### animal | arthropod | insect:

Moth
* Many moths come to lights at night and many of the larvae are injurious to plants
  - form a cocoon instead of a chrysalis
  - have a simple hearing system to avoid bats by detecting their echolocation calls
* Most moths are active after dark.
* Most moths are active at night, but some are also active during the day
* Most moths are nocturnal and have a good sense of smell
  - in their habits, while butterflies are mostly diurnal
  - or crepuscular while most butterflies are diurnal
  - pest of plants which means they mostly suck nectar
  - primarily nocturnal
* Most moths consume foliage
  - food
  - tree foliage
  - do damage
* Most moths drink nectar
  - water
  - eat garments
* Most moths emerge from cases
  - cocoons
  - daytime shelter
  - pupas
* Most moths feed on buds
  - flowers
* Most moths fly at night
  - to early-planted Bt corn
  - fold wings
* Most moths go through distinct periods
  - stages
* Most moths has-part mouthparts
  - organs
  - tongues
* Most moths have ability
  - antennas
  - bronze wings
  - clear wings
  - coloration
  - complete metamorphosis
  - developmental stages
* Most moths have distinct developmental stages
  - eyes
  - feathery antennas
  - golden wings
  - green coloration
  - heads
  - life
  - many natural predators
  - mouths
  - offspring
  - reproductive success
  - selective advantage
  - shape antennas
  - structures
  - thread-like or feathery antennae and fly at night
  - tints
  - unique structures
  - white wings
  - live for months
  - look for mates
  - make eggs
* Most moths occur in areas
  - places
  - pass through stages
  - possess bodies
  - rely on trees
  - resemble butterflies
  - seek shelter
  - serve as food
  - spread wings
  - survive weeks
* Most moths undergo complete metamorphosis
  - use pheromone
  - visit flowers
* Some moths are brown or reddish with gray markings
  - farmed
  - notorious for their ability to impersonate other animals
  - pests, but most are harmless
* Some moths attack aquatic plants
  - certain plants
  - fruit
  - attract mates
* Some moths become adults
  - greenhouse pests
  - build cases
  - can even change their color based on changes in the environment caused by humans
* Some moths cause damage
  - economic damage
  - extensive damage
  - impact
  - major damage
  - minor damage
  - collect pollen
  - commonly found in the garden are cutworms, which feed on many crops
  - consume nectar
* Some moths destroy bushes
  - gooseberry bushes
  - eat leaves
  - emerge in weeks
* Some moths enter doors
  - homes
  - regions
  - extend tongues
* Some moths feed on dungs
  - fibre
  - grain
  - natural fibre
  - orchids
  - sunflowers
  - tips
  - tissue
* Some moths feed on whole grain
  - kernel grain
  - fly during the day
* Some moths have a lobe on the forewing called a 'jugum' that helps in coupling with the hindwing
  - agriculture
  - antennae that look like feathers
  - bands
  - diurnal patterns
  - ears
  - expanses
  - glands
  - kinds
  - more elaborate defenses
  - mouth parts specialized for piercing fruit and even other animals
  - mutation
  - patches of reddish or yellowish brown on the wings
  - scent glands
  - tails
  - teeth
  - thread-like antennae which is straight with no adornments
  - wing expanses
  - hold wings
  - invade greenhouses
  - live for weeks
* Some moths live in dungs
  - parks
* Some moths look like leaves
  - rotting leaves with fungus spots and the general color of a dead leaf
* Some moths make damage
  - sound
* Some moths pollinate african orchids
  - by day
* Some moths produce high frequency sounds in the range of bat sonar pulses
  - ultrasonic sound
  - pupate under ground
* Some moths resemble sting wasps
  - secrete pheromone
  - spin a silk cocoon which protects the pupa
  - store pyrrolizidine alkaloids without change
* Some moths use fruit
  - moon light
  - mouth organs
  - specialize organs
  - wing patterns
* also dislike dried lemon peels
  - have feathery antennae, rather than the slender, club tipped antennae of the butterfly
  - prefer flowers with a strong, sweet smell
  - undertake migrations, an example being the uraniids
* appear in about two weeks, lay their eggs, and die
  - early spring with a second generation later in the summer
  - fall and fly in daytime
  - spring, lay eggs on the bark, and larva hatch and tunnel in
* are a good meal for many birds
  - light brown with a dark spot on each wing
  - major agricultural pest because they lay eggs, the eggs hatch and they feed on the crop
  - preferred diet for captive giant redheaded centipedes
  - widely varying group of insects
  - able to detect bats at a greater distance than bats can detect moths
  - active at different times of the night depending on species
* are active at night and rest during the day
  - on tree trunks during the day
  - night, so require flowers that are open and providing nectar at night
* are active during the day, with mating and egg-laying occurring soon after emergence
  - mating and oviposition occurring soon after emergence
  - from early evening until dusk, spending the day at rest on trees
  - only at night when they mate and lay eggs on pecan nuts
  - overnight and can be light trapped
  - adept navigators at night
  - albino butterflys
* are also food for many other animals
  - invaluable pollinators
* are an easy example because they reproduce so fast and are easily tagged for future recapture
  - incredibly diverse and colorful group
  - another threat to a rug's longevity
  - attracted to light, which is often associated with truth or spiritual awareness
  - bugs
* are capable of hovering in flight, even at a forty-five degree angle
  - infesting a home long before their populations are noticed
  - migration but they do so over much smaller distances
  - chocolate brown to tan-brown
  - common near lights
  - extremely well camouflaged on tree trunks
  - fairly distinctive in appearance
  - far more common, accounting for ninety-two percent of lepidopteran species
* are gray or white and fly in zig zag patterns in late evening hours
  - to brown, marked with white
* are important in the role they play in pollination, fly at night, and have feathery antennae
  - insect closely related to butterflies
  - lepidopterans
  - located in closets
* are more active and visible at dusk
  - subtly colored and fatter bodied than butterflies
* are most active after sunset but some can be seen during the day while walking fields
  - during the first three to five hours of darkness
  - from a few hours before to a few hours after twilight
  - on warm days, particularly in the afternoon
* are much easier than butterflies
  - more common than butterflies
* are nocturnal and butterflies are active during the day
  - insects, actively mostly at night
  - nocturnal, have a good sense of smell, and are hover-feeders
  - sailed by young agile and athletic sailors from mid teens upwards
  - sturdy and usually are more resistant to pesticides than are mosquitoes and flies
* are the hoary bat's most common prey
  - principal food
  - usually active at night and rest during the day in a preferred wooded habitat
* are very attracted to orchardgrass and rye for egg deposition
  - demanding boats to sail
  - winged insects related to the butterfly
  - yellowish brown and each forewing has a dark spot near the center
* attracted by the pheromone enter the inverted funnel from the bottom.
* become active at twilight and feed on nectar
  - in the spring and lay their eggs on the undersides of leaves
  - problems
* begin laying eggs on the twigs near buds when the buds open in the spring.
* begin to emerge in about two weeks
  - late spring, at which time mating takes place and the cycle repeats
* can also cause damage to outdoor plants.
* can be destructive
  - indoor or outdoor pests, depending on the species and what they like to eat
  - easily fly for several miles during an evening, especially if assisted by mild breezes
  - get through small crevices to enter storage chests and dressers
* can only oviposit on the yucca s ovaries, and the larvae eat the developing seeds
  - suck nectar of flowers through a very thin proboscis
  - range in size from smaller than a pencil tip to bigger than a songbird
* come in a wide variety of sizes and colours and can be a most fascinating creature to observe
  - to outside lights
* continue to be found laying eggs in double cropped fields throughout the state.
* defoliate plants.
* deposit clusters of two to seven eggs on fruit, vines, buds, and leaves.
* deposit eggs in cracks and crevices of bark
  - on the undersides of bark scales in the fall
  - few eggs in tomatoes if nearby corn is silking
  - yellow eggs one at a time on plants
* die soon after mating and egg laying.
* disguise themselves as dead leaves, lichen and bark during the day.
* eclose at night from subterranean pupae which have wiggled to the surface.
* emerge as early as nine days out of cocoon cold-storage.
* emerge from the cocoons and lay eggs in hair-covered masses on the underside of leaves
  - pupa case
  - pupae - the males usually emerge first
  - approximately a week
* emerge in early spring and lay eggs on leaves of host plants
  - summer and lay eggs on the stems of the plants
  - the spring and deposit white eggs in masses on the undersides of leaves
* emerge in the spring and lay their eggs on leguminous plants, such as clover and alfalfa
  - their eggs on vegetables and legumes
  - summer, mate and lay eggs
  - soon after the first green tissue shows in the buds
  - to lay eggs on leaves that are already partially rolled by other insects
  - very early spring
  - two weeks later and deposit eggs for the second generation
* exhibit a tendency to circle artificial lights repeatedly.
  - flower nectar at dusk and fly during daylight hours
* fly above and drop curtains of poison from the air
  - and lay eggs at dusk on warm days
  - from last years field to the current years field
  - into the light 'till they die
  - mostly at night and usually have a dull color
  - towards the blackest point which is behind the light
* form a cocoon, usually on the ground.
* frequently appear to circle artificial lights
  - display brushy hairpencils at the tip of the abdomen when at rest
* generally are plainer and have hairier bodies than butterflies
  - enter grain bins through vents and open spaces around the top of bins
* have a discerning palate, they feast only on natural fabrics
  - hairy appearance on their bodies
  - pair of ocelli
  - quick, jerky zigzag flight when disturbed
  - simple, open circulatory system
  - special place in the web of life
  - wingspread of about one inch
  - acute hearing
  - antennae without the club
  - chemical receptors on their antennae, flies on their feet
  - direct control of where they fly only when foraging close to the ground
  - either slender, tapering filaments or look like radio antennas with lots of cross hairs
  - feather-like antennae
  - hairs on their bodies that pick up pollen and carry it from bloom to bloom
  - hairy bodies to help retain internal body temperature necessary for flight
  - larger scales on their wings
  - more feathered antennae and hairier bodies than butterflies
  - siphoning mouthparts
  - stout bodies and antennae without clubs
  - three body parts and six legs
  - values
* have very long proboscis, or tongues, which they use to suck nectar or other fluids
  - nice, reliable behavior patterns
* have white blood
* hide during day in grass and shrubbery, fly over grass at dusk
  - in shrubbery or other sheltered spots during the day
* hold their wings horizontally when at rest.
* includes air sacs
  - brains
  - carapaces
  - cell membranes
  - cells
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - faces
  - flight feathers
  - nuclei
  - plasma membranes
  - quill feathers
  - sections
  - shells
  - skulls
  - thoraxes
  - vacuoles
* lack clubs at the end of their antennas.
* leave a grayish white silky mat on the food product
  - field corn when it begins to dry and enter late-planted fields of peas and beans
* life in habitats.
* like to lay their eggs in an accessible cranny such as a reed cell.
  - in a wide variety of different habitats
  - less than two weeks
  - great mimics
  - up the bulk of the diet of hoary bats
* mate and lay eggs, thus starting the life cycle over again
  - very readily in captivity
* migrating at higher elevations with the wind have less control as to their final destination.
* mostly come out at night, butterflies during the day.
* move to mountains with warm weather.
* need light.
* often have feather like antennae with no club at the end
  - feathery antennae, and fly to lights at night
* prefer to lay eggs on bark near pruning wounds and other injury sites
  - rest under the leaves and in protective plant structures
* rely on their sense of smell and hearing more than butterflies do
* rest with their wings horizontally pressed against their bodies.
* return to the valleys in late summer and early fall to lay eggs in crop fields.
* seek shelter during the daylight hours in dense grass and weeds near corn fields
* seem to be made of dust.
* show features.
* suck nectar from flowers, bats fly out of their nesting place to feed
* tend to be attracted to human scent, particularly on wool
  - more nocturnal than butterflies
  - fly in late afternoon and evening
* tend to have stout and hairy or furry-looking bodies
  - thick hairy bodies and more earth tone coloured wings
  - migrate to dark areas such as underneath skirted sofas and heavy furniture
* then emerge and mate.
* typically have two pairs of wings covered in scales.
* undergo metamorphosis.
* use a third sense, smell to attract mates
  - cryptic coloration to hide from birds
  - sex attractant pheromones from female sensed by big feathery antennae in males
  - their antennae to detect different odors
* usually feed on flowers at night
  - fold their wings horizontally and over each other
  - have feathery antennae and most are active at night
  - rest with their wings spread out to their sides
  - start flying at bloom time
* vary dramatically in appearance and size depending on the species.
* visit a flower, gathering the pollen into balls
+ Differences between butterflies and moths, Behavioural differences, Resting posture
  - differences, Time of activity
+ Differences between butterflies and moths, Morphological differences, Structure of the body
  * Moths tend to have stout and hairy or furry-looking bodies. Butterflies on the other hand have slender and smoother abdomens. Moths have larger scales on their wings. These make them look more dense and fluffy. Butterflies on the other hand have fine scales. This difference is possibly due to the need for moths to conserve heat during the cooler nights whereas butterflies are able to absorb solar radiation
  - differences, Wing coupling mechanisms: Lepidoptera
  * Many moths have a 'frenulum' which is a filament arising from the hindwing and coupling with barbs on the forewing. The frenulum can be observed only when a specimen is in hand. Some moths have a lobe on the forewing called a 'jugum' that helps in coupling with the hindwing. Butterflies however lack these structures
+ Lepidoptera, Characteristics of Lepidoptera, Adult
  * Adults have two pairs of wings. They are covered by small scales. In some species, the adults have very small wings or no wings at all. This is more common in females. Adults have antennae. Some moths have antennae that look like feathers. These feather-like antennae are larger in males than females. Adults have a mouth part called a proboscis. It is made for  nectar from flowers. Some adults do not have mouths and cannot feed. Others have different mouths that are made to pierce and suck blood or fruit juices.
+ Moth, Moths as pests
  * Some moths are farmed. The most important of these is the silkworm. It is farmed for the silk with which it builds its cocoon. The silk industry produces over 130 million kilograms of raw silk, worth about 250 million U.S. dollars, each year.