ontocord/MixtureVitae-genericsKB huggingface dataset:
### plant part | flower:

Male flower
* Most male flowers appear on plants
  - weed plants
  - carry pollen
* Most male flowers consist of florets
  - numerous florets
* Most male flowers contain pollen
* Most male flowers have female organs
  - pollen pistils
  - thin stalks
  - produce pollen
  - provide pollen
  - release pollen
* Most male flowers shed pollen
* Some male flowers are pollinated by beetles
  - make fruit
* are groups of tiny purple flowers that grow in drooping clusters called catkins
  - morphologically distinct from female flowers
* contain pollen, and female flowers contain a receptacle for the pollen called an ovule
* furnish pollen for pollination, but never produce fruit.
  - reddish stamens
  - yellow stamens
* mature and produce pollen, larval wasps become adults and mate.
* occur on plants.
* produce pollen, and female flowers develop into fruit
* serve as the pollinator and female flowers bear fruit.
  - viable pollen

Orange flower
* Most orange flowers bloom in springs
  - resemble flowers
* appear as a bright flame.
* bloom from the center of the plants during winter

Orchid flower
* Many orchid flowers have fragrances that it emits.
* Some orchid flowers bloom for one week to up to four months depending on the species
  - have a slippery surface
* Some orchid flowers look like moth wings
* are among the most beautiful in the plant world.
* exhibit characteristics associated with more advanced species.
* supply nectar, oils, and perfume for bees, flies, and butterflies.
* to attract certain insects
  - pollinate insects

Pansy flower
* have basic color patterns
  - petals
* look like flowers.

Peace lily
* Peace Lilies are toxic to both dogs and cats
  - grow under a forest canopy and so are used to living in deteriorating bark
* Peace lilies are native to hot, moist, shady tropical rainforests
  - sometimes susceptible to infection by aphids, mites, or other small arthropods
  - can be sensitive to chlorine
  - filter out trichloroethylene best
  - have wide leaves that accumulate dust
* Some peace lilies grow in containers.
### plant part | flower:

Yellow flower
* Most yellow flowers add color.
* Most yellow flowers appear in springs
  - on plants
* Most yellow flowers bloom in early springs
  - have petals
  - sprout from seeds
  - surround flowers
* Some yellow flowers possess anthers.
  - mainly in the spring on long, smooth, hollow stalks
* are tubular with flared petals, and appear in late winter and spring.
* arise from leaf axils as do tendrils.
* bloom in clusters in spring
  - late summer
* blossom after the first three weeks of growth.
* occur on inflorescences that usually extend beyond the leaves.
* part the mind in latent thirds.
* surround brown disk flowers
### plant part | foliage:

Wet foliage
* attracts insects and fungus disease.
* increases the chance of disease.
* is more prone to diseases
  - prone to mildew and fungal diseases
  - susceptible to diseases
### plant part | fruit:

Achene
* are fruit
  - oblong in outline and have a white pappus that resembles white hairs
* are the fruit embedded in a fleshy receptacle
  - true fruit in a strawberry
  - twisted or coiled
  - very hairy
* have a double pappus, some have red-brown translucent ridges
  - little and tiny hair around surface which allow fruits to float on the water
  - several barbs attached
* is fruit
* minute, obovate and compressed or cylindrical, black or brown, minutely apiculate.
* oblanceoloid, hairy, with soft white bristles at the tip.
* ovate, flattened, smooth.

### plant part | fruit | achene:

Samara
* are bit larger than American elm but without the distinct notch and fuzzy margin.
* is an achene
### plant part | fruit:

Aggregate fruit
* are formed from a single compound flower and contain many ovaries.
* arise from several ovaries in one flower.
* is fruit

### plant part | fruit:

Almond
* Most almonds grow on trees
  - have fiber.
  * The fruit of the almond has an outer hull and a hard shell with the seed or nut inside. Shelling almonds means removing the shell to get the seed. Almonds are sold either shelled or unshelled
* also contain a fair amount of calcium
  - sterol
* are California's largest tree nut crop in total dollar value and acreage
  - top food export-occupying more acreage than any crop other than grapes
  - Restricted products
  - almond trees
* are also a great snack during the day, with good protein and healthy fat
  - high in Vitamin E and calcium
  - useful in medicine for uniting substances with water
  - an excellent high protein food, also rich in minerals
  - available whole, sliced, chopped, candied, smoked, in paste form, and in many flavors
  - drupes
  - edible fruit
  - either sweet or bitter
  - excellent sources of protein and they stop nausea, have a bag on hand at all times
  - far less likely to upset the stomach
* are high in alpha-linolenic acid, which can speed the metabolism of fats
  - calcium, minerals, and dietary fiber
  - protein, fat, calories, vitamins, and minerals
  - just one of the many nuts that are produced and sold in many different forms
  - low in saturated fat, and like all plant food sources, are cholesterol free
* are one of the great nuts
  - most nutritious foods around, loaded with calcium, potassium and magnesium
  - part of almonds
  - plants
* are rich in protein and fibre with less fat
  - vitamin E, calcium and fiber
  - sodium and cholesterol free
  - th ekernel of the fruit of the almond tree
* are the most widely-grown and eaten tree nut
  - only alkaline nuts
* belong to same genus as plums, apricots, peaches.
* burn easily.
* can be good in small amounts
  - remain fresh for a long time
* contain cyogenic glucocides, possible cancer inhibitors
  - more magnesium than oatmeal or even spinach
  - protein and all essential minerals for the human body
* enhance virtually every food they grace with their distinctive taste and satisfying crunch.
* even have a greater effect on the skin when eaten.
* fight heart disease.
* grow in California, the Mediterranean, Australia, and South Africa
  - the same range as do peaches, but bloom earlier
* have a diverse use in cooking
  - on a cream to yellow-almond ground colour speckles in different colours
  - quality
* includes kernels
  - sections
* is stone fruit
* require more bees than any other crop in the United States.
### plant part | fruit | cherry:

Sweet cherry
* Most sweet cherries are infertile with their own pollen and often with certain other varieties also.
* Sweet Cherries are in full bloom in the southwest
  - very tall growers and are inclined to develop weak crotches
  - tend to form whorls of branches
* Sweet cherries are also commercially canned and frozen
  - in late petal fall
  - larger than sour cherries
  - more difficult to produce than tart
  - part of sweet cherries
  - susceptible to brown rot at all times
  - the most popular of the edible cherries
  - become firm when ripe, and sour cherries part easily from the stem
  - fruit chiefly on the spurs formed freely on the older wood
  - grow in the mountain states where winters are less brutal
  - have a dark red, burgundy color
  - tend to crack as harvest nears if excessive rainfall occurs

Chokecherry
* Chokecherries are cherries
  - edible and, although somewhat astringent, are relatively sweet when fully ripe
  - part of chokecherries
  - grow in a wide variety of soil types and climatic conditions
* is fruit

Citrus fruit
* Most citrus fruit contains chemicals.
* Some citrus fruit has acidity levels.
* Some citrus fruit has high acidity levels
* are excellent sources of vitamin C, as are green leafy vegetables and tomatoes.
* includes orange.
* is all acid fruit
  - edible fruit
  - one of the most important families of fruit
* provides benefits
  - health benefits
* provides many benefits

Coconut fruit
* belongs to the sweep group.
* can float thousands of miles in the ocean to spread seeds.

Different fruit
* contain different amounts of sugar.
* contains different nutrients, so it is wise to consume a wide variety of fruits.

Drupe
* are consumed by birds, which can disperse the viable seeds
  - different from berries
  - very attractive, but are largely hidden by the foliage until the leaves drop
* have a hard seed pod surrounded by a mass of softer tissue
  - multiple seeds and fused carpels
  - one seed enclosed in a hard case surrounded by flesh

Dry fruit
* Most dry fruit contains seeds
  - is produced by plants
* Some dry fruit develops from carpels
  - simple carpels
  - has wings
* are characteristic of seeds dispersed by the wind and other natural agents or animals.
* releases seeds.
* surrounds seeds.

Eat fruit
* has benefits
* has significant benefits

Edible fruit
* Most edible fruit contains seeds.
* Some edible fruit grows in areas.
* attracts squirrels.
* develops when multiple varieties are present.
* has sweet taste
  - one of the biggest adaptations of flowering plants
  - solid food
  - valued by wildlife
* reward and encourage animal dispersal.

### plant part | fruit | edible fruit:

Clingstone
* is edible fruit
* ripen earlier in the season.

Durian
* are covered in sharp spines and have a pungent smell
  - different in different regions
  - edible fruit
  - fruit trees
  - part of durians
* do best on deep, loamy, well-drained soils, high in organic matter.
* grow in Southeast Asia and are considered a favorite fruit of orangutans.
### plant part | fruit:

Peach
* Many peaches fall to the ground and the extra weight can stress or break limbs.
* Most peaches grown in the United States have yellow flesh.
* Move pot-grown peaches and nectarines under cover for winter.
* also work as a substitute for mangos.
* appears on trees.
* are a good source of vitamin C, potassium and dietary fiber
  - symbol of long life
* are also a low-calorie source of antioxidant vitamins
  - at petal fall and brown rot risk is currently high
  - around most of the summer as the different varieties come into season
  - best with their skins removed
  - difficult to grow without a complete spray program, for both insects and diseases
  - favorites in a variety of baked goods
  - highly vulnerable to a fungus called brown rot
  - one of the few really seasonal fruits left
  - prevalent in Chinese poetry and myth
* are ready to be eaten when slightly soft to the touch
  - eat when they give to gentle palm pressure
* are ripe when slightly soft to the touch
  - the next fruit crop to ripen
  - vigorous growers
* bear in three to four years.
* continue to ripen.
* deteriorate rapidly when stored for longer periods.
* develop their leaf and fruit buds in the summer for the coming year.
* fruit tree
* grow best in an open, sunny area.
* has a docked tail, and both ears and eyes are orange
  - pits
* have a tendency to grow fruiting wood upward and outward from the main trunk
  - some frost damage
* includes peels
  - sections
* is an orange-peach color
  - canneds
* is part of orchards
  - stone fruit
* leaves showing leaf deformity and chlorosis associated with veins.
* loves to eat dry food made especially for hampsters.
* open blooms quite early, certainly much earlier than apples and plums.
* range from full bloom to blossom drop.
* require a lighter soil than pears or plums
  - second variety to act as a pollinator
* stop ripening once they are picked.
* survive being canned much better than most fruits.
* symbolize fecundity and immortality.
### plant part | fruit | seed | nut:

Beechnut
* are eaten by birds and mammals, serving as an important food for chipmunks and squirrels
  - small, triangular nuts
* contains high level of tannic acid which creates bitter taste of the fruit.

Betel nut
* is an important factor in Timorese village life.
* mild stimulant popular all over South Asia and the Pacific.
### plant part | fruit | seed:

Pine seed
* All pine seeds are edible, but most are too small for humans to bother with.
* Most pine seeds have coats
  - seed coats

Pip
* are XML data formats and standardized business processes
  - performance groups specializing in basketball skills, drills, and tricks
* lie at the bottom of a hierarchy headed by clusters and segments.
* uses for making impressions in prehistoric pottery.

Pumpkin seed
* Most pumpkin seeds are part of pumpkins.
* contains, zinc, essential to male reproductive health.
* have assets.
* preserves the prostate gland, and thereby, also male potency.

Rape seed
* are like small greasy ball bearings, and they escape quite easily.
* is used in birdseed mixtures.

Small seed
* Most small seeds contain carbohydrates
  - have fruit
* Some small seeds contain endosperms.
### plant part:

Meristem
* Most meristems contribute to growth
  - produce shoots
* Some meristems develop into buds.
* Some meristems grow into buds
  - flower buds
  - have growth patterns
* Some meristems have indeterminate growth patterns
* are areas within the tree where growth occurs
  - organised cellular structures capable of indeterminate growth
  - plant tissue
* are regions of active cell division in plants from which new primary growth arises
  - embryonic tissue capable of growing into new plant parts
* are zones of continuous cell division located at the tips of stems and roots in plants
  - intense activity
* confer the capacity for indeterminate growth of the plant.
* form xylem.
* includes sections.
* is plant tissue

### plant part | meristem:

Apical meristem
* are responsible for primary growth or increase in length
  - the primary growth of roots and shoots
  - very small, compared to the cylinder-shaped lateral meristems
* give rise to three primary meristems.
* increase the length of stems and roots, and produce flowers.
* is responsible for primary root and stem growth in vascular plants.
* occur at the tips of roots and shoots.
+ Meristem, Apical meristem: Plant anatomy
  * Specifically, an active apical meristem lays down a growing root or shoot behind itself, pushing itself forward. Apical meristems are very small, compared to the cylinder-shaped lateral meristems. The shoot apical meristem'. Cambridge University Press.

Intercalary meristem
* are found in some a. conifers.
* continue stem elongation after other parts have matured.

Primary meristem
* are the apical meristems on root tips and shoot tips.
* make the shoot or root grow longer.
+ Vascular cambium: Plant anatomy :: Vascular plants
  * Primary meristems are the apical meristems on root tips and shoot tips. Another lateral meristem is the cork cambium, which produces cork, part of the bark.

Secondary meristem
* develop after primary meristems.
* make the stem or root grow larger in diameter.

### plant part:

Mycelium
* Most myceliums contain haploid nuclei
* Most myceliums grow in substrate
  - suitable substrate
* Most myceliums have barriers
  - color
  - outer barriers
  - meet haploid myceliums
* Most myceliums produce basidiocarps
  - mushrooms
  - pigment
  - sporangiums
* Some myceliums absorb nutrients
  - water
* Some myceliums are part of candidiasis
  - fungi
  - mold
  - puffballs
  - thrushes
  - toadstools
  - truffles
  - contain pigment
  - enter leaves
* Some myceliums grow into xylem
  - surfaces
  - have characters
* Some myceliums improve functions
  - immune functions
  - penetrate tissue
* includes hyphae

### plant part | mycelium:

Haploid mycelium
* Most haploid myceliums meet haploid myceliums
* Some haploid myceliums absorb nutrients.
### plant part:

Ovary
* Most ovaries contain many ovules
  - single ovules
* Most ovaries have dual roles
  - produce estrogens
* Most ovaries produce female hormone estrogens
  - hormones
  - sex hormones
  - removed are either normal or have benign disease
* Most ovaries secrete female hormones
  - reproductive hormones
  - progesterone
  - sex hormone estrogens
  - substances
* Ovaries also secrete the important reproductive hormones estrogen and progesterone.
* Ovaries are a French egg dish made with cheese
  - about the size of an almond
  - also the primary source of estrogen
  - attached to the kidneys
  - epigynous
  - gonads
  - much more than egg production factories
  - outside vesicles
* Ovaries are part of carpels
  - females
  - the reproductive system needed to reproduce sexually
  - small oval organs situated in the abdominal cavity just ventral to the kidneys
* Ovaries are the female gonads, which produce eggs
  - parental tissue in which ovules are formed
  - part of the flower, which produces eggs that are needed for making seeds
  - become swollen and painful
  - degenerate during fetal life, in other respects anatomically female
  - frequently contain poorly developed eggs and males often have sperm in their sperm ducts
  - globose, glabrous
* Ovaries includes placentas
  - sections
  - increase progesterone for an embryo
  - make female hormones and grow eggs inside tiny follicles
  - often appear pale and enlarged and have an infiltration of amyloid
  - perform a number of important functions
* Ovaries produce both estrogen and progesterone
  - estrogen and without it, incomplete sexual development occurs
  - estrogen, which is linked to tumor growth
  - estrogens and progesterone a
* Ovaries secrete both estrogen and progesterone , and also androgens such as testosterone
  - show changes which are indistinguishable from polycystic ovaries
* Ovaries start producing estrogen and levels rise, while progesterone remains low
  - releasing matured eggs
  - tend to be active in the latter half of the year
* Some ovaries are part of anemones
  - angiosperms
  - blossoms
  - bluebottles
  - carnation
  - catkins
  - daisies
  - dicotyledons
  - florets
  - helianthuses
  - marigolds
  - monocots
  - orchids
  - poppies
  - snapdragons
  - snowdrops
  - sunflowers
  - vanillas
  - wildflowers
* Some ovaries contain embryos
  - grow embryos
  - primary follicles
  - develop into seeds
* Some ovaries have cysts
  - large cysts
  - look like fruit
  - mature into fruit
* Some ovaries produce dominant follicles
  - single dominant follicles
  - protect seeds
  - resemble grapes
  - surround ovules
* sex organ

### plant part | ovary:

Basal ovary
* Basal ovaries contain ovules.
* Most basal ovaries contain ovules.
### plant part:

Placenta
* acts as a partial barrier to infection at term as well as earlier during pregnancy.
* increta the villi are in the muscle wall.
* is actually a temporary organ
  - another target tissue especially for lead, cadmium and mercury
  - in the upper pole of the uterus and without evident pathology
  - now one-sixth of fetal weight
* lobulated structure which contains cotyledons.
* percreta the villi are through the muscle wall, usually into bladder wall.
* potent barrier and transmission occurs at the time of childbirth.
* separates from the uterine wall and gets expelled by mild, irregular contractions.
* tissue formed by the cells from the embryo and the mother.

### plant part | placenta:

Retained placenta
* are more common in dairy breeds than in beef breeds.
* common cause of laminitis.
* is thought to be influenced by electrolyte concentrations.
### plant part | root:

Adventitious root
* are formed at nodes which are in contact with water or moist soil
  - grown from discoid in the soil
  - located at nodes along the stem, both below and above ground
  - roots originating directly from the stem
* are roots that form on plant organs other than roots
  - originate directly at the shoot
* arise from the leaf traces
  - lower side of the rhizomes
* bear root spines.
* develop at the base of branch shoots.
  - on the lower surface
* grow from stems or leaves rather than from the regular root system of the plant
  - in place of the old ones
* occur at the stem base.
* originate from the stem.

Aerial root
* Many aerial roots are fleshy or semi-fleshy, functioning as reservoirs for water storage.
* Most aerial roots absorb nutrients
* Some aerial roots have chlorophyll
  - green chlorophyll
* allow the orchid to attach itself to trees.
* are another xerophytic trait
  - in addition to the normal roots that are below the ground
  - roots above the ground
* form freely on many land and water plants in a favorable, moist atmosphere.

Bare root
* are the roots of roses that are planted directly into the ground.
* good way to plant fruit trees, or other trees.

Black root
* is more common in flatwood soils but has been observed in other soil types.
* rot is difficult to control
  - more severe when lesion nematodes are present
  - seedling disease

Burdock root
* Some burdock roots contain active compounds
* Some burdock roots contain numerous active compounds
  - have antimicrobial actions
* have flavor.
### plant part | root:

Parsnip
* are a good source of potassium
  - actually sweet, much like carrots, and become even sweeter after winter frosts
  - among the closest relatives of parsley in the family Apiaceae
  - an excellant source of vitamin C and a good source of dietry fibre and folic acid
  - biennial, but are grown commercially as an annual
  - frost-tolerant
  - grown for their fleshy, edible, cream-colored taproots
  - native to Britain and many other countries
  - plants
  - relatively free of both insects and diseases
  - root vegetables
  - slow to germinate and break through the soil surface
  - the taproot of a member of the parsley family
* can reach almost a foot long.
* cause blisters on the skin of agricultural workers.
* cook at the same rate as potatoes.
* develop better flavor after several weeks in cold, moist conditions.
* provide lots of healthy fibre - more than four times as much as potatoes.
* requires small amounts of nitrogen and moderate amounts of phosphorous.
### plant part | root:

Primary root
* Some primary roots extend almost as deep as the height of the tree.
* are more positively gravitropic than secondary roots
  - permanent roots that support the weight of the upper tree

Root carie
* can be difficult to observe intraorally.
* is an epidemic problem for adults and older patients.
* occurs most often at or close to the cemento-enamel junction.
* seem to demonstrate an increase in incidence with age.

Root cutting
* are grown in perlite and a rooting hormone used to stimulate growth
  - part of the root, usually annual
* have a good capacity to produce suckers.
* keeps the plant smaller and, therefore, in a smaller pot longer.

Secondary root
* Most secondary roots produce lateral roots
* are produced from nodes in the crown or from nodes on horizontal stems.

Seminal root
* Most seminal roots arise from seeds.
* are more important for the survival of whole plants than are adventitious roots.
* cease new growth shortly after the coleoptile emerges at the soil surface.
* provide minimal uptake of water and nutrients.

Shallow root
* Most shallow roots absorb water
  - help plants
* are likely to withstand drought conditions
  - sensitive to smothering silt
* can be invasive and difficult to plant around.
* lead to more rapid stress under drought or hot conditions.
* need moisture.

Square root
* are roots.
* continuous function for nonnegative x , and the square root of zero is zero.

Storage root
* Some storage roots appear healthy from the outside but are decayed internally.
* are sensitive to changes in soil temperature depending on stage of root development.
* contain high levels of sugar that nurture the developing spears.

Tap root
* Most tap roots consist of roots.
* Some tap roots grow into flowers.
* are prominent primary roots from which all other lateral rootlets or secondary roots grow
  - shallow roots which are usually grow in a place near the surface of the soil
* bring up nutrients from deep in the soil.
* is what radicle becomes in dicots and gymnosperms.
* sink deep, descending into the depths of the earth.

### plant part | root:

Taproot
* Many taproots are modified into storage organs.
* Most taproots contain juice
  - milky juice
  - have round shapes
* Some taproots are specialized roots that store large amounts of food for the plant.
* Some taproots have high water
  - surfaces
* Some taproots penetrate feet
  - several feet
* are large and fleshy
  - sources
  - the longest and the strongest of the different kinds of roots
* can go very deep if there lack of surface water.
* can grow an inch per day and eventually reach four feet in length
  - to be quite large
* develop from the radicle of a seed, forming the primary root.
* grow deep into the ground in search of moisture and nutrients
  - long or vertically
  - longer than branch roots
  - very deep so they can tap sources of underground water
* includes bark.
* includes root caps
  - hair
  - sections
* tend to have a main, stout axis extending vertically, and often bear smaller lateral roots.
* usually control growth and development of branch roots.
### plant part | spore:

Microspore
* Every microspore develops into an immature male gametophyte, also called a pollen grain.
* are groups of cells that are in the process of becoming pollen grains
  - immature pollen grains
  - the male spores, which develop into microgametophytes
* develop into female gametophyte that produces egg in archegonium.
* develop into male gametophyte that produces sperm in atheridia
  - gametophytes called pollen grains, consisting of only a few cells
* develop into pollen grains, which contain the male gametophyte
* develops by meiosis from the microspore mother cell.
* form pollen grains, which are immature male gametophytes.
* occur in male cones and form male gametophytes
  - megaspores occur in female cones
* pollinate megasporangium, which is then fertilized and the embryo dispersed to grow.
* produce the male antheridia and megaspores produce the female antheridia.

### plant part | spore:

Mold spore
* Most mold spores cause reaction.
* Most mold spores survive conditions
  - environmental conditions
* Most mold spores survive harsh conditions
* adhere more tightly to the rough surfaces than to the smooth skin of undamaged kernels.
* are airborne and are found almost anywhere
  - also in full swing all summer and can even be found indoors year-round
* are always present in air so high concentration is an issue
  - the air and on books
  - even more sensitive
* are everywhere, and can grow on almost any organic material
  - most are harmless
  - extremely small and can stay in the air almost indefinitely
  - highly resistant and durable
  - light, microscopic, and wind distributed
  - practically everywhere, because they are very tiny and are carried in the air
  - quite abundant in the air
* are small and lightweight, and thus are easily distributed throughout the house
  - enough to remain airborne , and enter the respiratory through inhalation
* are the most common cause for concern in the air of stables
  - of inflammation and irritation of the horse's small airways
  - primary cause of adverse reactions, much like pollen from plants
  - too small to detect with the naked eye
  - tough and can survive thousands of years even in a dark, dry tomb
* can be outside at any time of year, except when snow covers the ground.
* can cause adverse reactions, much like pollen from plants
  - allergies, sinus headaches, irritability, fatigue and depression
  - contact the lining of the nose and cause hay fever symptoms
  - deposit on the lining of the nose and cause hay fever symptoms
  - enter the mouth and nose while breathing
  - get into the air and cause health problems when inhaled
  - survive for a long time
* cause at least as many allergy problems as pollens.
* cause health problems when they become airborne and are inhaled in large numbers
  - airborne and are inhaled in large quantities
* come from soil and decaying vegetation, and are ubiquitous.
* float in the air like pollen
  - throughout the house, forming new colonies where they land
* travel in the air so that more mold can grow
  - through the indoor and outdoor air continually
### plant part | spore:

Oospore
* also can spread in soil attached to machinery or hooves of animals.
* are also a means of survival in soil or infected roots
  - thick-walled
  - dormant for some time after fertilization
  - long-lived and overwinter in soil and crop debris
  - produced in necrotic tissue and can survive for years in soil or in plant debris
  - thick walled and can serve as survival structures in the absence of the host
* can also survive many months in soil or potting medium.
* can survive between cropping seasons and become active soon after planting
  - in the soil for many years, even in the absence of ginseng
* develop from the sexual combination of two fungi and serve as a fungus resting stage.
* germinate to form zoosporangia
  - produce sporangia, which then release zoospores that penetrate leaf tissue
  - via a germ sporangium
* globose, or nearly so.

Plant spore
* Most plant spores produce gametophytes
  - multicellular gametophytes
* are haploid reproductive cells that grow into gametophytes by mitosis.
### plant part | spore | pollen:

Airborne pollen
* are exactly that, pollens that are transferred via the wind.
* major allergen responsible for hay fever.

Bee pollen
* Most bee pollen comes from flowers
  - consists of plant pollen
* Most bee pollen contains elements
  - many elements
  - substances
  - has health benefits
* Some bee pollen causes reaction.
* Some bee pollen contains nutrients
  - vitamins
* can relieve brain fatigue and improve alertness.
* has benefits

Fresh pollen
* Most fresh pollen contains pheromone.
  - pheromones, which stimulates the queen to commence laying
* varies in taste depending upon the flowers from which it was gathered.

Maize pollen
* can disperse with the wind over long distances.
* is collected and filtered to eliminate anthers.

Tiny spore
* Some tiny spores grow into fungi
  - myceliums
* are produced in fruiting bodies.

### plant part | spore:

Zoospore
* Many zoospores are produced in each cell.
* adhere to roots, form a cyst, and germinate.
* are able to swim for hours and are attracted to organic matter or host tissue
  - many hours and are attracted to organic matter or host tissue
  - biflagellate and chemotactic
  - bitlagellate
  - flagellated, naked, and motile
* are formed in most genera
  - only by aquatic species or by terrestrial ones which have become flooded
* are made in other algae also
  - singly in cell
  - motile and swim about when soil moisture is high
* are produced asexually in a sporangium
  - by nearly all conf ervoid forms
  - in unilocular or plurilocular sporangia
  - only in the cells of the lobes
  - similar to the sessile cells but are naked
  - usually uninucleate, but binucleate zoospores have been detected
* can attach to roots, germinate and infect the plant tissues.
* can swim for some minutes, after which time they encyst and germinate
  - several feet through water or water films to infect a susceptible host
* develop in the zoosporangia and then escape into the water.
* differentiate to become amoeba by losing flagella.
* germinate to form gametophyte.
* infect feeder roots just behind the root cap
  - the root behind the root tip
* invade the root cortex, in which secondary multinucleate plasmodia develop
  - tips of young fleshy roots
* possibly escape from the cysts through pores in the cyst wall.
* settle, grow into haploid heterothallic isomorphic gametophytes.
* swim through water, contact roots of susceptible hosts, germinate, and infect
  - toward the root and encyst on the root surface

Zygospore
* Some zygospores undergo meiosis.
* also form when conditions become unfavorable.
* are formed between tong-like suspensors
  - multicellular and are mostly teresterial
* includes sections.
* result from the fusion of two similar hyphal elements.
* subglobose or oblong, sporoderin rather thick, even.
* subglobose, brown, even.
### plant part:

Stamen
* Most stamens consist of filament
  - long filament
* Most stamens contain pollen
  - viable pollen
  - have filament
* Most stamens produce pistils
  - pollen pistils
* Some stamens are part of anemones
  - angiosperms
  - blossoms
  - bluebottles
  - buds
  - carnation
  - catkins
  - daisies
  - dicotyledons
  - florets
  - helianthuses
  - marigolds
  - monocots
  - orchids
  - poppies
  - snapdragons
  - snowdrops
  - sunflowers
  - vanillas
  - wildflowers
* Some stamens consist of slender stalks
  - contain anthers
* Some stamens produce grain
  - pollen grain
  - surround green carpels
* are numerous and attached to the rim of the hypanthium
  - numerous, sometimes coherent in bundles
  - of considerable importance in classifying plants
  - part of flowers
  - separated into anthers, which produce pollen, and filaments
  - the male parts and carpels are the female parts
* are the male reproductive organs of flowers
  - parts of flowers
  - most conspicuous part of the flower
  - part of the flower that produces pollen
  - pollen producing structures
  - same size of the petals or shorter
  - hairy filaments and yellow anthers
* includes anthers
* mature before ovary.
* possess anthers.
* produce male sex cells in the pollen grain
  - microspores that later develop into pollen grains that contain male gametophytes
* produce pollen grains, which contain two sperm cells, while carpels contain the egg cells
* reproductive structure
### plant part | stem:

Trunk
* Many trunk rot fungi and stem diseases attack red maple.
* Most trunks have holes
  - important functions
  - many important functions
  - reach height
  - vary in diameters
* Some trunks are part of acacias
  - apricots
  - aspen
  - baobabs
  - beeches
  - cocos
  - conifers
  - elms
  - gingkoes
  - guavas
  - laurels
  - mandarins
  - mangroves
  - papaya
  - pine
  - pinyons
  - rowans
  - spruces
  - titis
  - submerged in water
* Some trunks become organs
  - prehensile organs
  - contain fluid
  - grow feet
  - have tissue
* Some trunks produce green leaves
* are appendages
  - baggage
  - body parts
  - complicated, prehensile organs, and as such they require sophisticated muscular control
* are located in attics
  - automobiles
  - bedrooms
  - cars
  - garages
  - zoos
  - noses
* are part of automobiles
  - solid objects
  - stable enough to resist the wind's pulling
  - swimsuits
* are used for storage
* bend and weave and usually lean to one side.
* can form air roots
  - grow more than six feet in diameter
* create drag in the water and cotton gets heavy when wet and can cause chafing.
* have functions
  - corpi
* is luggage
* often divides and forms a multistemmed plant.
* originate from roots.
* program to manage e-mail discussion groups, or mailing lists.
* wounds to a young tree can have a severe dwarfing effect.
* wraps, in theory, help prevent sunscald and cracks on thin-bark trees such as maple and birch.
### plant | aquatic:

Aquatic life
* All aquatic life depends on the small amount of dissolved oxygen that naturally exists in water
  - has a specific pH range that it can tolerate and to which it is adapted
* Most aquatic life does well in water with oxygen concentrations of nine parts per million.
* Most aquatic life has optimal ranges
  - temperature ranges
* can be very sensitive to water purity, taste and odor.
* exhibits amazing structures and behaviors.
* is abundant on all our dives
  - also unaffected by the high contents of calcium, magnesium, and iron ions
  - flushed downstream as water flow is increased
  - most abundant in the shallow water around the edges of lentic environments
  - particularly vulnerable
  - studied in lakes, ponds, bogs, marshes, and streams and in the laboratory
* is the most sensitive water use affected by polycyclic hydrocarbons
  - with respect to polychlorinated biphenyls

Arctic plant
* Most Arctic plants are low growing, finding more suitable conditions closer to the ground.
* can only take up organic nitrogen.
* have short roots because of permafrost.

Asparagus plant
* Most asparagus plants produce flowers.
* Some asparagus plants produce berries
  - fruit
  - red fruit
* are either male or female
  - monoecious, meaning that each plant is either male or female
* are naturally either male or female
  - male or female plants
  - tall and can shade out other plants if planted in the wrong spot
* keep worms away from tomatoes.
* make a good border around the edge of a garden or along a fence.

### plant:

Asteraceous plant
* Many asteraceous plants have bracts at the base of each inflorescence.
+ Bract, Involucral bracts: Plants
  * Bracts that appear in a whorl subtending an inflorescence are collectively called an 'involucre'. An involucre is a common feature beneath the inflorescences of many Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae and Polygonaceae. Each flower in an inflorescence may have its own whorl of bracts, in this case called an 'involucel'. In this case they may be called 'chaff', 'paleas', or 'receptacular bracts' and are usually minute scales or bristles. Many asteraceous plants have bracts at the base of each inflorescence.
### plant:

Different plant
* Many different plants show superficial similarities.
* behave differently for absorption and biomagnification of elements.
* can have different kinds of roots.
* contain different combinations of phytochemicals
  - oils that do different things
* flourish in different zones.
* freeze and die at different temperatures.
* harbor different populations of insect pests.
* have different compounds
  - growth characteristics
  - mixtures of specific terpenes in their essential oil fraction
  - requirements on over-winter seed storage
  - requirements, but most prefer neutral to slightly acidic soils
  - salt tolerance levels
  - sensitivities to sodium itself, but sodium can also affect the soil
  - tolerances to acidity
  - types of fiber
* have different water needs
  - requirements, so they have different ET rates
* make their ascent in different ways.
* pollinate at different times of the year.
* produce pollen at different times of the year.
* prosper in different conditions and bloom at different times.
* provide different nutrients to deer.
* require different amounts of light
  - levels of acidity in the soil
  - light intensities
  - nutrients so it's important to plant accordingly
* thrive at different levels of temperature and precipitation.
* work on different contaminants.

Diploid plant
* Some diploid plants produce cones
  - male cones
  - spores
* produce sporangia, within which meiosis produces haploid spores.

### plant:

Diseased plant
* are dwarfed and die early
  - subject to winter kill and infections caused by soil-borne pathogens
  - usually most evident in the regrowth after clipping
* have basal internodes that are shiny black and have few tillers
  - fewer tillers, poor root growth and delayed maturity
  - lack of feeder roots, poor vigor canes
  - lesions on their roots immediately below the ground line
* produce blackened heads among a field of green heads.
* serve as infection centers from which the fungus spreads.
* show yellow leaf spots which have a purplish fuzzy growth on their undersides.
* stems turn deep red to maroon.

Diverse plant
* offer diversity.
* provide a wide range of foods that are available throughout the year.

Dominant plant
* form the canopy.
* include beeches.
* try to tag submissive plants before they run behind the cord on their side.

Duckweed plant
* prefer certain conditions
  - growth conditions
* use asexual reproduction

Dwarf plant
* Most dwarf plants are adaptable to planter boxes and tub plantings, or in restricted areas.
* Most dwarf plants have flowers
  - snapdragon flowers
* have a dense, bushy habit producing numerous flower spikes
* occur in several ways.
* survive cold much better than the filaments.

Early plant
* Many early plants are field weeds or forest hardwoods.
* use less water and lose less to evaporation because of the cooler temperatures.

Electric plant
* Many electric plants use date-sensitive software to monitor and control the flow of power.
* Some electric plants use fossil fuel
* are like the railroads.
### plant | epiphytic plant:

Strangler fig
* are good examples of hemiepiphytes.
* grow above the canopy of their host tree and send aerial roots down to the ground.
* have light colored bark and umbrella shaped canopies
  - seeds that are dispersed by animals that live in treetops
* is an epiphytic plant
* play essential roles in the ecology of the rainforest.

Ethanol plant
* Many ethanol plants use income from selling distillers grains to increase returns to the plant.
* Most ethanol plants use a molecular sieve to capture the last bit of water in the ethanol.

### plant:

Exotic plant
* Many exotic plants provide shelter and food to native species.
* Most exotic plants have invasive potential.
* Some exotic plants draw insects
  - form dense mats
  - growing near residential areas cause allergic reactions in people
  - provide food
* adapt to environments.
* are a huge problem because there is no natural deterrent to their growth.
* can also be a fire hazard
  - easily become noxious weeds, plants that spread and displace native vegetation
* compete with native species for resources such as food, water, sunlight and soil.
* invade areas after fire, but die out as the stand ages.

Extant plant
* Most extant plants have compounds.
* Some extant plants have cuticles.

Fast plant
* Fast Plants Help Improve Crops.
* Fast Plants are a rapid-cycling form of the species Brassica rapa
  - available in a wide variety of easily recognized phenotypes
* integrates science with math, social studies, and language.

### plant:

Female plant
* Some female plants produce cones.
* are small and bushy and their flowers have pistils.
* bear berries when a male pollinizing plant is present
  - fruit which turn red in late summer
  - interesting fluffy seed heads well into the winter
  - large olive-like fruits
* develop blue fruits after the blooms fall
  - ovules and seeds on leafy structures called sporophylls
* form archegoniophores and male plants form antheriophores.
* grow inconspicuous flowers and inch-long, black, edible dates.
* lose their older leaves as the seed matures.
* produce berries that become bright red in late summer and fall
  - berries, which eventually drop to the ground and germinate
  - cottony seeds which blow everywhere and make a nuisance of themselves
  - fewer spears, but they are larger and are produced later in the season
  - medium to large round-shaped fruit of good quality and a large seed cavity
  - papery, conelike flowers
  - plumes that are broad and full due to silky hairs covering the tiny flowers
* produce small red berries in large clusters
  - flowers followed by one foot long, flattened, leathery pods
  - spears and also produce seed when the plant is in the fern stage
  - the late-summer flowers, which often have a spicy aroma
  - white, sticky berries that are especially attractive to birds
* start bearing fruit usually within two years of planting.
* tend to be shorter and possess more branches.
### plant | gametophyte:

Moss gametophyte
* Most moss gametophytes are dioecious, with separate male and female individuals in the population.
* Some moss gametophytes develop germination

### plant:

Garden plant
* Many garden plants are poisonous to dogs
  - benefit from late-summer feeding
* Most garden plants attract such pollinators.
* Most garden plants belong to families
  - lily families
  - can tolerate some insect feeding, and pests can be washed off after harvest
  - have flowers at some point during their life cycle
  - thrive best in slightly acidic soils
* Some garden plants are fall favorites because they come alive with color as cooler weather arrives.
* Some garden plants make cut flowers
  - great cut flowers
* adapt to areas.
* are plants.

### plant | garden plant:

Bedding plant
* Many bedding plants come in light plastic cell packs nowadays.
* Most bedding plants require at least some supplemental water during periods of extended drought.
* are at times grown in the open field for the entire production cycle
  - notorious sources of tomato spotted wilt virus
* offer the head start necessary to ensure an early crop, or a full season of blooms.
* require direct sunlight or very good artificial light to do well.
* vary in their tolerance of heat and humidity.

### plant:

Geothermal plant
* Many geothermal plants are built in rocky, difficult terrain, which require special procedures.
* Most geothermal plants use heat.
* Some geothermal plants produce electricity.
* are relatively capital-intensive, with low variable costs and no fuel costs.
* can exist in harmony with the environment as little land is required.
* emit little air pollution and can have minimal impacts on the environment
  - very little air pollution and have minimal impacts on the environment
* tap into that pressure and use it to spin turbines.
  - natural hot water and steam from the earth to run turbine generators
  - steam heated naturally underground to turn a turbine

Ginger plant
* benefit from manure.
* grow in regions
  - subtropical regions
* have origins
  - rhizomes
  - underground rhizomes
* produce flowers
  - shoots
  - yellowish flowers
* thrive in climates
  - mediterranean climates

Glossy privet
* Some glossy privets have flowers.
* has large clusters of white flowers, followed by many purple-blue berries.
* is used in shrub borders or as a hedge.

Good plant
* begin with good, rich organic soil.
* make water bodies a better place for fishing.

Gooseberry plant
* Most gooseberry plants are sold grown on a single main stem.
* Some gooseberry plants have berries.

Grass plant
* grow in mixture.
* make food.
* produce leaves.
### plant:

Higher plant
* Most higher plants have a number of different isozymes of peroxidase
  - mycorrhizal fungi associated with their roots
* are like a symbiosis of cellular organelles of apparently ancient prokaryotic origin.
* complete their life history by passing through two stages.
* contain the necessary far-chain desaturases.
* develop prolific root systems by producing new roots that originate in older roots.
* differ characteristically in their capacity to take up silicon.
* eliminate gases through the stomata , or pores, on the surface of leaves
* form only meiospores that develop in tetrads from archesporial cells in the sporangia.
* generate physiological active substances termed phytohormones.
* induce chemical reactions in the rhizosphere, facilitating metal uptake by roots.
* make use of asexual reproduction as well.
* produce a great deal of diverse phytochemicals through secondary metabolism.
* refer to native vascular plant species.
* respond to infectious wounding and stress by synthesizing protective compounds.
+ Excretion: Physiology
  * In single-celled organisms, waste products are discharged directly through the surface of the cell. Multicellular organisms use more complex methods. Higher plants eliminate gases through the stomata on the surface of leaves. Animals have special excretory organs.

### plant:

Host plant
* Most host plants have properties
* Most host plants have toxic properties
  - substances
  - take up matter
* Some host plants become aphids
  - have large soft leaves and are easily eaten
  - irritate skin
  - provide structures
  - stay fresh for a remarkably long time
* are food plants for caterpillars.
* are the plants that butterflies lay their eggs on
  - the caterpillars eat
* does appear to significantly impact host plant titer in laboratory reared insects.
* include weeds.
* may have characteristics.
* mediate omnivore-herbivore interactions and influence prey suppression.
* provide a place for the butterflies to lay their eggs
  - food for caterpillars and lure female butterflies into the garden to lay eggs
* seem to live fine with the pests.