### substance:

Limestone
* 's of various types cover about two-thirds of the island.
* All limestones contain at least a few percent other materials.
* Many limestones are fossil-bearing.
* Many limestones contain coral
  - fossils , and some are made up almost entirely of skeletal material
  - fossils, because many organisms make their shells from calcite
* Most limestone is gray, but it can be all colors ranging from white to black
  - made into crushed stone and used as a construction material
  - limestones have a granular texture
* Much limestone is made up of marine animals and contains pieces of shells, corals, and mollusks.
* Sedimentary rock and therefore is layered horizontally.
* Some limestone consists of carbonate sand grain
  - coarse grain
  - dissolves in water
  - is used as dimensional building stone
* Some limestones are also aquifers, that is, they are rock units that can yield water to wells
  - thousands of meters thick
  - can form by direct precipitation of calcium carbonate from marine or fresh water
* acts as a flux and also combines with impurities to form slag.
* affects only a very small volume of soil around each particle.
* also forms as a deposit in caves from the precipitation of calcium carbonate
  - serves as a raw material in cement and mortar and as a building stone
* appears as far west as the Mississippi River in thick sheets in many more places
  - in yellow-greens and rocks altered to kaolinite as one of the clays are purple
  - mostly in monuments and in decorative and facing work
* are a common type of sedimentary rock
  - the primary rock records of ancient oceans and atmospheres
* becomes marble from the heat and pressure of metamorphic events.
* calcium carbonate, and it is alkali.
* can also form through evaporation
  - change into calcareous gneiss which contains calcium carbonate
  - form entirely without the help of organic material
* caves displaying stalactites.
* comes in many different varieties.
* common organic.
* composed of oolites is very porous and spongelike.
* compound of calcium.
* consists of fossilized sea shells, shell fragments and consolidated limy mud.
* contains calcium carbonate, a base
  - which is effective in the reduction of the swelling
  - the shells and skeletons of sea creatures and limy masses built by plants
* covers vast areas of the Midwest and is of great commercial importance.
* dominate the rest of the Mississippian-age deposits of northern Arkansas.
* exists in abundance, and is extensively quarried, being used as a fertilizer
  - only in the form of boulders
* fairly common rock type.
* fizzes in vinegar, which means that it reacts to acid.
* forms the main composition of the formation.
* frequently contain fossils.
* generally forms from the shells and skeletons of small ocean organisms
  - has many fossils while shale and sandstone generally have fewer
* has a number of other important uses
  - all the desired characteristics of an agricultural liming material
* has many important uses
  - other uses
  - the property of being very soluble in weak acid solutions
  - two properties that make it susceptible to cave formation
* have joints running at right angles to each other.
* is actually one form of mineral called calcium carbonate.
* is added to acid soils to replace singly charged hydrogen ions on the clay particles
  - soil to increase the pH, but also supplies some plant nutrients
* is also a raw material for the chemical industry and is utilized as a soil conditioner
  - important for limpograss production
* is an abundant bedrock in the state
  - essential mineral commodity of national importance
  - example of an organic sediment
  - organic, sedimentary rock
* is another common sedimentary rock in Kansas
  - decorative stone that often features fossils imbedded in it
  - calcium carbonate, and dolomite mixture of calcium and magnesium carbonates
  - carbonate rocks
* is composed mostly of calcium carbonate remains of plants and animals
  - of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate
  - primarily of the mineral calcite, or calcium carbonate
  - considered a carbonate rock
  - consolidated limy mud or calcareous sand, with fossil shells and shell fragments
  - created by the body parts of sea creatures
  - described by homeopathy as the spine, the backbone, of the planet
  - dissolved and removed by subsurface water resulting in underground caverns
  - fairly soft, yet it is used in many ways
* is formed by the accumulation of the skeletons and shells of small sea life
  - the shells and skeletons of millions of marine organisms
  - in layers - called bedding planes
  - insoluble in pure water but dissolves in acid
  - known to contain lime from sea water
  - made from calcite
* is made of calcite
  - calcium and carbon dioxide
  - out of the shells of zillions of little tiny sea snails and creatures like that
  - primarily of calcium carbonate
  - up of calcium carbonate and reacts with diluted hydrocloric acid
  - mainly calcium carbonate
  - mined where oceans once existed and are remains of sea life, oysters, clams etc
  - mostly calcium carbonate
  - noncrystalline and possesses very uniform composition, texture and structure
* is one example of a carbonate rock
  - of Alberta's most valuable non-energy minerals
* is one of the few natural resources in which Japan is totally self-sufficient
  - most widely-consumed raw materials
  - very common sedimentary rocks comprising the upper crust of the earth
  - partially soluble, especially in acid, and therefore forms many erosional landforms
  - perhaps the most well-known of Indiana's natural resources
* is porous and allows rapid movement of water and chemicals to groundwater supplies
  - material and age and exposure to the elements created breaks in the limestone
* is quarried commercially for lime and building stone
  - for use in the production of Portland cement
  - in benches
  - quite soft and is often cut away by the action of water
  - second only to coal as Kentucky's most important mineral product
  - slowly soluble in water
  - so heavy that it gradually sinks underneath the Earth's mantle, where it melts
  - supposed to be a solid rock
* is the bedrock and the gravel is the top layer
  - best rock for storing used nuclear fuel
  - calcium-containing material most used to make cement
  - cheapest form of calcium available
  - chief constituent of the mountains of Syria
  - foundation on which the surface of Florida sits
* is the most abundant of the non-clastic sedimentary rocks
  - common type of carbonate rock
* is the only kind of Rock
  - rock found, particularly along the southwest portion of the state
  - parent material for most of the soils throughout much of Indiana and the Midwest
* is the rock formed by calcite
  - most rapidly weathered in humid climates
  - second most used building stone
  - state stone of Indiana
  - typically tan to gray
* is used as a filler in a variety of products, including paper, plastic, and paint
  - extensively in Michigan to refine beet sugar
* is used in construction almost everywhere
  - making cement and gypsum is used in making sheet rock
  - road construction, steel-making, concrete and cement
  - the production of cement, lime, building stone, etc
* is used to adjust the soil acidity
  - make glass and cement
* is very common in architecture, especially in Europe and North America
  - slippery when wet
  - what use to cover the ground in most of that very area of the Yucatan
  - widespread and quarried extensively, but there are few other mineral resources
* makes great building stone
  - up the majority of caves in the United States
* occurs at the edge of the coalfields, and some very long cave systems can be found
  - in thick beds that can be hundreds of feet thick
* originate mainly through the lithification of loose carbonate sediments.
* porous rock, capable of cracking, breaking and dissolving.
* requires moisture to react
  - time to react with soil
* rock composed of calcium, carbon and oxygen.
* rock made mostly of the mineral calcite
  - up of different types minerals, mainly calcium carbonate and magnesium
  - that is composed primarily of calcium carbonate
  - with an enormous diversity of uses
* sedimentary rock composed of primarily calcium carbonate
  - deposited in oceans
* sedimentary rock that is composed primarily of calcite
  - made by the organic and mineral deposits of ancient oceans
  - rock, made of bits dropping to the bottom of the sea
* source of calcium.
* type of carbonate rock that is conducive to cave formation
* usually come from shells or ancient sea animals
  - forms in warm shallow seas, where many types of organisms live
* varies in hardness and is also a porous material that requires resealing.
* very useful mineral.
+ Limestone, Fossiliferous limestones: Carbonate rocks :: Sedimentary rocks
  * Many limestones contain fossils, and some are made up almost entirely of skeletal material. Limestone is not found much before the Cambrian period, because shelled animals had not yet evolved. Small shelly fossils occur in the latest Ediacaran for the first time
  * Limestone is used to make glass and cement. It is also used to make iron in a blast furnace, to remove impurities from the iron ore