### action:

Selection
* acts on adaptive traits
  - species struggling to survive in harsh environments
* affect reproductive success
* always happens to organisms from the outside.
* are assortments.
* based individual advantage is presumed always to maximize reproductive capacity.
* can act on alleles, or genotypes
  - occur at any stage of an organisms life cycle
* depletes additive genetic variation.
* describes a force that determines which genes are passed on to the next generation.
* have advantage
  - effects
  - intentions
  - positive effects
* include products.
* involve choices
  - interpretations
  - mate choices
* is an action
  - operation in relational algebra that selects specified rows from a relation
  - applied to identify the rare cells that have been transformed
  - between males in species where female choice is the pairing method
  - designed to change frequencies of beneficial genes in the population
* is the mechanism of making changes in an organisms heredity
  - process of marking records in a file for later processing
* lead to development
  - discoveries
* models a selection of a range of integers.
* non-random, deliberative, cognitive action indicative of intelligence.
* occur in evolution
  - phases
* oper- ates more rapidly when the gene frequencies are higher.
* play important roles
  - major roles
* plays the primary role in the creation of racial differences.
* program which mimics the process of natural selection.
* provide evidence.
* reduce variability.
* refers to the decision of using some animals as parents of offspring and culling others.
* rely on ideas.
* require assessments.
* result in completions.
* take places.
* takes place at the boundaries of animals and their environments.
* tends to consume genetic variability.
* will have consequences
  - evolutionary consequences
+ Evolutionary arms race, Examples: Co-evolution :: Metaphors referring to nature
  * Female mating preferences are known to be responsible for the  evolution of male secondary sex characteristics. Selection is between males in species where female choice is the pairing method.
+ Polymorphism, Genetic polymorphism, Balancing selection: Evolutionary biology :: Classical genetics :: Ecology
  * Selection acts differently at different levels.

### action | selection:

Adverse selection
* is perceived as a major source of market failure in insurance markets.
* serious problem in the context of managed care.

Apostatic selection
* is similar to the idea of prey switching.
* is the term used when the different forms are genetic morphs
  * is similar to the idea of prey switching. Apostatic selection is the term used when the different forms are genetic morphs. In comparison, 'prey switching' is used when describing the predator's choice between different species. Allen J.A. 1988

### action | selection:

Artificial selection
* can produce variation in eye spots.
* is applied in the laboratory, which employs human logic
  - illustrated by random mating taking place in a population
  - practiced to make the organism more useful or more pleasing to man
  - something that is directed by humans - fancy pigeons breeds
* is the controlled breeding of domestic plants and animals
  - process that humans use to obtain more desirable types of plants
  - ultimate survival of the fittest because nothing is left to chance
* occurs when nature selects for beneficial traits.
* result of human intervention.

Directional selection
* causes a shift in populations phenotype distribution.
* favors larger flowers driven by pollinator preference
  - phenotypes of one extreme of the range of variation
* favours extreme values of a trait.
* is the primary cause of phenotypic diversification
  - spread of an advantageous allele through a population
* occurs when selection pressures favor one extreme of the trait distribution.
* requires new mutations to arise.
* take places.