### body part | tubule:

Microtubule
* All microtubules are nucleated from structures known as microtubule-organizing centers, or MTOCs.
* Some microtubules are surrounded by membranes
  - plasma membranes
  - extend from poles
* Some microtubules penetrate envelopes
  - nuclear envelopes
* also act in a funicular-like way to help objects move around in the cell.
* also form a dense network within most eukaryotic cells
  - the core of motile appendages known as cilia and flagella
* are a different type of protein than the microfilaments
  - actually hollow tubes consisting of rows of paired tubulin molecules
  - also essential in the separation of chromosomes during mitosis
* are also involved in cellular movement as a whole
  - the movement of cilia and flagella
  - the major component of cilia and flagella
  - among the most important structures in living things
  - another component of the cytoskeleton and are found throughout the cytoplasm
  - biological conduits that allow chemical communication within cells
  - created at many sites that are scattered through the cell
  - critical to spindle and aster formation in all cells as they prepare for mitosis
  - dynamic polymers that coordinate many cellular processes throughout the cell cycle
  - essential to cell division , so taxanes are essentially mitotic inhibitors
  - hollow rods made of a globular protein called tubulin
* are hollow tubes composed of a protein called tubulin
  - globular proteins
  - hollow, cylindrical polymers of alpha and beta tubulin heterodimers
  - important for cell polarity and for controlling the direction of cell expansion
* are involved in cell division
  - vesicular transport
  - key players in the organization of cellular space
  - made of a protein called 'tubulin'
  - obligate eukaryotic structures
  - of fundamental biological importance
  - one of three structural elements that make up the cytoskeleton
* are present in cells and are comprised of tubulin proteins
  - in general
  - the axons and long dendrite projections of nerve cells
  - protein polymers which are relatively rigid and afford the cell some strength
  - replicated
  - responsible for movement of mitochondria and vesicles
  - rod-shaped fibers that exist in cells and serve as railroad tracks
  - shown in green, actin is shown in red and DNA is in blue
  - straight or slightly curved delicate organelles located in almost all cells
  - tiny filaments found in all eukaryotes
  - tubules made of dimers of a and b tubulin units
  - yellow
* are, as the name implies, very tiny tubes.
* arrays are also in the cortex of the zygote.
* assemble and disassemble during the cell cycle.
* attach at the kinetochores and the chromosomes begin moving
  - to kinetochores
* attached to kinetochores are highly unstable throughout mitosis.
* bind to the kinetochore and shut off the signal.
* build the flagella and cilia that many eukaryotic cells possess.
* can attach to only one side of each centromere
  - dimerize and trimerize
  - function individually or join with other proteins to create larger structures
* cause the chromosome movement.
* contract around the periphery of the cell.
* control the movement of chromosomes.
* create the small movements of cilia and flagella.
* disassemble and create spindles.
* display dynamic instability unless they are capped.
* exhibit dynamic instability.
* extend from the perinucleus towards the cell periphery
  - radially from centrosomes, forming an aster
* form part of the mitotic spindle that moves the chromosomes during cell division
  - the spindle but attach to only one face of each centromere at the kinetochore
* function in shape, support, and help move organelles around the cell.
* go from slowly growing to rapidly shrinking.
* grow only at the plus end, but can shorten at either end.
* help position, anchor, and move organelles and alter the shapes of cells
  - support the shape of a cell
* mediate between the control center and the autonomous domains
  - mitochondrial distribution in fission yeast
* move the virion to the nucleus, and viral DNA moves in through a nuclear pore.
* organize at the microtubule organizing center and extend to the plasma membrane.
* participate in a wide variety of cell activities
  - various cellular functions by interacting with other cellular component
* perform vital functions such as separating chromosomes during mitosis.
* play a key role in neuron function
  - the cytoskeleton and MAPs regulate microtubule dynamics
* provide form and organization to eukaryotic cells
  - structures for attachment of chromosomes during cell division
* provide the architectural framework on which many cellular organelles are transported
  - shape and structural organization of the cell
* pull the homologous chromosome apart, but sister chromatids are held together.
* radiate outward from a point in the cell called the microtubule organizing center.
* tend to grow out from the centrosome to the plasma membrane.
* then reorganize into a new cytoskeleton for the return to interphase.
+ Alzheimer's disease, Tangles and plaque: Diseases
  * Microtubules are made of a protein called 'tubulin'. The tubulin is 'polymerized', which is when molecules form the same shapes over and over again that are linked together in groups, and these groups are linked together. The microtubules are rigid tubes like microscopic straws which are hollow inside. Microtubules help keep the shape of the neuron, and are inolved in passing signals through the neuron. A Molecular Approach.
+ Taxane: Chemical compounds
  * Taxanes work mainly by disrupting the function of cell microtubules. Microtubules are essential to cell division, so taxanes are essentially mitotic inhibitors. This explains why taxanes have been used to produce chemotherapy drugs.