### protein:

Antibody
* All antibodies are immune globulins
  - monospecific within a species
  - proteins known as gammaglobulins, or, more specifically, as immunoglobulins
  - belong to a special group of serum proteins, the immunoglobulins
  - bind to the streptavidin without interfering with the biotin-binding reaction
* Antibodies act as flexible adapters mediating the adherence of infectious agents to phagocytes
  - in several ways
  - to protect the body from infections such as bacteria and viruses
* Antibodies affect functions
  - lymphocyte functions
  - pregnancy
  - subsequent pregnancy
* Antibodies also appear in mother's milk that protect the baby before it can protect itself
  - cause viruses to clump together, which helps macrophages to engulf the pathogens
  - help bring in a large number of phagocytes which remove the antigen
  - inhibit the enzyme activity synergistically
  - leave behind traces of the virus for which they function as antidote
  - ambush antigens circulating in the bloodstream
  - appear in animals
* Antibodies are a group of proteins known as immunoglobulins
  - major category of biotechnology products being tested in human clinical trials
  - part of the immune system that the body produces to help fight off diseases
  - absolutely necessary for complement activation
  - against bacteria
* Antibodies are also large molecules similar in size to that of an enzyme
  - very important tools used in medicine and science
  - an essential part of the immune system, the other being killer cells
  - antigen specific
  - blood proteins that the body makes in response to infection
  - capable of a. neutralizing toxins
  - cells that fight viruses in the body before the virus endangers a person s health
  - certain kinds of proteins that circulate in our blood
* Antibodies are chemicals produced by a kind of white blood cell
  - that circulate in the blood and attack specific antigens
* Antibodies are crucial elements in the immune defence of humans and other mammals
  - in combatting many extrancellular infections
  - custom designed to neutralize or disintegrate one specific type of antigen
  - disease-fighters which give the baby extra protection against germs
* Antibodies are disease-fighting proteins that the immune system creates in response to an infection
  - substances that circulate in the bloodstream
  - effective in a number of ways
  - excellent diagnostic tools as they are monospecific for a protein
  - globular proteins
  - glycoproteins that are secreted by B-cells in response to specific antigens
  - goodies and bacteria are baddies
  - hard to purify
* Antibodies are highly selective and attack only one type of virus
  - specific proteins in the immune systems of complex organisms
  - how the immune system reacts to substances that affect it adversely
* Antibodies are immune cells that fight off infections in healthy people
  - system proteins that recognize a particular substance
  - important proteins produced by the body's immune system to fight disease
  - like heat-seeking missiles that zero in on a particular virus and kill it
  - markers that are produced by the body after the virus enters the blood stream
  - molecular structures that the body produces naturally to fight infection
* Antibodies are molecules generated by the immune system to help fight infection
  - in the immune system that help the body fight infection
  - that attach themselves to cells infected by a specific pathogen
  - much smaller than bacteria in physical size
  - natural proteins found in blood and body secretions which protect against infection
  - often very selective, acting only on one particular substance or type of microbe
  - one type of substance the body produces to fight off infectious agents
  - our body's natural defense to invaders
* Antibodies are part of the acquired or specific branch of the immune system
  - body's natural defences which fight infections and viruses
  - bodys defense system against viruses
* Antibodies are part of the specific immune system
  - immunity
* Antibodies are produced by organisms
  - the body against the protein
  - to fight off future invaders
  - protective substances that the body produces in defense against infectious diseases
* Antibodies are protein molecules that the body uses to fight infection
  - substances that react against bacteria and other harmful material
* Antibodies are proteins found in blood and lymph
  - in the blood that help protect the body from disease
* Antibodies are proteins made by the immune system to fight off foreign substances
  - produced by B cells that bind to antigens and promote antigen destruction
* Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system to fight a specific germ
  - that a person's immune system makes to fight germs
* Antibodies are proteins that are measured in the blood
  - part of the body's natural defence against infection
* Antibodies are proteins that are produced by B lymphocytes in the immune system
  - by a. macrophages
  - can attach to the surfaces of bacteria and viruses
  - circulate in the body and defend the body from harm
  - defend against bacteria and viruses found in body fluids
  - have the ability to bind antigens
  - move throughout the blood stream to fight foreign, harmful substances
  - play a key role in the body's immune system
  - react with specific germs
* Antibodies are proteins that the body develops in response to a specific virus or disease
  - normally makes to fight infection
  - produces to fight off foreign invaders
* Antibodies are proteins which are normally directed against foreign substances such as bacteria
  - produced by the immune system in response to some stimulus
  - attach to the invader so that the body can identify and kill it
  - help the goat kid fight diseases
  - proteins, which recognise molecular shapes or epitopes known as antigens
  - small proteins which target special markers on the surface of certain types of cells
* Antibodies are special defensive proteins that normally fight off infections in healthy individuals
  - proteins, which inactivate antigens
* Antibodies are specific for only one antigen
  - reagents to bind to plant calreticulin proteins
  - structurally unrelated to the humoral factors found in invertebrates
* Antibodies are substances in the blood plasma that fight infections
  - that destroy bacteria, viruses or other harmful agents
  - produced in response to bacteria, viruses and allergens
* Antibodies are substances that develop in the blood to help fight infection
  - form in the blood when germs enter the body
  - the body itself produces in response to an infection
* Antibodies are the bodies way of fighting infection
  - body's protectors
  - circulating defense agents of the immune system
  - key element in the adaptive immune system
  - long distance smart bombs of the immune system
  - products of B cells
  - therefore key elements in all vertebrate immune systems
* Antibodies are usually highly specific to certain proteins
  - specific, combining only with antigens Of a particular kind
  - very important to protect against rabies
  - what is found on a blood test
  - associated with infections, drugs, or neoplasia tend to have IgM more than IgG isotype
* Antibodies attach foreign bodies to prevent infection
  - themselves to viruses
  - to mast cells
* Antibodies attack foreign and infectious agents called antigens
  - specific germs that they have been in contact with before
  - the sperm and eggs and prevent fertilisation
  - begin to develop within a few days of infection
* Antibodies belong to a family of large molecules known as immunoglobulins
  - the immunoglobulin family
* Antibodies bind directly to intact antigens that are part of larger structures, such as viruses
  - primarily to the products of the envelope gene
  - that specific antigen and immobilize it, preventing it from causing infection
  - the fragments together and help precipitate the fragments out of solution
* Antibodies bind to and often inactivate antigens
  - antigens and reduce the latter's ability to disrupt body functions
  - epitopes on the surface of proteins
  - organisms via their Fab region
  - sites
  - surface antigen and cells fluoresce when illuminated with ultraviolet light
* Antibodies bind to the metal-chelator complex
  - protein, then call in macrophages and monocytes
* Antibodies can also better tolerate more neutral pH levels
  - cause a false positive test for syphilis
  - neutralise bacteria
  - alter cell behavior through a number of mechanisms
  - attach specifically to very small parts of the complex
  - become very low in patients on azathiopnine for a long time
* Antibodies can bind to and, in turn, destroy certain antigens
  - antigens forming insoluble substances that drop out of the solution
  - have different properties
  - help the body to develop immunity to a disease
  - kill bacteria, and some antiviral medications can slow down viral activity
  - limit the availability of transfusion at times when blood can be life-saving
  - pass from mother to child via the placenta
  - recognize the chiral center of free -amino acids
  - work in several ways, depending on the nature of the antigen
  - circulate in bloodstreams
* Antibodies circulate in the blood to protect against infection
  - bloodstream and are present in almost all bodily fluids
  - coat viral cells, activating the complement deposition and eventually killing the virus
  - combat the microorganisms
* Antibodies combine with and inactivate the foreign invaders, thus protecting the body
  - antigen to cause many other reactions as well
* Antibodies come from plasma cells and are produced by B cells
  - in different classes, based on the constant region structure
  - consist of a light chain and a heavy chain
  - contain two pairs of protein chains
  - create opportunity
  - defend the body by destroying or weakening bacteria
  - designed to attack the virus also attack the receptors on the cell, killing the cells
* Antibodies destroy harmful micro-organisms
* Antibodies enhance ability
  - spinal nerve regrowth
* Antibodies exist as one or more copies of a Y-shaped unit, composed of four polypeptide chains
  - to hair follicles and hair that has fallen out resembles a rejected organ
  - facilitate the antiviral effort in a number of ways
  - form against the red blood cells
  - formed within the body begin to attack the body's own tissues
  - function in serum in a concentration-dependent manner
* Antibodies have a 'variable region' in their structure
  - broad research and clinical applications
  - many useful purposes, in addition to protection against disease
  - same real energy content and same internal apparent energy
  - the intrinsic capacity to destroy antigens
  - two antigen binding sites
  - help destroy the foreign substance
* Antibodies help eliminate germ in many ways
  - infectious microorganisms in the body
  - fight infections, thus producing immunity to the infecting organism
  - protect the body against certain diseases
  - the body fight viruses , bacteria, and other foreign substances
  - hold promise in the treatment of cancer
  - immobilize and destroy their specific antigens
  - includes atoms
* Antibodies includes chemical chain
  - indicate that the body is mounting an immune response to the virus
* Antibodies inhibit prion propagation and clear cell cultures of prion infectivity
  - the protease-mediated processing of a malaria merozoite surface protein
  - lack a transmembrane domain
  - leap into action, sticking to the allergens and causing mast cells to release histamine
  - live long and prosper
  - lock onto the outer surface proteins of a virus and prevent it from entering host cells
* Antibodies neutralize bacterial toxins by covering their active sites
  - specific pathogens and prevent spread of infection and reinfection
* Antibodies often persist for months or years following successfully treated or untreated infection
  - long after the symptoms have disappeared
  - play a key role in many allergies
* Antibodies prevent diseases
* Antibodies protect babies
  - fetuses
* Antibodies provide immunity
  - one of the mainstays of contemporary molecular and biological research
  - passive immunity
  - rally immune cells to attack a threat
* Antibodies react with allergens, such as pollen or house dust
  - cellular proteins
  - pollen, causing histamine to be released in the blood
  - reacting near physiologic temperatures are more likely to be clinically important
  - recognise antigens on the pathogen
  - recognize specific antigens
  - represent the most diverse and structurally studied family of proteins
  - respond to antigens by latching on to, or binding with, the antigens
  - seek out and bind to certain specific proteins
  - stick out from cell surface
* Antibodies then are specific binding sites, because they only bind one kind of antigen
  - bind to the bacteria
  - travel through the bloodstream and fight a particular disease
* Antibodies usually appear in the blood about two weeks after the animal becomes infected
  - indicate a thyroid that is in the process of autoimmune failure
* Every antibody has two identical binding sites for antigen determinants
  - produced by the immune system is programmed to respond to a specific allergen
* Most antibodies affect functions
* Most antibodies are gamma globulins
* Most antibodies bind to proteins
* Most antibodies destroy pathogen
  - have ability
* Most antibodies prevent diseases
* Most antibodies protect babies
* Most antibodies provide immunity
* Most antibodies react with cellular proteins
* Some antibodies accumulate in bones
  - activate the complement system which then acts to burst the pathogen
* Some antibodies are produced by animals
  - intestines
* Some antibodies attack heart valves
  - villuses
  - bind to residues
  - cause health problems
* Some antibodies combine with antigen
  - parasite antigen
* Some antibodies derive from chimpanzees
  - snakes
* Some antibodies destroy bacteria
* Some antibodies enter brains
  - fetal brains
  - inhibit phagocytosis
  - lead to death
  - pass through, giving the foetus passive immunity
* Some antibodies prevent allergic reaction
  - protect infants
  - recognize an epitope that spans secondary or tertiary protein structure
  - reduce accumulation
* Some antibodies show apparent cleavages
* aldolases with enzymic rates but broader scope.
* binds human factor IX in immunoblotting procedures.
* binds human plasminogen and human recombinant angiostatin in immunoblotting procedures
  - recombinant human angiostatin in immunoblotting procedures
  - soluble antigen
* blocks specific antigen on the virus surface that is responsible for hemmaglutination.
* clears senile plaques.
* complexes with extracellular antigen, seen in malaria and schistosomiasis.
* correlates of infection and symptomatology.
* disappears following gluten withdrawal.
* is soluble and diffuses through tissues to target extracellular micro-organisms.
* libraries on filamentous bacteriophage.
* prevents virus reactivation within the central nervous system.
* reactivities specific for digoxin
  - tetanus toxoid
* responses to DNA vaccinations of horses using the influenza virus hemagglutin gene
  - ganglio-series gangliosides in different strains of inbred mice
  - meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine in adults without a spleen
  - most protein antigens requires the collaboration between B cells and T cells
* works on formalin-fixed paraffin wax embedded tissue.
+ Susumu Tonegawa: 1939 births :: Living people :: Japanese scientists :: Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners
  * Antibodies have a 'variable region' in their structure. He found that genes in the mature B cells of the adult mice are moved around, recombined, and deleted to make the many versions of the variable region of antibodies.
  * They are found in the blood or other body fluids of vertebrates. Antibodies are the key element in the adaptive immune system.