### agent:

Pathogen
* All pathogens are soilborne
  - release certain chemicals and proteins that our immune defense recognizes
* Every pathogen has a unique set of genes, some of which set off ''alarms'' in a host's body
  - is susceptible to a certain type of antibiotics
* Many pathogens also grow more quickly in warmer water
  - are transmitted by insect bites
  - can survive in foods at pH levels below their growth minima
  - depend on insect or other arthropod bites to break skin
  - invade tissues from their sites initial infection
  - survive between cropping seasons on crop debris
  - threaten extensive plantations in many parts of the world
* Most pathogen affects apes
  - great apes
* Most pathogen causes diseases
  - green mold diseases
  - guppy diseases
  - human diseases
  - neurological diseases
  - outbreaks
  - q fevers
  - root diseases
* Most pathogen causes severe diseases
  - has effects
* Most pathogen has minimal effects
  - negative effects
  - infects humans
  - produces toxins
* Most pathogens are bacteria
  - host-specific to a particular plant species, genus or family
  - microscopic and difficult to detect unless disease symptoms are apparent
  - opportunists and wait until defense is low before they attack
  - parasites but there are a few exceptions
  - parasitic and survive at the expense of the host
  - causing illness, such as bacteria, viruses, cancer, and fungi, are anaerobic
  - originate from the body fluids and feces of animals and humans
* See Microbial Insecticides below.
* Some pathogen causes breaks
  - damage
  - death
  - diarrhea
  - gastroenteritis
  - illnesses
  - oak death
  - serious infection
* Some pathogen causes sudden death
  - systemic infection
* Some pathogen causes threaten infection
  - vaginal infection
* Some pathogen enters lungs
* Some pathogen has similarity
  - windows
  - includes viruses
* Some pathogen infects amphibians
  - cortexes
  - fetuses
  - mallards
  - vaginas
* Some pathogen invades damage tissue
* Some pathogen is located in mosquitoes
  - vertebrates
  - transmitted to humans
  - kills amphibians
* Some pathogen occurs in himalayan regions
  - snails
* Some pathogen produces diseases
  - sporangiums
  - pathogens are able to avoid provoking an overwhelming inflammatory response
* Some pathogens can avoid exposing themselves to immune forces
  - cause disease when only a few cells are present
  - escape antibody detection by infecting cells
  - grow at refrigerated temperatures
  - live only in certain types of tissue while others can spread throughout the body
  - survive in disinfectant under certain conditions
  - exist in soil, water, or animals
  - have multiple means of dispersal
  - proactively create portals of entry
  - produce enzymes that destroy antibodies
  - swim upstream
* also play an important role in creating spatial heterogeneity on a local scale.
* appear in smaller numbers than coliforms, so are less likely to be isolated
  - to be less well-suited for cooperation with their hosts
* are always likely to cause disease
  - commonly present in lesser cornstalk borer populations
  - difficult to detect and impractical to test for in water supplies
* are disease causing organisms including fungi, bacteria, viruses, etc
  - organisms, such as microorganisms, viruses, or bacteria
  - disease-carrying bacteria or viruses
  - disease-causing agents
* are disease-causing microorganisms present in human and animal waste
  - such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites
  - organisms including bacteria , fungi , and viruses
  - germs that cause disease
  - harmful to corals, causing disease and scarring in many species
  - just one component of complex biological systems
  - least resistant to rare alleles
* are microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses that can cause human health problems
* are microscopic organisms like bacteria and viruses
  - that can cause a disease in a host insect
  - organism microbes that can cause disease
* are organisms that cause disease, primarily fungi and viruses
  - which cause disease
  - simply a variety of diseases which kill insects
  - the bad guys they cause disease in plants
  - tiny organisms that only can be seen under a microscope
  - usually coagulase positive and hemolytic
* avoid phagocytosis by having capsule.
* can also contaminate shellfish beds
  - undermine local food and livestock production, thereby causing hunger and famine
* can be present in municipal, industrial, and nonpoint source discharges
  - viruses, bacteria, fungi, protistans, and parasitic animals
  - cause diseases in animals and plants
* can contaminate food products during meat and milk processing
  - produce through wounds
  - dramatically reduce yield and persistence of susceptible varieties
  - enter our bodies through four routes
  - evolve far faster than their hosts
  - influence the success of invaders
  - persist in sand longer than in water
* can produce toxins, which are harmful to the host
  - waterborne diseases in either human or animal hosts
  - remain undetected and linger in the body for many years without causing symptoms
  - suppress amygdala activity
  - survive for days on kitchen countertops
* cause considerable mortality of diapause southwestern corn borers
  - disease, but disease is limited by a variety of host defense mechanisms
  - insect diseases
* causes diarrheal diseases.
* causes disease outbreaks
* come in through food, water, dust, wounds, bug bites.
* contain certain chemicals that are foreign to the body and are called antigens.
* differ in their ability to survive, spread, and reproduce.
* enter our body through air, water, food, physical contact or animals
  - the body by penetrating the skin
* entering our body only remain unnoticed for a short period.
* evolve with their hosts to strike some kind of balance, especially obligate parasites.
* generally come from domestic sewage which is discharged into watercourses untreated.
* grows in GI tract of the louse and is excreted.
* have the unique ability to invade the body, multiply, and cause harmful effects.
* includes cell membranes
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - nuclei
  - plasma membranes
  - sections
  - vacuoles
* induce a disease in their host.
* is infectious agents.
* move freely and widely, carried by travelers, humans and others, as well as by the wind.
* occasionally are part of the normal flora.
* occur at very low levels, making testing difficult and very expensive
  - naturally and can be a very significant factor in reducing insect populations
* often jump from animals to people.
* penentrate the surface of a plant directly or enter through wounds or natural openings.
* proliferating in crowded net pens are rampant in Norway.
* readily infect the eyes, ears, mouth, genitals, and the skin itself.
* represent an important selective force.
* reverses competition between larval amphibians.
* sometimes develop new races which overcome plant resistance.
* survive between planting seasons on plant debris
  - for years in infected debris and infested soil
* survives as a saprophyte or mycelium in living tissue.
* therefore have an ideal environment in which to breed.
* threaten human health and cause beach closures.
* thrive when people live in crowded places and in unsanitary conditions.
* typically cause heavy losses in such soils unless pesticides are used.
* usually colonize host tissues that are in contact with the external environment.
* vary in their oxygen requirements.
+ Biological control: Agriculture :: Ecology
  - warfare
  * This is called a biological weapon. Pathogens are organism microbes that can cause disease