### cultural marker | circumcision:

Female circumcision
* case in point.
* causes needless suffering to many infants and young girls.
* comprises cutting off the woman's partial or entire external genital organ.
* consists of the removal of the clitoral hood or of the entire clitoris.
* involves clitoridectomy, or removal of the clitoris.
* is ablation
  - an important justice issue for women today
  - clearly a human rights issue
  - common throughout much of Africa and parts of the Middle East
  - done for one reason - because the men prefer a woman's vagina thus mutilated
  - practiced on young girls , usually between the ages of four and eight
  - regarded in some Muslim cultures as matter of individual and family honour

Infant circumcision
* causes severe, persistent pain.
* has negative health consequences and it violates human rights.
* interrupts natural penile development.
* is foreskin amputation by force
  - surgery, and like all surgery it has risks
* removes a large portion of the penile skin.

Male circumcision
* is celebrated for the rite of passage it represents
  - clearly a Muslim tradition
  - performed on boys just a few days old
* is the most common neonatal surgical procedure
  - surgical removal of the foreskin from the penis
  - vitally important to some religious and cultural groups
* takes place on the eighth day after birth.

Neonatal circumcision
* frequently performed procedure with rare complications.
* is painful
  - performed without anesthesia and it is clearly stressful for the infant
  - the most common surgical procedure in childhood
* painful surgical procedure often per-formed without analgesia
  - performed without analgesia

Physical circumcision
* has to do with cutting off the flesh literally.
* removes a small piece of flesh.

### cultural meaning:

Human meaning
* is cultural meaning.
* reflects signs in the environment.

Cultural property
* belongs to the cultural group, rather than to an individual.
* consists of individual objects or aggregate collections.

### culturally diverse:

Large organization
* Many large organizations build data warehouses to analyze and improve their business practices.
* Most large organizations have people or even whole departments devoted to controlling performance
  - keep track of their employees in a database
* are culturally diverse
  - more often able to pay higher wages than small organizations
* estimate cost.
* make recommendations.
* require hierarchy and bureaucracy to some degree.

### culturally-loaded textile art:

Embroidery
* can be less forgiving of abuse.
* culturally-loaded textile art.
* embellishes everything from accessories to dresses and jackets.
* is another popular handicraft, and tie-dyeing has come into fashion
  - done in a clean, non-smoking home
  - elaboration
  - green, pink, yellow, purple, and red
* is in rich purple, red, blue and yellow colors
  - warm earthtone colors of tan, maroon, and green
  - needlework
  - solely the craft of women, who thereby preserve the traditional motifs of the tribe
  - the icon of professional fashion
* portrays a professional image - nothing else compares to the look or feel of embroidery.
* works well on hats, denim shirts, polo shirts, and even T-shirts.

### culture phenomenon:

Country music
* culture phenomenon.
* is capable of use
  - folk music
  - for squares and for losers
  - music for dancing
  - musical compositions
  - supposed to be the voice of the common man
* is the most popular form of music on the radio
  - music of the people who came to America from all over the world
  - working man's poetry
* money machine.

Cumulus
* derives from the Latin word for heap.
* humilis clouds usually indicate fair weather.