Cell
* Alive Some tiny organisms , called protists , are made of only one cell.
* All cell contain genetic information which is stored in so-called chromosomes
  - phones discharge electromagnetic waves, a form of radiation
* All cells act as sources, but most cells just propagate sound because they have zero amplitude
  - arc in active division
* All cells are able to grow or remain stagnant, depending on the needs of the body
  - attached to other cells
  - bound by a cell membrane and contain cytoplasm, which is where the cell parts lie
  - capable of sampling their environment through a process called endocytosis
  - coated with various substances
  - dead in the heartwood
  - either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
  - formed from other living cells
  - genetically identical
  - made by other cells
  - microscopic in size
  - more receptive to the actions of the drug during active cell reproduction
  - organized into functional units
  - powered by mitochondria
  - produced from other cells
  - programmed to die at a certain time - it is nature's own planned obsolescence
  - surrounded by a structure called the cell membrane Opens in modal popup window
  - the products of the division of preexisting cells
  - tracheids
* All cells arise from existing cells
  - other cells through cell division
  - pre-existing cells
  - can divide to produce other cells
  - carry their genes on a set of long, worm-shaped structures called chromosomes
  - come from cells
* All cells come from other cells by one of two different kinds of cell division
* All cells contain DNA which transmits coded information to other cells
  - a set of coded instructions called genes
  - an array of unwinding enzymes called helicases
  - carbon, because they all contain proteins, fats and carbohydrates
* All cells contain genes, which are the units that determine raits of a plant or animal
  - the units that determine the traits of a plant or animal
  - hereditary information
  - lipids
  - much more DNA than they actually use
  - pairs of idential chromosomes, one from the father and one from the mother
  - ribosomes
  - the same key elements, such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen
  - tiny energy stations called mitochondria
  - depend on nucleic acids and proteins for survival, growth, and replication
  - derive from cells and therefore begin life with a basic starter set of cellular machinery
* All cells differentiate only form pluripotent stem cells
  - from pluripotent stem cells
  - do a function called mitosis
  - follow a regular pattern of growth called the cell cycle
  - function in a similar way
* All cells go through a cell cycle
  - changes, or mutations, day to day
  - have a built in senescence or death after so many cell divisions
* All cells have a cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and nuclear material
  - wall that regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the cell
  - complex internal mechanism which controls everything they do
  - cytoplasmic membrane
  - cytoskeleton, and share common elements and modes of organization
  - genetic program for death
  - nucleus
* All cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus
  - cytoplasm, and ribosomes
  - self-destruct program, called apoptosis
  - suicide program encoded in their genes
* All cells have actin and myosin, contractile proteins
  - in some form
* All cells have an electrical membrane potential or voltage across their plasma membranes
  - intrinsic polarity, set up in response to extracellular and intracellular cues
  - outer covering called a plasma membrane
  - biomembranes that segregate their internal environment from the surroundings
  - centrioles
  - chemical ways of consuming food
  - chloroplasts
  - energy, so all cells contain and share information
  - identical chromosomes
  - internal structures that move
  - same basic chemical composition and metabolic activities
* All cells have some components in common
  - internal resistance
  - static organelles
  - the apoptotic machinery, but healthy cells lack the signals to trigger it
* All cells have the same basic chemical composition
  - general layout, but prokaryotic cells are small and simple
  - organic nutrional requirement
  - their magnetic moments pointing in a specific direction along the helix trace
  - interact with their environment
  - involved are produced by mitosis
  - live at least partly in touch with a water solution
  - maintain an electrical difference across their cell membrane
  - manufacture proteins using organelles called ribosomes
  - modulate the levels at which specific genes are expressed under different conditions
  - pick up oxygen and release waste into red blood cells that circulate in the bloodstream
* All cells possess a cell wall
  - an array of sugars on their surface
  - probably have cell processes reaching the basal lamina
* All cells receive and respond to signals from their environment
  - signals from their surroundings
  - rely on the process of osmosis to some degree
* All cells reproduce by expanding and dividing into two
  - themselves by dividing
* All cells require calcium for numerous functions
  - energy to survive and undergo chemical processes to sustain life
  - folic acid and it can diffuse easily into human cells
  - oxygen to function
  - phosphorus for growth
  - respire, but only plants, algae, and some bacteria also have photosynthesis
  - rest on the basement membrane
  - share at least some structures
  - sit on the basement membrane however
  - suffer mutations
  - touch the basement membrane, but only the taller cells reach the lumen
  - transmit signals to grow, divide or migrate
* All cells use DNA as their genetic material
  - amino acids and fatty acids combined with a glucose and oxygen to make energy
* All cells use glucose for energy
  - to produce energy for function
  - membranes to make and convert energy, and carry out life processes
  - precise homeostatic regulatory systems to maintain appropriate intracellular levels
  - used in rebuilding come from basal layer of endometrium
  - work in close cooperation and their functioning is what keeps the organism alive
* Any cell is recognizable as belonging to a particular body.
* Describe the types and functions of cells.
* Every cell assembles the amino acids into the proteins it needs
  - becomes alive because very cell sex cell
  - carries the same package of DNA, including sex cells - the sperm and egg
  - contains DNA, the hereditary molecule
* Every cell contains a multitude of protein-synthesis factories, the tiny particles called ribosomes
  - nucleus , which is even smaller, but still visible under a microscope
  - part called the mitochondria , which acts like an engine
  - approximately one billion protein molecules
  - genes, which are sets of instructions for all the functions of our cells
* Every cell has a complete set of genes
  - nucleus , which is the cell's control center
  - vast assortment of macromolecules
  - all the planes
  - eight neighbour cells and belongs to a cell type
  - small organelles within it that perform different tasks
  - some things in common, and something that makes it different
  - tens of thousands of genes, which occur on threadlike structures called chromosomes
  - the potential to be cloned
  - three parts, whether it be a blood cell, brain cell, or reproductive cell
  - two long flagella
* Every cell is alive
  - an electrical generator, and produces an electrical field
  - bathed in sodium containing fluid
  - considered to have eight neighboring cells with which it shares edges or corners
  - covered by a membrane that controls what can enter and leave the cell
  - encased within a semipermeable membrane
* Every cell is enclosed by a plasma membrane
  - in a membrane
  - exposed to the external environment, thereby facilitating intracellular digestion
  - sensitive to certain forms of stress, and capable of initiating a specific response
* Every cell is surrounded by a membrane that separates it from the outside world
  - the product of a cell cycle
  - needs calcium in order to function properly
  - reproduces itself
* Every cell requires calcium
  - growth signaling
  - starts from a fertilized ovum
* Many cells also form vacuoles.
* Many cells are binocular unless purturbed to mediate stereopsis
  - capable of synthesizing cytokines but do so only under appropriate conditions
  - dependent on hormones, cytokines or growth factors for their survival
  - so small as to be visible only with a good microscope
  - bind to components of the extracellular matrix
* Many cells can completely undergo interphase without centrosomes
  - exhibit migratory behaviour
  - communicate by secreting small molecules
* Many cells contain dried pupae
  - similar structures
  - stacks of needle-shaped raphides
  - die quickly, leaving only a fraction of cancerous cells dividing
  - die, for example, and some go to the wrong place or become the wrong kind of cell
* Many cells have 'calcium channels' on their surface
  - structural specializations
  - unique extensions of their cytoskeleton for movement
  - involved in apoptosis have the capacity to induce apoptosis by overexpression
  - lose their ability to function, or begin to function abnormally
  - make up one muscle, and each cell has smaller subdivisions that are the functional units
  - never have a large increase in size after they are first formed from a parental cell
  - perform active migration
  - populate organs, such as the spleen or the tonsils, after maturity
  - repel negatively charged molecules with their similarly charged cell membranes
* Many cells secrete materials into the regions which are outside the cellular membrane
  - proteins into their surrounding extracellular fluid
  - take in food and other things using something called endocytosis
  - undergo exocytosis including mast cells, pancreatic beta cells, and yeast
* Many cells use nickel and carbon electrodes, and potassium hydroxide as an electrolyte
  - respiratory processes to obtain their energy
* Most cells also double their mass and duplicate all their cytoplasmic organelles in each cycle.
* Most cells are diploid and have two copies of each chromosome
  - fundamentally aquatic
  - in interphase most of the time
  - located in animals
  - microscopic because a
* Most cells are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
  - be seen without a microscope
* Most cells contain DNA in the form of chromosomes located in the nucleus
  - a single nucleus that reproduces during mitosis and cell division
  - both types of channels, but the relative amount varies
  - many mitochondria
  - die after a few divisions
* Most cells express more than one hexose transporters
  - multiple signal transduction pathways
  - function best within a narrow range of temperature and acidity
  - go through a series of changes in order to maintain homeostasis
* Most cells have a nucleus
  - reproducible staining pattern, regardless of the tissue
  - scaffolding made up of 'microtubules', made from fibres of the protein tubulin
  - abundant pink cytoplasm
  - cytoskeletons of microtubules, which are fibres made of the protein tubulin
  - many inputs, integrated over cell surface and over time
  - no idea of the body or the mind of that body
  - one centrosome, which is replicated shortly before cell division
  - repair enzymes which routinely correct mutations in the DNA caused by UV
  - similar metabolic pathways for synthesis of fat
  - skeletons made up of microtubules made from fibres of the protein tubulin
  - something on the walls
  - very little mass
  - only measure a few thousandths of a millimeter in diameter
  - produce coats that are external to the plasma membrane
  - regenerate themselves by dividing to form a pair of new cells
  - release histamine and other biologically active substances
  - spend the vast majority of their life in telophase
  - stop dividing when they encounter another cell
  - synthesize an extracellular matrix containing among other things proteoglycans
* Most cells undergo a degenerative process indicative of apoptosis and are deleted before ovulation
  - growth arrest or apoptosis in response to hypoxia
  - use oxygen to produce enough energy to carry on the basic functions of life
* Some cells also demonstrate nuclear folds and grooves
  - feature orderly arrangements of molecules called organelles
* Some cells are amazingly refractory to virus
  - benign, but growing
  - body cells
  - excitable , that is, they can change their membrane potential
  - huge and some are small
  - immortal
  - immune to certain types of environmental selection and others are susceptible
* Some cells are located in mammals
  - mosquitoes
  - vertebrates
  - more important than others
  - multinucleate
  - part of at least two different gland-like structures
* Some cells are specialized for reproduction
  - to carry oxygen to the different parts of the body
  - specialized, evolve from unicellular cells
  - transients, dying when their jobs are done
  - very agile, and can do amazing things
* Some cells become dystrophic with age and no longer perform their normal tasks
  - skin cells, for example, while others become blood cells
  - begin to form the brain, others the bones, the digestive system, and so on
  - break free from the biofilm and return to a free-swimming state
* Some cells can divide every few hours
  - live independently of other cells
  - take up naked DNA by transformation, as bacteria do
* Some cells can use Vitamin D as a substitute for testosterone when testosterone is unavailable
  - the waste products of others, while other interactions are mutually beneficial
  - vary the shape and duration of the evoked action potential
  - cease metabolizing
  - change their formula in order to survive in an acidic environment
  - cluster at the dermal-epidermal junction
  - combine to form bones
  - come from unborn children, which are killed when the cells are removed
* Some cells contain bile
  - foamy eosinophilic material
  - continue to metabolize but at slower rates
  - develop into the embryo and some cells develop into the placenta
* Some cells die and disintegrate, leaving spaces where fluid and infected cells accumulate
  - others are damaged
  - during the process of neuronal development
  - differentiate into brain cells, some into liver cells, etc
  - do contain mucin vacuoles
  - exhibit concentric laminated smooth faced cisternae
  - express programmed cell death apoptosis along a particular developmental scheme
* Some cells form a long stalk and others form a spore-filled sac atop the stalk
  - heart connective tissue, other cells grow into heart valves
  - go through repeated cell cycles
* Some cells grow easily and can even form tissues in a dish
  - outward to form root hair
* Some cells have a centrally located nucleus and others have a more basal nucleus
  - glycocalyx, which carbohydrate-rich surface on the outside the membrane
  - granules alongside the recurrent flagellum
* Some cells have many Golgi bodies
  - more of the specific receptors than others
  - multiple nuclei per cell
  - only a single cell
  - prominent nucleoli
  - several thousand mitochondria while others have none
  - signet ring appearance
  - specialised functions
  - tiny hair-like fibers that are called flagella
  - to die, so that other cells can live
  - very irregularly-shaped nuclei
  - identify the characteristic molecular shape of an antigen and respond by proliferation
  - increase surface area with folds, microvilli
  - induce cells to become phagocytic
  - link to the collagen-proteoglycan complex directly
  - live a couple of hours, others live a couple of days, weeks or months
  - make food by means of photosyenthesis, others serve for reproduction and locomotion
  - move to new positions, organs form, and a wormlike larva hatches from the shell
  - penetrate neighboring tissues, destroying normal cells and taking their place
  - prefer the right eye, and others prefer the left eye
  - proceed to make proteins employing iron atoms to carry oxygen
  - react only to red
  - receive mysterious signals and begin dividing rapidly
  - release multiple transmitters, each causing a different response post-synaptically
  - rely exclusively on salvage pathways
  - remain meristematic - retain ability to divide
  - require growth factors to stimulate division
  - resemble lymphocytes with dense round basophilic nuclei and little cytoplasm
  - send abnormal signals, which stop other cells from working properly
* Some cells show another structure in the nucleus, called the nucleolus
  - golden brown glycogen in the cytoplasm
  - simultaneously express both proteins
  - specialize in secretion
  - stick to coveslips better if they are coated with poly amino acids or collagen
  - stop dividing when they become adult cells
  - take in large molecules by means of pinocytosis
  - turn over each day
* Some cells use different electrolytes for each half-cell
  - oxygen to release the energy stored in food
  - wander around the body of the sponge secreting spongin to make the skeleton.
  * In biology, the 'cell' is the basic structure of organisms. All cells are made by other cells
* absorb the radioactive material after it is injected into the body.
* absorb, convert, and use several forms of energy in their life processes.
* aggregate to form tissues
  - with others of a similar kind - molecules aid in recognition
* also consist of thin layers of proteins and lipid molecules called membranes
  - contain many tiny organelles called mitochondria
  - divide so living things can grow
  - enter secondary lymphoid tissues through the lymphatics
  - have a complex internal framework made of pro- tein fibers
  - invade vessels of the lymph system
  - make carbon dioxide as a waste
* always expand in both directions.
* appear to react together and permently link to each other.
* are a very complex, highly organized form of matter
  - able to move by a structure termed the raphe
  - about a micron in diameter, or a millionth of a meter
  - academic journals
  - active in proportion to the quantity of food material and oxygen which they receive
  - alive and are the smallest living unit
* are also the basic functioning unit of life
  - where the processes of metabolism and heredity occur in an organism
  - amazingly diverse in shape, size, and function
  - an organism s basic units of structure and function
  - basic units of biological life
* are basically packages of living matter surrounded by membranes or walls
  - unlike in structure
  - biflagellated, both are attached at the same end of the cell
  - books
  - born from older cells , in a process called cell division
* are capable of dies
  - very diverse specialized functions
  - capped by worker bees when the larva pupates
  - chemically very similar
  - classified as prokaryotic or eukaryotic
  - compartments
  - complex, containing thousands of small structures called organelles and particles
  - composed of molecules, which are sets of atoms bonded together
  - considered the smallest structure that is alive
* are dead a functional maturity, but produce secondary cell walls before protoplast dies
  - or dying
  - deficient in dolichol kinase activity
  - dependent on environmental cues for normal growth
  - diodes
  - dynamic and metabolically active places
  - electrical devices
  - epithelial in nature, in that they are polar and connected with each other
  - epitheloid
  - excitable responding to environmental stimuli
  - exquisitely sensitive to differences in terrain, even on the nanometer scale
* are extremely complex and contain DNA, proteins, and a myriad of other components
  - dynamic entities when viewed under the microscope
  - films
  - fluorescent
* are formed through mitosis at the basale layer
  - innermost layers
  - generally in the size range of nanometers
  - holons which can form a body organ
  - identical to parents and so are vulnerable to the same environmental stresses
  - immortal if they are cleansed, nourished and rehydrated
  - in turn organized into tissues
  - incredibly complex
  - independent of the number and types of machines and networks
  - irregular spheres with a glycoprotein envelope and monopolar flagella
  - known as the basic building blocks of all livings things
* are like bricks that make a building
  - chemical factories, constantly putting out complex chemical reactions
* are located in animals
  - jails
* are lysed and digested with trypsin to give peptide fragments
  - in agarose to avoid the shearing effects of pipeting
  - made from only a small number of elements
* are made of cytoplasm
  - different structures that perform different functions that keep a cell alive
  - wax, or dug into wood, soil, plant stems, or mortar
  - up of billions of biomolecules working together
  - membrane bounded compartments filled with a concentrated solution of chemicals and salts
  - mesophillic or thermophillic
  - microcosms of larger living systems
  - microcytic
* are microscopic in size and are measured in metric units called micrometers
  - size, requiring microscopes for visualization
  - units, which have got different shapes and sizes
  - most vulnerable to heat when they duplicate their DNA before they divide
  - mostly water in which everything else is suspended
  - much more permeable to water than they are to glycerol
  - nearly always in the processes of protein turnover
  - obligate photoautrotrophs, lack phycoerythrin, and are thermophilic
  - of an unspecialized type
* are often able to recognize and repair certain mutations
  - different sizes and shapes because they perform different functions
  - too small to be seen without a microscope
  - with mucilage sheaths
* are organized in a way that allows organisms to do many different jobs at the same time
* are part of bodies
  - monasteries
  - rectangular in shape and contain cellular organelles and large intracellular granules
  - regarded in the cell theory to be the basic building block of life
  - relevant to biology class because biology is the study of life and all forms of life
  - rooms
  - round or ovoid in pairs or chains and most are non-motile
  - said to be most sensitive to radiation when they're dividing
  - seen as the basic structural, functional and biological units of all living systems
  - self maintaining in that each cell is produced by the division of a previous cell
  - sensitive to the frequency of calcium oscillations
* are small and cuboidal and have apparent nuclei
  - because rates of diffusion are better and adequate concentration
  - groups of people which become the focus of Christian community
  - so that surface area is increase
  - to maintain an optimal surface area to volume ratio
  - small, in most cases too small to see with the naked eye
* are smaller and have fewer ribosomes
  - rounder than endocervical adenocarcinomas with finer chromatin pattern
  - smallest building blocks of our body
* are so small that they are only visible through magnification
  - can only be seen under a microscope
  - some of the smallest organisms around
  - specialised for a particular function
* are specialized for different functions in multicellular organisms
  - into different types
  - subject to cell memory
  - susceptible to a wide range of fish viruses
  - teeny tiny things that use fuel, grow, and reproduce
* are the 'building blocks' of life, and cell division basic feature of life
  - area created by intersecting rows and columns
  - basic biological unit of living organisms
* are the basic building blocks of all living things
  - all tissues of the human body
  - every person
* are the basic living unit of organization for all forms of life
  - organization of living things
  - parts of life and a fundamental concept studied in life sciences
* are the basic structural and functional units of life
  - unit of plants, insects, animals and human beings
  - units of the body
* are the basic unit of all life
  - life and thus can regenerate if in a controlled environment
  - life, and all living things are made of one or more cells
* are the basic unit of structure and form in all living things
  - and function for all living things
  - and function in all living things
  - and function of all organisms
* are the basic units of structure and function iii
  - and function in living things
  - and function in the human body
  - that perform the vital functions of the tissues and organs of the body
  - basis of life
  - boxes in which data is entered
* are the building blocks of all life forms
  - living things, and are marvels of complexity and organization
  - cement that bonds believers together
  - constituent units of living things
* are the fundamental building blocks of living tissues
  - structural and functional units of all living organisms
  - unit of all living things
  - fundamental, structural, and functional units of living organisms
  - holographic units in the low and same grade and have similar functions
  - lowest level of organization in every life form
  - mature forms found in the circulation
  - most basic unit of life in living organisms
  - number of boxes placed in a row
  - objects in which all commands are executed
  - small building blocks of living tissue
  - smallest form of structure and function in living organisms
* are the smallest living thing
  - things, the basic units of organization of all organisms
  - unit in our body
  - parts of our bodies that are complete living units
  - self-functioning unit found in living organisms
  - things that can be alive
* are the smallest unit of life
  - units of life capable of surviving on their own
* are the smallest units that are considered alive
  - make up the body
  - perform all vital functions in a living organism
* are the structural and functional units of any living organism
  - of life, all cells come from other cells
  - units of most living organisms
* are the tiny bags of fluid of which every living thing is built
  - individual structures that make up all parts of the body
* are the units of function in living things
  - structure in living things
  - very small units that make up all living things
  - thought necessary because they separate one organism from another
  - thrifty, expedient, and responsive in their metabolism
* are tiny mass of protoplasm that form the fundermental unit of living matter
  - units that can only be seen with a microscope
  - too small to be seen without magnification
  - tumorigenic in nude mice
  - tumourigenic in nude mice and form colonies on agarose
  - unable to balance intracellular pH against strong buffers
* are uniform and have scant, pink cytoplasm and stipled nuclei
  - usually visible only through a microscope
* are very important because they carry out all of life s activities
  - small basic units of life
  - weak after transfection
* are what every living thing is made of
  - make up the human body, often referred to as the bodies building blocks
  - wider, devoid of chloroplast and are compactly arranged without air spaces
* arise by the cellular division of a previously existing cell.
* arise from other cells
  - pre-existing cells, so that all living things are composed of cells
* arise only by division of a previously existing cell
  - from the division of of preexisting cells
* assume normal growth process of the host organism.
* attack and destroy germs when they enter the body.
* become abnormal and are produced in large amounts
  - grow out of control
  - cancerous, however, when they begin dividing without control or order
  - farther removed from the outside at an exponential rate
  - fused together and are referred to as a giant cell
  - naturally competent at a certain point in the growth cycle
  - specialized during the development of an organism
  - specialized, forming the three germ layers found in all vertebrates
  - tools for caring for the body
* begin keratin synthesis
  - meiosis just like they begin mitosis, after interphase
* begin to die, and the organism becomes ill
  - form new collagen
* break because of shear forces, grinding between beads, and collisions with beads
  - off and form new colonies
  - through the basal lamina and spread into the muscle layer
* build animals from tiny living things to romping and stomping pets
  - proteins from smaller molecules called amino acids
  - up on the skin's surface, making the skin thick, dull, less elastic, and discolored
* burn energy while regenerating and healing.
* can also differ with respect to their associations with other cells
  - enter the bloodstream and travel to distant organs, such as the lungs or brain
  - generate their own action potentials
  - move as individuals
  - move, duplicate, and alternate their biomedical reactions
  - separate due to failure in the middle lamella in the tangential direction
  - work together to perform some complicated functions
  - arise only from cells that already exist
  - attack specific pathogens
* can be either bacteria or human cells
  - isodiametric
  - of any size
  - become adrenal gland or sympathetic ganglion depending on their location
* can break away from the initial tumor to form new growths elsewhere in the body
  - off and be carried around the body to settle somewhere else and form new cancers
  - breakdown starch, liberating glucose molecules in the cytoplasm
  - change the receptors and other molecules that are active at a given time
  - communicate by producing chemicals that diffuse locally in the extracellular fluid
  - contain thousands of genes
  - die in many ways
  - distinguish between charge and stuff
  - divide only so many times
  - easily migrate through swelled hyaluronic acid ground substance
  - function as individual organisms or can be part of higher organizational units
  - grow outside the freshwater plume
* can have A or B proteins or both on their surface, and O is the lack of either
  - materials built and attached to the membrane or just built around the cell
  - more than one nucleus or lack a nucleus all together
  - maintain pH chemically by using buffers
  - make exact copies of themselves
  - move like amoebae and crawl between other cells to reach their destination
  - no longer function normally, cell death occurs, and parts of the brain are destroyed
  - produce gametes only after they have reached a critical size
  - react to rapid increases in temperature to protect proteins from denaturating
  - reproduce but only molecules can replicate
  - secrete proteins outside of the plasma membrane
  - signal to each other
  - sometimes contain changes in the information in their genes
  - spend more energy repairing DNA than synthesizing it
  - spread as a single cell or as many tiny cells
  - store one bit of information in one nanometer of space
* can then assemble glucose molecules into starch granules that are stored in the cells
  - grow uncontrolled and develop into a cancer
* can thus extensively manipulate the rates of reactions through changes in their DNA sequence
  - produce particular proteins in large amounts
  - travel through the body via the bloodstream or the lymphatic system
  - use their transferrin receptors to locomote
* capture and release energy.
* carry on the many functions needed to sustain life.
* carry out metabolic processes through their cell walls
* changes in sensory ganglia following proximal and distal nerve section in the monkey.
* cluster into micropapillary tufts or become stratified
  - together for a common purpose in the process of mitosis
* combine to form an organisms.
* come in all different shapes and sizes
  - shapes, sizes, and functions with life spans that vary correspondingly
  - two distinct types
* come only from existing cells
  - the division of a pre-existing cell
  - together, too, to construct living things
* commonly divide rapidly in womb life, childhood and puberty, to grow the adult body.
* communicate bio-information via the medium of light.
* communicate by sending messengers to other cells in the form of small molecules
  - signaling molecules, begin to multiply and form a microcolony
  - chemically with each other and respond to chemical cues from their environment
  - covertly, coded call and response to threshold excitation
* communicate with cells
  - each other by chemical signals
  - one another
* communicate, process information and interact.
* connected in series make a battery.
* consist primarily of water and release a great deal of heat energy during metabolism.
* constantly exchange information in the form of chemical message or electrical signals
  - have to adapt to environmental changes and mutational changes
  - produce molecules that ensure the survival of their neighbours
  - switch genes on or off as conditions change
* consume energy more efficiently
  - the oxygen and nutrients and add carbon dioxide, wastes, enzymes and hormones
* contain DNA and make up our bodies
  - DNA, which controls the production of proteins
* contain a diverse array of both enzyme families
  - macronucleus and micronucleus
  - set of structures called organelles that control the various functions of the cell
  - actin and myosin protein which enables cells to contract
  - an amazing array of types of protein activities
  - four families of small organic molecules
  - from one to several nucleoids, depending on their growth rate
  - full metabolic biochemical pathways
* contain genetic information that is passed on to the next generation of cells
* contain hereditary information that is carried forward as a genetic code during cell division
  - which is passed on from cell to cell during division
  - identical chromosome number and are genetically identical to each other and parent
  - large amounts of silica
  - long strands of DNA, which are called chromosomes
* contain many different sized lipid vacuoles, store vitamin A and are related to fibrocytes
  - diverse types of myosins
  - types of cytoplasmic vesicles
  - many, many enzymes capable of catalyzing hydrolytic reactions
  - mechanisms to die as well as grow and divide
  - pairs of chromosomes from each parent
  - preventive antioxidants to suppress oxidative damage to membranes
  - separate sets of genes in their nucleus and in their mitochondria
  - several complex systems to fix damage before, during, and after replication
  - structural elements, collectively referred to as the cytoskeleton
  - structures called organelles which carry out specific functions
* contain the chromosomes which consist of long strands of DNA on which the genes are arranged
  - potassium, and the blood and interstital fluids are high in sodium
  - transducers which convert energy from electron flow to chemical energy
  - two strands of DNA that are exact mirrors of each other
* containing abnormal hemoglobin live less long than normal ones
  - such struc- tures are muscle cells
  - two sets of genetic information are referred to as diploid
* continually divide to make more cells for growth and repair.
* continue to divide and differentiate throughout a person's life
  - expand in numbers and together form organs for example skin or tissue
* continuously die off and are replaced by new cells
  - receive information from their environment and their neighbours
* cope with such changes by an elaborate network of adaptive responses.
* counts in bovine milk
  - individual cows can rise and fall rapidly
* depend crucially on communication and signalling.
* deprived of oxygen become damaged, and eventually die.
* derive energy from the oxidation of nutrients, such as glucose.
* develop and maintain complex organization.
* die and break down in two ways
  - as a natural part of our body s processes
  - off rapidly in hair follicles
  - via a variety of mechanisms
  - when ice crystals grow too large and damage cell walls
* differ in shape and size
  - the receptors that they display on their surfaces
* differentiate into functional types by using some genes but ignoring others.
* dissociate from each other as well as from plastic and glass.
* divide all the time.
* divide and copy themselves to produce gametes
  - keep dividing until they reach a limit and die
  - replicate themselves over the course of our lives
  - for growth, development, reproduction and replacement of injured or worn-out cells
  - in two stages
  - mostly in the direction of the colony surface
  - repeatedly to produce an embryo
  - through mitosis or meiosis
* divide to form new, identical cells
  - generate growth, development and repairs of our bodies
* divide, grow and migrate
  - migrate toward food and away from danger
  - sperm swim, constellations swirl into view
* dividing rapidly are at greatest risk.
* dying, and changing, is part of the natural anabolic and catabolic process in things.
* ellipsoid, ultimately involved in a fourfold tegument, which is expanded at the poles.
* emit heat in the course of energy conversion.
* enter apoptosis when they are damaged.
* entering the second division are haploid.
* equipped with pigment used for color change are called chromatophores.
* even engage in apoptosis - programmed cell death.
* eventually seed the vitreous, thereby obscuring the view of the retina.
* exert a tight control over their size.
* exhibit no effector activity in antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxic system.
* exist far from thermal equilibrium by harvesting energy from their environment.
* exist in a variety of shapes and sizes
  - an initiated state rather than a normal or transformed state
  - under conditions that are described as a steady state
* expend much of their energy in expelling sodium from the cell.
* express both the wildtype and variant oestrogen receptors as well as progesterone receptor
  - different surface antigens at different stages
  - repo after they have committed to the glial cell fate
* expressing the b-galactosidase gene cleave the substrate.
* feed individually but can aggregate to migrate and form a fruiting body.
* filled with fatty droplets die and burst, providing lubrication for the skin and hair.
* fix broken DNA strands on their own using DNA repair.
* form the basic building blocks of living things
  - parts of an organism and carry out all of the organism's functions
  - tissues and organs, which form into complex systems
* forms the basic units of all living organisms.
* frequently assume a cup shape in capillaries
  - contain brown pigments which are probably tannins
  - respond to environmental changes or insults by undergoing apoptosis
* function like miniature factories, constructing new molecules from raw materials
  - through the application of electric charges to rare gases contained within
* gain their strength by clumping together with other cells
  - water if external environment is hypoosmotic
* generally double their mass during each cell cycle
  - maintain a homeostasis of energy charge
* get nutrition by absorbing it directly through their surfaces
  - their food from Chloroplasts which are held inside the plant cell
* go through a series of changes before they turn into cancer
  - meiosis and mitosis
  - several steps in the process of cell division
* grow and divide - thereby producing more cells
  - to replace cells that are lost because of normal wear and tear or injury
  - divide, producing more cells
  - as monolayer and in suspension in spinner cultures
* grow by dividing
  - first increasing in size and then splitting into two
  - taking up water
  - chemically in vats, While nerves soak in anesthetic
* grow in coherent clumps
  - hollow spheroid colonies that can attach loosely
  - semi-suspension
  - increasingly smaller to fit in
  - larger as they take in or make their own food
  - to a certain size and then divide
* grown in different media have different compositions as well as different sizes and weights.
* have a double role
  - large, oval-shaped nucleus with a prominent nucleolus
  - specific area on their surface, known as a receptor, to which insulin attaches
  - variety of organelles, each with a specific function
  - very large proportion of their volume devoted to mitochondria
  - watery medium called cytosol that contains the necessary factors for their survival
  - ability to draw water out of cell into the surrounding environment when temp drops
  - active control over the stability of chromatin
  - an equal chance of being dominated by either eye
  - both free and membrane-bound ribosomes
  - complex structure and sophisticated molecular machinery
  - consciousness as well as emotions
  - finger-like projections that they use to feel their surroundings
  - internal oscillators that operate independently of light stimulus
  - large round to oval nuclei and abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm
  - life cycles, much like humans do
* have many mitochondria to supply energy for active transport
  - nuclei which contain chromosomes
* have particular structures or organelles that perform specific jobs
* have receptors for signaling molecules
  - transferrin on their surface
  - on their surface and in their cytoplasm and nucleus
  - sticking out of their membranes
  - which attract only a specific hormone
  - round to oval nuclei, relatively clear cytoplasm, and well defined cell borders
  - several mechanisms that regulate their internal environments
* have the ability to produce more mitochondria as needed
  - rest without dying
  - connotation of being prolific units, like families, that belong to a larger system
  - their own processes to deal with proteins they manufacture for themselves
* have to be able to recognize each other and know how to interact
  - selectively take up and excrete certain molecules
  - expend energy to transport that nutrient into the cell
  - maintain water balance through something scientists call osmosis
  - make a copy of their DNA in order to divide and thus grow
  - two kinds of nuclei
  - upwards of a hundred times more of it than any other gene
  - very specialized structure and function and are able to reproduce when needed
* having similar specialized functions form together and lead to formation of organs or tissues.
* help the body fight off germs.
* hold all of the biological equipment necessary for life.
* identify their relative position by use of anterior and posterior morphogens in the embryo
  - themselves by marker molecules on the cell membrane
* includes cell membranes
  - corpi
  - lobes
  - sections
* increase in size and weight as they store fat
  - size, incorporate various substances from medium
* increases in size.
* induce their own death by chopping their DNA into little pieces.
* infected by the bacterium make chemicals to fend off the infection
  - virus often fuse together, producing multinucleated cells, or syncytia
* infected with non lytic viruses can continue to produce viral particles indefinitely
  - the bacteria develop mineral deposits both on the inside and outside
* interact with one another in different ways based on what type of cell they are.
* intercalate to narrow the tissue and at the same time move it forward.
* internalize molecules from the exterior by at least two distinct pathways of endocytosis.
* invaded by bacteria normally give clear signals that they're infected
  - the zygotes appear to behave differently
* involved in the immune response are white blood cells.
* just vary in their forms and functions.
* keep living things organized
  - moving in by involution together with extensive epiboly movements on the surface
* know when to stick together.
* lack a cell wall
  - symbiotic algae and structural organization of normal tissue
* lacking membrane-bound organelles are prokaryotic, and bacteria are prokaryotes
  - specific receptors are resistant
* lining the airways produce excess mucus to intercept and expel dust
  - follicles appear to be increased in number as well as in size
  - tubes produce substances that alter sperm so that they can fertilise an ovum
* lose their ability to regulate the coming and going of calcium and potassium
  - repair themselves and die
  - integrity and die within hours or minutes
  - turgor and begin to shrink away from their cell walls
  - viability once the animal is deceased
* lying between the seminiferous tubules produce the male sex hormone testosterone.
* make a copy of themselves, or divide in a process called mitosis.
* make a small molecule called tubulin that is critical to cell division and movement
  - that's critical to cell division and movement
  - cholesterol as well as absorbing it from the blood plasma
  - identical copies of themselves through mitosis
  - new cells by dividing
  - protein strands from nonessential amino acids
  - proteins by stringing together long chains of organic molecules called amino acids
* make up bodies
  - every part of a living thing and work together to keep the life form alive
  - or comprise tissues
* manufacture their own energy by burning the substances found in foods.
* maximize contact with each other and begin to spread on each other.
* migrate during gastrulation
  - from the embryonic yolk sac to the testes
* migrate to form a layered structure
  - regional lymph nodes and can spread to other internal organs
* move at apparently random directions due to the absence of exogenous chemotactic stimulation
  - away from the lumen after completing mitosis
  - down, displacing the hypoblast
* move materials across their membranes
  - into and out of their interiors by a number of processes
  - upward through the layers reaching toward the surface, maturing as they go
* multiply and divide
  - out of control and tumors develop
* mutate in everyone, everyday.
* naturally produce waste chemicals as a product of their metabolism.
* never have flagella but some can glide using mucilage.
* normally divide in a series of carefully timed steps
  - an orderly way to produce more cells only when they are needed
  - into two equal halves
  - have very small amounts of the proteins that extrude anti-tumor agents
  - present in blood which act as defenders against invading bacteria and viruses
* obtain energy from nutrients and also produce waste products
  - nutrients and eliminate wastes through the cell membrane
* occupy positions in space, they sit on a regular lattice.
* often appear in both the vitreous and anterior chamber
  - binucleate that morphologically ganglion cells are also present
  - destroy themselves if they have a mutation
  - have to respond very quickly to changes in their internal and external environments
* only arise from pre-existing cells
* orchestrate their functions, in part, through discrete calcium signals.
* organize things.
* originate as fairly similar types of cells then specialize into different kinds of cells
  - only from pre-existing cells, meaning new cells arise by cell division
* overburdened with protein become toxic.
* pass on their genetic material to newly formed cells through their chromosomes
  - to the mesenteric lymph nodes where the immune response is amplified
* perform a variety of functions necessary for life.
* phones cause gas station explosions
  - lower teens' smoking
* pick up oxygen in the lungs and transport it to all the body cells.
* possess cell surface antigens specific for intestinal epithelial cells in vivo.
* prepare for meiosis by replication of their genetic material as for mitosis.
* present an intact glycocalyx and complement of surface molecoles.
* process an enormous amount of iron for very small yields of energy.
* produce compounds called prostaglandins that promote cell division in the colon
  - mRNA by transcription of their DNA genomes
  - more cells by dividing into two cells
  - proteins by reading information inside genes
  - substances called growth factors
  - the rhino's horn, which helps the rhino defend itself
  - tumours in athymic nude mice
* produced by the first few divisions of the fertilized egg are also totipotent
  - on the outside of the cambium layer become bark
* producing enamel degenerate after the tooth has broken through the gum.
* protect themselves against cancer naturally and, in doing so, decrease their reproduction.
* provide structure and carry on major functions to sustain life.
* receive information from their environment through a class of proteins known as receptors
  - neighbors through a class of proteins known as receptors
  - some substances by osmosis
* regenerate more rapidly when moist.
* regulate protein activity by adding and removing phosphates
  - the activity of cytokines by glycosylation
* rely on proteins to regulate their differentiation and growth.
* remain viable because physiological changes occur.
* replicate at the ends
  - tlieends
  - to produce neurones by the billion
* reproduce asexually, by dividing
  - by binary fission
  - through a continuous sequence of growth and division known as the cell cycle
  - twice as fast during rest than during working hours
  - using a process called mitosis
* require a constant supply of oxygen so the heart beats more quickly to meet the demand
  - continuous supply of energy, as adenosine triphosphate, for survival and function
  - moist environment to survive
  - an adequate supply of negatively charged ions to function effectively
  - chemical energy to function
  - energy in order to perform their cellular processes efficiently
* resemble endodermal cells.
* respond directly to mechanical input through a process called mechanotransduction.
* respond to a variety of stimuli resulting in the expression of a protein
  - activin by transcribing various mesodermal genes in a concentration-dependent way
  - injury by synthesizing a family of heat shock proteins
  - introduced oncogenes in a variety of ways
  - the environment
* retain oil and tenin.
* rotate while swimming, and can also swim backwards.
* secrete somatostatin and insulin in culture.
* seem generally able to migrate within the tube
  - to have appeared first in the oceans
* send information to the Gustatory sensory neurons.
* shift and change and die and move all the time.
* show evidence of coagulation necrosis and are converted into a uniform pink staining material
  - loss of intercellular cohesiveness
  - morphological and immunocytochemical features of the tumour of origin
  - properties that characterise life
* showing intestinal dysplasia are one step closer to cancer
  - the positive reaction belong to granulocytes or monocytes
* shrink and blood flow decreases
  - stimulate neurosecretory cells
* shrink, condense their chromatin, and display membrane blebbing.
* simply provide physical cohesion.
* slowly lose the ability to divide and reproduce as easily.
* sometimes coalesce to form organisms.
* specialise through cell differentiation.
* spend much more time in interphase than in cell division.
* stain gram positive
  - gram-negative
* start major differentiation processes, losing their totipotentiality
  - moving in separate parts
  - the cell cycle with a single centrosome which duplicates only once each cycle
  - to make an enzyme that breaks down the fibers in the basement membrane
* structurally unite to form organisms.
* support the replication of a wide range of feline viruses.
* synthesize a new dermis at the same time that the scaffold is being broken down
  - fats from sugars
  - purine nucleotides in two ways
* take highly varied forms in different plants, animals, and microorganisms
  - in and get rid of substances in various ways
* take in nutrients and give off wastes
  - that they use to provide energy to carry out their life functions
  - specific substances from surrounding fluid using a receptor
* take up cholesterol through receptor-mediated endocytosis of plasma lipoproteins
  - less glucose, leaving too much in the bloodstream
* taken into the body also have their individual and collective consciousness.
* tap energy from electrons transferred from organic fuels to oxygen.
* tend to be polygonal in solid areas
  - relatively alkaline internally living within relatively acid fluid
  - spherical
  - pile up in cultures with high population density
* then become malnourished, weaken, degenerate and then die
  - begin to proliferate more rapidly and develop stroma and undergo angiogenesis
  - migrate around the helpless prey and digestion takes place extracellularly
* then use it as energy or convert it to fat
  - the amino acids as building blocks
* therefore use catalysts called enzymes to accelerate many metabolic reactions.
* tie all living organisms together.
* transiently produce insulin in culture followed by somatostatin.
* travel along the dorso lateral surface of the somite.
* undergo apoptotic death or death linked to mitosis after ionizing radiation
  - ingression in the marginal region of the blastoderm, but mainly away from the margin
  - many changes in the proteins they make when they transform into cancer cells
* undergoing autophagy essentially eat themselves
  - division are particularly susceptible to free radicals
  - mitosis are common, as are cells undergoing apoptosis
* unfortunately contain thousands of different proteins.
* use cytokines to communicate with each other, and to regulate the immune response
  - different genes as they divide and become specialized during embryonic and fetal growth
  - either chemical or electrical signals to communicate with each other
  - enzymes to regulate metabolic pathways
  - hormones to communicate with each other
  - it to produce energy to grow and function
  - light energy from the sun to split water, a process called photolysis
  - lipidsfor energy storage, for structural support, and as signaling molecules
  - many different ways to monitor and control their growth
  - nutrients during the day, which are replenished during the night
  - the simple sugar glucose as a source of energy
  - vesicles to signal each other in a variety of ways
  - vitamin C in the form of ascorbic acid
* usually die within seconds without water
  - divide in a controlled way, but abnormal cells keep on dividing and dividing
* vary greatly in size and shape
* vary in size and complexity
  - the amount of handling they can survive
* work better in the presence of magnetic fields.
* work together as tissue, tissues work together as organs, and organs work together as systems
  - because they want to
+ Birth defect, Genetic defects, Chromosome defects: Health problems
  * Cells divide and copy themselves to produce gametes. Sometimes, errors happen in the way that chromosomes are copied during this process. These errors are then copied again and again as cells keep dividing and copying themselves. This condition happens when a child has three copies of the 21st chromosome, instead of two.
+ Blood, Red blood cells: Biochemistry :: Cardiovascular system
  * Red blood cells carry oxygen and carbon dioxide around our body. Cells in our body need oxygen to live. Cells also make carbon dioxide as a waste. Red blood cells bring more oxygen around the body. They also take away the carbon dioxide.
+ Calcium, Occurrence, Calcium in cells: Alkaline earth metals
  * It is important to know how cells work. Many cells have 'calcium channels' on their surface. These are openings where calcium ions can enter the cell. The cell is told to act and it opens the channels. Once in the cell calcium ions activates many proteins to do specific things. When it goes into nerve cells, it triggers electrical impulses that send a messages. When it goes into white blood cells it makes them fight germs.
+ Cell division: Cell biology :: Chromosomes
  * Cells are the 'building blocks' of life, and cell division is a basic feature of life. For simple unicellular organisms like amoeba, one cell division reproduces the entire organism. On a larger scale, cell division can create offspring from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. But most importantly, cell division enables organisms that are able to sexually reproduce to develop from the one-celled fertilised egg zygote. After growth, cell division allows for continual renewal and repair of the organism. And binary fission is where a cell splits in two
  * Cells are born from older cells, in a process called cell division. Cells contain information that is passed from the parent cell to the daughter cells, so that the daughter cells can do what they need to do.
  * Because cells are alive, they must be able to eat and do other things to stay alive. All cells have chemical ways of consuming food. These are part of its metabolism
+ Centrosome, Roles of the centrosome: Organelles
  * Interestingly, centrosomes are not required for the progression of mitosis. When the centrosomes are irradiated by a laser, mitosis proceeds with a normal spindle. In the absence of the centrosome, the microtubules of the spindle are focused by motors allowing the formation of a bipolar spindle. Many cells can completely undergo interphase without centrosomes.
+ Eukaryote, Structure, Internal membrane: Cell biology :: Protista :: Taxonomy :: Evolutionary biology
  * In eukaryotic cells, there are many things with membranes around them. All of them together are called the endomembrane system. Simple bags, called vesicles or vacuoles, are sometimes made by budding off other membranes, just like how children make bubbles with their toys. Many cells take in food and other things using something called endocytosis. In endocytosis, the membrane closest to the outside bends inwards and then pinches off to make a vesicle. Many other organelles that have membranes probably started off as vesicles.
+ Matter, Composition
  * The structure and composition of matter is investigated by breaking matter into smaller and smaller pieces. Hence, living organisms are made up of cells. Cells are composed of molecules, which are sets of atoms bonded together. Each atom, in turn, is an assemblage of elementary particles.
+ Photovoltaics, Solar Cells: Solar energy :: Solar power
  * Solar cells can be used to power tools or to recharge a battery. The first actual request of photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecrafts, but today the most photovoltaic modules are used for grid connected power creation. In this case a tool called an inverter is required to convert the direct current to alternating current. Cells require protection from the environment and are usually packaged tightly behind a glass sheet. When more power is required than a single cell can give off, cells are electrically connected together to form photovoltaic modules, or solar panels. A single module is enough to power an emergency telephone, but for a house or a power plant the modules must be arranged in multiples as arrays.
+ Prison, Prison buildings and facilities:
  * The inmates sleep in small locked rooms called cells. Cells have a bunk bed, a toilet, and a sink. Inmates are allowed to leave their cell every day for exercise.
+ Zinc finger, Zinc finger structure, ZFN function: Genetic engineering :: Enzymes
  * The DNA-binding domain binds to a specific DNA sequence. The DNA-binding domains bind to both strands on the DNA double helix. DNA-cleaving domains break the DNA strand and cut the gene base pairs out. Cells fix broken DNA strands on their own using DNA repair. Deletion mutations result from missing base pairs after DNA repair.