### animal | vertebrate | amphibian:

Salamander
* All salamanders are carnivorous, eating insects, slugs, worms, and other invertebrates
  - have scaleless skin, four legs and a tail
  - lay eggs, with one exception
* Many salamanders are nocturnal
  - can break off their tails to escape the grip of an enemy
  - exhibit complex courtship rituals
  - return to their birth pool to breed
  - use their jaws to catch prey, but frogs also have a tongue for flicking
* Most salamanders absorb oxygen.
* Most salamanders adapt to conditions
  - habitat conditions
  - are inside streams
* Most salamanders are known as newts
  - member of wetland
  - can regenerate their limbs
  - carry genes
  - develop ability
* Most salamanders eat diets
  - earthworms
  - food
* Most salamanders emerge from eggs
  - engage in activities
  - evolve over years
* Most salamanders exhibit interaction
  - preference
  - feed on worms
* Most salamanders go through several stages
  - grow tails
* Most salamanders has-part feet
  - toes
  - tongues
* Most salamanders have backs
  - bellies
  - breaths
  - brown skin
  - delicate skin
  - flat heads
  - four limbs
  - gills
  - glomeruluses
  - moist skin
  - moist, dark skin and are difficult to see in their natural environment
  - offspring
  - only four front toes but five rear toes
  - ovaries
  - pink bellies
  - porous skin
  - round snouts
  - slick skin
* Most salamanders have smooth and slick skin
  - testes
  - tissue
  - hibernate in winter
  - hunt food
* Most salamanders inhabit areas
  - barren areas
  - different environments
  - live for years
* Most salamanders live in damp woodlands
  - freshwater streams
  - regions
* Most salamanders live on continents
  - ground
  - mate and lay their eggs in water but otherwise live on land
  - move mouths
  - occupy sites
  - occur in environments
* Most salamanders occur within deciduous forest habitats
  - play in ponds
* Most salamanders possess bodies
  - ribs
  - small point teeth
* Most salamanders prefer flow streams
* Most salamanders reach length
  - maturity
  - sexual maturity
  - regenerate tails
* Most salamanders require food
  - light
  - little light
  - retain tails
* Most salamanders seek food
* Most salamanders share breed habitats
  - shed skin
* Most salamanders stand in water
  - on feet
  - swim in water
  - thrive in environments
* Most salamanders use gills
  - sticky tongues
  - walk on feet
* Some salamanders adapt to niches
  - specific niches
  - appear pale due to the lack of melanophores
* Some salamanders are breed in late springs
  - inside ponds
  - lungless, and respiration occurs through the skin or external gills
  - member of families
  - mostly black while others are mostly yellow
  - paedomorphic
  - poisonous
  - belong to genus
  - can regenerate whole limbs
  - coil their bodies tightly to prevent evaporative water loss
* Some salamanders consume insect larvae
  - cross roads
  - curl into balls
  - develop spots
* Some salamanders eat animals
  - fish
  - frogs, mice and even other salamanders
  - small fish
  - emerge from burrows
* Some salamanders enter areas
* Some salamanders feed on each others' eggs
  - lice
  - wood lice
  - find in rivers
* Some salamanders find on colorado plateaus
  - grow up to feet
* Some salamanders has-part bellies
  - esophagi
* Some salamanders have bars
  - distribution
  - life cycle phases
  - limbs that a greatly reduced or even lack hind limbs
  - noses
  - orange undersides
  - reproductive strategies
  - roles
  - unusual reproductive strategies
* Some salamanders ingest gravel
  - small gravel
  - invade gardens
  - leave water
* Some salamanders live in crevices
  - forests
  - homes
  - lakes
  - pools
  - redwoods
  - trees
  - outside of caves under rocks or moist logs
  - make noise
* Some salamanders migrate to breed ponds
  - occupy interiors
* Some salamanders occur at density
  - elevation
  - high density
  - only have one set of legs
* Some salamanders pass through stages
  - tadpole stages
  - prefer slopes
* Some salamanders produce hybrid offspring
  - provide protection
  - regrow limbs
* Some salamanders rely on early winter rain
  - require wetland
  - retain gills
* Some salamanders roam earth
* Some salamanders secrete fluid
  - toxic fluid
  - seek mates
  - seize prey
* Some salamanders share backyards
  - sit on limbs
  - spend their entire lives in the water
  - spit poison
  - stay in the water, but look like adults
  - successfully use the tail for distracting the attention of predators
* Some salamanders survive in environments
  - moist environments
  - infection
* Some salamanders swim but most stay on land
  - in lakes
  - thrive in wetland
* Some salamanders use skin
  - their pineal body to perceive polarised light, which helps navigation
  - wait for prey
* also eat crickets and pinkies , which are baby rats
  - have a more active electromagnetic aura than other creatures
  - inhabit a diversity of habitats, from upland wooded forests to streams and swamps
  - lash their tails at a predator
  - like the early spring sun
* are a type of amphibian
  - able to regenerate a lost limb or tail
  - amphibians like frogs
* are amphibians that look like a cross between a frog and a lizard
  - retain their tail as an adult
  - amphibians, and as such have a constant connection with water
  - animes
  - by nature secretive creatures
  - carnivores, which means they eat meat instead of vegetation
  - carnivorous throughout their life history
  - characterized by slender bodies, short legs, and long tails
  - common in the southern USA, especially Texas
  - deaf to airborne sounds but hear or feel by sensing vibrations from the ground
  - delicate creatures and are easily injured
  - found all over the world generally in more temperate climates
  - generally smooth-skinned and have no scales
  - hard to maintain and hard to find
  - important animals in the aquatic ecosystems of South Dakota
* are in damp areas under leaves and rocks
  - the amphibian family
  - just one of the many fascinating groups of organisms that often escape our notice
  - to exhibit internal fertilization
* are more abundant in humid eastern North America than any other place in the world
  - tolerant of cold than frogs, so are more widely distributed in temperate areas
  - nocturnal, hiding under logs and leaf litter
* are on the move during the first warm, hard, and long nighttime rain
  - surface of the land and in the water in late winter and early spring
  - popular pets
  - primarily a north temperate group, occurring in North America, Europe, and Asia
  - small, secretive, nocturnal and silent
  - sold online as well as renowned pet stores
  - solitary animals except during breeding season
  - tailed amphibians with short, stubby legs
* are the fey elementals of fire
  - only tetrapods able to regeneate limbs, as well as other body parts
  - second major type of amphibian
  - typically more active during cool times of the day and are nocturnal
* are unique among amphibians in practicing a form of internal fertilization
  - usually an indicator of unpolluted areas
  - voiceless
  - vulnerable for a few reasons
* busy themselves beneath logs and rocks.
* can breathe air through their skin
  - capture prey in aquatic and terrestrial habitats
  - climb, using body secretions for suction
  - drop their tail to escape predators
  - live in water as well as on land
  - re-grow lost limbs and other body parts
* can regenerate a leg if they lose one
* colonize new wildlife ponds more slowly.
* come in a wide variety of colors.
* continue growing even after they reach sexual maturity.
* differ from frogs and toads whose larvae only has horny structures for teeth
  - in their dependence on water
* eat a variety of insects, worms, snails, spiders and slugs
  - the larger species of Daphnia, leaving the smaller species to the PM larvae
* get very hot, concentrating a lot of heat on a small area, like a plate of food.
* have a fairly well developed lymphatic system
  - long tail that is used for swimming
  - smooth or warty skin where lizards have rough, scaly skin
  - strong sense of smell, and most have a long, sticky tongue for catching food
  - appetite
  - bad hearing
  - distinct large and small intestine with more evident coiling
  - extremely sensitive skin and also absorb chemicals readily through their skin
  - less-specialized morphologies than do the other two orders
  - lungs
* have no external ear, and only a vestigial middle ear
  - true claws, and no visible ear holes
  - poison glands
  - poor eyesight and rely on smell and touch to locate prey
  - remarkable regnerative powers which are unique among vertebrates
  - skin through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can enter and leave the body
* have smooth , moist skin and no claws
  - and moist skin, no claws, and no external ear openings
  - smooth, moist skin, no claws, and no ear openings
  - tails and are often mistaken for lizards
* have the ability to extend their size or diminish it, as needed
  - unusual property of lost limb regeneration
* help keep insect population down and they become food for larger animals.
* hide by day and prowl by night.
* includes brains
  - breasts
  - cell membranes
  - cells
  - chest cavities
  - chests
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - faces
  - nuclei
  - pedal extremities
  - plasma membranes
  - rib cages
  - sections
  - skulls
  - sterna
  - vacuoles
  - vertebrate feet
  - man-made ponds
  - the western hemisphere from North America to the northern part of South America
  - born in the water, but also adapts to land
* like to hide under boards, logs, or dead leaves.
* live in bogs and other wetlands
  - many different places
  - rivers, swamps, forests and caves
  - water and on land, and look rather like lizards, with four legs and a tail
  - wet places but they also like dry land
* live on all the continents except Antarctica and Australia
* look like lizards without scales
* move from the water to the cave floor and cave walls
  - lower densities in forest stands that have been recently clearcut
  - mainly in the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere
* perform a dance during the mating process.
* play an important role in maintaining balance in a forest ecosystem
* provide an important link in the food web.
* punish fickle male partners and strangers.
* range in North America, Europe, Asia, northern parts of South America and North Africa.
* rely on their extraordinary sense of smell to find prey.
* require a different habitat
* routinely regenerate complex tissues.
* slither through the damp undersides of rotting logs and the vegetation along streams.
  - like eels, using body muscle contraction to propel themselves through the water
  - their limbs very little in swimming
  - over the ground and creep along the bottoms of waters
+ Fire salamander: Salamandridae
  * It is black and has different kinds of yellow spots or stripes. Some salamanders are mostly black while others are mostly yellow. Shades of red and orange may sometimes appear. They either mix with the yellow, or replace it completely. This depends on the subspecies. Fire Salamanders can have a very long life. In the German natural history museum of Alexander Koenig a salamander lived more than 50 years.
  * Salamanders live in water and on land, and look rather like lizards, with four legs and a tail. They hatch as larvae from eggs in the water. At that stage, they have gills that stick out.
  * On land, salamanders are confined to moist habitats. Their method of respiration varies. Some salamanders stay in the water, but look like adults. These are called newts. Some salamanders retain gills into sexual maturity, such as the Axolotl. This process is called neoteny.
+ Salamander, Features
  * To find their prey, salamanders use trichromatic color vision in the ultraviolet range. Permanently subterranean salamanders have reduced eyes, which may even be covered by a layer of skin. The larvae, and the adults of some highly aquatic species, also have a lateral line organ, similar to that of fish, which can detect changes in water pressure. Salamanders have no external ear, and only a vestigial middle ear.
  * Salamanders can drop their tail to escape predators. The tail will drop off and wriggle around for a little while, and the salamanders will either run away or stay still enough to not be noticed while the predator is distracted. Salamanders routinely regenerate complex tissues. Within only a few weeks of losing a piece of limb, a salamander perfectly reforms the missing structure. James R Monaghan1 'et al.' 2009. Microarray and cDNA sequence analysis of transcription during nerve-dependent limb regeneration.
+ Tuatara, Sense organs, Third 'eye': Reptiles :: Living fossils
  * It may also do other things. Of all living tetrapods, the parietal eye is most obvious in this animal. The parietal eye is part of the pineal system. The animal's pineal gland secretes melatonin at night. Some salamanders use their pineal body to perceive polarised light, which helps navigation. The new encyclopedia of reptiles and amphibians', Oxford University Press, Oxford. p52. Unlike lizards they have no eardrums or external male sexual organ.