### aggregation | vegetation:

Forest
* All forests are complex cycles of change and renewal.
* All forests have many species other than commercial timber species
  - understories made up of shrubs and flowering plants
  - store carbon
* Many forests are cleared to provide housing for humans.
* More forests are cut down for pasture, more pasturelands turn into deserts.
* Most forests are on private land.
* Most forests attract rabbits
  - squirrels
  - begin as fields
  - live longer than people
* Most forests provide deer
  - mosquitoes
* Name two provinces that had more forest fires due to lightning than due to human activity.
* Some forest dwelling songbirds are migratory and others remain year round.
* Some forests are carbon sinks, others sources
  - dangeorously thin
  - attract mice
* Some forests have many areas that are open while other forests have few open areas
  - unique species or structures
  - hide caribou
* Some forests possess bears
  - snakes
* absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and store it in plants
  - water as direct rainfall from the atmosphere and through their roots from the ground
* act as reservoirs by storing carbon in biomass and soils
  - mainly as net sinks for sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides and for particulate matter
* adapt themselves to relatively small intermittent fires.
* affect climate, are a major source of oxygen and are a home for many plants and animals.
* also absorb rainfall to help prevent floods and minimise runoff.
* also act as a sponge, intercepting and slowing rain, reducing flooding
  - natural air conditioners by removing some pollutants and cooling the air
  - affect the quality of water in our streams and lakes
  - contribute significantly to world food security and the global eco-system
  - cycle carbon and oxygen in the atmosphere
* also filter and store our water supplies
  - particulate pollution from the air, and improve local and regional climates
  - have significant links with inland and marine fisheries
* also help fish
  - prevent droughts by maintaining steady stream flows into drier seasons
  - stabilize local and global weather
  - to maintain an efficient carbon cycle
  - improve our quality of life by providing abundant recreational opportunities
  - make important contributions to the quality of Michigan's many lakes and streams
* also play a crucial role in the chemistry of our atmosphere and climate
  - role in water availability
* also play an important role in food security in Bhutan
  - improving water quality
* also protect and enhance the air and water quality in Wisconsin
* also provide cover, protect soil from erosion and rainfall and regulate runoff
  - much of the habitat for wildlife and endangered species in the region
  - opportunities for tourism, recreation and spiritual pursuits
  - regulate soil temperature and mineral content
* also serve as a living record of natural and human history
  - source of lumber and as recreational areas
  - sweat
* always recede as civilizations develop and grow.
* appear to supply only about one third of woodfuels.
* are a critical environmental and economic resource
  - crucial part of Canada's natural heritage, wilderness areas and economy
  - deep green boreal and transitional mix interspersed with rare arctic disjunct plants
  - dominant feature of the Austrian landscape
  - finite resource
  - fundamental feature of life on earth
  - good indicator, of the natural wealth, of a nation
  - key part of the interface between humanity and the environment
  - legacy to our heritage and to the world
  - major repository of carbon taken from the atmosphere
  - natrual source of nutrients
* are a natural resource, Forests are an important constituent of the biosphere
  - store of carbon
  - reliable protector of soils from weathering
  - renewable resource
  - resource that produces multiple benefits
  - scarcer resource than are arable land, fresh water, and minerals
* are a source of a variety of values
  - life and a resource for living
* are also a major resource for Bulgaria with timber being a major export
  - beneficial to people
  - crucial in supporting the surrounding ecosystems
  - divided into distinct layers
  - home to a variety of animals
* are also important bio-reserves
  - ecosystems for the many species that live there, and for people as well
  - for reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
* are also the largest storehouses of carbon
  - principal habitats for the world's diverse plants and animals
  - very important to protect and enhance water quality
  - amazingly complex ecosystems, probably the most complex of all terrestrial ecosystems
  - among the most important living genebanks on earth
* are an important component in the visual appeal of landscapes
  - defense against global warming
  - integral part of our natural environment and life support system
  - biomes
  - both carbon sources and carbon sinks
  - capable of places
  - clear cut for living space, crop growing, grazing for domestic livestock
* are complex ecosystems that affect almost every species on the planet
  - landscapes whose patterns reflect crucial underlying structure and process
  - considered as the wealth of a country
  - cools
  - crucial in preserving water quality
* are cut down to provide lumber for construction
  - for lumber and firewood
  - dense and the trees grow taller as a result of competition to get the sunshine
  - destroyed, to provide land for human agriculture and habitat
  - distinct in that they develop an organic layer above the mineral soil
* are dynamic places, constantly changing
  - systems that naturally change over time
  - especially crucial in urbanized areas
* are essential for life on earth
  - refuges for wildlife
* are essential to economic development and the maintenance of all forms of life
  - preserving the ecology of the world and the spiritual health of human kind
  - the life of mankind
  - extremely sensitive to climate change, as well as to other stresses
  - for burning
  - fundamental for the preservation of rivers and their water quality
  - groups of domain trees
  - habitat for raccoons, fox, white tailed deer, and many birds
  - highly sensitive to climate change
* are home to many plant and animal species, including humans
  - most of the world's species and most of the world's indigenous peoples
  - one-third of the nation's endangered species
* are important as they are home to the most diverse biotic communties in the world
  - elements of natural and human-dominated landscapes
* are important in helping to protect watersheds from floods and droughts
  - many ways
  - the Dutch plans for nature
* are important to the Northeast s identity
  - economies of large parts of rural America
  - economy of Wisconsin
  - water regulators
  - in gray
  - invaluable to the Earth
* are large areas of land covered with trees and plants
  - tree-covered land
  - less abundant than tropical jungle
  - live, open, natural systems, that react to all external influences
  - living systems which evolve over time with or without human intervention
* are located in countrysides
  - national parks
  - state parks
  - low in diversity and productivity
  - lush, dark, humid, and always green
  - made up of at least three strata of vegetation
  - more dense and exhibit more species diversity
* are more than a generator of wealth for one particular sector of society
  - just a collection of trees
  - most abundant in the high mountains
  - natural things
  - of great importance to the global water household
* are often a major source of paid employment for rural women
  - at risk of being destroyed by forest fires
  - highly heterogeneous environments compared to other terrestrial plant communities
  - one of the least polluting types of land uses
* are one of the most effective converters of carbon dioxide into plant food
  - long-term resources able to absorb carbon dioxide
  - open for cycling, walking and horse riding
* are our most efficient absorber of nutrients by far
  - planet's lungs
  - overexploited when they are logged at a rate faster than reforestation takes place
* are oxygen factories and greenhouse exchangers
* are part of nature
  - the ecosystem landscape and are managed with the big picture in mind
  - particularly important in providing fuelwood
  - plant communities made up of the trees, shrubs, and many other plants and animals
  - renewable resources and rich, resilient ecosystems
  - reservoirs of genetic diversity
  - singles
  - small biomes
* are sources of charcoal, firewood, and lumber
  - construction materials
  - wood products
  - tender coconut, necessary for getting rainfall
  - the Earth's largest terrestrial ecosystem
* are the dominant land cover in mountainous areas
  - terrestrial ecosystem of Earth, and are distributed across the globe
  - effective natural defense from mudflow and landslide phenomena
  - great storehouses of natural life
  - haven for much of the world's genetic biodiversity
  - headwaters of the nation
  - home to animals, birds and insects
* are the lungs and liver of the earth
  - of our land, purifying the air and giving fresh strength to our people
  - main source of naturally occurring VOCs
  - major biological land resources of the globe
  - most important natural resource
* are the natural climax communities
  - habitat for plants, trees and wild life
  - habitats of elephants
  - recyclers of air, in the biosphere
  - riparian vegetation in the Bay region
* are the primary habitats for native wildlife in Orange County
  - storehouse of medicinal plants
  - red deer s natural habitat
  - result rather than the cause of geographical precipitation patterns
  - sources for the formation of rivers
  - world's second largest carbon reservoirs after oceans
  - transition hardwoods and some northern hardwoods
  - treated as convertible rather than renewable resources
  - truly dynamic and do change regardless of human activity
  - used for timber
* are very important and grow all over the world
  - for the world today
  - in Poland for recreational walking and collecting mushrooms
  - to life
  - precious natural wealth for any country
* are vital for the well being of the planet
  - watersheds that absorb excess moisture and anchor topsoil
  - widely, though unevenly distributed across the continent
  - wooded areas
* are, in large part, the way the earth breathes.
* begin to dry and die back or burn.
* burn down and are able to grow back.
* can adapt to changes in the climate
  - also affect people's health
* can be different from one place to another
  - either sinks or sources depending upon environmental circumstances
  - grow back after being harvested, but are gone forever after being paved over
  - make an important contribution to environmental quality
  - provide habitat for numerous species of plant and animal
  - sustain a small amount of grazers, but current numbers are unsustainable
* capture more solar energy than any other terrestrial ecosystem
* carry a different meaning and value for different people.
* change constantly - new seedlings begin while old trees stagnate and die.
* cleanse the air and soak up global-warming gases.
* clearing for agricultural use major global contributor of greenhouse gas emissions.
* consist mainly of conifers, oak, and ash trees
  - of loblolly pine, slash pine, shortleaf pine, longleaf pine, sweetgum, and red oak
* constitute an important resource in the Asian mountains.
* contain a wide range of species with complex life cycles
  - numerous habitats that support diverse life forms
* contribute lower amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous to waterways than do other land uses
  - to quality of life
* cover a quarter of the country.
* cover about a quarter of the world's land surface, excluding Greenland and Antarctica
  - fifty-six percent of Pennsylvania's total land area
  - half the State, with most of it in the northern two-thirds of Michigan
  - one quarter of the land
  - one-third of the total area
  - seven percent of the earth's surface, half of that is tropical
  - almost one-third of the earth's land surface and play a major role in sustaining life
  - around fifty percent of the country
  - large tracts of land and include rivers and flora and fauna communities
* cover more than half of Newfoundland and Labrador s land surface
  - one half of the state's lands
* cover much of Trinidad
  - the planet s land area
  - one-third of our state
* cover over less than one-fourth of the state and the buckeye is the official state tree
  - more than half of the state and the Western Hemlock is the official state tree
  - one-fifth of the state and the tulip tree is the official state tree
  - one-fourth of the state and the flowering dogwood is the official state tree
  - one-half of the state and the bald cypress is the official state tree
  - thirty percent of the country
  - three-fifth of the state and the Hemlock is the official state tree
  - three-fourths of the state and the sugar maple is the official state tree
  - two-fourth of the state and the Colorado blue spruce is the official state tree
  - two-thirds of the state and the southern pine is the official state tree
  - two-thirds of Virginia, with most of it in the Blue Ridge Mountains
  - varies throughout the state and the red bud is the official state tree
* create air, store water, and make soils
  - conditions for relaxation, recreation and improvement of health
* cycle the majority of their nutrients when the trees lose their leaves in autumn.
* decay, harvests perish, flowers vanish, but grass is immortal.
* do more than simply grow wood and make oxygen.
* dominate, interrupted in places by grasslands, scrub, and crops.
* dominated by large evergreen trees, forests contain few mammals but many birds
  - sugar maple often produce a heavy leaf litter
* ecosystems biodiversity and genetic improvement.
* encompass biodiversity at the ecosystem level, the species level, and the genetic level.
* exclusively harbour just three genera.
* exist on natural soil, and thrive, without human intervention.
* expand into the dryer, cooler regions.
* extend along rivers which penetrate the interior.
* feed streams.
* flow the courses of surface or subterranean waters.
* grow and develop in a process called succession
  - far faster and further north because of warmer climate
* grow in the highland areas where there is high rainfall and no marked dry season
  - subalpine zone, which is inhabited by bear, deer, lynx, and wild boar
  - thicker all by themselves and turn carbon dioxide into oxygen
  - through sequential stages
* grows back very quickly in the tropics.
* have an influence to the state of air purity
  - both, plus forests tend to have acidic soil
  - four major functions
  - great power to prevent the global warming
* have low albedo and trap heat and moisture
  - albedo, trap heat and moisture
  - many functions of value both to humanity and to nature itself
  - several major functions
* help absorb the gases that warm the atmosphere
  - clean our air and are part of the carbon cycle
  - conserve many natural resources
  - maintain water supply and a stable climate
  - recharge underground aquifers, minimize erosion and sustain the water cycle
* help regulate the climate, weather and atmosphere and mitigate the greenhouse effect
  - water in the air through a process called transpiration
  - relieve global warming as well
  - to keep our air cleaner, and they provide homes for animals that live in the wild
* hold over half the world's plant species
  - soil in place
  - the fertile top soil in place, keeping it from washing into streams and reservoirs
* improve the surface climate, clean the air and bind carbon dioxide.
* influence local, regional and global climates
  - the local and probably global climates
* inhabit a wide variety of plant and animal species.
* is an ecosystem
  - composed mainly of various oak species
  - evergreen, deciduous, or mangrove forest
  - located on land that was once dense forest
  - roughly equivalent to the taiga of ecologists
* is the climax vegetation
  - major biotope
  - preferred habitat of the groove-toothed squirrel
  - reliable defender of soils from weathering
* live on carbon dioxide.
* maintain soil quality, by preventing soil erosion
  - water flow in streams
* mean different things to different people.
* moderate excessive cold and heat,excessive run-off, excessive pollution.
* occupies regions without too marked a seasonal drought.
* occur on higher areas among marshes and lower areas among scrub and pine flatwoods.
* often catch fire
  - have two or more canopy layers, each a storey
* play a central role in the issues of greenhouse gasses, climate change, and biodiversity
  - critical role in stabilizing soil and storing water
  - dual role in climate change
  - key role in protecting the global environment
  - major role in carbon storage
* play a significant role in moderating the net flux of GHGs between land and atmosphere
  - the net flux of some GHGs between land and atmosphere
  - vital role in our lives
  - and important role in farming
* prevent soil erosion and provide principal means of water management.
* produce roundwood, mostly for industrial purposes
  - valuable products like timber and paper, but also store carbon
* protect a variety of plant and animal life and are vital in maintaining biodiversity
  - water quality and soil stability
* protects native biodiversity in federal forests.
* provide Finland with a significant economic resource.
* provide a clean and comfortable environment
  - plethora of potential roosts for tree bats
  - special place for many animals and small plants
  - birds with food, nest sites and protection
  - clean air, water, wildlife habitat, recreation and forest products
  - essential habitat for birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and invertebrates
* provide food, cover, nests and nursery areas
  - shelter and medicines
  - habitat for a range of wildlife species
  - habitats to about two-thirds of all species on Earth
  - jobs, spiritual renewal and improve our quality of life
* provide many resources
  - services for the environment
  - plenty of food, protection from predators and den sites to use
  - protection for living creatures
  - the most diverse sets of habitats for plants, animals, and microorganisms
  - thousands of jobs for people involved in producing products from wood
* provide timber, and many other forest products
  - medicines, food, and jobs
  - valuable pastures and prevent moving sands
  - wood pulp and timber and offer areas of natural beauty and recreation for people
* provides timber for humans, food and shelter for the flora and fauna.
* purify air, filter water, and stabilize soils
  - water, filter air, provide recreational employment, and control flooding
* reach the beginning of old growth stage.
* reduce erosion of land outside as well as within the forest.
* refers to farmed or natural forests that can yield timber products.
* remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as trees take it in and breathe out oxygen
* represent a major part of our freshwater resources.
* require sunlight, water, and nutrients.
* respond to fire in one of two general ways.
* return most of the water that falls as precipitation to the atmosphere by transpiration
  - precipitation to the atmosphere through transpiration
* serve as water regulators and purifiers
  - multiple ecological, socioeconomic, and cultural roles in many countries
  - to reduce the gap of temperatures between night and day
* shelter over half the world's plant and animal species.
* spawn emotion, emotion causes action, and action causes disagreement.
* spread outward from small, isolated groves into the brushlands and prairies.
* stand dynamics, forest hydrology, fish and wildlife histories and behavior
  - numbers are examples of polygon labels
  - or fall
  - structure of the northern spotted owl's foraging habitat
* store large amounts of carbon that are released when trees are cut or burned.
* store more carbon than any other terrestrial ecosystem
  - vegetation on land
* support a variety of species from insects to birds and mammals
  - all of livings
  - economies that produce commodities such as wood products, paper and chemicals
  - migrating and nesting songbirds, bald eagles, hawks, owls, herons, and wood ducks
* survive only in small patches, or on mountains.
* sustain people in many ways.
* tend to act as a sink and take up and recycle nutrients
  - have fungal-dominated food webs
* therefore are vital to life in many ways.
* typically grow in poor soils.
* usually cover large areas.
* wound along the slow, muddy streams and rivers.
* yield many essential products for man's use
  - resins, fibers, and fruits
  - more value annually than corn, sorghum or wheat
+ Forest, Ontario, Education
  * Forest has a high school, North Lambton Secondary School. The school has a large gymnasium and cafeteria. It also has access to washroom and meal preparation facilities. Forest has two separate school systems. It has a public school system, Kinnwood Central Public School, and a private school system, St. John Fisher. Both systems have elementary schools
  * Forest is located on land that was once dense forest. When the Grand Trunk Railway was built, the station for the town was named for the dense forest. In 1859, the first post office was then named Forest
  - Recreation and tourism
  * Forest has a natural amphitheatre in the conservation area in the south part of the town. Each year the people of the town act in a religious play called 'The Promise' in this amphitheatre. They have done the play since 1995. The stage of the amphitheatre is on a small island. The audience sits on the surrounding hillsides
  - Ontario: Towns in Ontario
  * Forest, Ontario' is a town in Lambton County, Ontario, Canada. About 3,000 people live in the town. It the biggest town in Lambton Shores. The town was an important lumber town. It even had its own train stop. Forest is now a tourist attraction. It has trails and camp facilities
+ Forestry: Natural sciences :: Forests
  * Forests are very important for the world today. Many of them are disappearing because there are so many people in the world. A forester has the job of making sure that the forest and all the wildlife that lives there is healthy. They are very important today because humans produce a lot of carbon dioxide and the trees in forests help to turn this back into oxygen which we breathe to live from. In forestry professionals look after forests and advise government on artificial forestry. Many universities offer courses after higher education in zoology and botany.
  * A 'forest' is an area of land with many trees. Many animals need forests to live and survive. Forests are very important and grow all over the world. They are an ecosystem which includes many plants and animals.