The historians' history of the world
Subtitle: a comprehensive narrative of the rise and development of nations as recorded by over two thousand of the great writers of all ages: edited, with the assistance of a distinguished board of advisers and contributors. Volume 8: Parthians, Sassanids And Arabs The Crusades; The Crusades And The Papacy
Publisher: Hooper & Jackson
Published: 1908
Place of publication: London, England
Language: eng
Description: Volume 8 of 25.
Table of contents: title: VOLUME VIII; title: PARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABS; THE CRUSADES AND THE PAPACY; title: Contributors, and Editorial Revisers; title: Prof.Adolf Erman, University of Berlin.; title: Prof. Joseph Hal6vy, College of France.; title: Prof. Thomas K. Cheyne, Oxford University.; title: Prof. Andrew O. McLaughlin, University of Chicago.; title: Prof. David H. Muller, University of Vienna.; title: Prof. Alfred Bambaud, University of Paris.; title: Capt F. Brinkley, Tokio.; title: Prof. Edoard Meyer, University of Berlin.; title: Dr. James T. Shotwell, Columbia University.; title: Prof. Theodor Ndldeke, University of Strasburg.; title: Prof. Albert B. Hart, Harvard University.; title: Dr. Paul Bronnle, Boyal Asiatic Society.; title: Dr. James Gairdner, C.B., London.; title: Prof. Ulrich von WOamowitz MSllendorfl, University of Berlin.; title: Prof. EL Marczali, University of Budapest.; title: Dr. G. W. Botsford, Columbia University.; title: Prof. Julius Wellhausen, University of Gdttingen.; title: Prof. Franz R. von Krones, University of Graz.; title: Prof. Wilhelm Soltau, Zabern University.; title: Prof. R. W. Rogers, Drew Theological Seminary.; title: Prof. A. Vambfiry, University of Budapest.; title: Prof. Otto Hirschfeld, University of Berlin.; title: Dr. Frederick Robertson Jones, Bryn Mawr College.; title: Baron Bernardo di San Severino Quaranta, London.; title: Dr. John P. Peters, New York.; title: Prof. Adolph Harnack, University of Berlin.; title: Dr. A. S. Bappoport, School of Oriental Languages, Paris.; title: Prof. Hermann Diels, University of Berlin.; title: Prof. C. W. C. Oman, Oxford University.; title: Prof. W. L. Fleming, Louisiana State University.; title: Prof. I. Goldziher, University of Budapest.; title: Prof.R. Koser, University of Berlin.; title: CONTENTS; title: VOLUME VIII; title: PART XII; title: PARTHIANS, SASSANIDS, AND ARABS; title: Introductory Essay. The Scope and Influence of Arabic History. By Dr. Theodor Noldeke 1.; title: History in Outline of Parthians, Sassanids, and Arabs (250 B.C - 1375 A.D.) 25.; title: CHAPTER I; title: The Parthian Empire (250 B.C - 228 A.D.) 47.; title: Justin's account of the Parthians, 47.; title: Their customs, 48.; title: Seleucus and Arsaces, 49.; title: Wars with Home, 51.; title: Modern accounts of Parthia, 53.; title: The Parthian empire, 53.; title: Arsaces and the Arsacids, 54.; title: Bactria and Parthia consolidate, 55.; title: Conquests of Mithridates, 57.; title: Media and Babylonia conquered, 58.; title: Parthian " kingdoms," 59.; title: Scythian conquest of Bactria, 60.; title: The Scythians ravage Parthia, 61.; title: First conflict with Rome, 62; title: Orodes defeats the Romans, 63.; title: Plutarch's account of the battle of Carrhae, 63.; title: Phraates IV repels Mark Antony, 68.; title: Anarchy in Parthia, 70.; title: The Romans intervene, 72.; title: The decay of Parthian greatness, 74.; title: Persia conquers Parthia, 75.; title: CHAPTER II; title: The Empire of the Sassanids (228 - 750 A.D.) 76.; title: Sassanian power, 77.; title: Sapor fights Rome, 78.; title: The war with Palmyra, 79.; title: A new war with Rome, 81.; title: Ardashir H to Bahram IV, 82.; title: The rule of Yezdegerd I, 83.; title: The Arabs aid in war with Rome, 84.; title: War with the Hephthalites, 85.; title: Kavadh I, 86.; title: New conflict with Rome, 86.; title: Exploits of Mundhir, 87.; title: Chosroes the Just, 88.; title: Chosroes attacks Rome, 88.; title: Hormuzd IV, 91.; title: Civil war, 91.; title: Vices of Chosroes II, 93.; title: Conflict with Heraclius ; fall of Chosroes H, 94.; title: Successors of Chosroes II, 95.; title: Anarchy and chaos, 96.; title: Arab incursions, 97.; title: Arab conquest, 98.; title: CHAPTER III; title: Early History of the Arabs (ca. 2500 B.C. - 622 A.D.) 100.; title: Arab history before Mohammed, 105.; title: CHAPTER IV; title: Mohammed (570 - 632 A.D.) 111.; title: Mohammed ben Abdallah ben Abdul - Muttalib, 111.; title: Religious unrest, 111.; title: Mohammed's life, 113.; title: His marriage with Khadija, 113.; title: Mohammed as a prophet, 115.; title: Mohammed an outlaw, 116.; title: The Hegira, 117.; title: Battle of Bedr, 120.; title: Battle of Ohod, 121.; title: Expedition against the Jews, 123.; title: Siege of Medina, extermination of the Jews, 123.; title: Mohammed's pilgrimage to Mecca, 125.; title: Subjection of Mecca, 126.; title: The victory of Honain and Autas, 128.; title: The last years cl Mohammed's life, 130.; title: Gibbon's estimate of Mohammed and Mohammedanism, 132.; title: CHAPTER V; title: The Spread of Islam (632 - 661 A.D.) 145.; title: Abu Bekr, first caliph after Mohammed, 145.; title: The caliph Omar, 150.; title: The conquest of Persia, 151.; title: The Syrian conquest completed, 156.; title: Egypt captured, 160.; title: The alleged burning of the library, 163.; title: Othman, the third caliph, 167.; title: Ali, 170.; title: CHAPTER VI; title: The Omayyads (661 - 750 A.D.) 175; title: Foundation of the Omayyads, 175.; title: Yazid made caliph, 176.; title: Siege of Mecca, 177.; title: Abdul - Malik, caliph, 179.; title: Siege of Mecca, 180.; title: The eastern caliphate, 184.; title: Suleiman's ambitions, 185.; title: The last Omayyads, 186.; title: CHAPTER VII; title: The Arabs in Europe (711 - 961 A.D.) 191.; title: The invasion of France, 198.; title: CHAPTER VIII; title: The Abbasids (750 - 1258 A.D.) 209; title: Founding of Baghdad, 209.; title: Harun Ar - Rashid, 210.; title: Al - Mamun and his successors, 211.; title: Baghdad under the caliphs, 213.; title: Gradual decline of Arabian dominion in the East, 215.; title: The various religious sects, 220.; title: The Seljuk Turks, 225.; title: Arabs and Turks unite against the Christians, 227.; title: Saladin and his successors against the crusaders, 228.; title: The Mongols under Jenghiz Khan invade western Asia, 230.; title: CHAPTER IX; title: The Decline of the Moslems in Spain (961 - 1609 A.D.) 233.; title: Almansor, 233.; title: Decay of power, 235.; title: End of the Omayyads, 238.; title: Independent kingdoms, 239.; title: The Almoravids, 240.; title: Dynasty of the Almohads, 246.; title: Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, 247.; title: The decline of Arab power, 248.; title: CHAPTER X; title: Arab Civilisation 260; title: The Koran, 260.; title: Doctrine of Islamism, 265.; title: The pilgrimage to Mecca, 267.; title: The holy war, 270.; title: Arab culture, 271.; title: Commerce and industry, 273.; title: Paper, compass, and gunpowder, 274.; title: Influence of the Arabs on European civilisation, 276.; title: Scholasticism, 277.; title: Mathematical science, 278.; title: Medicine, 279.; title: Architecture, 281.; title: Music, 282.; title: CHAPTER XI; title: Tribal Life of the Epic Period. By Dr. Julius Wellhausen 284; title: CHAPTER XII; title: The Principles of Law in Islam.; title: By Dr. I. Goldziher 294; title: Brief Reference - List of Authorities by Chapters 305; title: PART XIII. THE CRUSADES AND THE PAPACY; title: BOOK I. THE CRUSADES; title: Introductory Essay.; title: The Value of the Crusades in the Light of Modern History. By the Reverend William Denton, M.A. 311.; title: History in Outline of the Crusades (1096 - 1291 A.D.) 314.; title: CHAPTER I; title: Origin of the Crusades (306 - 1096 A.D.) 320.; title: Early Christian pilgrimages, 322.; title: Jerusalem under the Saracens, 324.; title: Character of the pilgrims, 326.; title: The Turks in power, 328.; title: Peter the Hermit, 330.; title: The appeal of the emperor Alexius, 331.; title: Councils of Placentia and Clermont, 332.; title: The frenzy of Europe, 334.; title: CHAPTER II; title: The First Crusade (1096 - 1147 A.D.) 338.; title: Peter the Hermit and his rabble, 339.; title: The leaders of the First Crusade, 340.; title: Alexius compels homage, 342.; title: Numbers of the crusaders, 343.; title: The siege of Nicaea, 344.; title: Battle of Dorylaeum, 345.; title: Principality of Edessa founded, 346.; title: Siege of Antioch, 347.; title: A typical miracle, 349.; title: Jerusalem besieged, 351.; title: The Arab account, 352.; title: Godfrey elected king, 353.; title: Results of the First Crusade, 356.; title: CHAPTER III; title: The Second Crusade (1147 - 1189 A.D.) 358.; title: St. Bernard, 358.; title: Disasters of the Germans, 361.; title: The French failure, 362.; title: The rise of Saladin, 364.; title: Moslem accounts of the battle of Tiberias, 374.; title: The fall of Jerusalem, 376.; title: CHAPTER IV; title: The Third Crusade (1189 - 1193 A.D.) 379.; title: The Saladin tithe, 381.; title: Barbarossa's crusade and death, 382.; title: The siege of Acre or Ptolemais, 383.; title: Geoffrey de Vinsauf s account of Acre, 383.; title: Richard's voyage, 386.; title: The French sail to Acre, 387.; title: Dissension between the French and English kings, 388.; title: Review of the siege, 390.; title: The crusaders move on Jerusalem, 392.; title: The enterprise abandoned, 396.; title: Vinsauf s account of Richard at Joppa, 397.; title: Peace between the kings, 402.; title: End and review of the Third Crusade, 404.; title: Death of Saladin ; Arab eulogies, 407.; title: CHAPTER V; title: The Fourth to the Sixth Crusades (1195 - 1229 A.D.) 410; title: Pope Celestine III promotes a crusade, 410.; title: The Fourth (or German) Crusade, 411.; title: The Fifth Crusade, 413.; title: Results of the Fifth Crusade, 417.; title: The Children's Crusade, 419.; title: The Sixth Crusade, 422.; title: CHAPTER VI; title: The Last Crusades (1239 - 1314 A.D.) 431; title: Richard of Cornwall's Crusade (the Seventh), 432.; title: The Tatar Crevasse, 433.; title: The crusade of St. Louis (the Eighth), 434.; title: Battle of Mansura, 436.; title: De Joinville's account of the battle of Mansura, 437.; title: Results of Mansura, 441.; title: St. Louis a prisoner, 442.; title: Moslem account of St. Louis' capture, 443.; title: The Christians quarrel among themselves, 448.; title: History of Antioch, 449.; title: Ravages of Bibars, 450.; title: Second crusade and death of Louis IX, 450.; title: Prince Edward leaves England, 451.; title: Vain efforts of Gregory X, 452.; title: Progress of the mamelukes, 453.; title: Total loss of the Holy Land, 454.; title: Fate of the military orders, 456.; title: Knights of St. John, 456.; title: The Templars in France, 457.; title: In other countries, 458.; title: Council at Vienne, 458.; title: The order suppressed, 459.; title: The Crusades in the West, 459.; title: The Teutonic Crusade, 460.; title: The attack on the Albigenses, 461.; title: Western assaults on the Arabs, 463.; title: Comparison of the two crusades, 466.; title: CHAPTER VII.; title: Consequences of the Crusades (1096 - 1291 A.D.) 467; title: Moral effects, 468.; title: Political effects, 469.; title: Influence upon commerce, 471.; title: Enrichment of cities, 472.; title: Colonisation, 472.; title: Influence on industry, 474.; title: The masons organise, 475.; title: Gothic architecture, 476.; title: Sculpture and painting, 476.; title: Herder's opinion of the Crusades, 477.; title: Gibbon on the results of the Crusades, 479.; title: APPENDIX; title: Feudalism (800 - 1450 A.D.) 481.; title: Bryce and Hegel on feudalism, 482.; title: Commencement of the feudal regime, 483.; title: Reciprocal obligations of vassal and lord, 484.; title: Feudal justice, 485.; title: Ecclesiastical feudalism, 487.; title: The Church and the feudal army, 488.; title: Serfs and villeins, 489.; title: Anarchy and violence; frightful condition of the peasants and some happy results therefrom, 491.; title: Geographic outlines of the kingdom of Germany, 494.; title: The transition from feudalism to monarchy, 494.; title: Progress in Germany, 495.; title: Influence of gunpowder, 497.; title: Monarchism in Italy, 497.; title: In France, 498.; title: In England, 499.; title: The papacy and feudalism, 500.; title: Hegel on the rise of mankind through feudalism, 500.; title: Brief Reference - List of Authorities by Chapters 502; title: BOOK II.; title: THE PAPACY; title: History nr Outline of the Papacy (42 - 1878 A.D.) 508; title: CHAPTER I; title: Origin and Rise of the Papacy (42 - 842 A.D.) 519; title: The papacy in connection with the Frarikish Empire, 524.; title: Gregory the Great, 581.; title: Christian mythology, 534.; title: Worship of the Virgin, 535.; title: Angels and devils, 536.; title: Martyrs and relics, 536.; title: Sanctity of the clergy, 537.; title: State after death, 538.; title: Gregory's successors, 539.; title: Draper on the origin of iconoclasm, 544.; title: Milman on iconoclasm, 545.; title: The war of iconoclasm, 546.; title: Constantino Copronymus, 548.; title: Third Council of Constantinople, 549.; title: The war on monasteries, 550.; title: Helena and Irene, 552.; title: Second Council of Nicaa, 552.; title: CHAPTER II; title: "The Night of the Papacy" — Charlemagne to Otto the Great (740 - 985 A.D.) 555; title: Independence of the Roman bishops, 556.; title: The appeal to the Franks, 556.; title: Charlemagne and the pope, 558.; title: The donation from Constantino, 559.; title: Charlemagne's third and fourth entrances into Italy, 561.; title: The realm of the popes, 562.; title: The trial of the pope and the crowning of Charlemagne, 563.; title: Papal ambition after Charlemagne, 565.; title: The myth of the woman pope, 567.; title: Rivalry of Nicholas and Photius, 569.; title: Synod at Constantinople, 570.; title: The false decretals, 571.; title: Adrian II, 574.; title: Pope Formosus, 577.; title: Theodora in power, 579.; title: The infamous Marozia, 581.; title: Rebellion of Rome, 582.; title: Pope John XTT, 583.; title: Trial of the pope, 583.; title: Charles Kingaley on temporal power, 587.; title: The High Noon of the Papacy (985 - 1305 A.D.) 589; title: The dream of Otto III, 590.; title: The German popes, 591.; title: The college of cardinals, 592.; title: Milman on the mission of the papacy, 593.; title: Simony, 596.; title: Celibacy of the clergy, 596.; title: Gregory's synod at Rome, 597.; title: Bryce on the consequences of the Concordat, 602.; title: Rival claimants, 602.; title: Adrian IV versus Barbarossa, 603.; title: Adrian's firmness, 605.; title: Two rival popes, 606.; title: Innocent III, 607.; title: The influence of the crusades on papal power, 608.; title: The autocracy of Innocent III, 610.; title: Universal sway of the pope, 611.; title: Milman's estimate of Innocent III, 612.; title: Frederick II at war with the papacy, 614.; title: Council at Lyons, 616.; title: Accession of Boniface VIII, 618.; title: Philip the Fair overpowers the papacy, 618.; title: Hallam on the climax of papal power, 620.; title: CHAPTER IV; title: From Exile to Supremacy (1305 - 1513 A.D.) 623; title: Clement V, 624.; title: The fate of the Templars, 625.; title: John XXII to Urban V, 626.; title: The Great Schism of the West, 630.; title: Relation of the national churches to the state, 632.; title: Moral condition of the clergy, 633.; title: The great councils of Pisa and Constance ; John Huse, 634.; title: Milman on Nicholas V and the fall of Constantinople, 640.; title: Popes to 1503, 642.; title: Alexander VI, the Borgia, 644.; title: Estimates of Alexander VI, 645.; title: Julius II, 647.; title: Prevalence of secularism in the Church, 648.; title: Brief Reference - List of Authorities by Chapters 651