### language | artificial language:

Programming language
* All programming languages are formal languages.
* All programming languages have a global namespace
  - syntax and a semantics
  - functions
* Any programming language series of instructions for the computer.
* Many programming languages are procedural-based where the code is run in a sequential manner.
* Many programming languages use or support regular expressions
  - punctuation just like a normal language
* Most programming languages call mutable data objects variables.
* Most programming languages have a built-in integer data type
  - nerdy names and no logo and no branding
  - some indentation convention
  - make a sharp distinction between programs and data
* Most programming languages provide a way to convert individual characters to integers
  - some support for data abstraction
  - require learning the syntax of many different kinds of statements
* Most programming languages support data types like characters and integers
  - several forms of loops
  - use similar positional grammatical cues
* Programming Languages Are for People.
* Some programming languages define additional characters as white space
  - have two or more standards
  - supports a number of predefined operations that can be applied to arrays
* allow people to express their ideas as software perhaps a little bit easier.
* are an obvious example of formal systems
  - best method of communicating for programmers of different countries
  - exactly like spoken languages
  - fundamental tools for computer scientists
  - how people talk to computers
  - more similar to each other than are natural languages, however
  - powerful tools for building scientific applications
  - rigorous but incomplete approximations of the language of mathematics
* are the material from which every software product is built
  - programmer's tools
  - used to make all computer programs and computer software
* constructs, their syntax and semantics.
* contain detailed lists of instructions for a computer to perform.
* count as a language.
* derive much of their power from the use of variables.
* differ in the range of types of objects they can refer to
  - only by features and ease of programming
* have a very strict syntax
  - visibility rules which make representations observable and modifiable
* tell the computer how to process things.
* use random number generators.
+ Programming language, Rules
  * Most languages have official 'standards' that define the rules of how to write the source code. Some programming languages have two or more standards. This can happen when a new standard replaces an old one. For example, the Perl 5 standard replaced Perl 4 in 1993. It can happen because two people made two standards at the same time.
+ Regular expression: Theoretical computer science
  * A 'regular expression' is a way to describe sets of characters using syntactic rules. Many programming languages use or support regular expressions. A regular expression is then used by a special program or part of a programming language. This program will either generate a parser that can be used to match expressions or it will match such expressions itself.
  * A 'programming language' is a type of written language that tells computers what to do. Programming languages are used to make all computer programs and computer software. A programming language is like a set of instructions that the computer follows to do something.
  * A programmer writes source code text in the programming language to create programs. Usually the programming language uses real words for some of the commands, so that the language is easier for a human to read. Many programming languages use punctuation just like a normal language. Many programs now are 'compiled'. This means that the computer translates the source code into new languages such as assembly language or machine language, which are much faster and easier for the computer to read, but much harder for a person to read.