### substance | waste | sewage:

Raw sewage
* backs up into homes and schools regularly.
* can carry a variety of human bacteria and viruses
  - spread diseases such as hepatitis, typhoid, giardia and cryptosporidium in people
* causes pollution that harms human and aquatic health.
* contains bacteria that can cause illness if contaminated fruit or vegetables are eaten.
* drains into waterways.
* dumps into the streams and then into the rivers and then into the lakes.
* floats in the available water.
* flows through open canals, carrying disease to surrounding farmlands.
* is all the liquid and solid wastes that go down toilets and drains
  - harmful to the environment
  - rich in ammonia and organic nitrogen
* poses a problem only during and after heavy rains, when storm drains overflow.
* seeps freely down the mountain side into streams, which flows into rivers etc
  - mountainside into streams, which flows into rivers etc
+ Ocean pollution, Sources of ocean pollution, Sludge dumping: Water pollution
  * By 1990, the United States alone had already given out 38 trillion liters of  into the waters along its coasts. Raw sewage is all the liquid and solid wastes that go down toilets and drains. After collecting in sewer drains, raw sewage goes through a 'treatment plant', where it is cleaned, and the solid waste is removed. Once the liquid is treated, it goes to nearby waterways. The remaining solid waste is called 'sludge'. This toxin and bacteria-filled sludge is often dumped into the ocean. The people who dump it in think it will sink to the ocean floor.

Untreated sewage
* can also be harmful to fish and other aquatic animals
  - kill fish by taking oxygen from the water when the sewage decays
* carries large numbers of disease-causing microbes.
* entering an oligotrophic lake can cause eutrophication of the lake.

### substance | waste:

Solid waste
* Many solid wastes are useful in bioconversion processes.
* Most solid waste contains materials
  - radioactive materials
  - is produced by digestion
* are expelled at the anal pore
  - to be stored in bottles, jars or plastic-lined sealed boxes
* can be a solid, liquid, or contained gas
  - either hazardous or nonhazardous
* comes from undigested food.
* does include recyclable material.
* includes garbage, refuse, dead animals, junk vehicles and much more.
* includes, rubbish, garbage, compostables, and recyclables.
* is called feces.
* is disposed in a variety of ways
  - of in engineered sanitary landfill
  - gathered into piles, in preparation for transportation off-site
  - generated on an ongoing basis during research and decontamination activities
  - one of the environmental concerns that is receiving the most attention by the public
  - passed out of the rectum
  - reduced by reusing and recycling materials
  - sterilized, by heating in an autoclave
  - stored in landfills
  - the environmental term for garbage, trash, scrap, junk, and sewage
* leave the body through the anus.
* leaves through anus.
* passes from the digestive system out of the body.
* problem that involves everyone.
* refers to waste such as gloves, towels, and other items contaminated with radiation.

Special waste
* can cause significant health and environmental impacts when managed inadequately.
* includes such things as fly ash, sewage sludge, asbestos, and biomedical waste.
* vary from paint strippers to cleaning solvents and acids.