Acid
* All acids are generally incompatible with bases
  - can form salts with metal cations
  - have an equal effect on water
* Any acid reacts in with calcium carbonate in the same way.
* Caucasian drug across the board.
* Every acid has a conjugate base formed by removing the acid's proton
  - base, and vice versa
* Many acids have a sour taste
  - including sulphuric, and nitric have corrosive fumes, yet again avoid inhalation
  - occur naturally and some are essential for life
  - release only a single hydrogen ion per molecule into solution
* Most acid affects blood lipids
* Most acid breaks down enamel
  - food
  - tooth enamel
* Most acid causes brain damage
  - decay
  - deformities
  - serious deformities
  - combines with alkalies
* Most acid contains acid
  - carbon atoms
  - sulfur atoms
  - derives from proteins
* Most acid destroys layers
  - teeth
  - deters herbivores
  - dissolves bones
  - enters vessels
* Most acid has beneficial effects
  - chemical properties
* Most acid induces intense pain
  - irritates esophagi
  - is produced by digestion
* Most acid kills ants
  - many microorganisms
  - termites
  - produces compounds
* Most acid produces during digestion
  - protein digestion
  - ionic compounds
  - acids also contain oxygen as part of an acid radical ion
* Most acids are non-penetrating corrosives
  - weak
  - dissolve in water to yield the corresponding anions
* Some acid absorbs water.
* Some acid accumulates in blood
  - joints
  - plant tissue
  - shellfishes
  - acts as neurotransmitters
* Some acid affects cell growth
  - expression
  - germination
  - aids in metabolism
  - appears in urine
  - binds to proteins
* Some acid builds up in meat
  - muscles
* Some acid catalyzes oxidation reaction
* Some acid causes cavities
  - diseases
  - health problems
  - heartburn
  - irritation
  - skin irritation
  - changes color
* Some acid combines with acid
* Some acid comes from coconut oil
  - stomachs
  - tissue proteins
* Some acid comes into intestines
  - small intestines
  - consists of atoms
* Some acid contains air
  - cholesterol
  - fish oil
  - nitrogen
  - contributes to health
* Some acid derives from algas
  - bacteria
  - brown algas
* Some acid derives from certain algas
  - coconuts
  - destroys bacteria
* Some acid dissolves sea urchin shells
* Some acid enters blood streams
  - bloodstreams
  - capillaries
  - lakes
  - tubules
  - excretes in urine
* Some acid facilitates absorption
  - calcium absorption
  - zinc absorption
* Some acid falls as acid rain
  - to earth
* Some acid finds in blood
  - muscle proteins
  - triglyceride
* Some acid has atoms
  - health benefits
  - many health benefits
  - presence
  - stability
* Some acid helps birth defects
  - certain birth defects
  - tube defects
* Some acid increases absorption
  - acidity
  - induces synthesis
* Some acid inhibits absorption
  - mineral absorption
  - interferes with absorption
* Some acid involves in acid metabolism
  - irritates intestines
* Some acid is deposited in connective tissue
* Some acid is excreted by land snails
* Some acid is formed by oxidation
  - rainwater
  - generated by metabolism
* Some acid is produced by bacteria
  - diatoms
  - fermentation
  - microbes
  - normal bacteria
  - plant roots
  - starter bacteria
  - released by bacteria
* Some acid is secreted by glands
  - pineal glands
* Some acid is synthesized from acid
  - adenine
* Some acid kills bacteria
  - insects
  - mammals
  - pathogen
  - plants
* Some acid lowers absorption
  - incubation temperature
* Some acid makes up eukaryotic proteins
  - mixes with water
  - participates in reaction
* Some acid passes through gut walls
  - kidneys
* Some acid prevents birth defects
  - coronary diseases
* Some acid produces during metabolism
  - liquids
  - promotes inflammation
* Some acid protects dogs
  - hearts
  - mice
  - sunflower plants
  - reacts with metal
* Some acid reduces absorption
  - excretion
  - nerve damage
  - optic nerve damage
  - prostate tumor growth
  - urinary excretion
* Some acid releases gases
  - hydrogen gases
  - requires for larval development
* Some acid stimulates activities
  - microbial activities
  - osteoblast differentiations
  - suppresses responses
  - uses for energy
* Some acids are also flammable or oxidizers and can start a fire if in contact with organic matter
  - strong and others are weak
  - weak like vinegar and some are strong like sulfuric acid
* Some acids can donate more than one proton in aqueous solution
  - have a delayed discoloring chemical reaction
  - have the capability of providing more than one hydrogen ion from each molecule
  - offer a fire and explosion hazard
* accelerates aging.
  - the formation of sinter deposits around the geyser
* also conduct electricity
  - dissolves marble and limestone statues
* are a group of chemicals, usually in liquid form
  - normal by-product of metabolism
  - waste product of bacterial metabolism
  - also the opposite of bases
  - beneficial in removing hard-water deposits, discoloration and rust stains
  - caustic, which means they have the ability to injure and destroy human tissue on contact
  - chemicals which release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
* are compounds that add hydrogen ions to a solution, bases lower hydrogen ion concentrations
  - contains hydrogen
  - give up hydrogens to bases
  - tend to produce hydrogen ions in water
* are corrosive and can burn flesh and dissolve metal
  - to skin and eyes
  - electrolyte
  - electron pair acceptors and bases are electron pair donors
* are harmful in two ways
  - to tissue
  - important
  - mixed with a paste and then printed on metals or glass
  - present in every painful or inflammatory reaction in the body
  - proton donors
  - solutions that have a higher concentration of hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions
  - sour thus the lactic acid gives unflavoured yoghurt their sour taste
* are substances that are higher up on the pH scale
  - can provide a hydrogen ion
  - sustances that contain lots of hydrogen ions
  - tart like lemons, bases feel slippery and taste bitter
  - what they say they are and salt can be one of the most corrosive forces in nature
* attacks the plant fibres in paper and weakens it.
* belong in the first group and alkalies in the second.
* binds irons.
* break down proteins in the dough and produce a flakier crust.
  - over time causing paper to become brown and brittle
  - electrostatic bonds, causes electrostatic repulsions
  - long gluten strands
* builds up over time in cellulosic materials such as cotton, linen, and rayon.
* burns skin.
* can also destroy metal.
* can be either a chemical acid or nano-bot destroyers
  - neutral molecules
* can burn or severely irritate the skin
* can cause chest pains that can radiate to other surrounding places
  - severe burns to the skin almost immediately
  - damage the stomach, so the walls of the stomach have a special lining to protect it
  - demineralize the enamel leaving weak spots
  - destroy some substances yet help to preserve others
* can dissolve metals to make ions of the metal
  - the cement that binds concrete together
  - donate protons and bases can receive protons
  - etch surfaces and porcelain enamel
* can have a lot of different properties depending on their molecular structure
  - different 'strengths', some are more reactive than others
  - irritate and injure the skin and eyes
  - land on surfaces through deposition by rain, as well as snow, fog, sleet, and particles
  - neutralize bases , and strong acids are corrosive
  - react with bases
  - weaken cellulose in paper, board, and cloth, leading to embrittlement
* catalyzes dehydration
  - the reaction shown below
* cause color changes in acid-base indicators.
  - feldspars to alter to clay
  - items to deteriorate
* causes serious damage
  - tooth decay, but in a normal mouth, saliva buffers that acid
* change the color of certain vegetable dyes, such as litmus, from blue to red
  - structure of the cabbage so that it reflects more red light waves
* conduct electricity in relation to the degree of their ionization.
* contain many hydrogen atoms.
* corrode active metals
  - concrete and cast iron sewers, concrete wet wells and sedimentation tanks
* damages surfaces.
* differ in how readily they donate the proton.
* dissolve gummy buildup, eat away tarnish, and remove dirt from wood surfaces.
* dissolve in base and turn blue litmus red
  - water and generate hydrogen ions
  - it with red, alkalies, chloroform, benzol and carbon disulphide with green color
  - pearls
  - the metal, but it is unaffected by alkalis
  - calcites
* donate protons in chemical reaction.
* eat away at things by releasing hydrogen ions in water.
* eats away the metal where it is exposed.
* fall to the ground in particulate form.
* finds in salmon.
* forms chemical reaction
* found in batteries are corrosive.
* frequently used are acetic, fumaric, propionic, and their salts.
* gases purification in cyclone reactors.
* has actions
  - impact
  - positive impact
* have a sour taste and can sting the skin
  - little effect on oily or greasy films
* have low pH numbers, while bases are high on the scale
  - pH's
  - sour taste and turn a vegetable dye called litmus, red
* help stabilze the wine, affect the color and aging rate, and balance the sugar and alcohol.
* helps dissolve collagen.
* hinder the growth of many common fungi and bacteria.
* impairs uptake.
* increases hydronium ion concentration.
* is also a common word in everyday use, but it has a precise definition in chemistry
  - believed to damage tooth enamel and cause decay
  - blotted on small sheets of paper and is usually placed under the tongue
  - drugs
  - essential to the production of good cheese
* is formed from glucose by some strains and some can ferment other sugars
  - when the bacteria in plaque break down sugars and carbohydrates from the diet
  - found naturally in many kinds of paper and wood
* is generated under certain natural conditions even in the absense of mining
  - when iron sulfide minerals, such as pyrite, weather
  - hostile to other bacteria
* is located in chemistry labs
  - low, alcohol is warm
  - manufactured by certain cells in the stomach and major factor in ulcer formation
  - needed for flavor and for gel formation
  - present in the stomach to digest food
* is produced by bacteria in the child's mouth
  - from many carbon sources
  - released into the intestinal tract
* is the major cause of the internal destruction of paper based records
  - male and alkaline is the female counterpart
  - substance which makes fruit juice tart or sour
  - tartness, the tang, the snap, which one feels in the back of the mouth
  - used to eat away at the scratched areas, creating the grooves to hold the ink for printing
  - what eats at photos and accelerates their deterioration
* lakes, often forming large colonies in deep water
  - sandy or muddy shores, peatlands
* like to oxidize obliging metals.
* lose their acidity when they are combined with alkalies.
* make Litmus turn red.
* makes newspaper decay and fall apart rapidly.
* neutralize bases and change indicators to distinctive colors
* phosphatases from different grass tissues
  - grass seeds
* play an important part in cleaning and neutralizing fabrics.
* precipitate it from aqueous solution.
* produced by the bacteria causes the enamel to break down, leading to cavities and gum disease.
* radically decrease.
* rains kills fish in lakes and streams by increasing the acidity of water.
* react only with bases and bases react only with acids.
* react with bases to form salts and water
  - hydroxides to form water and a salt
  - metal oxides to produce water and a salt
  - metals to produce hydrogen
* reducing therapy relieves symptoms of ulcers and promotes faster healing.
* release hydrogen ions in water.
* remove paint, allowing metal parts to rust.
* sets dyes and alkaline releases dye.
* side effect of diet, stress, toxins and poisons.
* slows stomach emptying and digestion.
* soils with a very thick layer of clay accumulation
  - good drainage favor ectomycorrhizae
* spits and gurgles when poured into water and can then get into the eyes and on skin.
* substance capable of providing hydrogen ions in solution and turning blue litmus red.
* taste sour, are soluble in water and undergo similar chemical reactions.
* tend to bind with tissue proteins and coagulate the surface epithelium
  - bleach some stains
  - form in diesel lube systems, caused by the combustion process and type of fuel burned
* triggers production
* turn blue litmus paper red and alkalis turn red litmus paper blue
* typically have a slippery feeling.
* undergoes anaerobic degradations
* usually are derived from acidic igneous rocks, soil organisms, and many organic remains
  - damage the very front of the eye
* weaken fibers in paper, causing the paper to become brittle and turn yellow or brown.
* work well for dissolving stains and mineral scale.
* works together with other substances in the stomach called enzymes to break down food.
+ Acid, How acids work:
  * Every acid has a conjugate base formed by removing the acid's proton. An acid and its conjugate base are opposite in strength. Since HCl is a strong acid, Cl- is a weak base
  - Importance
  * Acids are important. Nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA contain the genetic code. These molecules determine many characteristics of an organism, they are passed from the parents to offspring. DNA contains the plans how to build proteins which are made of amino acids
  * Acids can have different 'strengths', some are more reactive than others. More reactive acids are often more dangerous.
  * Acids can burn the skin. The burn can be serious or minor depending on the kind of acid and how concentrated it is. Burns like this can be a serious problem. Chemical burns like this need medical attention immediately
+ Chemistry, Concepts of chemistry, Acids and bases
  * Acids and bases are common chemicals. Acids can react with bases. A salt is also made when an acid and a base react together. Sodium chloride is a salt.
+ Litmus test, Litmus paper
  * Litmus paper is a way to test whether or not a solution is an alkali or an acid. Acids turn blue litmus paper red and alkalis turn red litmus paper blue.
+ Wart, Getting rid of warts: Diseases caused by viruses
  * This will slowly kill wart tissue. Dead tissue can then be removed. Getting rid of a wart that way usually takes several weeks. There are different drugs, with different acids. Some prescription drugs may contain stronger acids, such as chloroacetic acid or silver nitrate. All acids are caustic. This means, healthy tissue around the wart needs to be protected, before the substance is applied.
  * A chemical can donate a proton if the hydrogen atom is attached to an electronegative atom like oxygen, nitrogen, or chlorine. Some acids are strong and others are weak. The weak acids hold on to some of their protons, while the strong acids let go of all of them. Weak acids generally have  a pH value of 4-6 while strong acids have a pH value of 1 to 3.