### plant part:

Root
* All root rot pathogens are soil-borne, meaning that they survive in substrates and debris
  - roots take up phosphorus
* Many roots stretch out over the surface, rather than burrowing underground.
* Most roots absorb nitrate
  - nutrients
  - water
* Most roots are harvested in autumn
  - springs
  - produced by plants
  - spindle shaped with smaller appendages
  - arise from seeds
  - cause growth
  - consist of roots
* Most roots contain fiber
  - juice
  - milky juice
  - powerful nutrients
  - proteins
  - develop from seeds
* Most roots emerge from germinate seeds
  - stems
* Most roots grow in areas
  - into trees
  - laterally rather than downward
  - up to feet
* Most roots have a dark line or dent in their surface
  - buds
  - dormant buds
  - light brown tips
  - minerals
  - nodes
  - rapid growth
  - texture
* Most roots help plants
* Most roots make growth
  - vigorous growth
  - meet trunks
  - originate from seeds
* Most roots produce chemicals
  - lateral roots
  - shoots
  - tubers
  - vertical shoots
  - provide nutrients
  - require from three to six weeks to dry sufficiently to be safe
  - take up water
* Some roots also have a storage function, for example carrots and sweet potatoes.
* Some roots are also important storage organs
  - eaten by cattle
  - harvested in years
  - submerged in water
* Some roots arise from myceliums
  - primary myceliums
  - become food
* Some roots cause liver damage
  - tree root problems
  - come from plants
* Some roots consist of rhizomes
  - thicken rhizomes
* Some roots contain acid
  - active compounds
  - allergen
  - chlorophyll
  - magnesium
  - matter
  - natural sugar
  - nitrogen
* Some roots contain numerous active compounds
  - phloem
  - polysaccharides
  - sodium
  - various compounds
  - xylem phloem
* Some roots develop at surfaces
  - from buds
  - into flowers
  - large tubers
  - end up on rocks, baking in the sun
  - fall from trees
  - float in water
  - form hollow trunks
  - go very deep into the ground
* Some roots grow from bottoms
  - terminal buds
  - soil surfaces
  - upwards until they are sticking out of the water in order to reach oxygen
* Some roots have chlorophyll
  - flesh
  - foul smell
  - green chlorophyll
  - necks
  - substances
  - wood
  - yellow flesh
  - help grow pumpkins
  - make leaves
* Some roots produce bitter fruit
* Some roots provide food
  - microbial habitats
  - nursery habitats
  - saturate water
  - resemble corn
* Some roots survive anaerobic conditions
  - in frozen soil
  - take up substances
  - yield leaves. * go very deep into the ground. One root that was found in Arizona, USA, was 60 m below the surface.
  * are also very strong. Some tree roots can destroy stones. Roots are not green because the cells have no chlorophyll
* Take up moisture and nutrients.
* absorb and transport water and minerals from the soil to the rest of the tree
  - mineral nutrients as ions in soil water
  - the water and minerals from the soil
* absorb water and dissolved minerals
  - mineral salts from the soil
* absorb water and minerals from the soil and transport to the stem
  - soil for the plant
  - soil that are important for the plants
* absorb water and nutrients and provide support for the plant
  - from the surrounding soil using the process of osmosis
* act like straws absorbing water and minerals from the soil.
* adhere to the potting medium and the plant absorbs water from the bark.
* affected by salt toxicity often die, killing the plant.
* also allow the shoot system to grow taller.
* also anchor the plant firmly in the soil
  - portion of the tree above ground
* also develop at the terminal nodes of rhizomes that emerge above the soil as shoots
  - near drainage holes and soil surface as a result of oxygen starvation
  - expand through the soil by growing at their tips as a result of apical meristems
  - grow out of the bud downwards into the soil
  - have growth tissue, bark, and wood
* also help hold a tree in place
  - keep the plant intact, and strong
  - represent stored energy to produce new plant tissue
  - serve to anchor the plant in the soil
* also stabilize the plant, and keep it from being blown or washed away
  - it from bring blown or washed away on Earth
* also store food for the plant
  - food, synthesize hormones, and provide support
  - take food and water from the soil to feed the plants
  - use osmosis to draw in key minerals and nutrients required for plant growth
* anchor a plant and are used to absorb water and minerals from the soil
  - in place, dissolve nutrients, and absorb water
* anchor a plant in the ground and hold it against the wind or frost heaving in the winter
  - soil, absorb water and minerals, and store food
  - the plant and absorb materials
* anchor the plant in the ground, and provide support
  - soil and are the way it absorbs water and nutrients
  - soil, collect water and soil nutrients and store carbohydrates
  - plant, pass water to the stem from the rootlets and store food for future use
* anchored in soil enable growing plants to remain upright.
* are a plants means of getting water and nutrients from the ground.
* are able to penetrate deeper, resulting in healthier plant growth
  - take in food nearly as fast as the plant is able to use it
  - active when the foliage first pokes through the ground
* are also shallow because of wet soil conditions
  - the main agents in making the soil lighter and more open because of their probing
  - are fibrous with two or more thickened roots
* are basic to growth, development and expansion
  - units of meaning in Esperanto
  - clearly more sensitive to auxin concentration than are coleoptiles
  - composed of large amounts of corky secondary tissue consisting of phellogen
  - decayed and blackened
  - designed to take water up
  - directed in their growth by the amounts of water, air, and nutrients available for uptake
  - dynamic, growing and casting off cells and navigating soil cavities and rough surfaces
  - easier to remove completely when the soil is moist and loose
  - edible
  - essentially shallow, even on big trees
  - fleshy and brittle and a dark brown colour on the outside, and white on the inside
  - forms
  - fully dry when they are brittle
  - greedy, traveling far beyond the tree canopy
  - summer
  - when the leaves start to die back in the fall- but before a frost
* are important because they help to hold the plant up and bring in food and water
  - in stabilizing the tree and in obtaining moisture and nutrients for tree growth
* are important to kids and to families
  - plants because the roots control the whole part of it
  - invasive like other figs
  - less periodic in structure, but they too grow and branch indefinitely
* are located in trees
* are more sensitive than shoots
  - to cold injury than the above ground parts of a plant
  - most flavorful when dug late in the season, as sugars accumulate in the root
  - much more sensitive to cold than the plant stems or buds
  - multi-talented but they know when to delegate to bacteria and fungi
  - negatively phototropic
  - numbers
  - often a little leaky, and the material that they leak is referred to as root exudates
* are one of the most critical parts of the plant in a grassland
  - vital parts of the tree
* are part of hair
  - kernels
  - nails
  - root systems
  - tooths
  - protosteles with their xylem elements in a characteristic cross-shape
  - ready for harvest when they are about three years old
  - reddish-brown, brittle and often limited to the upper part of a container or soil
  - refrigerant and are used in infusion for threadworm
  - responsible for water and mineral nutrient uptake, energy storage, and anchorage
  - sensitive to cold weather and drying winds
  - slow to become pithy
  - soft, dead, reddish, hollow, and later disintegrate
  - software
  - structures
  - superficial systems because of the anoxic sediments
* are the branches down in the earth
  - lowest part of a plant
  - most important part of the plant
* are the parts of a plant that are usually below ground
  - that grow down into soil or water
  - veins and arteries of the plant
  - vital supply lines of moisture and minerals to the leaves
  - totally absent in some plants, e g., Ceratophyllum, Salvinia, Azolla, Utricularia, etc
  - used for constipation and obstruction of the intestines
  - usually below ground and largely involved in absorbing water and minerals
  - valuable even after the plant has died
  - values of x for which y is equal to zero
* are very important to plants
  - medicinal and also used to make a candied sweetmeat
  - slow growing and allow gas exchange against a resistance that is always high
  - the peripheral area of the bulb at the junction with the rhizome
* associate with nitrogen fixing bacteria
  - nitrogen-fixing bacteria
* attack structures physically and chemically and, over time, can be as damaging as any storm.
* attacked by lesion nematodes are dark in color.
* based clusters can substitute dictionaries in indexing for information retrieval.
* become branches, and the branches grow into new roots
  - galled or knotted and uptake of water and nutrients is affected
  - soft quickly on warming and darken rapidly
  - tuberous with age
* begin growing and absorbing nutrients long before the trees leaves unfold.
* begin to dig into the soil seeking nutrients and life giving water
  - form under the soil
  - grow and take in nutrients and water from the habitat
  - swell within a day after infection
* bind soil against erosion
  - the soil and prevent it from washing away
* can also expand more easily in the surrounding loose soil
  - invade broken sewer lines, causing slow draining sinks and sluggish toilets
  - protect the environment by holding the soil to prevent soil erosion
* can associate with mycorrhizae
  - vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae
* can be a means through which generations can share each other s feelings
  - free-floating in water or occur in the soil
  - lateral, anchoring and coralloid
  - become twisted and forked in heavy, stony soil
  - clog or destroy the absorption system
  - develop nitrogen-fixing nodules
* can grow at cold temperatures and seeds mature quickly
  - deep in six years
  - shallow in soil that is watered too lightly
  - have an amazingly large number of root hairs
  - look white and healthy
* can penetrate cracks and physically pry rocks apart as the root grows in size
  - hard soils
  - receive water and nutritive elements
  - remain unharvested during the worst of the rainy season when roads are flooded
  - suffocate and die where large amounts of water have forced air out of the space
* collect water and minerals from the soil, store nutrients, and anchor the tree
* colonize large areas of soil in pursuit of water and essential elements the tree needs.
* compete for limited nutrients and water.
* consist of a combination of fine hair roots and fleshy fingerlike growths
* contain a-elaterin, hentriacontane, and saponins
  - alkaloids
  - dermal, ground, and vascular tissues
  - novel glycosides
  - only trace amounts
  - several polyacetylenic compounds
* contains allantoic acid and allantoin
  - saponins and tartaric acid
* continue to grow and absorb moisture until frozen.
* contribute organic matter to the soil when they die.
* creep under the ground to make a firm foundation.
* crowd the soil surface.
* cutting from lemon, tamarind, etc also develop roots and shoots when planted in a moist soil.
* decay and turn black
  - readily in moist soils and very slowly in dry ones
* determine the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration.
* develop at bases
* develop from the petiole, the area where the stem meets the base of the leaf
  - plate when the bulb is actively growing
  - in proportion to top growth in grass plants
  - laterally and vertically in the soil
  - on the rhizomes as they grow
  - shoot buds in fall and emerge in spring as floricanes
* die allowing the plant to be easily removed from the soil
  - back can worsen the chlorosis by further limiting nutrient uptake
* eat and drink nutrients and water, essential for growth, from the soil.
  - the bottom of the bulb at the beginning of the growing season
  - only when seedlings are in contact with bottom substrates
* encountering the nutrients have a chance to absorb the elements.
* enter the host tree, robbing it of necessary water and minerals.
* exploit all the available nutrients at their disposal and spread in the space in the pot.
* exposed to cold, wet conditions for extended periods are at risk of root rot.
* extend at least twice as far out from the tree as the limbs
  - themselves through the soil by creating new cells in the apical meristem
* extract most water from the upper half of the root zone.
* fed on by stubby root nematode are extremely short with a yellow to brownish cast.
* find cracks in the lines and sense the water vapor that is leaking into the soil.
* fix the plant firmly in the soil.
* form at the base of new leaves on runners
  - by adventitious buds along the lower surface
  - shallow networks close to the soil surface
* formed in water tend to be thin and fragile, as they encounter no resistance while emerging.
* frequently accumulate next to container walls.
* function as an anchor, providing the major resistance to windthrow
  - in anchorage, water and mineral uptake and storage of photosynthetic products
* gather plant nutrients.
* get nourishment.
* give trees support and sustenance, and severe pruning can effect both functions.
* go down from the bean seed into the earth due to gravity.
* gradually decay.
* grow among the dead ones
  - at the joints or nodes of each runner
* grow down from bottom of rhizome
  - it, and stem and leaves grow up from it
  - horizontally
* grow in a circle or spiral on the surface
  - length only from their ends
  - tuberous clusters
  - mostly sideways and can extend up to three times the height of the tree
  - much closer to the soil surface than is often believed
  - out the bottom of the rhizome, and a new plant can arise at the same point from the top
  - primarily near the surface
* grow through the cracks, and the shells add a small amount of calcium to the soil
  - pot, water weakens the fiber, and various fungi cause microbial degradation
  - whole life of the plant
  - to specific conditions, which, if changed, can impede a plants growth
  - towards earth
  - well past the drip line of a plant's leaf body, if the soil is good and loose
  - where the water is
* grow, die off, and regrow again.
* grows away from the sunlight.
* have a difficult time getting through the dry, brittle peat
  - number of critical roles in keeping all plants alive, summer annuals or massive oaks
  - pronounced effect on the size and vigor of the plant
  - aeration systems that include aerenchymatous tissues
  - antidiarrhoetic, antidote to snake venom, anti-inflammatory and wound healing properties
  - benefits
  - capacity
  - crisp texture
  - crunchy texture
  - distinctive regions such as maturation, elongation, cell division region and root cap
  - dual purposes
  - effects
  - environmental benefits
  - extensions of the root epidemal cells known as root hairs
  - fewer feeder roots and nitrogen-fixing root nodules
  - hairs like tiny straws to drink water and send it up the pipes to the leaves
  - intense flavor
  - large capacity
* have many branch roots, just as trunks have many branches
  - different tissues, which serve a variety of functions
  - mild flavor
  - more alkaloid than leaves, and young leaves more than older leaves
  - nodules with symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria
  - quality
  - same functions
  - specialization
  - specialize functions
  - symbiotic bacteria for fixation of nitrogen
  - taproots
* have three distinct regions namely, epidermis, cortex and vascular bundle
  - main parts the cortex the vascular cylinder and the epidermis
  - tiny rootlet hairs that extend out from the roots and anchor into the soil
  - two growth phases, namely primary and secondary growth
* help big trees
  - feed the plant by sucking up water and minerals from the soil
  - hold soil and even absorb chemicals before they can wash into a storm drain or stream
  - make soil, too
  - plants stay in place
  - shoots grow and vice versa
  - support the plant and take in water and nutrients
* helps eliminate the foreign substances that can overburden the liver.
* hold a plant in place
  - soil together and help prevent erosion
  - stream banks and buffer soil in place
  - the soil together and prevent it from washing away
* improve soil structure.
* includes bark.
* includes root caps
  - sections
* is mucilaginous and contains a small amount of volatile oil
  - the root reference of a binary tree
* keep plants attached to their habitat.
* live among bacteria, fungi, insects, worms and others creatures, sometimes closely associated
  - in association with other organisms mycorrhizae
* loosen the soil, allowing oxygen to penetrate.
* love oxygen and oxygen-creating movement in water slows the growth of algae.
* mainly serve as the primary water and mineral absorbing organs in plants.
* mean square velocity of molecules in a gas.
* mostly grow downwards.
* move to the top of the soil for the moisture.
* need moisture.
* nematodes frequently infect ginger growing areas
  - prefer sandy loam soils that have lots of moisture
* never go completely dormant like trunks and stems.
* obtain water, oxygen and minerals from soil
* often decay
  - form at the nodes of the spreading stems
  - function in storage of food and nutrients
* often grow geotropically to reach the water table
  - into decaying stumps and logs
  - only in the loose soil and fail to penetrate the compacted subsoil
  - outward to a diameter one to two times the height of the trees
  - to greater soil depths than tubers or rhizomes
* only can grow in wet and muddy soil at the water's edge which is like tides or floods
  - start re-growing during the rainy season in summer or autumn
* operate in the soil, providing water and nutrients.
* originate from bases
  - the stems and are usually found at branch points
* penetrate dry soil only slightly beyond available moisture supplies
  - soil deeply
* perform functions.
* plant organ
* prefer loose soil to packed.
  - digestive upset and nervous excitement
  - orange-red dye, stems and leaves a yellow dye
* promote that result, since they benefit from the accumulation of nitrogen.
* provide an important habitat for bacteria, fungi and very small soil animals
  - anchorage in the soil, allow absorption of and transport water and nutrients
  - anchorage, connect plants to the earth, and absorb water and nourishment
  - extra stability
  - fish spawning beds and protection for newborns
  - shoots with water and nutrients
  - support for the tree as it gets taller
  - two important functions for the plant
* pruning pin oak liners affects growth and root morphology.
* push down into the ground to get water and minerals
  - to anchor the new plants while they take up minerals and water from the soil
  - through the earth toward water, Further down than any seed
* reach for water, for nourishment.
* readily develop at nodes that are in contact with moist soil or water.
* refer to a person s grounding in a particular church, faith, culture, language, and history.
* refers to strategies designed to ensure that every child meets world class standards.
* require air space in the soil to live
  - specific soil temperatures to continue growth
* rot -The first sign of root rot is yellow leaves
  - from cold wet soil is by far the biggest killer of banana plants in our latitudes
  - fungal pathogens are found in almost all soils
* rot in Florida and a blister disease in India have occurred
  - poorly drained soils
  - soggy or heavy soil
* rot occurs if plants are left in a soggy medium
  - in soggy, deteriorated medium
  - let in a soggy medium
  - remain in a soggy medium
  - in poorly drained sites
  - of snap beans in New York
* rot on cabbage
  - early plant annuals is now showing up
  - results in wilting even in plants several years old
* rot, if left untreated, can cause rapid tree decline and death.
* seem to be easier to grow than new stems and leaves.
* serve distinct purposes
  - for anchorage and absorption of water and nutrients from the soil
  - to anchor the plant in the container and to absorb water and nutrients
* sink into the ground from which the new tree draws life.
* soak up what water they can and provide hydration to the rest of the hair.
* soon form at the base of the pole where there is good moisture.
* sprout from the root
* stabilize the trapped sediment and hold riparian soil in place.
* steadily die off so that the oldest rhizome segments have few roots remaining.
* store food for plants
  - vital starch and protein compounds, especially during the winter
* struggle to find water.
* survive, but foliage dies back in cold winter climates.
* symbolize nourishment from the earth and groundedness.
* take in water and minerals from soil
  - plant nutrients from the soil
* take up air from the air spaces present between the soil particles
  - water and elements from the soil
  - water, oxygen, minerals, and other nutrients from soil
* take water and minerals from the soil to the rest of the plant
  - things from the soil called minerals up to the rest of the plant
* tend to grow near the surface
  - spread farther in poor soil than in rich soil, for the same size of plant
* then dry out because they are exposed to air and are killed.
* thrive at the lower soil temperatures in late fall and early spring.
* track humidity and mineral gradients and can change branching patterns in response.
* travel deeper into the soil to find water.
* typically reside within the upper few inches of soil.
* use metabolic oxygen produced locally in root tissues.
* usually branch extensively in order to explore as much soil volume as possible
  - grow beneath the surface of the soil and extend from the base of the stem
* vary in thickness.
+ Root, Root growth: Plant anatomy
  * Roots grow through the whole life of the plant. They grow longer from the tip, adding cells to the end of each root. The root adds cells to their tips, and they grow fatter as they add cells around their tube-like bodies.