### beginning | fecundation:

Pollination
* Learn about the roles of bees, pollen, and flowers.
* Most pollination has ecological values
  - is dispersed by the wind and by insects transporting pollen between plants
  - leads to production
  - needs for reproduction
  - occurs at stages
* Most pollination occurs in late springs
  - probably occurs by selfing, though ants are possible pollinators
* Observe the plants closely when blooming starts to see if bees are visiting the blooms.
* Some pollination contributes to diversity
  - food production
* Some pollination contributes to global food production
  - occurs during periods
* Some pollination occurs in angiosperms
  - autumn
* Some pollination occurs within same years
  - produces products
  - promotes speciation
  - requires pollinators
  - takes places
* allows the plant to reproduce by creating new seeds.
* also has a direct effect on size
  - requires consideration of pollenizers
* appears to be accomplished by air currents.
* assist with fertilization, and hence a new seedling is formed.
* big industry in New Zealand.
* can also occur within the same flower.
* can be a limiting factor in horticulture
  - of two types
* can occur naturally by means of wind
  - on any particular cantaloupe flower for one day only
  - over several days
* causes the flower to close.
* common mutualistic interaction.
* depends on pollen blowing from the male cone to the female cone
  - the yucca moth
* happens as the insect attempts to mate with flowers.
  - success
  - value in two very different senses
* illustrates mutualism between flowering plants and their animal pollinators.
* involves gametes and fertilisation and can produce new varieties of plants.
* is absolutely essential for production, since sweet cherries are self-incompatible.
* is accomplished by a small midge that breeds on the surface of open water
  - winds
  - only by insect-agency, and where insects fail no fruits are ripened
  - achieved by long-tongued insects such as butterflies
  - affected by cold weather and reduced pollinating insect activity
  - also important for creating heavier crops and larger fruit
  - always by wind
* is an important factor when selecting and planting tree and small fruits
  - part of a plant life cycle
  - intricate series of events which ultimately results in plant reproduction
  - assured by insects, but the wind is also reported to be an effective pollinator
  - both environmentally and economically significant to humans
* is by a species-specific wasp
  - an array of small dipteran and hymenopteran species
  - flies attracted by the disgusting smell
  - flies, wasps, and bees
  - hoverflies and other insects
  - insects such as thrips, flies, and bees
  - insects, including hawk moths
  - various insects such as thrips, flies, and to a small extent, honey bees
* is by wind or insects, most species are monoecious, some are dioecious
  - carried on by insects
* is carried out by flies and beetles
  - mainly by ants and aphids, with vespertine anthesis
  - central to successful reproduction in most plants
  - completed when pollen from an anther lands on a stigma
* is done naturally by the wind
  - through insects
  - effected by the wind, insects, hummingbirds, etc
  - entomochorous and likely anemochorous
  - entomogamous
  - entomophilous, mostly by bees which produce a honey with a distinctive bitter taste
* is essential for the commercial production of many fruit, vegetable and seed crops
  - if plants are to produce seed
  - to many fruit, nut and seed crops
  - essentially plant reproduction
  - extremely important in kiwifruit production
  - how nature selects genes from plants for future generations
  - important for plants to reproduce and grow
  - impossible without the aid of insects
  - impregnation
* is largely by insects
  - wind driven and occurs successfully when another elm is planted close by
  - mainly by bees, which are attracted by the fragrance of the flowers
  - most effective when it happens under water
  - mostly by honeybees, and wind pollination is limited
  - mutually beneficial to plants and to pollinators
* is necessary for plant reproduction
  - seeds to form in flowering plants
  - the flower to be able to reproduce
  - of no value without fertilization
  - often done by nocturnal insects but self-pollination also occurs
  - one area where symbiosis is very evident
  - part of sexual reproduction in plants
  - performed mainly by beetles, but bees have also been observed visiting the flowers
  - primarily entomophilous even though the flowers are without nectaries or nectar
  - promiscuous business
  - simply the transfer of pollen grains from an anther to a stigma
* is the act of transferring the pollen grains to the silks by wind or insects
  - arrival of pollen at or near the surface of a receptive ovule
  - fertilisation of a plant and occurs in many different ways
  - fertilization of a flowering plant
* is the first stage in the development of a pecan nut
  - step in the process of sexual reproduction in plants
* is the movement of pollen from the anthers to the stigma
  - the male part of the flower to the female part
  - into the pistil
  - process that starts the sexual mechanism for procreation
* is the transfer of pollen from an anther onto the stigma of a flower
  - the anther to the stigma of a flower
  - the stamen to the pistil of a flower
* is the transfer of pollen grains from anthers to a receptive female stigma
  - from the anther to the stigma
  - the whole male gametophyte to the female plant
  - transport of pollen from the anther onto the stigma
  - variable, especially in droughted areas
* means the transfer of male pollen to the female's stigma.
* necessary step of sexual reproduction in flowering plants.
* occurs as a happy accident for the flower
* occurs at the water's surface at the whim of wind and wave
  - by with or animals
  - several ways
  - most effectively by honeybees
  - near the water surface and pollin is distributed by wind and water currents
  - once a genetically compatible pollen grain lands directly on the ovule
  - via wind or insect
* occurs when a pollen grain is transferred from the anther to the pistil
  - lands on the stigma
  - bees gather nectar from flowers
* occurs when pollen falls on the exposed silks
  - grains come into contact with the stigma
* occurs when pollen is delivered to the stigma of a carpel a
  - moved from anthers to stigmas
  - lands on the female parts of a flower
  - meets A. male reproductive parts of a different plant species
  - the pollen grain penetrates the micropyle of the female scale
  - wind carries pollen to the micropylar opening of the ovule
* often suffers when temperatures are high.
* prerequisite for fertilization.
* probably is affected by honeydew covered silks
  - takes place at or shortly after dawn if pollinators are available
* produces the seeds as the flowers develop into grape berries.
* refers to the deposition of pollen onto the stigma
  - transfer of pollen granules from flower to flower
* requires a vector to carry the pollen from the anther to the stigma.
* results in conditions
  - creations
* starts the production of seeds.
* starts when a field bee crawls around a plant blossom
  - into a plant blossom seeking nectar
* takes place around the clock
  - in plants with the help of wind, water and insects
  - over large distances carried by the wind and insects
* takes place when a bee travels from one flower to another
  - pollen is transferred from the male anther to the female stigma
* then occurs between plants, and requires a mobile pollinator.
* usually happens as a side-effect of finding food.
* very important part of the life cycle of a flowering plant
  - cycle of plants
+ Orchid, Reproduction, Pollination
  * Pollinators are often visually attracted by the shape and colours of the flower. The flowers may produce attractive odours. In some extremely specialized orchids, such as the Eurasian genus 'Ophrys', the labellum is adapted to have a colour, shape and odour which attracts male insects via mimicry of a receptive female. Pollination happens as the insect attempts to mate with flowers.
+ Poplar, Reproduction: Trees :: Malpighiales
  * Pollination is by wind. It contains tiny light brown seeds surrounded by tufts of long, soft, white hairs which help wind dispersal. Willows and poplars of Great Britain and Ireland'. Trees of Britain and Europe'.