### plant | tracheophyte | tree | conifer | pine:

Sugar pine
* are adept at growing in a variety of temperatures and precipitation levels.
* grows in a wide range of soil conditions.
* holds an important place in the history of California.
* is considered low in palatability to livestock and wildlife
  - primarily an early-seral to seral species
  - rated as slight resistant to nonresistant to heartwood decay
  - used for cover by wildlife

### plant | tracheophyte | tree | conifer | pine:

White pine
* adapts to a wide range of conditions from full sun to partial shade.
* appears to be especially susceptible to coastal wind storms.
* are a favorite food of deer
  - habitat for a host of birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and insects
  - useful in urban plantings
* can have smooth bark, even when mature.
* grows best in partial shade on medium to fine soils that have a good moisture supply.
* has five needles per cluster and has bluish green foliage
  - good color and soft needles
  - little durability, only fair strength and is usually sapwood
* have gray bark, blue-green foliage and long, soft needles.
* is Michigan's state tree
  - considered to be the largest pine in the United States
  - fast growing and long lived
  - important ecologically, socially, and economically
  - intermediate in shade tolerance
  - more shade tolerant than either red or jack pine
  - one of the most important and tallest timber trees in the Northeast
  - plants
* is sensitive to air pollution
  - the pollutant but shows considerable variation within the species
  - spatially diverse
  - still highly-valued by carpenters and furniture makers
  - susceptible to ice storm damage, sulfur dioxide, ozone, and salt sea spray
  - very susceptible to air pollution damage and can be an indicator of poor air quality
* preferred host for introduced pine sawfly.
* prefers well-drained, sandy soil, but it is found from rocky ridges to sphagnum bogs.
* provides an important food source for some key rodent species.
* show the most noticeable needle drop.
* soft, long needled tree.
* tends to be very soft.

Yellow pine
* Some yellow pine grows in habitats.
* is also a generic term which encompasses a variety of woods
  - strong species of wood
  - strong, very durable and straight-grained

### plant | tracheophyte | tree | conifer:

Spruce
* All spruce are sun-loving plants.
* Many spruces suffer from a disease known as cytospora canker.
* Most spruces bear cones.
* Most spruces grow in mountain valleys
* Most spruces have height
  - same height
  - waxy needles
* also provide cover and nest sites.
* are a soft wood that has branches that are horizontal and often drooping
  - also susceptible to other insect problems
  - at upper levels and hardwoods at lower levels
  - conifers
  - cultivated over vast areas as pulpwood
  - found chiefly in cooler temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere
  - susceptible to fire due to their thin bark and are also vulnerable to wind damage
  - the oldest major species of conifer
* coniferous tree
* have four-sided, short, stiff, and sharp single needles
  - individual, angled needles with brown pegs at the base of each needle
* includes bark
  - cell membranes
  - cells
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - leaf nodes
  - nuclei
  - plasma membranes
  - sections
  - stumps
  - tree branches
  - treetops
  - trunks
  - vacuoles
  - xylem
* sway among the variety of violet spritzes.
* tend to be tough trees, long-lived and very formal in appearance.

### plant | tracheophyte | tree | conifer | spruce:

Black spruce
* Most black spruces have needles
* are spruces.
* grows in the bogs that cover a large part of northern Minnesota
  - more slowly than many of the trees and shrubs with which it is associated
* is absent in conifer swamps growing in southern Wisconsin
  - found in bogs, and very acidic sites
  - the dominant tree species
* occur along the margin of the bog.