### animal | arthropod | insect:

Aphid
* All aphids are female, and each gives birth to live daughters carrying embryonic granddaughters
  - females which reproduce asexually
  - have piercing, sucking mouth parts that they use to suck juices from plant tissue
* Many Aphids also excrete a sticky, sugar-containing substance known as honeydew.
* Many aphids are resistant to pesticides
  - can transmit viral diseases to susceptible plants
  - cause leaf discoloration, disfigurement, and occasionally premature leaf drop
  - prefer to feed on young, succulent growth
  - remove excess sap from plants and excrete it
  - shift from parthenogenetic to sexual reproduction in response to environmental changes
* Most aphids also excrete large quantities of a sweet, sticky substance called honeydew.
* Most aphids are green, yellow or pink in colour
  - known as pests
  - tiny, inactive, and usually go unnoticed
  - wingless, but when colonies become overcrowded, winged forms are produced
  - destroy plants
  - eat plants
  - extend proboscises
* Most aphids feed on ferns
  - foliage
  - grain
  - grow grain
  - infect leaves
  - plant juice
  - undersides
  - very selected species of plants and can cause serious damage to crops
  - has-part legs
* Most aphids have egg stages
  - exoskeletons
  - eyes
  - hard exoskeletons
  - heads
  - projections at the rear of the abdomen called cornicles
* Most aphids inhabit temperate zones
  - kill plants
* Most aphids live in climates
  - on plants
  - lose ability
* Most aphids possess compound eyes
  - threaten plants
* Most aphids undergo oviparous reproduction
* Some aphids affect beets
  - pansies
  - appear powdery or wooly because of a waxy covering
* Some aphids are darker colors like brown
  - important vectors of plant diseases
  - located on gardens
  - plant-specific, preferring a certain plant over another
  - serious pests of crops and ornamentals when they reach high densities on plants
  - tended by sugar-loving ants
  - very important vectors of plant viruses
* Some aphids become adults
  - excretion
  - sticky excretion
  - begin life
* Some aphids carry bacteria
  - ladybird larvae
  - small larvae
* Some aphids cause damage
  - galls
  - come into contact
* Some aphids develop into insect pests
  - employ soldiers for protection
  - excrete excessive amounts of a sticky substance called honeydew
* Some aphids feed on alders
  - diets
  - liquids
  - phloem vessels
  - resistant soybeans
  - roots
  - sugary liquids
  - surfaces
  - find on roses
* Some aphids have a woolly or powdery appearance because of a waxy coat
  - antennas
  - host plants
  - hosts
  - parasites
  - predators
  - ranges
  - white spots or are completely covered with a white waxy powder
* Some aphids have wide host ranges
  - years
* Some aphids kill small trees
* Some aphids leave fields
  - soybean fields
  - move from plants
* Some aphids move into fields
  - wheat fields
* Some aphids produce a protective coat of white waxy filaments
  - an odor that attracts ants
  - offspring
  - substances
  - sugary substances
  - release waxy fluid
  - reproduce more quickly on plants with high levels of nitrogen in their leaves and buds
  - require alternate hosts in alternate generations
  - serve as pests
  - shed skin
* Some aphids spread diseases
  - virus diseases
  - suck fluid
  - take flight
  - transmit diseases
* Some aphids transmit plant diseases
  - viruses as well
* Some aphids use alarm pheromone
  - pigment.
  * ' are small bugs that feed on plants. Aphids cause more plant damage than any other insects. There are about 4,000 different species of aphids.
  * are found many places on earth. Aphids are most common in temperate zones.
  * can travel far in the air. For example, the lettuce aphid spread from New Zealand to Tasmania. They have also been spread by human transportation of infested plant materials
* acquire barley yellow dwarf virus by feeding on infected plants
  - the virus by feeding on infected plants
* alone cause tens of millions of dollars of damage to crops worldwide every year.
* also arm themselves with defensive weaponry
  - attract ants
  - can infect healthy plants with viral diseases they have picked up from unhealthy plants
  - deposit honeydew on the plant surface, which encourages the growth of sooty mold
* also excrete honeydew, which is emitted from the anus
* also have a proboscis originating between and behind the forelegs
  - many natural enemies, including ladybugs, parasitic wasps, and hoverfly larvae
  - kill developing tassels and top leaves through their feeding
  - produce a sticky substance called honeydew, which encourages fungus and attracts ants
  - transmit many virus diseases between ornamentals
  - use bodyguard ants , which they pay with sweet honeydew excretions
* appear as soon as the weather warms and they feed on new growth.
* are a fairly common problem on apples.
* are a favorite food for ladybugs
  - of lady beetles
  - ladybug's favorite food
  - major crop pest
* are a major problem because they can transmit viruses to the plants
  - pest that live on shrubs, plants and garden vegetables
  - problem because they transmit viruses to the pea plant
* are also a serious problem during cool weather
  - among the most insecticide resistant insect
  - among the most conspicuous and important pests in green houses and crops
  - and carry at least two diseases
  - as much a part of springtime as the first daffodil of the season
  - attracted by high levels of nitrogen in plants
  - believed to inject toxins into plant tissues as they feed
  - born pregnant, can reproduce without sex, and are fully grown in a week
  - common on house plant insects but fortunately, are easily controlled
* are common on the tender young leaves on branch tips and on watersprouts
  - terminal growth
* are common pests but are easily controlled
  - of canola during flowering stages
  - on uncurling fronds in potted plants
  - that can attack a variety of home garden and landscape plants
  - plant pests that feed by sucking plant fluids
  - considered the most important carriers of viral plant diseases
  - difficult to control with insecticides for a number of reasons
  - distributed world-wide, but they are most common in temperate zones
  - easy to spot because they usually mass together in small colonies on leaves and stems
  - effective transmitters of viruses
* are especially difficult to control
  - troublesome because they spread the barley yellow dwarf disease
  - everywhere on new growth
  - harder to see, being extremely tiny, winged creatures
  - herbivores, and they eat juice and sugars from the leaves, stems and roots of plants
* are important as carriers of diseases, especially viruses
  - enemies of plants, and are food for many small insects and other invertebrates
  - vectors of plant diseases, particularly viruses
  - insects that eat the sap from the plants on which they live
  - light green
  - little, oval, soft-bodied insects that literally can suck the life from plants
  - located in roses
* are more common after insecticide applications have been made
  - troublesome during cool, dry weather
  - most active during the spring and fall when plant growth rates are high
  - on tips, buds and under leaves of plants
* are occasionally a problem during seed fill
* are one of the most common insects found on plants
  - pests in the garden
  - worst groups of pests on plants
  - type of example
  - pale green and have cornicles, or points, on the abdomen
  - parasitized by a small wasp species and are also susceptible to a fungus disease
  - parthenogenetic, capable of birthing clones without the hassle of sex
  - plant pests while ladybeetles are predators of aphids
  - potentially serious pests because of their ability to transmit viruses
* are present in orchards whenever pecans are in leaf
  - more nearly year round on the roots than on the tops
* are present on most plants, generally at non- injurious levels
  - at non-injurious levels
  - year-round on the roots
  - probably the most common insect found on roses in Louisiana
  - quite common and attack a number of trees and plants
  - rapid reproducers and can dry out and kill large swaths of trees if left unchecked
  - repelled by the foul smell and taste of rue
  - serious pests of peppers
  - slow fliers and can be caught quite easily
  - slow-moving insects that live in colonies on the undersides of leaves
* are small flea size insects which suck plant juices
  - green colored lice-like insects that suck the sap and cause small malformed leaves
* are small insects that cause twisting and curling of the stems and leaves
  - which feed on the sap of plants through fine tubes
  - oval insects in colors of red, green, or brown
  - soft insects that cluster on stems, leaves, buds and flowers
  - small, pear-shaped insects
* are small, soft-bodied insects that can build to large colonies on tobacco
  - have mouthparts suited for piercing plant tissue
  - suck plant sap, often occurring in very large numbers
  - soft-bodies insects about the size of rice grains
  - stubborn predators that attach themselves to the vegetables
  - soft bodied insects that cluster at the branch tip and suck plant juices
  - soft- bodied insects
  - soft-bodied and vary in shape and color
* are soft-bodied insects that often appear in clusters
  - show up on new shoots, crowns and undersides of leaves
  - use their piercing sucking mouthparts to feed on plant sap
  - with relatively long legs and antennae
  - soft-bodied, sometimes called plant lice, and feed by sucking juices of plants
  - sometimes pests of ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers
  - strict vegetarians
  - susceptible to almost every insecticide
  - tender-bodied sucking insects that usually feed on new plant growth
* are the main pest problem when growing herbs
  - major pest of many vegetables in the coastal areas of California
* are the most common insect pests on roses
  - of rose pests and are usually green, reddish or brown in color
  - pests associated with landscape plants in Alaska
  - other most frequently encountered pest
* are the preferred diet for ladybugs and are sometimes commercially available
  - food for lacewings
  - vectors that spread the disease during a growing season
  - tiny brown or black bugs that show up in masses on the leaves of plants
* are tiny insects that come in many colors and suck plant juices from the leaves
  - with a green to reddish tint found on the main stem of the tomato plant
  - insects, though easily visible
  - tiny, sap-sucking insects that gather in masses on the undersides of the leaves
  - true bugs
  - two to three millimetres long, soft-bodied insects that feed on plant sap
  - unlike most insects in two ways
* are usually a problem early in the season
  - more of a problem in greenhouse stock
  - of greatest concern in nurseries, seed orchards, and shade and ornamental trees
  - small, yellow or green flys
* are usually the first to appear and are found under dark green, wrinkled leaves
  - only pest problem
  - vectors for several virus mosaic disease organisms
* are very common plant pests, and often work in a symbiotic relationship with ants
  - prevalent
  - small, but very destructive pest that feed on plants
  - susceptible to fungal diseases in humid weather
  - tiny soft-bodied insects which suck juice from cabbage family plants
  - vulnerable to almost all insecticides
* attach themselves to a plant by inserting a fine stylet from their proboscis into the plant.
* attack nearly every species of plant
  - seedlings
  - the young, growing foliage and buds, feeding on plant juices
* avoid plants mulched with foil.
* bear a pair of tubes at the tips of their abdomens that resemble tiny exhaust pipes.
* breed only in the fall.
* build to high populations in mid-summer.
* can also be a serious problem, especially during cool weather
  - carry a number of plant viruses
  - crop up occasionally
* can be a nuisance problem at times
  - problem if they become too numerous
* can be green, brown, golden, orange, red, white, grey or black
  - yellow, brown, red, or black
  - particularly numerous following summer rains
  - quite prolific and can reproduce faster than any other insect
  - blow in and migrate for long distances so they are usually an annual problem
  - build up rapidly on the undersides of cabbage leaves
* can carry and spread diseases
  - viral diseases to plants
* can cause distortion of new growth or, in extreme cases, infested plants can be stunted
  - galls, curled leaves, swollen branches, and discolored or wilted leaves
  - leaf yellowing, leaf drop, stunting and seedling deaths
  - stunted and deformed plant growth
  - develop pesticide resistance easily
  - devitalize the plant or branches if they are abundant
  - disperse great distances when carried by wind
  - distort the shape and appearance of leaves
  - do considerable damage and cause diseases on indoor and outdoor plants
  - efficiently spread the virus within a field, resulting in high rates of infection
  - give birth ten days after having been born themselves
  - have simple or complex life histories
  - infest pea plantings causing yield loss as well as transmitting virus diseases
  - occasionally be a problem
  - occur in large numbers very quickly
* can produce several generations per year
  - tremendous populations within a short period of time
* can reproduce both sexually and by cloning
  - by asexual production
  - rapidly, so once infestation begins it is likely to get severe
  - sometimes be a problem
  - stunt growth, deform and discolor, or cause leaves to drop prematurely
* can transmit mosaic viruses
  - plant diseases too
  - the plum pox virus from fruit to leaves
* carry cucumber mosaic virus from infected cucumber plants to petunias
  - plant viruses from diseased to healthy plants
* cause damage by piercing the tender plant tissue and drawing large quantities of plant sap
  - sucking the juices from the plant
  - distorted growth and deposits of honeydew on lower leaves
  - distortion of new growth, deposits of honeydew, and sooty mold
  - pecan leaves to curl and look chlorotic
  - serious problems to sugar beet production worldwide
  - sticky pecan leaves
  - the most damage when ears become infested before or at flowering
* cluster on buds, leaves and tips of shoots
  - leaves, causing the leaves to curl and become distorted
* cluster on the underside of leaves
  - undersides of leaves, on succulent stems, and on flower buds
* come in a variety of colors
  - many colours such as green, yellow, brown, pink or black
* commonly attack beech trees
  - distort currant foliage causing red spots
* concentrate on plants with soft tissues and on new shoots and leaves of many trees.
* constitute a large group of small, soft-bodied insects
  - an economically significant group of phytophagous insects
* consume liquids
  - only plant material and are most often found on their host plants
  - virtually every part of the plant, including stalks and flowers
  - xylem
* continue to be seen at low levels on cole crops in many areas
  - feed on the dandelion whilst the seeds mature
  - increase in irrigated cotton
* developing on potatoes are much more likely to acquire and transmit potato viruses.
* disfigure new growth.
* distort the leaves and transmit viral agents.
* draw sap from plant tissues using mouthparts adapted for piercing and sucking.
* drink sap , a sticky fluid that carries nutrients through the plant.
* eat plant sap to extract the protein and sugar it contains
* especially thrive in rank plant growth caused by excessive nitrogen.
* excrete a sugary liquid called honeydew
  - substance called honeydew on the leaves which can cause sooty mold
  - waste produce called honeydew
  - sweet, sticky liquid called honeydew
  - large amounts of honeydew, which collects on fruit and foliage
* expel sticky, sugary honeydew, which supports growth of a sooty-colored mold on leaves.
* favor rapidly growing tissue such as buds and shoots.
* feast heavily on the new growth of shrubs and vegetables.
* feed by inserting their beaks into stems, leaves, or roots, and sucking the plant juices
  - mouthparts into tender new leaves from which they suck plant sap
  - stylets into the phloem
* feed by piercing plant tissue and sucking plant sap
  - the phloem tissue of the host plant and sucking up the sap
* feed by sucking sap from buds, leaves, twigs and developing fruit
  - their hosts
  - up plant juices through a food channel in their beaks
  - caterpillars
* feed in buds and flowers and on the undersides of lower leaves of the plant
  - clusters and generally prefer new, succulent shoots or young leaves
  - on a variety of flowers and vegetables
* feed on a wide range of greenhouse crops
  - plants, and in severe cases the plant fails to thrive
  - fireweed and the ladybird beetle feeds on the aphids
  - new growth on vegetable, ornamental and houseplants early in the growing season
  - phloem sap by inserting their stylets directly into sieve elements of the phloem
* feed on plant juice
  - juices, then excrete a sugary solution called honeydew
* feed on plants by sucking plant sap from the leaves, twigs or stems of plants
  - terminal growth and the underside of the leaves
* feed on the foliage of host plants, sucking the sap
  - leaves with their piercing-sucking mouthparts
  - young shoots, stems, undersurfaces of leaves, buds and flowers
  - upon the plants on which they live, sucking juice out of the foliage, stems or roots
* feeding on developing leaves also can produce leaf curl injuries
  - flower buds and fruit can cause malformed flowers or fruit
* feeding on the dayflower can easily transmit the virus from the weed to the food crop
  - grain heads can reduce yields as well as test weight
  - leaves drop large quantities of honeydew
* fight back.
* find the young oak leaves juicy and nourishing.
* frequently alternate from one host to another.
* generally overwinter as fertilized eggs
  - serve as a valuable early season food source for insect predators
* give birth to live young
  - living young and populations build up rapidly
* go from asexual to sexual in times of stress.
* have a lot of enemies
  - pair of tubes at the tip of their abdomens that resemble tiny exhaust pipes
  - rather complicated life history
  - unique lifecycle
  - wide host range, but show preferences for barley, sorghum and corn
* have many generations a season
  - per year and populations increase rapidly
* have many natural enemies including lady beetles and birds
  - such as the lady beetle and lace wing
  - that usually keep their numbers down
  - piercing, sucking mouthparts and feed from plantphloem tissues
* have piercing-sucking mouthparts and cause damage by sucking plant juices
  - that draw plant sap from leaves when feeding
  - mouthparts, and feed on juices of host plants
  - tailpipes
  - the ability to reproduce rapidly and many generations are produced in a year
  - thin legs and long, thin antennae
  - tiny tailpipes, called cornicles
* includes air sacs
  - brains
  - carapaces
  - cell membranes
  - cells
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - flight feathers
  - nuclei
  - plasma membranes
  - quill feathers
  - sections
  - shells
  - skulls
  - thoraxes
  - vacuoles
* infest milkweed plants
  - nearly all types of indoor, greenhouse, garden and ornamental plants
* ingest the fluids from tender leaf or stem tissue of the plant, robbing it of nutrients.
* insert their proboscis into phloem when feeding.
* lack the mobility to find their way back to the plant when they've been disturbed.
* leave behind a sticky, thick substance known as honeydew.
* like to feed on suckers.
* linger on leaves of green.
* live a few weeks to a few months
  - and breed quite independently and can fly around
* love to eat our plants and there are several bugs out there that in turn, love to eat aphids
  - suck the life out of peppers, especially young plants
* make two kinds of probes on leaf surfaces, test probes and feeding probes.
* molt and leave shriveled white skins amid the colony.
* multiply rapidly
  - very rapidly
* normally give birth to living female nymphs.
* occasionally become a problem and cause needles to become curled
  - infest iris but cause little injury
* occur on almost all types of trees and shrubs.
* often become numerous during the winter months
  - congregate on new tissue and can be found deep within the plant near the growth whorl
  - hide under leaves and near petioles, the stalks that attach leaves and stems
  - walk from plant to plant
* pick up the virus as they feed on the sap of infected plants.
* pose a risk because they can spread viruses.
* prefer actively growing plants and the tenderness of the most recent plant tissue
  - moderate temperatures with a little bit of moisture
* prefer the newest leaves of plants, and are often found on the last two leaves unfurled
  - undersurface of the leaves and young developing buds as feeding sites
* produce a sugary substance called honeydew
  - honedew, which sweet, sticky substance that can encourage mold
* provide a food resource for the ants and ants provide protection for the aphids.
* range in color from light green to dark brown and black.
* reach higher levels in blocks where terminal growth continues well into the summer.
* readily fall to the ground if disturbed or if plants are shaken.
* rears the insects in insectaries.
* remain active, especially in fields where only a pyrethoid has been used.
  - quickly, and infestations can occur overnight
  - rapidly, giving birth to live young
  - very quickly and are found in colonies
  - without mating and are viviparous rather than laying eggs
* respond well to insecticidal soap, and, mixed with sulpher, controls mildew as well.
* return in the fall to peach trees to overwinter.
* secrete a sticky material called honeydew as they feed.
* secrete a sticky substance called honeydew, which is very attractive to ants
  - on the leaves called honeydew
  - substance known as honeydew, which collects on the surface of the lower leaves
  - honeydew, the plants become sticky, and sooty mold develops
* seem to be more prevalent in crowded conditions with rapidly growing, succulent plants
  - find their way into every garden
  - thrive under dry conditions
* sometimes feed in groups between the folds of lettuce leaves.
* sound an alarm when they're in trouble.
* spread plum pox by carrying the virus in a nonpersistent manner
  - the viruses from the seed-infected plants to healthy plants
* spread virus and cause distorted growth
  - of common bean mosaic
* suck and feed on the sap of their host
  - out plant sap , turf turns an orange color
* suck plant juices and are usually found at the stem tips
  - can build up to fairly heavy infestations
  - in large numbers can cause stunting
* suck sap from apple and pear trees
  - leaf veins and worms suck plant fluids from roots
* suck sap from the plant and can cause new growth to be distorted
  - can cause new growth to be stunted and distorted
  - the juices from the tenderest tips
* suck the sap from snapdragons, leaving behind sticky honeydew
  - out of tender plant shoots and leaves
* tend to attack plants that are stressed
  - avoid alfalfa plants that have hairy leaves
  - be caught in the middle vertical columns
  - congregate on new plant growth
  - multiply when the weather is cool
  - spread rapidly from field to field transmitting a number of viral diseases
* thrive by the force of their numbers
  - when the nitrogen in the plant sap is high
* transmit several virus diseases to pepper and tomato
  - the disease from plant to plant
* transmit the virus from diseased plants and weeds to healthy plants
  - infected papaya plants to healthy plants
* typically feed externally on the plant and are easy to spot.
* use both fight and flight, and everything in between, to protect themselves.
* usually are found in the terminal or on flowers
  - feed in dense groups on leaves or stems, although they can sometimes be found singly
  - leave the tree by late spring, flying to alternate summer host plants
  - reproduce asexually, with aphid mothers giving live birth to their young
* vary in color from green, yellow, red, purple, brown, or black.
* weaken plants by sucking juices from their tissues and can spread disease.
+ Hoverfly: Flies
  * Aphids alone cause tens of millions of dollars of damage to crops worldwide every year. Hoverflies are important natural enemies of these pests, and can be used in biological control. Some adult syrphid flies are important pollinators.