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Specie
* All species accidentally drown from fishing nets.
* All species are aquatic, most are marine
  - confronted with a wide variation in environmental conditions
  - different.All organisms have similar needs and structures
  - graceful in their movements and run swiftly
  - important prey for many marine fishes, birds, and mammals
  - in the gas phase
  - interconnected
  - marine and most inhabit deep water
  - members of some ecological community
  - nocturnal animals, living in holes of their own construction
  - parasitic and have elaborate life cycles, often requiring more than one host
* All species are part of the cetacean family and belong to the toothed whale suborder
  - web of life
  - plant pathogens and are found only in association with plants or plant material
  - sensitive to abrupt diet changes
  - social, living in colonies of hundreds to thousands of individuals
  - subject to cycles of sustained growth and sudden calamity
  - toxic, all parts
  - associate freely with other primates, mainly guenons
  - breed in caves or shelters and both parents share in the rearing of the young
  - can be beneficial to the environment
  - communicate amongst themselves
  - complete their entire development inside the host tissue, and only emerge as adults
  - continuously evolve to adapt to changing environments
  - depend on others for survival
  - emit sperm into the water
  - eventually go extinct or evolve into another species
  - fear injury and all species fight for life
  - feed while hovering and can also fly backward
  - form endospores and have a strictly fermentative mode of metabolism
  - give live birth, rather than laying eggs
  - grow in the presence of bile salts
  - hatch young from eggs within the body
* All species have a 'worm' form
  - certain amount of genetic diversity within their populations
  - deep survival instinct
  - greater capacity for growth than the environment can support indefinitely
  - pair of claws on each foot
  - preferred body temperature range at which they optimally function
  - range of tolerance for physical and biological components in an environment
  - slightly different role in the ecosystem
  - specific range of temperature in which they are adapted
  - thermal preference where they can function at their basal metabolic rate
  - universal right to clean, untreated water
  - way of helping the survival of each other in some way or another
* All species have an age of puberty at which they typically become sexually active
  - inherent right to exist
  - different specializations
  - flesh that is delicious to eat
  - four basic requirements for survival
  - language
* All species have large compartmented stomachs that contain cellulose-digesting bacteria
  - eyes
  - remarkably long gestation lengths
  - symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria
  - teeth
  - thick, soft fur, which is considered valuable in some species
  - tufts of fur on the tips of their ears
  - inherit the traits of their parents
  - lack gas bladders and the number of gill rakers is variable
* All species live in moist environments, and they often dwell in caves
  - warm or tropical waters and feed on plants
  - within the perfect balance of nature
  - nest in trees
  - place paralyzed spiders in the nest cells as provisions for the young
* All species produce far more offspring than are needed to replace the parents
  - more offspring than can survive to reproduce
  - provision their nests with paralysed lepidopteran, symphytan, or coleopteran larvae
  - rely on a healthy natural world for survival
  - reproduce by seed
  - require water for their eggs to hatch
  - roost by day and forage at night
  - secrete wax that forms a small, hard, circular shell or cap over the growing scale
* All species show adaptations to their particular environments
  - extreme color polymorphism and sexual dimorphism
  - tend to produce more offspring than the environment can sustain
  - travel in herds of varying sizes and show cooperative defence
  - use ammonia as a nitrogen source
* Every species have a specific number of chromosomes that complete the DNA package for that species.
* Many species actually require fire as a part of their life history.
* Many species also attract native wildlife
  - eat other octopuses
  - flower abundantly and produce ample seed
* Many species also have a distinct seasonal characteristic
  - protective shell made of chitin, proteins and calcium carbonate
  - spine on the head
  - territorial call that is used to drive away other males
  - different colour morphs
  - gills on some segments of their bodies
  - spines that stick out all over their bodies when they puff up
  - vertical space requirements
  - produce tuberous roots, or fibrous roots with occasional spindle-like swellings
  - reproduce vegetatively through rhizomes or adventitious rooting
  - require water that is high in calcium
  - seek winter shelter in rock piles, old logs, and brush piles
  - stop on their migrations north and south
  - undergo a diet shift as they develop
* Many species appear to be active and forage during the winter
  - related to a single ancestral species
  - have been well adapted to the exceptional environmental conditions
  - are able to freely hybridize, further increasing variability and speciation
* Many species are active all year under suitable conditions
  - actually harmless, but in some, the females consume the blood of animals
  - adapted to alpine climates
  - also aromatic
  - anadromous, living in the sea and entering freshwater to spawn
  - arboreal, that is, they live in trees
  - aromatic , producing fragrant or spicy smells
* Many species are at risk of becoming rare or extinct
  - disappearing unless limits are placed on the catch
  - attracted to artificial light
  - beneficial in a variety of ways
  - bioluminescent
  - burrowers
* Many species are capable of becoming dessicated and then rehydrated
  - changing sex
  - learning
  - reproducing asexually
  - close to extinction
  - common on decaying plant and animal matter, including manure
  - considered injurious, both to animals and plants
  - cosmopolitan and their countries of origin are unknown
  - cosmopolitans
  - covered with a woolly layer of wax
  - critically endangered
  - deadly
  - dependent on the habitat provided by native vegetation
  - difficult to grow from seed
  - dimorphic - the sexes look different
  - dioecious
  - distinguished only by the male genitalia
  - diurnal, some are semiaquatic, others live in the ground or are wood-boring
* Many species are economically important to humans, including both finfish and shellfish
  - valuable for their spices and perfume
  - edible and all are mycorrhizal
  - edible, but are supposed to cause urticaria
  - endangered and some are close to extinction
  - entirely marine, but some are fresh water
  - exceedingly rare, and little is known of their biology and distribution
  - exploited for timber
* Many species are extremely beneficial to man
  - popular aquarium fish
  - fast walkers, but can be easily observed when held in the palm of the hand
* Many species are found along intertidal areas, especially on sandy or muddy beaches
  - in rain forests
  - free spawners
  - free-living, while others are either facultative or obligate parasites
  - fully winged in both sexes, and some species are domestic pests
  - gregarious in the early instars, but eventually disperse and become solitary
* Many species are gregarious, forming large and often conspicuous groups of adults and immatures
  - however nesting is established singly and on the ground
* Many species are grown and bred for their fruit
  - commercially, but others are harvested from the wild
* Many species are grown for their edible fruits, for perfume, and for ornament
  - ornamental flowers
  - hard and wood-like
  - herbivores, living off algae and plant material
  - host specific, developing in one or a limited number of related host species
* Many species are important as crop plants and as sources of pharmaceutical products
  - pathogens of economic crops
  - predators in grassland habitats
  - timber trees
  - in danger of extinction
  - invertebrates or soil organisms, both poorly known to science
  - kept as cage birds and are good vocal mimics
  - keratinophilic and are common dermatophytes
* Many species are known to be live-bearing
  - produce pheromones, at least in the laboratory
  - leaf miners as early instars, occurring on conifers and broadleaf plants
  - listed as endangered or threatened
  - masters of disguise, using camouflage colors and shapes to hide in the pools
  - migratory appearing for several months a year then leaving until the next year
  - monogamous and spend their lives with only one mate
  - more vulnerable at night
  - most active just after rain because of the moist ground
  - mounted low to the ground for humidity
* Many species are named after a number of spots
  - their recognised hosts
  - nitrogen fixers that help fertilize what is normally nutrient impoverished soils
  - nocturnal to escape the high daytime temperatures
  - nocturnal, hiding under stones during the day
  - nomadic and respond to the erratic rainfall patterns
  - notoriously difficult to maintain in healthy condition for very long
* Many species are of economic interest or important as indicators of environmental quality
  - great economic importance as the cause of serious plant diseases
  - horticultural importance, and a few are sources of ornamental timber
  - particular medical importance
  - omnivores , they eat anything they can find
  - omnivorous
* Many species are on the brink of extinction
  - verge of extinction
  - ornamented with filaments of wax around the margin and posterior end of their body
* Many species are parasites Of medical and veterinary importance, and many are agricultural pests
  - or are specialised to live in one or a few hosts
  - parasitic, and most groups of marine organisms have nematode parasites
  - part of the normal flora
  - particularly important as vectors of disease in man, other animals, and plants
* Many species are pests of cultivated plants
  - that feed on cultivated crops and other human foods
  - polyphagous in larva stage
  - popular food and game fishes
  - powerful fliers and migrate great distances
  - predacious, some with extra-oral digestion
  - predators or parasites only on specific stages in their life cycle
* Many species are rare and depend on specific environmental conditions for breeding and hibernation
  - prefer to feed on birds, frogs or turtles
  - because they require habitat conditions that are no longer prevalent
  - resistent to high salt, dyes, weak antiseptics and most antibiotics
  - scavengers eating whatever can be found on the surface
* Many species are sensitive to changes in atmospheric conditions
  - frost
  - sexually monomorphic
  - shared with areas of the Arctic
* Many species are small and brilliantly colored, such as the neon tetras popular among aquarists
  - in size and they have very rapid growth and short life cycles
  - so small that they are parasites within the cells of their host
  - social and some have even been known to care for each other's young
  - sources of essential oils of use in perfumery and medicine
  - specific to one pollenator
  - strictly freshwater, some are stenohaline, and others are euryhaline
  - subject to breeding programmes to ensure a large biological variety
  - tended by ants which feed on the honeydew
* Many species are terrestrial but a significant number are epiphytes
  - or semi-terrestrial
  - terrestrial, nesting in leaf-litter, rotting wood, tree stumps or under stones
* Many species are threatened by the destruction of their habitats
  - or endangered due to loss of habitat or habitat fragmentation
  - today on the endangered list
  - tree snails and are known for their colorful shells
  - truly multicellular in having a division of labor among specialized cells
  - unicelluar, with a single cell serving as the plant
  - vectors of malaria
* Many species are very annoying because of their bites, and a few act as vectors of disease
  - difficult to keep in captivity
  - specific as to their chosen incubators for the young
  - well camouflaged on the ascidian colonies on which they feed
  - voracious predators
* Many species are wingless , or have reduced wings
  - but, when wings are present, the fore wings are shortened and hardened
  - winter migrants, or only appear for a short period of time
  - are, however, very difficult to keep in captivity
  - attack humans and animals and can spread diseases
  - attend aphids and coccids in strongly mutualistic associations
  - attract mates or defend territories with the help of flamboyant advertising plumage
* Many species become extinct each year
  - without ever being identified
  - stationary when fully developed
  - blend in, or camouflage, with their surroundings
  - breed and rest in vernal pools
* Many species build houses from gravel or vegetable matter
  - nests, some scatter their eggs and most aggressively defend their spawns
  - roost nests
  - burrow deep into tlie carlli
* Many species can also reproduce asexually by budding or fission
  - and do share the same areas with raccoons with a minimum of friction
  - carry out the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen
  - flower and set seed
  - fly several miles from their breeding sites to feed
  - get quite large and they can be kept together in colonies
  - have prolonged seasonal distribution with both univoltine and multivoltine species
  - live in the same habitat, such as a pond
  - produce spores
  - protrude their muscular tongues for hunting purposes
  - regenerate arms lost to battles with predators
  - reproduce either asexually or sexually
* Many species can reproduce without employing sex
  - engaging in sex
* Many species can survive in very stagnant or polluted water
  - overwintering without being placed pot to pot
  - temperature extremes, but grow fastest under warm, sunny conditions
  - capture their prey by using their sticky, retractable tongues
  - change color during the seasons
  - closely resemble leaves, grasses or twigs
  - combine the advantages of sexual and asexual reproduction
  - come together to make up the thick cover of grasses growing across the prairies
  - commonly cause economically destructive rots of fruits in storage
  - compete vigorously for space
  - complete their life cycle inside the bodies of their hosts
  - congregate in large flocks, frequenting grassland or open scrubland
  - construct open cup nests
  - contain chemicals with neurotoxic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic properties
* Many species contain essential oils made up from phenylpropanoids and terpenoids
  - gray, red, green, or brown pigments
  - toxic substances, probably to discourage predators
  - continue to germinate throughout the summer under adequate conditions
  - cover their bodies with waxy or wool-like substances
  - defend themselves by entering the nest when attacked
* Many species depend on a relatively narrow range of climate and soil conditions
  - single plant type for their caterpillar food source
* Many species depend on each other for their survival
  - in intricate ways for survival
  - fires to improve habitat, recycle nutrients and maintain diverse habitats
  - white pines for food and shelter
  - develop a hooked valve
* Many species die immediately after having laid the egg, fertilized the eggs, given birth, etc
  - in drift nets
  - dig burrows in the ground
  - display the same endemism, if all share an identical, small geographic range
  - dive or swim underwater to capture their prey
  - do well in captivity, but successful breeding is pretty rare
  - dominate the forests or woodlands in which they grow
  - eat invertebrates , as well as fruit or seedlings
  - enter the United States each year as contaminants of commodities
  - establish a territory around their nest that is off-limits to neighboring ants
  - even play beneficial roles in, say, producing antibiotics and foodstuffs
* Many species exhibit colourful markings in the skin
  - exuberant colors in numerous variations
  - long-term patterns in population abundance and distribution
  - parental care of their eggs
  - polyandry , a breeding system in which one female mates with two or more males
  - striking colour patterns
  - exist, some with wings and some without
  - exude defensive chemicals from the tip of their abdomen
  - feature small rasp like teeth used to pierce their victim
* Many species feed during the larval stage in decaying plant or animal matter
  - in relatively shallow areas of the continental shelf
  - on the undersides of leaves
  - only at night and hide by day
* Many species feed primarily on fruit, while others feed on nectar and pollen
  - while several types feed on nectar and pollen
  - feed, swim and nest in groups
  - find refuge from high elevation winter snow in the mountain shrub community
  - fly in search of blood meals in the evening
* Many species form a stalk and lorica
  - clamp connections when in the dikaryotic phase
  - large, conspicuous colonies by asexual reproduction
  - freely hybridize with each other, making classification extremely difficult
  - gain additional nutrition from symbiotic zooxanthellae
  - generally travel great distances from their feeding grounds to the nesting sites
  - germinate within a few weeks
  - give no care to their eggs or young
* Many species go on farther north for their nesting
  - through molting cycles in tune with seasonal changes
* Many species grow faster and bigger when they get more of the stuff
  - on trunks and branches of trees and on rocks in tropical places
  - well throughout Georgia
  - hang from branches at head level or above
* Many species have a black stripe running from the eye to the base of the long, sharp bill
  - hardened row of the tail-fin
  - heavy armor of cellulose plates, often encrusted with silica
  - lot of individual variation
  - sclerotized distal ejaculatory duct
  - sense of sight, with eyes or eyespots on the head
  - tail and a membrane between their legs
  - weak point in their a tail
  - widespread distribution
  - acute ability to smell
* Many species have adaptations that utilise colour change to rapidly increase body temperature
  - to thaw out faster such as a change in colour
  - an immature plumage and an adult plumage
  - areas of colored skin on the face
  - attractive, often brightly coloured foliage, flowers and fruits
  - black markings on their heads or wings
  - both males and females and internal fertilization
  - broad bands of colour, the patterns helping to distinguish different species
  - broad, flat, relatively bony skulls
  - cheek pouches and brightly coloured buttocks
  - combs, wattles, and naked areas of bare skin around the eyes
  - common names only in local languages
  - compound leaves consisting of numerous leaflets
  - different summer and winter ranges
  - distinctive horns or other processes
  - edible shoots in spring and their canes make good plant supports
  - fire-resistant leaves or bark
  - frontal appendages, commonly called horns or antlers
  - gas-filled floats
  - iridescent coloration
  - just one chloroplast that covers nearly the whole space of the cell's interior
* Many species have long flower spikes
  - tails, crests, and large bills
  - wings that cover the body
  - metallic-coloured bodies, and heavily tinted wings
  - minimum, maximum, and optimum temperatures at which they germinate
  - oil glands on the stem at the node of submersed leaves
  - other florets on the rachilla, the upper or lower of some being sterile
  - poison glands in their skin
  - red eyes
  - relatively long and slender stems with large flowers
  - scales that are colorful and patterned with complex markings
  - seasonal changes in the colour of their legs and bill during the mating season
  - several hairs located on the snout, jaws, and chin
  - sexual dimorphism , while in others the sexes look nearly identical
  - short stems and most leaves are basal, sometimes forming dense tussocks
  - since become extinct or endangered
  - small, plantlike tufts on their skin
  - smooth , brightly patterned , skin that almost looks enameled
  - so-called sex chromosomes that determine the gender of each organism
  - specific differences from all others
  - spectacular jewel-like blooms
  - spots or bands on the wings, or red spots on the body
  - subtle, but distinctive banded coloration in the abdominal area
* Many species have the first pair of thoracic appendages modified into claws and pincers
  - peculiar habit of hiding in the body cavity of sea cucumbers
  - their best growth in a relatively rootbound environment
  - tremendous variability throughout their range
* Many species have two kinds of female flower in the same urn or synconium, viz
  - litters each year, while others have only one
  - unusual ornamentation, such as horns, spines, or wings
  - urticating spines, which in a few, can deliver a very painful sting
  - very similar reflectance signatures across much of the electromagnetic spectrum
  - volatile oils in the leaves meaning that they burn rapidly
  - wingless females
* Many species hibernate at the same location each winter and often enter sheds or houses to do so
  - through the winter months
  - increase in enriched waters with depleted oxygen
  - indicate the results of human interaction and environmental changes
* Many species inhabit ant, wasp, termite colony nests, caves, animal burrows, and even mines
  - the coasts and breed on offshore islands or isolated sandbanks
  - lack males
* Many species like to drink at mud puddles and congregate where the ground is damp and sunny
  - play with the water and water bottles
* Many species line the cell to protect the developing bee
  - nest with greenery before the eggs are laid
* Many species live among the aquatic vegetation
  - as mated pairs and have territories while others school in large numbers
  - at the margins of cold mountain streams or alpine snowfields and glaciers
  - by water
  - far out at sea, only coming to the coast to spawn
* Many species live in burrows in the ground, and most are nocturnal
  - they dig or claim and defend from other animals
  - caves, crevices, mines and tunnels
  - flocks, although some are typically solitary
  - pods
  - social groups, from the great apes to fish and insects
  - soil feeding on seeds or roots or in decaying wood
  - trees to escape predation
  - primarily on a diet of plant matter, both living and decaying
  - living in highly fragmented landscapes have high turnover rate of local populations
* Many species make complicated webs to trap prey and give themselves protection
  - tiny squeaks that people can hear if they hold an ant close enough
  - merely allow the nematode to survive until a more susceptible host becomes available
* Many species migrate between seasons
  - from the northern hemisphere to the southern hemisphere each year
  - north and south with the seasons
  - south and produce offspring
* Many species migrate to avoid adverse conditions
  - their breeding grounds
  - warmer southern climates during the long winter months
  - vertically on a diurnal basis d
  - mimic ants, and all have complex visual courtship and threat displays
* Many species move into shallower waters at night
  - their head, wings or body part as an indication to female birds
* Many species nest in large colonies on isolated islands
  - very near to wasp, bees, or hornets nests to thwart predators
  - obtain moisture from the food they consume
  - occupy very small areas, often as relict populations of once greater abundance
  - occurring in intermountain wetlands are dependent on wetland dynamics
  - only send up one frond or leaf-blade per year
  - pass through several generations found at the water surface
* Many species possess a dorsal fin
  - grapnel or stinging hairs
  - pallial tentacles, which contain tactile and chemoreception cells
  - potent neurotoxic venom
  - urtricating hairs that work like porcupine quills to be thrown at predators
  - prefer to build their nests in thorny plants to discourage climbing predators
  - prey heavily on adult mosquitoes
* Many species produce a white oily substance in large drops among the aerial hyphae
  - antibiotic compounds which kill other microorganisms
  - berries and are often visually attractive
  - greenish yellow to bluish soluble pigments in the medium, some are fluorescent
  - important antibiotics
  - more young than available habitat can support
  - odorous balms and resins
  - their own respective pheromones to attract the opposite sex
* Many species produce toxins both host specific and non-specific
  - that can be harmful to tank inhabitants
  - which work against bacteria and other fungi
  - waxy threads that cover the body
* Many species provide better forage than any single species
  - only subtle signs of disease
  - react negatively to harnesses that in some way go around the wings
  - release their glochidia in clumps shaped like small worms or fish food
* Many species rely on groups or numbers for protection
  - skin coloration for protection
  - remain hidden for the greater part of their lives
* Many species reproduce asexually, and for many others sex is optional
  - entirely by parthenogenesis
* Many species require a certain kind of forest to survive
  - diet high in fiber to maintain a healthy cecum
  - an alkaline soil
  - humid environments and the light can actually be very harmful
  - large tracts of unbroken habitat to survive
  - the regenerating vegetation that grows after trees are cut
  - water for all or part of their life cycle
  - wetlands for all or part of their life cycle
  - resent heat and can be killed if kept too warm
  - respond favorably to increases in light intensity following burning
  - rest quietly during the day, feeding only at night
  - rest, feed and gather strength before continuing their migration
* Many species retain distasteful or poisonous chemicals acquired from their host plants
  - the egg in the genital tract until it is ready to hatch, and lay it then
  - secrete poisonous substances from glands to ward off intruders
  - seem to be present in large numbers in the deep sea
  - serve as intermediate host for helminths
* Many species show alternation of generations
  - cannibalistic tendencies
  - directional asymmetries, including humans
  - nuclear genome size variation
  - strong sexual dimorphism, having winged females and highly derived wingless males
  - well-developed auditory communication
* Many species sing songs but they lack echolocation capabilities
  - while on migration
* Many species spend a long time together as couples
  - year or more in the larval stage
  - most of their time lying on the ocean bottom
* Many species stay active year round
  - alive by being difficult for predators to spot
  - stop to rest and to feed on wild rice on their journey south
* Many species survive primarily in forests
  - today in deeper waters
  - swarm simultaneously, even if their colonies are separated by long distances
  - swim readily
  - thrash about violently when disturbed to scare away potential predators
  - tolerate moisture stress best during the winter cool season after they are established
* Many species travel long distances by 'ballooning' on long threads of silk
* Many species use artificial nest boxes because they mimic natural cavities
  - caves for all or part of their lifecycles
* Many species use it to trap insects in webs , although there are many species that hunt freely
  - insects in webs, although there are also many species that hunt freely
  - odorous secretions to mark the boundaries of their territory
  - pheromones to identify their territory boundaries
  - shallow waters of lakes or rivers as spawning habitat either in the spring or fall
  - shoreline areas for breeding, migration and development
  - shrubs and trees for protection from predators as well as the weather
  - smell to communicate with each other
  - the reefs as protected areas to have and raise young
  - their species-specific flash pattern to court mates
  - visual cues to locate fruits, seeds, and insects
  - usually have only one chance at successfully fledging young
  - vigorously resprout after shoots are consumed by flames
  - wander in response to the availability of food
* Many species yield edible fruits or are cultivated for their beauty and fragrance
* More species belong to the arthropods than to any other animal group.
* Most species adapt well to captivity.
* Most species also bear toxicysts that are most likely used to capture and stun prey
  - exhibit radical color changes
  - get wings when they are adults
  - grow well in part sun
* Most species also have a thin, partly clear inner eyelid attached to the bottom lid
  - relatively small leaf areas to minimize moisture loss
  - two pairs of antennae and compound eyes
  - share a common shape, being rounded with a broadly spreading crown
  - visit mineral licks where they ingest soil or water
* Most species appear to be gonochorists , with separate male and female individuals
  - restricted to a single genus or species of plants
  - have fairly narrow geographic ranges
  - appreciate warmth, humidity and partial shade
* Most species are able to hide the whole head, limbs and tail
  - survive in a variety of habitats
* Most species are active during or immediately following precipitation
  - in the morning and afternoon hours
  - also very vocal to express alarm and aggression
  - annual or perennial herbs or woody dwarf shrubs
  - aquatic, though several are terrestrial
  - at least moderately frost hardy if they are dry at the root
  - basically terrestrial but capable of climbing
  - bottom dwelling and many live in tubes or cases in the substrate
  - bottomdwellers, with intricate colour patterns used to conceal the fish
  - capable of swimming by moving their body from side to side
  - carnivorous and the majority are important consumers of insects
  - cellulose decomposers
  - commensal in animal intestines but some are free-living in stagnant fresh water
  - common and feed on algae or dead plant matter
  - dark colored, but a few have bright patterns or even metallic colors
  - dependable and can flower season after season
  - dichromatic, meaning they have ruddy brown and grayish color phases
  - egg layers, but some deliver live young in clear, cocoon-like sacs
  - egg-layers, but some are ovoviviparous
  - endangered, primarily due to degradation or loss of their forest habitats
  - especially fond of ants and honey
  - eukaryotes
  - evergreen, with simple, microphyllous leaves
  - fairly small and inhabit the cooler waters of the northern hemisphere
  - forest dwellers, but some occur on the Argentine pampas or in the Andes
* Most species are found in many of the temperate and sub-tropical regions of the world
  - tropical seas, some are temperate and a few are cold-water species
  - free of insect and disease problems
* Most species are free-living herbivores, bacteriovores or predators
  - heterotrophs
  - in freshwater habitats, a few are parasitic
  - free-living, although some are parasitic
  - free-ranging in natural habitat enclosures and breed
* Most species are frost hardy and grow if an early fall frost is followed by warm weather
  - tolerant
  - generalists that are tolerant of turbid water
  - grown from bulbs, although some have rhizomes
  - harmless, but some species have the potential to cause infections
  - heavily armed with spines
  - herbivorous, but some are omnivorous, and a few are predacious
  - hermaphrodites, even capable of self-fertilization
  - heterotrophs that actively hunt bacteria, other protists, and detritus
* Most species are highly social and migrating flocks can be large
  - creatures that live in colonies
  - specialized for their environments and evolve as the environments change
  - important for their conservation and wildlife value in their native range
  - insect and disease resistant, making pesticides and herbicide usage unnecessary
* Most species are known by the common name willowherbs for their willow-like leaves
  - to cover great distances
  - land-based and feed on organic matter, although there are a few parasitic species
  - leaf litter dwellers, nesting in rotten wood
  - light tan to dark brown in color
  - long-tongued and have a rapid, darting flight
* Most species are marine and live on the sea floor, with nearly a worldwide distribution
  - but several are found in freshwater
* Most species are marine, but a few are found in freshwater habitats
  - many freshwater species and a few terrestrial forms are known
  - there are also many freshwater and terrestrial species
  - mature when they are just a few months old
  - microscopic and live in lakes, ponds, and streams
  - more specific about what they eat
  - most active in the early morning and late afternoon
  - night-active
  - nocturnal and all require moisture at all times
* Most species are nocturnal, although some become active during rainy or damp weather
  - but some are active during and following rain
  - effective climbers and energy efficient
  - omnivorous feeding on dead or living plant and animal matter
  - omnivorous, usually preferring a diet of insects and carrion
  - only active at night, dusk and dawn, spending their days in dark caves
* Most species are parasitic in vertebrates and some can cause disease
  - on grasses, insects, or other fungi
* Most species are perennial bunch growers, but some form sods
  - herbs, but there are some shrubs and a few annuals
  - perennials living in dry, especially rocky, places and are xerophytic
  - phytophagous , feeding on flowers
  - pollinated at night by bats and very large moths
  - polygamous to various degrees
  - polygynous, and males use their antlers in combat to obtain and defend females
  - powerful flyers though there are several flightless species
  - predatory on smaller invertebrates
* Most species are predatory, eating mollusks and the like
  - particularly on insects that are often pests of agriculture
  - primarily terrestrial, but some are arboreal, fossorial, or semiaquatic
  - promiscuous and breed in the spring or throughout the year in southern latitudes
* Most species are quite active and move through the hair rapidly when disturbed
  - translucent except for small black chromatophores and the pair of black eyes
  - rather small and have much the same biology
  - saprobes, and some are parasites
  - saprobic but a few are parasitic
  - sedentary living in pairs or small groups outside of the breeding season
  - sexually dimorphic, the males being smaller than females
* Most species are sexually mature at age two or three years and have a maximum age of three years
  - half that size though
  - shrubs or small trees, although a few are large trees or herbs
  - similar in feeding habits and reproduction
  - slow-moving creatures with a high, domed shell
  - social, living in flocks outside of the nesting season
* Most species are solitary, but others live in stable social groups
  - some are often found in groups
  - subject to dehydration
  - susceptible to the fungoid disease, Dutch elm disease
  - terrestrial , but arboreal and semi-aquatic monitors are also known
* Most species are terrestrial but some are epiphytic and a few are aquatic
  - are highly aquatic
* Most species are terrestrial, but T. celebensis also occurs in trees and vines
  - many are aquatic
  - testaceous with more or less distinct rows of black punctures on the elytra
  - tetraploids, but there are many hexaploids and possible some octoploids
  - thought to mate at or near the seafloor
  - tolerant of different soils, as long as the mix provides excellent drainage
  - too small to be seen without a microscope
  - transmitted by insects
  - tropical in distribution, and a slight majority are found only in forests
* Most species are tropical, although ferns are a component of all but the driest ecosystems on earth
  - but there are many arctic species as well
  - univoltine or multivoltine, but a some are semivoltine
  - without scales
  - associate in flocks of varying sizes throughout the year
* Most species attach drag-lines of silk to the substrate at intervals wherever they go
  - the eggs to the substrate, shells or man-made objects
* Most species avoid confrontation by hiding underground or underwater
  - flying over open water
* Most species bear a stiff, spinulose medial projection from the anal plate
  - their flowers in panicles
* Most species become dormant during the winter
  - endangered because of human-caused elimination of their habitat
  - belong to the Ascomycota
  - breed on islands further to the north, heading south and offshore for the winter
  - breed, travel, forage, migrate, and winter in groups
  - build a nest, but some birds build no nest, e.g., killdeer
* Most species can co-exist with human activity
  - exhibit classic 'boom and bust cycles'
  - handle limited water flow
  - mature in a few weeks or months if conditions are good
  - only survive on a few types of plants
  - produce several batches of eggs during their lifetime
  - survive for more than one year without feeding
  - switch from one type of movement to another as the surface requires
  - carry out long migrations each year between the breeding and feeding areas
  - chew their prey, sometimes dipping it in water
* Most species complete one generation per year
  - or two generations during the growing season
  - the live cycle in a month to a year
  - their life cycle within one year
* Most species construct burrows
  - their loose, flat, platform-style nests high in the branches of swamp trees
  - cure naturally, so growth from a previous season is palatable for livestock
  - currently used in aquaculture are dioecious
  - deposit their eggs around ponds, streams, swamps, etc
* Most species eat animals, including small mammals, fishes, reptiles, amphibians, and insects
  - aquatic animals and insects, and some feed on carrion
  - bacteria or other protozoans, but some can absorb nutrients dissolved in the water
  - fish, shellfish, and cephalopods
  - insects and spiders , although several species on islands feed mostly on plants
* Most species eat large amounts of invertebrates such as worms, insects and snails
  - insects such as beetles, but some prey on small reptiles
  - mussels and other mollusks, or shellfish
  - plants or detritus, with the spectacular exception of the predatory praying mantis
* Most species eat small invertebrates picked out of mud or exposed soil
  - out of the mud or soil
  - enclose their eggs in a silken sac and guard the eggs and young
  - exhibit no directional change during their tenure on earth
  - exist for a limited period of geological time and then become extinct
* Most species feed at dusk and during early night hours
  - either on conifers or broadleaf plants, few on herbs and grasses
  - off food that is stirred up as the waves break
* Most species feed on a wide diversity of low-growing herbaceous growth
  - dry dung
  - either warm or cold-blooded animals and birds are often the host
  - foliage, twigs, and other succulent vegetation in summer and on bark in winter
  - soft corals, anemones or hydroids
  - tiny pieces of organic matter and on other microorganisms, such as bacteria
  - upon small creatures such as insects
  - float in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and creeks
  - fly during the day, with some being active into dusk
  - form flocks of up to twenty or more birds
* Most species give birth to living young and the young build up very rapidly
  - one young per year
  - go extinct because of human activity
* Most species go through a complete molting once a year
  - four larval instars
* Most species grow best when given some midday shade or afternoon shade
  - where the soil never completely dries out
* Most species grow in hot, dry regions, especially in Mexico and the Southwestern United States
  - temperate and tropical areas
  - wet environments
  - near tropical and subtropical shores below the low-tide mark
  - on rocks, but at least two float offshore in huge masses
* Most species grow slowly and mature late
  - very late
* Most species grow to become large trees, but several types remain small
  - substantial size
  - well in sun or shade, but evergreen species prefer some shade
* Most species have a breathing tube known as a siphon attached to their tails
  - coiled shell, symmetrical cap, or no shell at all
  - colorful patch of bare skin around each eye
  - complex life cycle of one year or more
  - conspicuous keel or ridge between the legs which extends backward into a point
  - direct life cycle and parasitize the intestine
  - dozen to two dozen offspring
  - gestation of about a month, with the swamp rabbit being a notable exception
  - long lifespan
  - lovely scent when in flower
  - mild temperament and bite only when accidentally pressed against skin
* Most species have a narrow bill , but otherwise the form and length are quite variable
  - range of optimal temperatures
  - nuchal and dorsal crest which runs down the back similar to the water dragons
  - number of different biological clocks
  - one-year life cycle
  - pale ring around the eye
  - relatively short rostrum, and the orbits are large
  - simple life cycle, with the exception of the marine polychaetes
* Most species have a single coiled or spiraled shell
  - generation a year, with the egg or nymph overwintering
  - pair of eyes in the middle of their heads , oriented horizontally
  - stylet plus specialized feeding glands and an alimentary tract
  - three-chambered heart
  - unique species of louse, but a few species share lice
* Most species have an annual breeding season - spring through summer
  - elongated right lung and no left lung
  - external fertilization mode known as amplexus
  - and display characteristic signs of fear, aggression, and contentment
  - aquatic wormlike larval stages that start as egg masses laid on the water surface
  - bright plumage with few differences between the sexes
  - chewing mouthparts
  - color patterns that are some combination of black, white, and gray
  - defense mechanisms to protect themselves against a dominant species or predator
  - ears that are joined by a band of skin across the top of the head
  - eyes with elliptical pupils that can open wide or close down very narrowly
* Most species have five arms coming from a central disk
  - arms, but there are sea stars with ten, twenty or even forty arms
  - rows of tube feet extending from mouth to anus
  - fluffy white fur on the underside of the tail
* Most species have four fingers on the front limbs and five toes on the hind
  - legs, but a few that live in water lack hind legs
  - toes, three of which are forward-pointing
  - irregular colour markings consisting of spots of different sizes and colours
  - just one per capsule
  - large, showy flowers and attack a variety of tree hosts
* Most species have leaves or fronds that are subdivided into many smaller leaflets
  - that are bitterly aromatic
  - legs that are slightly longer than their arms
  - little hair
  - live birth, but a few marsupials lay eggs
  - methods to avoid inbreeding
  - mixed feeding habits
  - monomorphic workers, but in some the workers are polymorphic
  - multiple requirements for amino acids and vitamins
  - mychorrizal associations with soil fungi
  - narrow ecological preferences and are endemic to a single island
  - no compound eyes but they often have antennae
  - numerous subspecies
* Most species have one generation a year, over-wintering in the soil
* Most species have only one generation per year
  - offspring per year
  - populations and size structures that are in good shape
  - purple lines on the petals
  - relatively long life cycles and complete only one or two generations per year
  - rhizoids that attach the gametophytes to the soil and absorb water and minerals
  - roots which protrude above the surface of the water
  - smooth, lustrous leaf surfaces and generally slightly toothed margins
  - specialized breathing siphons at the 'tail' end of their bodies
  - spiny leaf margins
  - splendid colours
  - three jaws equipped with small, sharp teeth
* Most species have two pairs of wings
  - sexes - male and female
  - tibial spurs on the middle or hind legs
  - venomous appendages on their sides
* Most species have very little tolerance to drought and are restricted in moist and protected areas
  - specialized diets - some eat only a single type of algae
  - vivid plumage in bold patterns, and many are crested
  - hide during the day, feed at night, and commonly fly to lights
* Most species hide in cracks, dark areas or webs
  - darkened areas, or other retreats which they construct of silk
  - under stones, logs, boards, rubbish, and the loose bark of fallen trees and posts
  - hold their wings above the abdomen when they are resting
  - however spin much more substantial cocoons or egg-sacs to hold the eggs safe
  - hybridize freely
* Most species inhabit cold waters
  - moist areas rich in organic matter
* Most species inhabit the bottom of quiet fresh waters
  - upper few hundred metres of the ocean
  - keep their nest in an area hidden by very dense vegetation
  - kill their hosts , though some cause the hosts to become sterile and less active
* Most species lack palpi
  - pectoral and pelvic fins , adding to their serpentine appearance
  - scales over most of the body, making it smooth and slippery
  - leave the water during the morning, but hawkers do so under cover of darkness
* Most species live for a year or two
  - many decades and take several years to reach sexual maturity
  - only one year
* Most species live in forests and some spend their entire life in the trees
  - or woodland habitats
  - humid forests, though there are some exceptions
  - marine environments
  - marshes or near water , because there their larvae have more than enough food
  - nests called 'forms'
  - open areas, but some live in forests
* Most species live in relatively shallow water, although some are deep dwelling
  - waters although some species are deep dwelling
  - small colonies, usually underground, often in an old mousehole
  - subtropical and tropical regions
* Most species live in the darkest, dampest parts of boreal conifer forests
  - sea, Some in fresh water and even less in brackish water
  - tropics, mainly in rainforest
* Most species live in tropical and temperate oceans throughout the world
  - waters, but several live in polar waters
* Most species live in warm tropical or subtropical waters
  - near open, rocky areas
* Most species live on land , though some live in trees
  - plants, others tunnel or burrow, some swim
* Most species live on the sea floor but a few are planktonic
  - surface of the ground and many are flightless
  - one year, but some survive longer
  - within foliage or flower blossoms and are well-camouflaged
* Most species lose the byssus as they grow larger
  - their foliage for a brief period each year, usually in midsummer
  - make their nests on bare ground or in the grass
  - mature within a year
  - migrate at a rate somewhere between their normal and top speeds
  - naturally occur on muddy or marshy lake shores and intertidal zones of beaches
  - never build up population sizes large enough to be considered pests
* Most species occur in avian or rodent hosts
  - schools in inshore seas, with some found in estuaries or freshwater systems
  - shallow waters, but soem are found at great depths
  - the tropics
* Most species occur on living or dead plants
  - trees for at least part of their life cycle
  - outdoors on plants, or under bark, stones or dead leaves
  - occurring in Tasmania give birth to live young
  - only change sex once in their development
  - open their stomata during the day to avoid overheating
  - pass the winter as eggs
* Most species pass through egg, larval, and mature stages
  - six nymphal stages
  - play roles as both consumer and resource
  - populate regions in the tundra or taiga
* Most species prefer clean water
  - dead wood, but some termites feed on living trees
  - many caves, rocks, and crevices to hide in
  - moist environments, some semi-aquatic
  - partial shade to full sun
  - slow-moving or stagnant water in which to lay their eggs
* Most species prefer to feed on new plant growth
  - live at the edge between two types of vegetation
  - probably store uric acid or purine bases in some form
* Most species produce capsules as the fruit
  - far more offspring than can possibly survive
  - fleshy roots, rootstocks, corms, or bulbs
  - light-responsive seeds and germination is under phytochrome control
  - many generations in a season
  - monophialides, that is, phialides that produce conidia from one opening only
  - much slime on carbohydrate media
  - paired eggsacks
  - urine which appears anechoic or black on ultrasound examination
  - raise one brood per year
  - reach their greatest population densitites and do the most damage by midsummer
* Most species rely on active echolocation for orientation in space and tracking their prey
  - upon some kind of pollination vector to accomplish pollination
* Most species remain hidden under bark or in leaf litter and require relatively high humidity
  - on the host only long enough to feed
* Most species reproduce every year
  - only once every two years, and pregnancy typically lasts a year
  - using external fertilization
* Most species require cross-pollination to set seed
  - soft, slightly acid water to breed
  - retract their tentacles and introvert quickly following a tactile stimulus
  - roost in moderate-sized groups, but some are solitary
  - run through their entire life cycle in about a year
* Most species seem to adapt
  - make the journey without eating, stopping only to rest at night
  - show differences in size, but all are marked differently
  - start out as aquatic tadpoles and metamorphose into land-living animals
  - suck out the contents of insect bodies and discard the exoskeleton
  - survive the winter as eggs or adults
  - tend to occur in aggregations
  - travel in flocks of about five to forty
  - try to dominate their sites through all sorts of means
  - undergo submarine pollination and complete their entire life cycle underwater
  - usually come ashore at night, most often at high tide
* Some species actually benefit from interaction with humans
  - help to control unwanted pests
  - keep and protect the aphids and care for their eggs
* Some species adapt and change
  - much more rapidly to new conditions than others
  - add a ring of growth to their vertebrae every year
  - affect the central nervous system causing hallucinations and sometimes leading to coma
  - aggregate in enormous groups of several hundreds or thousands
* Some species also climb into trees, shrubs, and crop plants looking for prey
  - consume anglerfish
  - deposit their eggs in bromeliads
  - display self-fertilization, or selfing
* Some species also eat grasses, succulents, other green vegetation and insects
  - pollen and fungal spores
  - small vertebrates like fish, frogs, mice, or even other smaller bats
  - exude a venom that blisters the skin, and others emit an offensive odor
* Some species also feed in daylight hours and others day and night
  - on other microscopic creatures
* Some species also have a brief female post-reproductive stage
  - fall cycle
  - an anal opening
  - different ranges for breed ing
  - soft soles that grip rock, similar to a rock climber's rubber shoes
  - space requirements and benefit greatly from larger tracts of habitat
  - very long life spans
  - hunt small prey, such as insects, lizards, smaller birds and rodents
* Some species also live in grassland or forest habitats
  - harem groups , with one male, several females, and their common offspring
  - perform elaborate courtship flights
  - produce a smelly and bitter liquid from glands along their sides
  - provide a source of chemical compounds for medicines
  - represent an important natural resource
* Some species also reproduce by producing unisexual and monoecious flowers and seeds
  - twice in a season
  - scavenge on dead or decaying plants or animals
  - transmit viral diseases of plants
  - use the nest to raise their young until they fledge
  - alternate between reproduction methods in succeeding generations
  - always extend polyps
  - ambush their prey from tubular tunnels built in the ground or under rocks
* Some species appear to be frost tolerant
  - cohabit tubes made by others
  - have a breeding season while other seem to breed all year round
  - mate for life
  - appreciate branches for climbing
* Some species are able to adapt more readily than others
  - to a wide range of salinities
  - bite humans and inject a venom into the skin
  - move on land due to their semi-erect posture
  - reproduce with no mate, a function known as parthenogenesis
* Some species are able to roll into a ball when disturbed, hence the name, pillbugs
  - themselves into a ball to conserve moisture or as a defence mechanism
  - stand considerable temperatures
  - survive hot water and soap
* Some species are active during the day, while others are active during the night
  - daytime, while others bustle during the night
  - hunters, while others feed on algae
  - pollinators
* Some species are adapted to live in brackish water, or water of intermediate salinity
  - survive long periods of dehydration in their tissues
  - algal-like with green pigments for photosynthesis
  - almost extinct, or have become extremely rare
* Some species are also capable of making a loud, startling, hissing noise using their wings
  - transmitting plant diseases
  - clump forming and are deciduous
  - ground dwellers and are colored accordingly to their surroundings
  - important in aquaculture as food organisms for juvenile fish and shellfish
  - migratory, moving with food and water availability
  - prone to overheating if heat-pads are used
  - seasonal spawners, even after several generations of captive breeding
  - among the last of their kind on Earth
  - annuals, others, especially the cultivated species, are deciduous shrubs
  - anthropophilic and some are zoophilic
* Some species are aquatic, in freshwater or the sea
  - some terrestrial, and others marine
  - arboreal, with larvae that hunt tree snails
  - attributed with high levels of intelligence
* Some species are beneficial and are used as a source of shellac, dyes and other materials
  - because they feed on plants that humans consider to be weeds
  - better suited to vertical proportions
  - bisexuals in a much more strict sense of the word
  - both predator and prey, and judgments of their vulnerability are often subjective
  - brightly colored, and many are difficult to distinguish from one another
  - called yellow sorrels or pink sorrels after the color of their flowers instead
* Some species are capable of altering their coloration
  - burrowing into the soil to hide and escape from the above-ground heat
  - fixing atmospheric nitrogen
  - producing their own light through bioluminescence
  - carnivorous and others are even parasitic
  - cleaners all their lives, others only as juveniles
  - colorless, but the vast majority are photosynthetic
  - commensal with hydrozoans, bryozoans and sponges
  - common to rift communities separated by thousands of miles of cold, dark ocean
  - completely or partially parthenogenetic
* Some species are considered critical for the way they modify their habitat
  - pests in their native ranges because they strip fruit orchards
  - to be agricultural pests
  - constrictors, which means they dispatch their prey by suffocation
  - delectable foods
  - dependent on environmental policy in more than one place
  - designed to live where it is very cold
  - destructive to stored products
  - directly important to the economy, and others are important in an indirect way
  - disguised as birds' droppings resting on a leaf
  - dwarf and grown as houseplants as well
  - easier to move in the fall when they are restless and preparing to migrate
  - eaten and preferred in special circumstances
  - ectoparasites of man
  - edible but some have been linked to gastrointestinal upsets
  - edible, or are poisonous
  - efficient algae eaters for medium sized tanks
  - employed for their anti-inflammatory properties
  - endangered due to unsustainable logging and other forms of habitat destruction
  - entirely dependent upon bees and other insects for the transfer of pollen
* Some species are even capable of running at a high speeds and jumping many feet into the air
  - hyperparasitoid , with the host itself being another parasitoid insect
  - exclusively marine, others inhabit, freshwater systems
* Some species are extremely popular garden plants, grown as bedding plants in temperate regions
  - susceptible to grazing even at light intensities
  - famous for the fact that the female tends to eat the male following copulation
  - filterers or scrapers and there are a few predatory species
  - flattened and can enter rock crevices, others are snake-like with reduced limbs
  - foraminiferan predators, while others appear to eat anything they can catch
  - forestry pests
* Some species are found in buildings associated with humans
  - land-locked lakes
  - hairy and have a long, thin abdomen
  - hallucinogenic, and many are toxic
  - heavily dependent on ants for survival and dispersal
  - hermaphrodites, which have both functional male and female gonads
  - heterotrophic, but many are photosynthetic organisms containing chlorophyll
* Some species are highly aquatic, while others are equally specialized for life in deserts
  - destructive to vegetation
  - host-specific, but most species feed on a range of different host animals
  - pathogenic and are lethal for a high percentage of the humans they infect
  - susceptible to epidemic disease while others appear to be immune
  - host specific and each predator works better under different weather conditions
  - identified by the color on the tip of their short, thin tail
  - illegal to own under any circumstances, like sharks or electric eels
* Some species are important as timber, tanbark, dyewood, gums, and other commercial products
  - in the decomposition of plant litter
  - vectors of plague and other diseases
  - in decline as a result of overfishing
  - infective to humans
  - initially herbivorous, but become carnivorous as they mature
  - kept as pets
* Some species are known as parasitic orchids
  - for being pests for property damage, and others are kept as pets
  - to consume different types of dung
* Some species are known to eat animals as large as antelope or deer
  - enter brackish water
  - lead more stressful lives than others
  - use the neurotoxin 'tetrodotoxin' to subdue their prey
  - leaf rollers, web formers, leaf skeletonizers, leaf miners or cause plant galls
  - major food sources for various species of fish
  - marine, a few are parasitic
  - mixotrophic and many live among freshwater and marine plankton
  - monocarpic , dying after flowering
* Some species are more active in cooler temperatures, drizzle, or high wind than others
  - adaptable and can find alternative forage sources to augment their diet
* Some species are more likely than others to flick hairs
  - to be fossilized than others
  - resistant to commonly used antimicrobial agents than others
* Some species are most active at night
  - mouthbrooders, picking up their eggs for incubation in their throat cavities
* Some species are much more aggressive than others so they go after larger prey
  - prone to rot
  - native to rather dry climates that have periods of heavy rainfall
  - natural flora in the human intestines
  - neither nomadic, established in a given area, nor on their way south
* Some species are nocturnal and little is known of their biology
  - such as geckos
* Some species are nocturnal, some are diurnal, and others are active day and night
  - diurnal, and others are active during both day and night
* Some species are omnivores and eat organic debris from decomposed plants or animals
  - because they eat other insects
  - omnivorous, eating detritus and, when available, smaller tadpoles
  - only active at dusk, while others seek blood meals during daylight hours
* Some species are oviparous , some are ovoviviparous , and a few are viviparous
  - like most other fish, laying their eggs in the water
* Some species are parasites of birds, mammals, or other vertebrate animals
  - reptiles and amphibians
  - plants and animals, ranging from other protozoa to humans
  - on algae, zooplankton, fish or other organisms
* Some species are parasitic on humans
  - various beetles and flies
  - parasitoids of insects
  - parthenogenic , the females capable of reproducing without copulating with a male
  - particularly important to the health of their ecosystems
* Some species are particularly sensitive to environmental change
  - human disturbance
  - pathogenic, but others are important in food processing such as milk fermenations
  - pathogens of insects and others arc agents of human disease and possibly allergies
  - pests, damaging flowers and fruit
  - planted in gardens for their beauty and to attract butterflies
* Some species are poisonous only during certain stages of growth
  - to humans, and most species occur in Australia
  - potentially dangerous to people and other animals
  - predaceous as adults to a limited extent
  - predators whose harpoon-shaped radula carries deadly venom
  - predators, others feed on pollen, fungi, decaying vegetation, or are omnivorous
  - predatory on other insects, especially larvae
  - present naturally, but numbers are usually too low to satisfactorily control pests
  - producers, which convert sunlight into chemical energy through photosynthesis
  - prone to fungal infections
  - quite rare and endangered, or unique to Florida
* Some species are relatively easy to mutate, such as poplars
  - more plentiful than others because that is how they occur in nature
  - remarkably adept at burying themselves quickly and deeply
  - responsible for serious human diseases, such as malaria, vectored by mosquitoes
* Some species are said to be venomous
  - make stores of food in a terminal chamber of their tunnel
  - saprophytes
  - self-pollinating
* Some species are serious pests of pastures
  - several millimeters in diameter
  - shaped almost like the liver, from which they get their name
  - single cells , some are multicellular
  - so common that they are among the most abundant animals on earth
  - social and live in large groups
  - solitary while others form colonies of more than a million individuals
  - solitary, some gather in giant groups to mate
* Some species are sources of dyes
  - fiber, edible leaves and seeds
  - specific as to the types of wood they infest, while others are general feeders
* Some species are strictly graminivorous, others are forbivorous and many are mixed feeders
  - herbivorous, while others feed on fishes
  - strong migratory insects in that they are skilled enough to cover wide distances
  - symbiotic with plants
  - synanthropic and can be pestiferous in urban areas
  - terrestrial and live in burrows dug either by other animals or by themselves
  - territorial, while others build their nests closer together
  - the most aggressive fouling organisms and they can be found on docks and boats
  - thermophiles, but many mesophilic species have been isolated as well
  - tolerant of environmental extremes and disperse widely
  - tropical, some require cold water
  - truly aquatic in their habits and are excellent swimmers and divers
* Some species are unable to make sounds by rubbing their legs
  - tolerate extremes of temperature
  - unisexual and reproduce by parthenogenesis
* Some species are used for building shelters
  - to make special oil, perfumes or incense
  - useful as ground cover
  - valuable as timber trees
  - valued as sources of medicinal material
* Some species are vectors of disease in humans and other animals
  - various filarial, protozoan, and viral diseases
* Some species are very aggressive, producing many fast growing rhizomes
  - common in cattle rumens and on human skin
  - dependant on a humid environment
  - fond of snails, which are picked directly off the branches
  - host-specific, while others feed on a wide range of seeds
  - individual and some are very social
  - wholly terrestrial, some wholly aquatic, and some amphibious
  - wingless and can be found in dry grass
  - associate in groups of hundreds, others in small groups, and some forms roost singly
  - assume bizarre shapes, many are pests of crops and stored products
* Some species attach eggs directly to the host's hair or feathers
  - the nest to trees, shrubs, or buildings
* Some species attach to kelp while others are free-swimming
  - the wall and form a cocoon
* Some species attack a limited range of plant hosts, other have a broad host range
  - branches or cones but the ones which can kill a tree attack the trunk
  - mammals if available
  - pest insects and are used in biological control
  - plant roots and cause crop damage
  - roots or leaves of plants, others are parasites on animals or insects
  - avoid burdening themselves by keeping their finery detached
* Some species bear an array of tentacles in front of the head
  - live young, others lay eggs
  - living offspring only every three to five years
  - prickles
  - shade or sun better than others when they are young
* Some species become economically important when they nest in sound structural wood
  - quite aggressive when nesting, and have been known to attack humans
  - rare, endangered, or extinct because they are killed deliberately
* Some species become so adapted that they die when their tree dies or disappears
  - specialized in their breeding requirements that extinction looms near
* Some species begin life as males and change into females as they mature
  - on one host species and then, generations later, switch to another host species
  - benefit from bird sand or grit, as a source of calcium
  - bloom only in alternate years
  - break off a small part of their base, which then grows into an adult anemone
* Some species breed successfully in irrigation ditches
  - year-round, and populations are maintained through constant reproduction
* Some species brood their eggs underneath their coiled arms or inside a special chamber
  - tro-chophores and veligers
  - young internally
* Some species build a sort of home called lorica, in which individuals can take refuge
  - nests, but most lay eggs in tree hollows
  - tubes while others burrow into limestone
* Some species burrow in soft sediments
  - the ground, or live in rotting wood
  - into sand and mud, others live in crevices in rocks, or in empty shells
  - buy extra time by distracting the predator
  - call while they are under water and the sound travels through the water
* Some species can adapt to change more readily than others do
  - also reproduce by pedal laceration
* Some species can be a nuisance in shady greenhouses or a weed in gardens
  - bipinnate or even resemble fern fronds
  - hosts to pests and diseases
  - important for food and hides
  - pests of stored products
* Some species can bite in a manner similar to velvety tree ants
  - or even attack their predators
  - breed in puddles left after a rainstorm
  - build up a heat load while they are resting during the day
* Some species can cause animal mortality and problems for humans
  - disease in fish , and at least one pathogen of mammals
  - important diseases
  - infection in humans and other animals
  - infectious diseases in human beings
* Some species can change color like chameleons to blend in with their surroundings
  - to blend in with the sand
  - consume jet fuel and wall paint
  - digest cellulose and some are cannibalistic
* Some species can do both sexual and asexual reproduction, depending on environmental conditions
  - either with or without males
  - either be land or sea urchins
* Some species can even color during hour of their surroundings
  - mimic human speech
  - rattle their tails in an attempt to mimic a rattlesnake
  - recognize a shadow
  - regenerate lost legs
  - exploit a variety of habitats while others are restricted to one type of habitat
  - extend their tongue up to twice the length of the body
  - fast for long periods
  - fix nitrogen
  - flourish in home saltwater aquaria
  - go for long periods of time without water
  - hang from tree branches with their tail
  - imitate human chatter, waterfalls, and pigs
  - inflict a painful pinch with their cerci, but most species are harmless if handled
  - intake water to inflate themselves like pufferfish
  - leave the water, walking on the shore or resting on rocks and other objects
* Some species can live a year or longer
  - up to nine years
  - make dives over eight hundred feet deep
* Some species can produce eggs without a blood meal
  - mycotoxins
  - rapidly change colour so as to keep in camouflage , or to signal
* Some species can reach impressive speeds, such as barracuda, sailfish and bonefish
  - the length of over thirty inches
  - regenerate portions of the trunk and the digestive system following serious damage
  - reproduce sexually
  - ripen without the help of wasps
* Some species can roll their leaves, eg
  - up into a ball when in danger
  - sense the carbon dioxide exhaled by a host
  - shed their tails during an attack and grow a new one
  - spread plant virus diseases
  - squirt their fluids several inches
  - stain carpeting or fabric, especially if crushed
  - strip all of a tree's leaves in just one night
* Some species can survive for years without feeding
  - in warm, salty water that has low levels of oxygen
  - only in roadless areas
  - swim and climb, but mostly they stay on the ground
* Some species can tolerate acidic waters better than others
  - both fresh and saltwater
  - light frost
  - lower temperatures
  - mild pollution
  - more damage and loss in the critical root zone than others
  - withstand the loss of much body fluid during dry conditions
  - care for their young after they have hatched
* Some species carry diseases that can be transmitted to humans
  - eggs in the womb until the hatching
  - enough venom in their bodies to kill several men
* Some species cause a chemical reaction when mixed with alcohol
  - considerable damage in crop plants
  - galls to form on their host plants
  - more itching than others, and individual reactions vary from person to person
  - systemic infections in humans
  - terminal growth of injured plants to become curled and stunted
* Some species change eating habits as they age
  - nest sites as the season progresses
  - sex and others just get older
  - chatter or whistle an alarm call
  - choose nesting places around people's houses
* Some species climb out of the water as they emerge, and others swim to shore
  - the stalks and feed on the leaves
  - closely related to lavender produce essential oils of use to the aromatherapist
  - combine brooding with long-distance dispersion by rafting
  - consistently ingest more pellets than others
  - consume live plants
* Some species contain a compound called swainsonine and are toxic to livestock
  - third row of leaves called an amphigastria
  - antiquality factors that can lower animal performance
  - brucine, which is also found in nux vomica, chloroquine and quinine
  - toxins that produce fatal damage to the liver and kidneys
  - continue to be taken from the wild illegally for the pet trade
  - cover the egg mass with a soft white or light brown material
  - crawl under rocks in the stream to deposit their eggs
  - create silken webbing, so keep an eye out for that as well
  - curl their leaves, shrinking away from the sunlight and heat
  - currently provide parental care of the eggs or egg mass
  - deplete serotonin in the host's tissues
  - deposit their eggs directly on the nestlings
  - detect the invading egg and dispose of it
  - develop a placenta during gestation
* Some species devour dead fishes and other putrifying animal matters with avidity
  - the entire leaf, especially on young plants
  - dig themselves in quite deeply during a dry spell
  - discharge an odorous fluid from the tip of the abdomen
  - dispense their seeds to the wind on cottony puffs similar to dandelions
  - disperse further from the oviposition site than others
* Some species display striking colors and perform beautiful mating dances
  - stunning camouflage patterns
* Some species do better than others in proximity to humans
  - develop faster than others do with regards to body size, feathering and color
  - exhibit restrained reproductive capacity
  - indeed feed on snails and slugs
  - live as far north as the equator, but only in areas near cold ocean currents
  - mate after the flight
  - pose some small risk to fishermen
  - drag stones into a kind of nest
  - drop egg cases of various design
* Some species eat aphids and small caterpillars, though far more dine on tender vegetation
  - chiefly snails
  - plants but others eat worms, lizards, mice, slugs, and snails
  - toxic plants and keep the toxins in their bodies to discourage predators
  - weed plants that are bad for cattle and horses
  - eject a visceral liquid, causing dermatitis and blindness
* Some species emit a foul odor when crushed
  - loud cry in flight
  - noxious chemical from their thoraces as a further deterrent to predators
  - strong smelling irritant when handled
  - employ abandoned nests of termites
  - enlarge the host cell only slightly, while others cause it to become enormous
* Some species even climb if given a support such as a moss totem pole
  - exhibit learning behavior
  - feed on the roots of plants
  - grow upon glacial ice and others upon mud to almost dry soil
* Some species even have a green back, further adding to their hummingbird resemblance
  - waterproof husk, such as the coconut
  - hairs covering the leaves
* Some species even live in warm springs
  - north of the Arctic Circle
* Some species even live on land, including various terrestrial crabs
  - minute dust particles and debris in our homes
  - maintain fungal gardens, which feed on plant matter
  - make several shallow false burrows to confuse enemies such as velvet ants
  - overpopulate
  - require fire in order to survive
  - snuggle into nests with many individuals
  - use massive networks of nerve cells called brains to think
  - excavate nest holes in decaying trees, others dig into termite mounds
  - excrete salt through glands in their leaves
* Some species exhibit differences in sizes depending on the stock
  - direct development of the eggs
  - extremely narrow routes of travel
  - great synchronicity in their hatching
  - no parental care at all and in others only one sex cares for the young
  - experience significantly shorter lifespans in captivity
  - extend parental care into the postnatal period, feeding and protecting the offspring
  - face extinction unless fishing pressure is suspended or vastly reduced
* Some species feed almost exclusively on flowers
  - at more than one tropic level, hence are termed omnivores
  - chiefly on dead animal matter, such as decaying fish and processed sandwich meats
  - close to the bottom
  - mostly on birds while others prefer to feed on mammals
* Some species feed on a substance called honey dew, which is secreted by aphids
  - blood, others eat detritrus, decaying plant and animal debris
  - cattle, horses, or other domestic animals while others prefer man
  - decaying organic matter while others are cannibalistic
  - dung of only one species of animal, while others are less choosy
  - fungus spores and some frequent flowers where they feed on pollen
  - grasshopper eggs in the soil
  - leaves while other species feed on roots
  - living plants and even fungal spores and pollens
  - sugar, meat, or other forms of protein
  - vegetable molds that they cultivate
* Some species feed only on microorganisms while others also feed on plant materials
  - one type of plant
  - fertilize eggs externally, some internally
  - filter particles for food, others grasp larger particles such as smaller animals
  - flip mating systems from monogamy to polygyny, dump fry if their parter deserts etc
  - fluctuate or cycle annually
* Some species fly all the way from Africa
  - at night, while others fly in the day, mainly in shaded woods
* Some species form colonies in huge old hollow trees such as sycamore and cypress
  - dense stands by suckering
* Some species form large colonies by reproducing asexually
  - prides or packs, others form home ranges that are defended or shared
  - relationships with bacteria
  - strict lifelong family bonds, i.e. buffalo, zebra and sable
  - swollen cells at the tip of the hyphae called toluroid cells
  - frequently branch at the nodes as well, while in others branching is rare or absent
  - gather and migrate in huge swarms
  - germinate faster if the seeds are given a special treatment prior to planting
  - get quite large and can be aggressive
  - give birth and rear young in protected coastal bays and lagoons
* Some species give birth to live offspring, while others lay eggs
  - young such as skinks
  - young, while others lay eggs
  - off a putrid fluid through openings in the body
  - glow light instead of flashing light
  - go feral easily and successfully
  - greatly extend their ranges along rivers
* Some species grow along riverbanks and in flood planes
  - as floating plants
* Some species grow in arid deserts, while others can flourish under water
  - large numbers as tiny weeds in the soil of gardens and cultivated fields
  - marvellously tall and slender in protected locations
  - upon damp ground
  - within or upon other organisms
* Some species guard their eggs, while others release their thousands of eggs as a drifting egg raft
  - harbour dog ticks
* Some species have a complete array of accessory sex glands, including the above three types
  - crest or coloured ruff of feathers
  - fatty dorsal fin
* Some species have a few dozen predatory individuals living in small natural cavities
  - long hairs on the under side of the lower lip of the corolla
  - free swimming stage of life, but most are pretty stationary
  - high population in the Americas
  - light-emitting organ in front of the anus
  - lip designed to mimic a female insect and attracts males to try to mate with it
  - long, bicolored pelage, whereas others have short, velvety, unicolored fur
  - mane or dorsal crest of hair
  - milky sap that can be toxic
  - pellucid gelatinous covering, comparable to a shell
  - penchant for fungus, like the mildew-munching orange ladybird
  - powerful sting at the tip of the abdomen
  - pupal stage that lasts for two years
  - red hue to the fur
  - saclike seminal vesicle and most species have unicellular prostatic glands
  - sort of lid which closes automatically when the poh'p retires
  - strong preference for tidal pools
  - tail which can be easily broken
  - tendency to bleed through paint because of their resinous nature
  - terminal mouth and resemble some cyprinids
  - third pigment that absorbs maximally in the blue region
  - vocal sac on each side of the head
* Some species have a wide color variation between the sexes and depending on the mood of the fish
  - range, while others live in a very limited area
  - acetogens as the predominant hydrogen-utilizing bacteria in the intestinal tract
  - additional prolegs at the end of their abdomen
  - amazingly large numbers of offspring but provide no protective care
* Some species have an egg tooth on the lower mandible, which also disappears after hatching
  - operculum, a lid or trapdoor to close the shell
  - another, perhaps even more alarming, defence mechanism at least in the short term
  - aquatic adults and retain gills throughout life
  - aromatic oils in the foliage
  - as much or more weight in water in greenwood as the wood weighs when ovendry
* Some species have black and gray markings while many species have white undersides
  - or red coloration in the wings
  - black, or black and white hind wings
* Some species have both male and female sex organs, called hermaphrodites
  - shallow radial root systems and deep tap roots
* Some species have brief flight periods, when they can be observed and captured
  - periods of exponential growth, followed by population crashes
  - bright colors to scare off or confuse attackers
  - cement glands that produce a plug to block the vulva after copulation
  - chevron-markings on their abdomen
  - colorful skins , though
  - cryptic adaptations by which they use leaves in avoiding predators
  - dark wings
  - definite food preferences to be aware of
  - diets consisting of algae and plankton
  - different roosting and feeding sites
  - dolipore septa
* Some species have edible fruit
  - muscular body walls
  - erectile crests
  - exceptionally strong and specific instincts for habitat selection
* Some species have eyes that are tiny, undeveloped pin-pricks
  - change color when the bird ages
  - faint stripes, and some have a rump that contrasts with the rest of the back
  - fairly elaborate courtship
  - fewer males or they are even rare
  - flowers veined or feathered with two colors
  - folds of skin called a nose-leaf on their snout
  - green and non-green forms
  - hair growth cycles that take their cue from the seasons
  - horns on their heads and all have soft mouthparts
  - inrolling of leaf margins
  - internal shells
  - large cloacal cavities that are lined with many finger-like projections
  - larval stage after which fully formed adult squids emerge
  - life cycles that include extensive migrations through the bodies of their hosts
  - light receptors in the tail
  - long claws, which the males run against the cheeks of the female
* Some species have long hair as compared to others
  - on the top of the head and showy mustaches
  - legs as well
  - necks and in many cases are laterally compressed
  - luminescent lanterns
  - male parental care
  - many different larval stages, whereas others develop directly from egg to adult
  - mating rituals
  - medicinal use as herbal teas
  - metallic or iridescent blue, green and bronze coloration
  - more change in genetic composition compared to others
* Some species have more than four pairs of walking legs
  - one larval stage
  - mottlings of white and a ventral surface the same color as the back
* Some species have no leaf blades, others have narrow blades
  - value to people except that they exist
  - numerous eyes scattered over the front end of the body
  - oil droplets in a concentric arrangement in the oospores
  - one generation per year, other species have two or more
  - only one heat period each year and are called monoestrous
  - pale markings on the hardened parts of their bodies and on their legs
  - particular burrows just for mating and other burrows to live in
* Some species have peculiar dietary needs, but all primates require a well balanced diet
  - but all primates require a well-balanced diet
  - pores , spines or blunt ridges instead of gills
  - retractable claws like a cat
  - rhizomes or taproots
  - round faces
  - scent glands from which they can squirt a foul-smelling liquid
  - seeds that remain viable for years
  - separate male and female flowers
* Some species have several generations annually
  - per year while others have one
  - sharp barbs on their forelegs to prevent prey from escaping
  - short, useless wings, and others have no wings at all
  - silica spicules
  - small glands adj. to the germinal epithelium
  - small, metallic spots of red or gold
  - solitary flowers, while others have raceme, or most commonly, cyme inflorescences
  - sori on all the leaves, while others have specialized leaves that bear the sori
  - stingers that are barbed and remain in the wound
  - strong claws on their feet to help with fishing as well
  - stubby, blunt spines, while other species have long, sharp, venom-filled spines
  - ten fingers per hand
  - tendrils for twining
  - terete leaves
* Some species have the ability to alter their color to match the background
  - flavor of licorice
  - power of movement
  - same number of body segments when they hatch as they do as adults
  - their entire body surface covered with sticky mucus that captures prey
  - thread-like trailing stems, while others have thick, succulent, upright stems
  - three pairs of book lungs , while others have no respiratory organs at all
  - totally different habitat needs in their juvenile phase than they do as adults
* Some species have two broods a year
  - fingers on each hand that are stuck together
  - penises and one or more genital pores for the process of reproduction
* Some species have unique adaptations that facilitate their getting to it
  - digestive organs, or their organs function in special ways
  - unusually long bills and some have relatively short bills
* Some species have very hard, strong wood
  - large central eyes
  - vestigial tails or no tails at all
  - winter-hardy eggs that hatch with the spring thaw
* Some species hibernate in burrows
  - winter and others sleep or remain inactive during the dry, hot summer
* Some species hide in a larval case, while others make a covering of leaves held together by silk
  - or guard their eggs
  - under bits of debris or wood and attack passing insects
  - hold their moisture content at higher levels than do others
  - including honey bees , bumblebees , and stingless bees live socially in colonies
* Some species incorporate a large amount of iron in the radula
  - calcium carbonate from the ocean into their cell walls as well
* Some species increase and others decrease pH of their medium
  - their surface area for breathing with feathery protrusions
  - infect the intestinal system, others attack the blood and other tissues
  - infest the liver and lungs as well
  - inhabit the shallow waters commonly used by anglers and swimmers
* Some species inject toxic salivary secretions into plants as they feed
  - into plants during feeding
  - interact so one benefits and the other is unaffected
  - intertwine their tails during courtship
  - invade human dwellings and are considered pests
* Some species lack a tail, others lack apparent hind limbs and the skull is very variable
  - dorsal and ventral ducts and have a network of canals, instead
  - pigmentation and are parasites on other red algae
  - pyrenoids altogether
  - learn their song during social interaction
  - live alone
* Some species live at the bottom of the ocean floor while others are very close to the surface
  - far longer
* Some species live for as little as six months
  - just a few days, and most live for only a couple of weeks
  - freely in their aquatic environment, whereas others encase themselves in tubes
* Some species live in ant and termite nests
  - birds' nests, while others are associated with the nests of ants and termites
  - boggy areas where rotting vegetation, rocks, and rotting logs are common
  - caves and rock recesses
  - close association with other animals, e.g. sea urchins and shrimps
  - damp forest areas, while others live in desserts or dry grasslands
  - different areas
  - estuaries, rivers and lakes but none in terrestrial en vironments
  - fresh water for their entire lives
  - freshwater, some in the sea, and some in both
  - limited conditions, such as at higher levels of oxygen saturation
* Some species live in swamps and marshes where other microbes have consumed all the oxygen
  - or marshlands
* Some species live in the cold Arctic water and others live in the warm tropical waters
  - water as nymphs for three years before they hatch into their adult stage
  - trees and drop onto their hosts as the pass
* Some species live in trees, and some types of frog are protected by being poisonous
  - on cliff faces, or in narrow rock crevices
  - tropical forests and some live in warm deserts
  - inside of macroalgae inducing the growth of galls in which their larvae develop
  - mainly in cold waters, while some others prefer warmer waters
* Some species live on bark, and all have a potent arthropod venom
  - minute forms caught by ciliary currents
* Some species live on the surface and others inhabit the deeper regions of the fur
  - of pools, snowfields, and other similar habitats
  - only in a small area, but many are found all across a continent
  - singly , others live in colonies
  - within the tissues or even within the cells of higher plants
  - look just like the leaves and bark of the trees on which they rest
  - maintain the diversity of particular habitats
* Some species make elaborate nests and provide parental care to the developing fishes
  - ideal windbreaks because their foliage filters rather than blocks the wind
  - mounds of earth or ant hills
  - permanent burrows deep into the soil
  - silk nets among aquatic vegetation to help trap food
* Some species mate as soon as adults emerge
  - for just one season, some for life
  - in the fall, and other species mate in the spring
* Some species migrate during the spawning season to habitats with dense aquatic vegetation
  - great distances form winter feeding grounds to summer nesting areas
  - in flocks, some in small bands, and some individually
  - much shorter distances
  - sea- sonally between feeding grounds at sea and nesting areas on land or ice
  - south in winter and return north with late spring weather
  - migrate, some hibernate, and some have a short lifespan of weeks or months
  - mimic ants and steal their food
  - molt during certain seasons and others molt continuously
* Some species move slightly in the young stages
  - to specific areas to spawn, typically into deeper areas of the reef
  - with a flapping motion of their lobes or undulations of the body
  - naturally produce more surface roots than others
  - nest in holes or on the ground
  - never go into the current
* Some species occasionally ascend rivers
  - feed upon cultivated fruits
  - shelter with other species
  - occupy a web and others are nocturnal, but all spit at their prey or enemies
* Some species occur in vegetation surrounding permanent or semi-permanent freshwater
  - naturally as human oral flora
  - on the surface of pools, snowfields, and other similar habitats
  - often hide in cargo and are easily spread by commerce
* Some species only bear a little once per year
  - defecate when they molt, leaving the feces behind with the shed cuticle
  - eat fish, some only eat other snails, and most eat worms
  - grow in association with tree roots
  - have two tails, but the majority of the different species have three tails
  - leave the water for molting and breeding
  - live in very specific environments
  - reproduce through vegetative means
  - organize into societies
* Some species parasitize only mature fish, while others parasitize only immature fish
  - other nematodes or insects
  - penetrate further into the ecotone than others
* Some species perform a kind of nuptial dance, swimming in circles as they spawn
  - specific functions such as fixing or recycling nitrogen
* Some species prefer calcium-rich habitats such as concrete slabs and the mortar in walls
  - human blood, some animal blood
  - larger prey, while others wait for smaller foods
  - much deeper water
  - open grassy areas such as bluebirds, meadowlarks, and goldfinches
  - the constant temporature of caves for hibernation and to bear their young
  - to live near sandy areas
  - warmer water than others
  - prey on other invertebrates
  - primarily feeds on fruits such as cashew, agave, mango, bananas, and balsa
* Some species produce a foul smelling liquid that they use for defense
  - fruit, which is mildly toxic to humans
  - lathery soap substitute when immersed and agitated in water
  - long, thread like stolon
  - branching spikes with tufts of bright yellow flower clusters at the tips
  - bulbils on the leaves
  - evil-smelling secretions from cloacal glands
  - great quantities of eggs
* Some species produce large amounts of pollen, so they are over-represented in the diagram
  - swarms at the water surface where the worms release their gametes
  - more offspring than others
  - morphologically differentiated uninucleate or multinucleate gametangia
  - runners in dry years
  - seeds that require special conditions to germinate , such as cold treatment
  - significant aerial stems and resemble small trees
  - spores and survive for extended periods
  - toxins that have potential medicinal value
  - promote root aeration in water-logged habitats
* Some species protect their nests but the level of care varies from species to species
  - themselves by burrowing into the sandy bottom where they remain until morning
  - provide beautiful displays of color for short periods in the spring or fall
* Some species reach nearly three inches in length
  - sexual maturity in another invertebrate host
  - the dimension of small trees and most live for many years
  - regularly eat carrion
* Some species release molecules called microcystins that are toxic to plants and animals
  - odors as a defense against predators
  - unfertilized eggs and sperm
  - rely almost exclusively on grasses
* Some species rely on another species to stay productive
  - fire to complete their life cycle or to maintain a suitable habitat
* Some species remain in colonies throughout the year, whereas others congregate only in winter
  - or near the estuaries all their lives
  - represent a link to the more primitive forms of life, now extinct in other continents
  - reproduce asexually other species mate
* Some species reproduce both asexually and sexually, including yeast and plants
  - sexually and asexually
  - only asexually
  - vegetatively by means of bulbils
* Some species require a particular range of acidity or alkalinity
  - period of darkness before being exposed to light
  - specific pH range for embryonation
  - additions to their diet
  - mating while some reproduce without mating
  - the seed to be stratified to initiate germination
* Some species require very high temperatures, and most species also require a thermal gradient
  - specific conditions for their home
  - resemble poisonous beetles and so are ignored by predators
  - reside high in the mountains and some in open woodland
  - resist the cold rather well
  - respond to only one growth retardant, whereas others respond to several
* Some species retain a pelvic girdle with a pair of vestigial claws on either side of the cloaca
  - their needles longer than other species
* Some species roll into a tight ball if threatened
  - up into a ball when disturbed
  - roost on grass stems
* Some species secrete a white powdery or waxy, woolly material that completely covers the body
  - an acrid principle, useful in medicine
  - honeydew, a sweet by-product of digestion that attracts ants
  - powerful neurotoxins
  - seek protected coastal areas to give birth
* Some species seek shelter in large holes between the roots of trees
  - leaf litter, while other choose to hide in the tree tops or in water
  - seem to have longer life spans than others
  - select a cavity with the smallest opening they can squeeze through
* Some species show a higher level of mate fidelity than others
  - preference for a particular forest type
  - recurving of petioles along with upward rolling of leaf blades
  - an almost perfect rhythmic regularity in the recurrence of their breeding season
  - fair resistance to marine borer attack
  - leathery flexible shells while others have inflexible brittle shells
  - parental care of their young after they leave the brood chamber
  - pupillary dilatation and an increase in sweating with acute pain
  - up every summer
  - very similiar behaviors
  - simply insert their needle-like penis anywhere in the body of the partner
  - sit on or among flowers , bark , fruit or leaves where they grab visiting insects
  - slap down or knead the sand, using the weight of their bodies to pack down the area
  - solve the problem of survival by breeding excessively when times are good
  - spawn continuously throughout the spring and summer
* Some species specialize in eating the hard fruits and nuts of palm trees
  - raiding wasp nests
  - stealing the prey of other species
  - spend most of their life in the water, while others live in the desert
* Some species spend their entire life in or near water
  - lives near a single clump of coral
  - years rearing their young
* Some species sprout from underground organs after a fire
  - more than others and in general the younger trees sprout better than older ones
  - start out as females and later become males
* Some species stay in the upper portions of the water and filter their food out of the water
  - small, and some individuals of species that can be big are stunted individuals
  - stick the eggs to branches or other foliage
  - still have some immunity, and therefore have sustained resistance
  - supplement their diet with fruits, nuts, and seeds
  - sweep food into their mouth parts
* Some species swim by means of flagella Bacterial flagella are analogous to flagella of eukaryotes
  - extensively, crossing the jurisdiction of two or more councils
  - synthesize ascorbate at greater rates than other species
* Some species take one to two years, or even more
  - years to attain maturity
  - tend to stick together as a group and others live alone
* Some species thrive if fire singes the landscape
  - in shade, others in high traffic areas, still others in formal settings
  - on disturbance
  - with soil disturbance from burrowing or uprooted trees
  - thump with their hind feet
* Some species tolerate different levels of activity and inactivity differently
  - exposure at low tide
  - lower temperatures better than others
  - transform in as little as one week with others taking months to develop
* Some species transmit diseases to man and animals
  - pathogens, for example, the fungus that causes Dutch elm disease
  - virus-like organisms which cause losses in crops in Arizona and California
  - travel up and down the water column many times in the course of a day
  - typically climb, others squeeze into and under things
* Some species undergo both processes depending, for example, on the temperature of the environment
  - incredible changes in colouration
* Some species use aggressive behaviour to minimise real competition
  - flagella or cilia to move within the water
  - hindlimbs for competition
  - it only to stay aware of their surroundings
  - many different insects as hosts , others are very specific in host choice
  - old hawk, crow or raven nests
  - silk in even more specialized ways
  - sticky traps, others make circular rings of hyphae to constrict their prey
* Some species use the beak to scrape off bits of live coral
  - filaments to stick the eggs on to the skin of fish
  - modified legs for digging
  - their chelicerae to dig burrows in the ground as nests
  - utilize other methods to accomplish their needs
* Some species vary in their classification between regions
  - their nectar diet to include rotting fruit, pollen, animal excrement and carrion
  - wander from the ground to vegetation
  - work on insects that feed near the soil surface or inside plants
  - yield more pounds per acre, some have a longer harvest season
* act as individual evolutionary units.
* adapt to their environment
  - very slowly to changed environmental conditions
* adapt, giving rise to new species over thousands and millions of years.
* also have adaptations specific to their environments
  - instrinsic value aside from their utility to people
  - interact by competing with each other for resources
  - return to water to breed and lay-eggs
* also vary in their importance in different food webs, where scale is important
  - when they can learn new songs
  - with respect to carrying the egg case, or ootheca
* are a group of organisms which can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
  - mosaic of both morphological and genetic characteristics
  - at risk of disappearing from particular areas, or are at risk of total extinction
  - biological entities that change
  - called 'antelopes' if they look like one
  - creatures similar enough genetically to produce offspring which can also reproduce
  - determined on the basis of distinctiveness rather degree of difference
  - different 'kinds', all members of which possess a common essence
  - distinguished from each other in a number of ways
  - distributed in dry and cool regions in both the Eastern and Western hemispheres
* are either autotrophic or heterotrophic
  - terrestrial or epiphytic and range throughout global tropical regions
  - fundamental unit of evolution
  - grouped into trophic guilds if their prey and predator links are indistinguishable
* are groups of organisms that are closely related and can mate to produce fertile offspring
  - bred to another and produce offspring
  - identified by the pattern of the teeth on the oral disc
  - immune to their own toxins
* are in decline and ecosystems have been compromised
  - taxonomic order
  - objective entities that are easily recognized
  - parasitic in vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants
  - part of ecological communities
  - particular kinds of plants
  - reproductive communities of populations that occurpy a specific niche in nature
  - reproductively isolated groups of organisms
  - species that no longer exist on Earth are endangered threatened extinct
  - temporary stages in the continuous evolution of life
* are the basic unit of classification
  - building, blocks of ecosystems, which provide the life support systems for humans
  - different kinds of organisms
  - fundamental taxonomic units of biological classification
* are the fundamental unit of biodiversity
  - lowest level of biological classification
  - smallest groups
  - thin on the ground, frost and snow are thick
  - virus strains that are recognizably different in more than one gene
* arise and change by many different means and exist at all steps in a continuum of change
  - as a consequence of adaptation to different ecological niches
* attract mates through visual and sound courtship cues.
* become extinct when all individuals of that species die
  - extinct, and global warming increases
* behave in many different ways.
* can affect each other in intricate ways.
* can also have a mix of gendered and hermaphoditic plants
  - transmit various forms of cattle onchocerciases
  - breed with each other and produce offspring with certain traits to continue species
  - evolve and go extinct before they are even noticed in the world
  - grow naturally in almost every part of world
  - include gases, and a spectrum of aerosol sizes
  - influence one another in many different ways
  - interact in many ways, all of which influence the organization of communities
  - only reproduce with the same species
  - participate in reactions, fluxes, and diffusion
  - split to form several new populations if they evolve separately
* can survive and remain unchanged for millions of years
  - if the number of predators increases
  - vary only as much as the pre-existing genetic material allows
* change over time and space
  - their history can be described as a branching tree of life
  - through the processes of natural selection and evolution
* come and go by natural processes
  - from other species by mechanical means
* competing for the same resources in similar fashion are known as guilds.
* consist of groups of interbreeding populations
  - populations rather than unconnected individuals
* cope with environmental heterogeneity in diverse ways.
* count measure of diversity.
* develop because of reproductive barriers
  - mechanisms to protect themselves from predators
  - over time to fit their environment, or they die out
* differ from one another in appearance during their growth stages
  - in growth habit
* differ in the extent to which they can compensate for herbivory
  - type of sleep they display
* differ in their DNA and protein molecules
  - optimal temperature for photosynthesis
  - potential for population increase
  - resource requirements
* disappear because of either either changes in nature or the actions of people.
* display spatial variability.
* do hybridize in nature, and the boundaries between some species are blurred
  - vary and change, but only on a small scale
* eaten vary from antelopes to monkeys, rodents.
* emerge, they mature, they go into decline, they die.
* evolve and develop
  - mutated because it is needed to survive in a new environment
  - as a part of the whole, intricate, interrelated creation
* evolve in a particular geographical area, then gradually extend their range
  - subtle ways
* evolve to fill particular niches or habitats that exist on Earth
  - meet the environment
  - when the alternative is death
* exchange a variety of goods and services using energy and nutrients as currency.
* exhibit a range of sensitivity to habitat loss and other stresses
  - great variation within a single population
  - tremendous diversity in morphology, ecology, and life history traits
* feeding on the seashore are reported to feed on marine crustaceans and molluscs.
* go extinct as part of natural selection
  - because deaths exceed births for a long enough period of time
  - primarily because they are unable to adapt to a changing environment
* group of interbreeding individuals
  - plants that can generally interbreed only among themselves
  - similar organisms that can mate with each other and produce fertile offspring
* grow and adapt because of other species.
* have a large amount of variation but their genetic resources are finite
  - tendency to increase in numbers over generations at a geometric rate
  - characteristic profiles of type and concentration of fatty acids
* have different numbers of legs resulting in large differences in locomotion
  - strategies the effectiveness of which depends entirely on their niche
  - types of relationships with each other
  - the ability to adapt to changes in their environment
* have their origin in higher taxonomic levels of the lineage and also in sister species
  - own response to dissolution
* interact to form the living things in an ecosystem.
* interact with each other and rely on each other
  - in ways other than feeding upon one another
* is both plural AND singular
  - the singular and plural form of the word
  - considered to be a living fossil
  - sometimes also interchangeable with bullion
* is the most fundamental unit of classification
  - specific term used in classifying organisms on Earth
  - name given to the group of birds, animals or plants that can breed with each other
* known as pearl oysters belong to a separate family.
* learn to adapt to it's environment and survive.
* live inland on every continent and in all major bodies of water.
* living apart are allopatric
  - at the bottom of the sea can hunt by ambush thanks to their camouflage
* living in groups often have a hierarchy , both among males and females
  - snowy regions acquire white coats in winter and are then known as ermine
  - warm, arid zones have short fur
  - on land are found in moist habitats, such as rainforests or wet coastal forests
* look alike is because of evolution.
* maintain their integrity when they consistently choose mates with in their species.
* make societies of kin, and parasitic to symbiotic relationships with other species.
* means money, specifically, coined money.
* move in and out of the Bay at different times of the year, so diets change seasonally.
* name The scientific name of organisms.
* naturally reject body parts of other species.
* occur in freshwater and marine planktonic habitats worldwide.
* often load on habitat in ways that are predictable from moisture gradients.
* only change little from one generation to the next.
* organize themselves into genera of all sizes.
* pass through alternate periods of stability and transformation.
* placed in the lizard's tail family have showy bracts associated with some of their flowers.
* produce more offspring than the environment can support
  - sustain, when a population grows too big
* reproduce after their own kind.
* require diverse configurations of genetic make-up to survive.
* respond in very different ways to climate change.
* richness decreases with variability in water temperature and salinity.
* share a distinguishing characteristic, which is evolutionary independence
  - the fate of individuals
* simply change continuously under the influence of natural selection.
* statusing enables prioritization of animal inventories and population monitoring.
* take an active role in deciding how they evolve.
* tend to emerge to fill empty eco-niches
  - have different kind of forms
* use resources according to their position in the chain.
* vary according to their preferred habitats
  - globally, locally and over time
  - greatly in their tolerance of hides and the comings and goings of a photographer
* vary in a world abounding with an array of life forms
  - appearance and some mimic wasps and bees
  - height
  - size and appearance, with the largest having a leg span of about nine inches
* vary in the amount of moisture needed to prompt germination
  - number of tentacles, from a couple to several hundred
* vary in their ability and opportunities to adapt or migrate
  - normal retention of needles after cutting
  - on how well they adapt to unfamiliar surroundings, and general flightiness
  - with the season, and bird behavior differs during mating season
* word for a special kind of living thing, like a crow.
+ Accipitridae: Falconiformes
  * They feed on a range of prey items from insects to medium-sized mammals, with a number feeding on carrion and a few feeding on fruit. Some species are migratory.
+ Agavaceae: Plant families
  * Some species are succulent. In general, Agavaceae leaves occur as rosettes at the end of a woody stem, which may range from extremely short to tree-like heights, as in the Joshua tree. The leaves are parallel-veined, and usually appear long and pointed, often with a hardened spine on the end, and sometimes with additional spines along the margins.
+ Armadillo: Xenarthrans
  * There are about 10 living genera and about 20 species of armadillo. All species live in the Americas. Most of the 20 species are found in open areas, such as grasslands, but some also live in forests.
  * Armadillos species are mostly found in South and Central America, especially around Paraguay. Many species are endangered.
+ Aspidogastrea: Flatworms
  * The group is a subclass of the Trematoda, and sister group to the Digenea. Species are between approximately one mm to several cm long. Maturation may occur in the mollusc or vertebrate host.
+ Australosphenida
  * Australophenida' are a clade of mammals which has nearly entirely died out. Today, living specimen exist only in Australia and New Guinea with only five surviving species species, but fossils have been in Madagascar and Argentina. Species consist are of the platypus and echidnas.
+ Brachychiton: Sterculiaceae :: Trees
  * All species have separate male and female flowers on the same plant. The female flowers have five separate carpels that can each form a woody fruit that has several seeds.
+ Braconid, Parasitism: Wasps :: Parasites
  * Most species kill their hosts, though some cause the hosts to become sterile and less active. The endoparasitoid species lay their eggs inside the victim. They have elaborate adaptations which improve larval survival inside the host. They have endosymbiotic viruses which disable the host immune defences. These polydnaviruses are often used by the wasps instead of a venom cocktail.
+ Brown algae
  * There are 2000 species of brown algae. Most species live in the ocean. They are important as food and as homes for many animals and marine life. Some brown algae are gathered by humans for food. The giant kelp 'Macrocystis' is a brown alga that forms underwater forests, and it may grow to 60 meters. The Sargasso Sea gets its name from the 'Sargassum' seaweed that floats on the surface. Many brown algae grow on rocks at the seashore.
+ Bullfinch: Finches
  * Bullfinches have glossy black wings and tail feathers. They show a white rump. The legs and feet are fleshy brown. Their short, swollen bill is adapted to eat buds, and is black except in 'P. nipalensis', which has a yellowish bill. The males can be distinguished by their orange or red breast. Some species have a black cap.
+ Caecilian, Anatomy: Caecilians
  * Caecilians have no limbs. For this reason, the smaller species look like worms, while the larger species with lengths up to 1.5 m look similar to snakes. The tail is short and the cloaca is near the end of the body. Their skin is smooth and usually dark in colour. Some species have colorful skins, though. Inside the skin are calcite scales. Due to their underground life the eyes are small. Skin often covers them, to protect them. This has led to the idea that they are blind, which is not the case. Because of the skin cover, their 'seeing' is limited to simple dark-light perception.
  * Adult frogs can jump with their legs. They have long tongues that they use to catch bugs. They make a sound called a croak. Some species live in trees, and some types of frog are protected by being poisonous. Frogs live all over the world. If an overseas species of frogs is introduced to another country, the ecosystem might be affected.
+ Ceratophryinae: Frogs
  * The 'Ceratophryinae', known as 'common horned frogs', are a subfamily of the leptodactylid frogs. All species live in South America.
+ Chinchillidae: Rodents
  * The family 'Chinchillidae' contains the chinchillas, viscachas, and their fossil relatives. They are restricted to southern and western South America. Often they can be found in the Andes. All species have thick, soft fur, which is considered valuable in some species.
+ Choanoflagellata: Protista :: Invertebrates :: Minor phyla
  * The 'choanoflagellates' are a class or phylum of collared cells. Some species are single cells, some are multicellular. They are eukaryote flagellate cells of microscopic size. They do not have chloroplasts, and are heterotrophic. Carr M. 'et al.' 2008.
+ Chromatophore: Ecology :: Physiology
  * Some species can rapidly change colour so as to keep in camouflage, or to signal. They do this by moving pigment and reflective plates in chromatophores. This process is called physiological colour change. Cephalopods such as octopus have complex chromatophore organs controlled by muscles to achieve this. The display is under central nervous control based usually on input from the eyes.
+ Cirsium: Asteraceae
  * Most species are considered weeds. Some species are planted in gardens for their beauty and to attract butterflies.
+ Co-evolution, Numbers of species
  * Many species are parasites or are specialised to live in one or a few hosts. A single species of tropical tree is, on average, a host to 162 host-specific beetle species. The data comes from fieldwork where virtually all the insects in a tree's canopy are collected and analysed. The number is 30 million. Erwin T.L. 1982. This contrasts rather strongly with the total of 1.4 to 1.8 million species which have already been described.
+ Cormorant, Description: Pelecaniformes
  * Most cormorants, including nearly all Northern Hemisphere species, have mainly dark feathers. Some Southern Hemisphere species are black and white. A few species are very colorful. Many species have areas of colored skin on the face. These areas can be bright blue, orange, red or yellow. They usually become more brightly colored in the breeding season. The bill is long, thin, and sharply hooked. Their feet have webbing between all four toes.
+ Cottontail rabbit, Description
  * The cottontail rabbit lives most across North America, Central America, and South America. Most species live in nests called 'forms'.
+ Crab spider: Spiders
  * Crab spiders are hunters and ambushers. Some species sit on or among flowers, bark, fruit or leaves where they grab visiting insects. Platnick, Norman I. 2010. American Museum of Natural History'.
  * Some species are disguised as birds' droppings resting on a leaf. Even at a close range, it is difficult to tell the difference. Crab spiders live in rainforests all over the world. They get their name from the way they scuttle around, like small crabs.
+ Dermestidae: Beetles
  * Because most of these beetles are found living in dead animals, they are studied in forensic entomology. They study these beetles with criminal investigations. Some species are pests. They can damage natural fibers in homes and businesses. Dermestids are used by history museums to clean animal skeletons.
+ Dodder: Flowering plants :: Parasitic plants
  * The genus is found throughout the temperate and tropical regions of the world. Most species live in subtropical and tropical regions. The genus is rare in cool temperate climates, with only four species native to northern Europe.
+ Dormouse, Characteristics
  * Dormice are small rodents, with a body length of between , and weighing between. They are usually mouse-like in appearance, but they have furry tails instead of scaly tails. They move quickly and are good at climbing. Most species are nocturnal. Dormice have a very good sense of hearing. They make noises to each other with different sounds using their voices.
+ Estrildid finch: Passeriformes
+ Extinction: Evolutionary biology :: Extinction events
  * All species become extinct sooner or later. The end of a species may happen for many reasons. It may be caused by habitat loss or by being overhunted, or by a major extinction event. An example of an animal that is now extinct is the Dodo, from over-hunting.
+ Feral organism: Animals :: Plants
  * Some species go feral easily and successfully. Other species usually do not usually survive in the wild.
+ Firefly, Habitat
+ Gastropoda, General description
  * Some species have an operculum, a lid or trapdoor to close the shell. In some, the slugs, the shell is absent, and the body is streamlined. The best-known gastropods are land slugs and snails, but more than half of all species live in a marine environment. Marine gastropods include herbivores, detritus feeders, carnivores and a few ciliary feeders, in which the radula is reduced or absent. The radula is usually adapted to the food that a species eats.
+ Gastrotricha, Anatomy
  * Gastrotrichs are bilaterally symmetric, with a transparent body and a flat underside. Many species have a pair of short projections at the rear end. The body is covered with cilia, especially about the mouth and on the lower surface. Its two end projections have cement glands. Like many microscopic animals, their movement is mainly powered by hydrostatics
  * Many species reproduce entirely by parthenogenesis. In these species the male portions of the reproductive system are non-functional or entirely absent
+ Hemichordata, Acorn worms
  * All species are benthic, and either deposit feeders or suspension feeders. One genus, 'Balanoglossus', is also known as the tongue worm.
+ Hornwort: Bryophytes :: Plant taxonomy
  * Hornworts may be found world-wide, growing where it is damp or humid. Some species grow in large numbers as tiny weeds in the soil of gardens and cultivated fields. Large tropical species of 'Dendroceros' may be found growing on tree bark.
+ Hydrozoa: Cnidarians
  * The 'Hydrozoa' are a class of the phylum Cnidaria. They are small predatory animals which mostly live in the sea. Their basic life form is the polyp. Some species live singly, others live in colonies. Their classification and evolutionary relationships are still under discussion. The hydroids may be best understood by taking some examples.
+ Hyperoliidae
  * Hyperoliids range from  to  in body length. Many species have smooth, brightly patterned, skin that almost looks enameled.
+ Ichneumon: Parasites :: Wasps
  * Some species use many different insects as hosts, others are very specific in host choice. Various ichneumons are used successfully as biological control agents in controlling pests such as flies or beetles.
+ Jasmine: Oleaceae :: National symbols of Pakistan :: Plants of Pakistan :: Plants and animals of Kashmir
  * Jasmine' is a genus of plants. They are shrubs or vines that grow in moderately warm climates. There are about 200 different species of Jasmine. They are also quite liked in gardens. Tea can be made from the flowers. Some species are used to make special oil, perfumes or incense. Women, especially from Asia sometimes wear jasmine flowers in their hair.
+ Male: Biological reproduction :: Humans :: Animals :: Life
  * Male' is one of the two sexes. Most species have two sexes - male and female. The two sexes have different sexual organs. They also often have different functions. The female gives birth to children with the semen provided by the male. In many human societies, females often were involved in gathering, while men used to hunt.
+ Mantellidae
  * These frogs are very different from each other. Most species live on land, though some live in trees. Body size ranges from 3 to 10 centimetres in length. The genus Mantella has many similarities with the South American poison dart frogs.
+ Maple, What are maples used for?
  * Maple trees are often planted as ornamental trees in cities. Some species resist the cold rather well. Maples are also grown to make Maple syrup.
+ Maple: Trees :: Sapindaceae
  * Sometimes they are made a familiy of their own, the Aceraceae. At other times they are included in the Sapindaceae. To include them in the Sapindaceae is the more modern classification. There are between 100 and 200 species of Maples. Most species are native to Asia, but some also occur in Europe, Northern Africa, and North America.
+ Merginae
  * As the name suggests, most are marine outside the breeding season. Many species have specialized salt glands to allow them to tolerate salt water, but these have not yet developed in young birds. Some species prefer riverine habitats.
+ Microhylidae, Description
  * As suggested by their name, microhylids are mostly small frogs. Many species are below  in length. Though some species are as large as. They can live in trees or on land. Some will even live close to water. The ground dwellers are often found under leaf litter within forests. The sometimes go out at night to hunt.
+ Milkweed: Flowering plants
  * Milkweeds are an important nectar source for bees and other nectar eaters, and a food source for caterpillars. These insects are able to feed on the plants despite their chemical defences. Milkweed is named after its milky sap, which contains alkaloids, latex, and several other complex compounds. Some species are toxic.
+ Modern evolutionary synthesis, The theory: Evolution :: History of science
  * Species only change little from one generation to the next. Big changes do occur, from time to time, but they are very rare. An example of a big change that occurs suddenly is polyploidy in plants.
+ Monitor lizard: Lizards
  * Monitor lizards are usually large reptiles, although some can be as small as 12 centimeters in length. They have long necks, powerful tails and claws, and well-developed limbs. Most species are terrestrial, but arboreal and semi-aquatic monitors are also known.
+ Monstera: Vines :: Araceae :: Epiphytes
  * The plants also have aerial roots. These can act as hooks on branches of the tree that the plant is climbing. They grow down into the ground to support the plant. The leaves are leather, dark green, and often have holes in them. The flowers grow on a special inflorescence called a spadix. Some species have edible fruit.
+ Myrtaceae
  * The 'Myrtaceae' or 'Myrtle family' are a family of dicotyledon plants, placed within the order Myrtales. Myrtle, clove, guava, feijoa, allspice, and 'Eucalyptus' belong here. All species are woody, with essential oils, and flower parts in multiples of four or five. One notable character of the family is that the phloem is on both sides of the xylem, not just outside as in most other plants. The flowers have a base number of five petals, though in several genera the petals are minute or absent. The stamens are usually very conspicuous, brightly colored, and there are many of them.
+ Nestor (genus): New Zealand parrots
  * The genus 'Nestor' is one of two genera of the family Nestoridae. Together with the Kakapo in the Strigopidae tribe, they form the small parrot superfamily Strigopoidea. The genus Nestor contains two extant parrot species from New Zealand and two extinct species from Norfolk Island, Australia and Chatham Island, New Zealand, respectively. All species are large stocky birds with short squarish tails.
+ Nudibranch, Biology: Gastropods
  * Unlike most other gastropods they are 'bilaterally symmetrical'. They have undergone secondary detorsion. Uncoiling of the typical gastropod body shape, see garden snail. Most species have venomous appendages on their sides. These are used to deter predators. Many also have a simple gut and a mouth with a radula.
+ Octopus, Reproduction and death: Cephalopods
  * All octopods for which we have data have a relatively short life expectancy. Some species live for as little as six months. Larger species, such as the North Pacific Giant Octopus, may live for up to five years under suitable circumstances.
+ Opiliones, Anatomy
  * Most species have a single pair of eyes in the middle of their heads, oriented horizontally. However, there are some eyeless species.
+ Opiliones: Arachnids
  * Many species are omnivores, they eat anything they can find. Most of the time this is small insects, and some plants and fungi. Some are scavengers.
+ Parapneuroptera, Thrips
  * The mouth is in the form of an asymmetrical mouth cone, consisting of piercing stylets. Thrips are commonly found on and in flowers. Most species are phytophagous, feeding on flowers.
+ Pectinidae, Distribution and Habitat
  * Pectinidae live in all the oceans of the world. Most live in the Indo-Pacific region. Lots of species of Pectinidae live in quite shallow waters. This is about from the low tide line to 100 meters deep. Some species prefer much deeper water. Some species only live in very specific environments. However most species can live under many different conditions. Pectinidae can live in, on or under rocks, coral, rubble, sea grass, kelp, sand or mud. Adult specimens are either byssally attached or cemented to a substrate. Others swim freely.
+ Pectinidae: Bivalves :: Seafood
  * The male gonads mature first. Pectinidae can live attached to things with a filament they create. Otherwise they just rest on the sand or on rocks. They can move in the water if they need to. They can be found in all the oceans. Many species are bought and sold.
+ Penicillium, Ecology: Fungi
  * Species of 'Penicillium' are ubiquitous soil fungi preferring cool and moderate climates, commonly present wherever organic material is available. Saprophytic species of 'Penicillium' and 'Aspergillus' are among the best-known representatives of the Eurotiales. They live mainly on organic biodegradable substances. Commonly known as moulds, they are among the main causes of food spoilage. Seifert K.A. 'et al' 2004. Many species produce toxins which work against bacteria and other fungi. The ability of these 'Penicillium' species to grow on seeds and other stored foods depends on their ability to thrive in low humidity and to colonize rapidly by aerial dispersion while the seeds are sufficiently moist. Pitt J.I. 'et al' 2000.
+ Poison dart frog
  * Unlike most frogs, these are active during the day. They often have brightly-coloured bodies, which act as warning colouration. Although all dendrobatids are at least somewhat toxic in the wild, levels of toxicity vary greatly from one species to the next, and from one population to another. Many species are critically endangered. Blue poison dart frogs are poisonous because they eat ants and other small insects that have toxins in their bodies. If an animal eats the frog, it will become very sick.
+ Primula: Flowers :: Flowering plants
  * Many species are grown for their ornamental flowers. They are native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere, south into tropical mountains in Ethiopia, Indonesia and New Guinea, and in temperate southern South America.
  * Generally, they prefer filtered sunlight. Many species are adapted to alpine climates.
+ Red algae: Algae
  * Most species grow near tropical and subtropical shores below the low-tide mark. A few are found in fresh water. Red algae is also used to make Nori.
  * Species is a word for a special kind of living thing, like a crow. Crows and ravens are similar but not the same, so they are together in a more general group called a genus. After that is the phylum, such as vertebrates, which is all animals with backbones. Last of all is the kingdom, like the animal kingdom.
+ Sandpiper: Scolopacidae
  * They include many species called sandpipers, as well as those called by names such as curlew and snipe. Most species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Different lengths of bills allow different species to feed in the same habitat on the coast without direct competition for food.
  * Sandpipers have long bodies and legs, and narrow wings. Most species have a narrow bill, but otherwise the form and length are quite variable. They are small to medium sized birds, measuring  cm in length. The bills are sensitive, allowing the birds to feel the mud and sand as they probe for food. They generally have dull plumage, with cryptic brown, grey, or streaked patterns, although some display brighter colours during the breeding season.
+ Shovelnose frog
+ Sow bug: isopods
  * They are often confused with centipedes, millipedes or insects, but are actually crustaceans. They have fourteen legs and breathe through gills. Because of the gills, woodlice need water in the air around them. Some species can roll up into a ball when in danger. In such position, their hard shell faces out, protecting the softer parts of the body.
+ Sponge, Life functions, Carnivorous sponges:
  * A few species live in waters where there is very little food available. They have therefore changed, and became predators. They prey on small crustaceans and other small animals. Most of these sponges belong to the family Cladorhizidae, but a few members of the Guitarridae and Esperiopsidae are also carnivores. In most cases little is known about how they actually capture prey. Some species are thought to use either sticky threads or hooked spicules.
+ Starling, Flocks: Passeri
  * North-East European starlings migrate, but in southern and western Europe the birds are resident. Starlings are generally a highly social family. Most species associate in flocks of varying sizes throughout the year. These flocks may include other species of starlings and sometimes species from other families. This sociality is obvious in their roosting behaviour. In the non-breeding season some roosts can number thousands of birds. Flocks in Britain used to number millions of birds, though numbers are now fewer than they used to be.
+ Stick insect, Life habit: Insects
  * A few species, such as 'Carausius morosus', are even able to change their pigmentation to match their surroundings. Many species are wingless, or have reduced wings.
+ Triodia: Indigenous peoples of Australia :: Poaceae
  * The leaf tips can break off in people's skin, causing infections. Spinifex has been used by Australian Aborigines in many things. The seeds are collected for food. Spinifex resin is used as a glue in spear-making. The grasses were also burned to make smoke signals, to communicate with groups a long way away. Some species are used for building shelters. Others are used to make traps for catching fish.
+ Turtle, Ecology and life history: Living fossils
  * Aquatic respiration in Australian freshwater turtles is being studied. Some species have large cloacal cavities that are lined with many finger-like projections. These projections, called papillae, have a rich blood supply, and increase the surface area. The turtles can take up dissolved oxygen from the water using these papillae, in much the same way that fish use gills to respire.
+ Wader: Charadriiformes
  * Most species eat small invertebrates picked out of mud or exposed soil. Different lengths of bills allow different species to feed in the same habitat without direct competition for food. Many waders have sensitive nerve endings at the end of their bills which let them detect prey hidden in mud or soft soil. Some larger species, especially those adapted to drier habitats, take larger prey like insects and small reptiles.
+ Wastebasket taxon: Taxonomy :: Evolutionary biology
  * Regular taxa are supposed to be monophyletic. By definition, wastebasket taxa are either paraphyletic or polyphyletic. Their name may still be very useful to biologists, because its members may be an important evolutionary grade. Antelopes are a group which is ecologically very important, and have many similar features. However, they are not monophyletic. Species are called 'antelopes' if they look like one.
+ Woodpecker: Picidae
  * The 'woodpeckers' and its near relatives the 'piculets', 'wrynecks' and 'sapsuckers' are the family 'Picidae'. They are near-passerine birds.11 families similar to the passerine birds. Most species live in forests or woodland habitats.
  * There are about 200 species and about 30 genera in this family. Many species are threatened or endangered due to loss of habitat or habitat fragmentation.
+ Wrasse, Feeding methods: Perciformes
  * Wrasse are sexually dimorphic. Many species are capable of changing sex.