### substance:

Wood
* All wood expands and contracts with seasonal changes in moisture content
  - has pores
* All wood is classified into two main types, hardwood and softwood
  - used from reforested trees
  - shrinks and swells with changes in moisture content
* All woods absorb moisture when the air is humid, and lose moisture when it's dry
  - change color over time
* Any wood is prey to a number of organisms.
* Most wood absorbs odor
  - comes from trees
  - contains substances
  - destroying beetles behave in similar fashion
  - deteriorates over time
  - has cell structures
* Most wood has dense cell structures
  - density
  - lower density
  - texture
* Most wood uses for lumber
  - rough lumber
  - woods have gobs of heavy, plastic-like cement, called lignin, holding the cells together
* Much wood is used as plywoods and veneers.
* Some wood attracts cockroaches
  - woodpeckers
  - becomes dioxide
  - conducts electricity
* Some wood contains mud
* Some wood has compounds
  - structural properties
  - is classified as insulators
  - leads to diseases
* Some wood nematodes cause death
  - kill trees
  - produces toxins
  - shavings cause asthma
  - trellises support plants
* Some woods are apparendy toxic to termites
  - durable because of compounds called extractives
  - toxic, such as cocobolo dust
  - can be sensitive to moisture
  - move a great deal with changes in humidity, others less so
  - or gives off moisture depending on the ambient moisture in the air
  - water and urine, making good sanitation difficult
* adapts very quickly to ambient conditions
  - well to gradual seasonal changes
* aging develops a dry, nutty character and a golden color
  - times are also subject to other factors
* also can conduct electricity when it is wet.
* also is an important industrial fuel
  - used in major elements such as framing, siding, and shingles
  - works well to build patterns
* appears to shimmer when moved.
* architectures in response to particular climates.
* attacked by termites has channels or passages coated with an earth-like material.
* better insulator than metal.
* biomass fuel.
* boring isopods feed upon and damage prop roots.
* building material.
* buried in such marshes is almost immune to rot.
* burning appliances are a subject of expanding use and concern due to rising energy costs
  - emits certain chemical compounds known as dioxins
  - fireplaces and stoves also produce large amounts of carbon monoxide
  - stoves contribute to the warm atmosphere
* burns efficiently in fireplaces, providing a feeling of warmth and love
  - in three stages
* can also be light, making a large room seem smaller and cozy
  - create a visual focal point by dominating a small area
  - be wet, full of nails, or old and weathered
  - become slippery when wet
  - best handle temperature and relative humidity changes if they occur gradually
  - burn, rot, splinter, stain, and break
  - have a very long life when continuously immersed in water
  - lose so much moisture that it becomes brittle
  - overcome earth by depleting the minerals and nutrients which make it fertile
  - rot out and is slippery when wet
  - serve as physical evidence for structure
  - suffer damage when exposed to the action of sunlight and water
  - trap cold air and prevent it from draining to lower-lying areas
* carries bugs.
* changes dimensions as it gains or loses moisture below that point.
* combines with oxygen in the atmosphere, undergoing combustion.
* comes from plants so everything made from wood has used water
  - the mainland and North America
  - trees, which are, of course, plants
* comes in a bewildering variety of species, each with unique properties
  - many different kinds
* completely competitive material also for building bridges.
* complex mixture of cellulose, organic chemicals and water.
* composite material made from lignin and cellulose.
* consists largely of cellulose, a macromolecule which highly improbable assembly of atoms
  - mostly of primary xylem
* consists of cellulose fibers bound in lignin , a complex polymer
  - mixed woods that are unsplit and at random lengths
  - two distinct fuels
* contains a heat stable antibiotic useful as a food preservative
  - acids, and acids are bad for fabric
  - natural antibiotic agents that retard bacterial growth
  - only a negligible amount of sulphur, an element that leads to acid rain
  - sugars that bacteria and fungi feed on
* continuous product.
* controls Earth.
* damaged by carpenter ants contains galleries that are very clean and smooth.
* destroying fungi require a food source, oxygen and favorable temperature in order to survive
  - insects do a tremendous amount of damage to wood structures
* destroys Earth.
* deteriorates rapidly.
* diminishes Earth.
* dries rapidly when the heat is first turned on.
* ducks frequent woods along streams or flooded timber.
* durable, light-weight, easily worked, waterproof material and fiber source.
* dynamic medium.
* edges, thickets, meadows, and roadsides.
* expands and contracts across the grain significantly more than lengthwise with the grain
  - depending on the humidity in the air
  - with changes in temperature and humidity
  - when it's wet
* experiences decay
  - fungal decay
* feels warm, or normal, while metal usually feels cold.
* fine building material in terms of strength and weight.
* finishing products also contain many hazardous components.
* finite resource.
* floats because the internal pressure of the water is higher than that of the wood.
* floats in water, helium floats in air, oil floats on water, a penny floats on mercury
* form of biomass and burning wood is an example of biomass energy.
* formed at the base of limbs or in forks is usually difficult to break apart
  - in spring is thin walled and primarily made for sufficient water supply
* forms the circulatory and support system in trees.
* good insulator, as well as fibreglass, or vinyl when reinforced with wood.
* grinder with a share of the lead.
* grown in sunlight is better than wood grown in shade.
* has a different feeling than leather
  - low ash content
* has a natural beauty
  - tendency to warp, twist, split, etc
  - an excellent strength to weight ratio and stiffness to weight ratio comparable to metals
  - color, too
  - fairly poor water resistance
* has grain and color variations due to the growth pattern of each tree
  - from the growth patterns of each tree
  - poor durability and is prone to mold and stain
  - purposes
  - some superior properties including antiseptic, mechanically yielding, and natural
  - the lowest embodied energy out of all of the most common construction materials
  - three dimensions, width, length, thickness
  - variable degrees of natural resistance to decay
  - warmth, depth, and often people speak of wood stocks as if they are alive
* have grain and color variations due to the growth patterns of each tree.
* helps burning, but in the meantime it loses energy.
* highly heterogeneous material containing interfaces and long cylindrical pores.
* hygroscopic material.
* involves the aspects of germination, extension, softness and harmony.
* is active, capable of growth and combustion, which is yang.
* is also a porous material, being comprised of long slender cells
  - renewable source of fuel
  - an insolator
  - easy to work, resistant to destructive fungi and insect pests
  - highly susceptible to damage from post-depositional processes
  - more flexible in terms of the size and shape of the target
  - one of the few building materials that is renewable
  - susceptible to damage and swelling from moisture
  - the centerpiece of building and craftsmanship
* is an anisotropic material with respect to shrinkage characteristics
  - economically competitive, ecologically sound and sustainable building material
  - example of a plant conductive tissue, vascular tissue
  - extremely polyvalent material
  - inhomogenous, nonisotropic material composed of high molecular weight natural polymers
  - organic substance composed of cells
* is another form of cellulose
  - possibility as well as polymers and other heat-resistant plastics
  - applied to wood for a deeper three dimensional appearance
  - basically a differently assembled form of cellulose
  - biodegradable
  - by far the raw material used in the greatest quantity in the U.S. today
* is capable of burns
  - composteds
  - sandeds
* is composed of cellulose fibers and lignin which is the glue that holds it together
  - many concentric circles of xylem
  - primarily of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin
  - comprised of the cells of the xylem
  - currently in chronically short supply in all urban centres and even in rural areas
* is cut for export, for furniture, plywood and veneers
  - firewood, charcoal, and building poles
  - heating
  - damp and rotting - but only in the corners where water probably collects somewhat
  - dead trees
* is diffuse, porous with indistinct grain pattern
  - dimensionally stable when the moisture content is above the fiber saturation point
  - dried to a specific moisture content
  - dry, appears to be a soft wood, and has some worm holes on the surface
  - durable and resilient, and can be engineered for high strength to weight ratios
* is easier to blend than most flooring materials
  - split when it is green
  - easy to cut and easy to shape
  - edibles
  - energy from the sun, stored by the tree as it grows
  - extremely rare and important to the ecosystem
  - followed by fire
  - generally less expensive than alternative sources of energy
  - gildeds
  - golf clubs
* is hard and durable underground, used for wooden plows and for pegs
  - light and can be fashioned into almost any shape
  - smooth and is used for golf club heads
* is hard, grows fast and repels termites
  - heavy and dense, and valued for carving
* is heavy and moderately durable but in contact with ground it decays in about two years
  - rots from the inside out
  - heavy, strong, hard, and durable
  - important as building material, as fuel, and as a raw material for paper and chemicals
  - in short supply on the plateau where most yak live
* is largely cellulose and lignin , while paper and cotton are nearly pure cellulose
  - while cotton and paper are almost pure cellulose
  - less energy intensive than all three competing materials
  - light weight, less durable and small in size due to short and crooked trunk
  - light, soft and weak
* is located in boats
  - carpets
  - countries
  - desks
  - hardware stores
  - parks
  - synagogues
* is made of much cellulose and some lignin
* is made up of lots of cellulose which is very long chains of polymers
  - small cellulose fibers, bound together by a glue-like substance called lignin
  - major product in our everyday life
* is more of an insulator than a conductor in general
  - sensitive to moisture than to heat, while the inverse is generally true for plastics
  - than just a material
  - vulnerable to scratches, but is less likely to crack or chip
  - most vulnerable to decay at the ground-line
* is natural, it raw material found in great quantities all around the world
  - organic, renewable, nontoxic, recyclable and bio-degradable
* is nature's own composite
  - universal construction material
  - non-toxic
  - odorless and tasteless
  - of the highest quality in the world, and, like other materials, it's plentiful and cheap
  - often without tyloses
* is one of Earth's most important resources
  - Switzerland's only raw materials
  - mankind's oldest building materials
  - nature's best insulators
* is one of the few materials that can construct itself
  - most durable and versatile building materials in the world
* is one of the most important North American raw materials
  - natural resources in the United States
  - widely-used building materials and the main source of paper in the world
  - only sustainable in terms of centuries
  - opaque to visible light
  - pale yellow without distinction between heartwood and sapwood
* is particularly subject to crushing perpendicularly to the grain
  - susceptible to the effects of light and heat
* is perishable -organic
  - and liable to ambrosia beetle and powder-post beetle attack
* is plant materials
  - tissue which was once alive
  - plentiful in Chile, and thus most of the furniture manufacture is of wood
  - plentiful, so today, houses are made of logs
  - plywood, mahogany, limewood and walnut
  - predictable in fire
  - preferable to metal or plastic, because it insulates better
  - present in the stems of trees and shrubs where it ensures support and conducts water
  - preserved in the till deposits
  - prized for lumber and furniture
  - radio stations
  - recyclable, biodegradable and durable - sometimes lasting for centuries
  - renewable, recyclable and biodegradable
  - said to be the mother of fire and the son of water
  - shipped to biomass plants and burned to generate electricity
  - shock-resistant and very durable, generally outlasting synthetic materials
  - soft and lightweight with soft whitish roots
  - solar energy transformed by photosynthesis into building material
  - sold by standard units of measurement
* is solid fuel
  - objects
  - strengthened by water, creates fire and subdues earth yet is overcome by metal
  - strong, lightweight, versatile, abundant, and renewable
  - susceptible to spontaneous combustion
  - ten times stronger in the axial direction than in the radial or tangential directions
  - termed a primary product, created by plants using solar energy
  - the accumulation of secondary xylem
* is the best insulator of all structural building materials
  - material to use for bird houses
  - when any acid, such as vinegar, is used in the ingredients to be stirred
  - choice for a sustainable future
  - element conquered by the self-metal
  - ideal energy-efficient building material
  - largest source of biomass energy
  - major source of heat for cooking
* is the material of choice for many structures
  - used par excellence to create African masks
* is the most common material for enclosed showers
  - source of fuel, although many different materials are used
  - used in home heating
  - commonly used biomass fuel for heat and power
* is the most environmentally beneficial raw material the United States
  - materials the United States has
  - friendly resource on earth
* is the most important natural resource of Finland
  - renewable natural resource
  - reliable and available of fuels
  - universal of worked materials
  - widely used of all plant fuels
  - number one consumption of energy because it is so readily available
* is the only building material derived from a renewable resource
  - construction material that is truly a renewable resource
* is the only natural and renewable resource in the flooring industry
  - readily renewable natural resource and it is increasing in reserves every year
* is the only renewable building material
  - natural material
  - preferred fuel for cooking in much of the world
* is the primary material which is used
  - source of fuel for much of the world
  - structural component in most cold frames
  - principal source of fuel now
  - principle material, but ivory, bones, tusks, bamboo, and various metals are also used
* is the traditional fuel
  - source for activated carbon, which is sometimes called activated charcoal
  - their food source
  - typical of the water-containing materials
  - unique among all building materials
* is used as a fuel for cooking and heating in stoves, fireplaces and barbecue grills
  - extensively in other countries for electricity and heat production
* is used for boats
  - buildings, furniture, paper, cardboard, musical instruments and sports equipment
  - butcher blocks, pulpwood, particleboard, and fiberboard
  - campfires
  - canoes, mortars, and pestles
  - coffins, cooking at funerals and several other custom rituals
  - construction of buildings or furniture, and also for art
  - cooking usually outside
  - deers
  - furniture, millwork, flooring, butcher blocks, and musical instruments
  - hikings
  - home heating and as an industrial fuel in Washington State
  - making whiskey barrels and ships
  - picture frames
  - posts, beams, musical instruments and for firewood
  - railroad ties, because the wood is rot resistant
  - skis
  - wood products
  - rather than metal because it is both durable and cheaper to maintain than metal
  - throughout the home
  - to carve various items for household use as well as for ceremonial uses
* is used to construct carts, farm implements, boats, dugout canoes and in shipbuilding
  - subwoofer enclosures
  - frame the entire building where the roof design dictates the form
* is used to make everything from furniture to toys to paper
  - furniture, build houses, and make paper
  - power cars as well as the heating in our homes, which provides heat, or raise steam
* is very good for making pallets because it can hold a lot of weight
  - hard to clean, but it can be periodically replaced in countries where it is plentiful
  - hardy, but the fruit buds are damaged by hard freezes
  - sensitive to changes in relative humidity
  - strong and used for tool handles, skis and wagon wheels
* is vulnerable to attack by decay fungi and termites, liable to blue stain
  - fungi, stain, and termites
  - water-absorbent, so it dries faster, which means shorter bacterial survival
  - whitish or light yellow brown with no distinction between sapwood and heartwood
  - without question the coolest material for building a canoe
  - yellow in color, coarse-grained, dense, and heavy
* is, in itself, a composite of tubular voids surrounded by harder lignin cellulose.
* just happens to contain a lot of plant cells.
* likely target for insects, splitting, distorting, bruising or breaking.
* living substance and can dry out, especially in centrally heated homes.
* makes essential objects, objects for all time
  - use of a lignin matrix and cellulose fibers to form a polymer composite
  - that's never the same
* matures to a brownish color with age.
* more environmentally sensitive building material than steel
  - sustainable energy source than fossil fuels
* moves over time, with changes in temperature and humidity.
* music major with a principal emphasis in piano and secondary emphasis in voice.
* natural composite material, nature's equivalent of fiberglass and carbon fiber composites
  - of cellulose fibres in a matrix of lignin
  - filter of vibrations
  - food source for certain types of fungus and spora
  - material with good insulating properties
  - product that is renewable, reusable and recyclable
  - product, is aesthetically pleasing, flexible in design, and structurally sound
  - resource, renewable and recyclable
* natural, organic material that can easily be recycled
  - material, and it reacts, often quite frustratingly, to being wetted
* naturally dries out as a result of the sap drying out from the fibers.
* non-living thing.
* noun' which is the material a tree is mostly composed of.
* overwhelms the movement of Earth.
* painting Wood painting The wood of tree is one of the oldest materials used by the man.
* performs functions.
* plentiful and economical building material that comes from a renewable source.
* plentiful, economical, and renewable resource.
* poor conductor due to high resistance
  - material for animal houses because it is susceptible to chewing and rot
* produces even more carbon dioxide per kilo than coal.
* provides resiliency in sea ice and acoustic quiet.
* relatively easy material to work with
  - good insulator because of the air spaces it contains
* remains strongest when kept in the original shape in which it grew
  - the country's main source of energy
* renewable and most versatile construction material
  - natural resource and is completely recyclable
* renewable resource and is likely to be in growing demand as world population increases
  - because more trees can be grown to make more wood
* renewable resource that has a very positive impact on the carbon footprint
  - is energy efficient and reusable
  - resource, but has historically been abused
  - source of energy that can supplement conventional fossil fuels for home heating
* renewable, available source of energy.
* replaceable source of fibre.
* requires much less energy to be processed into a usable form than does steel or plastic.
* resembles North American black cottonwood in both density and mechanical properties.
* rot can weaken wood, but it's easy to tell if wood is rotten.
* scarce resource that provides wildlife habitat and contributes to nutrient cycling.
* shavings react with the rabbit's urine to create a toxin which can build up in their liver.
* shrinks quickly and pewter disintegrates
  - very little along the length of the grain
* solves the problem of plastic cutting boards breeding bacteria without creating waste.
* stands for tree or something to do with wood.
* steelform uses ash and oak woods from Slovenia.
* stems have several parts.
* stoves and kerosene lamps provide light and heat
* stoves, of course, require wood fuel
  - pipe, fuel storage barrels or tanks
* survives much less well than the other materials such as stone and bronze.
* swells when it becomes wet, shrinks when it dries
  - with moisture, shrinks as it loses moisture
* tends to dry out and crack.
* tends to have even more complex molecules to start with
  - low a low natural frequency
  - shrink and change moisture content after being sawed
* typically have a gooey cement, called lignin, holding the cells together.
* undergoes combustion.
* uses in construction
  - powder X-ray methods to study phase transformations and high T behaviour of materials
* very common material for building
  - porous material that absorbs odors from the air
* wetted by dog urine is reported to be especially attractive to wharf borer beetles.
* yields electrical energy
+ Composite material
  * Wood is a natural composite of cellulose fibres in a matrix of lignin. Wood and cellulose chemistry'. The earliest man-made composite materials were straw and mud combined to form bricks for building construction. This ancient brick-making process was documented by Egyptian tomb paintings.
+ Ed Wood: 1924 births :: 1978 deaths :: Deaths from myocardial infarction :: American screenwriters :: American movie actors :: American movie editors :: American writers :: Actors from New York :: Writers from New York :: Movie directors from New York :: Movie producers from New York
  * Wood is considered one of the worst movie directors of all time.
+ Finland, Nature and weather: European Union member states :: Nordic countries
  * Most of Finland is covered by pine forest. The swan is the national bird of Finland. The swan was a holy animal long ago. Wood is the most important natural resource of Finland. It is estimated that up to one-third of all wood resources of the European Union are in Finland.
+ Polysaccharide, Cellulose: Carbohydrates :: Organic compounds :: Polymers
  * The structural components of plants are formed primarily from cellulose. Wood is largely cellulose and lignin, while paper and cotton are nearly pure cellulose. Cellulose is a polymer made with repeated glucose units. Humans and many other animals do not digest cellulose. Certain animals can digest cellulose, because bacteria possessing the enzyme are present in their gut. The classic example is the termite.
  * Wood' is the main substance in trees. Wood is used for construction of buildings or furniture, and also for art. It is also used for making fires and heating. Paper is made from wood fibres.
  * Wood is very hard to cut, but it is also very strong. A lumberjack is a person who cuts down trees. After a tree falls, the wood in it can be cut into long, straight pieces called lumber. Lumber can then be used to make posts, or put together with nails, screws, or even glue to make wooden frames for other shapes.
  * Wood comes in many different kinds. Oak and maple are widely-used types of wood.
+ Wood carving: Sculpture :: Woodworking
  * The making of sculpture in wood has a long history. Wood survives much less well than the other materials such as stone and bronze. It is vulnerable to decay, insect damage, and fire. Therefore, we do not know much about wood in the art history of older cultures. A shorter history of Greek art'. Cambridge University Press, p. 9.
  * Wood is light, so it is suitable for masks and other objects meant to be carried. It can take very fine detail, and is also much easier to work than stone.