### beginning | fertilization:

Double fertilization
* Most double fertilization provides nourishment.
* Some double fertilization occurs in angiosperms.
* is unique to angiosperms.
* means both sperm fertilize.
* process unique to angiosperms.
* produces a zygote and endosperm, a nutritive tissue.
* results in production.
* special derived trait of the flowering plants.

Excessive fertilization
* Some excessive fertilization stimulates growth.
* can also lead to blossom drop
  - waste money and contribute to environmental pollution
  - create noxious algal blooms
  - predispose peaches to severe bacterial spot infections
* causes the plants to grow large and tilt in the pots.

External fertilization
* occurs outside an animal's body
  - the body of the female
* occurs when sperm meet the egg outside of the body
  - the sperm and egg combine outside of the organism

### beginning | fertilization:

Internal fertilization
* Some internal fertilization occurs in foxes
  - mammals
  - red foxes
* is most common among terrestrial animals.
* occurs and one or more egg mass is laid and attached to submerged vegetation
  - in mammals, insects, birds, reptiles
* occurs inside the body of the female
  - female body in terrestrial or land animals
  - mainly in cartilaginous fishes
  - when sperm meet the egg inside the body cavity of a female
  - within an animal's body
* results in fewer zygotes a.
* takes place after insemination of a female by a male through copulation
  - in hens also
  - when the male and female copulate

Nitrogen fertilization
* Some nitrogen fertilization results in disorder.
* appears to increase ergovaline levels in endophyte-infected fescue.
* enhances the water use efficiency of forage plants.
* is critical to achieve high production.
* is required for maintaining golf turf
  - optimum hay, pasture or seed yields in most areas
* stimulates germination
  - herbivory by snowshoe hares in the boreal forest
  - seed germination

Proper fertilization
* helps to invigorate affected trees.
* is also an important component of good shelf life.
* produces healthy large leaved plants.
* promotes deep roots and drought tolerance.
* stimulates plant growth, increases fruit size, and boosts total production.

Random fertilization
* has no effect on the overall genetic structure of a population.
* is when each gamete has a unique set combination of genes.

Successful fertilization
* requires that sperm interact with the egg or oocyte in specific ways.
* results in pregnancy.
* triggers pregnancy.

First step
* are beginnings.
* cause variation.
* involve actions.

Housing start
* is an indication of consumer confidence in making long term financial commitments.
* measure the number of units permitted that actually start construction.
* represent the number of dwellings for which construction has begun during a period.

Human birth
* is full of suffering.
* is the rarest among all living beings
  - of all births
* purely animal process.

Icebreaker
* are activities conducted near the beginning of a session
  - companies
  - ships
* make sure that ships move whatever the weather.
* use air reconnaissance, when available, to locate leads and open water.

### beginning | icebreaker:

Huge icebreaker
* work to keep a path open so ships can reach the port.
+ Arctic, The Arctic today
  * Russia has a huge port city right in Lapland, within the Arctic Circle. Murmansk is the largest city north of the Arctic Circle. The port is kept ice-free by the warm waters of the Gulf Stream coming up around Norway and Sweden from the South Atlantic. Huge icebreakers work to keep a path open so ships can reach the port. The port ships out fish, minerals, and lumber to Russia and the rest of the world.

Inauguration
* are beginnings
  - initiations
  - times of beginning
* define presidents and their times.