### swarm | infestation:

Hookworm disease
* are most common in tropical and subtropical climates.
* can have devastating effects due to the loss of excessive amounts of blood.
* is infestation
* very serious problem in many tropical countries.

Hydatid disease
- under-reported in Australia
* occurs throughout most of the world.
* parasite infection of humans and animals.
* significant disease in Australia, which is under-reported.

Insect infestation
* can occur in any home.
* is eliminated, because insects require oxygen to survive and hatch.
* presents a greater risk when wood is damp.
* problem of importance chiefly in stored grain.

Large infestation
* are usually on the female, or pod-bearing, tree.
* can cause loss of body weight and a significant drop in egg production
  - produce a sticky, sugary waste product known as honeydew
  - result in a high percentage of twigs being girdled
  - seriously weaken trees
* continue to expand, especially along waterways and major transportation routes.

Lice infestation
* are common throughout the world
  - rare in pet birds
* result in production decreases in cattle.

Onchocerciasis
* is infestation
* modulates the immune response to mycobacterial antigens.

Parasite infestation
* can also be completely asymptomatic
  - be a problem for all pets
* fact of life.

Pest infestation
* can force plants into an early dormancy that decreases winter survival.
* occur mainly because of ecological disruption.

### swarm | infestation:

Severe infestation
* can cause anemia or even death in the animal
  - anemia, weight loss, and death of the host
  - defoliation and reduce shoot growth
  - diarrhea, impaction, anemia, weight loss and colic
  - leaf, branch, or even plant death
  - overall decline and even death of a plant
  - plants to wilt, turn brown and die
  - pneumonia and suffocation
  - rupture of the stomach
  - dramatically reduce yields and eventually kill plants
  - form tall, dense, impenetrable stands, especially in fertile soils
* can kill affected trees
  - entire plants
* can lead to allergic reactions and skin disorders, such as impetigo and eczema
  - drying and curling of new leaves
  - underweight and misshapen heads
  - make all the leaves fall off a single plant or an entire hedge
  - prevent flower buds from opening, distort leaves, and weaken the tree
* can result in defoliation and loss of plant vigor
  - fields looking as though they had been sprayed with herbicides
  - stunt, smother and kill host plants
* cause leaves to yellow and drop
  - symptoms of anemia, malena, and failure to thrive in infants
* destroy the potato crop by preventing tuber production.
* inhibit growth and fruit production.
* lead to both individual and colony mortality
  - curled, deformed leaves and flowers
* resemble drought stress since damage progresses from the bottom of the plant up.

Tapeworm infestation
* are common in humans.
* can have a serious affect on young, sick or old animals.

Termite infestation
* Many termite infestations result from structural wood being in direct contact with the soil.
* build up slowly.
* can be difficult to identify before they have reached full maturity
  - cause major damage to buildings and furniture

Locust swarm
* are aggressively and energetically social.
* can vary from less than one square kilometre to several hundred square kilometres.
* fly with the wind at roughly the speed of the wind.

### sweet orange:

Navel orange
* are a seedless variety of oranges and classed as parthenocarpic fruit
  - seedless and easy to peel
* is sweet orange