### person:

Scientist
* Many scientists acknowledge that cloning invites a host of ethical and scientific dilemmas
  - evolution can be hard to swallow
  - actually expect that, in a few years, natural foods are likely to disappear
  - advise against human reproductive cloning
* Many scientists agree that humans are speeding up the rise in temperature of the earth
  - life exists in other portions of the universe and even in our galaxy
  - aim to eradicate diseases and help the poor
* Many scientists also consider the eating of plants by animal species to be predation as well
  - point to a substance known as glutamate as having a hand in neuron death
  - recognize bank reefs and patch reefs as distinct reef types
* Many scientists are also physicalists
  - treasure hunters
  - convinced that birds evolved from the dinosaurs
  - deeply religious
  - full or associate members of international scientific academies
  - interested in using natural gas to generate electricity
  - like Einstein, in that they have a deep emotional attachment to determinism
  - argue for evolution
  - assume that science is already a profession in the formal sense
  - attribute the problem to the misuse of antibiotics in humans and animals
  - base their entire careers on animal experiments
* Many scientists believe a large asteroid was responsible for the demise of the dinosaurs
  - aging muscles or muscles deprived exercise go through shortening
  - any exposure to a cancer-causing substance increases the risk of cancer
  - birds evolved from dinosaurs
  - carbon dioxide emissions are contributing to the warming of the planet
  - dioxin is formed through a catalyzed reaction on fly ash surfaces
  - human hunting and climate change combined to kill off the mammoths
* Many scientists believe it can be triggered by stress
  - is also a dangerous neurotoxin
  - massive black holes thrive at the center of most galaxies
  - plaques are the probable trigger of AD's destruction in the brain
  - psoriasis is triggered by an immune system or inflammatory response
  - slumping can trigger tsunamis
  - such emissions are causing the Earth to warm up significantly
* Many scientists believe that a mutation exists on a certain gene that causes aggressive behavior
  - viable population needs at least one hundred wolves
  - acid deposition contributes to deforestation and soil degradation
  - allicin is the key to the health benefits of using garlic
  - any level of sodium fluoride is harmful and unsafe
  - efforts to slow the development of resistance in pests are ineffectual
  - handedness is genetic
  - humans are the only species on the planet who have emotions
  - ibex goats are keeping the mountain juniper forests from expanding
  - part of the cause buildup of greenhouse gases
  - rivers and lakes existed in the past on Mars, and perhaps even oceans
  - teeth evolved from placoid scales
* Many scientists believe that the algae, called zooxanthellae, promote polyp calcification
  - biggest gaps in human understanding relate to consciousness
  - emperors of cultural studies have no clothes
  - mantle transfers heat from the core to the surface
  - origin of life required molecular handedness
  - penguins' coloration evolved as a means of camouflage
  - solar cycle plays an important role in climate change
  - universe is naturally evolving toward a state of maximum entropy
  - thoughts are energy
* Many scientists believe that, as a result of global warming, the polar ice cap is beginning to melt
  - sometime around four billion years ago, simple life arose
* Many scientists believe the hyperthermophile lineages reflect the first organisms on Earth
  - neutrino has no mass at all
  - right hemisphere is associated with emotional and subconscious learning
  - virus spread to humans through infected ape or monkey meat
  - warming is being accelerated by air pollution
* Many scientists believe there is no safe level of exposure to a cancer causing agent
  - safe level of exposure to a cancer-causing agent
  - safe level of exposure to a carcinogen
  - safe level of exposure to any cancer-causing agent
* Many scientists believe they arose south of the equator and migrated north
  - migrate using the magnetic field of the earth
  - believe, however, that Mars once had much more water than is visible today
  - belive that coral reefs absorb carbon dioxide in the same way that oceans do
  - blame the gases for global warming
  - call today's loss of biodiversity The Sixth Extinction
  - characterize viruses as nonliving
  - claim that the ingestion of genetically engineered food is harmless
* Many scientists consider genetic damage to fry unlikely
  - photosynthesis to be the most important life process on Earth
* Many scientists consider the bear's winter sleep to be an example of hibernation
  - tuna the most highly-evolved fish in the world
  - two subspecies of brown bear
  - contend that neurological damage from lead poisoning is irreversible
  - describe the snake as a symbol of movement and of development
  - develop and test models in order to predict future conditions
  - disclaim any role of a supreme being in the design of creation
  - divide satellites into four main groups based on their geologic history
  - draw on their dual backgrounds in science and art
  - even claim that reproduction is the basis and purpose of all life
* Many scientists expect aquaculture to relieve pressure on the ocean's fish stocks
  - graphene to play a large role in electronics
  - the Arctic to be a bellwether of any climate change
* Many scientists fear that freshwater stingrays are threatened by habitat loss and pollution
  - human activity is the driving force behind the warming
  - increased levels of carbon dioxide is leading to global climate change
  - happen to be religious
* Many scientists have different understandings and uses of bioengineering
  - few if any objections to cloning animals
  - no exposure to or interest in business
* Many scientists keep daily journals on their research findings
  - individuals in refrigerators in various types of envelopes
  - love animals and have pets of their own
  - make a distinction between speech and language
* Many scientists now agree that the earth's climate is warming
  - believe climate can change dramatically over just one decade
* Many scientists now believe that great white sharks are intelligent , highly inquisitive creatures
  - the brain basically works by simulating reality
  - the Earth's climate changed drastically
  - practice what they call methodological naturalism
  - pursue careers in research
  - recognize the link between the origin of oil and exploration
* Many scientists say antibiotics on the farm are forcing food-borne germs to start mutating, too
  - pollution from cars is causing global warming
  - temperature changes linked to human activity already are occurring
* Many scientists say that biological diversity is declining at a dangerous rate
  - eating beef from hormone-fed cattle can cause cancer in humans
  - only people can think
  - there is no safe level of exposure to a carcinogen
* Many scientists see agrobiotechnology as the solution to an upcoming food crisis
  - balloon technology as an economical means of studying the Earth and space
  - speak dismissively about religion and believers
* Many scientists study animal behavior in order to help endangered animals make a comeback
  - the physics of baseball to build, test and improve equipment
  - suggest that the ancestors of modern salamanders are among the lepospondyls
  - surmise that fluid metallic hydrogen exists deep inside Jupiter and Saturn
* Many scientists think a warming Antarctic climate is induced by human activity
  - dinosaurs died from large glaciers or even a comet hitting the earth
  - greenhouse gases are heating up the Earth's atmosphere dangerously
  - it's a mechanism for cells to position themselves in a water column
  - maniraptorans gave rise to birds
* Many scientists think that high biodiversity equates with ecosystem stability
  - insects share an ancestor with the crustaceans
  - life is an emergent quality
* Many scientists think the Earth is warming up
  - gases are causing global warming
  - virus spread to people through infected ape or monkey meat
  - there is an ocean of liquid water underneath the ice of Jupiter's moon Europa
* Many scientists use acoustics to estimate the abundance of biological animals in the water column
  - animals in their quest for information, including Zoologists
  - the scientific method for their research
  - view telomerase inhibition as a potential new approach to cancer therapy
  - work in the private sector
* Most scientists accept the free radical theory of aging.
* Most scientists agree that deer are likely to suffer in the final stages of hunting
  - each gemstone varies in chemical composition and crystalline structure
* Most scientists agree that global warming is caused by an increase of in the atmosphere
  - is real and dangerous
  - heavy metals can enter the body through food, drinking water, and air
  - life exists in other solar systems
  - sinks lower the amount of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere
* Most scientists agree that the earth is heating up, but the cause of global warming is less certain
  - key to our success is the unusually large size of our brains
  - there is human-induced climate change occuring
  - viruses are alive because of what happens when they infect a host cell
  - also believe that the burning of fossil fuels is causing global warming
  - apply knowledge
  - are aware that women are underrepresented in all natural science fields
  - ask human subjects to sign forms describing the risks and benefits of the research
  - attend universities
  - become scientists
* Most scientists believe birds are descended from dinosaurs
  - gases such as carbon dioxide are key contributors to global warming
  - life originated by chance
  - mass extinction
  - psychological experience is stored in the brain
  - small cetaceans are somewhere between dogs and chimpanzees in intelligence
* Most scientists believe that all humans trace their roots to the African continent
  - animal or test tube studies can predict anticancer activity
  - dolphins are on a level with chimpanzees and dogs
  - human activities are already shaping climate trends
  - improvement in childhood nutrition to be the cause
* Most scientists believe that the cause of premature aging chronically weakened immune system
  - color of speleothems are determined by the mineral content
  - loss of sea ice forces a reduction in krill populations
  - universe is expanding
  - under the cracked ice is an ocean of water
  - that, in the quantities used, pesticides are safe
* Most scientists believe the Earth is warming, though satellite observations cast some doubt
  - first living cells formed in, or at the edges of primordial seas
  - humans caught the disease by consuming infected meat
  - size of the earth's population is THE most critical environmental issue
  - change behavior
* Most scientists classify living things into one of the following six kingdoms
  - methods
* Most scientists collaborate with scientists
  - their colleagues, rather than working all by themselves
  - collect life history information
  - concerned with big animals think that hybridisation is an exception
  - conduct themselves according to the ethical norms of science
* Most scientists consider chemistry
  - swamp s, marsh es, and bog s to be the three major kinds of wetlands
  - create materials
  - currently recognize seven living species of sea turtles grouped into six genera
  - define forests depending on finer gradients of rainfall
  - determine ages
  - devise classifications
* Most scientists discover bacteria
  - birth defects
  - medicine
  - relate birth defects
  - structures
  - disdain gambling because they know the math
  - dismiss fears about the health risks of genetically-altered crops
* Most scientists document human pregnancy
* Most scientists find animals
  - biospheres
* Most scientists focus on mass
  - roles
  - form societies
* Most scientists have degrees
  - diets
  - ethical code
  - graduate degrees
* Most scientists identify plastic materials
  - special plastic materials
  - involve in science
* Most scientists know about survival
  - earthquakes
  - functions
  - spiders
* Most scientists learn about evolution
  - genetics
  - human genetics
  - rats
  - biology
* Most scientists look at knowledge
  - physical features
  - love the exactness of science
* Most scientists measure time
  - weight
  - never change paradigms, but paradigm shifts do occur
* Most scientists now accept light is indeed energy packets, which they call photons
  - the power of psychological variables to modulate stress physiology
  - agree that the Earth is hotter than it has been for at least a thousand years
  - believe such rocks are the basic building blocks of the solar system
  - work in groups
* Most scientists observe behavior
  - climates
  - gravitational effects
  - mate behavior
* Most scientists point their finger at estrogen as the contributing factor for both
  - to two reasons why so few freshwater organisms exhibit bioluminescence
  - publish books
* Most scientists recognize energy
  - orangutans
  - orcas
  - that information can be exchanged for entropy and vice versa
  - regard carbon dioxide as a leading contributor to global warming
  - rely on quantitative methods
  - report cell growth
  - say that homeopathic remedies are basically water and can act only as placebos
  - see animals
  - show behavior
  - simply use the name phenols
  - specialize in fields
  - still reject the idea that the dead return to earth as spirits
* Most scientists study animal behavior
  - atmospheres
* Most scientists study atmospheric optical phenomena
  - bees
  - beetles
  - behaviour
  - courtship behavior
  - critters
  - human behavior
  - jellyfish
  - mice
  - microbes
  - physical characteristics
  - studying global climate change look to the atmosphere
  - suffer from anxiety
  - suggest that eukaryotes arose from prokaryotes
  - teach at colleges
  - test blood
  - think it is the way iron is made
* Most scientists think that Europa icy surface covers a deep ocean
  - dark matter is composed of non-baryonic matter
  - genetically modified foods are safe, yet the public remains uneasy
  - western prairie fringed orchid seeds are wind borne
* Most scientists understand cell functions
  - evolutionary theories
* Most scientists use brains
  - different symbols to differentiate between specific heat and heat capacity
  - genetic materials
  - instruments
  - macaque brains
  - molecular techniques
* Most scientists use quantitative methods
  - research methods
* Most scientists use scientific methods
  - statistical techniques
  - the metric system when collecting data and performing experiments
  - usually say there are no potential toxic effects of consuming carotenoids
  - utilize behavior
* Most scientists wear coats
  - lab coats
* Most scientists work at laboratories
  - weather stations
  - full time
* Most scientists work in fields
  - industries
  - labs
  - organizations
  - private industries
  - small, interdisciplinary teams
  - specialize fields
  - on scientific problems
* Most scientists work with experts
  - vertebrates
  - write books
* Some scientISTS understand evolution as a mindless, purposeless process
  - scientists actually believe that hormetic effects are contrary to reason
* Some scientists also attribute a significant portion of warming to changes in solar output
  - classify viruses as microorganisms
  - have concerns about the way genetically engineered crops have been developed
  - predict the spreading of certain diseases
  - theorize links between sunspot activity and ice ages
  - think the rhino is closely related to the hippopotamous and the elephant
  - analyze weather
* Some scientists are already parents, so they are more comfortable with kids
  - led by charity
  - out in the middle of the ocean, trying to reproduce proteins in shark's brains
  - theorizing that black holes provide half the energy of the universe
  - argue music is in our genes
* Some scientists argue that the idea of a maximum life span is based only on empirical data
  - universe is essentially a huge computer
  - attribute wrinkles directly to dehydration
* Some scientists believe Titan's surface is made up of half water-ice and half rocky material
  - another species of sailfish lives in the tropical Atlantic Ocean
  - dinosaurs died out due to the rapid evolution of flowering plants
  - elephants have emotions similar to humans
* Some scientists believe it is highly unlikely that insects can acquire such genes
  - the most potent memory enhancer of all time
  - transmitted when cattle are fed products made from infected animals
  - life on Earth originated from outer space
  - our climate is changing, largely due to human activities
  - quantum fluctuations account for the existence of matter in the universe
  - such weather extremes are actually the result of global warming
* Some scientists believe that a key element is blood flow changes in the brain
  - acupuncture works by affecting the central nervous system
  - all beings originated or evolved from matter
  - bonobos are the species of chimpanzee most like man
  - both species diverged from a common ancestor
  - disturbed environments are more prone to invasion
  - green tea fights cancer by making cancer causing agents less toxic
  - head size is an indicator of raw intelligence
  - hormone residues in beef contribute to rising breast cancer rates
  - life on Earth began in such extreme environments
  - male pachycephalosaurs butted heads for the right to rule the herd
  - many years ago, most life on Earth lived in water
  - men evolved from monkeys
  - microwave radiation has a cumulative effect on the body
  - mitochondria are the key to aging
  - music existed among people before language did
  - people arrived in the Americas as long ago as forty millenia
  - pinnipeds belong to a separate order of mammals
  - prairie dogs only mean to warn their close kin
  - salt is carried into the lake from mountain streams
  - schizophrenia is transmitted genetically
  - science can explain everything, at least in principle
  - sexual orientation is, at least partly, genetically determined
  - sickle cell disease developed as a defense against malaria
* Some scientists believe that some dinosaurs persisted into historical times
  - spoonbills are pinker than others because of what they eat
  - tapeworms can also help to alleviate allergies such as hay fever
* Some scientists believe that the exposed roots allow the trees to take in oxygen
  - land masses have come together more than once
  - mammalian neocortex evolved from the olfactory cortex
  - plague spread faster than the rats
  - shark's lateral line detects the lowest-pitched sounds
  - universe has no boundaries, no edgies, no limits
* Some scientists believe that there are more than one universal explosion
  - black hole in our very own Milky Way
  - growing shortage of fish in the sea
  - they are the source of water in Earth's oceans and atmosphere
  - things inside their computers are actually alive
  - that, in many cases, the disturbance begins before birth
* Some scientists believe the Earth is warming up
  - European bison was at one time a grazer
  - asteroids represent the remains of an exploded planet
  - clouds are related to man-made greenhouse gases
  - decline in menhaden has affected striped bass in the Bay
  - origins of life lie in the dust clouds of space
  - there is something in the human person deeper than ethics and reason
* Some scientists believe they are surviving ancestors of our own species
  - the ancestors of the Arabian horses
  - trawling and dredging are as destructive as clear-cutting forests on land
  - viruses are obligate parasites, and are indeed living
  - blame comets for the lack of dinosaurs on earth today
* Some scientists build plants
  - windmills
* Some scientists buy animals
  - butterflies
  - mollusks
  - calculate size
  - capture bears
  - catch dogs
  - challenge whether there is long-term climate change at all
* Some scientists claim that it also plays a part in our thinking and language processing
  - quantum theory necessarily requires faster than light influence
  - soya has a negative effect on fertility
  - the robustness of the skull and lower jaws gave a rigid crushing bite
* Some scientists classify animals
  - tiny animals, worms, and rotifers as microbes as well
  - tree shrews among primates as prosimians
  - waterfalls based on the average volume of water in the waterfall
* Some scientists collect bees
  - chickens
  - lobsters
  - semen
  - urine
  - wasps
  - come from culture
* Some scientists compare anatomies
  - metabolism
  - shapes
  - sperm concentration
* Some scientists consider animals
  - cultivated land to be a biome
  - extinct birds
  - tarsiers to be a taxonomic suborder among the primates
  - the waters around Antarctica to be a separate, fifth ocean as well
  - contend that it is here where life on Earth began
  - contract parasitic illnesses
* Some scientists create crops
  - diamonds
  - debate whether neotropical migratory birds are declining as a group
  - define culture as a product of language and thus unique to humans
  - deny that behavior is genetically influenced
* Some scientists describe amphibian fungi
  - cells as little machines
  - vertebrate evolution
* Some scientists determine consumption
  - numbers
  - salinity
* Some scientists develop ages
  - bones
  - electron microscopes
  - fire
  - mouths
  - proper diets
  - disagree whether the giant panda type of bear or raccoon
* Some scientists discover babies
  - compounds
  - conductivity
  - eye tree frogs
  - inflammation
  - pathogenic fungi
  - testosterone levels
  - theropods
  - vacuum tubes
  - divide the grassland biome into temperate and tropical regions
  - doubt that irrational ideas and faulty logic cause depression
  - drill ice cores to find out about the weather long ago
  - emphasize the genetic fraternity of humanity
  - establish surfaces
* Some scientists estimate animals
  - beavers
  - roundworms
  - that rainforests the size of Pennsylvania are lost each year
  - wild animals
  - even believe that free radicals cause the aging process in humans
* Some scientists even consider aging as a disease, a new perspective of a developmental event
  - it an aphrodisiac
  - see consciousness as a cognitive function
* Some scientists favor research on embryonic stem cells
  - the hypothesis of existing field forms of life
  - fear extinction
* Some scientists feed animals
  - coyotes
  - crabs
  - lions
  - lizards
  - pigs
  - predators
  - rabbits
  - snails
  - feel that the climatic phenomena are becoming more frequent due to global warming
* Some scientists find breast cancer
  - infertility
  - killer whales
  - focus on genetics
  - have doubts about the ways in which wind chill is used
* Some scientists help disasters
  - healthy offspring
  - hope to identify genes that increase the risk of autism
* Some scientists identify ages
  - chemical messengers
  - starch grain
* Some scientists improve photosynthesis
* Some scientists infect animals
  - geese
  - investigate life
* Some scientists isolate substances
  - waxy substances
  - keep dogs
  - kill clams
* Some scientists know fish
* Some scientists learn about chimpanzees
  - like to refer to the coconut as a water dispersal fruit and seed
  - link increasingly extreme weather events with global warming
* Some scientists look at diamonds
  - to satellites to reveal something about the Earth's changing climate
* Some scientists measure bones
  - calories
  - torque
  - note the striking parallels between bird and dragonfly migrations
  - now speculate that males sing to trigger the estrous cycle in females
* Some scientists observe coatis
  - magnetic disturbances
  - nest sites
  - tadpoles
  - tissue
  - possess chimpanzees
* Some scientists predict massive rains for central Australia as a result of global warming
  - propose certain gene therapies for the treatment of sickle cell disease
* Some scientists propose the neutron is made up of a proton and electron like particle
  - made up of a proton and electron-like particle
* Some scientists publish in journals
  - scientific journals
  - put red plastic or tape over their flashlights to fool their eyes
  - question the use of methods like cloning to save animals
  - realize ancestors
* Some scientists refer to the dark material as soot, silicates, or tar-like hydrocarbons
  - heliopause as the edge of the solar system
  - refuse to admit that there metaphysic imbedded in science
  - regard the Arctic Ocean as a marginal sea of the North Atlantic
* Some scientists release beetles
  - rely on radiation
  - remove nuclei
  - report magnetic confinements
  - restrict use of the term to mean the outpouring of molten rock
* Some scientists say birds' bodies are too hot for developing embryos
  - bonobos are closer to humans than common chimps
  - it's as much as two or three billion years old
* Some scientists say that a virus type of life form
  - animals can sense an earthquake before it hits
  - chlorine is the real reason behind blood plaque and most heart attacks
  - climate change alone caused the extinction of the megafauna
  - global warming is the ultimate environmental problem
  - men actually die of grief
  - through knowledge comes the ascent of man
  - tiny diatoms are the source of oil
  - what one observes is changed by the observer
  - the black and white fur coat warning for animals to back off
  - there is evidence of intelligent design in the origin of life
  - they are very slow moving liquids
  - say, with evidence, that our universe has hyperbolic geometry
* Some scientists see allergies
  - mysticism as a mental illness
  - obesity as America's latest epidemic
  - particles
  - seabirds
* Some scientists see the idea of multiple causes as a kind of intellectual cop-out
  - involvement of the observer as the most important feature in quantum theory
* Some scientists seek animals
  - bats
  - stray dogs
  - shudder at the thought of labeling people potential violent criminals
* Some scientists specialize in instruction
  - studying living things
  - swim instruction
  - speculate that endothelial dysfunction cause of insulin resistance
* Some scientists speculate that it plays a role in the nucleation of ice from water
  - was spawned by a single spore thousands of years ago
  - most galaxies, including our own, harbor a supermassive black hole
  - their coloration provides camouflage during the winter
  - there is an ocean of liquid water lying beneath that ice layer
* Some scientists spend many hours watching and studying the behaviour of animals
  - most of their lives learning how to do good experiments
  - their lives inventing death
  - still dispute that human-induced global warming is happening
* Some scientists still doubt that frogs are actually disappearing worldwide
  - the impact human activity has on the world's climate
  - strongly believe genetics play a role
* Some scientists study affect growth
  - air pressure
  - amphibians
  - animals that freeze over the winter
  - carnivores
  - chipmunks
  - community ecology
  - dragonflies
  - ducks
  - fate
  - giant pandas
  - gorillas
  - habitats
  - how insulin works
  - intelligence by looking at the brain
  - layers
  - leafhoppers
  - lemurs
  - macaques
  - mammalian evolution
  - manatees
* Some scientists study marine habitats
  - meteorology
  - minerals
  - molecules, others study the stars
  - monarchs
  - narwhals
  - owls
  - panthers
  - properties
  - regeneration
  - reptiles
  - scars
  - sheep
  - snakes
  - sunspots
  - the needs of human or animal minds and bodies
  - toads
  - turkeys
  - vessels
  - zoo pandas to figure out how to save wild pandas from going extinct
* Some scientists suggest that a small effective population faces a strong likelihood of extinction
  - eyewall lightning is associated with intensity changes
  - suspect formaldehyde of being a carcinogen
* Some scientists suspect that certain viruses can cause obesity
  - the chemical messenger dopamine is in some way responsible
  - they cause or contribute to certain cancers
  - widespread use of pesticides also harms bat populations
  - teach at universities and other places and train people to become scientists
* Some scientists theorize that men pass on mutations to their offspring twice as often as women
  - mothers experience a biological impulse to wean during pregnancy
* Some scientists think animals are capable of primitive emotional life
  - it was theoretically possible for life to evolve on Mars
  - monarchs moved more north as the milkweed plant moved north
  - stellar winds bring the ingredients necessary for building galaxies
* Some scientists think that Jupiter is responsible for making our's an ocean planet
  - chemical compounds in plants protect plants from herbivores
  - continental drift happens in cycles
  - early life on Earth arose in such deep sea hot spots
  - emus recognize rain clouds and respond to the sound of thunder
  - fat factor in other diseases as well, such as breast cancer
  - females have larger bodies to store more fat for motherhood
  - global warming is exacerbating the effect of ozone depletion
  - green algae belong in the plant kingdom
  - narcolepsy is caused by a lack of hypocretin
  - poltergeists only exist in a person's head as a result of psychokinesis
  - pterosaurs walked on all fours
  - solar flares heat the corona
* Some scientists think that the land relatives of whales are a group of mammals called mesonychians
  - red wolf is really a hybrid, a mixture of wolf and coyote
  - risk is greater when the parent with diabetes is the mother
  - sunspots affect our weather
* Some scientists think that there is enough water on the moon to fill an entire lake
  - no single factor that controls cell division
  - they exude some type of sedatious drug from their bodies
  - trees can save more water if they lose their leaves
* Some scientists think the atlatl is responsible for the demise of the wooly mammoth
  - hotspots move relative to the earth
  - long neck helps boy giraffes show off to girl giraffes
  - world is about due for another ice age
* Some scientists think they resemble crustaceans more closely
  - use their rumps to attract females
  - water is involved
  - totally reject the notion of the supernatural
  - try to figure out how things work, like the weather
* Some scientists understand nutrition
* Some scientists use Kirlian photography to take pictures of plant auras
  - bird behaviour to support their theories about dinosaur behaviour
  - cameras
* Some scientists use genetic manipulation
  - variation
  - gravity
  - intensity lasers
  - magnets
  - microscopes to take a close look
  - platypuses
  - powerful microscopes
  - purple bacteria
  - small magnets
  - speed cameras
  - videotaped interviews with human subjects as their data
  - waves
* Some scientists view petroleum as a naturally occuring mineral of earth
  - religious practices with an equal dose of cynicism
* Some scientists watch bats
  - centipedes
  - wonder whether clays presented surfaces that helped with biogenesis on earth
* Some scientists work for companies
  - drug companies
  - firms
* Some scientists work for large companies
* Some scientists work in biology
  - offices
  - synthetic biology
  - teams, and some work alone, but all communicate extensively with others
  - to genetics
* Some scientists work with amphibians
  - electrical engineers
  - fishermen
  - government
  - honeybees
  - modern day animals
  - newts
  - physicians
* abide by certain rules to identify and treat diseases.
* accept conclusions
  - descents
* account for factors.
* achieve aims
  - immortality through their contributions to the knowledge base of the species
* add DNA to a plate of embryonic cells.
* agree that air pollution from human activities is partly responsible for global warming
  - all medical products, including vaccines, have risks
  - ancestors of baleen whales probably had teeth
  - diversity is highly important in plants for disease resistance
  - estrogen therapy lowers women's risk of heart disease after menopause
  - exploding stars produced most of the materials found on earth
  - people can get cancer through repeated long-term contact with carcinogens
  - photosynthesis originated in bacteria
* agree that the Earth's core is composed primarily of iron
  - bowhead whale has the longest lifespan of all marine mammals
  - trachea are a later development in the evolutionary history of spiders
  - whales are actually highly specialized ungulates, or hoofed mammals
* aim to discover new things, new ideas or ways of thinking
  - help out humankind by applying their knowledge to complex problems
* already know how to measure the speed of stars
  - split an atom to produce energy
* already know that bacteria can live without light or oxygen
  - ion channels are complex, able to open and close in different ways
  - prolonged time in space causes the body to age
  - the structure of the insulin receptor
  - ultraviolet exposure can lead to skin cancer and cataracts in humans
* also are interested in learning how nature assembles substances on the nanoscale
  - believe SA triggers plants' natural immune response to infection
* also believe that dreams help form and reinforce long-term memories
  - living in shallow water was a preadaptation to living on land
  - today's birds descended from dinosaurs
  - viruses and bacteria can play a role in contracting the disease
  - call ionic bonds electrovalent bonds
  - consider the bear to be an indicator species
  - control how much data is output, and how often
  - create products to detect disease organisms and to degrade pollutants
  - disagree over the origin of neurons
  - give importance to beauty in constructing theories
  - grow crystals to determine a protein's structure through X-ray crystallography
  - help find cures for diseases
  - imagine theories to explain what they observe
* also know that at least in mice, what mom eats can affect how a pup's DNA is methylated
  - cancer cells have abnormal methylation
  - migration plays a big part in the lives of most shark species
  - myosin is vital to daily cell maintenance in both flies and people
  - like to group fish into smaller and smaller groups
  - list four other kingdoms including bacteria, archaebacteria, fungi, and protozoa
  - make medicine using microorganisms to fight other microorganisms
* also measure plant height, weight, growth rate, mortality, and seed production
  - radon in soil air
* also play a big part in finding cures
  - an important role in civic life when they interact with the press
  - rear insects in laboratories to study insects closely in different situations
* also say a bird direct descendant of a lizard
  - person's retina can change with age, while an iris remains intact
  - it stimulates metabolism by aiding the body's thermogenic process
* also say that global warming has accelerated the formation of glacial lakes
  - potatoes contain an enzyme that serves as a natural anti-depressant
  - they have found a type of salmon which can only live in almost-pure water
* also study ecology at the population level
  - living animals that resemble dinosaurs in some ways
  - rocks to learn about the history of the natural world
* also think some illnesses can cause depression
  - that some illnesses themselves can bring about depression
* also think the hot air makes air pollution worse and slows down plant growth
  - lights and the creatures enormous eyes allow it to see
* also use aerosol distributions to trace atmospheric pollution
  - cloning to test how identical cells react to different substances
  - induction to generalize from their observations to theoretical constructs
  - intense, narrow beams of X rays generated by devices called synchrotrons
  - seismographs in exploring for minerals and petroleum
  - synchrotron light in many other ways
  - synthetic compounds to mimic the action of the naturally occurring hormones
* alter liver gene in rats.
* analyze HOW biochemical and structural features are involved in producing color
  - bear hair follicles using six markers to determine species, sex, and individuals
  - government policy
  - how fast sponges breathe and the amount of nitrogen they release while doing so
  - information gathered through research to solve problems in the natural world
  - tick saliva for possible medical benefits for humans
  - trials
* announce discoveries.
  - the term dolphin to two families of cetaceans, marine dolphins and river dolphins
* are a notoriously conservative and skeptical group of people.
* are able to determine or estimate age by tracking birds that have been banded
  - link mutations and disease states to specific sites on chromosomes
* are also concerned about the medical risks and uncertainty associated with human cloning
  - interested in factors causing clinical disease
* are an important part of modern science
  - unsung part of the workforce
* are aware that chemicals create free radicals that cause cancer
  - dopamine is involved in both addiction and reward stimulus in the brain
  - bands
  - basically parasites or dependent people
  - both users and producers of databases
* are capable of experiments
  - committed to the scientific method as a way of making sense of nature
  - concerned about children's exposures through food and through the environment
* are concerned about the future of the lynx, fisher, wolverine and marten
  - long-term effects of marijuana on the unborn child
* are concerned that bats are waning in number and in diversity of species
  - global warming is causing serious climate change
  - discoverers, methodically searching for truths of the natural world
  - especially interested in the number of fish that live within limited areas
  - even able to identify microscopic crystals using the principles of crystallography
* are explore methods
  - possibility
  - fortunate because they can sometimes use special tools to enhance their senses
  - helpings plants defend themselves against insects without using pesticides
* are human agents in a field of material agency
  - and prone to be swayed by personal convictions
  - human, and they are as entitled as anyone to revile cruelty and abhor suffering
  - hypothetical people
* are in the process of determining how they react with the human body
  - redesigning the human body and what it means to be human
  - increasingly interested in creating synthetic materials found in nature
* are interested in cloning because it has immense scientific and medical potential
  - discovering laws which can then be used to predict events
  - fluids for a variety of reasons
  - the changes of the signature when a normal cell becomes a cancer cell
  - where gases and liquids flow and at what rate of speed
  - particularly in why and how crystals begin formation
* are just as capable of self delusion as other human beings
  - regular people who are curious about the world and life and how they work
  - knowledge seekers, always searching out why things happen
  - largely responsible for the huge quantity and rapid pace of social change
  - like atomic nuclei
* are located in chemistry labs
  - magazines
  - more likely to be atheists than the rest of the general population
* are most concerned about the effects of chemicals and other pollutants on communities
  - interested in mutations that result in or lead to disease
* are now able to alter the genetic make-up of plants and animals that people eat
  - make protein from chemicals
  - study single genes
  - ordinary people with varying degrees of physical ability
  - particularly interested in proteins associated with diseases
* are people Scientists strive to discover objective explanations about the real world
  - and people make mistakes
* are people who do science
  - help put together spaceships
  - make judgements based on what they see and as a result of tests conducted
  - notice details
  - use scientific principle to answer questions
  - products of their culture
  - real people
  - research scientists for the same reason farmers farm, they love their work
  - researchers
  - some of the most biased people in the world
  - specialized and professionals
  - strongly divided on potential risks to people and the environment
  - subordinates
  - the best sources for information about science
* are unsure as to how many species of plants and animals exist on the Earth
  - exactly what important role every plant or animal plays in the environment
  - how puffins find their way home and are still learning how birds migrate
  - of how long beluga whales live
* are very interested in the dart frogs and in batrachotoxins that they secrete
  - often men of real faith
  - workers
* are, in the popular mind, the crowned royalty of nerddom
  - therefore, wrong in equating life force with the physical form of living organisms
* argue classifications
* assess carcinogenicity by weighing the available data from both animal and human studies
  - different treatments
  - volcanic hazards based on a volcano's past behavior
* assume comets carry the water ice to the moon
  - degeneration
  - slow degeneration
* assume that carbon in bacteria takes up about one-half of their dry weight
  - the universe vast system governed by the same basic laws everywhere
* attach special proteins to the normal protein coating of a virus
  - tags to animals in order to recognise individuals in a population
  - the webbing to young falcons when they have reached nearly full physical size
* attribute global warming to heat-trapping gases in the atmosphere
  - sharp declines in duck populations largely to the loss of wetlands
  - the shades of red to the presence of iron as the rock formed
* begin by observing natural phenomena
  - to infer scientific principles based on observations
* believe CFCs are responsible for the destruction of the ozone
  - Hawaii's rock wallabies have evolved into a new species
  - Jupiter dense ball of gases, mostly hydrogen and helium, with some ammonia
  - Triton has at least a small atmosphere of methane and possibly other gases
  - a similar disease develops in humans who consume infected meat
  - adding a catalyst to a reaction increases the number of particle collisions
  - algae prevents the grasses from growing more
  - amiloride thins lung secretions by blocking sodium uptake by lung cells
  - asynchronous hatching is an adaptation to unpredictable food supplies
  - auroras are caused by solar particles hitting the Earth's atmosphere
  - babies are born with digestive systems containing few or no bacteria
  - cell damage has a direct effect on aging
  - cells stop replicating when the telomeres reach some critical length
  - changes are caused mainly by loss of neurons and deficiencies in surviving cells
  - dark matter makes up much of the matter in our universe
  - depression is linked to genetics and brain chemistry
  - dust particles in the atmosphere pick up bits of solid water
  - earth's first cells got their energy from such reactions
  - even more water lies deep under the Martian surface
  - fat plays an important role in helping the body to work properly
  - fireflies are omnivores, and some species eat other fireflies
  - flu outbreaks began in China where humans and animals live in close contact
  - genetic mutations occur spontaneously in children's cells
* believe high doses of Vitamin E help diabetics on at least two levels
  - levels of blood sugar gradually damage the nerves
* believe humans first contracted the virus after capturing chimps for food
  - have lived on the plateau for thousands of years
  - ice good environment for primitive bacteria
  - in a very old earth
  - inflammation leading cause in neurodegenerative disorders
* believe it evolved when Earth was bombarded with more radiation than today
  - has never caused death in humans
  - ladybugs lay both fertile and infertile eggs in the cluster
  - lupus is rooted in many subtle genetic abnormalities
  - manure is washing off fields and into waterways, feeding pfiesteria
  - many diseases begin with genetic mistakes known as mutations
  - mental exercise causes changes in brain tissue
  - our atmosphere was formed when gases seeped out of the Earth
  - penguins can navigate using the sun, stars, and geographical landmarks
  - proteins evolved first
  - radon exposure is the second leading cause of lung cancer
  - robins use vision to find earthworms
  - sea snakes descended from a single family of Australian land snakes
  - sperm cells find a waiting egg cell via a couple of complex mechanisms
  - that Io heats up internally when it changes shape
* believe that Mars once resembled Earth with oceans, seas, and rivers
  - used to have a thick atmosphere
  - REM sleep is the time when most people dream
  - Secretarybirds are monogomous, spending their lives with one partner
* believe that a diet containing pesticides causes eggshell thinning
  - dolphin adds one growth layer each year
  - part of the human brains contains the ability to use mental powers
  - person is born genetically predisposed to psoriasis
  - abnormal prions cause TSEs
  - about a meter of a comet's surface evaporates on each passage near the sun
  - air pollution is heating up the globe
  - amphibians evolved from primitive reptiles
  - any ice on the moon probably came from comets
  - asteroids are pieces of the material that formed the solar system
  - autism biological disorder at least partly caused by genes
  - bacteria helped create the earth's atmosphere
  - between outbreaks the virus is carried in animals, perhaps monkeys
  - birds are the closest living relative to the dinosaurs
* believe that birds evolved from reptiles and dinosaurs
  - theropod dinosaurs
* believe that certain enzymes in the body convert normal cells to cancer cells
  - foods have health benefits for specific diseases
  - chameleons change color to reflect their moods
  - changes in the earth's climate caused the ice sheets to grow
  - chlorine is also enriched in inaccessible regions deep in the Earth
  - current emissions of greenhouse gases are warming the earth dramatically
  - depression is caused by low levels of serotonin, a brain chemical
  - dietary factors play a role in the development of colon cancer
  - drinking tea improves oral health by helping prevent dental caries
  - during the time of the dinosaurs, a giant meteor collided with the Earth
  - early whales actually walked the earth
  - ecological succession bring in stability
  - environmental quality and the incidence of cancer are inseparably linked
  - faulty signals in the digestive tract lead to problems with motility
  - female cicadas can distinguish between the calls of individual males
* believe that giant squid can attack and eat small whales
  - squids live for less than five years
  - greenhouse gases are capable of causing global warming
  - high diversity makes animals more resilient to changes in their environment
  - humans began to eat meat when the climate where they lived began to change
  - intelligence can be measured or tested
* believe that it is the interaction of many factors together that produces cancer
  - takes nearly a thousand years for a stalactite to grow
  - jaws arose via the modification of the first or second gill arches
  - land plants evolved from single-celled green algae
* believe that life first appeared on Earth nearly four billion years ago
  - on Earth began as an evolutionary process
  - light therapy works by altering the levels of certain brain chemicals
* believe that maiasaurs lived and moved across North America in large herds
  - in enormous herds of ten thousand
  - manatees evolved from land mammals that returned to an aquatic life
  - many chondrites formed during the early stages of the solar system
  - meteorites are debris from long-ago collisions between asteroids
  - mice produce powerful antiangiogenic factors in response to the infection
  - more red-back voles die from the cold than are eaten by predators
* believe that most caves form below the water table by slowly moving water
  - or all toothed whales have echolocation abilities
  - women have a hymen
  - new stars form inside of nebulae
  - nicotine and other addictive substances change brain chemicals
  - non-REM sleep has a replenishing effect on our bodies
  - only females are dangerous to people
* believe that our atmosphere used to consist mainly of carbon dioxide, methane and water
  - galaxy contains five to ten times as much dark matter as visible stars
* believe that people are exposed when they inhale contaminated material
  - inherit a tendency to be allergic
  - planet Mars, like the Earth, has a largely iron core
  - radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States
  - raindrops in the winds of clouds form up electric charge
  - scorpions used to be more than tree feet long
  - seasonal changes in day length and temperature trigger the urge to migrate
  - sharks are older than dinosaurs
* believe that some forms of depression are caused by low levels of serotonin in the brain
  - people are born wired for mental illness through genetics
  - stars form when gas clouds collapse due to gravity
  - stem cells can be used to treat degenerative diseases
  - taste nerves mutually inhibit each other
* believe that the amygdala is responsible for emotion
  - botos hairs are used as tactile sensory organs
  - bright, visible clouds of the white ovals are composed of ammonia
  - compounds stop cancer cells from initiating or developing into tumors
  - conditions on some planets are conducive to life
  - continents rest on huge plates
  - early universe contained as many particles as antiparticles
  - earth was originally a ball of molten rock and lava
  - human brain has evolved
  - macular pigment protects the retina
  - negative head movement precursor of the same behavior in humans
  - oldest frogs developed jumping legs to avoid being eaten by dinosaurs
  - present continents are parts of what was once a single large continent
  - rings are the material left after a moon broke apart
  - virus causing genital warts also causes several types of cancer
  - weightlessness of the ocean makes large body size possible
  - there genetic basis for intelligence
* believe that they contain heavy chemical elements originated in stars
  - resemble the outer core of the Earth
  - things and events are understandable through careful study
  - tidal freshwater marshes play a key role in nitrogen cycling
  - tiger coloration and stripes evolved as a form of camouflage
  - too much glutamate can harm motor neurons and inhibit nerve signaling
  - toxic chemicals play a significant role in the decline of river life
  - turtles live longer than any other back boned animal
  - up to half the nerve cells in the brain are devoted to vision
  - wampas are solitary predators
  - water reaches the moon from impacting comets
  - wet dreams are the body 's way of removing too much semen
  - wolves are the direct ancestors of today's domestic dogs
  - zinc is the natural modulator of prolactin secretion by the pituitary gland
* believe the adult shrimp die and leave tiny eggs when the rain-fed pools dry up
  - amyloid plaques are evidence of the brain trying to repair itself
  - bacteria become resistant to antibiotics by switching on two genes
  - disease is spread in humans after they consume contaminated cattle products
  - gasses are causing significant changes in the Earth's climate
  - hormone binds to receptors in the brain that control food intake
  - iridium-rich layer was formed when an asteroid struck the Earth's surface
  - magnetic field that exists around the planet is generated by Earth's core
  - majority of trash is related to the shrimping and petrochemical industries
  - moon has been inching away from Earth for billions of years
  - outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid
  - owl's reproductive cycle is loosely tied to lemming abundance
  - stem cells are so new and healthy in umbilical cords they can adapt
  - total amount of water on Earth has remained unchanged for millions of years
* believe there are as many species of nematodes as there are insects
  - only four classes of such protease enzymes
  - several other mutations that play a role in infertility
  - specific genes that control longevity
  - special part of the brain that can tell time
* believe they are born when a star collapses
  - clouds of ammonia-ice crystals that bubble to the top of the atmosphere
  - descended from creatures that lived on land, possibly the mesonychid
  - like the inside of the earth, near the earth's core
  - made of stony material and metals such as iron and nickel
  - smarter than primates and even three-year old children
  - the principal cause of the trend to global warming
  - can determine the health of an ecosystem by measuring efficiency
  - contain chemicals that help the body detoxify cancer-promoting compounds
  - feed on schooling fish
  - occur at the rate of about one a day somewhere in the universe
  - play an important role in making genes active or inactive
  - understand how a fish's gills evolved into an amphibian's lungs
  - three out of every five breast cancers are hormone responsive
  - turtles live longer than any other backboned animal
* blame a myriad of effects on the Earth's land, water, and air on the temperature change.
* break down time according to what animals and other life on the planet where doing.
* breed plants to grow in specific areas
  - tumor-resistant mice using gene engineering
* build special instruments to separate light, usually with gratings.
* calculate momentum by multiplying the mass of the object by the velocity of the object.
* calculate the mass of large objects in space by studying their motion
  - position of a star against the background of more distant stars
* call amino acids the building blocks of proteins
  - deoxyribonucleic acid the blueprint of individuality
  - electric eyes photoelectric cells
  - horseflies blood-feeding arthropods
  - it methane hydrate
  - making sperm 'spermatogenesis'
  - sugars carbohydrates
* call the lengths of discolored fibers, pixels
  - material in which waves travel the wave medium
  - path that electricity takes an electric circuit
* call the process of mating, laying eggs and raising chicks, breeding
  - somatic cell division mitosis
  - study of tree rings dendrochronology
  - variety of life forms Earth's biological diversity or biodiversity
  - their body shape a medusa
  - unusual occurrences of cancer in an area or in time a 'cancer cluster'
  - waves of electromagnetic energy that travel through space light
* can actually feel each atom
  - see organs developing
* can also be selfish, arrogant and prejudiced
  - deactivate genes in mice, then watch what happens to the mouse without the gene
  - determine climate from studying rock faces and observing the mineral deposits
  - easily alter fruit fly genes
  - grow cells to help make people better
  - measure the movement of extremely distant objects with the lenses
  - shorten or lengthen their plants day using automated shades and grow lights
* can also study autopsy specimens to investigate how the brain changes over time
  - dog families much easier than human families
  - smaller crystals and much larger proteins and protein complexes
  - take a cell from an adult animal and produce a new cloned off-spring
  - understand how other cells react to repair a wounded cell
  - change their minds after more evidence is produced
  - classify minerals into groups on the basis of their chemical makeup
  - compare parts of the human genome to the mouse and see where the differences lie
  - conduct natural studies and experiments with people who live more remotely
  - control the temperature, humidity, light, pollutants and atmospheric gases
  - date the age of the tree by counting and measuring the rings
  - detect changes over weeks, months, years or even decades
* can determine annual snowfall because each year's snow forms a layer
  - mast cell activation by measuring an increased level of tryptase in urine
  - the age of ancient objects by a method called radiocarbon dating
* can do amazing things, and they can make human cells live away from the body for a while
  - delicate experiments
  - easily genetically alter adult cells
  - encode vast amounts of digital information onto a single strand of synthetic DNA
  - engineer food by inserting genes into an organism's DNA in the cell's nucleus
* can estimate how much of each type of carbon is in the body of a living organism
  - the amount of dust that falls every year
* can even create oysters with three sets of chromosomes, instead of the normal two
  - extract genetic material from bones and tissues
  - measure the activity of individual neurons in sleeping animals
  - examine lichens to indirectly measure air pollution
  - follow the path of seismic waves from earthquakes as they travel through the Earth
  - help to understand the causes and dynamics of consumptive behavior
* can identify a coywolf from a coyote and a wolf, and a coydog from a coyote and a dog
  - individual zebras by comparing patterns, stripe widths, color and scars
  - individuals and determine relationships among dolphins in a group
  - sea turtle species by the number and pattern of scutes
  - the chemical composition of gases by examining their light spectrum
  - image the solid inner core using energy from earthquakes, known as seismic waves
  - isolate DNA from cells of any plant, animal, or microorganism
  - learn a great deal about our world by observing, measuring, and examining
  - look at some crystals and know what substance they are observing
* can make all sorts of claims about man originating by purely natural evolutionary causes
  - electrons travel from one atom to another
* can measure infrared absorption by molecules very accurately
  - the glaciers in order to know how much freshwater is on Earth
  - monitor phytoplankton in the Indian Ocean - and use that to help predict cholera
  - move from being interested in rocks to chemistry to biology and astronomy
  - never again close their eyes to the social effects of their discoveries
* can now add, remove or change genes to produce the plants and animals they want
  - begin to read the blueprints of all organisms
  - insert genes into cells
  - isolate, read and even manipulate certain characteristics of human genes
  - manipulate stem cells in mice to regenerate tissue and organ systems
  - send animals, even people into space
  - use DNA information to identify desirable traits in organisms
  - obtain stem cells from the cloned embryos
* can only guess why many butterflies are so brightly colored
  - study natural forces in the material universe
  - photograph the surface or view in real time on a computer screen
  - predict eclipses of the sun and moon
  - recognize gene families because their members have similar sequences
  - see that the movement within the atom is continuous
* can sometimes do tests for things that they couldn t possibly believe in
  - identify individual whales by their tail markings
* can study all aspects of the natural world, including experimenting on an extinct animal
  - meteorites to learn more about the asteroids from which they originated
  - molecules in space, for example, to learn more about the formation of stars
  - the growth rings of old trees and determine rainfall patterns for years past
  - tag sharks to study their behaviour
* can tell how much energy a particle had by seeing how much lead it took to stop it
  - old fish are from the otoliths, which are part of the inner ear
  - thus work the age of sections of skeleton
  - trace the magnetic fields of sunspots using a device called a magnetograph
  - track hurricanes with satellites after they form
* can use a penetrometer to measure how much moisture is in soil
  - active sonar to explore the bottom of the ocean
  - gamma rays to determine the elements on other planets
  - gene technology to locate and analyse single genes in a chain of many thousands
  - special instruments to detect the heat the objects give off
* can use the distribution of living organisms to find out about pollution
  - emission spectra of atoms and molecules to study the composition of stars
  - three-dimensional topographic maps to study the potential of natural hazards
  - work in different areas of science
* carry out electrochemical studies on physico-chemical systems for a variety of reasons.
* categorize fuel cells by the type of electrolyte used
  - objects displaying cometary properties according to their orbital period
* caution that growth hormone also comes with risks, especially at high doses.
* chart iron cycle in ocean.
* chemically analyze the fish's otoliths - also known as earstones.
* choose specific stains when they want to look at a particular part of a cell.
* cite causes
  - other possible causes
* claim that men and monkeys are from the same origin.
* classify all living things into different groups
  - five groups
* classify animals according to how closely related they are to each other
  - their bodies have evolved
  - physical properties and characteristics
  - clams by how far down they dig and what kind of surface they dig into
* classify cosmic ray particles depending on their source
  - rays depending on their source
  - dinoflagellates in a group of living things called protists
  - fingerprints into several general patterns
  - invertebrates based on their structure
  - lemurs, along with human beings, apes, and monkeys, as primates
  - orbits by the shape that they trace through space
* classify organisms based on common physical characteristics
  - in a hierarchical scheme
  - to organize and understand similarities among organisms
  - using a series of hierarchical categories called taxa
* classify the activity of a volcano according to how often it erupts
  - different types of living things into groups called species
  - walrus as a kind of large seal
  - to organize living things into groups so that it is easier to study
  - vitamins by the fluid in which they dissolve
  - whales as either baleen or toothed
* coax stem cells into repairing damaged hearts.
* collaborate with other researchers
* collect cases
* commonly debate new information to arrive at new understandings
  - report the standard deviation of numbers from the average number in experiments
  - study tens of thousands of specimens from large areas
* communicate in writing
  - with each other through their professional meetings and journals
* compare results
  - samples
  - the flow of traffic to the flow of liquid through a pipe
* complete experiments.
* conduct classifications
  - experiments to understand natural processes
  - novel experiments
* confirm attributes
  - that fish and crustaceans, like all animals, feel pain
* confront intelligent design and creationism.
* consider bird eyes to be the finest in the animal kingdom
  - environmental factors
  - free radicals to be the geatest contributing factor to aging
  - frogs cheaper and easier to work with than mice
  - muons the most basic of particles
  - pain a sense, like touch or sight
  - rain forests to be more valuable intact than when converted to pastures
  - sea turtles to be an indicator species
* consider the baldcypress a living fossil
  - gray wolf to be the species from which most other wolf subspecies evolved
  - ocean floor to be a two-dimensional volumetric scattering surface
  - once-teeming sea one of the world's most threatened ecosystems
* constantly keep tabs on pesticides to see if they pose an unacceptable health risk
  - make assumptions in order to build theories to explain and make predictions
  - measure things when they do experiments
* continue education.
* continue to debate the ancestry of domesticated corn
  - history of man
  - monitor the depleted region of ozone commonly known as the ozone hole
* continue to study birds, uncovering new evidence of reproductive damage
  - dolphin therapy
  - lightning, trying to learn more lightning and why it occurs
* continue to study the details of how evolution occurs
  - intricacies of snake venoms
  - use fluke patterns to study behavior
  - tradition
* contribute to an understanding of what life is all about
* control conditions.
* count things and measure things such as size, weight, temperature, speed, etc.
* create environmental sensitivity index maps
  - hypotheses to try and explain the observed behavior of the world
  - transgenic animals by incorporating genes from one animal into another
  - words for indescribable states of physical being
* crystallize protein molecules in order to study their complex internal structures.
* currently consider natural biotin supplements to be non-toxic
  - have the ability to create human embryos in their labs
* currently recognize six subspecies of North American elk
  - two distinct types of killer whales
  - use light as a probe to study chemical molecules
* debate the connection between carbs and obesity.
* define a wetland as being a large swampy or marshy environment with lots of vegetation.
* define energy as the ability to do work
  - get work done
  - learning as a relatively permanent change in behavior as the result of experience
  - the boundaries of ecosystems in different ways
  - tornadoes as, very simply, violently rotating columns of air
  - work to be the product of force acting through a distance
* demonstrate causes
  - inventions
* depend on human body parts for research.
* describe and name winds based on the direction from which they are blowing
  - gravitation as the force with which bodies attract each other
  - light as being made of photons that form waves
* describe the Earth in terms of sphere s
  - human brain as the most complicated physical structure in the universe
  - stability of an isotope by reporting it's half-life
* determine a gray whale's age by counting the annual layers in the whale's waxy ear plug
  - person's exposure to mercury by measuring the content in a strand of hair
  - extent
  - mainstreams
  - what angler fish eat by examining their stomach contents
* develop conditions
  - explanations using observations and what they already know about the world
  - images
  - products to improve the efficiency of producing meat, milk and eggs
  - theories about the way the world works
* differ greatly in what phenomena they study and how they go about their work.
* disagree about the age of dinosaur remains
  - whether hypnosis involves a special mental state
  - in their theories as to how horned dinosaurs walked
  - on many dietary recommendations for reducing the risk of chronic diseases
* discover aspects
  - injuries
  - life causes cancer
  - mental g-spot in men
  - new species of fungus each year
  - performance
* discover relate birth defects
  - strategies
  - structure of an enzyme crucial to life
* discuss cases
  - how the brain processes stress and illness
* dismiss ideas.
* divide bats into two groups
  - eras into periods
* divide the Precambrian into three eons
  - mosses into eight groups
* do a lot of watching, or observing, to learn about things like insects
* do know that a tendency for severe obesity runs in families
  - dark matter forms massive halos that surround galaxies
  - dogs smell much better than most animals, including humans
* do know that drinking on a regular basis affects a developing baby
  - regular basis affects a developing child
  - most leukemias are associated with specific gene mutations
  - once green turtles shift to benthic feeding grounds, they are herbivores
* do know, however, that fragrant chemicals make up only a fraction of a live flower
  - frogs serve as an environmental barometer
  - understand the science behind evolution
* do, of course, identify the senses.
* don t understand everything, but they often observe links between certain phenomena.
* draw clear distinction
  - inference
* emphasize how critical the first ten years of life are in terms of brain development.
* employ innovative strategies
  - protocols
  - research protocols
  - the methods of scientific inquiry to develop a body of knowledge or theory
* enter fields
  - territory
* establish fields.
* estimate only one percent of the species of plants and animals are preserved as fossils
  - some microbial communities to be millions of years old
* estimate that about one-fifth of the earth's land surface is desert
  - lightning can travel at around one mile per minute
  - millions of tons of toxic pollutants are released into the air each year
  - more than two-thirds of the earth's coral reefs are at risk or in decline
  - most of the dark matter in our universe is made up of unusual particles
  - virtually all puppies have roundworm
* evaluate control methods
  - values
* examine aspects
  - evidence of physical differences between the brains of men and women
  - fecal samples
  - plate tectonics, one of the most important discoveries of the twentieth century
* exercise faith in their instruments and their own powers of observation.
* expect all three types of neutrinos to be emitted from a supernova
  - the mouse to be the workhorse in the effort to understand how genes work
* explain capacity
  - that adaptations come about through the process of evolution
  - the bio-chemical reactions that determine our thoughts, feelings, and actions
* explore ideas
  - mysteries
  - the nature of matter and energy
* express heat in terms of the joule, a unit used for all forms of energy.
* extend investigations
* face problems.
* fear disasters.
* feel presence.
* feel that birds possess a sense of touch much like humans
  - by improving our knowledge of nature they can benefit mankind
* finally transform mouse marrow stem cells into nervous tissue.
  - answers
  - capability
  - cause of death of brain cells
  - consequences
  - feedback
  - genes that speed evolution
  - particular scientific theories
  - plots
  - signs of a pollutant's subtle hormonelike influence on human reproductive cycles
  - that during the growing season, land plants can be used to measure drought
  - wave functions
* first formulate hypotheses , or predictions, about nature.
* focus attention.
* focus on areas
* follow rules of argument to advance their ideas.
* forecast that microorganisms are very likely to increase in number and diversity.
* formulate and test their explanations of nature using observation and experiments
* frequently measure distances from a planet in terms of the radius of that planet.
* frequently use deuterium to study organic and biochemical reactions
  - eggs as a standard for measuring the protein quality of other foods
  - work as parts of teams
* function outside the constraints of traditional academic disciplines.
* gather evidence
* gauge the health of a river by sampling the population of aquatic insects.
* generally agree that lizards are the evolutionary forefathers of snakes
  - play fosters healthy development of young and adult animals alike
  - believe the cure for pseudoscience is to raise science literacy
  - conceptualize time as moving in a direction from past to future
  - concur that excess fat can significantly shorten one's life span
  - define fossils as being at least ten thousand years old
* generally refer to old forests as old-growth
  - smaller bodies of flowing water as streams and larger ones as rivers
  - support irradiation as a way to reduce food-borne illnesses
  - think in terms of hard facts
  - use hectopascals to measure air pressure
  - work in metric units
* get evidence
* give evidence
  - fish their scientific names
* grow crystals of proteins and viruses to understand their molecular structure
  - hair without the use of drugs
* guess that the bugs spiders eat in one year weigh as much as all the people on the Earth
  - the colors of the dinosaurs based on habitats and lifestyles
* harness natural processes of biotechnology like fermentation to produce some medicines.
* have a general understanding of the geologic processes that formed the Andes
  - life - they travel, they have cars, they buy insurance
  - number of ways to detect climatic changes preserved in ancient ice
  - numbering system for the brightness of stars
  - rank structure, just like the military
  - social responsibility
  - special for classifying plants and animals
  - system for naming all the living organisms on earth
  - tendency to be enamored with the scientific method
  - tradition of writing equations in certain ways
  - biases that influence their work
  - chances
  - classified regions of the world into different biomes
  - confidence
* have different ideas
  - opinions about what constitutes a species or a subspecies
  - difficulty observing the actual movement of the particles that atoms are made of
  - direct experience
  - documentation
* have ethical code
  - traditions
  - for the first time repaired a genetic mutation that causes disease in animals
  - glass
  - good reason to no longer believe in the spontaneous generation of insects
* have many guesses on what happened to the dinosaurs at the end of the dinosaur age
  - theories about what caused the extinction of dinosaurs
  - tools to understand the properties of a distant light source
  - moral obligation
  - opportunity
  - particular concerns about their effects on the developing brains of children
  - rules that they work by called conservation laws
  - several theories about the nature of dark matter
  - similar ideas
  - some ideas about which parent's gene is activated during imprinting
  - substitutes for some components of blood
  - talent
* have the ability to see how cocaine actually affects brain function in people
  - gene for shyness
  - responsibility to treat research animals with care and compassion
  - technology to continuously measure weather and climatic conditions on land
  - to map the seven chromosome groups that form the genetic material of wheat
  - unique opportunity
* have yet to determine how much carbon the oceans and land can absorb
  - discover whether such nerves and bulbs are functional
  - succeed in cloning primates
* heat animal tissue to extremely high temperatures until atoms begin to emit light.
* help procedures.
* hold degrees.
* hope that the creation of young cells through cloning can treat diseases in humans.
* hope to be able to grow complicated organs such as hearts, livers and kidneys
  - pig cells and organs which are compatible with the human body
  - restore youthfulness in the elderly by replacing hormones
* hypothesize that if water moves around on Mars, it does so as water vapor
  - repeated withdrawals sensitize parts of the brain to anxiety
* identify cases
  - designs
  - specific animals with photographs of their flukes
* immunize rats against some effects of cocaine.
* improve desalination plants to turn ocean water into drinking water.
* includes arms
  - human bodies
* increasingly look at stress as an important factor in the origin of illness.
* infer and predict things based on their observations.
* infer that the first invertebrates evolved from a. simple vertebrates
  - whale has evolved from an ancestor that once had legs
* interpret facts.
* introduce concepts.
* investigate conservation
  - habitat conservation
  - own interest
* involve in development
  - management issues
  - weed science
* join researchers.
* keep journals
  - track of all the different types of animals with a system they call classifying
  - tracks
* know Titan has a thick atmosphere, which is unusual for a moon.
* know a distinct human life begins at conception
  - great deal about individual neurons
  - great deal about the stars that shine at night
  - how to grow cells
* know little about how children develop their sleeping habits
  - tubeworms reproduce
* know little about the behavior of tapeworms in the intestines of their hosts
  - migration of tropical bats
  - what happens when lightning hits water
  - of the biochemistry, molecular biology, and genetics of pressure adaptation
  - makers
  - much about death rate and the related life span of many organisms
  - smog as ground level ozone
  - some diseases such as cystic fibrosis are caused by a single defective gene
* know that a single genetic mutation gives rise to blue eyes
  - albatrosses nest on Tern Island in Hawaii
  - almost all modern galaxies have supermassive black holes in their centers
  - cannabis plants make a group of chemicals called cannabinoids
  - different molecules absorb light only at certain wavelengths
  - dioxin is one of the most toxic chemicals ever studied
  - endocrine systems can be adversely affected by a wide variety of substances
  - energy always changes from high to low quality when work is performed
  - falling water releases negative ions
  - gene mutations contribute to cancer development
  - global average temperatures are rising
* know that global warming can raise ocean temperatures and affect currents
  - is real and heating up the planet
  - hormones often override judgment and common sense in many people
  - hot air rises and carries the moisture with it
  - humans have fewer genes than they once predicted
  - in nature antibiotic resistance genes can pass from one organism to another
  - iridium is much more common in asteroids and meteors than it is on Earth
  - lightning steady current of positive electrons
  - modern-day soil bacteria spores can revive after many years
  - only huge quantities of methanol can affect vision
  - other types of one-celled creatures can perform similar chemical breakdown
  - ozone-destroying industrial chemicals are the major cause of ozone loss
  - pigs can easily get retroviruses
* know that plants respond actively to their environment
  - try to use as much energy as they can
  - rattlesnakes use their rattles to sound a warning when they feel threatened
  - roots are the most important part of a plant
* know that some insects change color when their populations increase
  - kinds of proteins cause the immune system to attack cells
  - people have higher metabolic rates than others
  - sound waves in the atmosphere correspond to similar waves underground
  - stress can cause problems with memory and problem solving
  - superfluids form quantum whirlpools when they rotate
* know that the flight muscle of an insect burns more oxygen than any other animal tissue
  - heart sends neurological information to the brain and the rest of the body
  - protein myosin is the main molecular motor of muscle
  - tobacco causes lungs cancer
  - various forms of prions have been around for a long time
  - weight loss increases the risk of gallstone formation
  - when an object is moving in a direction, it tends to keep going that way
  - while morphine stimulant in dogs, it has the opposite effect in people
  - the location and mechanism of certain genes
  - they existed because they have found skeletons buried in the ground
* know very little about the chemical properties of curium
  - chemical, physical, and structural properties of gas hydrates
  - habits of the young because they are so secretive
* know, for example, that species characteristics vary depending on latitude
  - roughly, the average amounts of thorium in food and drinking water
* launch trials.
* lead teams.
* learn a lot by observing things in nature and in the classroom or laboratory.
* learn about apes
  - dinosaurs from fossils, the records and remains of ancient living things
* learn about the causes of cancer from specific observations
  - eating habits of owls by identifying the remains of prey in such pellets
  - make up and energy levels of atoms by studying UV rays
  - from the society they live in, such as from teachers
  - much from comparing the structures of different proteins
  - the age of rocks by measuring the amount of radioactive isotopes in the rocks
  - to be skeptical, to question the accuracy of our ideas
  - whole lots
* leave universities.
* like to break up time into different periods just as historians do
  - define aging as a decline in functionality
  - find empirical explanations to account for past superstitions and prejudices
  - keep their animals visible so they can focus on a certain characteristic
  - use equations to predict the outcome of events
* link a single gene to longer life in mice
  - increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere to Antarctica's rising temperatures
  - radiation and cancer
* list different events as signs of global warming.
* lists the elements in the periodic table in order of atomic number.
* live and work in an underwater habitat.
* look at death
  - fur and scat collections to track animals
  - genetic evidence
* look for ancestors and descendants through geologic time
  - similarities in behavior, coloration, body structure, and genetic makeup
  - similarity
  - ways to fight diseases that affect our lungs
  - to penguins to gauge the health of our oceans and, in a larger sense, earth
* love graphs, because they are a way to look at complex data in a visual way
  - lasers for their precision and power
  - to share information
* maintain distinction
* make a general identification of viruses by the size of their coat proteins
  - all sorts of claims to know about the causes of things, like how plants make oxygen
  - cells immortal Scientists have discovered a way of making cells immortal
  - certain assumptions
  - correct hypotheses
  - decisions
  - hypotheses and theories about their fields of study
  - monoclonal antibodies by fusing two kinds of cells
* make new discoveries years before people are ready to accept their ethical consequences
  - hair follicles in humans without using drugs
  - preparation
  - progress
  - recent discoveries
  - startle discoveries
  - term climate predictions
* manufacture pharmaceutical products through chemical synthesis.
* map a bacterium's genetic code
  - first structure in important family of proteins
* mask certain antigens on the porcine cells that trigger the immune response.
* may have assistants.
* measure a number of different decay processes
  - earthquakes by using an instrument called a seismograph
  - energy in units called joules
  - heat in something called joules
  - light transmittance with balloons
  - magnetic fields in units of teslas and gauss
  - primary production and the amount of animals in a system in terms of carbon
  - radiation's effect on humans in units called rems
  - ranges
  - reactions in the gas phase , on surfaces and in water
* measure the amount of pore space by determining the rock's porosity
  - radioactive energy deposited in tissue using a unit called a gray
  - amplitude in atmospheres
  - force needed to shear muscles
  - intensity of light coming from any source in units called lumens
  - jaguar's temperature, pulse, and respiration rate
  - ozone layer to see if it is getting thinner
  - rate of breakdown in half lives
  - salt content of tide water in parts per thousand
  - volume in cubic units, such as liters, cubic meters, gallons and ounces
* model magnetic forces using field lines.
* monitor bear reproduction and mortality to assess population trends
  - global air pollution from space
  - various methods
* move nests that are too close to the water to safer areas or to hatcheries.
* must have computer skills
  - excellent computer skills
* naturally use and build upon the works of others.
* need basic information
  - such information
* never function in isolation.
* normally work in groups, and social interactions are critical to their work.
* note that the size of a bear's range is determined by the amount of available food.
* notice structural similarities between fossils of a land animal and an aquatic organism.
* now agree that thermonuclear reactions are the source of solar energy.
* now believe that global warming and greenhouse gas pollution are related
  - lobsters do very little thinking and feel almost no pain
  - pets and wild animals have feelings
* now believe that the dark bands represent elements in the sun's atmosphere
  - top quark's mass is about equal to that of an atom of gold
* now believe they can bring back extinct animals such as dodo birds
  - know how cannabis works in the brain
  - chart changes in a pig's body composition as it grows
  - consider fungi to be a separate Kingdom that is nearly one billion years old
  - describe the possible positions of electrons in terms of probability
* now know that X rays are one of several forms of electromagnetic radiation
  - at least half the heat is carried by vast ocean currents
  - humans are genetically wired for walking
  - light can be described as a train of waves that carries energy
* now know that many cases of male infertility have genetic origins
  - factors besides the food itself affect blood glucose levels
  - other infections can be transmitted during sex
  - spirulina extracts can protect hamsters from herpes virus and cancer
  - the creation of stars is an evolutionary process that is still ongoing
  - the variations and locations of many genetic markers on each human chromosome
  - make polymers with particular properties
  - recognize pesticides as a threat to groundwater quality and drinking water supplies
* now recognize that they understand only a fraction of olfaction
  - wetlands are amongst the most productive ecosystems
  - the crucial role that nutrition plays in supporting immune function
* now think epigenetics can play a role in the development of some cancers
  - supermassive black holes are a fundamental part of what a galaxy actually is
* now think that the solar activity influences the Earth's weather in some way
  - women can also ejaculate when they have an orgasm
  - understand that good feelings relate to chemicals known as endorphins
* now use phylogeny, mathematics, and other computations to date fossils
  - the theory of evolution to explain how a larval and pupal stage came to be
* observe and study living cells using microscopes which can magnify objects
  - annelids to monitor the quality of marine and fresh water
  - apparent effects
  - how a set of mosquitoes, for example, behave in a village
  - recessive patterns
  - things, and then they try to explain their observations
* offer contributions
  - specific recommendations
* often age an animal by looking at the enamel growth layers on the animal's teeth
  - assume the existence of an objective reality, which is the object of their study
  - battle disease or infection with drugs that block the receptors an invader seeks
* often categorize fossils as either trace fossils or body fossils
  - mutualism into two types, obligate mutualism and facultative mutualism
  - compare Titan to the early Earth, before life began
* often compare the binding of proteins to a key matching a lock
  - to a key matching with a lock
  - consult the fossil record when considering issues of evolution
  - disagree about scientific evidence and hypotheses
  - do different kinds of experiments to cross check their results
  - express considerable uncertainty about the dangers of a particular substance
  - find solutions to problems by knowing the results of other scientists' experiments
* often have different perspectives and views on what is important
  - to use specific amounts of liquid in order to conduct experiments
  - like to think of themselves as dispassionate seekers of knowledge
  - look to the Arctic for indications of the effects of global warming
  - make inferences based on their observations
* often refer to beavers as the engineers of the animal world
  - sex as a biological tradeoff
  - spend an extended period of time examining individual images
* often study the tools, clothes, utensils, homes, and weapons of early civilizations
  - wildlife to determine the qualify of our environment
  - talk about an ideal world where laws uniformly apply
* often use a small world in a laboratory to study
  - animals in their research
  - different species in the laboratory for research into human organ development
  - equations as models of natural processes
  - homology to support the theory of evolution
  - numbers that are so large or so small that they dazzle and confuse the mind
  - phycobilins to track tumor cells
  - pure compounds, with known solubilities and robust toxic end points
  - rates to express quantities and to make changes from one unit to another
  - sophisticated instruments to measure the exact pH of a substance
  - statistical formulas to calculate an estimate of the amount of sampling error
  - such devices to measure vibrations and tiny fluctuations in pressure
  - vectors to graphically represent numerical problems
  - work from experiments of nature
* only understand the function of a relatively tiny fraction of our genes at present.
* organize all life on earth into groups based on shared traits
  - the elements into a table called the periodic table
* participate in public affairs both as specialists and as citizens.
* pay attention to high acidity because it can kill fish, frogs and trees
  - close attention
  - much attention
* perform a lot of experiments to observe important things
  - remarkable experiments
  - successful experiments
* place great faith in the evidence of our senses
  - living things in groups based on the features that the living things share
* play a major role in the swelling tide of consciousness.
* possess quality.
* predict rising sea levels, freak weather patterns, storms, floods and tidal waves
  - summers to become warmer while winters become far wetter
  - when flares are going to happen by looking at their magnetic fields
* prepare summaries.
* present evidence
* pretend that planets and stars have a line drawn through their middles.
* pride themselves on being able to share information and resources, share samples.
* produce evidence
  - solid evidence
  - vaccines from either dead or live viruses
* propose areas
  - frameworks
  - hypotheses to explain facts and they are usually correct in their predictions
  - interference
  - notions
* propose that either women or men can be immunized against proteins vital to fertility
  - the seabed's hot springs are the birthplace of all life on Earth
* prove that linguistic capacity is present even without speech and hearing.
* provide compel evidence
  - suggestions
  - descriptions
  - paper
  - several books
* pursue degrees
* question fundamental theories
* rank bamboos among the most primitive of grasses.
* realize theories.
  - five major mass extinctions in the Earth's history
  - genus
  - potential problems
  - that various materials can conduct electricity in different ways
* record results.
* refer to each other by their proper degrees and academic affiliations
  - species using both their genus and species name
* refer to the entire range of photon energies as the electromagnetic spectrum
  - sticky molecules as CAMs, or cellular adhesion molecules
  - time as the fourth dimension
  - warm-blooded animals as endothermic or homeothermic
* regard the tarsier as the oldest mammal now inhabiting the earth.
* regularly tap into biological systems to find solutions for human problems.
* reject notions.
* rely heavily on direct observation and physical laws.
* rely on computerised climate models to make their predictions about climate change
  - technology to enhance the gathering and manipulation of data
* remain divided on why people have different urinary responses to eating asparagus.
* repeat measurements.
* report a global loss of amphibians including salamanders, newts and toads
* report that eating turkey sandwiches causes pancreatic cancer
  - only a quarter of infants survive their first year of life
  - some kinds of trees exude certain chemicals when they are under stress
  - taller men have greater reproductive success
  - two experimental drugs decrease the duration and severity of influenza
  - thousands of birds there have perished from throat parasites
* represent expertise
  - the invisible magnetic field by drawing magnetic field lines
* require information.
* require specific information
  - soil information
* research marine life, ocean water, pollution, marine plants, and ocean salts
* routinely design experiments, analyze data, and write papers in groups
  - use models to depict, test, and refine their ideas
  - work together over the internet and exchange ideas, manuscripts, and data
* say Earth was bombarbed by large meteorites millions of years ago
  - Nigerian oil flares are the single biggest cause of global warming
  - a dog's mouth is cleaner than a human's mouth
  - all planets are solid
  - animals' thoughts and feelings also affect their actions
  - any ice on the moon probably came from comets falling into deep craters at the poles
  - bergs are a part of the natural cycle
  - children who sleep with a light on are more likely to grow up myopic or near-sighted
  - depression is linked to the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine
  - extra heat in the atmosphere makes thunderstorms stronger
  - freshwater plumes from the great rivers can go hundreds of miles out to sea
  - genetics probably plays a role in the graying process
  - gluten molecules are heavy and non-volatile
  - infected mosquitoes bite wild birds, such as crows, robins and starlings
  - laughter increases the production of antibodies that fight upper respiratory disease
  - lavender oil stimulates the brain
  - liquid water seems essential to life
  - mad cow disease is spread in cattle by tainted animal feed
  - mustard gas can cause genetic damage
  - other fireworks which emit red, green or white light give off less dioxins
  - pigeons carry diseases harmful to human beings
  - reefs around the world are threatened by coral bleaching
  - species are always going extinct, but usually at a much slower pace
  - sperm whales are hard to track because they surface less often than balleen whales
* say that alligators have the most acidic stomachs in the animal kingdom
  - blue slows down the heart rate and green helps prevent eyestrain
  - carbon dioxide key contributor to global warming
  - certain kinds of shark lived in prehistoric times with the dinosaurs
  - earthly life has been around nearly four billion years
  - electricity is the quantity of electric charge
  - fifty thousand thoughts pass through the average person in a day
  - good color vision helps animals find food on the land or in the water
  - inhaling one millionth of an ounce of plutonium can cause a fatal cancer
  - many tropical plants are on the verge of extinction
  - success, independent of money, can affect people's health
  - sugar and salt are soluble in water since they completely dissolve
* say that the average infant cries two to three hours per day
  - earth is experiencing a wave of extinction
  - universe is constantly expanding
  - there are three different races of orca
* say the biggest sources of dioxins are meat and dairy products
  - human genome contains nearly all the information needed to make a human being
  - nitrogen oxide emissions also contribute to smog and acid rain
  - ozone in the stratosphere protects the Earth from ultraviolet light
  - pill works by relaxing certain tissues, allowing blood to flow in
  - there have been three ice ages in the past
* say they believe the acetic acid in vinegar liquefies minerals in bones and shells
  - can genetically alter pigs so that they produce cleaner excrement
  - urban areas stay hot in the summer because heat is trapped in concrete and metal
  - water from Earth's interior reaches the surface in a similar fashion
* say, strong sunlight thousand times stronger thanordinary electric light.
  - promise for treating many diseases, especially aging disorders
  - the industry primarily as a source of new compounds or medicines
* seek to discover and understand nature's laws
  - understand the molecular structure of proteins and viruses
* select samples.
* sense mystery in the vast tracts of genes and DNA that have unknown functions.
* set up stations.
* shake heads.
* share information and data with each other
  - with children a natural curiosity about the world
* shine a laser at the moon, and measure the time it takes to reflect back.
  - how the chemical origin of life is compatible with certain natural laws
  - scale behavior
  - that genetic factors affect motherhood
* sign documents.
* sometimes compare the human brain to a computer
  - rainforest to a giant sponge that soaks up water from heavy rains
  - neglect to distinguish between living systems and their artifacts
  - take baby eagles away from their parents
  - use lenses to concentrate or spread a beam of light
  - write a key to how to classify things
* speak in terms of half lives.
* specialize in areas
* speculate hydrogen is probably present in the form of water ice
  - that smoking and heavy drinking impair the body's ability to fight infection
* spend six to nine hours a day in the water and often venture out at night as well.
* spin microscopic particles with laser beams.
* start with some basic numbers in order to figure out how much owls eat.
* still argue over whether viruses ARE organisms
  - debate over the identity and genetic relationships of some shrew species
  - have vastly different ideas over the approximate age of our universe
  - proclaim the power of the atom to transform our everyday lives in benign ways
  - use Latin for naming living things
* study Greenland ice because it is sensitive to climate change
  - bats to find ways to help blind people be more mobile
  - butterflies because they are very visible and are a good example of other insects
  - cells to learn a lot about the whole human body and what makes it healthy or sick
  - disease using animal models
  - diseases to find out how they are caused
  - earthquakes by using instruments that measure the seismic waves in the ground
  - ecology at different levels
  - fossil remains in order to discover the early climate and plant life of a region
* study fossils to discover how fish developed through the ages
  - learn about how the world has changed
  - global warming and pollution and their possible effects on worldwide weather
* study ice cores to find out how the climate was in the past
  - look for records of the Earth's past climate
  - living animals for clues to how dinosaurs stood and moved
  - local vegetation, water systems, and wildlife
  - mass coral spawning on reefs in Florida
  - meteorites for clues to the types of material that formed the planets
  - mutations in order to A. understand more about the nature of genes
  - olfaction and what attracts moths
  - only the physical processes by which life on earth has unfolded
  - operations
  - space in many ways
  - sunspots and other solar phenomena , so they can know what they do to Earth
  - terminal moraines to see where the glacier flowed and how quickly it moved
* study the effects of gravity on the body using centrifuges
  - low levels of radiation
  - nuts on cardiovascular health
  - habits of elephants in central Africa
  - light reflected by different parts of a comet
  - nervous system for two main reasons
  - universe, and invent experiments to explore space
  - way the parts of nature work
  - topics
  - twins to look for the genetic basis of disorders such as drug abuse
  - volcanoes to prevent people from getting hurt or killed
  - watershed processes, wildlife and fisheries, and their associated habitats
  - watersheds to learn how much water is available to meet people's needs
  - weather, ozone, climate change and pollution of the atmosphere
  - what makes man different from animals
  - why more women are affected than men
* studying Mars hypothesize that if water moves about the planet, it does so as vapor
  - asthma say interacting with other kids seems to help children's immune systems
  - tree rings look for wide rings, signifying a warmer year
* suggest nutrients
  - that breeding happens throughout the year, in tropical regions
* support darwin theories
* surmise that dolphins have a language too complex for man to interpret
  - laughter helps ease stress and in turn, helps the body stave off disease
* suspect sperm whales hunt by using sound as a weapon.
* suspect that bryostatin works by driving long-living cancer cells to commit suicide
  - planets in other solar systems have atmospheres as well
  - some ozone sinks from the stratosphere into the troposphere
  - wood frog tadpoles prey on chorus tadpoles
* switch memory recall on and off in fruit flies.
* take advantage
  - approaches
  - censuses
  - conservative approaches
  - diverse approaches
  - genetic material from a cell in an adult's body and fuse it with an empty egg cell
  - inspiration
  - the sun's temperature by looking at the light from the sun
  - water samples
* talk about eras like the Mesozoic era , when dinosaurs lived on the Earth
  - in terms of linkages, genes being associated with a certain trait
* tend to be isolated from the general public
  - less motivated by direct financial reward for their work than other careers
  - categorize everything and matter is no different
  - the fetus to detect various genetic disorders at early stages
* theorize that a thin ice crust is floating on top of liquid water
  - collisions of astral bodies created the planets in our solar system
  - hydrocarbon rain and snow drizzle down to the surface
  - rising magma met up with ground water, creating highly pressurized steam
  - the surface is an ocean of liquid methane or ethane
* therefore call ferns and mosses that reproduce without the use of seeds non-seed plants.
* think Earth formed billions of years ago
  - started off as a waterless mass of rock
  - Earth's solar system formed from a swirling cloud of gas and dust
  - Mars once had oceans and an atmosphere
  - a hormone called androgen plays a role in acne
  - asteroids are the rocky remains of large objects that collided in space
  - centrifugal and tangential forces shifted Earth's solid mass
  - chondrites are some of the oldest rocks in the solar system
  - comets are made up from materials like magnesium, aluminum and silicon
  - dopamine controls movement and the human sense of punishment and reward
  - flares are produced by a sudden release of energy from solar magnetic fields
  - it plays a key role in aging
  - milky seas are produced by bioluminescent bacteria on the surface of the ocean
  - of the pupa as very similar to the nymph stage in incomplete metamorphosis
  - some kinds of cancer can run in families
  - supernovae are the source of materials that planets like our earth are built of
  - thalidomide works by altering the immune system
* think that Trilobites reproduced sexually,so do mostly all arthropods now day
  - atom microscopes, atom interferometers, and even atom lasers are possible
  - clouds made up of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide exist at higher pressures
  - cortisol has possibly hundreds of effects in the body
  - giant rocks in space smashed together when Earth was forming
  - glycolysis evolved before the other stages of cellular respiration
  - huge meteors caused craters in our moon
  - macaws mate for life, producing one to three young each year
  - methylation can change a lot in the DNA of any cell
  - more types of animals and plants live in the jungles than everywhere else
  - most asteroids are the result of collisions between larger rocky space bodies
  - neurons are the most diverse kind of cell in the body
  - once pigeons mate, they stay together for life
  - one early cell gave rise to all subsequent life on Earth
  - only about half of the small songbirds survive migration
  - photosynthetic microorganisms such as cyanobacteria produced the oxygen
  - pigeons can detect the Earth's magnetic fields
  - plates move because of convection currents in the mantle
* think that solar systems are created out of a huge cloud of gas
  - winds blew away the water and gases in the atmosphere above Mars
  - some animals use landscape maps when they migrate
* think that the bodies of prehistoric sea animals and plants became trapped in sediments
  - colors are due to sulfur compounds or organic materials in the atmosphere
  - earliest bony fish had lungs
  - entire crust of the Earth is broken into big pieces called plates
  - human body is very much like other animals
  - nose leaves help the bats send the sounds in different directions
  - real world approximates equations
* think that there are really four different shapes of snow crystals
  - is liquid water under the ground on some moons, for example Europa
* think the body's immune system plays a part in causing excess collagen deposits
  - frogs' poisons come from the insects and arthropods they eat
  - longer shelf life of bottled water gives bacteria more time to grow in it
  - pale red color comes from complex organic molecules mixed in with the ice
  - sounds are created just below the animals' blowhole, in their nasal passages
  - toxins in the skin come from the frogs' diets
* think they left no descendants, as modern birds evolved from other prehistoric birds
  - live in pairs
  - spend most of their time in deep, cold ocean
  - tiger stripes act as camouflage that help tigers hide from their prey
* thrive on uncertainty and problem-solving.
* thus believe sea otters contribute significantly to the overall marine ecosystem.
* to assess conditions
  - health conditions
  - collect samples
* to develop alternatives
  - management strategies
  - other alternatives
* to draw broad conclusions
  - examine methods
* to explain forces
* to explore methods
* to find explanations
  - proper explanations
  - get permission
  - identify plants
* to investigate occurrences
  - learn about aspects
  - monitor situations
  - obtain information
  - predict effects
  - recognize patterns
* to study effects
* to test samples
* to understand causes
  - circulation patterns
  - human impact
  - use equipment
* transform data into pictures by connecting data icons to program icons.
* trap a gas of atoms and use magnets to remove the hottest atoms.
* travel around the world to study earthquakes and volcanoes
  - to plate boundaries, many of which are located in deep ocean waters
* try to explain phenomena and solve problems using evidence
  - figure out how the natural world works
  - guess, from limited observations, the rules by which nature operates
  - make objective decisions based on fact
  - solve problems without ideology
* try to understand nature
  - what processes are going on in the interior of stars
* try to use animal species with body functions that are similar to humans
  - models of dendritic growth to predict a metal's strength and malleability
* turn leaves into petals
  - to lichens as indicators of air quality
* typically present their data in two-dimensional graphs, charts or figures
  - receive all or most of their education within the same disciplines
  - use a tool called an anemometer to measure the speed of the wind
* uncover knowledge.
  - how computers work
* understand the health effects of high levels of radiation
  - mind in only small ways
  - why resistance develops to pesticides
  - work hypotheses
* undertake tasks.
* use DNA sequencing to understand relationships among life on Earth
  - X-rays to observe and record protein molecule positions locked within the crystals
* use a body mass index figure to determine who is overweight and obese
  - characteristic to classify animals into two groups
  - scientific method to investigate phenomena and acquire knowledge
  - seven-level system to classify organisms
  - similar method to measure the volume of objects that are irregularly shaped
* use a variety of instruments in order to measure an item of their interest
  - methods to determine the composition of materials
  - techniques to trap animals in the rainforest
  - tools to investigate the nature of stars, galaxies, and the universe
  - advanced mathematics, while ordinary people use simple math
* use an electroencephalograph to measure brain waves during sleep
  - instrument called an anemometer to measure how fast the wind is blowing
  - orderly approach to learn new information and to solve problems
  - analyses
  - binomial nomenclature, which two-word system, to name organisms
  - boron when they make fiberglass
  - both numbers and letters on a compass to measure wind direction
  - chlorine to make paper white
  - chromatography to separate different chemicals
  - classification systems to show how organisms are related
  - clinostats to simulate the growth of plants in microgravity
  - computation tools to solve many different types of problems
* use computer models to help in the effort to predict future earthquakes
  - make their best guesses about future changes in climate
  - predict where hurricanes are going to strike
* use computers to do simulations of things they are studying
  - study protein folding
  - deuterons as bombarding particles in particle accelerators
  - devices to generate radio waves at the surface of an ice sheet
* use diagrams called cladograms to illustrate evolutionary relationships
  - to show a basic outline of relationships between different populations
  - dielectric mirrors for communications and high-powered lasers
  - different methods to determine marine mammal life spans
  - diffraction gratings to break up light into many wavelengths
  - dorsal fins to identify individual dolphins
  - echosounding to follow the movement of zooplankton and other animals
  - electrodes and amplifiers to map the brain's electrical activity
  - experiments called bioassays to determine the effects of chemicals on living things
  - formulae
  - fossil evidence
  - genes for antibiotic resistance when they manipulate genes in the laboratory
  - graphic software
  - hormones to stimulate egg production
  - hot spots to measure the speed of tectonic plates relative to a fixed point
  - inductive reasoning to formulate general laws from specific observations
  - information about topography to help in their studies of plants and animals
  - infrared images to tell the temperature of the Earth
  - instruments to collect data about the location and behavior of marine mammals
  - it to match up carbohydrates, proteins and other molecules like a puzzle
  - keys to classify relationships of birds
  - lasers to slow atoms when cooling objects to very low temperatures
  - magnetic force as a probe of nature
* use many instruments to detect ozone and other ingredients of the atmosphere
  - tools to look at things like crystals
* use many types of devices to detect and measure infrared light
  - models to visualize concepts about the real world
  - math to organize, analyze, and present data
* use mathematical functions to assess the spread of diseases
  - logic when everyone else uses statistics
  - microwaves to make chalcopyrite, a semi-conductor, made of copper
* use models are used to describe the structure of Earth
  - of dendritic growth to try to predict a metal s strength and malleability
* use mutant zebra fish to learn how vertebrate embryos develop
  - zebrafish to learn how vertebrate embryos develop
  - optical illusions to study how the brain allows itself to be tricked
  - owl pellets to determine what owls eat
  - patterns to create models that simulate the environment
  - projective tests to measure motivational theory
  - properties or characteristics of living things when they are classifying, too
  - purposes
  - qualitative methods
  - radar images to further their understanding of the planet's volatile surface
* use radio collars to track the movements of polar bears
  - waves to monitor weather, national defense and space exploration
* use radioactive dating to determine how many years ago an event happened
  - the time in years ago that an event happened
  - rotary evaporators to remove the liquid a solid is dissolved in
* use scientific names to identify all living things
  - signify into what groups living things belong
  - seismic imaging techniques to map the geological structure below the earth's surface
  - seismographs to monitor nuclear tests
  - seismometers to determine the location and strength of earthquakes
  - sidescan sonar to map features on the bottom of the ocean and Great Lakes
* use similar approaches
  - space-grown crystals to determine the molecular structure of proteins and viruses
* use special tools to observe animals
  - types of electron microscopes to see viruses
  - specimens in natural history museums to categorize new plants and animals
  - spectral data to identify and measure the abundance of elements in the sun and stars
  - spectrometers to measure wavelengths of light
  - stains to help see different biological structures
  - statistics to summarise variation as best they can
  - stem cells to create bone in mice
  - subscripts to identify how many of each atom makes up the molecule
  - supercomputers to model tiny snowflakes or the entire Arctic region
  - tables, diagrams, and texts to compare information
  - tarantula venum to experiment on bugs and insects
  - technological tools to collect and measure earthquake statistics and data
* use technology and technologists use science
  - telescopes and spacecraft to study satellites and their parent planets
* use the Earth to study all the other planets
  - beaks to estimate the size of squid
  - distinct sounds made underwater by different size raindrops to measure rainfall
  - knowledge to study and explain our world and the universe
  - micron to describe electromagnetic radiation
  - scientific method to search for cause and effect relationships in nature
* use the term albedo to define the percentage of solar energy reflected back by a surface
  - entropy to describe how much energy has become unusable
  - evapotranspiration to describe both processes
  - piebald to refer to areas of pure white hair and pink skin underneath
* use the word 'sample' to describe an object that is being observed under a microscope
  - density, saying that liquid water is more dense than ice
  - organelle to describe a cell's different parts
  - their brains preferentially to search for intelligible structure in the world
  - thermodynamics for many reasons
  - transgenic sheep, for example, to produce medically useful proteins
  - two major types of events to break up the Earth's history
  - two-hybrid systems to study a number of protein classes
  - underwater vehicles to study marine biology, geology, or archeology
  - various tools
  - vectors to represent plate motion on maps
  - wading birds as a measure of a wetland ecosystem's environmental health
  - weather forecasts to fight disease
  - wind tunnels with artificially controlled airflow to study aerodynamics
* usually classify organisms accor ding to their similarities
  - conduct research in laboratories using a wide variety of other equipment
  - define the natural communities on the basis of vegetation
  - inquire about how physical, living, or designed systems function
* usually measure air density in kilograms per cubic meter
  - the distance from one gene to the next in both directions
  - record data in an orderly way
* usually think about science in terms of their discipline or subdiscipline
  - of farmers as collecting seeds in a clumsy way
  - use the metric system of measurement
* value every part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
* view nature through a lens that has been molded by their social experience
  - space and time as one object, called spacetime
* visit facilities
  - observatory facilities
* widely believe chlorofluoro-carbons, or CFCs, have reduced ozone in the upper atmosphere.
* will have confidence
* work alone, but they also work in teams.
* work for departments
  - governments , companies , schools and research institutes
* work in areas
  - dairy cattle industries
  - largely through experimentation, disregarding unsubstantiated ideas and theories
* work on problems
  - to uncover the secrets and develop orderly descriptions of nature
* work with developer
  - farmers and zoos to save cheetahs
  - geothermal developer
* working in different fields define the ranges of wavelength differently.
  - sell books
+ Absolute zero: Temperature :: Thermodynamics
  * In theory, 'absolute zero' is the temperature where the particles of matter stop moving. Absolute zero is impossible to achieve, because all particles move, even if it is just a small vibration. Even getting close to absolute zero is difficult because anything that touches an object being cooled near absolute zero would give heat to the objects. Scientists use lasers to slow atoms when cooling objects to very low temperatures.
+ Acellular: Biology
  * Acellular' or 'Non-cellular life' is life that exists without a cellular structure. Some scientists say that a virus is a type of life form.
+ Antarctica, History of its discovery, People: Gondwana
  * People of the Antarctic live in there for a short time to learn more about Antarctica, so most of the people who live there are scientists. They study the weather, animals, glaciers, and the air around our earth. Some scientists drill ice cores to find out about the weather long ago. People who work in the Antarctic must be very careful, because a blizzard can start any time and any where. When they go far away from their shelter, they must always take lots of food just in case.
+ Atheism, Atheism in daily life: Religion :: Philosophy :: Society :: Lifestyles
  * Many scientists practice what they call methodological naturalism. They silently adopt philosophical naturalism and use the scientific method. Their belief in a god does not affect their results. Conference on Naturalism, Theism and the Scientific Enterprise. Department of Philosophy, The University of Texas. Revised May 2007.
+ Atmospheric chemistry, Methodology, Lab measurements: Environmental chemistry
  * Measurements made in the laboratory are essential to our understanding of the sources and sinks of pollutants and compounds found in nature. Lab studies tell which gases react with each other and how fast they react. Scientists measure reactions in the gas phase, on surfaces and in water. Scientists also study photochemistry which quantifies how quickly molecules are split apart by sunlight and what the products are. Scientists also study thermodynamic data such as Henry's law coefficients.
+ Australian megafauna, Extinction: Lists of animals :: Animals of Australia
  * Scientists have been unable to agree on the reasons the megafauna became extinct. Miller, G. H. 2005. Climate change, which made the country much drier during an Ice Age about 18,000 years ago, may have also have led to the extinction of the megafauna. Some scientists say that climate change alone caused the extinction of the megafauna. This argument does not allow for the fact that the megaufaunal species had lived through two million years of climate changes. They had lived through a number of dry times before their sudden extinction.
+ Beamline, Synchrotron radiation beamline: Nuclear physics :: Synchrotron instrumentation :: Materials science
  * Regarding synchrotrons, a 'beamline' is the instrumentation that carries beams of synchrotron radiation to an experimental end station, which uses the radiation produced by the bending magnets and insertion devices in the storage ring of a synchrotron light source. A typical application for this kind of beamline is crystallography. Scientists also use synchrotron light in many other ways.
+ Beluga whale, Description: Toothed whales
  * This melon holds oil, and the whale is able to change its shape. Scientists believe that it has something to do with the whale's echolocation system. They have one blowhole. Beluga means 'white one' in Russian. Unlike most other cetaceans, the beluga's seven neck vertebrae are not fused, giving it a flexible, well-defined neck.
+ Cassowary, Description: Birds of Australia :: Ratites :: Endangered species :: Flightless birds :: Struthioniformes
  * Cassowaries have three toes on each foot. Each has a sharp claw. The middle toe has a claw like a dagger, which is  long. Because a cassowary can kick, this claw is very dangerous and can hurt or kill enemies. Scientists believe they can run up to.
+ Clam, Clinging clams: Bivalves :: Seafood
  * Clams have a burrowing foot that they use to dig down into the sand or mud to hide. If you go to the beach and see little holes that appear in the sand each times the waves go away, it is probable that clams made them. Scientists classify clams by how far down they dig and what kind of surface they dig into. Some burrow less than an inch under the sand, while others dig several inches below the surface.
+ Dengue fever, Research: Diseases spread by insects :: Diseases caused by viruses
  * Scientists keep doing research on ways to prevent and treat dengue.
  * Scientists keep working on creating a vaccine to protect people from all four types of dengue. The best possible vaccine would have a few different qualities. First, it would be safe. Third, it would protect against all types of the dengue virus. A few vaccines had been tested by 2009.
+ Dolphin, Dolphins and humans, Dolphin therapy
  * Scientists announce that they have created a form of synthetic life.
+ Dopamine reuptake inhibitor: Neurology :: Drugs
  * Dopamine is a type of brain chemical called a neurotransmitter. Dopamine has many jobs and responsibilities in the brain. Scientists think dopamine controls movement and the human sense of punishment and reward. Dopamine affects dreams, motivation, and sexual gratification, too.
+ Dugong: Sirenia :: Mammals of Australia
  * The dugong is a migratory animal, but very slow moving. Studies by James Cook University showed that while many dugongs traveled less than , some went as far as. Scientists believe that dugongs move long distances for several reasons. They may be looking for food, as cyclones or floods can affect the seagrass. Males may be following females, or looking for their own territory. If the water gets cold, less than 17 degrees Centigrade, they will travel to warmer areas.
+ Ejaculation, Men, First ejaculation
  * Young boys cannot ejaculate. A boy's first ejaculation usually happens about one year after he begins puberty, which is when his body starts changing into a man's body. Most boys go through puberty in their teens. The first time a boy ejaculates usually happens when he is asleep. It happens without the boy's control, often when he is having a dream about sex. Scientists believe that wet dreams are the body's way of removing too much semen. When a boy begins masturbating, wet dreams usually stop happening.
+ Ejaculation: Female reproductive system :: Male reproductive system
  * Scientists now think that women can also ejaculate when they have an orgasm. They also think that the fluid is produced by the Skene's glands. This fluid contains glucose and fructose, which are kinds of sugars, and other chemicals.
+ Eland: Even-toed ungulates
  * When walking, tendon or joints in the eland's foreleg produce a sharp clicking sound, the cause of which is not known. The sound carries some distance and is a good indication of an approaching herd. Scientists take it as a form of communication in elands.
+ Energetics
  * Energetics is a wide field of study. This study includes topics such as thermodynamics, chemistry and biochemistry. Scientists often debate where each topic begins and ends.
+ Era: Units of time :: Geology
  * In historical geology an 'era' is a very long time, many millions of years in the Geologic time scale. Scientists talk about eras like the Mesozoic era, when dinosaurs lived on the Earth.
+ Extra-sensory perception: Occult :: Pseudoscience
  * The study of extra-sensory perception is part of parapsychology. Most scientists think of it as pseudoscience.
+ Falsifiability: Philosophy of science
+ Fermium: Chemical elements
  * It has an atomic number of 100, which makes it at position 100 at the periodic table. Scientists can create it by combining plutonium with neutrons at very high speeds and temperatures. It is named after Enrico Fermi.
+ Formation and evolution of the Solar System
  * Scientists think that solar systems are created out of a huge cloud of gas. The process by which the solar systems are created is called the Nebular Theory. The spin of the planets around the Sun, and each around its own axis was first caused by the original gas cloud having different density in different places. The spin increased as an effect of the contraction under gravity. So did the flatness of the solar system overall shape.
+ Giant squid, History: Cephalopods
  * Then, in the late 18th century, several giant squids washed up on shore, proving that giant squids really exist. After that, many giant squids were found washed ashore or dead at sea. Scientists grew very interested in these mysterious creatures, but few ever saw them alive. Scientists think they spend most of their time in deep, cold ocean.
+ Human body, The human body and other animals
  * Scientists think that the human body is very much like other animals. They see that some human 'behaviors' are like animal behaviors.
+ Ice core
  * Scientists study ice cores to find out how the climate was in the past. The ice keeps information like gases, particles, ash from volcanoes. The type of water that forms the ice can be used to calculate the temperature of Earth.
  * He is just publishing papers. All scientists do that.
+ Intelligence quotient, Problems, Test does not measure intelligence: Intelligence :: Giftedness
  * Some scientists dispute psychometrics entirely. Harvard professor and paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould argued that intelligence tests were based on faulty assumptions and showed their history of being used as the basis for scientific racism.
+ International Bureau of Weights and Measures: Measurement :: Scientific organizations :: Paris :: 1875 establishments
  * It was established in 1875 and has laboratories and offices. Scientists use the laboratories to compare measurements that are made in different countries. The offices are used for meetings where scientists discuss the best way to make sure that all countries use the same measurements.
+ Jungle: Forests :: Biomes
  * The 'jungle' is a forest in a tropical place. In jungles, it rains a lot. Scientists think that more types of animals and plants live in the jungles than everywhere else. When many people talk about jungles, they may also mean rainforests. They have lots of rivers or streams.
+ Jupiter, Structure, Cloud layers: Very good articles
  * Most of the clouds on Jupiter are made of ammonia. There may also be clouds of water vapour similar to clouds on Earth. Spacecrafts such as Voyager 1 have seen lightning on the surface of the planet. Scientists think it was water vapour because lightning needs water vapour. These lightning bolts have been measured as up 1,000 times as powerful as those on Earth.
+ List of seas, Seas which are not on Earth: Lists
+ Logarithm, Properties of logarithms, Logarithm tables, slide rules, and historical applications: Mathematics
  * Numbers are marked on sliding scales at distances proportional to the differences between their logarithms. Sliding the upper scale appropriately amounts to mechanically adding logarithms. For example, adding the distance from 1 to 2 on the lower scale to the distance from 1 to 3 on the upper scale yields a product of 6, which is read off at the lower part. Many engineers and scientists used slide rules until the 1970s. Scientists can work faster using a slide rule than using a logarithm table.
+ Minerals, Chemical properties, Definite chemical makeup: Natural resources
  * Scientists can classify minerals into groups on the basis of their chemical makeup. Though there are thousands of different minerals, only about 30 are common in Earth's crust. These 30 minerals make up most rocks in the crust. For that reason, they are called rock-forming minerals.
+ Moss: Botany :: Bryophytes :: Plant taxonomy
+ Narcolepsy, Causes: Neurology :: Sleep
  * Some scientists think that narcolepsy is caused by a lack of hypocretin. Hypocretin is a chemical in the brain which wakes people up and regulates sleep. However, It is not yet known for sure what causes it. Quite a few sufferers also have another family member with the disease. This may point to the fact that some of the things that cause the disease may be passed from the parents to the children through genes.
+ Naturalism (philosophy), Method and science: Epistemology :: Philosophy of science
  * Many scientists use the scientific method for their research. Barbara Forrest 2000.
+ Nature: Bionics
  * The words 'nature' and 'natural' are used for all the things that are normally not made by humans. Things like weather, organisms, landforms, celestial bodies and much more are part of nature. Scientists study the way the parts of nature work. Things that have been made by people are said to be man-made or called artifacts.
+ Need: Philosophy :: Psychology
  * Some scientists study the needs of human or animal minds and bodies. The study of the mind is called psychology - 'words about the mind'. The study of bodily needs is part of medicine.
  * The 'Arctic' is the area around the Earth's North Pole. The Arctic includes parts of Russia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Lapland and Svalbard as well as the Arctic Ocean. It is an ocean, but it is always frozen, so it is solid ice. Most scientists call the area north of the treeline Arctic. Trees will not grow when the temperatures get too cold. The forests of the continents stop when they get too far north or too high up a mountain. The place where in the trees stop is called the treeline.
  * Scientists believe that intelligence can be measured or tested. A type of intelligence test would be solving many problems in a very short time. Most of the problems have to do with seeing things, or telling what a rotated shape would look like. Other tests have to do with words or the understanding of language. Since many of the words on the language tests come from Latin, this part of an Intelligence Quotient might measure how much a person has learned or understands Latin.
+ Nuclear magnetic resonance, How it works: Nuclear physics
  * A key idea of NMR is that the resonance frequency of a particular substance is directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field. This resonance is used in imaging techniques. If a sample is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field then the resonance frequencies of the sample's nuclei depend on where in the field they are located. Scientists try to use the highest possible magnetic fields to get the best image quality.
+ Penetrometer: Geology :: Measuring tools
  * A 'Penetrometer' is a device to test the strength of soil. There are many different types of 'penetrometer'. They are usually round or cone shaped. The 'penetrometer' is dropped on soil or it is pressed against soil to measure how deep a hole it makes. This is a way to decide if soil is strong enough to build a road on. Scientists can use a penetrometer to measure how much moisture is in soil. Penetrometers are used on space probes such as the Cassini-Huygens probe, to measure the amount of moisture in soil on other planets.
+ Poltergeist: Folklore
  * Poltergeists will bother only their focus. They are said to only last a few weeks, then will move on to another target. Often poltergeists are reported around children and adolescents. Some scientists think that poltergeists only exist in a person's head as a result of psychokinesis.
+ Protein Data Bank: Chemistry :: Proteins
  * The PDB is useful for scientists studying structural biology and structural genomics. Many scientists have to send their information to the database. The PDB has the original or primary data. Hundreds of other databases reuse the data. These secondary databases organize the information in different ways. For example, both SCOP and CATH put structures into groups organized by type of structure and ideas about how they are related through evolution. Gene ontology puts the data into groups based on genes.
+ Puberty, Body changes in males, Sex organs grow bigger: Physiology :: Human sexuality
  * Young boys cannot ejaculate. A boy's first ejaculation usually happens about one year after he begins puberty. For some boys, the first ejaculation takes place when they are sleeping. This is called a nocturnal emission or a wet dream. It happens without the boy's control, often when he is having a dream about sex. Scientists believe that wet dreams are the body's way of removing too much semen. A male masturbates when he rubs his penis to make himself feel good sexually. The study also found that most boys who have their first ejaculation by masturbating do this a year or more earlier than boys who have their first ejaculation through a wet dream. Kinsey, 'Sexual Behavior in the Human Male', p. 299. When a boy begins masturbating, wet dreams often stop happening because semen is taken out from his body regularly.
+ Rainforest, The five layers
  * Most scientists think of the rainforest in five layers. The top layer is the 'Emergent' layer. Then there is the 'canopy' layer. Under the tall canopy is the 'understory'. The understory is made up of smaller trees, vines and shrubs. The next layer is called the shrub layer, it is mainly made out of bushes.
+ Rat, Carriers of disease: Old World rats and mice :: Omnivores
  * Those rats lived in the European cities of the day, and died of the plague themselves. Some scientists believe that the plague spread faster than the rats. If this is true, the rats cannot be the main carrier. More research is needed to find out if this is true. People believe this disease was the Black Death. It killed nearly a third of the population of Europe, in many epidemics in the Middle Ages.
+ Rotary evaporator: Laboratory equipment :: Chemistry
  * If there are substances dissolved in the liquid they will be left behind in when it evaporates. If water with salt dissolved in it is evaporated, then pure water and dry salt will be separated. Scientists use rotary evaporators to remove the liquid a solid is dissolved in.
+ Salinity: Oceanography
  * Salinity' is a scientific term. Scientists use it to tell how much table salt there is in water. Salinity is measured by the amount of sodium chloride found in 1,000 grams of water, if there is 1 gram of sodium chloride in 1,000 grams of salt it is 1 part per thousand.
+ Saturn, Planetary rings
  * Scientists believe that the rings are the material left after a moon broke apart. A new idea says that it was a very large moon, most of which crashed into the planet. This left a large amount of ice to form the rings, and also some of the moons, like Enceladus, which are thought to be made of ice.
+ Scientific method, Criterion
  * Scientists try to let reality speak for itself. They support a theory when its predictions are confirmed, and challenge it when its predictions prove false. Scientific researchers offer hypotheses as explanations of phenomena, and design experiments to test these hypotheses. Since big theories cannot be tested directly, it is done by testing predictions derived from the theory. These steps must be repeatable, to guard against mistake or confusion in any particular experimenter
  * Here the scientist tries to run the experiment they have designed before. Sometimes the scientist gets new ideas as the experiment is going on. Sometimes it is difficult to know when an experiment is finally over. Sometimes experimenting will be very difficult. Some scientists spend most of their lives learning how to do good experiments
+ Scientist, About
  * Scientists work for governments, companies, schools and research institutes. Some scientists teach at universities and other places and train people to become scientists. Scientists often make experiments to find out more about reality, and sometimes may repeat experiments or use control groups. Scientific work is also carried out in laboratories. Scientists are more likely to be atheists than the rest of the general population
  - Types of scientists
+ Standard deviation: Statistics
  * Standard deviation is also used to measure how close a reported number is to being exactly right. For example, the standard deviation is used to find margin of error in opinion poll numbers. The reported margin of error is usually two times the standard deviation and gives the range for the true poll number. Scientists commonly report the standard deviation of numbers from the average number in experiments. They often decide that only differences bigger than two or three times the standard deviation are important.
+ Sugar: Carbohydrates :: Chemical compounds :: Sweeteners
  * Scientists call sugars carbohydrates. This is because sugars are made from carbon and water. Carbohydrates can be 'simple carbohydrates' or 'complex carbohydrates'. Simple carbohydrates are made of only one or a few of the smallest sugars. Complex carbohydrates are made of 'many' of the smallest sugars.
+ Supernova, Supernovas and science
  * Scientists can learn things from supernova explosions. Astronomers and scientists who study cosmology often look at supernovas. They can also tell us about physics.
+ Swan, Description: Anatidae
  * The Coscoroba Swan is different to the other swans. Some scientists think it is more like a duck or a goose. It is the smaller than the other swans. This swan lives in South America.
+ Syphilis, Cause, Transmission (How syphilis is spread): Sexually transmitted diseases
  * Scientists think that there is also a fairly low risk of getting syphilis by sharing needles.
+ Terra Nova (TV series), Setting: American drama television series :: American science fiction television series
  * In the future, Earth is overcrowded. Most plants and animals are extinct. The skies are dark grey and the air is barely breathable because of pollution. The only hope for humanity to survive is in the distant past. Scientists find a way to travel to the past. They decide to send people into prehistoric times. They want to try to rebuild civilization and not repeat the mistakes they have made in their own world. The story told in the series begins in the year 2149. It continues 85 million years in the past.
+ Testicle, Function, Making sperm: Anatomy of the male reproductive system :: Glands
  * As well as being chemical-producing glands, testicles are gonads. Apart from 'hormones', the other important substances made by the testicles are spermatozoa, which are generally just called sperm. Scientists call making sperm 'spermatogenesis'. Boys begin making sperm when they start growing into men, at a time of life called puberty.
+ Thermodynamics, Uses of thermodynamics
  * Scientists use thermodynamics  for many reasons. One is to make better engines and refrigerators. Another is to understand the properties of everyday materials so that they can make them stronger in the future. Thermodynamics is also used in chemistry to explain which reactions will work and which will not. Thermodynamics is powerful because simple models for atoms work well in explaining the properties of large systems like bricks.
+ Will o' the wisp
  * Scientists try to use a natural explanation. Some says they are gas, like methane, that goes up from the ground and burns. Other people says they are electric things, like ball lightning.