Logic
* Most logic involves rules
  - makes senses
* Some logic applies to economics.
* allows children to live with the consequences of their choices.
* applies to structures.
* attempts to study mathematics itself.
* branch of philosophy.
* defeats anger, because anger, even when it is justified, can quickly become irrational
  - it's justified, can quickly become irrational
* defines knowledge
  - objective reality
* demands an object as the cause of knowledge.
* dissipates rapidly in soil.
* entails relations and things.
* exists in the mind, Numbers exist only in the mind
* fall into three groups, free logics, foundation systems, and intermediate systems.
* game with specific rules.
* grows out of the grammar of each language, so there is just simply NO universal human logic.
* has close and deep contacts to all parts of computer science
  - low toxicity to other organisms, except for aquatic invertebrates and bees
* helps people decide whether something is true or false.
* imprisoned by the senses is an organic disease.
* includes categorical logic, propositional logic and fuzzy logic.
  - the art of examining opinions or ideas through questions and answers
  - using concepts to draw conclusions
* is alien to humans, all animals have an ability to communicate with each other
  - all there is
* is also a branch of mathematics
  - an activity, one that includes the activity of criticizing reasonings
  - toxic to fish
* is an ancient subject whose tradition is carried on today mostly in philosophy departments
  - examination of the nature of reason and argumentation
  - extension of intellect
  - interdisciplinary subject
  - both an organ of and a preparation for philosophy
  - broadly the analysis of the structure of correct reasoning
  - capable of help
  - common senses
  - concerned to provide sound methods for distinguishing good from bad reasoning
* is concerned with the laws of valid reasoning
  - structure of an argument
  - critical to problem solving and reasoning
  - deductive and axiomatic demanding sequential reasoning
  - dependent upon proofs
  - derived from the principles of language itself
  - directed at the meaning of language as the fact based on what is valid or invalid
  - embedded in language if and only if logic varies as language varies
  - essential to understanding texts in modern analytic philosophy
  - everywhere
  - external to the human mind
  - foundational to the study of every other subject
  - how buyers justify doing what they WANT to do
  - illogical, when emotions are the playing pieces
  - in the eye of the logician
* is just a branch of mathematics which studies discourse and their interpretation
  - tool, as mathematics tool to measure
  - located in schools
  - logic is logic
* is necessary to analyze other people s beliefs
  - understand and communicate our own beliefs
  - one of the main formal tools used to develop artificial intelligence products
  - part of mathematics, but at the same time it is the language of mathematics
  - really the core of philosophy
  - reason arrogating to itself the right of judging alone, supremely, and without appeal
  - studied without the use of formal proof
  - surely a function of computers
  - that method of thinking which is in accordance with reality
* is the anatomy of thought
  - art and principle of noncontradictory identification
* is the art of argumentation, as necessary for mathematics as for making sense of a novel
  - going wrong with confidence
  - producing and evaluating universals
  - showing if something is true, or if it is false
  - basic tool that philosophers use to investigate reality
* is the basis of all rhetoric and evolves within a culture
  - rationality and a foundation for mathematics, science and technology
  - branch of philosophy which studies reasoning
  - difference between correct and incorrect reasoning
  - fifth part of modern philosophy
  - foundation of function
  - glue that binds together methods of reasoning, in all domains
  - ice upon which conversation skates
  - introduction to philosophy in the strictest sense
  - matrix into which meaningful facts take their appropriate place
  - mechanics of thought and analysis
  - method of dialectic
  - motive or justification for making a decision
  - process of drawing a conclusion from one or more premises
  - road that leads to nowhere, or at the very best madness
* is the science of correct reasoning
  - reasoning and the study of argument forms
  - reasoning, proof, thinking, or inference
* is the science that evaluates arguments
  - looks at how to build an argument
  - simplest of arithmetic
  - story about what follows from what in all situations
* is the study of arguments
  - how meanings are related to each other , and how to make good decisions
  - patterns and systems of rational thought
  - reasoning and argumentation
  - the methods and principles used to distinquish good from bad reasoning
* is the study of the principles of right reasoning
  - of valid, or correct, reasoning
  - the study of propositions and of their use in argumentation
  - tool writers use to establish their credibility with readers
  - torch of rationality in the darkness of unknown and uncertainty
  - to be understood as the ordered relationship of particulars in each subject
  - transcendental
  - used by computers in what is called an algorithm
* is used for data manipulation and control functions
  - in mathematics
  - to figure things out, often by trial and error in actual practice
  - usually the first fatality in ideological warfare
  - very important to philosophy, due to the central role of argumentation in philosophy
* is where math and philosophy converge
  - the brain does most of the work
* is, of course, based on binarity.
* kind of science, like mathematics, but different from the empirical sciences.
* large field of discussion and inquiry.
* leads to conclusions
  - faulty conclusions
* makes art of science, and science of art
* means consistent relationships.
* mental process.
* plays little or no role in revelation or truth.
* presents a guiding influence on the methodology and design of computing systems.
* product of nature.
* provides foundations for mathematics and is the bedrock of rationality
  - specific techniques for understanding and evaluating reasoning
* refers to the order and unity of the mode in which it is embodied and thus regulates.
* requires attribution.
* science of reasoning, including methods for distinguishing good reasoning from bad.
* serves as a tool or medium for inventing and arranging scientific issues or arguments.
* simply is the use of reason to support a thesis.
* solves problems.
* studies the differences between valid and invalid reasoning
  - rules of correct inference
* system of consequence
* systematic method for getting the wrong conclusion with confidence.
* systematic method of arriving at the wrong conclusion with confidence
  - coming to the wrong conclusion with confidence
  - way of coming to the wrong conclusion with confidence
* teaches one how to reason rightly so as to gain knowledge
  - standards for how to discern good reasoning from bad reasoning
  - the critical function of referent as well as proper ways of thinking
* theory of correct reasoning.
* uses operators to combine combinations of trues' and falses'.
* works best when applied in the early spring after the ants have begun to forage.
* worldwide provider of business management software for the printing industry.
+ Causality, Causality in Logic
  * Logic is the science that looks at how to build an argument. In Logic, there are usually two different types of causes. They are called 'necessary cause' and 'sufficient cause'.
+ Logic, Uses
  * Logic is used in mathematics. People who study math create proofs that use logic to show that math facts are correct. There is an area of mathematics called mathematical logic that studies logic using mathematics.
+ Trivium (liberal arts), Logic: Middle Ages :: Liberal arts :: Cultural history
  * One way of studying the world is to look at the meaning of words. Logic is the mechanics of thought and analysis. Logic is the study of how meanings are related to each other, and how to make good decisions. A fallacy is when someone does not draw a conclusion according to the rules of logic. An old name for logic was dialectics.
  * Logic runs behind the dogs, armed with the sword 'syllogismus'. In the bottom left corner, the philosopher Parmenides can be seen in a cave.
  * Logic' is the science of reasoning. Logic helps people decide whether something is true or false.