### animal | vertebrate | amphibian:

Frog
* All frogs are amphibians
* All frogs can jump long distances
  - swim
* All frogs have a high degree of similarity, which makes classification difficult
  - compact bodies with a large head and well-developed eyes
* All frogs have poison glands in their skin
  - live near water
  - reproduce sexually , and all hatch from eggs
  - require some protection from predators and inclement weather
* Many frogs are dormant during freezing weather
  - insectivores, meaning they eat living insects
  - semi-aquatic
  - can leap up to twenty times their body length
  - have poisonous skins
  - live in the rainforest for warmth and dampness
  - secrete a poisonous substance through their skin
* Most frogs adapt to climates
  - cold climates
  - rainforests
  - also have skin
* Most frogs are active at night, which is when the air is more humid
  - evolved from ancestors
* Most frogs are inside environments
  - lakes
  - ponds
* Most frogs are known as amphibians
  - animals
* Most frogs are located in continents
  - wetland
  - wood
  - nocturnal
  - become frogs
* Most frogs begin adult life
  - their lives inside eggs underwater
  - breathe through lungs
  - call from dusk to midnight
  - can leap twenty to even forty times their own body length
  - choose to spend their lives in ponds and streams in the tropics
* Most frogs come out of hibernation
* Most frogs depend on habitats
  - vegetation
* Most frogs develop eggs
  - legs
  - display short term movement
* Most frogs do in fact have teeth of a sort
  - very little to protect their babies
* Most frogs eat bugs
  - crickets, dusted once a week with a vitamin powder
  - grasshoppers
  - large insects
* Most frogs eat live insects
  - prey
  - pests
  - spiders
* Most frogs emerge from eggs
  - swamp
* Most frogs enter environments
  - excrete waste
  - exist on earth
  - extend legs
  - follow exact steps
* Most frogs generally have moist skin
* Most frogs generally have smooth moist skin
  - get energy
* Most frogs give birth to frogs
  - offspring
* Most frogs go into hibernation
  - to ponds
* Most frogs has-part bellies
  - bones
  - feet
  - hearts
  - mouths
  - necks
  - nerves
  - organs
  - tongues
* Most frogs have a delicate sense of touch
  - disk of skin behind each eye
  - sticky tongue attached to the front part of the mouth
  - ability
  - calls
  - certain hormones
  - chemicals
  - clammy skin
  - dark spots
  - develop tadpoles
  - development life cycle stages
  - diets
  - digits
  - dirty undersides
  - front legs
  - hind legs
  - hip joints
  - irises
  - larval stages
  - lifespans
* Most frogs have long legs
  - sticky tongues
  - permeable skin
* Most frogs have powerful hind legs
  - protrude eyes
  - pupils
  - ranges
  - ribs
  - ridges
  - sacs
* Most frogs have short hind legs
  - skin secretion
  - slit pupils
  - smooth skin
  - sprout eyes
* Most frogs have sticky tongues that attach in the front of the mouth and flip outward
  - teeth in the upper jaws
* Most frogs have thin, moist skin, which is quite gross, but they are still cute
  - toes
  - vertical slit pupils
* Most frogs have vocal sacs that act as resonating or amplifying chambers
  - white undersides
  - wrinkly skin
  - hear sound
* Most frogs inhabit arid areas
  - same areas
  - leave water
  - like to spend their time in the water hiding near aquatic plants
* Most frogs live in areas
  - conditions
  - creeks
* Most frogs live in dry conditions
  - desert conditions
  - gardens
  - locations
  - marsh
  - or near fresh water
  - tap water
* Most frogs live near lakes, rivers, and streams
* Most frogs live on diets
  - ground
  - look for mates
* Most frogs make noise
* Most frogs move eyes
* Most frogs occupy meadows
  - mountain meadows
  - only fertilize their eggs outside of the body
* Most frogs prefer calm water
  - dryer climates
* Most frogs produce noxious secretion
  - substances
  - waxy substances
  - reach maturity
  - rely on legs
* Most frogs require habitats
  - sustenance
  - secrete thick white substances
  - seek food
* Most frogs sit in environments
  - holes
  - moist places
  - on logs
* Most frogs start life
  - to call about half an hour after sunset
  - survive for years
* Most frogs survive in habitats
  - natural habitats
  - predation
  - thrive in wetland
  - undergo development
* Most frogs use hind limbs
  - powerful legs
* Most frogs use their lungs and skin to breathe
  - sticky tongue to capture prey
* Some frogs also eat small mammals and birds
  - secrete a toxic or distasteful substance from their skin
  - appear in islands
* Some frogs are cannibals
  - classified as lists
  - green, like the marsh frog
  - highly aquatic, while others are better adapted to terrestrial habitats
* Some frogs are inside Africa
* Some frogs are located in Wisconsin
  - basins
  - on islands
  - very quick to jump
* Some frogs attract attention
  - avoid poison
  - become pests
  - benefit from light
  - burrow into the soil in the summer or winter
* Some frogs can change their color to adapt to their surroundings
  - climb trees and have sticky pads on their toes
  - even call under water
  - live for two years
  - survive in conditions well below freezing
  - care about the frequency of a call, others about the timing
* Some frogs carry blood
  - urine
  - viruses
* Some frogs cause cancer
  - deformities
  - change color
  - come from Florida
* Some frogs conserve body fluid
* Some frogs cross lakes
  - tracks
  - die from diseases
* Some frogs die from mysterious diseases
  - skin diseases
  - do have teeth
* Some frogs eat ants
  - arthropods
  - butterflies
  - cave crickets
  - dragonflies
  - fruit flies or other flying insects
  - mealworms
  - moths
  - salamanders
  - emerge from hideouts
  - enter states
  - escape predators
  - even release a fluid as a form of self defense when handled
  - excrete urea
  - feed in lakes
* Some frogs feed on termites and ants underground
* Some frogs fill ecological niches
  - similar ecological niches
  - float in ponds
  - follow tracks
  - get amphibians
  - go to ground
* Some frogs have a long sticky tongue they use to grab flying insects like fruit flies
  - pineal organ similar to the third eye of reptiles
  - adhesive pads
  - affection
  - components
  - different lifestyle
  - disks
  - eardrums
  - incredible appetite
  - kinds
  - large toe pads
  - no tongue and just stuff food into their mouths with their hands
  - ovaries
  - poison in their skin
  - production
  - small adhesive pads
  - testes
  - tongues that are long and sticky that can be used to catch bugs
  - toxic skin
* Some frogs help habitats
  - scientists
  - hide in holes
  - lead very different lives
* Some frogs leave burrows
  - live for years
* Some frogs live in Alberta
  - Asia
  - Canada
  - Finland
  - Malaysia
  - Minnesota
  - ditches
  - mud
  - neighborhoods
  - regions
  - tanks
  - wet meadows
* Some frogs live on environments
  - up to years
* Some frogs lose skin
  - weight
  - love food
* Some frogs make poison
  - toxins
  - migrate to lakes
  - never enter the water
  - obtain poison
* Some frogs occur in Australia
* Some frogs possess adhesive discs
  - hairlike filaments on their legs
  - prefer fast move rivers
* Some frogs produce acid
  - toxic poison
* Some frogs protect territory
  - themselves with poisonous fluids that are secreted onto their skin
  - provide food
  - raise tadpoles
  - remain in states
  - require soil
* Some frogs retain tadpole tails
  - run across surfaces
  - serve as food
  - show adaptive responses
* Some frogs sit on eggs
* Some frogs spread hind legs
* Some frogs survive for decades
  - months
  - tend their eggs but most leave the mass of frog spawn
* Some frogs thrive in Hawaii
  - transmit sound
  - undergo direct development and hatch as miniature adults
* Some frogs use camouflage to avoid predators
  - materials
  - swim skills
  - wait for prey
  - weigh pounds
* abound in our wet tropical climate, as do the little green lizards.
* absorb water through their skin.
  - their environments in a variety of ways
* already have problems from loss of habitat.
* also appear to be at slightly higher densities near streams during the drought
  - differ in color
* also have a special role to play in keeping the environment healthy
  - tympanum, which acts like a simple ear
  - amazing sense of hearing
  - smoother, moister skin than toads, as well as longer hind legs
  - hibernate
  - represent transformation of the positive kind
  - use their large hind legs for swimming
  - vibrate their bodies to shake off mistaken males
* are a barometer of the health of an ecosystem
  - good example of r-selected organisms
  - symbol of good luck in Japan
  - type of reptile
  - well-recognized type of amphibian
  - able to see particularly well in dim conditions, including underwater
  - active at night, when humans are asleep
  - adaptable animals, and they occasionally utilize unusual shelters
  - adornment
* are also exceptionally valuable in insect control
  - likely to eat poisoned insects with fatal consequences
  - typically longer than toads
  - very useful in cures
  - among the oldest creatures on the planet
* are amphibians , animals that spend part of their lives under water and the remainder on land
  - while dogs are mammals
  - and ducks are aves
* are amphibians, animals that spend part of their lives in water and the remainder on land
  - iguanas and snakes are reptiles
  - meaning they can live in water and on land
  - which means that they can live in water or on land
* are an ecologically sensitive, essential link in the food chain of many species
  - example of the class Amphibia
* are an important animal to our environment besides being endearing creatures to admire
  - part of the ecological balance of many habitats
  - another common prey item for vipers
  - at the line of worldwide extinction
  - beneficial to humans because they eat so many insect pests
  - bizarre lissamphibians with dramatically reduced skeletons
* are capable of hops
  - jumps
  - leaps
  - pets
  - swims
  - carnivores and eat live prey such as insects, snails, spiders, worms and small fish
* are carnivores, eating practically any animals that are small enough and non-toxic
  - mice are herbivores
  - clubbedand skinned alive
* are cold blooded animals so their body temperature drops as the temperature drops
  - colorful year-round
  - cool little animals
  - delicate and important creatures
  - dependent on wetlands for breeding, and throughout their lives
  - distinguished from the toads by their smooth skin as the latter have warty skin
  - easiest to spot on the ground on damp mornings
  - eaten by snakes or hawks
  - essentially inactive in their winter hibernacula
  - everywhere and in all types of materials and in all sizes from tiny to large
  - examples of vertebrates
  - extremely sensitive to changes in the environment
  - famous for their gullibility
  - fascinating animals that feature unique behaviors and characteristics
  - frequent in the marshy areas
* are good bio-indicators of environmental health
  - jumpers with long powerful legs
  - green and they jump
  - happy creatures that are a lot of fun to watch and care for
  - hunters
  - in serious trouble worldwide, with half of all species at risk of extinction
  - for cannibalism too
  - from the Triassic, while salamanders and caecilians first appear in the Jurassic
  - lawns
  - porchs
  - many different colors
* are members of the class Amphibia
  - zoological class called Amphibia
  - more likely to be out calling when it is warm and wet
  - much poorer diamagnets
  - nocturnal creatures that feed on small insects
  - one of the best indicators of ecological health
  - overwhelmingly the most abundant amphibians in the rainforest
  - plentiful and there is also a healthy population of both toads and newts
  - raised as a food source
  - remarkable creatures, but there limit to the conditions they can adapt to
  - selective and only breed when temperatures in the air and water are just right
  - semi-aquatic reptiles
  - sick and dying
  - silent when hunting their food which consists of live insects
* are small and sit in the mud
  - animals classified as amphibians
  - social creatures that live in groups
  - sometimes important in protein-deficient areas
  - staple in the diets of just about any slop bass
  - supposed to do a lot of things
  - tadpoles when they are young
* are the coolest animal in the world
  - first backboned animal to live on land
* are the most common groups of amphibians and they are widely distributed across the globe
  - defenseless animals
  - durable of the amphibians
  - typically a very hardy animal, but they still can, and do, become sick
  - used extensively for laboratory studies in dissection and physiology
  - very adaptable creatures, they can live in almost any environment
  - well known for their musical vocalizations, but the bullsnake can hiss loudly too
  - wiggly and wet and can be hard to hold
* begin their insistent clamor, and salamanders come out of hiding to hunt upon dew-wet ground
  - life as an egg in the water
  - lives as a tadpole which are amphibians
  - to converse in the tules
* belong to a group of animals called amphibians.
* breathe air
  - and absorb water through their skin, which is periodically shed
* breathe through their lungs and their smooth moist skin
  - skin so even adult frogs can be affected by polluted water
  - with their lungs and skin
* burrow just below the mud at the bottom of lakes.
* can also leap away when provoked
  - be different colors
* can be very difficult to find
* can breathe through their skin as well as their lungs
  - capture a hummingbird, although the result is probably death to both
  - close their eyes by pulling the eyeballs deeper into their sockets
  - control mosquitoes in ponds
  - die in water that starts off comfortable and is heated to boiling temperatures
  - have strong back legs
* can hear both in the air and below water
  - using big round ears on the sides of their head called a tympanum
  - just leap into the pond if they are thirsty
* can live equally well in water or on land
  - in some unusual places
* can live on land and in fresh water
  - the ground or in trees
  - only see in black and white
  - remain so rigid and motionless that even respiratory movements is unobserved
  - retract their eyes into their sockets
  - see forwards, sideways and upwards all at the same time
  - serve as paratenic hosts of many parasites that eventually wind up in a mammalian host
  - still live with a hole in their head
  - turn into princes and apes into men
* catch crickets
* cling to bark and leaves.
* close eyes.
* collaborate with fish and pond water.
* come in all colors.
* commonly croak to attract other frogs
  - have four legs and one foot on each leg
* complete development
* consume food.
* cover the land.
* croak and sing to send messages to one another
  - more and ducks quack louder before rain
  - to attract females
* cross habitats
* crossing The road ahead is used by migrating frogs.
* cry from the trees as ghosts of humans and animals.
  - missing limbs and also extra limbs
* display movement
* do have some tools in their defensive repertoire though.
* easily absorb chemicals through their skin.
* eat a lot of insects and so help to keep the bug population down
  - bumble bees and many kinds of bugs and incects
  - flies that spoil the fruit of knowledge
  - insects and each other
  - living insects and worms
* eat mainly insects and other small animals, including earthworms, minnows, and spiders
  - mice, insects, other invertebrates, and other vertebrates
  - millions of insects daily, and they also eat small invertabrates
  - smaller insects and plants
  - termites and insects and help to keep the balance of nature by insect control
* eggs one day after being laid.
* even breath through their skin
  - tend to snap at the last minute to a shrinking worm just before it disappears
  - use their legs to dig, or burrow, underground for hibernating
* face a formidable number of predators, yet their defenses are few.
* feed in trees.
* feed on arthropods
  - using their long tongue
* feel the heat Amphibian populations are in rapid and concerning decline globally.
* first begin as eggs that are encased in a jelly.
* float in water.
  - through a metamorphosis, which means changes or stages
  - pelves
* hate snakes.
* have a body plan that is more specialized than the salamander body plan for movement on land
  - surrounded by a skin with some unusual properties
  - temperature that's near that of the environment
  - function, but humans have a destiny
  - positive pressure system of ventilating their lungs
  - reputation for leaping that is well deserved
  - small number of birth defects naturally
  - smell organ in the roof of their mouths called the jacobson's organ
  - three-chambered heart, consisting of two atria and a single ventricle
  - very interesting life cycle and are fascinating to study
  - auxiliary vocal sacs that, when inflated, serve to make the voice more resonant
  - excellent hearing and sing to find one another
* have external fertilization
  - fertilzation and development
  - gills and a tail to live in water when they are tadpoles
  - knees
* have long back legs and webbed feet for jumping and swimming
* have long, sticky tongues that they use to catch insects
  - many predators
  - metamorphes that means that they have to go through different stages of growth
* have more slender bodies, smooth moist skin and hop everywhere
  - well-developed hind legs than toads do
  - noses
  - one of the most delicate metabolisms
* have permeable skin that both breathes and takes in water
  - pour taste and smell and there are no known substances that attract frogs
  - sensitive skin
* have skin secretion
  - with no scales or hair
  - skinnier bodies than toads to
* have smooth skin and long powerful back legs with webbed feet for jumping and swimming
  - soft skin
* have smooth, damp skin and long legs for swimming or leaping
  - moist skin and toads have rough dry skin
  - slimy skins
* have smooth, wet skin that looks slimy
  - skin, while a toad's skin is dry and bumpy
  - smoother skin and longer legs for leaping
  - soft, thin skin that easily absorbs any chemical in the water
  - special skin to help keep dirt and germs out
  - squat bodies, long muscular hind legs, typically lack tails and metamorphose
  - stimulation
  - strong, long legs, webbed hind feet, and two bulging eyes
* have teeth on their upper jaws but none on their lower
  - that are next to their upper jaw and are known as maxillary teeth
* have tiny teeth on both upper and lower jaws, while toads lack any teeth
  - teeth, but toads are toothless
  - tongues that are long, flexible, and sticky
  - true voice boxes and are noted for their various sounds
  - two basic organs for chemical olfaction or detection of odors
* have very good eyesight
  - permeable skin and are therefore very sensitive to toxic substances
  - small ears hidden at the back of their head
* have vocal sacs which swell up when the frog is calling or croaking
* have white hearts and humans' have red hearts
* hear using big round ears on the sides of their head
  - their sides of their head, called typanum
* help rainforests.
* hibernate in the mud in the bottom of the pond during winter
  - winter when it is too cold
  - over winter
* hide from the cold by burrowing in mud.
* hop up to one mile from breeding ponds to feed.
* hunt insects.
* include frogs
  - wood frogs
* includes brains
  - breasts
  - cell membranes
  - cells
  - chest cavities
  - chests
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - heads
  - nuclei
  - pedal extremities
  - plasma membranes
  - rib cages
  - sections
  - skulls
  - sterna
  - vacuoles
  - vertebrate feet
* indeed have some bizarre behaviors.
* inhabit areas
* is also protector of the environment
  - an amphibian
* jump by first flexing their forelegs and tilting their bodies upward
  - over lilies
* lay eggs.
* leap into water.
* leave the holes where they have spent the winter
* lift heads.
* like to be in or near water.
* like to eat insects
* live all over the world.
  - damp grass and vegetation near fresh water and now is the time when food is plentiful
  - many areas of the world
  - oceans
  - the water, and breathe through their skin
* live in water all the time
  - and jump everywhere they go
  - wet places called wetlands
  - independently
  - water, toads live on dry land
  - off flies, other creatures live off frogs and so on and so on down the food chain
* live on all continents except Antarctica
* live on every continent except Antarctica
  - in the world except Antarctica
  - part of their life on land and part of their life in water
* living in the mountains protect themselves in different ways.
* love dinner.
* make great pets and they are very simple to care for
  - great, low-maintenance pets
  - the poison out of specific insects they eat in nature
  - their calls with the help of one or two pouches of skin called vocal sacs
  - up a group that is known to go back over two million years
* mate in springs.
* means all species of frogs and toads native to New York.
* migrate to ponds.
* move by leaping over other frogs of either color
* naturally cling to one another when spawning.
* need oxygen.
* normally show no such striping, because each optic tectum has projections from one eye alone.
* occupy habitats
* often consume insects and lay eggs to produce young
  - mate based on the weather
  - use rocks, logs and tree stumps for shelter
* only eat live food
  - move rightward or downward, toads can only move leftward and upward
* perform their joyful chorus and leave behind millions of bubbly clusters of eggs.
* play a vital role in eradicating insect pests in rice paddies.
* play an important role in insect control
  - the ecology they eat insects
* possess defence
  - embryos
  - features
  - vision
  - cooler waters
* rely heavily on water all through their lives
* reproduce in many ways, from laying eggs to giving birth to live young.
* reproduce sexually and through external fertilization
  - by producing sperm and eggs
  - sexually, though the fertilization process typically happens outside their bodies
  - through eggs, which they lay in the water
* require a balanced diet in order to maintain a healthy life
  - from four to eight years to reach maturity
* resemble frogs.
* respond to external stimuli
* rest on marsh.
* return to lakes
* secrete substances
* share environments
* shed skin
  - the outer layer of their skin many times a year
* sing away the summer as garter snakes hunt in the tall grass.
* sometimes drop from the sky during a rain
  - have upper teeth whereas toads have no teeth at all
* speak numbers to reinforce learning.
* spend at least some stage in their life cycle in water
  - most of their time on the land, but are mostly around some or the other water body
  - some time on land
  - their early life breathing through gills
* spend their lives both in water and on land
  - near water and eat insects, small fish, earthworms and spiders
* start laying their spawn, birds build nests and lay their eggs
* start out as unshelled eggs
  - life in ponds and puddles
* start their lives as 'eggs' often laid in or near fresh water
  - aquatic tadpoles with gills to breathe
  - to breed when they are fully grown at two to three years old
* suffer a massive toxic attack if they come in contact with it.
* swallow food
  - large prey
* swim in habitats
* take care
  - in water through their skin
* talk through their ears.
* tend to be more active at lower temperatures than snakes and lizards
  - lay eggs single eggs in masses, whereas toads usually lay eggs in long chains
* tend to move before toads, the newts span the whole migration period
  - into swampy or very damp and muddy neighborhoods such as pond bottoms
* think it is winter and sleep beneath the snow.
* thrive in rainforests
  - on insects
  - where there are mosquitoes, chiggers, and black flies
* travel from non-breeding areas to breeding areas of ponds and lakes.
* try to look as big as bulls and burst themselves.
* turn out to be some of the most sensitive organisms to substrate-borne vibrations.
* typically breed in freshwater
  - eat insects and make frequent vocalizations
  - metamorphosis between an aquatic larval stage and a terrestrial adult stage
* use powerful hind legs for movement
* use their long, powerful back legs for swimming and jumping
  - sticky, muscular tongue to catch and swallow food
  - tongues to snatch up prey
  - voices to find mates
* usually breed in water, be it a pond, lake, marsh or in puddles after a heavy rain
  - crouch on rocks or clumps of grass within a few jumps of water
* usually have a smooth, moist skin and spend most of their lives in or near water
  - smooth skin and muscular legs for jumping
  - stay away from deep or fast-flowing water
* vary a great deal in their tolerance to acid water.
* visit ponds.
* walk across the dune surface leaving distinctive tracks.
* want food.
+ Amphibian, Habitats: Amphibians
  * Frogs can live on land and in fresh water. They cannot survive in salt water. Their development is by metamorphosis. They hatch as tadpoles  from eggs, which are laid by a female frog. The eggs are called frogspawn. Tadpoles have tails and gills.
  * Adult frogs can jump with their legs. They have long tongues that they use to catch bugs. They make a sound called a croak. Some species live in trees, and some types of frog are protected by being poisonous. Frogs live all over the world. If an overseas species of frogs is introduced to another country, the ecosystem might be affected.
+ Frog, Characteristics
  * Frogs are cold blooded animals. This means that they need heat to keep up their body temperature. If the temperature outside is cold, amphibians will not be active. Some frogs aestivate during winter or during droughts. They usually look for underground place to aestivate. These include burrowing in muds and holes.
  * Frogs have skin with no scales or hair. They can take in oxygen from either water or air. Mucus that helps their skin to stay wet and slippery. Many amphibians have toxic skin. They have secretions which makes their skin poisonous.
  * Many frogs are semi-aquatic. They may live on both land and in water, and in any event prefer damp places. These include ponds, swamps, rivers and lakes. Most adults live where they grew up. Most amphibians lay their eggs in foam nests. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians'.