### plant | tracheophyte | spermatophyte | gymnosperm:

Seed fern
* Most seed ferns produce seeds.
* Some seed ferns grow as shrubs.
* become extinct at the end of the Triassic.

Welwitschia
* gymnosperm, distantly related to conifers, ginkgos and cycads.
* is found in the deserts in Africa.
* lives in coastal desert areas, gravel beds, rocky canyon walls, and open flats.

### plant | tracheophyte | spermatophyte:

Seedling
* Many seedlings germinate on fallen, decaying trees.
* Most seedlings adapt to drought.
* Most seedlings develop from buds
  - into plants
  - grow from seeds
* Most seedlings grow in environments
  - light
  - sunlight
  - vicinities
  - under conditions
  - weeds
  - have buds
  - make plants
  - produce flowers
* Producing seedling or ornamental plants growing business.
* Some seedlings grow in culture
  - under plants
  - survive fire
* are also sensitive to cold
  - baby trees that look a lot like small sticks with roots
  - delicate plants that only grow leaves and form new woody tissue
  - flood-tolerant, but rapid change of water level up or down causes some mortality
  - generally more vulnerable to environmental changes than established plants
* are more sensitive to light than mature plants
  - salt than mature plants
  - much less tolerant of salinity than established, rapidly growing plants
  - one step in the vegetative phase of a tomato's lifecycle
  - present during early seral stages and plants coexist with later arriving species
  - rare even where adult plants are present and seeds are abundant
  - sensitive to competition from grasses and forbs, particularly annual grasses
  - the fastest way to grow plants, and the easiest
  - useful as rootstock for other Annona species in wet soils
  - variable in their leaf color
  - very susceptible and die quickly once they become infected
* are very susceptible to bacteria that are harmless to more mature plants
  - frost damage, and even a light freeze can cause mortality
* bear fruit.
* become leaves.
* can be very susceptible to disease, fungal growth, curious animals, overheating
  - become nuisance plants and as troublesome as weeds
  - have hairs on the underside of the leaves, which generally disappear on older plants
  - reproduce from buds after four days emergence
  - tolerate low light levels, growing slowly until the overstory canopy is opened up
* cope with conditions.
* develop a basal rosette and mature plants have leaves that are entirely without petioles.
* develop into plants
  - rosettes, and maximal root growth occurs when the plants are rosettes
  - tendrils
* die rapidly if hypococtyls or cotyledons are infected.
* enter dormancy.
* establish after fire only if surviving seed trees are present.
* eventually absorb sufficient water that they orient vertically as they float in the sea.
* float and, like adult trees, are tolerant of low oxygen levels.
* flower in springs.
* form leaves.
* generally sprout in the winter as rains soak the soil
  - vary considerably from parent plants in growth and fruiting characters
* germinate faster when heated from the bottom.
  - presence
  - rapidly enough that they have been used similarly to annual green manure crops
* has an unpleasant odor when crushed.
  - chances
  - characteristics
  - flavor
  - phases
  - shoots
  - survival
* includes cell membranes
  - cells
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - nuclei
  - plasma membranes
  - sections
  - vacuoles
* need water.
* normally can take up to three to five years to produce their first bloom.
* outgrow trays.
* platform for component-oriented applications.
* require moisture.
* respond to light.
* seed plant
* show growth.
* topple over as rot affects stems at soil level.
* turn yellow, roots are blackened and plants die or are stunted.

### plant | tracheophyte | spermatophyte | seedling:

Diseased seedling
* have dark brown spots near the seed or on stems below the soil line.
* tend to remain in the grass stage.