### animal:

Vertebrate
* All vertebrates appear to have homeotic genes similar to the fruit fly's.
* All vertebrates are heterotrophs
  - very similar to one another after organogenesis
  - breathe in essentially the same manner
  - derive from a common ancestor
  - exhibit notochord during development
* All vertebrates have a backbone or vertebral column
  - pancreas, which functions as both an exocrine and endocrine organ
  - pharynx, used in both feeding and respiration
* All vertebrates have a skeleton made of bone inside their bodies
  - of either bone or cartilage
* All vertebrates have an endocrine system
  - inner supporting skeleton, usually of bones, including a main backbone
  - internal skeleton of bone or cartilage
  - brains
  - cartilage in addition to bone, or instead of bone
  - four homeobox complexes, each on separate chromosomes
  - inner ear
  - rods
  - spinal cords
  - the nasal sex nerve
  - their evolutionary roots in fishes
  - to be sexually mature before they can actually reproduce
  - have, either as an embryo or an adult, gill slits or pouches
  - look alike during gastrulation
  - produce interferons, and all appear to produce the three major classes
  - satisfy the continuity criterion
* Every vertebrate has a pair of kidneys
  - still higher centers of automatic adjust- ment above the medulla
* Indicate the four principal characteristics of chordates.
* Many vertebrates rely heavily on the speed of jaw closure for prey capture.
* Most vertebrates are immediately recognizable as animals
  - belong in the first three groups
* Most vertebrates belong to major phyla
  - confine their movements to specific areas
* Most vertebrates descend from ancestors
  - reptiles
* Most vertebrates develop lungs
  - problems
* Most vertebrates display characteristics
  - different characteristics
* Most vertebrates enter fresh water
  - excrete waste
  - expose to parasites
  - feed milk
* Most vertebrates grow backs
  - cells
  - feet
  - hair
  - heads
  - jaws
  - legs
  - stomachs
  - tails
* Most vertebrates has-part bones
  - cartilages
  - eyes
  - guts
  - hearts
  - limbs
  - organs
  - retinas
  - teeth
  - tissue
* Most vertebrates have a familiar life cycle
  - backbones
  - behavior
  - blood
  - bone cartilages
  - bony skeletons
  - boundaries
  - cartilage skeletons
  - distinct boundaries
  - distribution
  - embryonic skeletons
  - endoskeletons
  - gall bladders
  - internal skeletons
  - necks
  - ovaries
  - replacement teeth
  - similar behavior
  - simple life cycles without abrupt transitions
  - skin
  - worldwide distribution
  - inhabit same areas
* Most vertebrates live in areas
  - continents
  - diverse areas
  - earth
  - ecosystems
  - environments
  - regions
  - such diverse areas
* Most vertebrates live on ground
  - planets
* Most vertebrates possess bacteria
  - ear bones
  - middle ear bones
  - provide food
* Most vertebrates rely on conditions
  - constant internal conditions
* Most vertebrates reproduce periodically
  - sexually using meiosis
  - seize fish
* Most vertebrates share characteristics
  - follow characteristics
* Most vertebrates share several characteristics
  - similar characteristics
  - show more flexibility
  - swallow large chunks of food
* Some vertebrates also operate as pollinators of ecologically and economically important plants
  - appear to depend on pristine habitats such as ancient forests
* Some vertebrates are located in caves
  - become predators
  - build homes
  - can survive freezing, but no vertebrates can survive grinding
* Some vertebrates control ecosystems
  - something
* Some vertebrates descend from birds
  - display different patterns
  - eat fruit
* Some vertebrates feed on organisms
  - tiny organisms
  - graze in forests
* Some vertebrates has-part fins
  - gills
* Some vertebrates have capability
  - concentration
  - notochords
  - power
  - reproductive systems that are sensitive to day length
  - valves
* Some vertebrates live in Estonia
  - Pennsylvania
  - nests
  - oceans
  - sea
  - trees
  - make tubes
* Some vertebrates occupy positions
  - trophic positions
* Some vertebrates possess exoskeletons
  - placentas
  - produce milk
  - provide milk
  - rely on diffusion
* Some vertebrates retain body fluid
  - serve as hosts
  - shed skin
* Some vertebrates solve constraints
* Some vertebrates use cavities
* also have a distinct head
  - mitochondrial creatine kinase
  - adaptive immunity
  - additional odors that identify animals individually
  - an internal skeleton made of bones and cartilage
  - pollinate some desert plants
* are a classification of animals that have a backbone
  - subset of the animals in the phylum Chordata
  - able to organize a group of visual stimuli into an object, into an entity
* are also interesting because they are easy to find
  - pests
  - an example of a classification group
  - animal species that have a backbone or spinal column
* are animals that have a backbone or spinal column, also called vertebrae
  - backbones that surround their nerve cords
* are animals with backbones, such as frogs, snakes, elephants and humans
  - horses
  - any animal having a backbone or spinal column
  - certainly the best-studied animals of which most species have been identified
  - chordates with a backbone that encloses a nerve cord, or spinal cord
* are classified as carnivores based on their skull and tooth structure
  - by the chordate subphylum vertebrata
  - into fish, amphibians, reptiles , birds, and mammals
  - deuterostomes
  - distinguished by having a backbone or spinal column
  - familiar creatures
  - found worldwide, except at the very centers of the polar ice caps
  - in alphabetical order by common name
  - known from both body fossils and trace fossils
  - members of of a larger group, the chordates
  - multicellular organisms
  - named for their backbone, which consists of a series of vertebrae
  - often larger and have more complex bodies than invertebrates
* are the biggest animals ever to evolve on Earth
  - most advanced subphylum of the chordates
  - only chordate group to exhibit a proper brain
  - unique in having the gills develop internally, as evaginations of the anterior gut
* become top predators in the seas.
* breathe air.
* can and do live in all habitats actually
  - memorise places, insects can too
* change as they grow.
* constantly remodel and maintain bone mass within defined limits.
* consume fruit.
* control bodies.
* display an amazing range of reproductive adaptations
* dominate continents
  - the nekton
* exhibit a wide array of defensive behaviors
  - all three of the chordate characteristics at some point during their lives
  - on essentially every available source of food
* generally have a backbone called the spinal column.
  - glands
  - centralized nervous system that consists of a in the head region
  - circulatory system with a heart
* have a closed circulatory system, and the sexes are separate
  - where blood is always surrounded by blood vessels
  - while arthropods have an open system
  - complete digestive system and a large coelom
  - different system, in which one neuron controls a group of muscle fibers
  - second , more specific , immune system
  - segmented vertebral column
  - similar early developmental pattern and are physiologically similar
  - skeletal structure with a spinal column or backbone
  - versatile support system
  - cephalization
* have complex bodies, which they acquire through development
  - organs requiring complex nervous structures
  - dorsal nerve cord
  - genes and developmental programs for forming joints
  - in common an endoskeleton and a dorsally located nervous system
  - keratin in their skin cells to reduce water loss
* have many bones, including a skull which protects their brains, which tend to be large
  - genes in common
  - nephrons that make up kidneys
  - neurons with one or more fibers
  - nostrils
  - several adaptations for feeding, digestion and nutrient absorption
  - spines
* have the ability to reproduce themselves through sexual reproduction
  - most defined and developed nervous system
  - their skeletons inside
* include amphibians
  - lizards
* includes brains
  - breasts
  - cell membranes
  - chest cavities
  - chests
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - ears
  - faces
  - nuclei
  - pedal extremities
  - plasma membranes
  - rib cages
  - sections
  - skulls
  - sterna
  - vacuoles
  - vertebrate feet
* inhabit areas
* lack the enzyme to cleave the bonds between successive glucose monomers of cellulose.
* live in all kinds of environments
* make up the majority of chordates.
* mark the culmination of nervous system evolution.
* move by application of the principles of the lever
  - the actions of muscles on bones
* never have more than two pairs of limbs.
* oj the i'nited Stales.
* possess a backbone-a dorsal vertebral column enclosing a dorsal hollow nerve cord
  - closed circulatory system and most often exhibit separate sexes
  - two types of bone
* refer to animals which possess a backbone.
* represent some of the most highly evolved members of the Kingdom Animalia.
* retain traces of a feeding apparatus like that of tunicates and cephalochordates.
* serve as the natural host.
* synthesize urea in the liver using the ornithine-urea cycle.
* tend to be much more intelligent than invertebrates.
+ Brain, Function:
  * All vertebrates have brains. Some simple animals, however, like sponges, do not have anything like a brain. Segmented invertebrates have ganglions in each segment, and a ring of nervous tissue around the alimentary canal at the front. This acts to bring sense data from the front into play with the movement of the body.
+ Immunity: Immunology
  * All animals, plants and fungi have some innate immunity. Vertebrates also have adaptive immunity.
+ Ovary: Anatomy of the female reproductive system
  * Most vertebrates have ovaries. Usually animals have two ovaries. The ovaries are similar to testicles in men.
+ Segmentation: Zoology
+ Virus, Host defence mechanisms, Adaptive immune system: Viruses
  * Vertebrates have a second, more specific, immune system. It is called the adaptive immune system. When it meets a virus, it produces specific antibodies that bind to the virus and render it non-infectious. Two types of antibodies are important.