### stone:

Kidney stone
* Most kidney stones are calcium oxalate or calcium oxalate combined with calcium phosphate
  - stones, usually in the form of calcium oxalate
  - composed of calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate
  - preventable
  - rich in calcium oxalate
  - consist of calcium combined with either oxalate or phosphate
  - contain calcium as a main constituent
* Most kidney stones pass out of the body without any intervention by a physician
  - the body without help from a doctor
* Some kidney stones show up on an ultrasound scan.
* affect men more often than women
  - more men than women
* appear in a few people, and high blood pressure commonly develops.
* are accumulations of material such as drug crystals in the kidneys and urinary tract
  - materials in the kidneys, like drug crystals
* are also more frequent in people with gout
  - one of the most painful of all health problems
  - very common, but can be prevented with aggressive hydration
* are among the most painful conditions that affect people
  - disorders to afflict humans
  - an age-old medical problem
  - approximately three times more common in men than women
  - associated with chronic kidney disease
  - calculuses
  - clumps of calcium oxalate that can be found anywhere in the urinary tract
  - common in premature infants
  - crystal masses that form from minerals and proteins in the urine
* are deposits of mineral salts, called calculi, in the kidney
  - uric acid that lodge in the ureters or the urethra
  - diseases
  - hardened crystal clumps that can develop in the urinary system
  - held together by a sticky substance known as mucin
* are increasingly common, especially in industrialized and more affluent countries
  - less likely to form and some antibiotics are more effective in the alkaline urine
* are mineral crystals that form in urine inside the kidney
  - deposits made up of calcium, uric acid or the amino acid cysteine
* are more common in developed nations and do have regional variation in occurrence
  - men, who account for about four out of five cases
  - than in people without the disorder
  - likely to be formed on high protein, low carbohydrate diets
* are one of the most common and most painful medical problems known
  - disorders of the urinary tract
  - painful but usually are excreted without causing permanent damage
  - preventable and curable
* are small, hard rocks that are made within the kidneys
  - which are made within the kidneys
* are the most common kidney-related side effect
  - urological problem in the United States
* can and do recur, though
* can be a very painful, and serious problem
  - as small as a tiny pebble or an inch or more in diameter
  - one of the most excruciatingly painful ailments
* can cause extreme pain as well as bleeding and infection
  - kidney damage
  - severe pain
* can form from several different substances
  - grow to a size that can be life threatening or require surgery to remove
  - obstruct the urinary passages and cause severe pain , and bleeding
  - occur from high or repeated exposure
* cause problems when they block the flow of urine through or out of the kidney
  - interfere with the normal flow of urine
  - severe pain in the back or lower abdomen
* come in virtually any color,though most are yellow to brown.
* develop from minerals dissolved in the urine
  - when chemicals in urine form crystals that stick together and grow in size
* form from chemicals in the urine
  - in the kidney out of substances in the urine
* is the term commonly used to refer to stones, or calculi, in the urinary system.
* occur due to low urine pH promoting the crystallization of uric acid
  - much more commonly in men than in women
* occur when calcium crystals build up inside the kidney
  - or other urinary substances collect and crystallize
  - the urine has a high level of minerals that form stones
* produce the same symptoms, but they can be caused by several different conditions.
* range in color.
* tend to run in families and can be associated with geographic factors as well
* travel with the urine and can be found anywhere in the urinary system.
* vary widely in size and in the amount of pain they cause.