Probability
* Covers all areas of probability.
* Probabilities are a measure of degrees of rational partial belief
  - measures
  - nonnegative numbers
  - powerful tools for making predictions over a large number of events
  - quality
  - ratios and can be expressed as fractions, percentages, or odds
  - something for insurance companies to assess on a competitive and voluntary basis
  - what rule supreme in backgammon
  - only become certainties on a percentage basis over an enormous number of litters
* also tends to increase with the length of the time period.
* analyzes randomness.
* can be a subjective measurement of belief.
* concept governed by three basic axioms
  - used in scientific studies
* covers independent events to permutations.
* describes our knowledge of the event.
* draws together various aspects of number, such as fractions, decimals and percentages.
* formalises the mathematics of probability distributions and expectation.
* function with a set domain, as well as being termed a measure function.
* furnishes the mathematical foundations for statistics.
* has nothing to do with how anything really works.
* is all about chance - the chance or likelihood that something has of happening.
* is an absolute scale
  - amount
  - important decision-making tool
  - based on the frequentist notion of repeated trials
  - calculated by using the ratio of favourable outcomes to possible outcomes
  - connected to other areas of mathematics, including number sense and geometry
  - described as the likely relationship between chest size and beauty queens
  - expectation founded upon partial knowledge
  - fundamental to the study of economic models where risk and uncertainly are present
  - how the chance of a particular outcome is quantified
  - important in several areas of economics
  - represented by the area under the curve
* is the appearance of agreement upon fallible proofs
  - area of mathematics that analyzes the chance of something occurring
* is the chance of something occurring
  - somthing occurring
  - foundation of statistics
  - frequency in an appropriate infinite sequence
  - likelihood of an event occurring
  - mathematical description of random processes and events
  - mathematics of chance and the study of random events
  - measure of how likely an event is
  - modelling of randomness
  - proportion of favourable occurrences to total outcomes in a long run of trials
  - ratio of the favorable cases to all the cases
  - same as chance
* is the study of chance
  - uncertainty
  - way to go if there's uncertainty to be represented
  - thus a measure of uncertainty, and moves towards one with increasing information
* is used everyday to help make decisions
  - extensively in business and manufacturing
  - useful in predicting outcomes from a given set of circumstances
  - very very important in almost all areas of intelligent systems research
  - what makes statistical methods work
* mathematical concept, coming from statistics.
* measure of an individual's confidence
  - our ignorance
* occurs prior to choosing in probabilistic category learning.
* probability associated with the chi-squared distribution
  - corresponding to the normal distribution
* provides a context for algebraic fractions, functions, and graphing
  - functions, fractions and set theory
  - rich opportunity for children to begin to gain a sense of fractions
* relatively new concept in human history.
* sampling uses random selection.
* tells the likelihood of something occurring.
* way to quantify belief about the likelihood of future events.

### problem solvers:

Conservation biologist
* Most conservation biologists acknowledge pollution
  - focus on diversity
  - have fields
* Some conservation biologists work with journalists.
* are problem solvers.
* draw on knowledge from a broad range of fields.
* study the preservation of biodiversity.