### plant part | fruit:

Seed
* All seed are dispersed by wind, birds, and animals
  - eating birds require grit to help digest their food and to provide minerals
* All seeds contain a tiny bit of water whose job is to keep cells alive until sprouting
  - new plants, called embryos
  - phytates in their outer seed coats
  - some amount of fat, and cocoa beans are no different
* Every seed contains a plant embryo
  - has a shell and a heart
* Every seed is awakened and so is all animal life
  - as is all animal life
* Many seed have minimum, maximum, and optimum temperatures at which they germinate
  - some type of dormancy mechanism
* Many seeds contain quite large quantities of oils
  - well developed embryos
  - decay during long periods of flooded conditions
  - go through a period of internal dormancy right after the fruit falls from the tree
* Many seeds require light to germinate
  - that the soil be above a certain temperature
  - survive ingestion by animals, including sheep and rabbits
  - travel easily on the wind because they are small and light, or have a flattened shape
* Most seed is spread in contaminated seed, soil, and hay by man, livestock and machinery
  - placed fertilizer can reduce or delay germination, or retard growth of crops
* Most seeds absorb water
  - are heat-tolerant
* Most seeds are produced by bull thistle plants
  - dwarf mistletoe plants
  - small and easy to store, and can survive in a desiccated state for many years
  - attract birds
  - become trees
  - begin to germinate once they land on fertile soil
  - benefit from drying with silica gel if they are to be stored for very long
* Most seeds come from bloom plants
  - fruits , and the seeds are released from the fruit
* Most seeds consist of fleshy outer layers
* Most seeds contain a built-in food supply called the endosperm
  - b vitamins
  - carbohydrates
  - compounds
  - enzymes
  - fibre
  - fungi
  - many nutrients
  - matter
* Most seeds develop during stages
  - from flowers
* Most seeds develop into male sterile plants
  - drop near the plant and only the seedless plumes are dispersed by the wind
  - emerge in springs
  - end up falling near the parent plants
  - expose to sunlight
* Most seeds fall from plants
  - in autumn
  - near the parent plant and can remain viable for as long as ten years
  - generally germinate in the early summer soon after dispersal
* Most seeds germinate after the first fall rains
  - better when the soil is warm
* Most seeds germinate in anything that holds soil and drains well
  - environments
  - fields
  - grain fields
  - late summer or early fall
  - locations
  - months
  - spring when conditions become favorable
  - weeks
  - quicker during warm conditions
  - underground where there is no sunlight
* Most seeds grow grass plants
  - healthy plants
* Most seeds grow in areas
  - commercial orchards
  - common areas
  - places
  - same places
  - seed orchards
* Most seeds grow into bushes
  - holly bushes
  - seedlings
  - shoots
* Most seeds have a greater risk of freezing damage as their water content increases
  - high concentration of gibberellins in the embryo
  - an outer cover, or seed coat , which protects and nourishes the embryo
  - antibacterial properties
  - aromatic flavor
* Most seeds have black coats
  - buoyant coats
  - endosperm layers
  - endosperms
  - enough nutrient in their seed to last a week or two
* Most seeds have fleshy coats
  - shells
* Most seeds have hard coats
  - husks
  - kernels
  - low germination
* Most seeds have outer coats
  - pest resistance
  - proteins
* Most seeds have seed coats
  - shelf life
  - short shelf life
* Most seeds have soft coats
  - sticky coats
* Most seeds have thick coats
  - hulls
* Most seeds help diets
  - keep for a year or more in a cool dry place
  - like to germinate in a moist environment
* Most seeds make flavor
  - up diets
* Most seeds produce entire plants
  - leaves
  - same plants
  - substances
  - weed plants
* Most seeds promote crop growth
* Most seeds promote vigorous crop growth
* Most seeds provide food sources
  - important food sources
  - necessary nutrients
  - valuable food sources
* Most seeds remain dormant until they are in a warm environment where they can soak up water
  - under the parent plant and are gradually covered by duff
* Most seeds require growth
  - moisture
  - warmth, oxygen and water to germinate
  - shed in autumn, but small amounts fall throughout the winter and into spring
  - sink in water
  - take roots
  - undergo mitosis
* Some seed are waterproof and have the ability to float on water
  - can fall on rocky ground with only a little soil
* Some seed falls from the plant when fruit first ripens in the fall
  - on rocky places and is scorched by the sun because it has no roots
  - has a double dormancy, which normally combined seed coat and embryo dormancy
* Some seed is dispersed by small mammals
  - treated for fungicide, which works to keep the seeds from rotting
  - survives ingestion by birds and mammals
* Some seeds absorb enough moisture to germinate, while other seeds are too dry
  - sufficient light
* Some seeds are also good sources of calcium
  - borne by winged fruits that are carried considerable distances by air currents
  - capable of growing even after many years if they are kept cool and dry
* Some seeds are dispersed and pushed into the ground by the hooves of large mammals
  - when an animal eats the surrounding fruit
  - dropped while the animal is eating the fruit
  - eaten also, and that becomes the bulk of their food in the winter
* Some seeds are eaten by animals
  - birds and animals along with fruits
  - coyotes
  - enveloped by sporophyte tissues upon maturation
  - fertilized by pollen
  - in fruits which are adapted to fly on the wind
  - poisonous to humans, such as the peach stone, which contains cyanide
* Some seeds are produced by cycads
  - gymnosperms
  - huckleberries
  - red huckleberries
  - unable to germinate immediately because of their physiological makeup
  - attract ants
  - bear fruit
* Some seeds become diets
* Some seeds can break dormancy by scarification which involves artificially cracking the seed coat
  - carry disease
  - fly, including sycamore and dandelions
  - germinate after up to two weeks inside digestive systems
  - remain dormant for up to two years
  - survive for hundreds of years if they are kept dry and cool
* Some seeds cause neurological damage
  - tract irritation
* Some seeds cause urinary irritation
  - come in a petteted form because of their size
* Some seeds contain acid
  - amino acid
  - chemicals
  - dietary fiber
  - diploid embryos
  - dormant embryos
  - embryonic leaves
* Some seeds contain essential amino acid
  - fatty acid
  - genetic materials
  - liquid wax
  - multicellular plants
  - oil seeds
  - phosphorus
  - plant embryos
  - rich oil
  - volatile oil
* Some seeds develop in protective structures
  - die of natural attrition or sprout only to be killed by an herbicide
  - disperse to greater distances with water, soil movement, animals, and human activities
  - drop from trees
  - fall off trees
* Some seeds fall on forest floors
  - organic surfaces
  - float on surfaces
* Some seeds germinate best after several years of dry storage
  - better at lower temperatures
  - extreme heat
  - faster after passing through a tapir gut
  - first years
  - immediately after falling from the tree
  - in the presence of the inhibitor
  - severity fire
* Some seeds grow beans
* Some seeds grow into berries
  - blossoms
  - fig trees
  - mature sporophytes
  - wheat
  - on leaves
* Some seeds have a very tough outer layer or seed coat
  - an outer layer called a seed coat, which provides protection and food for the seed
  - calcium minerals
  - dispersal mechanisms
  - dormancy mechanisms
  - hooks or are sticky- they attach to animal fur and are deposited elsewhere
  - impermeable seed coats sometimes called hard seed
  - physiological dormancy
  - specific light or dark requirements for germination
  - the ability to remain dormant and germinate when favorable conditions arise
  - lose moisture
  - plant themselves like wild oats drill themselves into the ground once watered
* Some seeds produce acacias
  - mango trees
  - seed cotyledons
  - weeds
  - protect ovules
  - reduce inflammation
* Some seeds remain dormant in the soil for decades and sprout after a moderate fire
  - viable after years of storage, but others germinate best when sown immediately
  - require darkness to germinate
* Some seeds require light for germination, which is controlled by the phytochrome system
* Some seeds require light to germinate while others prefer total darkness
  - germinate, while others require darkness
  - stratification or scarification if planted in the spring or summer
  - that they be eaten by animals to soften the seed coat and permit germination
  - stay on trees
  - survive fire
  - survive, drop to the ground, and eventually produce new plants
  - take years to germinate
  - travel half a mile from the parent tree in only a light wind
* absorb water primarily through the micropyle
* add a sweet, delicate flavor to soups and stews.
* allow embryos to remain dormant during unfavorable conditions
  - gymnosperms to delay germination until favorable conditions exist
* also allow many plants to survive harsh conditions
  - are part of the watermelon fruit
  - cling to hair and clothing
  - come in all sizes and shapes
  - contain oil ducts and canals
  - disperse with wind
  - provide most cooking oils, many beverages and spices and some important food additives
* are a biological product
  - favorite food of birds, rodents, and some insects
  - good source of essential minerals and beneficial oils
  - plant's version of eggs and babies
  - very imbalance diet that lessens the quality and longevity of a bird's life
  - about the shape and size of brown beans
* are also an important food source for wildlife and insects during the winter months
  - rich in foods and are among the most important of the storage organs
  - the breath of life
  - traditional symbols of new life and harvest during the new spring
  - another way plants reproduce
  - backup strategies that can lie dormant in the soil for a long time
  - capable of sprouts
  - complex, living organisms that play a very important role in agriculture
  - considered organisms
  - consumed by birds and small mammals
  - deposited by plants into the forest floor
  - disbursed by humans, animals, birds, and vines of the fruit
* are dispersed by a number of vertebrates, mainly by birds and small mammals
  - ants, wind and water
  - blow wind
  - gravity and by animals and require cold stratification to germinate
* are dispersed by wind, birds, farm animals, small rodents, clothes and tires
  - or human activity
  - in various ways by animals, the wind, water and explosive force
* are disseminated by birds that eat or transport berries and deposit the seeds on host plants
  - during the fall, primarily by birds and mammals
  - dormant plant embryos
* are easy to germinate and produce plants that flower in three years
  - plant, bloom almost immediately, and can reseed themselves
  - eaten by several types of gamebirds, songbirds and by small mammals
  - edible raw or roasted
* are edible when ground and used as flour
  - roasted and are considered a delicacy in Asia
  - whole or ground into meal
  - embryonic plants
* are for different plant types and for each plant type, there are many varieties
  - everyone to eat
* are formed from carpels
  - only when male plants furnish pollen
  - when a female plant produces a flower and is pollinated by the cone of a male
  - found in a great variety of types
  - hard coated and can survive ingestion by birds and other animals
  - harvested in large quantities, but the ants are active predators as well
* are high in fat and are great for birds and wintering animals
  - important for wintering animals
  - low in nutrition
  - protein and minerals, and are eaten raw, toasted, or pressed to make oil
  - less likely to survive and fewer plants are found in areas with wild boars
  - little more than protective coatings for tiny plant embryos
* are located in fruit
  - pods
  - more precious than gold
  - objects
  - of lesser importance for reproduction
  - palatable to a wide variety of small birds and mammals
  - mitosis, while spores are produced by meiosis
  - rich in carbohydrates, oils and proteins
  - scattered by birds, wind, and rain
  - sexual reproduction
  - sought by many species of wild birds
* are spread by birds, which is how seedlings can appear with no mature plants nearby
  - mammals and birds
  - structures, which contains an embryo that helps in storing food
  - sweet and spicy and used primarily in baking
* are the beginning of all food from plants and are essential for animal production
  - stages of the life cycle
  - containers of the biological information to create a new plant
  - foundation of agriculture
  - mature, fertilized ovules or eggs
  - most commonly used means of growing new plants
  - primary way that trees reproduce and their seeds vary greatly in size and shape
  - products of successful reproduction
  - result of sexual propagation
  - source of agricultural enterprise
  - specialized parts of the plants that results to a new plant
  - vehicle of life on earth
  - their own energy source, a plant in embryo form
  - toxic to humans
  - unusual in that they lack any protective coat or stored food reserves
  - used as a thickener for soups, and leaves are eaten as a vegetable or in soups
* are very high in fat and protein, but low in nutrition
  - susceptible to greenhouse pathogens and have limited germination ability
  - what a plant uses to spread new plants into new places
* arrive on the wind and in animal droppings, and insects arrive on wind currents.
* attaches to the fur, hides, or feathers of animals, which serve as dispersal agents.
  - finches
  - robins
  - sparrows
* bearing plants like evergreens and some flower bearing plants are allergens.
* become flowers
* begin growth.
* blown in by the wind are deposited in cracks and take root.
* borne inoculum can be sufficient to initiate epidemics
  - viruses and fungi have the potential to reduce plant vigour and yields
* buried in the soil have less longevity than under dry storage conditions a.
* can also be ground or used whole to flavor meats, fish, eggs, cheese and vegetable dishes
  - serve the function of overwintering or surviving harsh conditions
  - travel great distances with contaminated crop plants or vehicles
* can be as fine as dust, and it is surprising that some tiny seed produce enormous plants
  - tiny as a grain of side or bigger than a fingernail
  - remarkably tolerant of environmental extremes heat, cold and drought
  - slightly poisonous, and they contain an oil substitute for kukui
  - things, words, actions
  - contaminate grains and is the most common poisoning which occurs in chickens
* can germinate after two hundred years if stored in a favorable condition
  - on mineral or organic soils when moisture and aeration are adequate
  - move from place to place in many ways
  - reach maturity and have a high oil content, but if they're green, their price drops
* can remain dormant in the soil for long periods
  - in the soil for years and survive harsh climates
  - spread long distances by floating on racks of dead stems in the fall
* can survive a long time in the ground before rooting and producing a plant or flower
  - until conditions are right for rapid germination and growth
  - most animals, except sheep
  - long periods of inactivity between their formation and activation
  - much longer than spores, sometimes for hundreds of years
  - without water for many years
  - travel for extremely long distances, depending on the specific mode of water dispersal
  - turn into anything Like vines, or weeds or trees
* carry the food that helps the new plant begin to grow.
* collected from wild habitats often do sucker, especially with seeds from Laos.
* come from adult plants to make new plants
  - desert plants
  - hybrid plants
  - the fruits of plants and contain the embryo and food supply for the next plant
* come in a variety of shapes, colors, and sizes
  - wide variety of sizes from small flower seeds to large acorn seeds and pine cones
* come in all different sizes and shapes and can have different textures
  - shapes and sizes
  - sizes shapes and colors depending on the type of plant
  - many sizes and shapes
* consist of a dormant plant embryo, stored food and one or two seed coats
* consist of fleshy layers
* contain a tiny, dormant embryo plant, together with stored food reserves
  - alkaloids in the endosperm that are emetic
  - an embryo that is capable of germinating to produce a new plant
  - food stores
  - low levels of protein
* contain new life and also the nourishment to get life started
  - no opium and are used extensively in baking and sprinkling on rolls and bread
  - the genetic information to produce a new plant
  - tiny undeveloped plants and enough food for growth to start
  - zinc , vitamin E , calcium , protein , omega fatty acids
* contains a young, multi-cellular plant with defined organs
  - an abundant food supply
* declines rapidly in viability and vigor.
* develop into fruit
  - mature seeds
* disperses to greater distances with wind, water, agricultural activities, and animals.
* eating birds are the most commonly attracted birds to feeders
  - follow the ripening seed
* enclose an embryo in a moist environment.
* energize the food chain.
* exhibit little or no dormancy, losing their ability to germinate after about five years.
  - to the ground and are buried in the earth, where they lie dormant
* form from ovules
  - in light airy sprays at top of plants
* generally contain small amounts of acid which increase as the seed germinates.
* generate primary nutrition.
* germinate anytime that soils are moist
* germinate in about a month, but plants grown from seed take three to five years to flower
  - all seasons except very cold winters
  - few weeks
  - readily and plants grow rapidly
  - readily, especially if one abrades or punctures the seed coat in advance of sowing
  - under a wide range of temperatures as long as there is sufficient moisture
  - unseen in the quiet earth
* germinates best when exposed to light
  - readily but plants take a number of years to flower
  - plants and make more seeds, which grow into new plants
  - wherever they are sown
* grown plants are always best as they adapt to the local conditions as they mature
  - quite variable
* have a chance to grow in soil enriched by ash
  - finite amount of energy stored
  - variety of sizes and shapes
  - almost no metabolism and possess great resistance to environmental extremes
  - an embryo and food supply
  - assets
  - benefits
  - both morphological and physiological dormancy
  - designs
  - differing food storage structures
  - effects
  - health benefits
* have high protein and oil content
  - values
  - impressive health benefits
  - incredible health properties
  - intricate designs
  - irregular germination
  - longterm viability, accumulating in the organic layer and mineral soil over time
  - nutritious values
  - outgrowths
  - purposes
  - the advantage of ensuring the young plant has few pathogens
  - scatter offspring and survive long periods of harsh conditions
* includes kernels
  - other foods such as cereals wheat and rice
* increase in volume tremendously when sprouted.
* inevitably deteriorate during maturation, harvesting, and conditioning.
* intercepted by conifer needles slide down onto twigs during rain.
* is disseminated by transport on animal hides
  - primarily by animals
  - distributed by the wind, by animals and in water
  - extracted from fruit after it ripens and before it rots
  - extremely toxic when seedcoat is broken, as it is when the seeds are strung
  - food for birds of the air, symbol of the demonic
  - high in phosphorous and low in calcium
  - often a contaminant in hay, grain, and straw and is difficult to separate from crop seed
  - said to be eaten like a peanut in Malaya
* is the building block of the food system
  - center of food chain
  - essence of agriculture and a basis for economic development in Albania
* is the first link in the food chain
  - stage of life of a plant
  - most important link in the food chain
  - only means of survival and the plant dies after flowering to leave a woody stem
  - primary means of dispersal
  - primordial input, the embodiment of past harvests and the promise of future ones
  - used by cardinals, mockingbirds, woodpeckers, turkey, and squirrels
* key in the food chain.
* let plants spread their embryos over large areas.
* living link to the past, present and future
* look like black seeds
  - mustard seeds
* lose viability rapidly if stored at room temperature.
* make up diets
  - the bulk of the fall, winter and spring diet
* maturing late in a season often produce annual plants.
* move around before they find a place to grow
  - as a contaminant in hay, grain, straw, and machinery
* need consistent moisture
  - soil moisture
* normally have just one embryo, but sometimes have more than one, as Citrus spp.
* occasionally exhibit partial dormancy which is probably broken naturally by heat from fire.
* often have an oil body and are dispersed by ants.
* pass through digestive tracts and are deposited randomly by animals.
* pass through the gut of flying foxes very quickly, ensuring that the seeds remain viable
  - tortoise's digestive tract and eventually become food for many other species
* permit plants to postpone development during unfavorable conditions.
* piece of identifier that is generated by the system.
* placed fertilizer is risky especially with crops such as canola and flax.
* primarily cause the spread of loosestrife
  - disperse with wind, but also by water, animals, and human activity
* produce best results
* produced in the garden are a sexual form of reproduction.
* producing types reproduce normally.
* product of research and the delivery vehicle for new and improved genetics.
* protect and nourish plant embryos, and fruits protect the seeds
  - the embryo or young plant
* provide evidence.
* provide food for wildlife
* provide important food sources
  - opportunity
  - scientific evidence
* provide valuable food sources
* range in size from no bigger than a pea in some cycads to as big as a goose egg in others.
* readily germinate and new plants readily become established from seed in fields.
* refers to offspring, children.
* remain viable when eaten by animals.
* represent a strategy for reproduction and survival.
* require a rich, healthy environment in which to grow
  - adequate moisture
  - low temperature
  - moisture and oxygen to germinate, with no exceptions
* resemble cherries
  - nuts
  - popcorn
* rest in their wombs.
* scattered over a large area allows entire flocks of birds to feed at one time.
* serve as a valuable wild life food.
* set in many plant populations is pollen limited.
* sitting in wet soils or cold soils also are more vulnerable to seedling blights.
* slow method to get new plants.
* source of food for songbirds.
* spread and grazed grasses grew back in a continuous cycle
  - easily through waterways or by birds and animals
* sprout and grow into plants.
* sprout in the darkness of the ground before they know the summer and the day
  - trees or sidewalks
  - quickly in cool soil and plants grow rapidly
  - young leaves
* stemcell of a particular type, dynamically created inside the cell.
* store better in nitrogen
  - in containers
  - stored food from the bulbs
* treatments to biologically control plant diseases.
* use stored food rather than making food through photosynthesis
  - until they grow into seedlings that can photosynthesize
  - various chemical and mechanical means of inhibiting germination until the time is ripe
* usually represents a relatively small part of the monetary cost of producing a crop.
* vary greatly in color, texture, longevity, and methods of dispersal
  - size, shape, colour and texture
* watered with activated pure water grow faster and taller.
* when broken or chewed or when the external coat is removed are toxic.
* yield plants.
+ Dormancy, Development from the seed: Physiology
  * Most seeds germinate underground where there is no sunlight. The plant does not need the nutrients in soil for a few days or weeks, because the seed has all the things it needs to grow. Later, though, it will begin to need sunlight. If there is sunlight, the plant will use it to grow healthy. If the plant does not get enough light, it will eventually die. It needs light to make food for itself when the reserve in the seed runs out.
+ Germination: Botany
  * Seeds can survive much longer than spores, sometimes for hundreds of years. The strategy of seed-bearing plants is to invest energy and material in the substance of seeds, and they have evolved more sophisticated methods of dispersal than just wind. The ecology of seeds'.
+ Nut (fruit)
  * Nuts are made of the seed and the fruit, where the fruit does not open to release the seed. Most seeds come from fruits, and the seeds are released from the fruit.
+ Peanut, Types of Peanuts: Vegetables :: Faboideae
  * Valencia types are coarse, and they have heavy reddish stems and large foliage. Peanut pods are borne on pegs arising from the main stem and the side branches. Most of the pods are clustered around the base of the plant, and only a few are found several inches away. Valencia types are three seeded and smooth, with no constriction between the seeds. Seeds are oval and tightly crowded into the pods. There are two strains, one with flesh and the other with red seeds. The seed count is 65 to each ounce.
+ Plant, Flowering plant reproduction, Seed travellers:
  * A plant produces many spores or seeds. Lower plants such as moss and ferns produce spores. The seed plants are the Gymnosperms and Angiosperms. If all the seeds fell to the ground besides the plant, the area might become overcrowded. There might not be enough water and minerals for all the seeds. Seeds usually have some way to get to new places. Some seeds can be dispersed by the wind or by water. Seeds inside juicy fruits are dispersed after being eaten. Sometimes, seeds stick to animals and are dispersed that way. The ecology of seeds'.
  * There are many different kinds of seeds. Some plants make a lot of seeds, some make only a few. Seeds are often hard and very small, but some are larger. The coconut is as big as a child's head, but it contains more than just a seed. When the seed is ready to develop, it needs water, air and warmth 'but not sunlight' to become a seedling.
  * Seeds carry the food that helps the new plant begin to grow. Many kinds of seeds are good food for animals and people. The many kinds of grain that people grow, such as rice, wheat, and maize, are all seeds. Seeds are often inside fruits.
+ Seed dispersal, Mechanical dispersal, Wind dispersal: Plants
  * An important detail for a wind-dispersed seed is that it is very light. It must be able to float easily on wind or else it will drop straight to the ground. G.A. Fox 2006. 2nd ed, Sinauer Associates, Massachusetts. Some seeds are very small and light, almost like dust. Orchid seeds and poppy seeds are like that. Poppy seeds are inside a little capsule that has little openings around the top. On a windy day, the poppy fruit capsule will sway from side to side, shaking out the tiny seeds out the windows like a salt shaker.
+ Seed, Development from the seed: Plant anatomy