Microbacteria
* Bacteria ARE smaller, however
  - Also Vote
  - CAN kill coral tissue
  - Differentiate between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
  - Learn how to make bacteria using yogurt
  - account for half of the history of life on Earth
* Bacteria accumulate in the plaque build-at the base of the teeth along the gums
  - nutrients from the environment by diffusion
  - reserve materials, both water soluble and water insoluble
* Bacteria acquire genes conferring resistance in any of three ways
  - for resistance in three ways
* Bacteria act just like the dye in that it can go across the eggshell and into the egg
  - on the undigested lactose to produce the symptoms
* Bacteria actually produce the polymer, much as humans make and store fat
  - provide evidence against evolution
  - affect everyone in their daily life because they are found nearly everywhere
  - again assist in the process by helping remove ammonia and other forms of nitrogen
  - already play an important role in biotechnology
* Bacteria also appear to communicate
  - attack organisms by releasing chemicals that are poisonous to plants and animals
* Bacteria also can acquire new metabolic capabilities
  - spread when food is transported, prepared and served
* Bacteria also cause disease by specific binding to and invasion into target cells
  - soft rots
* Bacteria also come in a variety of shapes and sizes
  - many different shapes
  - contain ribosomes which, like in eukaryotic cells, provide for protein synthesis
  - deconjugate bile salts
  - divide faster in warmer temperatures, meaning disease can spread more quickly
  - grow rapidly at warm temperatures
  - have attraction to nutrients and repulsions irrespective of metabolism
  - help control caterpillars and several other pests
  - occur naturally in water
* Bacteria also play a role in releasing methane from rice paddies
  - an important role in mineral formation
* Bacteria also produce growth-promoting compounds that stimulate plant growth from the roots
  - hydrogen and methane
  - spores as a defensive mechanism
  - substances called antibiotics that kill other microorganisms
  - toxins, degrade collagen and proteins
  - waste products of their metabolism
  - require nitrogen and phosphorus for cell growth
  - serve as food for other organisms either directly or indirectly
  - take their toll
* Bacteria also tend to clump together in water and on surfaces
  - linger on the outer leaves, because they come in contact with more substances
  - alter the nitrogen into a form that plants are able to use
  - appear to produce enzymes that dissolve fish
* Bacteria are a fact of life
  - huge and diverse group
  - key energy source in the food chain
  - lot simpler than human cells
  - major threat to public health
  - part of all living things and are found on all raw agricultural products
  - primitive microscopic unicellular prokaryotes with a great diversity
  - very diverse group of organisms
  - vital part of the environment, biotechnology and industry as well
* Bacteria are able to develop resistance to antibiotics because they evolve so quickly
  - synthesize any protein
  - about the simplest cells that exist today
  - abundant and can be found all over
* Bacteria are abundant in the Southern Ocean
  - upper waters and in bottom deposits
  - adaptable organisms
  - all the same size
  - almost the same size as colloidal particles
* Bacteria are also among the most dangerous organisms on planet Earth
  - essential to the production of yogurt, cheese, and pickles
  - important for everyday functions of the body including digestion
  - involved in soy sauce fermentation
* Bacteria are always present in sewage, however
  - the soil, air, water, and in the bodies of people and animals
  - amazingly resilient organisms
  - among nature's chief recyclers
* Bacteria are among the best-known prokaryotic organisms
  - earliest forms of life that appeared on Earth billions of years ago
* Bacteria are among the most diverse organisms with respect to the types of enzymes they contain
  - primitive life forms on earth
  - oldest, simplest, and smallest types of cells
* Bacteria are among the simplest and most common organisms
  - single-cell organisms on earth
  - smallest living organisms
  - smallest, simplest, and oldest types of cells
* Bacteria are an example of decomposers in a marine ecosystem
  - incredibly diverse collection of organisms who respire in a wide variety of ways
  - another contributing factor to acne
  - arguably the most successful form of life on Earth
  - as damaging to plant propagation operations as are fungi
  - asexual microorganisms that can rapidly reproduce
  - better evidence for evolution
  - blown about as free dust with every current of air
  - both useful and harmful to humans
  - called prokaryotic cells
* Bacteria are capable of a tactic response to various stimuli
  - growth on fatty acids and lipids
  - sharing DNA, but new information simply substitutes for old information
  - classified by their shapes
  - cocci, in a tetrad arrangement
* Bacteria are colored blue, eukaryotes red, and archaea green
  - by pigments
* Bacteria are common causes of disease in baby psittacines and in other groups
  - in surface waters
  - complete living organisms, which reproduce themselves given only a supply of nutrients
  - complex compared to viruses
* Bacteria are considered as the first formed organisms in the world
  - flora
  - to be the most ancient life form on Earth
  - critical to the cycling of nitrogen in mangrove environments
  - crucial for the cycling of elements necessary for all life
  - dependent on outside agents for dispersal
  - different from archaea in features of cell structure and chemical makeup
  - diverse in their living requirements and have been found in every ecological niche
  - easily adaptable to harsh conditions due to their ability to form protective spores
* Bacteria are especially concentrated in the rhizosphere, the narrow region next to and in the root
  - fond of all types of carbohydrates
  - even smaller
* Bacteria are everywhere and food contamination can occur at almost any time
  - in our environment and life
* Bacteria are everywhere, and so cleanliness major factor in preventing foodborne illness
  - they are very numerous
  - even in the human body
  - including in our water
  - examples of the prokaryotic cell type
* Bacteria are extremely abundant on mudflats
  - efficient at increasing resistance
  - simple from a cell biological point of view
  - small living organisms
  - small, single-celled organisms
* Bacteria are found everywhere on Earth where life is able to exist
* Bacteria are generally microorganisms that can be helpful or harmful in the body
  - more prevalent in alkaline soils and fungi dominate in acidic soils
* Bacteria are germs that cause infections in people
  - multiply by splitting into two cells
  - grown on blood agar plates and the media is observed for signs of hemolysis
  - hardy creatures
  - heterotrophic and can act as symbionts, parasites, or decomposers
  - high in protein that in turn is high in nitrogen
  - identified and grouped by their shapes
* Bacteria are important because they cause the decay that makes the soil so rich
  - decomposers in grassland environments
  - for decomposition and release of nutrients
  - in food preparation and preservation
* Bacteria are in our gut, in soil, plants and carried in the air
  - spherical, rod-shaped, coiled, comma and thread
  - incredibly varied, and incredibly abundant
  - indifferent to how they get their genes
  - indispensable for food digestion
  - infectious agents
  - ingested along with infected soil, feces, or other infected materials
  - intercellular organisms, whereas viruses are intracellular organisms
  - involved in many mutualistic relationships, including with plants
  - key to the health and quality of sanitary wastewater treatment
* Bacteria are larger infectious agents than viruses and live outside the cell
  - than viruses and can also cause infection
  - less numerous than in buttermilk
* Bacteria are like little chemical factories, causing chemical reactions to happen
  - sponges that absorb organic waste which has been liquefied by enzymes
  - low forms of plants
  - made up of one cell, so they are a kind of 'unicellular organism'
  - many times larger than viruses
  - masters at adapting in unexpected ways to new environments
  - measured in microns
  - members of a large group of microorganisms with a very simple cell structure
* Bacteria are microorganisms that exist everywhere
  - have been around for billions of years
* Bacteria are microscopic one celled organisms
  - one-celled organisms
  - one-celled, prokaryotic organisms that belong to neither plant or animal
  - organisms which live on our bodies, in our homes and in fact, everywhere
* Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that are abundant in soils
  - minute plants, which can cause rotting, wilting, and the forming of galls
  - more complex than strictly necessary simply to self-reproduce
* Bacteria are more likely to become resistant to widely used antibiotics
  - cause an infection in the heart if the heart is already damaged
  - resistant to injurious influences than any other organisms known
  - most familiar through their roles in harmful infections
  - mostly heterotrophic and unicellular with no true nucleus
  - much easier to manipulate than plant cells
* Bacteria are much larger than viruses, and like any adult, have more responsibilities
  - more abundant on soils than in water
  - smaller than plant or animal cells
  - too small to see, yet they cause many diseases of plants and animals
  - native in the water environment, as they are in other surfaces, including food
  - natural hosts for such activities
  - naturally present in some foods, especially raw foods of animal origin
* Bacteria are nearly as ancient as archaea
  - nonexistent offshore
* Bacteria are necessary because they purify the water
  - organisms in most ecological systems
* Bacteria are normally present in the mouth
  - on the nipple and in a baby's mouth
  - very efficient at breaking down detrital organic matter
* Bacteria are now able to consume the small food particles
  - and have always been the dominant form of life on earth
* Bacteria are of great concern for people who worry about the safety of chicken and red meat
  - many nutrition types
  - two groups eubacteria and archae bacteria
* Bacteria are often extreopiles known as thermophiles
  - present in raw foods
  - responsible for food spoilage but there are also many useful types
  - the ideal machines in industry
  - on all but sterilized surfaces and they multiply with extreme rapidity
* Bacteria are one cause of foodborne illness
  - food source for sponges
* Bacteria are one of the five kingdoms of life and are characterised by their lack of nucleus
  - two prokaryote kingdoms
* Bacteria are one-celled germs that live in the infected host outside of the body cells
  - organisms visible only with a microscope
* Bacteria are organisms made up of just one cell and are too tiny to be seen by the naked eye
  - that can survive by themselves
  - part of our environment
* Bacteria are particularly fond of foods containing sugars and carbohydrates
  - important in nitrogen cycling
  - passed in the droppings of sick and carrier birds
  - plantlike, but most lack the chlorophyll to make their food
* Bacteria are present in all lake water
  - lake-water
  - regions of lentic waters
  - every place of the planet
  - large numbers in river waters
* Bacteria are present in the forest floor and soils in amazing amounts and by thousands of species
  - skin or in the mouth
  - on and within other members of the animal kingdom, including insects
  - to some degree in both algal and larval cultures
  - probably the most successful division of life on the planet
  - procaryotic cells that are classified by shape as cocci, rods, or spiral shaped
  - prokaryotes because they lack a clearly defined nucleus and sub-cellular organelles
* Bacteria are prokaryotic , which means they have no nuclear membrane
  - because they have no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles
  - organisms that reproduce asexually
  - quite tough and can live just about anywhere
  - relatively tolerant towards boron, as are freshwater green algae and blue-green algae
* Bacteria are responsible for illnesses ranging from cholera to meningitis
  - more cases of food-borne illness than any other organisms
  - most of the decomposition and heat generation in compost
  - the remediation of organic compounds in the marine ecosystem
  - rich in protein and are eaten by zooplankton and benthos animals as well as by fish
  - self-replicating systems that do contain billions of atoms
  - separate living cells
  - simple unicellular organisms
* Bacteria are simple, as living things go
  - single cell microorganism
* Bacteria are single celled and rod, spherical or ovoid in shape
  - organisms in plants, animals and humans that can cause diseases
* Bacteria are single-cell microorganisms that are so small they can only be seen with a microscope
  - organisms, the simplest and smallest forms of life
* Bacteria are single-celled and can be shaped like a sphere, rod, or a spiral twist
  - microbes, and are one of the simplest forms of life on earth
  - microorganisms that multiply on their own
  - microscopic organisms
* Bacteria are single-celled organisms that are much simpler
  - can be found throughout the environment
  - lack chlorophyll and reproduce by cell division
  - reproduce by splitting in two
  - survive well on skin, clothes, the mouth, nose and throat
  - organisms.Bacteria are prokaryotes
  - single-celled, living organisms that can grow quickly at favorable temperatures
  - small, one-celled animals too small to be seen by the naked eye
* Bacteria are smaller and simpler than human cells
  - protozoa
  - than the head of a pin and can only be seen with a powerful microscope
  - smarter than people
* Bacteria are so small that several million can fit on a pin head
  - they just appear as dots under such magnification
  - surprising because of their metabolic diversity
  - spiral, sphere, and rod shaped
* Bacteria are spread by insects, air currents, splashing rain, and by mechanical means
  - man through cultivating, pruning, and transporting diseased plant material
  - rain, wind, birds and insects and can be carried in by humans and pets
  - stable up to one year when properly stored
* Bacteria are still bacteria
  - quite small and require the aid of a microscope to see the individual organisms
  - structurally simple but metabolically diverse
  - subject to die off and predation by other organisms
  - surrounded by a strong cell wall made of a molecule called peptidoglycan
  - teeny tiny organisms without internal cell membranes
* Bacteria are the Earth's most ancient and numerous creatures
  - basis for most food chains
  - best- known group of prokaryotes
  - best-known and most studied form of prokaryotic organisms
  - causative agents in strep throat, sinus infections, and most ear infections
  - cause, most commonly from a woman's own body
  - culprits in most cases of food borne illness
  - easiest group to treat and differ the least in amount of radiation required
* Bacteria are the largest group of problematic foodborne pathogens by far
  - source of impairment in estuaries , and the second leading cause in rivers
  - main food of deposit feeding macrofauna, meiofauna, and microfauna
* Bacteria are the major cause for poor hatches and survivability in mynahs
  - decomposers of organic matter and consumers of dissolved oxygen
  - source of all bad breath
* Bacteria are the most abundant organisms in the world
* Bacteria are the most common bioaugmentation organisms
  - microorganisms found in treated drinking water
  - pathogenic contaminants
  - pathogens isolated in acute travelers' diarrhea
  - important microorganisms to the food processor
* Bacteria are the next largest particulates in water that can cause illness
  - size up
  - oldest group of organisms on Earth
  - oldest, structurally simplest, and most abundant forms of life on earth
* Bacteria are the only agents that are impacted by mass medication
  - major organisms associated with a wood condition called wetwood
  - prime colonizers of dead plants and roots
  - right size to get into the doorways of our cells
* Bacteria are the second most reported pathogens with Pseudomonas syringae heading the list
  - type of the major infectious agents
* Bacteria are the simplest, most primitive forms of life on Earth
  - smallest, and most abundant organisms on the planet
* Bacteria are the smallest all cell types, and have a very simple cellular structure
  - of microscopic organisms
  - possible organisms
* Bacteria are tiny enzyme factories
  - living organisms that are found everywhere
* Bacteria are tiny organisms that can only be seen by a very high-powered microscope
  - live in the body and the environment
  - tiny, bar-shaped life forms
* Bacteria are tiny, one-celled animals that can only be seen through a microscope
  - living organisms that can only be seen with a microscope
* Bacteria are too few to see in cleanly collected fresh urine from healthy animals
  - small to be seen without a microscope
  - true living cells and are larger than viruses
  - ubiquitous, and many possess a wide variety of complex biochemical pathways
* Bacteria are unable to attach, absorb nutrition, or replicate into colonies
  - decompose old vegetation until it is flat on the ground
* Bacteria are unicellular and most multiply by binary fission
* Bacteria are unicellular organisms and they help break down matter
  - of microscopic size that contain no nucleus
  - used in the preparation of medicines
  - useful to humans in many ways
* Bacteria are usually odourless and tasteless
  - secondary infectious agents that follow viral or mycobacterial infections
* Bacteria are usually the cause of the infection
  - source of infective endocarditis
  - versatile helpers in the laboratory
* Bacteria are very adaptable and readily change to develop resistance to antibiotics
  - different from viruses
* Bacteria are very good at sharing genes, including genes for antibiotic resistance
  - sticking around
* Bacteria are very important because of the the role they play in causing diseases in man
  - both to the world as a whole and to mankind in particular
  - for other organisms, because they break down organic matter
  - in the nitrogen cycle
  - promiscuous
  - resilient and have already developed resistance to many antibiotics
  - resistant to treatment
  - sensitive to environmental changes
  - small, one-celled plants that reproduce by simple fission
  - very, very tiny organisms that can be seen only under a microscope
  - well adapted to colonize even the harshest environments on earth
  - yet another type of microbial control agent
  - are, perhaps, the most successful life form on earth
  - assemble complex structures by targeting proteins to specific subcellular locations
* Bacteria attach to cilia in trachea,produce a toxin that destroys the cilia
  - surfaces by proteinaceous appendages referred to as fimbriae
* Bacteria become more deadly as they mutate to survive increasing potent drugs
  - resistant because of selection
* Bacteria become resistant to antibiotics through just two basic routes
  - the effects of antibiotics through a variety of methods
* Bacteria begin dying shortly after application to the seed
  - to colonise a clean tooth
  - behave differently as individuals than as part of a community
  - belong to the domain Bacteria
  - biodegrade rapidly in sunlight and saltwater
* Bacteria build up in the water makes it harder for the flowers to take up water
  - on the teeth can cause bad breath, gum disease, and tooth loss
  - up, as do the waste products of bacteria
  - build-up in the colon leads to halitosis
  - called salmonella are one of the most common causes of foodborne illness
* Bacteria can acquire resistance genes in several ways
  - actually breed in block carbon filters
  - adhere to the area around the urethra and multiply rapidly
  - affect people via television
* Bacteria can also acquire resistance
  - adapt to new environments
  - adhere to the membranes and create a biofilm
* Bacteria can also be chemotrophs
  - parasitic
  - cause infections secondary to viral bronchitis
  - come from damaged or poorly maintained septic systems
  - convert nitrogen in water so that the nitrogen can return to the atmosphere
  - develop resistance by random changes in their genetic makeup that is, by mutation
  - enter the bloodstream through the blood vessel located near the gums and teeth
  - exhibit chemotaxis, a response to chemicals
  - grow as filaments of cells
  - live on hands, kitchen towels, sponges, cutting boards, and knives
  - methylate heavy metals, most notoriously mercury to give dimethyl mercury
  - penetrate intact skin when sheep are shower or plunge dipped
  - receive little packages of foreign bacterial genes by way of a virus
  - remove sulfur from coal before it is burned and help clean up toxic dumps
  - scavenge DNA remnants from degraded, dead bacteria
  - sop up free-floating DNA, released when other cells die and break apart
  - transfer from the bloodstream from another infection
* Bacteria can be Anywhere
  - a risk, though, in both organic and conventional produce
  - all different shapes
  - autotroph or heterotroph
* Bacteria can be beneficial or harmful
  - to other organisms
  - biofilters to prevent airborne chemical pollutants from being vented into the air
  - dangerous for a ferret also
  - difficult to kill when protected inside the leaf
  - dormant for thousands of years
  - either autotrophic or heterotrophic
* Bacteria can be harmful to humans through outbreaks such as meningitis, pink eye, or food poisoning
* Bacteria can be on the outside of a shell egg
  - tea leaves
  - useful and harmful too
  - very much more difficult to kill off than molds and insects
* Bacteria can become resistant to an antibiotic that had previously been effective
  - antibiotic that was previously effective
* Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics as mutation occurs in the bacteria
  - by a. b. c. d. secreting antibiotics
  - in a variety of ways
  - when the drugs are used too often
  - antibiotics, making it difficult to treat the infection
  - trapped in the follicles and cause the follicles to swell
  - begin to form in a hurry when out in the out-door heat
* Bacteria can break down most types of organic matter and significant decomposer
  - the cellulose found in the cell walls of plants
  - the conjugate base salt of citrate into organic acids and carbon dioxide
  - breakdown hydrogen sulfide and use it as energy
* Bacteria can build up and cause infections
  - kidney and urinary problems can be a problem
* Bacteria can cause an embryo to die at any stage of development
  - colds, flu, respiratory infections and eye infections
  - food poisoning, foul and sour odors, and cause food to spoil quickly
  - infection in any portion of the urinary tract
  - inflammation of the gums
  - leaf spotting as on English ivy
  - many types of diseases including spots, blights, and soft rots
  - spoilage under ordinary conditions
  - clog stems, causing premature wilting
  - collect on clothing, blankets, walls, medical equipment
  - concentrate different minerals inside their tiny bodies
* Bacteria can contaminate improperly prepared or refrigerated food
  - meat by coming in contact with the meat surface
  - convert organic substances into other organic substances
  - create an acidic environment and increase chemical weathering
  - cure everything from fatal diseases to greasy potato chips
  - decompose just about any organic matter
* Bacteria can develop in stored food and they multiply the longer food is kept
  - watering systems like a lawn sprinkling system
  - resistance against both antibiotics and phages
* Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics in many ways
  - any antibiotic, given sufficient use
  - certain medications
  - easily move into the soft skin
* Bacteria can enter a plant wherever wounds occur
  - well by several different pathways
  - an egg through a crack
  - dry skin cracks, leading to infection
  - eggs through cracks in the shell
* Bacteria can enter the bloodstream during surgical procedures or dental work
  - through diseased gums
  - fish by openings made by parasites or when a fish is injured
  - food through the tiniest of holes or cracks
  - host body through the mouth, nostrils, cuts and bruises on the skin
  - system any time there break
  - evolve rapidly to adapt to environmental change
  - exchange genes quickly and reversibly
  - exist in many different types of environment, and can be either harmful or beneficial
  - flourish in concentrated urine
* Bacteria can form a to survive when environmental conditions are severe
  - biofilms or slimes
  - colonies, but each bacterium is more or less the same
  - in the water left in the pipes between baths
  - function in one of three modes
  - fuse and exchange plasmids and sometimes chromosome fragments
* Bacteria can get into our food in a variety of ways
  - the prostate via the blood system or from the urinary tract
* Bacteria can grow at low temperatures, actually becoming heat-resistant
  - room temperature
  - faster in warm weather
* Bacteria can grow in a bed of carbon
  - warm, airless area
  - extreme environments
* Bacteria can grow in the outer layers of the food before the inside thaws
  - thawed layers while the inside is still frozen
  - porosity of the concrete feeding off the sugars that soak in
* Bacteria can grow on damp cloth
  - the fibers used in the tampons
* Bacteria can grow on the outside of meats while defrosting if left out on a counter
  - of the meat
  - tooth surfaces in thick layers called plaque
* Bacteria can grow quickly at room temperature and cause food poisoning
  - in the stuffing , causing food borne illness
* Bacteria can grow rapidly in moist, low-acid foods such as eggs, milk, meat, fish, and poultry
  - on poultry at room temperature
  - to extremely high numbers in favorable environments such as detritus
* Bacteria can have more than one flagella
  - one or more flagella arranged in clumps or spread all over the cell
  - plasmids in addition to the DNA of the main chromosome
  - three distinctive shapes
  - hide anywhere, and they can collect on clothing, blankets, walls and medical equipment
* Bacteria can hide in grooves on wooden boards and multiply
  - the crevices, resist cleaning, and multiply
* Bacteria can hide in the grooves of wood and are difficult to get out
  - of wooden ones
  - wood fiber, making their complete removal impossible
  - wooden fibers
  - indeed take up DNA from their environment
* Bacteria can infect the heart valves
  - tissue surrounding partially erupted molars and cause gum disease
  - lead to illness and that is why a ban on shellfish harvest is in effect
  - leak from animals' intestines into the meat used for human consumption
  - live almost anywhere, true
* Bacteria can live in kitchen towels, sponges and clothes
  - or on almost every organism, both living and dead
  - some rather extreme environments
  - water, on casing pipe, in plumbing lines, or inside fixtures
  - on kitchen towels and sponges
  - lodge in the grooves of wooden cutting boards
  - measure change in conc
  - metabolize just about anything, including crude oil and even long-lived pesticides
* Bacteria can multiply dangerously in the outer layers before inner areas are thawed
  - in the human body almost indefinitely
  - on food surfaces while the center is still frozen
* Bacteria can multiply rapidly at room temperature
  - in stagnant and low-use water lines
  - rapidly, and that can lead to serious infection
  - very quickly
  - mutate within the human body
  - next invade the exposed pulp at the center of the tooth and destroy the nerve
  - obtain resistance through various mechanisms
  - only eat the watersoluble hydrocarbons
  - overwinter in the cankers and become active again in the spring
  - penetrate the damaged villi leading to bacteraemia in extreme cases
  - produce many copies of a specific gene by copying the plasmid that the gene is in
  - reach the pleural space by many routes
* Bacteria can remain alive and dangerous for more than two hours in the air
  - on towels and cloths, so wash linen often with clean water and soap
* Bacteria can reproduce both sexually and asexually
  - in macrophages
* Bacteria can reproduce outside of our bodies, or within our bodies as they cause infections
  - the body or within the body as they cause infections
  - serve as vectors in plant populations
  - spread during the processing of ground beef
* Bacteria can spread from one food to another
  - the sinuses to the eyes and brain nearby
  - into the bloodstream
  - start to grow inside a waiting, stuffed turkey
* Bacteria can survive in the soil for at least two years
  - inside the stuffing that is cooked, cooled and reheated
* Bacteria can survive on air, water, land, animals and plants
  - raw foods despite aggressive controls at the processing and retail levels
  - several years on infected corms and plant debris
  - very low temperatures
  - take as little as a few hours to reach their maximum numbers
  - then cause inflammation, resulting in blemishes
* Bacteria can thrive in any greasy excess left behind by the wrong leather care products
  - the bruised areas
* Bacteria can transfer genes from one cell to another with relative ease
  - to other bacteria
  - travel and infect the tissue surrounding prosthetic devices
  - use ammonia or urea as nitrogen sources to build amino acids
  - can' t grow inside the bacteriostatic carbon filters
  - can, and do
  - care for concrete
  - carry a single chromosome that is circular in structure
* Bacteria carry out chemosynthesis by converting inorganic hydrogen sulfide to organic nutrients
  - the decomposition or fermentation
  - carrying recombinant plasmids therefore form white colonies
  - cause S trep throat and most severe cases of ear infection
* Bacteria cause a soft rot and slimy decay, while fungi cause a dry and chalky rot
  - soft, slimy decay, while fungi cause a dry, chalky rot
  - disease by destroying living cells or by releasing chemicals that upset homeostasis
  - eye infections with pus
* Bacteria cause most ear and sinus infections, strep throat, and urinary tract infections
  - plague in coral reef
  - the inflammation
  - change frequently, so that drugs are no longer effective
  - changes all foods into acid
  - clean up our environment by feeding on toxic wastes, petroleum, and sewage
  - coat the disk and digest organics in the wastewater
* Bacteria colonize cilia of upper respiratory tract
  - hosts through the use of surface appendages termed fimbriae or pili
  - the sap causing the typical odor
  - virtually everything, including fish eggs
* Bacteria come in a variety of shapes and are impossible to see without a microscope
  - different shapes, such as round, spiral and rod-shaped
  - many sizes
  - three basic shapes
  - two forms - anaerobic and aerobic
  - comprise about one third of the dry weight
* Bacteria consist of cytoplasm and DNA surrounded by a cell membrane and cell wall
  - single cells and are much smaller than plant and animal cells
  - constantly sense and adapt to their environment by changing their gene expression
* Bacteria constitute a diverse and large group of organisms and grow almost everywhere on the planet
  - large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms
  - the prokaryotic organisms of the living world
* Bacteria contain a variety of deoxy- and dideoxy sugars made by similar processes
  - no organelles
* Bacteria contaminate just about everything, including wood and bone from archeological sites
  - the uterus of all cows during parturition
  - control the production of pathogenicity factors via quorum sensing
* Bacteria convert fish waste and excess food into ammonia
  - it to sulfuric acid
  - nitrogen to ammonium, and other bacteria convert ammonium to nitrate
  - some of the mercury that falls on wetlands, lakes and rivers to methylmercury
* Bacteria convert the ammonia to nitrite and then to nitrate, which the plants consume
  - waste nitrogen back to nitrogen gas, which returns to the atmosphere
  - cooperate much more than they compete
  - counts in sawdust bedding
* Bacteria create a sulphide-rich environment analogous to hydrothermal vents
  - an acid that gradually destroys the enamel of a tooth, forming a cavity
  - toxins which inflame and irritate gum tissue
  - decompose dead matter
* Bacteria decompose the dead algae and use up much or all of the oxygen in the water
  - fat anaerobically, emitting hydrogen sulfide
  - oils inside the whale's bones releasing energy
  - solids
  - definitely undergoes horizontal gene transfer
  - degrade high molecular weight PAHs from soil to obtain energy
  - demonstrate several types of taxis
  - depend on outside agents for dispersal
  - devastatingly affect the health of people
* Bacteria develop resistance, and scientists are discovering just how fast that occurs
  - their resistances as a natural course of multiplication and growth
  - die quickly without a moist environment
* Bacteria differ from all other organisms
  - archaea in several features of cell structure and chemical makeup
  - differentiate as they alight on a surface, expressing a distinct phenotype
  - digest the sludge to produce methane gas
  - display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies
* Bacteria divide by binary fission , a process by which one bacterium splits into two
  - splitting in half
  - cells by binary fusion
* Bacteria do a lot of different things in seawater
  - increase in size a bit but growth is an increase in the number of cells
  - their work in the mouth, lungs, sinuses, and stomach
  - vary greatly in size
  - very well at that temperature and grow to dangerous levels very quickly
  - what they do best mutate changing to adapt to new conditions in their environment
  - don t have physical characteristics easily identified
  - doubles as it reproduces
  - duplicate through binary fission, which form of asexual reproduction
  - easily take up plasmids of many kinds
* Bacteria eat and bacteria digest foods
  - away at the organic material
  - dead plants and animals that wash into the sea and excrete methane
  - the dead algae consuming oxygen in the process
  - employ similar strategies to keep antibiotics at bay
* Bacteria enter leaf stomates or wounds on leaves, twigs or fruit
  - only through wounds
  - plants through wounds or natural openings
* Bacteria enter the body through a cut or sore
  - failure of natural defensive barriers
  - feet with moisture from the underside of the foot
  - plant through blossoms, fresh wounds or natural openings
  - skin after an abrasion occurs
  - urethra, or urine tube, that enters the bladder, and set up shop
  - urinary tract through the urethra and spread up to the kidneys
  - their host through wounds or small openings
* Bacteria enter through abrasions into the skin on the lower part of the foot
  - open wounds from boring insects, mechanical damage, or poor pruning
  - skin abrasions or via eyes, nose or mouth
* Bacteria enter through the nipple and cause an infection
  - urethra and spread upward to the bladder causing infection
  - wounds, stomata or other natural openings
  - via cuts and abrasions
* Bacteria entering the blood stream can build up on heart valves and in the kidneys and liver
  - middle ear from the nose or throat are the major culprit
* Bacteria escape from the bubo and spread to other organs
  - into the abdomen where peritonitis, or an abscess, can develop
  - eventually lyse, resulting in death of the cell
  - evolve in response to what's happening in their environment
* Bacteria excrete their waste from the cytoplasm
  - via a semi-permeable membrane
  - exhibit rudimentary personalities
  - exist as single prokaryotic cells
* Bacteria exist everywhere and can be quickly moved from one source to another
  - in nature
  - everywhere, inside and on our bodies
  - in environments, and respond
* Bacteria exist on Earth which produce their own magnetic materials
  - the skin and in the fish intestine
  - face a variety of environmental conditions and stressful situations
  - fall into four functional groups
  - favor poor soil aeration and induced compaction out-competing the fungi by hypoxia
* Bacteria feed on dying material and convert it back into basic substances
  - leftover food particles in the mouth and produce acid, which causes decay
* Bacteria feed on the lactose in milk and produce lactic acid as a waste product
  - the milk and produce lactic acid
  - sugars in the large intestine and produce gas
  - feeding on the dead plant material use up the oxygen in the water
  - ferment it, producing bloating
* Bacteria first enter the nose or throat and then travel up the tubes of the ear
  - have a cell wall
  - float in the mists of coughs and sneezes
  - flourish in the large intestine
* Bacteria form a biomatrix that affects ecology and geology in profound ways
  - domain of prokaryotic cells that contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls
  - natural biopolymer that aid in settling
  - the greatest part of the epiphytic microflora
  - frequently enter the skin through a wound, causing inflammation of the wound
* Bacteria generally cause blights during wet weather in early spring when buds are breaking
  - serious pneumonia, either as primary or as secondary invaders
  - genome fingerprinting by flow cytometry
* Bacteria get below the surface of the skin, usually by some sort of break in the skin
  - in the blood stream and affect the liver and kidneys
  - their energy in a variety of ways
  - give off enzymes that break down proteins and starches
  - glue the clays, silts and sands together into microaggregates
* Bacteria grow and multiply extremely slowly, inhibition takes week Antibiotic resistance
  - reproduce more quickly when they are warm, than when they are cold
  - best at room temperature
* Bacteria grow best in a moist environment
  - an environment that is neutral or slightly acidic
  - fast in ground beef
  - faster if they feed each other
* Bacteria grow faster in partially cooked foods
  - the warm summer months
  - warmer weather, so food can spoil more quickly and possibly cause illness
  - under gloved than ungloved hands
* Bacteria grow in a wide variety of habitats and conditions
  - abundance, spread, and mutate as well
  - capillaries
  - colonies, surrounding themselves with a polysaccaride slime
* Bacteria grow in the clogged pores
  - mixture of oil and cells in the follicle
  - oxidation tanks to consume organic material in the wastewater
  - soil and become airborne when disturbed, possibly by construction
  - vagina of a normal, healthy woman
  - inside the blocked pore and breakdown the oil causing inflammation
  - more quickly on foods held at the wrong temperature
* Bacteria grow on and in soil, plants, animals and humans
  - some types of food more easily than others
  - surfaces with lots of organic matter
* Bacteria grow on the filter material
  - packing material, and then they eat and remove most of the odorous chemicals
  - toothbrush
  - only in liquids or moist sub- stances
* Bacteria grow quickly at room temperature
  - slowly at low temperatures and multiply rapidly at mid-range temperatures
  - tremendously fast when supplied with an abundance of nutrients
* Bacteria grow very rapidly, and the mutations that arise can be maintained
  - slowly at cold temperatures and are destroyed by heat
* Bacteria grow, causing an infection
  - the oil to become irritating and increasing the pressure inside the pimple
  - growing in food cause gastrointestinal illness and in some cases even death
* Bacteria growing in food produce a toxin that is extremely resistant to heat
  - toxin tht is extremely resistant to heat
  - have a bad reputation in people's minds
* Bacteria have a cell membrane and a cell wall
  - cytoplasmic membrane much like that of eukaryotes
  - linear death rate, rather than logarithmic death rate
  - nucleiod region with no membrane around the nuclear material
  - number of stages to the life cycle , as detailed below
  - prokaryote cell type
  - similar population control effect on insect populations
  - unique compound in their cell walls called peptidoglycan
  - wide range of envronmental and nutritive requirements
  - an important function in the Bay
  - another advantage when it comes to longevity
  - different origins
  - distinct amino acids in some of the proteins they produce
  - enzymes to fix the damage created by UV light
  - essential roles in the nitrogen cycle
  - flagella with a different microtubule structure than the flagella of eukaryotes
  - genetic exchanges but now and then
* Bacteria have no cholesterol
  - one circular chromosome
  - only one cell each
  - perhaps the greatest influence in the soil environment of all organisms
  - prokaryotic cells with no nucleus
  - ranges of temperatures in which they can grow, and also specific environments
  - receptors to many environmental stimuli
* Bacteria have several hundred to several thousand genes
  - ways of exchanging genetic information with one another
  - short generation times , easily-sequenced genomes, and well understood biology
* Bacteria have the ability to colonize an unfriendly planet like the Hadean Earth
  - shuffle genes through several processes
  - their own population explosion going
  - to duplicate their DNA before dividing
  - two self-serving functions in working on organic remains
  - usually one circular chromosome
  - varied metabolic capabilities
  - help break down the solids into sludge
* Bacteria help to decompose the excretions of the raccoon
  - turn rotting plant and animal matter into soil nutrients essential for plants
  - turn milk into yogurt and cheese
  - here break down tough grasses and plants
* Bacteria however can grow back through the tubing in a few hours
  - produce a great deal of sulphide which in turn produces the rotten egg smell
  - infect plant via wounds
  - infest the rotting vegetation, crustaceans, fly maggots and later duck carcasses
  - inhibit biosynthesis of bone matrix proteins in human osteoblasts
  - initiate decomposition of plants
  - instead use sulfur compounds as an energy source, via chemosynthesis
* Bacteria invade a lesion on the foot
  - intestinal mucose and multiply
  - lymph nodes, which swell, creating the buboes
* Bacteria invade the surrounding structures
  - victim's lungs, which fill with frothy bloody liquid
  - involved include the anaerobic spp
* Bacteria just appear as dark dots
  - appears as light or dark dots
  - killed by normal cooking, but heat-resistant spore can survive
  - known as salmonella typhi causes high fever
* Bacteria lack a nucleus, so division and exchange of genetic material is simpler
  - the cytoplasmic organelles commonly found in the eukaryotes
  - latch onto a surface by attaching to tacky proteins
  - lead a simple life
  - leave few fossils
* Bacteria like to attach in the little grooves and crevices
  - grow in dark sugary places
* Bacteria live and feed in the plaque and produce gum and bone infection, pain, and bad breath
  - grow in damp conditions
  - for food, especially if the food is within a certain temperature range
* Bacteria live in a mixture of liquids and solids, called a suspension
  - modified digestive tract of worm
  - our intestines and fungi feed on the dead skin cells in our hair
  - inside the bodies of nearly every organism on earth
  - inside, cleaning the water while requiring only yearly cleaning
  - intercellularly and are phagocytized periodically by amoebocytes
  - nearly everywhere, and include organisms that cause diseases
* Bacteria live on everyone's skin and normally cause no problems
  - our skin, on surfaces, etc
  - throughout the marine environment
  - within the nodules and absorb nutrients from the host plant
* Bacteria living in hot springs are unable to grow at the temperature of the human body
  - the mouth eat sugar, make acid, and decay teeth
  - on lupine roots enrich the sequoias soil with nitrogen from the air
* Bacteria love a warm, moist place to grow
  - dirty utensils, sponges, dishcloths, plates, cutting boards and unwashed hands
  - lower the pH by metabolizing the sugar to acids
* Bacteria make possible the digestion of foods in many kinds of animals
  - themselves silicon jackets
  - toxins that can damage the cells they've invaded
* Bacteria make up a major part of the world's biomass
  - most of the flora in the colonUniversity of Glasgow
  - one large, prokaryotic domain
* Bacteria make up the base of the food web in many environments
  - entire kingdom
  - group which biologists call monera
  - largest group of microorganisms
  - useful models for studying electron transport
  - mediate geochemical cycles that support the activity of the entire marine food chain
  - metabolize the lactose, producing gas and acid products
  - move by using their flagella to propel themselves around
* Bacteria multiply by simple fission or division
  - exponentially in practically no time
  - most rapidly at room temperature
* Bacteria multiply quickly at room temperature
  - in raw meat juices
* Bacteria multiply rapidly at room temperature to produce a toxin that causes illness
* Bacteria mutate and multiply quickly and can become resistant to antibiotics
  - never enter plants directly
* Bacteria normally break down glucose to generate energy for cells
  - live in the vagina
  - obtain carbon from the plants and in return provide fixed nitrogen, specifically, ammonia
* Bacteria occupy every imaginable niche
  - the ecological niche provided by both the tooth surface and gingival epithelium
  - occur in several shapes
* Bacteria often feed on dead protists
  - find their way into our blood in the midst of our normal day
  - grow in poultry products, foods made with eggs, or cream products
  - like to live on surfaces
  - produce toxins that poison the cells they have invaded
  - release toxic free radicals as a defence against attack by leukocytes
  - shed little bits of their outer covering
  - surround themselves with mucilaginous coats
  - outweigh all other organisms lumped together
  - partially decompose and liquefy the solids
  - participate in a. nitrogen fixation
* Bacteria pass through a small orifice and their passage is monitored by a voltage change
  - their intestines and cycle through the environment
  - with fecal waste which frequently contaminates the litter
  - penetrate the mucosal barrier and invade the bloodstream
  - pervade every gallon of every sea, and they have a monumental effect on ocean chemistry
  - pick up resistance genes from other bacteria, and they do it easily and often
* Bacteria play a critical role in disease, agriculture, and ecological processes
  - crucial role in just about everything
  - major, multi-step role in the cycle
  - number of other roles in the mangal
  - significant role in ecosystems
  - very important role in the digestive processes of many animals
  - vital role in converting waste to energy
  - additional important roles in most biogeochemical cycles
* Bacteria play an important function in the Bay
  - part in the nitrogen cycle
* Bacteria play an important role in helping to break down nutrients into a form that plants can use
  - increasing rice and fish production
  - the marine biogeochemical cycles
  - important roles in the global ecosystem
  - major roles in both the oxidative and reductive sides of the sulfur cycle
  - many roles in the environment
  - there the same role as plants on terra firma - the role of primary producers
  - pool their exploratory discoveries via long-distance chemical communication
  - possess a wide array of defense mechanisms in an effort to avoid destruction
* Bacteria possess porins that allow access of bet-lactams to the target enzymes
  - of penicillins to the target enzymes
  - various morphologies including coccus, bacillus, coccobacillus, and other shapes
  - potentially face a wide variety of environmental conditions
* Bacteria produce a toxin that causes illness
  - disese by enymatic destruction of plant cells and by secretion of toxic substances
  - endotoxins that cause disease
  - enzymes which digest the surrounding medium Bacteria reproduce by cell division
  - haploid gametes that undergo fertilization
  - highly colored by-products such as tetrachloroazobenzene
  - nearly half of the oxygen found in the atmosphere
  - siderophores to chelate insoluble iron and transport it to the cell
* Bacteria produce the methane as waste when they consume organic matter
  - sticky, soft, colorless substance known as plaque
  - two diffrent ways, sexually and asexually
  - produced by fission are identical to the parent cell
  - promote inflammation, which causes the redness associated with pimples
* Bacteria propel themselves through water using tiny rotating helical screws, like a ship
  - using flagella , filaments propelled by a true rotary motor
  - protect their own DNA by a process called methylation
  - provide humans with a number of services
  - rapidly colonize and modulate the healing of gastric ulcers in rats
* Bacteria remain bacteria and viruses remain viruses
  - inside the foot
  - the largest phylum
* Bacteria replicate by binary fision
  - themselves by dividing in two
  - represent the oldest known group of organisms
  - reproduce a lot differently than viruses
* Bacteria reproduce asexually by a process called binary fission
  - fission in which the cell divides into two parts
  - at amazing speed
  - by a process called binary fission, one cell divides and becomes two
* Bacteria reproduce by asexual means
  - binary fission A
  - dividing to produce two new cells
  - fission to make clones of genetically identical cells
  - the process of binary fission
  - faster in a more acid environment
  - normally for many generations as vegetative cells
  - primarily by asexual reproduction
  - quickly, and adapt rapidly to the environment in which they find themselves
  - rapidly if conditions are right for growth
  - through cell division
  - using a process called binary fission
* Bacteria reproduce very quickly
  - rapidly if resources are readily available
* Bacteria require a higher aw than yeasts, which in turn require a higher aw than molds
  - moist soil conditions for proper growth
  - phosphorus for their necessary life functions
  - reside in pockets caused by bone loss where the teeth are attached
  - resist NO, the best characterised mechanism being via the activities of flavohaemoglobins
  - retain nutrients first in their biomass, and second, in their metabolic by-products
  - rides on humans' hands and tends to follow everyone outdoors
  - seem to keep fungi at bay, notably various species of Candida
  - share their information, their cellular memory, with the entire community of bacteria
  - simply have no place to attach, and if they do, the body can kill the bacteria promptly
  - spreads to the brain and spinal cord from an infection in another part of the body
* Bacteria start appearing as soon as the baby starts feeding
  - the process of decaying organic matter
  - to decay the insect , and release nutrients from the corpse
  - stick to the teeth and form a sticky, colorless film called plaque
  - subvert their membranes And plunder the inner sanctum
  - suffer from viral infections, and have developed successful defense mechanisms
  - surround the vent and create an energy source for all the other creatures in the ecosystem
* Bacteria survive by converting dung into methane plus energy
  - developing a natural resistance to their enemies
  - for days or even weeks in moist conditions, but only for a few hours in salt water
* Bacteria survive in dead taproots and stems
  - the knots and are readily washed off at all times of the year
  - much better on the moist type of transport swabs
  - well on skin and clothes and in human hair
* Bacteria swim by rotating their flagellar filaments
  - using rotary motors to turn helical filaments extending from their surfaces
* Bacteria take a lot of minerals out, too
  - in tiny particles of mercury, combining it with methane to produce methyl mercury
  - time to digest most gyro carbons
* Bacteria tend to cause a yellow, more liquid and often unpleasant smelling discharge
  - grow themselves
  - stick to and colonize foreign bodies or dead tissue in the human body
  - use simpler organic compounds, such as root exudates or fresh plant residue
* Bacteria then destroy most of the remaining organic material in the effluent
  - forms in the pores, causing red, inflamed bumps, filled with a small amount of pus
  - infect endothelial cells of blood stream, most evident in capillaries
  - produce acid, which rots the teeth and causes gum inflammation
  - remove the carbon, converting the acids into ammonia
  - thrive in the thick, sticky mucus
  - therefore can accumulate in contaminated food stored in the refrigerator
* Bacteria thrive and multiply easily in the areas around each bracket
* Bacteria thrive in dark, warm, wet places, and a fluid-filled ear is an ideal breeding ground
  - higher temperatures
* Bacteria thrive in the cow's rumen
  - hot, humid climate
* Bacteria thrive in warm, moist conditions
  - moist, high-protein foods
  - on many different types of food
  - travel from the vagina through the cervix and then into the reproductive organs
  - turn to endospore when they undergo stress , such as increase in heat or lack of nutrient
* Bacteria typically contain multiple chromosomes
  - reproduce by an asexual process called binary fission
* Bacteria use a two-component signaling system to communicate with each other and the outside world
  - acid to dissolve tooth structure as the integral part of the de cay infection
* Bacteria use all available oxygen
  - the oxygen in the bottom layer of water to rot the bodies
  - hemolysin to put holes in our membranes
  - hydrogen sulfide chemosynthesis
  - nitrogen from the air to make compounds
* Bacteria use oxygen as part of the decomposition process
  - to convert organic waste to carbon dioxide, water, and more bacteria
  - several systems to obtain nutrients from other organisms in the environments
  - sulfate or sulfide forms
  - the cell membrane
* Bacteria usually cause epididymitis
  - form large communities within their niche and replicate very rapidly
  - gain access to the bladder by way of the urethra
  - grow faster in consortia than they do alone
  - proliferate, or reproduce, at exponential rates
* Bacteria usually reproduce by fission
  - simply dividing in two
  - transfer genes which are antibiotic resistant from one another through plasmids
* Bacteria vary greatly in their nutritional requirements
  - in size as much as in shape
  - widely in size and shape , but in general are at least ten times larger than viruses
+ Carnivorous plant, Evolution: Flowering plants
  * Hairy leaves do catch and hold drops of rainwater, which helps bacterial growth. Insects land on the leaf, are caught by the surface tension of the water, and suffocate. Bacteria start to decay the insect, and release nutrients from the corpse. The plant then absorbs the nutrients through its leaves. This 'leaf feeding' can be found in many non-carnivorous plants. Rainwater can be retained by cupping the leaf, leading to pitfall traps. Alternatively, insects can be caught by making the leaf stickier, leading to flypaper traps.
+ Endospore: Biochemistry
  * Endospores are structures made by bacteria for survival purposes. Bacteria turn to endospore when they undergo stress, such as increase in heat or lack of nutrient. This process is known as sporulation. Endospores are small rounded, resting cells that form inside bacteria when conditions become unbearable.
  * Almost all bacteria are so tiny they can only be seen through a microscope. Bacteria are made up of one cell, so they are a kind of 'unicellular organism'. They are among the simplest single-celled organisms on Earth, and were one of the earliest forms of life. They include a number of extremophiles who live in extreme habitats.
+ Gut flora: Microbiology :: Physiology
  * Bacteria make up most of the flora in the colonUniversity of Glasgow. Available through web archive. Fungi and protozoa also make up a part of the gut flora, but little is known about their activities.
+ Malaria: Diseases spread by insects :: Parasites :: Apicomplexa
  * The parasite that causes malaria is a protozoan called 'Plasmodium'. Protozoa are organisms with only one cell, but they are not bacteria. Bacteria are smaller and simpler than protozoa.
+ Unicellular organism, Observations: Microbiology
  * You can observe the larger unicellular organisms by using a compound microscope. Bacteria just appear as dark dots. To gather unicellular organisms for observation, one can place a cover slip on the surface of pond water, and leave it overnight. By the next morning, numerous unicellular organisms will have grown entire colonies on the bottom of the slip.