### body part | organ:

Kidney
* All kidneys are a good source of protein, iron, phosphorus, vitamin A, thiamin and riboflavin.
* Every kidney has about a million nephrons.
* Most kidneys are connected by ducts
  - carry urine
  - collect urine
* Most kidneys contain few glomeruluses
* Most kidneys control basic functions
  - life functions
  - blood pressure
  - drain coeloms
* Most kidneys excrete concentrate urine
  - excess water
  - urea
  - get urine
* Most kidneys have distinct regions
  - effects
  - major roles
* Most kidneys have outer regions
  - surfaces
  - tubules
* Most kidneys increase acid excretion
  - net acid excretion
  - maintain homeostasis
* Most kidneys play important roles
  - significant roles
  - vital roles
* Most kidneys produce concentrate urine
  - hormones
  - more concentrate urine
* Most kidneys regulate excretion
* Most kidneys remove body fluid
  - certain chemicals
* Most kidneys remove excess body fluid
  - excessive water
  - harmful substances
  - materials
  - waste materials
* Some kidney cysts cause damage
  - kidney damage
* Some kidney cysts cause serious damage
  - diseases cause infertility
* Some kidneys are behind stomachs
  - sleepy and wake very slowly
  - contain proteins
* Some kidneys excrete excess phosphate
* Some kidneys have ability
  - adrenal glands
  - remarkable ability
  - lose ability
* Some kidneys remove excess salt
  - products
  - start working right on the operating table
* are dark red and bean shaped organs
  - some what rectangular and flattened organs
  - develop, aiding in the excretion of waste products found in foods such as meat
  - filters
  - good at concentrating urine and conserving water
  - granular in appearance
  - large, separately lobed
  - like the battery in a car
  - meta ne phros type
* are organs that clean the blood and produce urine
  - filter blood from waste
  - sensitive and susceptible to rejection
  - unique, they act as osmoregulatros as well as excretory systems
* assist in the maintenance of fluid volume, blood pH, and the chemical composition of fluids.
  - liquids
  - metabolic wastes and maintain the homeostatic balance of body fluids
  - nitrogenous waste and excess water
* fail much more quickly when they are exposed to high blood pressure.
* filter bloodstreams
  - tubes
  - sections
* lie retroperitoneally on either side of verterbralcolumn against posterior abdominal wall.
* make clean blood by eliminating wastes.
* perform crucial functions which affect all parts of the body
  - duties
* play critical roles
* regulate body fluid levels as a primary duty, and remove wastes as a secondary one
  - building of bones, blood pressure and production of red blood cells
* retransplants after initial graft loss to vascular thrombosis.
* secrete erythropoietin
  - hormone erythropoietin
  - lesser or none in acute diseases, especially children
* serve functions.
* to eliminate toxins.

### body part | organ | kidney:

Avian kidney
* are divided into units called lobules.
* have two kinds of nephrons.

### body part | organ | kidney:

Healthy kidney
* Most healthy kidneys produce urine.
* can remove about one to two quarts of urine a day.
* keep protein in the blood, which helps the blood soak up water from tissues.
* produce concentrated urine that is relatively protein-free
* remove creatinine and urea nitrogen from the blood
  - excess potassium in the urine to help maintain normal levels in the blood
  - urea from the blood for excretion in urine
  - wastes and excess fluid from the blood
* stop red blood cells from going into urine.
* take creatinine out of the blood and put it in the urine to leave the body
  - wastes out of the blood but leave in protein

Mammalian kidney
* Most mammalian kidneys have distinct regions
* Most mammalian kidneys produce concentrate urine
* form urine in nephrons.
* reabsorb water efficiently and produce concentrated urine.