### animal | vertebrate | mammal | hoofed mammal:

Equine
* All equines have a parasite burden, and therefore treatment is periodically needed throughout life.
* are animals
  - herbivores
  - measures from the ground to the highest points of the withers
  - placental mammals
  - quadrupeds
  - relativley developed at birth - in that the baby can walk, and run on it's first day
  - terrestrial organisms
  - the members of the horse family and have single hoofed feet
  - troubled by flies which try to feed off body moisture and blood
* have a simple stomach.
* includes horses, ponies, mules, burros, and donkeys on both farms and non-farms
* means horse-like.

Javelina
* can inflict a serious wound.
* have poor eyesight, which enables hunters to approach within close distances.

Perissodactyl
* All perissodactyls are hindgut fermenters.
* have a simple stomach , in contrast to the chambered structure of most artiodactyls.
* inhabit a number of different habitats, leading to different lifestyles.

### animal | vertebrate | mammal | hoofed mammal:

Ruminant
* All ruminants require fibre in their diet, as do horses.
* adjust their intake in response to their energy requirements.
* also produce methane gas.
* are able to detoxify or transform mycotoxins to other metabolites, mostly less harmful.
* are animals that chew cuds, including cows, sheep, goats, deer and elk
  - their cuds, including cattle, sheep, goats, deer and elk
  - another group that tends to have sacculated colons
  - especially good at breaking down and utilizing forages
  - foregut fermenters, that consume lower quantities of higher quality vegetation
  - mammals that can break down cellulose
  - much more tolerant of vomitoxin than are many monogastric species such as swine
  - nevertheless susceptible to the deleterious effects of molds and mycotoxins in feed
  - particularly dependent upon gluconeogenesis
  - placental mammals
  - terrestrial organisms
* can develop a life-threatening bloat
  - usually survive on relatively poor ground unsuitable for other species
  - utilize dietary starch, but very little of it is absorbed as glucose
* chew their food more than once.
* contract the disease primarily through ingestion of soilborne anthrax spores.
* convert roughage into usable foodstuff.
* eat and digest plant-based food
  - quickly and swallow their food at first without much chewing
* generally eat quickly, swallow their meal into a large stomach chamber called the rumen
  - have their thiamin needs met by the thiamin production of the rumen microflora
* has no amino acid requirement.
* have a fore-stomach with four chambers
  - four-chambered stomach
* have an ability to convert some nitrate to usable products
  - even number of toes on each foot and a stomach with either three or four chambers
  - different capacities to convert nitrate into nitrite and finally to ammonia
  - multi chambered stomachs, capable of digesting rough vegetation
  - special stomachs that can digest grasses to make nutritious foods and other products
* hoofed mammal
* lack upper incisors and generally upper canines as well.
* means to chew the cud.
* produce prodigious quantities of saliva.
* provide the bulk of the industrial world's protein.
* regurgitate food and rechew it to help with the digestive process
  - their food and chew cud
* require fiber or roughage to ensure proper function of the rumen.
* use bacteria in rumen to digest fibrous cellulose.
* weep most readily.