### biological research | cloning:

Animal cloning
* common practice.
* has many applications.
* is extremely inefficient.
* lucrative business.
* natural extension of the genetic engineering techniques now being developed.
* reality today.

Gene cloning
* is the process of isolating and making copies of a chromosome.
* permits direct detection of gene mutations.
* requires a basic knowledge of the gene's sequence, or flanking sequences.

### biological research | cloning:

Human cloning
* All human cloning blatant denial of human dignity.
* bomb that can potentially detonate in our faces.
* can offer infertile people a higher chance of success
  - refer to either reproductive or therapeutic cloning
* carries with it the increased potential for abuse, human exploitation.
* crime against human dignity and humanity.
* deep invasion of human parenthood.
* falls conceptually between two other technologies.
* form of playing god since it interferes with the natural order of creation.
* goes against the dignity and sanctity of each individual person.
* has potential to save lives and make better the quality of life of future generations.
* is about generations being genetically like each other
  - amongst the most controversial forms of the practice
  - an inherent violation of human dignity
  - arguably the most sensational aspect of gene manipulation
  - divided into two categories that are approached differently in terms of policy
  - even more controversial than animal cloning
  - illegal in Australia
  - just a meter of time
  - most notably one of the most controversial issues in medical science
  - now possible
  - overhyped
  - the next step in science, but it has raised many ethical and scientific questions
* is unethical and immoral
  - because it upsets the balance of nature
  - within reach and the carbon-silicon boundary has begun to evaporate
* is, at present, illegal across the world.
* poses a huge risk to society and nature.
* possibility in playing a big role in our future.
* produces a human embryo.
* represents a dangerous and unethical use of technology.
* technique violating human dignity protected by the Constitution.
* very important subject that science needs to address.
* violates every moral principle.

Molecular cloning
* means taking a gene, a piece of DNA, out of the genome and growing it in bacteria.
* refers to the process of making multiple copies of a defined DNA sequence.

Positional cloning
* is used to isolate the genes for molecular analyses.
* leads to isolation of genes for a number of human diseases.

Reproductive cloning
* are clonings.
* is expensive and highly inefficient
  - used to produce any particular type of animal desired

### biological research | cloning:

Therapeutic cloning
* are clonings.
* has the potential to benefit vast numbers of people.
* involves embryonic stem cells
  - growing tissue for patients that is genetically identical to their own
  - the use of two separate new technological possibilities
* is an additional affront to human dignity
  - nuclear transplantation
  - the process by which a person's DNA is used to grow an embryonic clone
* means killing.
* offers the possibility of overcoming the problem of transplant tissue rejection.
* refers to the cloning of stem cells from human embryos.

### biologically female:

Lesbian woman
* Most lesbian women have a female gender identity.
+ Gender identity, Examples of transgender people: Sociology
  * A lesbian woman is biologically female. Most lesbian women have a female gender identity. Some lesbian women may have some male gender roles. She may dress in masculine clothes, cut her hair short, and work in a job that men usually have.