Comparison of this position with that of the Roman clergy.; title: Case of those lapsed persons who were left to die unreconciled.; title: Restrictions of the privileges of the martyrs.; title: Did the martyrs simply intercede, or did they convey the grace of reconciliation ?; title: Letter of Lucian.; title: Cyprian will not budge.; title: Lapsed persons subsequently confessing Christ under persecution restore peace to themselves.; title: Irregular reconciliations by some of the clergy.; title: THE "ORDO DISCIPLINAE" AT CARTHAGE 189; title: The penitential discipline of the church of Carthage.; title: It is exercised in minoribus peccatis.; title: It comprises (a) pamitentia, (b) exomologesis, (c) imposition of hands.; title: What was poenitentia? What exomologesis?; title: Confession apud sacerdotes. Not the modern system.; title: The ministers of Penance.; title: THE "ORDO DISCIPLINAE" AT CARTHAGE 195; title: Reconciliation is normally by the bishop.; title: Confessions made to the bishop.; title: The presbyters join in the public laying on of hands.; title: They reconcile in oases of urgency.; title: A deacon is also empowered to reconcile in urgent cases.; title: FIRST COUNCIL OF CARTHAGE UNDER CYPRIAN (A.D. 251)  196; title: The First Council of Carthage under Cyprian (A.D. 251).; title: Notification received from Rome of the election of Cornelius.; title: Case of Felicissimus.; title: Further advices from Rome. Novatian consecrated bishop.; title: Consequent schism.; title: Rulings of the council in the matter of the lapsed : —; title: (a) Libellatici can be restored in approved cases after considerable penance;; title: (b) Sacrificati can only be restored at death.; title: Cyprian loyal to the council. His ruling as to those who recover after reconciliation.; title: EVENTS AT ROME 199; title: Council of Rome, A.D. 251, ratifies decisions of Carthage.; title: Progress of events at Rome.; title: First letter of the Roman clergy to Carthage (A.D. 250).; title: Second letter of the Roman clergy written by Novatian (A.D. 250).; title: This admits the penitent apostate to communion at death, but ignores the claims of the martyrs.; title: Sketch of Novatian.; title: Who the Roman clergy were.; title: Different tempers of the oonfeesors at Rome and at Carthage.; title: The Roman church rejects the claim of the confessors.; title: Case of Etecusa and Candida.; title: Cornelius elected bishop and consecrated (A.D. 251).; title: Antagonism of Novatian. His protests.; title: Schismatic consecration of Novatian.; title: Novatianism and the Novatianist sect. Stare super antiquas vias.; title: Novatianism marks the last stand made for the policy of severity.; title: The Catholio Church now claims her full prerogative.; title: GALLUS II 205; title: Accession of Gallus II. Fresh persecution apprehended.; title: Steadfastness at Rome.; title: Cyprian encourages his flock at Carthage.; title: SECOND COUNCIL OF CARTHAGE UNDER CYPRIAN (A.D. 252)  206; title: The Second Council of Carthage under Cyprian (A.D. 252) reconciles all the penitent lapsed in view of the impending persecution; title: (sacrificati, thurificati, libellataci alike).; title: Rapidity of the concessions made in two and a half years.; title: The persecution under Gallus did not prove to be severe.; title: S. CYPRIAN'S ATTITUDE ON PARTICULAR POINTS    208; title: S. Cyprian's attitude on particular points : —; title: (a) The effect before the throne of God of penance and reconciliation here.; title: Of no avail unless the penitence be adequate.; title: Too facile reception merely hinders salvation.; title: It is God, not man, Who pardons.; title: The unreal penitence of many self-indulgent penitents.; title: Cyprian values the intervention of the martyrs.; title: He values confession, satisfaction, and remission by the bishops.; title: In both cases an accession of grace is carried to the credit of the penitent.; title: (b) Arguments from accepted premises.; title: Tertullian had argued that as no one expects the Church to reconcile apostates or homicides, she should not reconcile adulterers.; title: S. CYPRIAN'S ATTITUDE ON PARTICULAR POINTS 210; title: Cyprian argues that as adulterers are received without detriment to the Church, so too can apostates be so received,; title: (c) Development of disciplinary views.; title: In A.D. 251 Cyprian was content if bishops exercising rigorist discipline remained in communion with the other bishops.; title: In A.D. 254 he demands the deposition of Marcianus of Arks, and the election of another bishop.; title: (d) Cast of the lapsed clergy.; title: The same answer everywhere, that they might be received among the faithful, but not again exercise their ministry.; title: Case of Trophimus.; title: Cyprian's plea that the receiving of Trophimus was justified by the great number of those with him.; title: Case of Basilidee and Martialis.; title: No place among the clergy for any lapsed persons.; title: (e) Cyprian strikes out principles of action.; title: Bishops should strive that none should perish out of the Church by their fault.; title: But corrupt members are not so to be gathered in that the sound are injured.; title: S. CYPRIAN'S EVIDENCE AS TO NOVATIANXST PRACTICE 213; title: Novatian still suffered adulterers, who were worse than libellatics.; title: Novatian encouraged the penance of the lapsed, while with-holding reconciliation upon earth.; title: [The later Novatian ism of the West admitted no Penance for capital sins.]; title: THE "AD NOVATIANUM" 214; title: Date c. A.D. 257-2GS. Author possibly Xystus (Sixtus) II.; title: The Schism an accomplished fact. Novatian a heretic.; title: Some who had lapsed in the Decian persecution had conquered in a second trial.; title: Novation's position is arrogant and impious.; title: Exhortation to confession and satisfaction. The door of pardon is open.; title: THE "CONTRA NOVATIANUM" 215; title: It has been commonly ascribed to the time of Damasus.; title: But has features which indicate a date con temporary with Novatian.; title: The writer maintains the position of the Church against Novatian.; title: Novatian admits to penance (not reconciliation) those whom his statements bar from reconciliation hereafter.; title: All sin which can find pardon hereafter can by the Lord's provision find pardon here.; title: Other points.; title: THE WESTERN CHURCHES 218; title: The two churches of Rome and Carthage lead Western Christendom.; title: The reconciliation of the apostate now admitted for all time.; title: THE EASTERN CHURCHES 218; title: The church of Alexandria. S. Dionysius.; title: Case of Sarapion. An apostate reconciled at death.; title: The church of Antioch.; title: Fabius inclines to Novatianism.; title: Council at Antioch under Demetrianus, A.D. 252. Novatianism rejected.; title: Rigorism rejected in the Catholic Church  221; title: Novatianism as a sect. Its existence registers a great struggle.; title: Acesius and Constantine.; title: From A.D. 252 rigorism rejected everywhere in the Catholic Church except in Spain.; title: VOL. I b; title: V. FROM THE DECIAN PERSECUTION TO A.D. 800; title: TEXT OF AUTHORITIES 222; title: RECONCILIATION FOR LAPSED FROM A.D. 252 238; title: The date A.D. 262 may be taken to mark the transition from rigorism to concession.; title: In A.D. 251 councils had been held at Carthage and at Rome : in A.D. 252 at Carthage and at Antioch.; title: Importance of this dramatic change of attitude.; title: From A.D. 252 absolution accorded.; title: Yet diverse opinions still. Novatianism. Illiberris. Marcellus and Eusebius.; title: In the present chapter will be considered; title: (a) S. Gregory Thaumaturgus, and the beginnings of the penitential grades ;; title: (b) The Syriao Didaacalia Apoatolorum (source of Apostolic Constitutions, i-vi).; title: S. GREGORY THAUMATURGUS 239; title: S. Gregory Thaumaturgus, bishop of Neo-Caesarea in Pontus from A.D. 233 to A.D. 270.; title: A missionary diocese.; title: The Canonical Epistle (c. A.D. 260).; title: The five grades of penance enumerated in the eleventh chapter : —; title: (1) The Mourning, (2) the Hearing, (3) the Falling, (4) the Bystanding, (5) the Participation of the Hallowed.; title: The Liturgy : (a) missa catechumenorum, and (b) missa fidelium.; title: The part in the Liturgy permitted to each grade of penitent.; title: The grades not invented by S. Gregory Thaumaturgus.; title: Their original purpose not for penitents, but for catechumens.; title: Development for penitents.; title: References to the grades in the body of S. Gregory's epistle.; title: S. Gregory's appeal is to (1) Holy Scripture, and (2) equity; not (3) to precedents, or (4) contemporary churches.; title: The system of Neo-Caasarea (greek text).; title: Detailed consideration of the epistle as regards its application of the grades of penance.; title: Recapitulation of the grades, and of the place of each in the Liturgy.; title: Balsamon assigns the outlining of the five grades to S. Gregory, but not the duration of the penances.; title: THE DIDASCALIA APOSTOLORUM 246; title: Of presumably Greek original : but only known in Syriac and Latin translations.; title: The MSS.; title: The Didaacalia is the foundation of the first six books of the Apostolic Constitutions.; title: It may probably be assigned to Syria in the third century.; title: Some provincial town not far from Palestine, as in Ccelesyria or on the Arabian border.; title: Date perhaps A.D. 252-270.; title: Contents of the Didaacalia.; title: Position of the bishop. It is one of supremacy and control.; title: He has power to forgive the sins of the fallen, for he fills the place of the Christ.; title: Nowhere in Christian literature more forcible assertions of bishop's prerogative.; title: The commission given to the office or order of the bishops.; title: The bishop is a physician to heal the sick.; title: It is his duty to cast out the disobedient.; title: In due course he lays his hands to effect the reconciliation.; title: Presbyters are mentioned.; title: The Didaacalia insists on the policy of compassion.; title: The normal attitude of a Christian is that of the unfallen.; title: THE DIDASCALIA APOSTOLORUM 250; title: And to the fallen the bishop's first duty is severity.; title: This involves a formal expulsion from the church building.; title: Without this justice not met.; title: Next comes the place of mercy.; title: In this the bishop will meet with opposition from persons within the Church.; title: This gives an approximate indication of date (A.D. 252-270).; title: The bishop, following God, is to call sinners to repentance.; title: The scope of his mercy is not limited by any gravity of sin.; title: The procedure in the Didascalia : — ( 1) Expulsion of the penitent, (2) Supplication of the faithful, (3) Examination by the bishop, (4) Assignment of the penance with reproof and exhortation, (5) Fulfilment of the penance, (b) Solemn reconciliation.; title: The impenitent to be cast out of the Church.; title: Only one reconciliation. A second casting out is final.; title: This provision first found in the Shepherd of Hermas. It is more persistent in the West than in the East.; title: Analogy of penitents and catechumens.; title: They share the missa catechumenorum.; title: The faithful not to avoid, but to encourage, the penitents.; title: The laving on of hands is analogous to Baptism.; title: In Syria the graded system is not elaborated.; title: No distinction of Hearers and Fallen. No Bystanders.; title: The graded system never at any time prevalent in Syria.; title: The bishop's court. His responsibility.; title: Those cast out are not to share with the Church in prayers or in offerings.; title: The Didascalia is the foundation of the first six books of the Apostolic Constitutions.; title: Examples of this relationship.; title: Thus the chief part of the material of books i-vi of the Apostolic Constitutions is not later than the second half of the third century.; title: PONTUS AND SYRIA COMPARED 257; title: Comparison of the evidence of Pontus and of Syria.; title: VI. THE NICENE PERIOD; title: (FROM A.D. 800 TO A.D. 850); title: TEXT OF AUTHORITIES 260; title: ROME 273; title: Grave conflict of parties at Rome, A.D. 307-309.; title: The Damasine epitaphs of Marcellus and Eusebius.; title: These two popes required the discipline of the lapsed.; title: Bitter opposition, resulting in riot and bloodshed. This followed by the intervention of the "tyrant " Maxentius.; title: The Liber Pontificalis.; title: Marcellus institutes twenty-five priests of titles.; title: These would hear confessions, and assign penances,; title: But in Rome the bishop reconciled.; title: SPAIN 275; title: Council of Illiberris.; title: Difficulties of date. Perhaps about A.D. 306.; title: Illiberris a Spanish council, but representative of the peninsula.; title: Stern disciplinary system of the council.; title: Spain has not budged since pre-Decian days.; title: Apostates who have rendered idol worship not to be reconciled even at death (c. 1).; title: Canons affecting Christians who have served as flamines (cc. 2, 3).; title: Homicide of a slave woman by her mistress only moderately punished (c. 5).; title: SPAIN 278; title: Homicide by maleficium does not admit communion at death (e. 6).; title: For adultery one penance of fixed duration : in cases of relapse communion refused at death (c. 7).; title: Other instances of rigorism (cc. 8, 10, 12, 13, 17, 19).; title: Letters of confessor* to be superseded by letters of communion (c. 25).; title: Men who have been impure in their adolescence may after marriage be admitted to communion, when due penance has been done (c. 31 ).; title: Case of persons who under persecution Arop out of Christian adherence (cc. 45, 46).; title: Communion at death allowed to an adulterer who promises amendment (c. 47).; title: Communion only to be restored by the bishop who withheld it.; title: No indications of the graded system.; title: ALEXANDRIA 280; title: S. Peter, archbishop of Alexandria, A.D. 300-311.; title: The Canonical Epistle, A.D. 306.; title: Penance and reconciliation admitted.; title: Those who had lapsed (a) under torture, (b) in prison, (c) in sheer cowardice, (d) by dissimulation.; title: Case of Christian slaves sent to sacrifice by Christian masters.; title: Lapsed persons, who have confessed their Lord on a later occasion, are received in communion.; title: Persons who voluntarily offered themselves, and defaulted. These also if they stood firm on a second occasion, are received in communion. But clergy may not minister in their offices.; title: Cases of forced sacrifice not punishable.; title: THE WEST, GENERALLY 282; title: ARLES 282; title: The Council of Arles (A.D. 314).; title: A Western council numerously attended.; title: Apostates who only seek penance at death not then to be communicated (c. 22).; title: But penance and reconciliation otherwise open to apostates.; title: Contrast between Arles and Hliberris.; title: Other canons of Arles.; title: ASIA MINOR 283; title: ANCYRA 283; title: The Council of Ancyra (A.D. 314).; title: The graded system firmly established in Asia Minor.; title: Its spread from Pontus.; title: But not adopted at Antioch or in Palestine.; title: Canons of Ancyra assigning penances by grades.; title: The unreconciled have no part in the offerings.; title: Persons who have lapsed readily do penance for some six years.; title: Grave offenders by unnatural sins do penance for thirty years.; title: The growing severity to be noted.; title: The phrase according to the defined grades.; title: The spread of the graded system is the great significance of Ancyra.; title: Provisions for homicide.; title: Ancyra admits apostates, adulterers, and homicides to reconciliation in this life.; title: NEO-CAESAREA 286; title: The Council of Neo-Caesarea in Cappadocia (c. A.D. 320).; title: A catechumen who offends takes a lower grade.; title: For grave offences expulsion is to precede penance.; title: A priest guilty of fornication is to be expelled and to do penance.; title: Sins of desire not visited with penance in the public system of the Church.; title: Penance for those who have married several times.; title: NICAEA 287; title: The Council of Nicaea (A.D. 326).; title: Nicaea in Bithynia, neighbouring province of Galatia and Pontus, and so in touch with the graded system.; title: Provisions for the reconciliation of the Cathari (Novatianists).; title: No lapsed persons to be found among the officiant clergy.; title: Three canons refer to the graded system as an established institution.; title: They concern the lapsed faithful, persons who have undertaken military service, and lapsed catechumens.; title: What is the significance of these references to the graded system in the great general council of Nicaea?; title: They would give more vogue to the system.; title: Yet it fails to become established in the great centres of Church life.; title: Canon 13 rules that for all capital sins the reconciliation of the offender is open before death.; title: This is the final summing up of the great conflict following the Decian persecution.; title: Resume of the chapter.; title: VII. FROM A.D. 860 TO A.D. 460; title: I. THE EASTERN CHURCHES; title: 1. PROVINCES OF ASIA MINOR.; title: 2. ANTIOCH.; title: 3. CONSTANTINOPLE.; title: 4. ALEXANDRIA.; title: TEXT OF AUTHORITIES 293; title: INTRODUCTORY STATEMENT 319; title: This period will record in the provinces of Asia the system of graded penance, But in the great centres no such system.; title: The general tendency is to relax discipline, But in the West some measure of discipline is retained.; title: Also in the West a growth of rigorism towards the technical penitent.; title: 1. THE PROVINCES OF ASIA MINOR 320; title: COUNCIL OF LAODICEA 320; title: Date between A.D. 3" and A.D. 363.; title: Reconciliation accorded to all penitents.; title: Procedure in the Liturgy.; title: S. BASIL THE GREAT (b. A.D. 329) 321; title: His canons record the customary discipline (A.D. 374-375).; title: Instances : —; title: Trigamists five years.; title: Murder, adultery, unnatural sin, thirty years.; title: Homicide (manslaughter) eleven years.; title: Fornication four years.; title: Forcible abduction three yean.; title: Clerks to be degraded.; title: Adulteresses not to be exposed (no public confession).; title: Wilful murder twenty years. (First instance of reception at any time but death.); title: Other instances.; title: How far were these regulations operative?; title: Basil's rule that one cognisant of another's offence should be liable to the same penance if he did not report it.; title: Unreasonableness of this rule. Explanations of it.; title: An apostate only to be communicated at death.; title: A bishop was to have discretion in assigning penances.; title: S. BASIL THE GREAT 325; title: Comment of Zonaras.; title: Results of the exercise of this discretion important.; title: Fervency of penitence to be taken into account.; title: S. GREGORY OF NYSSA 326; title: Examples of his provisions.; title: Grading of the penances.; title: Confession to a priest of the sin of theft.; title: REVIEW OF GRADED PENANCE 327; title: Review of the system of graded penance.; title: It takes shape in the hands of S. Gregory Thaumaturges.; title: It extends from Pontus to Cappadocia, Galatia, Bithynia.; title: It is accepted and formulated by the Council of Ancyra and Neo-Cassarea.; title: It finds recognition in some of the canons of Nicaea.; title: It is extended and elaborated by S. Basil the Great and S. Gregory of Nyssa.; title: Under the graded system there is no mention of any formal absolution.; title: The penance accomplished, the person proceeded to communion.; title: 2. ANTIOCH 328; title: The city of Antioch.; title: S. CHRYSOSTOM 329; title: S. Chrysostom the authority for Christian Antioch in the second half of the fourth century.; title: Sketch of his life.; title: No trace in his writings of the system of graded penance as being practised at Antioch.; title: S. Chrysostom is a modern and relaxed teacher as regards penance.; title: Letters Ad Theodorum lapsum (A.D. 372). Capital sins not outside God's mercy. Penitence to be judged not by time, but by temper.; title: These letters written before the three Canonical Letters of S. Basil (A.D. 374-375).; title: Treatise On the Priesthood, Powers of the priests greater than those of the angels. Superior to the priests of the Jewish covenant.; title: Forgiveness attained through their prayers. Penitence must be voluntary : coercion inadmissible.; title: Homilies against the Anomoeans.; title: "Intolerable publication" in a "theatre of fellow-servants" not required. This a repudiation of the practice of the Asian provinces. Chrysostom cannot be certainly understood to say that confession had been public, or that confession was not now to be made to a priest. But his teaching is all in the direction of greater liberty for the penitent. Alternative modes of forgiveness. No confession necessary to forgiveness.; title: De Lazaro.; title: Excellency of exomologesis. Publicity "in the midst of the theatre " not required.; title: De Beato Philogonio.; title: Five days' real penance enough to intercept a multitude of sins.; title: Concerning the Statues.; title: Outrage on the imperial statues. Apprehensions of penalty.; title: Chrysostom's series of orations.; title: Flavian the bishop "hath received authority to loose sins committed against God." The sinner to show the wound to the priest.; title: Controversy as to the last passage.; title: Counsel of abstention from Easter communion, if unprepared.; title: Chrysostom's teaching of alternative modes of penance as (1) confession; (2) contrition; (3) humility; (4) almsgiving; (5) prayer; (b) forgiveness of others.; title: S. CHRYSOSTOM 337; title: (a) De Diabolo Tentatore.; title: (1) Self -accusation, (2) forgiveness of others, (3) prayer, (4) almsgiving, (b) humility.; title: (b) De PamitenUa.; title: (1) Confession, (2) contrition, (3) humility, (4) almsgiving.; title: (c) Homily 28 on S. John : "Various ways."; title: (d) Homily 4 on 2 Corinthians (A.D. 392).; title: A contrite and humbled heart "is exomologesis, is [greek text]."; title: "Medicaments" : "(1) humility; (2) exomologesis ; (3) the avoidance of detraction; (4) thanksgiving in adversity; (5) charity by substance and by acts ; (b) constant prayer."; title: No one mode indispensable, but a recommendation to apply all continuously.; title: (e) Homily 6 on Hebrews (at Constantinople) . —; title: (1) Condemnation of fault; (2) humility [with confession]; (3) prayer; (4) almsgiving; (5) forgiveness of others; (b) conversion of the brethren ; (7) recourse without reserve to the priests ; (8) caring for the oppressed; (9) avoidance of anger, and meekness of endurance.; title: Note that (7) recourse to the priests is the more remarkable that the office of priest penitentiary at Constantinople had been abolished for some years.; title: (f) Adversus Catharos (at Constantinople).; title: Various medicaments for sins.; title: Non esse ad gratiam concionandum.; title: No place for repentance after death.; title: Homilies on Genesis (? A.D. 395).; title: Confession of sins in Lent.; title: Is "the showing the full and accurate exomologesis of sins" confession to a priest?; title: De Davide et Saule (A.D. 387).; title: The shamelessness of certain excommunicated persons who presented themselves for communion.; title: Homilies on S. Matthew.; title: Exomologesis both for the uninitiated and for the baptized.; title: Mtrayola should include not merely the forsaking of sin, but the practice of acts of the contrary virtue.; title: Mermrola open after Baptism because the Our Father is the prayer of the baptized.; title: Prayers for penitents in the Liturgy.; title: Responsibility of ministrant clergy in communicating unfit persons.; title: A hundred thousand persons in the Christian assemblies of Antioch.; title: Homily 3 on Ephesians.; title: Reproves practice of non-communicating attendance.; title: If they do not communicate, they are presumably in ptravola, and should depart. [This appeal is to the words of the Liturgy, not to actual practice.]; title: Review of S. Chrysostom's teaching.; title: Antagonism to the disciplinary system of the Asian provinces.; title: The laxer discipline of tne large Christian population of Antioch accepted and expressed. No long terms. No "intolerable publication." But [greek text] a reality resulting in forgiveness.; title: Variety of modes. Repeated penance open. Opposition to Chrysostom on this point. Chrysostom's high estimate of the prerogatives of the priesthood.; title: THE APOSTOLICAL CANONS 347; title: A collection of canons made in Syria in the second half of the fourth century.; title: Offending clergy to be deposed but not barred communion.; title: 3. CONSTANTINOPLE 348; title: The city of Constantinople. It lacked antiquity. It was professedly Christian.; title: No serious code of Christian discipline ever in force.; title: SOCRATES AND SOZOMEN 349; title: The abolition of the priest penitentiary by Nectarius (A.D. 391).; title: The incident is narrated by Socrates and Sozomen.; title: The narrative of Socrates.; title: The narrative of Sozomen.; title: Discrepancies of the two narratives.; title: Points for notice : —; title: The existence of a priest penitentiary at Constantinople.; title: Before the Decian persecution bishops had administered Penance.; title: After it a special priest appointed.; title: The penitent made a confession to the priest penitentiary.; title: According to Socrates the penance was M rovrov rov *p9ff$vr4pw, "in the hands of " or "under the guidance of this priest."; title: The ezomologesis certainly included a oonfeesion, and that a private confession to the priest.; title: The office had been in use in many churches from about A.D. 252, and must have been copied by the church of Constantinople.; title: Not found in the same way at Rome or Antioch.; title: Meaning of [greek text] the ecclesiastical rule.; title: The office had been designed to avoid publicity in face of the; title: Novatianist controversy.; title: Sozomen's comments do not prove the prior publicity of confession.; title: The particular case.; title: The lady confesses [greek text], in detail.; title: The priest assigns a penance of fasting and prayer.; title: According to Socrates the lady then goes on to confess her fornication with the deacon.; title: The points of difference found in the narrative of Sozomen.; title: Why did Nectarius abolish the office of penitentiary?; title: The seal of confession? Various suggestions.; title: The penitentiary was, in fact, only a survival.; title: If recourse to him had been general, his office could not have been thus lightly abolished.; title: No opposition was aroused.; title: The comment of Socrates.; title: The appointment of priests penitentiary had not been confined to Constantinople.; title: It had been employed by various bishops from A.D. 252, after the Decian persecution.; title: The example of Nectarius in abolishing the office now followed by others.; title: S. CHRYSOSTOM 358; title: The practice of the church of Constantinople after the suppression of the priest penitentiary.; title: S. Chrysostom c. A.D. 398.; title: At no time during his patriarchate was there any effective system of discipline.; title: The Homilies on the Epistle to the Hebrews again referred to.; title: Alternative forms of ptrdvouu.; title: Among them private recourse to the priest.; title: This perhaps to any priest. There was now no penitentiary.; title: In Homily 31 the recourse of the sinner to God is alone in view.; title: Homily Quod frequenter conveniendum sit.; title: Wide invitation to sinners.; title: Hostile criticism of Chrysostom's wide liberty of penitence.; title: "Enter, though thou hast done penance a thousand times."; title: Sisinnius and the Novatianists.; title: The Synod of the Oak (at Chalcedon, A.D. 403).; title: S. CHRYSOSTOM 360; title: "That he supplies fearlessness to sinners" is one of the charges.; title: The more rigorist Catholics really aggrieved.; title: Chrysostom's tragic end may be partly due to his attitude as regards Penance.; title: 4. ALEXANDRIA 361; title: The church of Alexandria.; title: S. ATHANASIUS 361; title: Fragments.; title: Analogy of Penance with Baptism.; title: The sin of Simon Magus not "incurable."; title: S. CYRIL OR ALEXANDRIA 363; title: Commentary on the Gospel of S. John.; title: The Holy Spirit remits and retains by His own will, but the operation is effected by man.; title: Two modes : Baptism and Penitence.; title: S. ISIDORE OR PHLUSIUM 363; title: Novatianists charged with denying the Divine pronouncement to the priests to remit faults to men.; title: RESULTS OF THE CONVERSION OF THE EMPIRE 364; title: The conversion of the empire was a great solvent of Christian discipline.; title: Contrast of the new laxity with the stringency of pre-Decian days.; title: The Novatianist sect embodies a protest.; title: For a time in the Asian provinces the graded system of discipline.; title: In the great centres of population discipline gone.; title: VIII. FROM A.D. 850 TO A.D. 450; title: II. THE WESTERN CHURCHES; title: 5. ROME AND MILAN.; title: 6. AFRICA.; title: 7. SPAIN AND GAUL.; title: S. THE MORAL CONDITION OF WESTERN CHRISTENDOM IN THE FIFTH CENTURY.; title: TEXT OF AUTHORITIES 365; title: 5. ROME AND MILAN 405; title: ROME 405; title: Some penitential discipline preserved.; title: Authorities referred to.; title: S. JEROME 405; title: Career of S. Jerome.; title: The fourth century in Rome.; title: Marcellus and Eusebius had insisted on the penance of the lapsed.; title: The twenty-five titles of Rome.; title: No graded penances.; title: The after disabilities of penitents.; title: Relaxed temper of the Roman Church.; title: Epist. lxxvii., Ad Oceanum.; title: The penance of Fabiola. One great striking act.; title: Reconciliation at Rome.; title: Dialogue contra Luciferianoe.; title: A bishop's office in Penance.; title: What is the priest's part in absolution?; title: Case of Sabinianus. A monastic penance.; title: Notices of Montanists and Novatianists.; title: Forgiveness (a) in Baptism, (b) in Penance.; title: S.  SIRICIUS (POPE A.D. 384-398) 411; title: S. Siricius rules that apostates may be reconciled at death.; title: Severe disabilities following Penance.; title: At the same time grave moral declension.; title: Disinclination to accept Penance.; title: Penance only available once.; title: Clerks may not do penance. Penitents may not become clerks.; title: S. INNOCENT I. (POPE A.D. 402-417) 413; title: S. Innocent's explanation of the leniency of his own age compared with the former severity.; title: The various practice found in history not incompatible with the Lord's Commission.; title: Procedure at Rome in reconciling penitents.; title: Distinction between the graver and the lighter sins.; title: The formal absolution on the Thursday before Easter.; title: The word sacerdos is no longer confined to bishops.; title: The priests of the titles hear confessions; judge of the penitence, and of the satisfaction; and appoint the discharge.; title: The bishop gives the formal absolution,; title: But the priest admits a dying penitent to reconciliation.; title: Heretics received by imposition of hands after the pattern of Penance.; title: S. CAELESTINE I. (POPE A.D. 422-432) 417; title: S. Caelestine's letter to the bishops of Vienne and Narbonne against withholding Penance from the dying.; title: Death-bed Penitence important for this history.; title: S. LEO THE GREAT (POPE A.D. 440-461) 418; title: Some offenders confessed voluntarily. Some were attainted by authority.; title: Reproof of the bishops of the province of Vienne for hasty excommunications.; title: Priests necessary for Penance. Christ participates in this ministry.; title: Contrast of those who die absolved with those who die unreconciled.; title: S. Leo's anticipations as to the future state.; title: The bishop to judge the length of penance for those who had been rebaptized.; title: In cases of idolatrous pollution compunction important rather than length of time.; title: Priests and deacons not to do public penance or to have the imposition of the bishop's hand. Their satisfaction to be fulfilled in retirement.; title: Of those who had accepted Penance in sickness, and afterwards declined to fulfil it.; title: The disabilities of penitents.; title: Of persons baptized in infancy, but afterwards taken captive, and involved in heathen pollutions.; title: S. Leo's condemnation of public confession.; title: At Rome confession was private.; title: SOZOMEN 423; title: Description of public penance as practised at Rome.; title: REVIEW OF PROCEDURE 424; title: Review of the evidence on the Roman procedure of Penance.; title: The private exercises of the penitent.; title: ANCIENT ROMAN ORDER IN THE GELASIAN SACRAMENTARY 426; title: The Order for reconciling penitents in the Gelasian Sacramentary.; title: The solemn presentation of the penitent.; title: The reconciliatory prayers.; title: No mention of laying on of hands.; title: DISABILITIES 429; title: The disabilities of the after life.; title: ONCE ONLY 429; title: Penance admitted once only.; title: MILAN 429; title: Importance of Milan in the time of S. Ambrose.; title: S. AMBROSE 430; title: Early career of S. Ambrose. Elected bishop.; title: His administrative capacity, and his power of seizing essential distinctions.; title: His treatise De Pomitentia against the Novatianists.; title: Ambrosian principles : —; title: (a) If the Church have no power of loosing, then she has no power of binding.; title: (b) God has conceded to His priests the liberty of remitting all sins without exception.; title: (c) The remission of sins by Penance is precisely analogous to the human ministration in Baptism, or in the laying hands upon the sick.; title: (d) Only God forgives sins : man exercises the ministry of God's forgiveness.; title: In absolution the priests supplicate : and remit sins in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost.; title: Description of S. Ambrose as a penitentiary.; title: The lapsed who have afterwards accepted martyrdom have restored themselves.; title: Only one Penance admitted after Baptism.; title: The proper conduct of penitents.; title: At Milan the reconciliation of penitents took place on Good Friday.; title: Novatianist practice as regards penance.; title: THEODOSIUS, EMPEROR 436; title: Excommunication of Theodosius by S. Ambrose.; title: Theodosius accepts it, and believes that it is ratified in heaven.; title: 6. AFRICA 437; title: Authorities, chiefly S. Augustine, and the African canons.; title: Administration of Penance modified since the days of S. Cyprian.; title: No claim of the martyrs. All sins admitted to reconciliation.; title: S. AUGUSTINE 437; title: Many after grave sins communicate without Penance.; title: Christians do not inform of the sins of others.; title: None excluded from communion except (a) on confession, or (b) conviction.; title: Penance not so disused as in the East.; title: Clergy not to desert their flocks in a Vandal invasion. They will be needed to baptize and to reconcile.; title: The exitium of those who die unreconciled.; title: The ministers of reconciliation not bishops only, but also other clerks.; title: The bishop the ordinary minister of reconciliation.; title: Those who performed public Penance were grave offenders.; title: Beyond this no exact knowledge of offence open to onlookers.; title: Sins remitted in three ways : — (1) In Baptism, (2) in prayer, (3) "in the greater lowliness of Penance."; title: Doubts of S. Augustine as to the future of death-bed penitents.; title: Distinction of sins as needing or not needing Penance.; title: The three capital sins of uncnastity, idolatry, and homicide.; title: Some held that Penance was only needed for these three sins.; title: S. Augustine withholds his judgment.; title: The expressions poenetentia humiliore, humilitate majore poenitentioe.; title: Three grades of sins.; title: S. AUGUSTINE 442; title: Macedonius, vicar of Africa, points out that in the Church Penance cannot be repeated.; title: S. Augustine admits that there is no repetition of Penance. But the after mercies of the Lord are not barred.; title: S. Augustine's anticipations as to the future condition of certain classes of penitents.; title: The sinner to come to the bishops. Bishops administer Penance from the beginning.; title: The penance assigned may be public or private.; title: Private offence is not exempt from public penance.; title: After Penance the clerical state is barred.; title: The Novatianists deny that the Church can remit all sins.; title: None can be prohibited from communion except on confession of offence or on judicial conviction.; title: No greater penalty in the Church than the episcopal sentence.; title: Donatista received by imposition of hands.; title: THE "CODEX CANONUM ECCLESIAE AFRICANS"    446; title: The African Code comprises canons of various councils.; title: c. 7. If the bishops absent, the priest to reconcile a dying penitent on the bishop's instructions,; title: c. 43. Bishops to assign duration ; priests to reconcile the dying in the bishop's absence; notorious offenders to receive imposition of hands in front of the apse,; title: c. 27. Clerical offenders removed from the ministry not to receive imposition of hands.; title: The two kinds of imposition of hands.; title: The apostasy of the period was the acceptance of rebaptism from heresies.; title: c. 45. Reconciliation at death not to be refused to actors,; title: c. 132. Case of a bishop who has received private confession of a fault which the person afterwards denies.; title: THE "STATUTA ECCLESIAE ANTIQUA" 447; title: Another collection of 104 canons, largely African.; title: Many of these canons may be assigned to the first half of the fifth century.; title: c. 6S. Penitents not to be ordained ; or if ordained in ignorance of their past, to be deposed. A bishop knowingly ordaining a penitent to be deprived of the power of ordination.; title: c. 74. The priest to impose the laws of penance upon supplicants without regard to person.; title: c. 75. The more negligent penitents to be received more tardily.; title: c. 76. A sick person beyond speech may be admitted to Penance on the testimony of others. He may be reconciled by the imposition of hands, and the Eucharist given.; title: c. 77. Any penitent may receive the Viaticum in grave sickness.; title: c. 7S. Penitents communicated in ffrave sickness are not on recovery to hold themselves absolved without the imposition of hands.; title: c. 76 and c. 78 not canons of the same council.; title: c. 79. Penitents who die unreconciled while travelling may be commended in the prayers and offerings.; title: c. 80. The imposition of hands omni tempore jejunii.; title: c. 81. Penitents are to bury the dead.; title: c. 82. Penitents to kneel even on days of remission.; title: c. 84. The misea catechumenorum to be open to the heathen, the heretic and the Jew.; title: Review of the African evidence.; title: The African church is a Western church.; title: Features of its penitential procedure.; title: Symptoms of growing relaxation.; title: S. OPTATUS OF MILEVIS 451; title: The evidence of this section so far concerned with the Catholic Church.; title: Testimony of S. Optatus, bishop of Milevis, as to Donatist practice.; title: Associated or discriminate penance of persons bowing in a row of heads.; title: Imposition of hands and the penitential veil for all.; title: After the imposition of hands the minis trant turned to the altar, and said the Lord's Prayer.; title: 7. SPAIN AND GAUL 453; title: SPAIN 453; title: The Spanish church provincial.; title: S. PACIAN 453; title: S. Pacian, bishop of Barcelona, chief authority for second half of fourth century.; title: His letters to the Novatianist Sympronianus.; title: Novatianist principles as stated by Sympronianus.; title: Novatianists no longer practise any penance.; title: Though after Baptism Penance should not be required, yet God has pardon for the penitent.; title: Principles asserted by S. Pacian : —; title: (1) The power of absolution is God's.; title: (2) The commission to the Apostles was given to the Christian ministry for all time.; title: Analogy of the priest's ministry in Penance and in Baptism.; title: The bishops the ordinary ministers of binding and loosing.; title: The Paroenesis ad Poenitentiam.; title: Formal penance only required for the three capital sins of idolatry, bloodshed, and fornication.; title: S. Pacian's reading of the Apostolic Decree.; title: Of capital sinners who communicate without having done penance.; title: In such penance confession required.; title: Of those who have confessed but withhold the exercises of penance.; title: The unchastened conduct of penitents.; title: Description of the conduct which beseems a penitent.; title: Disabilities following Penance could hardly have been real.; title: FIRST COUNCIL OF TOLEDO (A.D. 400) 457; title: Penitents not admissible among the clergy.; title: Description of a penitent.; title: GAUL 457; title: Council of Orange (A.D. 441) 458; title: The dying to be communicated without the reconciliatory imposition of the hand.; title: Penance not to be denied to clerks. (This exceptional.); title: Salvianus of Marseilles.   458; title: General refusal of exomologesis and satisfaction.; title: Yet Penance continued in use.; title: S. HILARY OF ARLES (A.D. 401-449) 458; title: life of S. Hilary of Arles by one of his disciples.; title: His administration of Penance. It included (1) an admonition, (2) supplications, (3) the laying on of hands.; title: SECOND COUNCIL OF ARLES (A.D. 443 OR 452)    459; title: Penance not to be given to married person except on mutual consent.; title: JOHN CASSIAN 459; title: The De coenotriorum institutis.; title: The earliest monastic code indicating the practice of confession as part of the monastic rule.; title: Enumeration of the eight principal vices.; title: 8. THE MORAL CONDITION OF WESTERN CHRISTENDOM IN THE FIFTH CENTURY 400; title: Necessary to take aooount of the large unassimilated element within the Church.; title: Reference here made to (1) Salvianus of Marseilles, and (2) Paulinos of Pella.; title: SALVIANUS OF MARSEILLES 461; title: Salvianus a respected priest of Marseilles.; title: His De Gubernatione Dei.; title: The Roman (Christian) community had deserved the Divine Visitation.; title: The prevalence of grave sins. Masters worse than slaves.; title: Aquitaine. Its gross licentiousness.; title: Spain. The Vandals are of purer lives than are the Christians.; title: Africa. Impurity and blasphemy prevalent.; title: If all this in any degree a recognisable presentment, morals low indeed.; title: PAULINUS OF PELLA 463; title: Paulinus born at Pella in Ulyricum, brought up in Aquitaine.; title: His loose conduct as an adolescent.; title: Paulinus in later life sought Penance, and was restored to communion.; title: Confession found place in the penance. The restoration was at Easter.; title: Salvianus and Paulinus are thus witnesses to the relaxation of morals in the fifth century.; title: But this laxity is not the accepted discipline of the Church.; title: Increasing tendency to avoid Penance, except for death-bed confessions.; title: IX. A REVIEW OF THE PRACTICE OF PENANCE IN THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH FROM ITS INCEPTION TO A.D. 450; title: CONTINUOUS TRADITION OF PENANCE 466; title: The Church has ever believed in her empowerment to bind and to loose, to remit and to retain.; title: The human part in the redemption of the human race.; title: Conveyance of the commission.; title: It covers both Baptism and Penance.; title: These compared.; title: The present studies concerned with Penance.; title: VARIATIONS OF PRACTICE 467; title: Variations of the practice of Penance.; title: Attitude of the earliest Christians towards grave sins of the baptized.; title: Consequent restriction of absolution.; title: PROCEDURE OF PENANCE      469; title: The procedure of Penance in its beginnings.; title: In Tertullian,; title: In S. Cyprian,; title: In Origen.; title: The graded system of the Asian provinces.; title: It is grouped about the Liturgy.; title: The church of the Didascalia Apostolorum.; title: Penitential discipline in the early fourth century ; at Rome, in Spain, at Alexandria, in the East.; title: Influence of the conversion of the empire.; title: The Asian provinces. Long terms of penance. Confessions private.; title: At Antioch no similar strictness of discipline.; title: S. Chrysostom. His various modes of penance.; title: Constantinople. No severity of discipline.; title: The priest penitentiary.; title: The story of the lady and the penitentiary.; title: PROCEDURE OF PENANCE 477; title: A private penance assigned.; title: The reconciliation also private.; title: General suppression of priests penitentiary.; title: But other priests ministered Penance.; title: Rome. The priests of the titles.; title: These hear confessions, and assign penances.; title: The bishop reconciles at a public function.; title: Public exomologesis retained.; title: The "groaning church."; title: Private exercises of Penance.; title: The solemn reconciliation.; title: Confession private.; title: Admission to status of penitent.; title: These features recur throughout the West.; title: In the West no iteration of Penance.; title: Penance in sickness.; title: This is administered throughout by the priest.; title: Value of death-bed Penance variously estimated.; title: General use of death-bed Penance.; title: Penance now admitted for the three capital sins, And hardly rendered for anything else.; title: Disabilities following Penance.; title: MINISTRY OF PENANCE 483; title: The Ministry of Penance.; title: The Lord's commission ;; title: Conveyed to the Apostolic Order.; title: The Apostles create an ordered ministry.; title: Ancient prayers of ordination.; title: The bishop the minister of Penance.; title: In Origen also the presbyter.; title: Cyprian shows the presbyter reconciling only in emergency.; title: Case of Sarapion at Alexandria.; title: Reconciliation by a priest through a messenger.; title: The priests penitentiary.; title: In Pontus and in Syrian country churches only the bishop.; title: In the Asian provinces chiefly the bishop.; title: At Antioch the ministry of priests not confined to a penitentiary.; title: At Rome the priests of titles ;; title: But absolution by the bishop.; title: Various practice of East and West.; title: The claim of the martyrs.; title: Nowhere menacing except in Africa.; title: EXPRESSIONS OF ABSOLUTION 489; title: The outward sign or expression of absolution.; title: Laying on of hands;; title: In use at Carthage under Cyprian.; title: Imposition of hands in front of the apse in the later African church.; title: Usage in sick cases.; title: There were also impositions of hand other than those for absolution.; title: The laying on of hands in Syria,; title: But not at Antioch, Or at Constantinople.; title: Western practice.; title: Africa and Gaul.; title: Roman usage obscure.; title: The laying on of hands in absolution found considerable use, but was not universal.; title: Verbal expression usually made in form of prayer.; title: Possible use of indicative forms.; title: Precatory forms in general use till the thirteenth century.; title: Admission to communion not always preceded by formal absolution.; title: But the Holy Eucharist was never the actual means of absolution.