### element | fluorine:

Hot fluorine
* makes bromine pentafluoride.
+ Bromine trifluoride, Preparation: Bromine compounds :: Fluorine compounds
  * It is made by reacting cold fluorine with bromine. Hot fluorine makes bromine pentafluoride.

### element:

Germanium
* are chemical elements
  - semiconductor.
  * Its chemical symbol is 'Ge'. Its atomic number is 32. It was discovered by Clemens Winkler. It shiny, hard, silver-white metalloid. The chemistry of Germanium is quite like tin. Germanium forms a large number of organometallic compounds. It is an important semiconductor material used in transistors
* carries oxygen to the cells.
* enhances the availability of oxygen to both normal and cancer cells.
* forms many alloys, most importantly with the coinage metals
* is an element
  - in column four in the periodic table and has four valence electrons
* looks like a metal.
* ranks near fiftieth in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust.
* resembles silicon.

### element | germanium:

Pure germanium
* hard, lustrous, gray-white, brittle metalloid.
* semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon.

Heating element
* are components
  - located in ovens
* are part of electric heaters
  - gas ranges
  - parts
* come in a wide range of sizes.
* deliver uniform heat for even browning.

Heavier element
* are less efficient nuclear fuel, so each cycle takes less time
  - present in combination with hydrogen
  - produced when certain massive stars achieve a supernova stage and explode
* can only supply energy by fission.
* exist only in trace amounts.
* have a slower speed than lighter elements.
* require relatively more neutrons to stabilize the nucleus.

### element:

Heavy element
* Most heavy elements sink to bottoms.
* have more neutrons than protons.
  - the bottom while lighter elements float to the top, and gases rise there too
+ Supernova, Supernovas and life
  * Without supernovas there would be no life on Earth. This is because many of the chemical elements were made in supernova explosions. Heavy elements are needed to make living things. The supernova is the only way heavy elements can be made. Other elements were made by fusion in stars. Heavy elements need very high temperature and pressure to form. In a macho supernova explosion the temperature and pressure are so high that heavy elements can be made. Scientists call this 'supernova nucleosynthesis'.

Helium
* Most helium has energy
  - many unique properties
  - is produced commercially from certain natural gas wells
* Some helium becomes liquids.
* Some helium has molecular weight
  - viscosity
* has benefits
  - forces
* includes atoms.

### element | helium:

Liquid helium
* continues to play a role in space cryogenics.
* cooled devices are difficult to operate in the laboratory and even more so in space.
* helps to keep the system that cold.
* is much denser than gaseous helium, so it can fall
  - supplied in both single and double-vent vessels
  - the simplest condensed matter system
  - unusually hard to store
* is used to cool metals for superconductivity use
  - make superconductive magnets
* possesses unique properties that make it widely studied in condensed-matter physics.