### animal | vertebrate:

Mammal
* -Gives lists of fauna that is rare, on the verge of extinction or protected.
* ALL mammals are sexual.
* All mammals also have hair, made of keratin.
* All mammals are animals
  - born with the exception of the platypus
  - cats
  - endothermic and most are homeothermic
  - endothermic, or warm-blooded creatures
  - omnivores
* All mammals are susceptible to becoming infected with the rabies virus
  - rabies, and any animal infected with rabies can transmit the virus
  - susceptible, including humans
  - vertebrate animals, which means they have a backbone
  - warm blooded and have a great sense of smell
  - well adapted for the biome they call home
* All mammals breathe air, even whales and dolphins
  - in basically the same way, but some store oxygen more efficiently
* All mammals can carry rabies
  - catch rabies, but some are more susceptible than others
  - contract rabies
  - learn and rely at least partially on learned behavior for survival
  - swim to some extent
  - transmit rabies
  - dream
* All mammals feed their babies milk
  - infants with milk
* All mammals feed their young on milk, which is made by glands in the skin or the mammary glands
  - through the process of lactation
  - with milk from the mother
* All mammals give birth to live offspring
* All mammals have a backbone
  - foreskin
  - gene called agouti
  - great deal in common genetically
  - mommy and daddy
  - single canine in each quadrant, if they have canines at all
  - thyroid gland
  - at least two legs
  - breasts and humans are no exception
  - four limbs
* All mammals have fur or hair, yet they all look different from one another
* All mammals have hair at least some time in their lives
  - even elephants and whales
  - on part or all of their bodies at some point in their development
* All mammals have hair, a body covering made of keratin
  - slender, threadlike outgrowth of the epidermis
  - are warm-blooded, and give birth to live young which feed via mammary glands
  - mammary glands, and a placenta
  - hearts All mammals thus far observed have had hearts
  - livers, kidneys, endoskeletons, hair, noses, brains, etc
* All mammals have lungs that are the main organs for breathing
  - to breathe air
  - mammary glands to feed their young
  - milk glands for their young, and they keep a constant body temperature
  - more genes in common with each other than, say, with a jellyfish
  - painful births, and elephants are no exception
  - several scent glands that they use to mark objects in their habitat
  - some sort of hair covering some, much, or virtually all of their bodies
* All mammals have the limbic system
  - same number of chromosomes
  - three tiny bones in the ear, called the hammer, anvil and stirrup
  - two ears
* All mammals including humans can get rabies
  - man are susceptible to rabies
  - interact with each other
* All mammals make colostrum for their newborn
  - milk to feed their their young
  - mucus
  - nourish their young with milk
  - nurse their young
  - nurture their young with milk
  - possess at least some fur on their body
  - probably share the same genetic requirements for reproductive development
* All mammals produce milk for their young
  - smegma
  - tough, flexible bone and cartilage
  - protect and look after their young, though details differ greatly
  - reproduce sexually, through internal fertilization
* All mammals share several distinctive traits
  - some basic body parts
  - sleep although for varying times
  - suckle their young
  - thermoregulate their bodies to a specific range of temperatures
  - use their mouths and noses to breathe air into their lungs, according to Boundless
* Any mammal can contract rabies.
* Any mammal can get rabies, including humans, dogs, cats, cows, and horses
  - potentially transmit rabies
* Every mammal can jump except elephants
  - is different
* Generally live trapping is the best way to deal with any mammal pest.
* Here are some carnivore mammals.
* Learn about the characteristics that differentiate mammals from other vertebrates.
* Many mammals also find a home here.
* Many mammals are born with virtually no hair and grow more as they mature
  - dark dorsally and relatively pale ventrally, a pattern called countercoloration
  - fairly common and are most active during early morning or late evening
  - primarily nocturnal, and a walk at night with a good flashlight can be rewarding
  - bear offspring that see and walk as soon as they hit the ground
  - call Maine their home, both in the forest and along the coast
  - dramatize their sexual differences in urination posture
  - fluff up their fur when threatened, to look bigger and so more dangerous
  - get prion diseases, including mink, squirrels, elk, deer, and cats
* Many mammals have a keen sense of smell and they, too, respond to shapes and shades of gray
  - considerable influence on soil communities
  - fur and other hairs that serve different functions
  - hooves that are cloven with two parts
  - more than one set of scent glands
  - no color perception
  - swimming movements identical with their terrestrial limb movements
  - testes located in a scrotum outside the body cavity
  - hibernate during the cold winter months when food is in short supply
  - inhabit the park, including black bear, moose, wolves, mountain goats, and coyotes
* Many mammals live in cold places
  - families or groups
  - rainforests, including gorillas, sloths, jaguars, and people
  - social groups, such as of elephants or prides of lions
  - the sea
  - make use of burrows but only a few birds do -e.g
  - masturbate including humans, other primates, rodents, and more
  - migrate during special times of the year in order to get food and survive
  - move the external ear freely in order to detect sounds efficiently
  - shiver at low temperatures
  - therefore live on land
  - thrive in the rainforest and bats are among the most common
  - use urine to mark their territory
* More mammals actually live there.
* Most Mammals seek their food by day
  - mammals adapt for life
* Most mammals adapt to arid conditions
  - cold conditions
  - environments
  - saltwater environments
* Most mammals also experience a variety of light conditions, night, dawn, day and dusk
  - have body hair
  - possess sweat glands and specialized teeth
* Most mammals are active all year
  - almost all fur-bearing and give birth to fully developed babies
  - color-blind
  - evolved from animals
  - known as primates
* Most mammals are located in continents
  - nature
  - member of families
  - nocturnal and secretive in their habits
  - nose breathers
  - placental mammals, like cats, dogs, horses, and people
  - polygynist
  - quadrupedal, but man is bipedal
  - secretive, and all are interesting
  - shy, well camouflaged or nocturnal
  - therians, which give birth to live young
  - too fast for bears to catch, but moose calves are an exception
* Most mammals are viviparous, but a few primitive ones lay eggs
  - giving birth to their offspring alive
* Most mammals attain full size
* Most mammals avoid attacks
  - fire
  - skunks
  - strip skunks
* Most mammals bear live young
  - their young live
* Most mammals belong to families
  - raccoon families
  - taxonomic families
* Most mammals can adjust to various levels of protein intake
  - be active even in cold weather because they are warm-blooded
  - spread the disease but it is most often spread by raccoons, foxes, and skunks
* Most mammals carry bacteria
  - chew food
* Most mammals come from families
  - in contact
* Most mammals consume cedar berries
  - plants
  - cross paths
* Most mammals depend on diets
  - ecosystems
  - grass
  - descend from ancestors
  - develop limbs
  - dig burrows
* Most mammals display features
  - structural features
* Most mammals do have seven neck bones
  - that for their babies
* Most mammals eat anything
  - blueberries
  - foliage
  - fruit
  - leaves
  - nuts
  - organisms
  - proteins
  - seeds
  - types
  - usual diets
  - vegetation
  - enjoy fruit
* Most mammals enter shelter
  - zones
* Most mammals excrete fluid
  - nitrogenous wastes in the form of urea , an ancestral trait
  - urate as a minor end product of nitrogen metabolism
  - waste fluid
  - face problems
* Most mammals feed baby milk
* Most mammals feed on fruit
  - find foliage
  - follow the one-half rule
* Most mammals get ancestors
  - common ancestors
  - nutrients
* Most mammals give birth to live young, as opposed to laying eggs
  - their young more protection and training than do other animals
* Most mammals go into hibernation
  - true hibernation
  - grow cells
* Most mammals has-part backs
  - claws
  - cortexes
  - diaphragms
  - eyes
  - feet
  - incisors
  - jaws
  - penises
  - shoulders
  - stomachs
  - toes
* Most mammals have a good sense of hearing
  - larger and well-developed brain
  - mixture of rods and cones in their retinas
  - similar group of tissues making up their teeth
  - ability
  - anatomies
* Most mammals have body size
  - breathe patterns
  - built-in population control, only humans insist on reckless breeding
  - certain characteristics
  - colour vision
* Most mammals have common ancestors
  - mammalian ancestors
  - concentration
  - constant temps
  - ear bones
  - enzymes
  - excretion
  - expressive faces
  - extremities
  - few if any eccrine glands
  - forelimbs
* Most mammals have four legs
  - limbs and are born rather than hatched
  - hair or fur, stongly differentiated teeth and highly developed senses
* Most mammals have hair, and all land mammals have four limbs
  - or fur, covering their body
  - heads
  - impact
  - inner ear bones
  - lifespans
  - live birth, that is, the young are born alive after developing inside the mother
* Most mammals have long forelimbs
  - tongues
  - low tolerance
  - mate habits
  - middle ear bones
  - neck vertebrae
  - nipples
  - no or only very limited color vision
  - one set of sex chromosomes, XX for female and XY for male
  - output
  - ovaries
  - papillae at the base of the epidermis
  - peak output
  - periods
  - physiological responses
  - placentas
* Most mammals have poor color vision
  - predators
  - real impact
  - relatively smooth hair, but the hair of a sloth is pitted or grooved
  - reproductive structures
  - round heads
  - scrota
  - sebaceous glands which soften and lubricate the hair and skin
  - seven cervical vertebrae, but sloths possess nine
* Most mammals have short lifespans
  - sides
  - small, almost microscopic eggs containing very little yolk
  - social life
* Most mammals have some hair or fur on their body
  - type of claw or nail
  - spines
  - spots
  - strong jaws
  - thick fur
  - two sets of teeth just as humans have
  - typical carnivore, herbivore or insectivore dentition
  - uteruses
  - very few cones if any
  - weight
  - wet noses
  - hear sound
  - hide in forests
  - ingest protein diets
* Most mammals inhabit areas
  - arid environments
  - earth
  - forest areas
  - grassland areas
  - mountain areas
  - niches
  - open grassland areas
  - regions
  - rivers
  - lack stereo vision, and dung flies surely find dung delicious
  - lead life
  - leave trees
  - lift heads
  - live and move on the ground
* Most mammals live during early periods
* Most mammals live in aquatic environments
  - climates
  - countries
  - desert environments
  - fields
  - habitats
  - herds
  - houses
  - landscapes
  - more of a world of scent than of sight
  - setting
  - wetland habitats
  - winter climates
  - woodlands
  - on plants
  - maintain body temperature
* Most mammals maintain constant body temperature
  - lower body temperature
* Most mammals make bases
  - vibration
  - mate in summer
* Most mammals move ears
  - sources
  - occurring in cypress swamps occupy ecotones
* Most mammals play important roles
  - key roles
* Most mammals point lower teeth
* Most mammals possess bodies
  - collagen
  - descendants
  - energy
  - hemoglobins
  - keen senses, especially hearing and smell
  - neurons
  - pigment
  - psychological characteristics
* Most mammals produce concentrate urine
  - sperm properly only when the testes are cooler than the rest of the body
* Most mammals provide food
  - meat
  - nourishment
* Most mammals raise families
* Most mammals reach maturity
  - sexual maturity
  - receive nutrition
* Most mammals regulate body temperature
  - relate to rabbits
  - release enzymes
  - rely on insulation
* Most mammals require diets
* Most mammals resemble animals
* Most mammals reside in areas
  - hilly areas
* Most mammals retain certain features
  - skeletal features
  - roll in dirt or mud for additional protection against sunburn
  - run facial control on auto-pilot
* Most mammals see light
  - ultraviolet light
* Most mammals seek habitats
  - meals
  - seem to be able to recognize and respond to it
  - serve as food
* Most mammals share a common organ structure that permits extrapolation from one species to another
  - common characteristics
  - several features
* Most mammals show characteristics
  - distinct preference
  - similar characteristics
  - variation
  - stand on legs
* Most mammals survive conflict
* Most mammals survive in arctic conditions
  - blast zones
* Most mammals survive in harsh arctic conditions
* Most mammals thrive in districts
  - transmit sound
  - typically have heads
* Most mammals use bay swamps for cover
  - behaviour patterns
* Most mammals use instinctive behaviour patterns
  - melatonin
  - reproduction
  - sexual reproduction
* Most mammals visit families
* Most mammals walk on feet
  - or run
  - weigh kgs
* Note the five vertebral regions - cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal.
* Some mammals adapt to aquatic life
  - also use the areas as travel corridors along which they forage or hunt
  - appear in regions
* Some mammals are animals
  - carnivorous , which means they have to eat meat
* Some mammals are eaten by chimpanzees
  - hairier than others
  - herbivorous , which means they only eat plants
  - kept in sea pens rather than tank pools
* Some mammals are located in Africa
  - mangroves
  - marsh
  - valleys
  - on floors
  - omnivores, eating both plants and meat
  - tame, some are wild, some are large and some are small
  - well adapted to living in very dry environments
* Some mammals attract animals
  - cougars
* Some mammals become diets
  - pests
  - belong to weasels
  - bite people
* Some mammals browse huckleberries
  - on foliage
  - red huckleberries
  - bury nuts
  - can fly, too
* Some mammals carry fleas
  - load
  - viruses
  - cause damage
  - chew cuds
  - claim territories only during the breeding season
  - conserve water
* Some mammals consume fetuses
  - larvae
* Some mammals control body temperature
  - cross highways
  - defend a territory for mating purposes
* Some mammals depend on continents
  - homes
  - nests
  - pasture
* Some mammals destroy fruit
  - divide their time between land and water, such as the river otter
  - do seem to inherit emotional reactions
  - do, too
* Some mammals dominate ground
  - insects
  - snakes
  - worlds
* Some mammals eat adult bullfrogs
  - bark
  - both plants and animals
  - chameleons
  - crops
  - flowers
  - fungi
  - gophers
  - herbages
  - insects, too
  - krill
  - moth larvae
  - roots
  - termites
  - twigs
  - young trees
* Some mammals emerge from burrows
* Some mammals enter harbors
* Some mammals enter into hibernation
* Some mammals establish breed colonies
* Some mammals establish large breed colonies
  - evolve from reptiles
  - excrete nitrogen
  - exhibit implantations
  - face extinction
* Some mammals feed on acacias
  - arthropods
  - bluefin tuna
* Some mammals fill ecological niches
* Some mammals find along atlantic coasts
  - subtropical coasts
  - in grassland
* Some mammals find on coasts
  - east coasts
* Some mammals find on north american east coasts
* Some mammals float in ponds
  - fly over surfaces
* Some mammals follow patterns
  - routes
* Some mammals give birth to animals
  - cattle
  - livestock
  - mice
  - sheep
* Some mammals go to holes
  - graze on twigs
* Some mammals has-part aortas
  - hands
  - hoofs
* Some mammals have a carotid rete
  - thick coat of hair to provide warmth
  - accessory lacrimal glands in their lower eyelids
  - amylases
  - bonds
  - coats
  - copies
  - different covering like the armadillo has plates, porcupines have quills
  - digestive tracts
  - distribution
  - fingerprints
  - flippers
  - follicles
  - gills
  - hair follicles
  - hairs that are tightly packed and cover most of their bodies
* Some mammals have high intake
  - horns, claws and hoofs
  - howler monkeys
  - humps
  - lice
  - long necks
  - maternal bonds
  - nephrons
  - none of a certain type
  - patches
  - pouches
  - pregnancy
* Some mammals have prehensile snouts
  - reproductive tracts
  - salivary amylases
  - sensitive hair follicles
  - stomach bacteria
* Some mammals have strong bonds
  - thumbs
  - wings
* Some mammals help children
  - scientists
* Some mammals hibernate over months
  - hold breaths
  - identify manatees
  - ingest larvae
* Some mammals inhabit coastal marine water
  - freshwater streams
  - oceans
  - pacific oceans
  - interact with humans
  - introduce viruses
  - invade ground
* Some mammals kill insects
  - on roads
  - know as ungulates
* Some mammals live at elevation
  - high elevation
  - exclusively on the forest floor
* Some mammals live in Africa
  - Australia
  - Connecticut
  - caves
  - cities
  - cold water
  - concerts
  - dens
  - freeze water
  - lagoons
  - populations
  - prairie
  - ranches
  - saltwaters
  - sanctuaries
  - sea water
  - shallow lagoons
  - societies
  - states
  - underground dens
* Some mammals live in warm sea water
  - near coastlines
* Some mammals live on continents
  - hills
  - rocky hills
  - savanna
* Some mammals look like adults
  - hogs
  - pigs
* Some mammals look like wild goats
* Some mammals make burrows
  - dioxide
  - their homes on or near the marsh
  - up diets
  - migrate to valleys
  - migrate, other mammals hibernate when the weather is cool
* Some mammals move by running and leaping, some hop and some swim
  - from trees
  - nurse their babies for only a few weeks
* Some mammals occur in mangroves
  - white mangroves
* Some mammals possess characters
  - litter
  - trunks
* Some mammals prey on birds
  - flightless birds
  - produce offspring
* Some mammals provide habitats
  - parasites
* Some mammals relate to cats
  - llamas
* Some mammals rely on leaves
  - tunnels
* Some mammals resemble deer
  - rats
  - shrews
  - woodchucks
  - return to sea
* Some mammals roam Vietnam
  - tropical rainforests
  - seek prey
  - serve as hosts
* Some mammals share ancestors
  - farms
  - shed layers
* Some mammals show climate fluctuations
  - sit on limbs
  - slip into burrows beneath the ground to sleep away the cold winter months
  - steal food
* Some mammals swim in groups
  - threaten crops
* Some mammals thrive in Africa
  - transmit diseases
* Some mammals undergo adaptive radiation
  - evolutionary radiation
  - rapid adaptive radiation
* Some mammals use animals
  - cavities
  - dead wood
  - echolocation
  - estuaries
  - lenses
  - methods
  - prairie dog burrows
  - sounds, sights, touches or smell to signal each other
  - their hearing to detect objects in the dark
* Some mammals visit environments
* Some mammals weigh ounces
* acquire the infection by eating vegetation containing metacercariae.
* add a layer of body fat when cold weather arrives.
* also adopt a strategy for their developing young that involves increased parental care
  - alter soil structure
  - are endothermic and have highly developed parental care
  - eat the dewberry fruit, which is similar to the blackberry
  - give live birth, have hair and are warm-blooded
* also have DNA repair mechanisms, and even in the womb damage can occur to embryos
  - a diaphragm in order to increase the intake of air
* also have an amnion and vestigial yolk sace and thus are also amniotes
  - extra layer, the neocortex
  - chemoreceptors in the aorta
  - complex respiratory, circulatory, and digestive systems
  - hair on their bodies
* also have teeth that are specialized to the most advanced degree of all animals
  - look different in different parts of the mouth
  - their place in entertainment, with animal shows and movies starring mammals
  - pose a threat to penguins
  - produce an amniotic egg
  - rely on claws to help with climbing and burrowing
  - vary in size more than any other vertebrates
* are a class in the chordate phylum.
* are a class of animal
  - vertebrates that have similar characteristics
  - diverse vertebrate group whose species have colonized nearly all parts of the world
  - largely terrestrial group with hair and milk producing glands
  - particular subgroup or part of the whole vertebrate clade
  - very successful group of animals
  - abundant and diverse and are the dominant animal life form
  - advanced synapsids
  - all warm-blooded endothermic animals
* are also fundamentally involved in research in many divisions of the biological sciences
  - on the move, making the transition from winter to spring
  - the group of animals to which humans belong
* are also the only animal group that has made a complete transition to aquatic habitats
  - organisms to provide milk to their young
  - unique in having milk glands that provide nourishment for their infants
  - warm-blooded and are covered with hair or fur
  - an easily recognizable and definable group of animals
* are animals that are born with fur or hair
  - feed babies with milk and breathe air
  - give birth to live babies
* are animals that have certain features that no other living beings have
  - hair, are warm-blooded, and nourish their young with milk
* are animals which are warm-blooded
  - give birth to live babies and the babies get milk from their mothers
  - possess hair, are air breathing, and have mammary and sweat glands
  - prefer to live in groups or communities
  - raise their young on milk and typically give birth to live young
* are animals with a backbone
  - certain common characteristics
  - lungs, and they breath air
  - animals, humans are mammals, and many animals that live here in the gardens are mammals
* are born as immature rhesus monkeys
  - their parent's young
  - with the sucking instinct
* are capable of mates
  - cold-blooded
  - covered by hair while reptiles are by scales
  - dioecious with sexual reproduction and internal fertilization
  - distinguished by several other unique features
  - divided into three families, based on how their young develop
  - either mono-, or polyphyletic
  - endothermic vertebrates that have fur
* are endothermic, have hair, and have complex circulatory and respiratory systems
  - like birds
  - equally diverse and even more elusive
  - excellent protectors of their young
  - exposed to a variety of outside temperatures
  - hairy by definition, and platypuses are hairier than most
  - heterodonts with unusually strong jaws
* are important in the ecology of the refuge
  - seed dispersers, being rewarded with fruits and nuts
* are known as primates
  - for being protective and taking good care of their young
  - largely water
  - less important than birds in maintaining transmission cycles of the virus in ecosystems
  - like other chordates in that they have backbones
  - monophyletic
  - more intelligent than fish, fish are more intelligent than crustaceans
  - natural protein factories
  - often a good example of a group of animals that are considered nomadic migrants
  - perhaps the most recognized type of wild animals on the planet
  - present year-round, but many are inactive through the winter
  - remarkably diverse in their size, appearance, form, and adaptations
  - restricted to species that are winter-active, either above or below the snow cover
  - set out by size with largest at the top
  - small, shrew-like animals
  - social animals
  - some of the most highly evolved, complex life forms to ever exist
  - sterilized by a temperature only slightly above the normal temperature of the scrotom
  - still quite small
  - the best modern organisms for comparison because they walk erectly, like the dinosaurs
* are the dominant class of animal on earth
  - group of vertebrate animals which form the class Mammalia
  - highest form of animal life
  - least frequent element of the island fauna
* are the most advanced class of animal life
  - diverse species on Earth
  - intelligent also
  - only animals that have hair
* are the only living synapsids, derived from a lineage in the Jurassic period
  - therapsids
  - surviving synapsids today
  - survivors of the synapsid line
  - vertebrates that possess a. teeth
* are the principal hosts, but birds, reptiles, and even amphibians are parasitized by ticks
  - true mothers of nature
* are unique in possessing hair and in many mammals hair varies throughout the year
  - that aspect
  - unusual among vertebrates in having red blood cells that lack a cell nucleus
  - useful to people in many other ways
  - usually small, like the kangaroo mice of North American deserts
  - vertebrates meaning they have a backbone
* are vertebrates that have hair and mammary glands used to provide nutrition for their young
  - vertebrates- the phylum of animals that have backbones
* are very advanced therapsids synapsids
  - diverse, and therefore exhibit many different kinds of locomotion
  - intelligent , with complex behaviors, and often live in packs
* are warm blooded and have hearts made up of two auricles and two ventricles
* are warm blooded, use lungs for respiration, and have four legs
  - with a body temperature that stays constant most of the time
* are warm-blooded and give birth to live young and nurse the young
  - creatures which suckle their young
  - vertebrates that suckle their young
  - with constant temperature while reptiles are poikilotherm
  - warm-blooded, vertebrate animals that have hair and nourish their young with milk
  - well known for rich, fatty bone marrow in shaft of long bones
* associated with wetlands include muskrat, otter, and beaver.
* become more active.
* begin as an egg cell fertilized by a sperm cell.
* belong to a group of amniotes known as synapsids
  - much larger group of vertebrates called synapsids
* breathe air with lungs
  - by moving the diaphragm downards an the ribs upwards and out
  - in air through their lungs
* bring joy to millions of people around the world.
* build in-group trust through awareness of common threats.
* can adopt one of two strategies in order to survive
  - be consumers and secondary producers
  - contract TSEs by eating infected animals
* can generate and conserve heat when it's outside
  - their own heat and have the advantage of being large
  - get parasites from contaminated food or water , bug bites , or sexual contact
  - learn to adapt and change in response to experiences
  - mark the areas that they live in
  - only get oxygen when they inhale
* can regenerate eye lenses in a similar way
  - hair, nails, and some other body tissues
  - regulate the temperature of their bodies by having one thing
  - synthesize only two of the B vitamins and require dietary sources of the others
* care for their young after birth a.
* commonly make up a large part of their diet including everything form small mice to rabbits
  - seen include baboon, dassie, grey rhebok and klipspringer
* compare themselves to others to avoid conflict.
* complete development.
* comprise the next-highest level of consciousness after humans.
* consume berries
  - juniper berries
* contains pictures and descriptions of various mammals including manatees and whales.
* defend themselves from attackers in many ways.
  - the vegetation for food and shelter
  - wetland habitats, too
* derive folates from their diets.
* digest cellulose
  - food through their digestive system
* diversify and become very abundant.
* do have the same structure that marks the animal pole in frogs
  - strange things
* dominate the continents but are essentially completely absent from Oceanic Islands.
* eat amphibians
  - foliage and twigs
  - pretty much everything, apart from leaf detritus and mature tree wood
* eliminate excess salt via kidney tubules.
* employ different strategies to find food.
* evolve faster on smaller islands
  - from Cretaceous ancestors in isolated groups on continental landmasses
  - rapidly
* exclude whales and porpoises.
  - urea in the watery form of urine
* exhibit internal fertilization
  - phenomena
* experience problems.
* express one isoform from each lineage.
  - same problems
* fall into three groups that differ in the way they use the amniotic egg.
  - milk to their babies
  - their young with milk from the mother's body
* fit in to the most advanced group of vertebrates.
* form the main part of their diet especially rabbits, kangaroos, wallabies and wombats.
* frequently seen include baboon, colobus monkey, warthog, marsh mongoose and bushbuck.
* generally have larger brains than other vertebrates of equivalent size.
* generate the internal heat via metabolism
  - their own heat, so there is an advantage to being large
  - food from plants or other animals
* give birth to live young because the development takes place internally
  - which are fed milk
* give live birth and give their babies milk
  - rapidly after birth, but slow to a terminal adult stage
* have a back-bone
  - chromosomal system of sex-determination
  - dentition divided into three distinct types of teeth
* have a diaphragm muscle that causes the lung cavity to expand and draw in air
  - to aid in respiration
* have a four-chambered heart system that pumps blood into all parts of their body
  - good sense of touch
  - jawbone composed solely of the dentary
  - migratory path comparable to that in Xenopus
  - number of derived traits
  - pair of bean-shaped kidneys
  - soft, pliable lens for focusing
  - thick dermis layer
  - two-chambered heart
* have an enlarged outer folding of the brain called the neocortex
  - ovulation cycle
* have body hair and fat to maintain a steady body temperature
* have certain characteristics and behaviors
  - complex, interactive development
* have different forms, sizes, and shapes
  - sizes, forms and shapes
  - entirely different habits and behaviours
  - fewer offspring, but invest heavily in their young through extended parental care
* have fur or hair and their babies drink their mother's milk
  - hair, produce milk for their offspring, and are warm-blooded
  - glands that produce substances that the body needs like hormones, sweat and milk
  - hair and fur
* have hair and mammary glands and give birth to live young
  - or fur on their bodies
* have hair, at least at some stage in their development
  - scales, or fur, which insulates the body to help conserve body heat
  - hairs, nurse their young, and have live births
  - horizontal tails
  - keratin-based hair, used to maintain an endothermic metabolism
  - large brains in comparison to other vertebrate groups and are capable of learning
  - live birth and care for their young for quite a time after birth
* have mammary glands, which, in females, produce milk to feed young
* have many organ systems
  - physical characteristics that make mammals distinct from other animals
  - milk-secreting mammary glands and hairy bodies
* have only one bone in the lower jaw, the dentary
  - paired bone, the dentary, in the lower jaw
  - options
  - parasites that can live in other mammals
  - periods of dreaming sleep and slow- wave sleep
  - separate openings for the digestive and reproductive systems
  - seven cervical vertebrae, a number that remains remarkably constant
* have several distinct characteristics
  - unique adaptations including mammary glands and hair
  - suction lungs
  - the largest brains in relation to body size of any vertebrate
* have three little bones in their inner ear, the ear ossicles
  - types of cartilage
  - to eat a lot to maintain their high body temperature
  - tops
  - true fur
* have two general classes of fat cell, brown and white
  - middle ear bones instead of only one
  - occipital condyles, birds and reptiles have only one
  - sets of teeth, milk and permanent
  - types of teeth, the primary teeth and the permanent teeth
  - warm blood, and fur or hair, and breathe air
* head for cover beneath the frost line.
* help pollinate and fertilize as they graze and swallow delicious fruits.
* however are big.
* hunt at nights.
* hunt for food
* include african wild dogs
  - bison
  - bottlenose dolphins
  - grizzly bears
  - lemurs
  - small animals
* includes brains
  - cell membranes
  - chest cavities
  - chests
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - nuclei
  - pedal extremities
  - piluses
  - plasma membranes
  - rib cages
  - sections
  - skulls
  - sterna
  - vacuoles
  - vertebrate feet
* ingest diets
  - just about every corner of the Earth
* lack quadratojugals
  - sclerotic rings
* leave the nest at different times of the year, too
* life in many places
* likewise have direct development.
* live both on land and in water.
  - everywhere in and on the earth
  - in a variety of habitats so they eat a variety of food
* live in all different kinds of habitats
  - kinds of habitats from the tropics to the polar regions
  - regions and climates
* lose a lot of heat by breathing though the mouth
  - body heat when they exhale
* maintain a constant high body temperature independent of their surroundings
  - stable body temperate, independent of the external environmental temperature
  - up the vertebrate class Mammalia
* manipulate the larynx, birds the syrinx.
* may have difficulty.
* migrate to the most favorable conditions of food and weather.
  - to center stage
* need diets
  - moisture
* never feed themselves at first.
* normally produce lactase only as long as the mother has milk.
* nourish their young with milk from special mammary glands
  - produced by the mother's mammary glands
  - young with milk, have a four- chambered hear, four legs, and breath with lungs
* nurse their babies with milk
  - babies, are warm-blooded, breathe air, have live birth, and have hair
* occasionally become infected if bitten by an infected mosquito.
* occur in wetlands throughout the year.
* only have the slow block.
* patrol territory.
* peek out, thrive.
  - many roles in the wetlands
* possess an external auditory meatus and an external ear composed of elastic cartilage
  - eyes that rotate in the socket
  - well developed, highly efficient kidneys
* predominate, but birds, amphibians, reptiles and insects also feature
  - reptiles and flora are also represented
* prey on eggs and young.
* produce a particular enzyme that breaks down fat in the body
  - biocomposite materials such as bone and cartilage
  - fewer offspring than reptiles
  - glucocorticoid hormones in stressful situations
  - live young which they nourish with milk
* produce milk for their young from mammary glands
  - with which to feed their young
* protect their babies more than other animals.
  - intensive parental care to their young
* radiate into several groups but are small in size and relatively unimportant
  - important groups but remain small and unimportant
* reduce heat loss in many ways.
* regularly mark their territorial boundaries with pheromones from specialized glands.
* remain small, possibly nocturnal.
* represent an advance from birds because of their method of reproduction.
* reproduce sexually, via the union of sperm and egg cells.
* require a lot of food which is completely processed during digestion
  - greater parental care than reptiles
* roam all over the world and have a range of different habitats
  - countrysides
* run in herds, termites have colonies and whales run in pods.
* scatterhoard to store food for retrieval during lean times.
* seem to have been only moderately successful as terrestrial carnivores.
* share characteristics
* share several common characteristics
  - intra-species pollutant transfer during the lactation period
* sometimes get it from dew on grass.
* sporting defensive spines also live longer than their less well defended counterparts.
* swallow food
* take advantage
  - over from reptiles
  - oxygen into their lungs, and discard carbon dioxide
* talk to each other by making sounds.
* tend to eat producers including grass and other plants.
* to mark territory.
* turn it into urea and urinate it out.
* typically have four parathyroid glands, while other types of animals typically have six
* use behaviour patterns.
  - olfactionprimarily in social relation for group survival
  - slippery mucus to line their digestive, respiratory, and reproductive tracts
  - urea as the primary form in which their nitrogenous wastes are removed
  - vision in hunting, navigation, locomotion and foraging
* usually illustrate a lengthen- ing out of the embryonic period and birds a shortening of it.
* walk, run, swim and climb on legs of all shapes and sizes.
* want food
  - to fish
+ Australian megafauna, Extinct Australian megafauna: pre-1788, Mammals: Lists of animals :: Animals of Australia
+ Brain, Parts:
  * The surface of the cerebrum is the cerebral cortex, which all vertebrates have. Mammals also have an extra layer, the neocortex. This is the key to the behaviour which is typical of mammals, especially humans.
+ Cleidoic egg, Discussion, Live birth: Reptiles :: Birds :: Zoology :: Developmental biology :: Evolutionary biology :: Biological reproduction
  * Live birth is a comparatively recent adaptation. Monotreme mammals do still lay eggs. It is the marsupial and eutherian mammals which developed live birth. Actually,the embryo developing in the womb has the same membranes round it as does the embryo inside a bird egg. Mammals give birth to live young because the development takes place internally. Live birth has evolved independently a number of times in reptiles, for example Ichthyosaurs gave birth to live young. So do some snakes.
+ Common misconceptions, Science, Biology, Evolution: Society :: Lists :: Knowledge
  * Soon after the first vertebrate  land-dwellers appeared, they split into two branches. Coven R 2000. History of life. Mammals are the only survivors of the synapsid line. Under Linnaean taxonomy reptiles are all amniotes except mammals and birds, thus including the synapsids as well as the first basal amniotes. With the rise of classification based on phylogeny, the Sauropsida excludes basal amniotes and the synapsid line. An example is 'Dimetrodon', which is often thought of as a dinosaur, but is in fact neither a dinosaur nor closely related to modern reptiles.
+ Foreskin: Anatomy of the male reproductive system
  * The 'foreskin' is a fold of skin that covers the glans penis. The foreskin protects the glans penis when the penis is not erect. Most mammals have foreskin.
+ Mammal, Characteristics, Reproduction
  * All mammals feed their young on milk, which is made by glands in the skin or the mammary glands. All mammals protect and look after their young, though details differ greatly
  - Modes of life
  * Mammals are found on land and in water, and also in the air, where they compete with lots of other animals. Their ability to move from place to place and adapt has made them a most efficient group. Many mammals live in cold places. These mammals have thick hair or blubber to keep them warm. Others may live in rainforests. Some live in deserts, and still others are in rivers, lakes, and seas all around the world
+ Morganucodon, Is it a mammal?: Theriodonts
  * Its lower jaw has some of the bones found in its synapsid ancestors in a very reduced form. Mammals have a jawbone composed solely of the dentary.
+ Polymorphism, Examples, Humans, Lactase persistence: Evolutionary biology :: Classical genetics :: Ecology
  * Mammals normally produce lactase only as long as the mother has milk. Then the enzyme lactase is cut off. Modern humans are different.
+ Precocial, Mammals: Developmental biology :: Birds :: Mammals
  * Mammals never feed themselves at first. Mother's milk is part of the 'contract' a mammal inherits. But there is a big difference between some new-born deer and antelopes, which can run within an hour or so of birth, and a baby marsupial which is in the pouch for days or weeks.
+ Psychological nativism: Psychology
  * Some mammals do seem to inherit emotional reactions. Monkeys fearing snakes is an example. Most of the behaviour of insects, reptiles and birds is inherited in some detail. Mammals, however, show a greater ability for learning than other kinds of animals.