### social organization:

Government
* All governments are dictatorships of one form or another
  - major energy users
  - responsible for the health and safety of their citizens
  - consider themselves and their countries models of democracy
* All governments have a responsibility to protect and promote human rights
  - economic policies
  - receive their power from the people and sometimes from spiritual sources
* All governments regulate flows of money, products, and services across their borders
  - the private sector in one way or another
  - survive on theft and extortion, called taxation
* Every government has policies regarding gambling by their citizens
  - sovereign government and has the ability to make any law in favour of life
* Many Governments also help refugees settle in their countries by providing financial assistance.
* Many governments already have laws to protect private information
  - are concerned about the proliferation of encryption products
  - ban the transmission of popular culture in their countries
* Many governments claim that there is no gender discrimination in the public service
  - to be democratic, but few actually are
  - control public transport fares, ostensibly to protect poor public transport users
  - give medal and decorations during war and peace times
* Many governments have a vested interest in increasing drinking rates
  - both male and female representatives
* Many governments have laws regulating oil spills
  - relating to sex
  - security forces specifically for the purpose of monitoring people of faith
  - oppress their people and abuse human rights
  - rule through force rather than by consent
  - run lotteries as a way to raise revenues for specific projects
  - sign contracts for police to guard private businesses
  - spend billions subsidizing car travel by building elaborate road networks
* Many governments still own their nations' telephone service
  - use the death penalty to terrorize their opponents
  - support condom promotion
  - use resin to coat paper money
* Most Governments maintain a mechanism to record developments in criminal activity.
* Most government has cities
  - metro cities
  - is led by leaders
* Most governments are the repositories of vast quantities of potentially valuable information
  - currently operate on administrative systems developed in the nineteenth century
  - finance early childhood interventions out of their general revenues
  - have wide powers to levy and collect taxes
  - impose a variety of payroll taxes on firms doing business in their district
* Most governments still like their currencies to be free of the gold standard
  - put seals on important documents
  - see hunger as a problem of production shortfall
* Regulate Natural monopolies- telephone, cable TV, power, water, sewers, airports, etc.
* Some government owns countries
  - recognizes traditional marriages
* Some governments also collect taxes from the owners of such property as stocks and bonds
  - pay low-income mothers a benefit to care for their children at home
  - watch the Web for political reasons - like hoping to censor dissidents
  - argue that the death penalty is necessary in societies scarred by violent crime
  - consider birth control morally decadent
  - determine how accessible the Internet is and who can access it
  - even restrict people's choice to change religion
  - exclude mental health from health priorities and planning
  - forbid the capture of rare species of turtles
  - have laws precluded sharing information received as part of a regulatory process
  - levy a per-unit severance tax on mineral resources
* Some governments limit individual freedoms with time, place, and manner restrictions
  - or restrict the use of cryptography
  - require signatories to sign and print their names
  - use sonar for radar to find submarines and military equipment
* acts through universal prescriptions, laws that apply to everyone.
* adopts goals.
* affects people's lives in lot of ways
  - the pace and direction of science and technology
* also carries an enormous load of social responsibility
  - control people and decide things about what morality to accept or punish
  - create opportunities and barriers for entrepreneurship
  - employs chemists in medical, agricultural, and other research
  - have policies
  - includes the people who form the supreme administrative body of a country as well
  - manifest a set of values regarding the rights of their citizens
  - profit because they are realizing a windfall in new sales taxes
* also publish bibliographies on a broad range of subjects
  - hearings, laws, and regulations
  - use taxes to fund welfare and public services
* always regulates what it finances.
* appoints child care workers
* are also responsible for the efficient use of resources at their disposal
  - always coalitions of multiple parties
  - among the most trusted and authoritative sources of statistical information
  - bad because they try to save money
  - bureaucracies that are typically slow to make decisions
  - corrupt, and even children are no longer respectful to their parents
  - important, but sometimes social problems require changes in hearts and minds
  - in the process of change and transformation
  - interested in people as citizens
  - involved to some extent in every aspect of land tenure and use
  - monopolies because there is only one per country
  - monopoly issuers of fiat currency
  - much like large corporations, funding research that serves their interests
* are much more concerned with interests than they are with principles or ethics
  - hierarchically organized
  - only factors in the moral order
  - political entities, and respond to consumers and businesses
  - primary holders of important information sources, ie
  - reflective of the societies they serve
* are responsible for ensuring the promotion and protection of human rights
  - regulating the economy
  - respecting, protecting and promoting human rights
  - to citizens
  - servants to achieve earthly justice
  - sovereign nations that can do what they want
* are the greatest polluters in the world
  - on the planet
  - largest human rights violators across the globe
  - ones created by man that lend themselves to corruption
  - owner and the operator of many information systems
* assumes a structure through which governing occurs.
* bans activities.
* begin with crime and conquest.
* benefit directly by the economic activity resulting from electronic commerce.
* blame doctors for spiralling health care costs as they slash spending.
* build roads, sewer and water systems, and other infrastructure.
* builds airports.
* business, a business of people helping people.
* can act as role models and market catalysts in developing the information economy
  - market catalysts in developing the on-line economy
  - also provide funding to help make things happen
  - assist the private sector by promoting competition and liberalisation of markets
* can be apathetic about the people, as well as people being apathetic about Governments
  - big, bureaucratic, and equipped with barriers to block people from access
* can become militarist, tribal or racist, communist or fascist
  - more smart and transparent by using information technology
  - build roads, bridges, airports, and baseball stadiums
  - encourage collaboration and nurture the sharing of knowledge
* can have a profound effect on the growth of commerce on the Internet
  - the growth of electronic commerce
  - role in helping to preserve families, and prepare individuals for family life
  - elections and constitutions
* can help build consensus and provide funding to help make things happen
  - families raise children and care for their elderly parents
  - influence interest rates by increasing or decreasing the money supply
  - insure habitat protection by designating land and funding for national parks
  - make laws and, in some cases, provide funding
  - never work alone to tackle major social issues such as racism and intolerance
* can only act if they are supported by public opinion
  - facilitate fair and just treatment of people by enforcing laws
  - place tariffs or quotas on imports to restrict imports
* can play a role facilitating or prodding the private sector
  - an important role to ensure that workers earn a fair wage
  - reduce the barriers to the free flow of goods, services and capital
  - rise or fall on their tax policies
  - shape the market to encourage productive investment, and tax away what is parasitic
* can sometimes improve economic outcomes
  - market outcomes
  - work with the private sector and establish codes, standards and labels
* change regularly through an electoral process
  - when nations become independent and new leaders replace old leaders
* claim also to be the authors of civil order and social stability.
* collect taxes on alcohol products.
* collective body of individuals within a civilized society.
* collects taxes based on where and when income is being earned.
* come and go every four years
  - go, technologies change, and economies evolve in that amount of time
* conducts investigations.
* confiscates a large percentage of the national wealth.
* considers high potential
* consume wealth, while free people and free markets create it.
* continue to try to restrict access, usage, and privacy.
* contract among the governed.
* contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants.
* control power, and attempt to control the economy
  - water use because it is critical to human and animal survival
* controls people through budgets
  - the supply of money
* create an environment in which entrepreneurship and producers can flourish.
* creates facilities
  - stances
* critical determinant of the relative health of the economy.
* derive their just powers from the consent of the governed.
* determines policy.
* develop public policy to solve problems or to prevent potential problems.
* develops areas
  - residential areas
* devote more of their resources to health and education.
* differ in their openness to partnering with external donors.
* does have a role in protecting consumers
  - an important role to play in the lives of the American people
  - authority to uphold law and order, otherwise society has social anarchy
  - tests
* dominates education, communications, transportation, banking, and manufacturing.
* dynamic, sometimes fast-moving process.
* effects the supply of healthcare providers by regulating the market.
* employ approximately one-fifth of the total work force in the United States
  - psychologists in hospitals, clinics, correctional facilities, and other settings
* employs almost every type of worker and is the country's largest employer.
* encompasses the formal mechanisms by which people in a given territory are ruled.
* encourages economic growth
* enforce rules and regulations to promote social stability and mediate social conflicts.
* engages in taxation to generate the revenues it needs to function.
* establish laws and regulations to keep names, records and information organized.
* establishes areas
  - laws and rules and individuals decide what, how and for whom to produce
  - manatee protection zones
  - protect areas
* estimates cost.
* exercises a great deal of power in modern society.
* exist for the protection of the natural rights of every citizen.
* exist to protect our lives, liberty and property from criminals and foreign invaders
  - their citizenry
  - provide basic needs to their citizens
  - serve the common good
* exists in order to protect our rights and defend our liberties
  - only for the protection of individual rights
  - to protect good citizens from evil by punishing lawbreakers
* expresses concern
  - particular concern
* favouring the nuclear option represent most of the world s population and wealth.
* finds recommendations.
* fixes policies to control the quantity of people.
* focuses on infrastructures.
* force mothers to go out to work, While millions of men are unemployed.
* form the buffer between the rich and the poor.
* frequently attempt to steer the economy by using fiscal and monetary policy.
* generate statistics.
* generator of social capital and an instrument of collective choice.
* get their power from the individuals they govern.
* grows larger as people become more dependent.
* growth industry.
* has a central role in the development of distributed data storage
  - right to intervene in order to protect human life, liberty, and property
  - role in educating people about stewardship of natural resources
  - significant role to play in protecting cyberspace
  - agencies
  - capacity
  - critical infrastructures
  - debts
  - evidence
  - functions
  - influence on both public morals and public education
  - intentions
  - jobs
  - legal responsibility
  - roles
  - surplus
  - two roles in the economy
* have a crucial role in macro-economic management
  - huge volume of information
  - key role to play in alleviating poverty
  - long history of imposing price controls on a wide range of goods and services
  - number of instruments which can be used to affect private markets
  - police force to make sure people follow the laws
  - responsibility to manage water for the national welfare
  - right to take private property for public use
* have a role in monitoring claims and educating broadly
  - to play in allocating responsibility for what happens in the market
  - significant role to play in environmental challenges
  - tendency to become degraded and corrupt
  - unique role to play in our lives, as do the other institutions
* have an important role in creating more sustainable patterns of consumption
  - the new economy
  - to play in poverty reduction
  - inherent tendency to squander resources
  - international bonds
  - legitimate roles as representatives of interests of citizens
* have no independent source of income
  - money other than taxpayers' money
  - source of revenue other than the tax payers
  - political power
  - their own mandate on self determination
* hold international reserves mostly in dollars.
* human construction, and therefore is subject to human cultural influences.
* impacts our lives in many ways, and has become the dominant force shaping our society.
* implements policy
* implies the power of making laws.
* impose income distributions by taking from some people and giving to others.
* imposes sin taxes on cigarettes and alcohol.
* improve policing and introduce interventions to reduce criminal behaviour.
* improves economic equity in society by redistributing the nation's income.
* includes federal, state and local government agencies in the United State
  - hierarchies
  - power structures
  - the structure of our political system and compares it to other nations
* inevitably face great social and political pressures when economies slow down.
* influences behavior by shaping the cognitions of people in ambiguous situations
  - the economy in both a macro and a micro sense
* interfere with and control the economy in many ways, and they are also a part of it.
* intervene in the free flow of trade for cultural, political, and economic reasons.
* invest in sport because it returns both tangible and intangible benefits to the nation.
* is about using power and law for the public good.
* is an abstract entity
  - ever present aspect of modern life
  - important economic sector
* is an institution of force , plain and simple
  - with a monopoly of legitimized force in a given geographical region
  - integral part of the business world
  - organism that breeds corruption on all levels
  - based on the principle of equality
* is capable of arm citizens
  - school children
  - committed to good governance as a cornerstone of development
  - democratic if part or all of citizens take part in and hold office
  - divided into two basic functions
  - found to be negatively related to each measure of human rights
  - generally responsible for the broad goal of serving the public at large
  - held responsible for social problems, and for pollution and sick environments
  - historically the worst violator of individuals privacy
  - how people organize themselves to be directed by politics
  - in the business of health, welfare and safety
* is instituted by people to protect their rights
  - to protect individual rights
  - intended for the protection of the good people as well as the management of the bad
  - just one of the four fundamental institutions that support society
  - largely a justice system
* is located in cities
  - civilization
  - trouble
* is made of political ideology
  - up of living institutions
  - management rather than national sovereignty
  - never a source of goods
* is one of the actors in governance
  - key social organizations
  - largest insurers of all, followed by employers
  - seven major departments of planetary work
  - part of society
  - polity
* is responsible for ensuring the quality and availability of key public services
  - the formulation of laws and policies in all sectors
  - social control
  - society's largest employer
* is supposed to be the servant of free citizens
  - of the people
* is the act of governing, of exercising control and authority
  - administrative apparatus of sovereignty
  - agency that holds a monopoly on the legal use of physical force
  - agent of depravity
  - agreements by which people live together
  - antithesis of the Internet
  - art of managing the affairs of a community
* is the biggest patriarchal institution in our culture
  - threat to privacy
  - democratic foundation for public participation
  - employer of last resort
  - facilitator of linking information
  - formal institutions that have legitimate decision making authority
  - fount of all that is good in our lives
  - framework through which people work
  - institution that helps balance the needs, opportunities and responsibilities
  - largest single creator and collector of information in the country
  - main patriarchal institution in our culture
* is the major employer in the cash economy
  - source of forced exchanges, the most prominent of which is taxation
  - means by which society seeks to identify, achieve, and protect the common good
  - only structure that can adequately address global problems
  - power of the purse backed by that of the sword
* is the principal economic activity, as measured by employee earnings
  - sector, as measured by employee earnings
  - provider of services for customers
  - public's business
  - reflection of collective consciousness
* is the servant of the people
  - sovereigns and the masters
  - single largest client of the construction industry
  - sole entity authorized to wield coercive power against private citizens
  - source of education
  - sum total of rights transferred-and exists to protect the rights retained
  - ultimate repository of force in a society
  - use of force
  - thus an exercise of sovereignty, or else a power delegated by sovereignty
  - ultimate authority
* is used for management
  - oppression
  - what keeps things running in the community, more or less
  - wider than politics
* is, in part, the study of how people and groups compete for power and influence.
* issues statements.
* keep a lot of secrets from their people
  - all kinds of records about people
* kill more people than wars.
* large and important sector of the economy.
* launches campaigns
* levy taxes, for the most part, to cover the costs of their expenditures.
* listing of government agencies.
* mainstay of the wage economy.
* maintain bureaus to investigate and to remedy elder abuse and exploitation.
* make decisions about the world's climate and atmosphere
  - laws that help people live safely and fairly
  - laws, rules, and regulations, collect taxes and print money
* makes adjustment
  - concessions
  - effort
  - significant effort
* means a State or local government or a federally recognized Indian tribal government
  - of securing freedom and maintaining a system of justice
  - the government of the United States of America
* natural and collective human responsibility.
* needs to regulations.
* normally provide disaster relief and social services, but then so do private agencies.
* nowadays issue, or sell , bonds when they want to raise money.
* offers jobs.
* often enact laws that force businesses to function ethically
  - encourage the citizenry to save energy
  - pass laws on the total number of school days for public schools
  - promote tourism to promote understanding
  - stake their political credibility on the outcome of transactions or restructuring
  - try to achieve tax equity by making their taxes progressive
* only come from societies whom allow to be governed.
* owns refineries.
* parently figure.
* part of our everyday life.
* pay interest on their borrowings, and the interest rate is set by the financial market.
* places quantitative restrictions
* play a key role in the provision of public goods
  - different roles in different countries
  - leadership roles in disease eradication
  - numerous roles in nuclear energy and radioactive waste management
* plays a critical role in the capitalist system
  - major role in business
* plays a major role in the professional life of Tennessee's dentists
  - professional well being of Alabama's dentists
  - key roles
  - role in Internet commerce
* produces maps.
* protect human rights and assure the freedom to enjoy the fruits of their labor.
* provide public goods when they use tax dollars to buy items for people
  - structure to the dealings between people
* provide the legal and social framework for markets to operate effectively
  - policy and fiscal framework which motivates private investment
* provides alternative food sources
  - components
  - importance
  - important components
  - opportunity
* publishes bills
  - new disability bills
* pursues family plan policy
* raise revenues from production in the form of taxes.
* receives intelligence
  - proposals
* recognizes problems
  - the important role that nutrition plays as a cornerstone of good health
* records on gun owners supposedly protect society.
* reflection of the people who created it.
* regulates elections today by regulating campaign finance.
* rejects attempts.
* reliable, continuous source of business.
* rely on computers for their national defense, collection of taxes, and demographics.
* remains the dominant institution in society and is highly centralized.
* represent people s efforts to collectively provide self-defense.
* requires contributions
  - significant contributions
* respects and protects individual freedoms.
* run hotels too, called states.
* sets goals.
* sign documents to work together to protect the environment.
* small part of the institutions of civil society.
* social contract between the governed and the governing.
* sometimes develop their own voluntary codes, like the National Building Code of Canada
  - make exaggerated claims for their human rights achievements
  - operate units that specialize in measurement of the Earth's magnetic field
  - pay legal fees for their officials or employees in criminal cases
  - see judicial independence as a limitation upon their capacity to govern
* spend trillions on everything from paperclips to cleaning services.
* spending on, say, early childhood education is also an act of saving and investment.
* spring up as an attempt to centralize the beliefs of a group of people.
* still have enormous powers to change society through regulation and taxation structures
  - own a substantial proportion of the steel industry, especially in Central Europe
  - store massive stocks of gold
* suffer revenue losses and increased expenditures because of unemployment.
* supervise and regulate securities markets.
* system based on threat and domination.
* takes actions
  - active roles
  - few steps
  - first steps
* takes important first steps
* tend to go through boom and bust cycles
  - react to public opinion
  - use over-simplified statistics to make decisions, and ignore other facts
* tos respond to emergencies.
* transcends all sectors in a society.
* treat health care as an entitlement.
* typically encourage aquaculture because it is viewed as economic development
  - identify and regulate dioxin emission by point sources, such as incinerators
* units Political boundaries, such as city and county borders.
* use general obligation bonds to finance services and projects for the citizenry
  - laws primarily to control people so it can impose the maximum taxes possible
  - police and military forces to enforce their desires
  - tremendous amounts of paper to publish laws, regulations and decisions
* uses assessments
  - death penalty methods
  - fiscal and monetary policy to control the economy
  - wealth where private industry creates wealth
* usually play a significant role in the financial system.
* work to draw power into themselves, just as corporations do.
* works to redistribute income through taxes, subsidies, and transfer payments
  - with industries
+ Government, The history and the theory of government:
  * Governments also control people and decide things about what morality to accept or punish. In very many countries, there are strict rules about sexual intercourse and drugs that are part of law and offenders are punished for disobeying them.
+ Hamilton, Ontario, Government
  * Government is how people organize themselves to be directed by politics. Hamilton was part of Wentworth County until 1974.
+ Institution: Social sciences
  * Government is an institution in the broad sense. Westminster Parliament is an institution in the specific sense.
+ Internet, Services on the Internet
  * Some governments think the Internet is a bad thing, and block all or part of it. For example, the Chinese government thinks that Wikipedia is bad. Many times no one in China can read it or add to it. Some parents block parts of the Internet they think are bad for children to see. Well-known examples of the whole Internet being blocked are in North Korea and Myanmar.
+ Mail: Postal service
  * A postal service can be private or public. Governments often make rules about private postal delivery systems. Since the early 19th century, national postal systems have mostly been controlled entirely by governments. The governments make people pay a fee to send something. This fee is usually in the form of stamps.
+ Rainforest, Rainforests in danger
  * Settlers can get into the rain forests because modern machines have opened roads deep into the jungle. The roads are usuaslly built by businesses who want to cut down trees or dig up minerals in the forest. Governments build other roads for trade and to allow settlers into the forest. Poor people come into the forest by the thousands on the roads and take land to raise food. They burn off the trees and plants to make a field. Then they plant crops for food and to sell. All around them other farmers do the same, so there is no forest left to grow back.
+ School holiday: Holidays :: Education
  * School holidays' are the periods when schools close for a break. The dates and length of school holidays are very different throughout the world. Governments often pass laws on the total number of school days for public schools. Private schools usually decide their own holidays.
+ Seal (device), Impression: Authentication methods :: Writing
  * A seal could be put on the letter itself, or on the envelope where it is stuck down. This meant that no one would be able to open the letter and then close it again, because the seal will break when the letter is opened. Most governments still put seals on important documents. Letters do not normally have seals any more, even important letters.
+ Sexual intercourse: Biological reproduction :: Human sexuality
  * Many governments have laws relating to sex. Forcing someone to have sex who does not want to, called rape, is a serious crime in many countries. There are other forms of sex that may also be against the law, such as incest, sex with minors, sex outside of a marriage, prostitution, homosexual sex, sex with animals, as well as others.
+ Stephen Krashen, Educational Activism: 1941 births :: Living people :: Bilingualism and second language acquisition researchers
  * Krashen lives and works in California. Government plans for education there turned against bilingual education. Krashen said that this was a bad idea  and responded with research that showed problems with he new policies. He also spoke publicly and wrote many letters to newspaper editors. In 1998,   Krashen campaigned very hard against Proposition 227. Though he tried hard, the proposition passed and got rid of most bilingual education in California. Even though he lost, Krashen continues to work hard in support of bilingual education as other states try to get rid of it.