ontocord/MixtureVitae-genericsKB huggingface dataset:
### substance | fiber | axon:

Demyelinated axon
* are alive, but can no longer conduct impulses.
* can exhibit remarkable abilities to function despite losing their myelin.

Myelinated axon
* are known as nerve fibers
  - visible beneath the translucent perineurium
* can transmit nerve impulses up to ten times faster than unmyelinated axons.
* conduct signals faster than do unmyelinated axons.

Basalt fiber
* mineral fiber with properties similar to asbestos.
+ Asbestos, Substitutes
  * Basalt fiber is a mineral fiber with properties similar to asbestos. It is suitable for high-heat applications.

Bast
* are natural fiber.
* is natural fibre

Bran
* are especially rich in dietary fiber , protein, vitamins and minerals.
* contains phytic acid which chelates calcium further reducing the level of dietary calcium
  - several nutrients of major importance, two of which are fiber and essential oils
* is fiber
  - roughage
* tends to link with iron and carry it out in the stool.

### substance | fiber | bran:

Rice bran
* contains various health beneficial fractions.
* has a high oil content and many natural vitamins and minerals
  - naturally sweet flavor and can be used in many more ways than oat bran
* is an excellent source of fat
  - fiber, either alone or as a part of the whole grain
  - cancer fighting, cholesterol lowering, and contributes to healthy hair and nails
  - the source of a newly discovered complex of vitamin E and tocotrienols
  - used as an additive in several different food products
* source of added fat too.

### substance | fiber | bran:

Wheat bran
* Some wheat bran is added to the fruit as a substitute for hard parts of insects in the natural diet.
* good source of phosphorus and functions as a laxative.
* has a higher concentration of fiber than most other brans.
* is also high in phytates.
* is an example of insoluble fiber
  - low in nutritional value but high in fiber
  - sold separately and is used to add flavor and fiber to baked goods
* is the only fiber-rich food that appears to reduce calcium absorption
  - thin, fiber-rich outer layer of the wheat kernel
  - very bulky and high in protein, high in phosphorus, and also low in calcium
* reduces the risk of hemorrhoids because it is rich in insoluble fiber.
* ties up estrogen in the intestinal tract, causing much to be excreted.
* valuable source of many B-vitamins including folic acid.

### substance | fiber:

Bristle
* Some bristles are part of hairbrushs
  - paintbrushs
  - toothbrushes
  - pick up vibrations from the ground or air, or the spider's leg
* are black or white on gray skin
  - epidermal appendages resembling stiff, more or less rigid hairs
  - modified feathers
  - part of brushs
  - vital because they directly contact the teeth
* become soft when wet.
* give a velvety appearance and repel wetting.
* is fiber
* occur most commonly around the base of the bill, around the eyes, and as eyelashes.
* reach and remove the tiniest, most elusive dust particles.
* serve as the principal proprioceptors and touch receptors.
* vary in color from clear to pale yellow through purple and black.
### substance | fiber:

Carbon fiber
* absorbs most of the shocks that aluminum passes on.
* are a very strong material that is used in a wide variety of applications
  - as electrically conductive as copper
  - strong as they are long chain molecules
  - thermally and electrically conductive
* can achieve the same strength as steel and is half to a third of the weight.
* does have a very distinct look and feel to it.
* has a reputation as being strong, yet very light
  - some unique properties which lend it to applications such as a mast
* have application in sporting goods, automotive, and aerospace fields
  - internal bonding very much like that of diamond
* high modulus synthetic fiber made from carbon atoms.
* is also a labor-intensive material that results in a rather pricey knife
  - extremely durable material used in racecars, helmets and aircraft
  - like shrapnel
  - stiff and brittle
  - stronger than steel and lighter than aluminum
  - superior to E glass in fatigue and static strength as well as stiffness
  - the very best electrical conductor
* is used to stiffen the hull and deck in way of the keel, mast and chainplates
  - the same end but is lighter, stiffer, and more expensive
* lightweight very strong material.
* takes some getting used to.

Cellulose fiber
* are long, linear polymers of hundreds of glucose molecules.
* are the natural fibers most commonly used in biomaterials
  - raw material for paper
* contains adhesive characteristics and is often made to be water-soluble.
* improve strength and dimensional stability and reduce light transmission.
* is made from recycled newsprint.
* provide structural support to plants.

Ceramic fiber
* Some ceramic fiber has conductivity
  - glass transition temperature
* Some ceramic fiber has lower conductivity
  - thermal conductivity
* possible carcinogen.

Chitosan fiber
* differs from other fibers in that it possesses a positive charge
  - it possesses a positive ionic charge
  - fibres in that it possesses a positive ionic charge
* is unlike other fibers in that it carries a positive ionic charge.

Coconut fiber
* contains organic compounds which other hydroponic media lack.
* holds more oxygen than rockwool and is pH neutral.
* is excellent to use as a moisture cushion when mounting against cork
  - fungus-free because it contains tannin, a natural fungicide
  - totally organic and retains more oxygen than rockwool

Coir
* comes from the outer husk of the coconut.
* is fiber

### substance | fiber:

Collagen fiber
* are hollow tubes consisting of globular subunits
  - inelastic and have very high tensile strength
* connect fibrous joints.
* extend from portal tract and surround periportal hepatocytes.
* form an elastin network that makes up connective tissues.
* have important functions in the mitotic spindle.
* provide elasticity and flexibility.
* relax, causing sagging and elongation of the earlobes
  - telltale creases and elongated earlobes
* run vertical in bone as does axial loading.
### substance | fiber | cotton:

Organic cotton
* Most organic cotton is grown in Texas and California, and some in North Carolina.
* has no chemical residue to harm baby.
* is cotton grown without the use of synthetic fertilisers, perstcides or defoliants.
* is grown and processed with out chemical fertilizers and pesticides
  - with out pesticides and chemical fertilizers and is allergy free
  - without pesticides
* is grown without the toxic chemicals that can harm the environment or people
  - use of harmful pesticides and chemicals
  - poised to revolutionize the way clothing is made and worn

Crude fiber
* is only the indigestible cellulose and lignin portions of grains, fruits and vegetables.
* is the maximum amount of raw fiber in the food
  - residue remaining after successive boiling in dilute acid and alkali
* measure of the indigestible or non useful portion of a feed.
* measures the cellulose and part of the lignin.
* represents insoluble carbohydrate.

Dark fiber
* is the actual cable without the electronic equipment needed to transmit communications
  - unused fiber through which no light or signals are passing
* refers to fiber optic cable that has no light passing through it.
### substance | fiber:

Spindle
* Some spindles have poles.
* are chaotic and the DNA is scattered throughout the meiotic cell
  - part of drives
  - pieces
  - sticks
* can run on either air or mechanical bearings.
* drives use current mode or invertors.
* form in preparation for cell division.
* formed in extracts containing CSF are stable for hours.
* grow sinuous bulbs in the middle.

### substance | fiber:

Spindle fiber
* Some spindle fibers attach to the other spindle fibers from the opposite pole.
* are composed of microtubules
  - like fishing poles, catching and reeling in chromosomes
  - protein structures that form early in mitosis, or cell division
* attach on each side chromosome pair.
* attach to the centromere region of each homologous chromosome pair
  - chromosomes and pull sister chromatids apart
* continue to shorten, pulling chromatids to opposite poles.
* develop and attach to centromeres.
* form a bridge between the ends of the cell
  - and the chromosomes begin to align
* help separate the chromosomes.
* run from the centromeres to the poles.

### substance | fiber | spindle:

Mitotic spindle
* are visible in living cells with the polarizing light microscope.
* begins to form outside the intact nuclear envelope.
* consist of highly dynamic microtubules.

Muscle spindle
* are complex sensory receptors found in muscle in parallel to regular muscle fibers
  - important proprioceptors
  - sensitive to changes in blood levels of calcium
* contain specialized stretch receptors.
### substance | fur:

Gray fur
* Some gray fur has spots.
* forms a cape over the sides of the head and shoulders.

Lambskin
* are a by-product of our agricultural economy.
* is fur

Polar bear fur
* consists of layers.
* serves as insulation.

Short fur
* covers most of their bodies except for their fins.
* is easy to keep in top shape.

Thick fur
* Most thick fur acts as insulation
  - protects skin
* hides their ears.
* protects most pets that run through poison oak patches from developing symptoms
* provides insulation and black skin absorbs heat.

Wet fur
* can often expose more fleas.
* provides an environment for more eggs to hatch.

Wolverine fur
* is used for trimming parka hoods because frost slips off hairs easily.
* sheds moisture.

Gabbro
* contain calcium plagioclase.
* is an igneous rock
### substance | inhibitor:

Ace inhibitor
* ACE inhibitors appear to decrease the amount of damage to the heart muscle following a heart attack.
* ACE inhibitors are a class of drugs used in controlling high blood pressure
  - drugs used to control blood pressure and prevent heart failure
  - pharmaceutical used to treat high blood pressure and heart failure
  - captopril, enalapril, lisinopril and benazepril
  - critical in the treatment of heart failure when systolic dysfunction is present
  - generally less effective in blacks than in non-blacks
  - potentially dangerous in patients with renal or carotid artery stenosis
  - quite safe
  - the first choice in treating systolic ventricular dysfunction
  - vascular protective in diabetics
* ACE inhibitors can cause a chronic dry cough
  - dry cough, rash, etc
  - kidney problem in the baby
  - occasionally cause the body to retain too much potassium
  - sometimes cause a reversible decrease in kidney function
  - continue to be studied in a variety of areas
* ACE inhibitors decrease peripheral arterial resistance and increase cardiac output
  - the blood pressure
  - differ from drugs such as Norvasc , which calcium channel blocker
  - have two peculiar side effects
* ACE inhibitors help patients with congestive heart failure feel better and live longer
  - prevent renal damage
  - increase heart attack survival rates
  - lower the pressure in the glomeruli by relaxing the vessel that drains the filter
* ACE inhibitors prevent certain enzymes in the body from constricting blood vessels
  - ventricular remodeling solely by decreasing left ventricular afterload
* ACE inhibitors reduce afterload and directly dilate coronary arteries
  - blood pressure by reducing water and sodium retention
  - seem to decrease the number of progressive heart failure deaths
  - tend to reduce the amount of protein lost and protect the kidneys
* are antihypertensive.
### substance | inhibitor | antioxidant:

Beta carotene
* are carotenoids
  - chemical compounds
* belongs to the family of fat-soluble vitamins called carotenoids.
* carotenoid, a substance which occurs naturally in plants.
* continues to be studied.
* deactivates free radicals.
* famous antioxidant, and it's also a good supplement to take.
* filters UV rays, which promote cataracts.
* helps maintain health by deactivating damaging free radicals.
* is also a potent antioxidant.
* is an antioxidant that is necessary for healthy cells and a healthy immune system
  - antioxidant, associated with a reduced risk of certain cancers
* is converted in the body to vitamin A, essential for good immunity
  - to vitamin A in the body
* is found in dark green, orange, red, and deep yellow fruits and vegetables
  - yellow, and orange vegetables and fruits
  - larger amounts in the ovaries than anywhere
  - most orange, red, green, and yellow vegetables and fruits
  - non toxic
  - one of the most well known antioxidants of the carotenoids
  - plentiful in the dark green and deep yellow vegetables
  - probably better to get from fruit and vegetables
  - produced by a range of Mucorales
  - relatively free of side effects, even at very high doses
* is the dye that makes carrots orange
  - orange pigment in carrots
  - substance that makes carrots orange
  - yellow through orange colors
* persists for months after ingestion.
* proven immune booster, and is especially powerful in the elderly.
* reduces long term health risks
  - risk of heart disease
* special type of nutrient called a provitamin.

Lipoic acid
* can also potentially regenerate other antioxidants.
* is antioxidant
* prevents buthionine sulfoximine-induced cataract formation in newborn rats.
* primes insulin.

Natural antioxidant
* enhance freshness and palatability.
* protect the body against harmful free radicals and promote healthy cells.

Tocopherol
* also are important in fertility
  - keep dry extruded soybean meal from going rancid for a period of months
* are added as antioxidants
  - important in extending the shelf life or keeping qualities of chocolate products

### substance | inhibitor | antioxidant | tocopherol:

Alpha tocopherol
* is by far the main form in the body, as well as in supplements.
* is by far the main type in the body, as well as in supplements
  - of E in the body
  - the natural form and most biologically effective
* new range of antioxidant which is being used as antioxident.

Mixed tocopherol
* are antioxidants found in nature.
* contain d-alpha, beta, delta and gamma tocopherols.
### substance | inhibitor | antioxidant:

Vitamin c
* Most vitamin C comes from a few major commercial sources worldwide.
* Vitamin C Saves Lives
  - Take some vitamin C, preferably, in the natural form
  - Taking phenothiazine drugs can stop menstruation in some women
  - blocks the formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines in the digestive tract
  - builds bones
* Vitamin C can also enhance immunity and it increases the absorption of iron
  - have a modest protective effect
* Vitamin C can also help by cleaning out residual toxins from the bladder, urinary tract, and liver
  - lower blood cholesterol
  - make cold symptoms seem less daunting
* Vitamin C can be a potent antioxidant
  - hard on the stomach if taken in high doses
  - collaborate in neutralizing free radicals
  - elevate cholesterol levels in some patients
  - enhance immune response
* Vitamin C can enhance the absorption of iron, so overload theoretical concern
  - amount of iron absorbed in a meatless meal
* Vitamin C can help absorption of iron
  - blood vessels dilate
  - minerals crystallize in the urine
  - the body to absorb iron, so wash the tablets down with a glass of orange juice
  - increase absorption and is essential in the production of hemoglobin
* Vitamin C can increase the absorption of dietary iron
  - amount of iron absorbed into the body
  - keep the spleen from enlarging, as well as the heart and liver
  - largely counteract the iron inhibitor effect of phytate
* Vitamin C can potentially help to lower cholesterol
  - protect body from allergens
  - reduce inflammation
* Vitamin C can prevent or counteract chemical poisonings and toxins from a number of sources
  - reduce free-radical damage by acting as an antioxidant in the lungs
  - triple the iron absorbed from other foods
  - decomposes over time and on exposure to sunlight and oxygen
* Vitamin C helps fight off infection
  - form the collagen that gives structure to bones, cartilage, and muscles
  - keep gums and teeth healthy
* Vitamin C helps prevent development of heart disease
  - disease and infection and promotes the body's absorption of iron
  - protect the body against lead
  - relieve stress, supports the immune system and has a diuretic effect
  - synthesize collagen fibers within the skin
  - maintains function of the immune system
* Vitamin C prevents nitrates from forming cancerous compounds in the stomach
  - oxidation
  - speeds up cell renewal and collagen formation in the skin
* Vitamin C works best for colds instead of the flu
  - in the water-soluble tissues
  - especially important in a guinea pigs diet
  - used for health
### substance:

Insulator
* All insulators are electrostrictive and produce a strain under an applied electric field.
* Most insulators are made of glass
  - become conductors
* Most insulators conduct charge
  - electric charge
  - have properties
* Some insulators have electrical resistance
  - energy gaps
  - high resistance
* Some insulators prevent energy
  - solar energy
* also protect appliances from damage.
* are also very useful to fill the 'gap' in between the metal plates of a capacitor
  - free to rotate without affecting position of the terminal pads or the conductor
  - important for electrical safety
* are materials that have just the opposite effect on the flow of electrons
  - prevent the flow of heat
  - resist the flow of electricity
  - which prevent the flow of electricity
  - whose atoms have tightly bound electrons
  - the biggest cause for charge induced from field induction
  - things like glass, plastic, rubber, dry string, paper, and wood
* come in different shapes and sizes.
* contain no free electrons.
* continue to work unprotected in many plants.
* have an extremely high electrical resistance.
* have high electrical resistivities
  - resistance and conductors have low resistance
  - specific heat capacities
  - no sea of conduction electrons
  - very low electrical resistance
* install insulation in buildings and apply it to systems such as heating and plumbing.
* keep electricity in power lines.
* oppose electrical current and make poor conductors.
* play a critical role in many aspects of technology, from large scale to the microscopic.
* provide needed protection from high-voltage lines for people who work on power lines.
* tend to get salt encrusted from the sea water spray.
* work well to reduce conduction, but generally fall short of preventing convection.

### substance | insulator:

Ceramic insulator
* Some ceramic insulators have resistance.
* have a wide range of electrical properties.

Electrical insulator
* Most electrical insulators are silicon composites, and sand is just the same thing.
* Most electrical insulators conduct charge

Interstellar material
* can enter the solar system and perturb the sun and life on the Earth.
* consists of gases and dust particles ejected from exploding stars.

Ionic material
* comprise the major exhaust pollutants of vehicles.
* have a large range of applications, ranging from toughened ceramics to catalysis.

Ionic substance
* Some ionic substances conduct electricity.
* are able to conduct electricity when they are dissolved in water
  - usually soft and low melting
* dissolve to form electrically conducting solutions.

Isothiocyanate
* are present in rich amounts in cruciferous vegetables.
* induce enzymes that detoxify environmental carcinogens.
* inhibit tumor growth.
### substance | lava:

Pahoehoe
* Hawaiian term applied to blocky basalt flows
  - for basaltic lava that has a smooth, hummocky, or ropy surface
* flows very commonly contain lava tubes.
* has a folded ropelike surface
  - the same chemistry as a'a
* is Hawaiian term for lava with a smooth, ropy, wrinkled, and billowy surface
  - smooth lava
* is the Hawaiian word for a common form of lava
  - second most abundant type of lava flow
  - smooth unbroken lava that looks like the top of a brownie pan
* refers to lava which has a ropey, plastic, wrinkled appearance
  - the smooth, billowy or ropy surfaces on lava flows
* smooth lava that often forms ropes and coils.
* smooth, ropey lava that forms as a result of gassy eruptions.
* type of lava the resemble the twisting braids in ropes.

Pahoehoe lava
* has a low eruption rate and a similar chemistry to A'a
  - smooth and ropey texture
  - smooth, ropy, or billowy surface
* is characterized by a smooth, billowy, or ropy surface
  - generally more rich in gases and said to be the hottest substance on earth
  - usually at the beginning of a lava flow and appears smooth, thin, and runny
* is very fluid as it flows
  - smooth and ropey type of lava
* presents a surface difficult for plants to colonize.

### substance | lava:

Pillow lavas
* are essentially the underwater equivalent of pahoehoe
  - round, black rocks that form under water
  - the rocks that occur in the topmost part of ophiolite complexes
  - used generally to show volcanism occurred underwater in metamorphic belts
* can also form when flows enter a river or lake.
+ Lava, Types of lava, Pillow lava: Volcanology
  * They occur wherever mafic or intermediate lavas push out under water. This happens along marine hotspot volcano chains and the constructive plate boundaries of mid-ocean ridges. Pillow lavas occur in the oldest preserved volcanic sequences on earth, the Isua and Barberton greenstone belts. This shows that large bodies of water were on the Earth's surface early in the Archaean. Pillow lavas are used generally to show volcanism occurred underwater in metamorphic belts.
### substance | limestone:

Dolomitic limestone
* Dolomitic Limestone Apply in fall to raise pH of acidic soils that contain insufficient magnesium.
* contains calcium and magnesium.
* is mined around the world
  - recommended as an alternate liming source since it supplies magnesium
  - the most common form of liming material sold in Connecticut
* mixture of calcium and magnesium carbonate.
### substance:

Liquid substance
* All liquid substances are said to have liquid state.
* Some liquid substances become gases.

### substance | liquid:

Ammonium hydroxide
* is nothing more than household ammonia.
* volatile electrolyte solution.

Antifreeze
* Most antifreeze contains ethylene glycol and nitrites, which are poisonous and flammable
  - the poisonous chemical ethylene glycol
* Some antifreeze is composed of propylene glycol because it is less toxic to humans and animals
  - leads to ingestion
* is located in garages.
* provides corrosion protection.
* provides excellent corrosion protection

### substance | liquid | antifreeze:

Glycol
* Most glycols deteriorate at very high temperatures.
* are compounds that have two hydroxyl groups present in each molecule
  - organic compounds
* have two hydroxyl groups in their molecules and so are dihydric.
* is antifreeze

Chlorine liquid
* burns the skin.
* is corrosive to the eyes, mucous membranes and skin.
### substance | liquid | cholesterol:

Blood cholesterol
* Most blood cholesterol is made by the liver.
* Some blood cholesterol causes diseases
* fatty substance found in the blood.
* is made mainly by the liver and is needed for our bodies to function properly
  - very serious and can lead to heart attacks, kidney failure, and strokes
* waxy substance that occurs naturally in the body
  - substance, which occurs naturally in our body
* white, waxy substance which occurs naturally in our body.

### substance | liquid | cholesterol:

Dietary cholesterol
* can raise blood cholesterol levels, especially in high-risk people.
* has a weaker effect of blood cholesterol levels.
* is found in all foods of animal origin such as meats and dairy products
  - food of animal origin
* is found in foods from animals including dairy products, meat, poultry and fish
  - of animal origin and in some fruits and vegetables
  - that come from animal sources
* is found only in animal foods such as meat, fish, poultry and dairy products
  - food of animal origin, such as meat, dairy and eggs
* is found only in foods of animal origin
  - that come from animals
  - meats, poultry, eggs, seafood and dairy products
  - measured in milligrams
  - transported from the small intestine to the liver within chylomicrons
* raises the blood cholesterol in only about one-third of the American public.
* takes time to be absorbed and therefore is susceptible to disruption.
* tends to increase blood cholesterol levels.
* waxy, fat-like substance found in foods that come from animals.

Elevated cholesterol
* continues to be a big problem.
* is another symptom
  - associated with an increasing risk of coronary heart disease
* known factor in heart disease.

Excess cholesterol
* causes deposits to form inside blood vessels.
* is deposited in the artery walls as it travels through the bloodstream
  - esterified and stored
  - solubilized in micelles and in vesicles composed of phospholipid bilayers
* major contributor to artery-clogging plaque.
* occurs in patients who either produce too much or fail to metabolize cholesterol.

Excessive cholesterol
* contributes to atherosclerosis and subsequent heart disease.
* leading cause of heart attacks in North America.

Good cholesterol
* Some good cholesterol helps prevent diseases
  - heart diseases
* keeps arteries free of cholesterol deposits.
### substance | liquid:

Different liquid
* can have different densities.
* evaporate at different temperatures.
* expand by different amounts.
* have different densities , which means that some liquids are heavier than others
  - freezing points
+ Evaporation: Chemistry
  * Different liquids evaporate at different temperatures. For example, aluminum evaporates at 87 degrees Celsius. When water is evaporating, it transforms into a gas called water vapor. The reverse of evaporation is condensation.
### substance | liquid | ink:

Black ink
* is better for photocopying
  - made using carbon black
  - used for dating correspondence
* works best in the image environment.

Blue ink
* Some blue inks respond to a treatment of strong ammonia water solution applied on a layer of cotton.
* is used for corrections and deletions.

Electronic ink
* generates an image of a piece of paper that glows with letters like a neon sign.
* is actually a liquid in which millions of tiny microcapsules have been placed
  - made up of millions of tiny microcapsules
  - three to six times brighter than reflective LCDs

Liquid ink
* interacts physically and chemically with the fibers of the receiving medium.
* is absorbed into the paper.

Metallic ink
* add a vibrancy and luminosity to any image.
* are especially brilliant in their shine.
* contain tiny flakes of metal that reflect light.
* work best on coated paper, which is more reflective.

Soy ink
* are the same price as regular petrochemical inks.
* is essentially the same as plastisol.
* prints more papers with less ink and results in reduced wasted paper.

Liquid molding
* is an important manufacturing technique for modern reinforced polymers.
* quick, cost effective alternative to injection molding.

Oily liquid
* Some oily liquids are produced by glands.
* Some oily liquids come out of anal glands
* lubricate eyes.

Organic liquid
* Most organic liquids are flammable or combustible
  - toxic and flammable
* are non-aqueous unless otherwise indicated.

Pure liquid
* have characteristic freezing points.
* is colorless and odorless.

### substance | liquid:

Spill
* Eliminate all sources of ignition.
* are flow
  - slips
* attract insects such as flies, ants and roaches.
* can also occur when the fuel in a tank heats and expands, and is forced through the vent cap.
* can cause permanent stains to materials and can damage or destroy computers
  - stains, damage computers and books, and attract pests
  - directly kill marine organisms through smothering, hypothermia or acute toxicity
* can happen on land or in water, at any time of day or night, and in any weather conditions
  - the open seas, close to shores, or in lakes, streams and rivers
  - kill fish eggs and tiny ocean creatures that other animals feed on
  - often lead to hazardous situations and result in serious stormwater pollution
* is one of the family poodles
  - used to pass fish over dams
  - water passed through a spillway at a dam rather than being sent through the turbines
### substance:

Magma
* All magma contains gases that escape as the magma travels to the Earth's surface.
* More magma flows out at ground level and the temperature remains high over a longer period of time.
* Most magma actually cools beneath Earth's surface.
* Most magmas have viscosity
  - originate deep in the crust or upper mantle
* Some magma intrudes parallel to layers to make sills
  - passes through dikes to feed vents
  - magmas are gas rich
* are rocks.
* forms as the plates separate, decreasing pressure on the mantle below
  - from melting rock
* rises and pods above the metamorphic rocks
  - squeezes through the widening cracks, sometimes to erupt and form volcanoes
* rises through a narrow, pipelike conduit from a magma reservoir lying beneath
  - the plate to supply volcanoes

### substance | magma:

Basaltic magma
* are the least viscous and rhyolitic magmas the most viscous.
* has a low viscosity whereas rhyolitic magma has a high viscosity.
* have a relatively low amount of silica.
* rises up the fractures and cools on the ocean floor to form new sea floor.

### substance | magma:

Felsic magma
* is thick and has lots of a mineral called silica.
+ Magma: Volcanology
  * In volcanology, 'magma' is melted rock that is under the ground. It is like lava, which is melted rock above the ground. There are many types of magma. One is called felsic magma. Felsic magma is thick and has lots of a mineral called silica. It mostly makes light-coloured rocks. Another type is called mafic magma, which is runny and has less silica. It usually makes dark-coloured rocks. A third type is intermediate magma. It is like both the other types.

Hot magma
* HOT magma rises to create new crust.
* cools as it rises to the top.
* oozes from the ridge to create new ocean crust.
* rises to the surface at a rift zone and creates new crust.

New magma
* emerges onto the ocean floor near the ridge axis.
+ Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Atlantic Ocean :: Plate tectonics :: Geography of Iceland
  * The Mid-Atlantic Ridge includes a deep rift valley which runs along the middle of the ridge along almost its entire length. At the rift, the boundary between tectonic plates, magma from the mantle reaches the seafloor. New magma emerges onto the ocean floor near the ridge axis. The crystallized magma forms new crust of basalt and gabbro.

Magnetic material
* All magnetic material exists with two poles.
* Some magnetic materials have poles.
* are attracted to magnets
  - available in many different types and sizes
  - highly nonlinear
* can shield magnetic field.
* keep fridges cool.
* represent a multi billion dollar industry
  - multi-billion dollar industry
* tend to align themselves in the same direction.
### substance:

Mass material
* Most mass materials are hard and reflect sound.
* vary greatly in the amount of heat they retain.
### substance:

Material life
* involves the production and distribution of goods and services.
* is as old as humankind
  - life centered on the individual person

Material thing
* feed the emotional desires and attachments of our ego.
* have no creation or destruction.

### substance:

Metabolite
* Many metabolites are highly lipophilic and reabsorbed.
* Some metabolites appear pharmacologically active in in vitro assays.
* are either conjugated or directly eliminated in urine
  - less active than the parent compound
  - odourological tracks or tracks od odour
  - substances
* are the biochemical products of the breakdown of drugs within the body
  - result of the body breaking down a chemical
  - usually more hydrophilic than the parent compound
* involved with inositol metabolism appear to be most specific for AD brains.

### substance | metabolite:

Secondary metabolite
* Many secondary metabolites are of great social importance as medicine, chemicals and drugs.
* Most secondary metabolites are formed as part of the Acetate-polymalonate biosynthetic pathway.
* Some secondary metabolites produced by moulds are highly toxic to animals, humans and plants.
* are primary characters, in the sense that they define species groups.
* derived from marine algae are of particular interest.
* have a broad range of functions
  - health benefits

Meteoritic material
* Some meteoritic material is similar to the Earth and Moon and some is quite different.
* contributes nickel to the oceans.

### substance:

Mica
* can be clear, black, green, red, yellow, and brown.
* forms in very thin layers and can be peeled apart.
* has a long white chest patch
  - natural ability to stabilize the temperature of the soil in the pots
  - single perfect cleavage whereas calcite has three
  - tendency to break apart into flat sheets
  - perfect cleavage in ONE direction
* is also a sealer for porous surfaces, such as wallboard masonry and concrete structures
  - an environmentally accepted replacement for asbestos in brake linings
  - birefringent and is therefore commonly used to make quarter and half wave plates
  - intermixed in abundance with much of the Cretaceous sediments
  - qualified as an important distinctive mineral
  - residual, though it is altered to hydromica
  - resistant to ultraviolet light, heat, weather and chemical attack and adheres to the skin
* is used extensively as a dielectric material
  - in decorative coatings on wallpaper, concrete, stucco , and tile surfaces
* occurs as platy grains that often are thin.
* reduces running and sagging of paints and is an economical replacement for aluminum in paints.

### substance | mica:

Natural mica
* contains many other materials including, iron, sodium, ferric oxide, and lithium.
* mineral containing a combination of aluminum, silica, magnesium and potassium.

Milky substance
* Some milky substances are produced by glands.
* Some milky substances encourage growth
  - plant growth
### substance | mineral:

Aluminum oxide
* are an ubiquitous part of modern technology.
* can withstand temperatures far higher than jet engine exhausts.

Apatite
* Some apatites display a yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet light.
* Some apatites have luster
  - surface luster
* are minerals.
* feature maxima at Eu-Gd.
* vary widely in color from colorless to yellow, green, brown, red and blue.

### substance | mineral:

Associated mineral
* are amblygonite, spodumene, beryl and quartz
  - anatase, titanite and brookite
  - anthophyllite, almandine, cummingtonite, andalusite and kyanite
  - azurite, tenorite, chalcocite, chalcopyrite and iron oxides
  - barite, calcite, orpiment, realgar, lorandite, raguinite, and pyrite
  - beryl, gadolinite, K-feldspar and chlorite
  - biotite, actinolite and stilpnomelane
  - chlorite, epidote, quartz and laumontite
  - copper, bornite and chalcopyrite
  - epidote, quartz, chlorite and actinolite
  - native copper, quartz and calcite
* are plagioclase, orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene
  - quartz, epidote, clinozoisite, biotite and zircon
  - prochlorite, hornblnde and plagioclase
  - pyrite, chalcopyrite and large phantom calcite xls
  - quartz, sillimanite, hematite, and muscovite
  - talc, chlorite, pyrite, pyrrhotite and galena
* produced as by-products include ilmenite, zircon, monazite and xenotime.

Barite
* Most barite produced is used as a weighting agent in drilling muds.
* increase pressure.

### substance | mineral | beryl:

Aquamarine
* Most aquamarines come out of the ground with a greenish tint.
* are light blue to dark blue or blue-green.
* belong to the beryl family of stones.
* bring love and affection and safe passage across any body of water.
* is colour.

Red beryl
* is the rarest member of the beryl family.
* rare, deep red variety found in only one place in the world.
* variety of beryl a.

Biotite
* appears in shale, phyllite, and schist derived from shale protoliths.
* are micas
* is abundant at the north quarter post of SEc.
* is ferromagnesian black mica, and muscovite is potassic white mica
* mica as well as a ferromagnesian mineral.
* type of mica, a family of sheet silicates.

Borax
* aids in cleaning.
* are chemical compounds
* contains boron, an important plant micronutrient.
* helps deodorize garbage disposers by neutralizing acidic odors
  - get rid of odors, reduce staining, and make diapers more absorbent
* irritate skin.
* kill insects.

Bornite
* is one of the strongest healing stones on the mineral kingdom
  - opaque, moderately brittle, and orange-pink on freshly broken surfaces
* occurs mostly massive , as well as in groups of tiny crystals.
* very powerful mineral.
### substance | mineral:

Spinel
* are a cool class of magnetic materials
  - very important for geothermometry and rock magnetism
* crystal of magnesium aluminum oxide.
* is ranked just below corundum in hardness while magnetite and hematite are much softer.
* man-made mineral formed by the reaction of the oxides of the aluminum and magnesium.
* occurs in all colors, often in subdued hues or with a slightly grayish overcast
  - irregular grains that appear to fit in among the olivines
* ranges in color from red to black to yellow, frequently resembling rubies.
* twinning is possible forming flattened crystals.
* very hard semi-precious stone composed of octahedral crystals.

### substance | mineral | spinel:

Black spinel
* is the premier black gemstone.
* lacks the metallic lustre of hematite , another popular black gemstone.

Spodumene
* are minerals.
* common mineral, but transparent gem forms occur in only a few select localities.
* is found only in granite pegmatites
  - quite different from petalite

Sulfide mineral
* are an important sink for arsenic in some sulfidic water
  - both a source and sink for arsenic
* have a restricted composition range and solid solution is rare.
* tend to be metallic and deeply colored.

### substance | mineral | talcum:

Soapstone
* Some soapstone contains silica, which can cause silicosis when inhaled.
* is talcum

### substance | mineral:

Tourmaline
* Many tourmalines owe their color to a mixture of metal ions.
* Some tourmaline is used as gemstones.
  - precious stones
* can be colorless to just about any color, hue, or tone known to man.
* come in a rainbow of colors and every variety has specific healing applications.
* comes in every color and is known for their hardness and durability
  - many colors - but primarily in pink and green
* common accessory mineral at several copper mineralized breccia deposits.
* crystalline mineral that occurs commonly in black.
* exhibits the interesting electrical properties of pyroelectricity and piezoelectricity.
* hard and durable gemstone which can withstand years of wear.
* has permanent warnings posted due to high bacteria levels found in the water.
* is also extremely dichroic, more so than any other stone or crystal
  - an accessory mineral of volcanic and sedimentary rocks
  - another versatile gemstone that occurs in a range of colors
  - common in the many small complex pegmatites exposed in sec
  - faceted, dome-shaped, carved or made into beads
  - one of the most chemically complex gem materials
  - pyroelectric and piezoelectric
  - the national gemstone of the United States
* occurs as a widespread accessory mineral in chloritic gneiss exposed in sec.
* occurs in every color of the rainbow and in combinations of two or three colors
  - many shades of pink, red, green, blue, yellow and brown
  - pink, red, blue, green, brown, and many colors in-between
* shamanic stone, providing protection during ritual work.
* shows colour zoning from lavender blue to yellow-brown.
### substance | mineral | zeolite:

Natural zeolite
* are volcanic minerals with unique characteristics.
* can absorb oil spills
  - increase the rate of phytoremediation for certain metals, and isotopes
* have a unique interconnecting lattice structure.
* is mined from the earth.

Synthetic zeolite
* are the most important catalysts in petrochemical refineries
  - used as an additive in the production process of warm mix asphalt concrete
* exhibit unique adsorption, ion-exchange and catalytic properties.
* have various applications in industry.
* hold some key advantages over their natural analogues.

### substance:

Mixture
* Most mixture breaks down compounds.
* Some mixture is produced by fungi.
* Some mixtures can produce harmful gases
  - combine arsenic removal with disinfection
  - consisting at least of two different isomer ions have negative formation energies
* are combinations of substances that retain their individual identities
  - composed of variable proportions of molecules and atoms
  - groups of molecules that can be separated by physical means
  - heterogeneous forms of matter
  - made of two or more substances mixed together
  - physical combinations of at least two pure substances
  - physically combined structures that can be separated into their original components
  - two or more substances combined which keep most of their own properties
* boil when they reach a temperature called their bubble point.
* can be combinations of elements or compounds
  - occur in each of the states of matter
* consists of different substances
* contains carbon particles
  - considerable organic matter
  - water
* dissolves in water.
* has desirable properties
  - phases
* ignite easily on heating, shock, or on contact with sulfuric acid.
* lasts for years.
* occur more commonly in nature than do pure substances.
* requires water.
* retains own properties
* take the form of alloys , solutions, suspensions, and colloids.
### substance | mixture | alloy:

Copper alloy
* All copper alloys resist corrosion by fresh water and steam.
* Most copper alloys are brasses and bronzes.

Iron alloy
* Most iron alloy contains chromium
  - alloys are contain a certain amount of carbon, and are classified as steels
* provide great strength and durability, but are also subject to corrosion.

Magnesium alloy
* Most magnesium alloys contain aluminum and zinc.
* are among the most promising materials in various high-tech applications
  - far lighter and can hold much more hydrogen
* are the easiest of the structural metals to machine
  - most common materials utilized
* possess good casting characteristics.

Metal alloy
* Many metal alloys have limited possibilities of composition.
* are homogeneous elemental mixtures that can be thought of as solid solutions
  - minerals that are composed of combinations of different metals in one mineral
  - mixtures of various elements
* come in aluminum, bronze, alloy steel, brass, cast iron and chromium.

### substance | mixture | alloy:

Pewter
* Some pewters contain lead.
* are alloy
* can be a variety of alloys.
* is an alloy of lead and tin
  - metals which is shaped into a vast variety of shapes
  - tin which precious metal after platinum, gold and silver
  - that is made almost entirely from tin
  - easier to work with than many other metals
  - heated in a white metal furnace
  - made by melting tin in a cast iron pot and adding antimony, copper and sometimes bismuth
  - malleable and ductile, and is easily spun or formed into intricate designs and shapes
* material made of tin and recognized as an work of art.
* mixture of tin and lead, and looks like silver when it is polished.
* relatively soft metal, and can be filed with a nail file.
* silver -grey metal, an alloy of tin, copper and antimony.
* soft alloy that is worked by casting, hammering, or turning
  - material, and thus very malleable into many shapes and designs
* tin-base white metal containing antimony and lead.
### substance | mixture | alloy | steel:

Alloy steel
* are carbon steels with other additives such as nickel , chromium , vanadium , etc
  - such as nickel and chromium
  - generally more responsive to heat and mechanical treatments than carbon steels
* contain iron, the nonmetal carbon and at least one other metal.
* has superior tensile strength over carbon steel.
* have a specified composition, containing certain percentages of other elements.

### substance | mixture | alloy | steel | alloy steel:

Manganese steel
* is alloy steel.
* is extremely hard and is used for railroad switches and dredging equipment
  - for railway points and dredging equipment
  - tough and is used in rock crushers

Tungsten steel
* are tough, hard, and very resistant to wear.
* is alloy steel

Austenitic steel
* Some austenitic steels tend to become slightly magnetic after cold working.
* are the most widely used category of steel.
* have excellent ductility at ambient and at low temperatures.
* is steel.

### substance | mixture | alloy | steel:

Carbon steel
* Most carbon steel has conductivity.
* has a tendency to darken with use
* holds a sharper edge than all except the most finely tempered stainless steel.
* is by far the best material by weight to compression load ratios
  - harder but more brittle
* offers lateral stability
* requires more care as it rusts very easily and also wears away more quickly.
+ Iron, Uses, As a metal
  * Steel is the most common form of iron. Steels come in several forms. Mild steel is steel with a low percentage of carbon. It is soft and easily bent, but it does not crack easily. It is used for nails and wires. Carbon steel is harder but more brittle. It is used in tools. There are many other types of steel. Stainless steel does not rust. Other steels are very hard.

Galvanized steel
* is used wherever corrosion threat.
* left untended can dissolve in a matter of months.

Mild steel
* Most mild steel has strength.
* is plastically deformed and then the load is released
  - used when the vat itself is used as the anode
+ Iron, Uses, As a metal
  * Steel is the most common form of iron. Steels come in several forms. Mild steel is steel with a low percentage of carbon. It is soft and easily bent, but it does not crack easily. It is used for nails and wires. Carbon steel is harder but more brittle. It is used in tools. There are many other types of steel.

Modern steel
* are made with varying combinations of alloy metals to fulfill many purposes.
* is produced using either the blast furnace or arc furnaces.
### substance | mixture | compost:

Homemade compost
* is an excellent alternative to commercial organic fertilizers.
* provides nutrients and humus for the soil.

Organic compost
* Most organic compost absorbs water.
* is created by children combining cafeteria waste, dead leaves, and garden cuttings.

Worm compost
* is made in a container filled with moistened bedding and redworms.
* makes nutrients available to plants.
* tends to be very difficult to rehydrate after it has dried out.
* very complete soil additive, even more so than ordinary compost.

### substance | mixture:

Dilution
* are solutions.
* can reduce the concentration of pathogens and toxins below an effective level.
* connotes a decrease in something.
* grow with legume or another grass.
* is more important than biodegradation in rivers
  - one method that can be used to help ruminal microorganisms adapt to high nitrate feeds
  - the measurement used to describe the amount of penetration in terms of the base metal
  - their solution to pollution
  - used in toxicity calculations
* makes the unstable peroxides safer to produce, handle, and use.
* occurs if the herbicide is distributed in a larger volume of soil.
* occurs when a company issues more shares
  - number of companies use similar trademarks on similar goods
* produces a lighter, more natural colour which can be repeated if it's too light.
* reduces earnings per share by increasing the number of shares potentially outstanding.
* refers to the mixing of good or clean air with polluted air.
* usually refers to a concentration of a material in a liquid and sometimes in a gas.
* vary with surface conditions, type of metering systems and equipment used.

### substance | mixture | dilution:

Serial dilution
* are one way to set up a broad range of concentrations.
* means the crude source materials is diluted many, many times.

### substance | mixture | dilution | thinning:

Precommercial thinning
* increases diameter growth of Appalachian hardwood stump sprouts.
* reduces snowshoe hare abundance in the short term.
### substance | mixture | suspension | vapor:

Styrene vapor
* can also adversely affect the human nervous system, causing adverse eye effects.
* irritates the eyes, the nose, and the throat.