### animal:

Predator
* All predators have basically the same trait towards obtaining food.
* Any predator species that lives naturally in an area inhabited by whitefly.
* M any animals, especially humans, eat lobsters.
* Many predators also employ other senses when hunting, such as smell or a lateral line system
  - feed on aphids
* Many predators are digitigrade
  - part-time scavengers
  - well equipped to hunt beneath the surface of the sand
* Many predators avoid children who have watchful parents that are active in their children's lives
  - shrews because of strong scent glands used to mark their territory
  - can move quickly to catch a fleeing creature
  - consume meadow voles
  - develop search images by perceptual learning
  - dine on multiple types of prey
* Many predators eat only part of the prey, leaving the rest alive to continue growing
  - pocket gophers
* Many predators feed on a variety of small mammals and other predators
  - pollen and nectar at such times
* Many predators find poles difficult to climb
  - the otter, with their pungent scent glands, distasteful
  - have to learn how to quickly despatch prey by going for the throat
  - learn to avoid the species all together
  - lurk around nests to snatch eggs for food
  - scavenge too
  - strike to kill only on prey which move
  - take advantage of leopard frog prey
  - target the eggs, including reptiles
* More predators kill more prey, which, along with food scarcity, decreases the population.
* Most predators already exist at dangerously low levels
  - ambush prey
  - appear in water
* Most predators approach potential prey
* Most predators are giants compared to their prey
  - member of families
  - attack live animals
  - attract predators
* Most predators avoid sea snakes
  - skunks, but domestic dogs, coyotes, badgers, and great-horned owls kill a few
* Most predators avoid venomous sea snakes
  - become hunters
  - bite prey
  - bring down moose
  - capture prey
  - catch live prey
  - chase prey
  - compete for food
* Most predators consume herbivores
  - large numbers
  - meat
  - native prey
  - organisms
  - phytoplankton
* Most predators control reproduction
  - rodents
  - destroy pests
  - detect prey
  - develop skin
* Most predators eat animals
  - aquatic creatures
  - chickens
  - dead animals
  - flesh
  - insects
  - meals
  - mice
  - muscle meat
* Most predators eat other animals
  - small aquatic creatures
  - rabbits
  - rats
  - sheep
* Most predators eat small animals
  - sparrows
  - squirrels
* Most predators exhibit growth
  - preference
  - responses
* Most predators expend energy
  - precious energy
* Most predators feed on animals
  - bacteria
  - beetles
  - colorado potato beetles
  - fish
  - poisonous prey
  - follow prey
* Most predators get animals
* Most predators give birth to offspring
  - go after animals
  - grab prey
  - has-part teeth
* Most predators have a very good sense of hearing
  - ability
  - alternative strategies
  - color vision
  - communities
  - enemies
  - eyes
  - feet
  - habits
  - heads
  - instinct
  - keen eyes
  - large prey
  - modes
  - natural enemies
  - population size
  - powerful legs
  - roles
  - sharp senses
  - sources
  - hide places
* Most predators hunt other animals
  - wild prey
  - improve survival
* Most predators inhabit areas
  - environments
  - marine environments
  - wood areas
* Most predators invade areas
  - nest areas
* Most predators kill animals
  - birds
  - carnivores
  - cattle
  - deer
  - gazelles
  - goats
  - prey animals
  - victims
  - wildlife
* Most predators live in environments
  - habitats
  - oceans
  - stable environments
  - locate prey
* Most predators look for easy meals
  - hot meals
  - maintain stability
  - move into areas
* Most predators play critical roles
  - lead roles
  - major roles
  - pivotal roles
  - significant roles
  - pose threats
* Most predators prefer juicy prey
* Most predators prey on animals
  - graze herbivores
  - livestock
  - pigeons
* Most predators prey upon animals
  - receive food
* Most predators rely on eyes
  - surprise
* Most predators require cool water
  - seek food
* Most predators seek out live prey
* Most predators seize animals
* Most predators show little variation
  - stalk prey
* Most predators steal eggs
  - steer clear of skunks, but overly curious dogs tend to be the worst offenders
  - strike prey
  - survive years
* Most predators swim through open water
* Most predators take down prey
  - small prey
  - tend to go after juveniles, while humans, it seems, tend to go after adults
* Most predators threaten animals
  - plant life
* Most predators use appendages
  - feed appendages
  - hunt techniques
  - sound
  - tongues
  - vocal sound
  - wait for prey
* Some predator prey adapts to conditions.
* Some predators acquire infection
  - actually mistake shoals for large fish and avoid attacking
  - affect biodiversity
* Some predators approach armadillos
  - hagfishes
  - lizards
* Some predators are located in Africa
  - specialists on bees, including honeybees
  - specialized in their choice of prey, others are generalists
* Some predators avoid areas
  - detection
* Some predators become food
  - porcupines
  - bite humans
  - bury food
  - capture starfishs
* Some predators catch frogfishs
  - passenger pigeons
  - change their home ranges with the seasons to follow their prey
  - come from sea
  - compete for prey
  - construct burrows
* Some predators consume meadow voles
  - plants
  - control growth
  - cross streets
  - deceive with advertising coloration
* Some predators destroy nests
  - seed production
  - detect cuttlefishs
* Some predators die in sea
  - dive into water
  - drive animals
* Some predators eat adult iguanas
  - arthropods
  - babies
  - cicadas
  - clams
  - crabs
  - crickets
  - dormouses
  - frogs
  - giant squids
  - horses
  - jellyfish
  - lemmings
  - molluscs
  - mosquitoes
  - moths
  - mussels
  - oysters
  - parasites
  - people
  - shellfishes
  - shrimp
* Some predators eat small birds
  - snails
  - springtails
  - valuable fish
  - vertebrates
  - wild birds
  - worms
  - young birds
  - emerge at nights
* Some predators enter burrows
  - pasture
* Some predators feast on little rodents
* Some predators feed on aphids
  - bats
  - bugs
  - chinchillas
  - grass
  - lace bugs
  - larvae
  - mammal birds
  - mollusks
* Some predators feed on other arthropods
  - terrestrial arthropods
  - pipistrelle bats
  - salt marsh cord grass
  - sea urchins
  - small insects
  - vegetation
  - wildebeests
* Some predators feel backs
* Some predators fill ecological niches
  - similar ecological niches
  - find mice
* Some predators follow gazelles
  - optimal rules
  - give birth to animals
  - go to sea
* Some predators grab badgers
* Some predators have abundances
  - arms
  - bills
  - bumper crops
  - calves
  - chances
  - distribution
  - individuals
  - mosquitofishs
  - predator abundances
  - whales
  - widespread distribution
  - hide nests
* Some predators hunt and kill live prey
  - burmese pythons
  - cheetahs
  - ducks
  - from the air
  - in packs
  - jackrabbits
* Some predators inhabit bays
  - jungle
  - mix woodlands
  - surround jungle
* Some predators invade chambers
  - farms
  - nest chambers
  - underground chambers
* Some predators kill badgers
  - butterflies
  - caterpillars
  - chipmunks
  - close companions
  - elands
  - elk
  - embryos
  - foxes
  - koalas
  - large sauropods
  - lemurs
  - lions
  - members
  - tortoises
  - turkeys
  - leap into air
* Some predators live in Florida
  - certain areas
  - cornfields
  - different areas
  - same areas
  - streams
* Some predators live there too, including weasels
  - particularly weasels
* Some predators make noise
  - pheromone
  - occur in orchards
* Some predators perform functions
  - important functions
* Some predators prefer eggs because they are high energy sources of food
  - are high-energy sources of food
* Some predators prey on arctic hares
  - beavers
  - chicks
  - ermines
  - guppies
  - hammerheads
  - juvenile hammerheads
  - penguins
  - salmon
  - skinks
  - synapsids
* Some predators pursue bats
  - larvae and pupae in the soil
  - release specific chemicals
* Some predators rely on nutrients
  - replace teeth
  - require light
  - reside in shelter
  - shoot deer
  - spread diseases
  - stand on legs
* Some predators steal animals
  - survive fire
* Some predators take advantage of the concentration of birds during migration
  - american toads
  - target mice
  - think people with disabilities are the easiest victims of all
* Some predators threaten birds
  - eagles
  - hives
  - monkeys
  - otters
  - seabirds
  - turtles
  - thrive in landscapes
  - use their tongues as effective weapons
  - walk on legs
  - watch dogs
* actively seek and capture their prey
  - out their prey items
* affect the life spans of mystery snails that live out in the wild, needless to say.
* also can stress the birds and create a decrease in production
  - have the tools required for killing and eating prey
  - influence that nutrient transfer
  - kill a few prime age adults
  - roam in vans
* are a very tiny minority of the people on the Internet
  - above all other organisms below it
  - also able to use patches to move and follow right along with their prey
  - always a concern with any age sheep, but young lambs are an easy target for coyotes
* are an exciting and important part of a habitat
  - important part of any ecosystem, including the world that elk inhabit
* are animals that depend on killing other animals outright
  - live by killing and consuming other animals
  - which hunt other animals for food
  - animals, such as tigers, who stalk and kill other animals for food
  - another factor that limit wood duck production
  - at the top of a food chain
* are carnivores , which means their diet consists of meat
  - that feed on other organisms, and prey are the animals that are eaten
  - which typically search for and consume smaller prey
  - commonly generalists in their feeding preferences
* are consumers that catch and eat other consumers for their food
  - catch, kill and eat other living things
  - coyotes, foxes, bobcats, martins, and large hawks
  - examples of consumers who catch and eat other animals
  - fast and a parrot knows instinctively that it needs to be faster or die
  - found at the next level of the food chain
* are generally as large, or larger than the prey they feed on
  - bigger than their prey and kill the prey instantly
  - in our communities, our families, schools, and churches
  - insects or mites that eat pests
  - kind of like lightning
  - larger than the prey and are able to catch or overpower the prey relatively easily
  - leopards and man
  - less likely to go undetected when there are many eyes, ears and noses at work
  - likely to be owls, feral cats, Pacific giant salamanders, and large fish
  - mainly the large cats hyenas and hunting dogs
  - martins, bobcats, weasels, foxes, coyotes, goshawks, and great horned owls
* are more conspicuous than parasites and their importance is generally appreciated more
  - important in regulating bark beetle populations than parasites
  - likely to move on in search of easy prey, they do tend to be impulsive
  - most likely to catch weak, injured, old or very young prey
  - often generalist natural enemies although a few types are specialized
  - opportunists, and prey on any species readily available
* are organisms that consume other organisms-their prey
  - devour other living organisms for life-sustaining food
  - kill and feed on their prey outright
  - which eat other organisms for energy
* are part of a food chain , the process of passing energy from one organism to the next
  - an ecosystem
  - plentiful, notably cheetahs, leopards, and unusually large prides of lions
  - possums, raccoons, skunks, coyotes, dogs and occasionally cats
  - raccoons, opossums, and large birds
  - seen as balance wheels in ecosystems
* are the animals that eat prey
  - natural population control system in nature
  - tigers, leopards
* are usually able to catch the weak, unlucky, old and sick
  - generalists and feed on a number of different pests
* are usually larger than parasites
  - well suited for catching, killing, and eating their prey
  - weasels, raptors, coyotes, foxes and bobcats
  - wild animals that hunt, or prey on, other animals
* attack and consume pests directly
  - giraffes
  - livestock and other domestic animals
  - nests and babies fall to the ground
* attack, kill and eat prey.
* avoid monarchs because they've learned they taste bad
  - out the best traits in a species which helps future generations
* can affect prey populations through changes in traits that reduce predation risk.
* can also snatch a male's train if they are roosting too low
  - threaten endangered species
  - attack a martin colony from the ground or the air
* can be cats and dogs, and many types of wildlife
  - predacious as immatures, as adults, or both, depending on type
  - dig under it, cats can jump over it
  - function to keep pest population outbreaks from occurring
* can have big impact
  - help significantly reduce vole populations
* can include ducks, geese, chickens, other birds, or even cannibalistic snails
  - owls and possibly other large bat species
  - owls, snakes, raccoons, hawks, crows, or even squirrels
  - play multiple roles in a community
  - t eat an entire group
* catch and eat their prey
* chase herbivores
* come from out of nowhere with lightening fast movements to kill the prey
  - nowhere, with lightning fast movements to kill their prey
* come in all shapes and sizes
  - many sizes and shapes
  - into contact
* concentrate in areas where there high concentration of organisms
  - concentration of prey
  - prey and limit prey numbers, which in turn limits predator numbers
* control mice and squirrels
* cull the weak and sick and poorly adapted
  - in others
* depend on grazers and browsers and on other predators.
* detect movement to locate prey
* do damage
  - extensive damage
  - herbivores and each other
* eat or destroy the eggs and even eat the hens
  - kill one or more insect pest directly
  - invertebrates and even fish
* eats prey.
* evolve elaborate systems to recognize their prey.
* exert a major impact on the nest sites ospreys choose.
  - several techniques
* exist everywhere, online and off.
* feature skulls.
  - fly eggs and young larvae
  - other living organisms - their prey
  - the pest insect
* follow prey, the wildlife biologists say
* form strong, lifelong prey search images in their first year of foraging.
* have a field day when emergence occurs
  - an unlimited capacity for increas
  - both direct and indirect effects on prey
  - breed habits
  - common interest
  - consequences
* have different means of killing and eating porcupines
  - weapons that are used to kill and eat prey
  - difficulty
  - eyes that face forward
  - issues
  - limitless appetite
  - only to learn one pattern and fewer butterflies get eaten
  - stomachs
* help control the size of their prey populations
  - to reduce the size of prey populations
* hunt and kill other animals for food
* hunting mode and habitat domain alter nonconsumptive effects in predator-prey interactions.
* include animals
  - barn owls
  - bears
  - bottom dwell animals
  - cougars
  - dire wolves
  - gray wolves
  - great horn owls
  - lynxes
  - marsupial lions
  - mountain lions
  - owl birds
  - pacific salmon
  - snake birds
  - snow owls
  - cells
  - corpi
* including raccoons, cats, snakes, blue jays, and crows eat the eggs and hatchlings.
* increase their predation abilities by mimicking a harmless species.
* induce cloning in echinoderm larvae.
* insects actively hunt and feed on other insects, often preying on numerous species.
* interact with prey, and prey interact with predators.
  - illustrated guide to predatory animals
* keep herbivore populations in check.
* kill and consume other organisms
  - deer in New Mexico each year
  - lots
  - many turkeys throughout the year
  - to eat, and to feed their own, nothing more
* know it is often safer to attack an animal caught off guard.
* learn faster if there are two unpalatable species that look the same
  - their responses to the defenses of prey
  - very fast to distinguish between edible and non-edible species
* leave their kills the next morning to find shade as the temperature rises.
* like to eat banana slugs at all stages of their lives.
  - the longest as a result of an extended incubation period
* move in from surrounding savanna when flood waters recede and soil dries out
* negatively influence duck recruitment in grassland ecosystems.
* obviously benefit when they are able to capture, kill, and eat their prey.
* often affect species other than their prey.
* often feed on prey from different trophic levels, for example
  - weak or sick animals in an ecosystem
  - have eyes that are in front of the head
  - scavenge animals dead of other causes and livestock can disappear in other ways
  - switch their attentions according to the relative abundances of their prey species
* outrun adults
  - healthy adults
* play an important role in keeping twospotted spider mite populations in check
* plays an important role in a food chain.
  - the weak, the sick, and the malnourished
  - weaker animals
  - weakness and insecurity
* prosper wherever there is no watchful eye.
* provide natural control of the pests.
* quickly learn prey types and adapt to recognize prey and to avoid inedible species.
* range from grizzly bears to foxes and include hawks and owls
  - the very large to the microscopic
* react to the smell that comes out of the sap excretion at the back, the honeydew.
* represent a small but important fraction of benthic communities in rivers of all sizes
  - yet another significant source of biological selection pressures in the tropics
  - frontal vision
* roam plateaus.
* run rampant, destroying everything they touch.
* scat often contains large amounts of hair and bones from the prey.
* select, chase, and consume prey until satiated.
* selectively graze reproductive structures in a clonal marine organism.
* serve a valuable function to keep prey species in balance with their habitat.
* soon learn to avoid the bright colors of the monarch caterpillars and butterflies.
* spend the winter as adults hiding in leaf litter in woods around fields.
* start by choosing the parents.
* stay away from mimics, thinking they are the poisonous animals they look like.
* strengthen prey.
* strike more often, as deer poaching and overharvesting outside the farms reduce wild prey
* swallow prey.
* tend to do very well in a structured environment.
* tend to have larger brains than their prey, relative to body size
* tie on neckerchiefs.
* to catch prey.
* travel greater distances or hunt for longer hours.
* try to hunt and kill.
* typically give skunks a wide berth unless little other food is available.
  - the Internet to contact victims and display their abuse of women and children
* usually capture the old, crippled, sick, or very young animals
  - count on surprise in order to capture prey
  - feed on insects smaller than themselves, ingesting one or more for a single meal
  - have to hit a single target to make a kill
  - hunt the ill, injured, old or young because they're easier to catch
* vary according to the movement of the herbivores.
* want prey.
* wear pinnies.
+ Defence against predators, Secondary defences, Methods: Co-evolution :: Ecology
  * Many predators strike to kill only on prey which move. That includes cats, lizards and mantids. A number of insects play dead when attacked. Some larger animals also do this, like the American Opossum. What playing dead does is avoid releasing the predator's inherited killing behaviour.
+ Vertebrate brain, Brain size, Mammals
  * Averaging across all mammals, it follows a power law, with an exponent of about 0.75.Armstrong E 1983. This formula applies to the average brain of mammals but each family departs from it, reflecting their sophistication of behavior. For example, primates have brains 5 to 10 times as large as the formula predicts. Predators tend to have larger brains. When the mammalian brain increases in size, not all parts increase at the same rate. The larger the brain of a species, the greater the fraction taken up by the neocortex. Developmental structure in brain evolution.