### animal | worm:

Nematode
* All nematodes are detrimental to agroecosystems
  - predators, and thus reflect to some extent the availability of their prey groups
* HAVE a body cavity.
* Many nematodes are beneficial to the balance of nature in the soil ecosystem
  - feed on bacteria, fungi, algae, or are predators of microscopic animals
* More Nematodes attack a larva.
* Most nematodes are classified in different phyla
  - diecious, and have males and female adults that reproduce sexually
  - dioecious, but some are monoecious and a few parthenogenetic forms are known
  - develop into adults
* Most nematodes eat bacteria, fungi and protozoans, although some are filter feeders
  - roots
  - establish locations
* Most nematodes feed on animals
  - debris and other microorganisms
  - different bacteria
  - other organisms
  - plants
  - the roots and lower stem of plants, but a few attack the leaves and flowers
* Most nematodes have a complete digestive system
  - chances
  - glands
* Most nematodes have life cycle stages
  - separate, single-sexed individuals and mating is required
  - tubes
* Most nematodes invade root tissue
  - kill hosts
  - molt four times
  - occur in environments
* Most nematodes pass through immature stages
  - various stages
* Most nematodes survive in climates
  - cold climates
  - use strategies
* Some nematode worms infect sheep
  - nematodes also can convert flower parts for their own use
* Some nematodes are beneficial and attack harmful insects, especially soil-inhabiting species
  - prey on harmful insect larvae
* Some nematodes are parasitic on humans
  - insects and higher animals
  - parasitic, but most are free-living and found in soil and aquatic habitats
  - predators that that feed on insects, protozoa, or other nematodes
  - attack roots
  - can synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids but are unable to synthesize sterols
* Some nematodes cause damage
  - death
  - diseases
  - economic damage
  - gastroenteritis
  - illness or disease, whereas others are essentially harmless
  - injuries
  - paralysis
  - parasitic gastroenteritis
  - severe diseases
  - significant injuries
* Some nematodes consume flea larvae
  - nutrients
* Some nematodes eat bacteria
* Some nematodes enter blood
  - larval stages
* Some nematodes enter second larval stages
  - skin
  - trees
  - establish sites
* Some nematodes feed on algas
  - mycelium, hence the name myceliophagous nematodes
  - phytoplankton
  - plant roots
  - unicellular algas
* Some nematodes go through juvenile stages
* Some nematodes have beneficial effects
  - certain plants
  - ornate structures
  - ranges
  - recta
  - regions
  - testes
* Some nematodes have wide host ranges
  - invade skin
  - kill trees
* Some nematodes live in intestines
  - sediments
  - stomachs
  - inside plants
* Some nematodes move from trees
  - similar to snakes
  - occupy areas
* Some nematodes occur in habitats
  - within fields
* Some nematodes parasitize dogs
  - gastropods
  - reindeer
  - pass their entire life cycle, from egg to adult, in a single host
* Some nematodes possess bilateral symmetry
  - hollow stylets
  - retain fluid
  - seek out slugs
* Some nematodes show great many variation
* Some nematodes survive for weeks
  - years
  - winter
  - transmit viruses
* Some nematodes use animals
  - other animals
* also have limited dispersal ability
  - undergo a series of molts during development
* are a common problem so fresh soil helps a lot
  - diverse group of roundworms that occur worldwide in virtually every environment
  - fairly common find in herbivorous lizards
  - large group of unsegmented worms that can be plant parasites
  - major problem on most vegetable crops
  - microscopic round worm, many species of which are parasitic on insects
* are a problem in sandy soils in and around Bonito Springs
  - some nurseries in North Carolina, particularly with field grown plants
  - serious problem for Missouri cotton growers
  - tube within a tube
  - ubiquitous life form
* are able to cause radical changes in root cells in order to facilitate their lifestyle
  - enter their roots but are unable to complete their life cycle
* are abundant, particularly in soil
  - widespread and diverse
  - actually tiny worms that prey on damaging insects, such as fleas
  - all rather similar to the naked eye
  - almost unbelievably abundant
* are also common
  - extremely varied ecologically
  - important in other ways
  - major parasites of humans, companion animals, and livestock
  - numerically abundant, attaining millions of individuals per square meter
  - very destructive insects
  - amazingly diverse
  - among the most abundant animals on Earth
  - an extremely diverse group and are common in most habitats
  - animals that have a wormlike appearance
  - as different as horses and cows or butterflies and sharpshooters
  - bilaterally symmetrical, elongate, and usually tapered at both ends
  - cylindrical in shape, often looking like thin hairs
  - dioecious, with separate male and female genders
  - dispersed in soil, running water, and plant parts
  - diverse, being found in nearly all habitats
  - divided into two groups, depending on their feeding habits, viz
  - elongate, cylindrical, unsegmented worms
  - especially problematic when soils, irrigation practices, or management are marginal
  - even more abundant in terrestrial, estuarine and marine substrates
* are excellent for combating larval cutworms, fleas and chinch bugs in the garden
  - models for cell-lineage studies
  - expensive, but when used correctly, they are effective on root weevils
* are generally dioecious
  - mixed in a bucket of water and applied to soil with a sprinkling can
  - hair-like worms found naturally in the soil
  - invertebrates
  - just small earthworms
  - killed as they come into contact with the chemicals in the soil water
  - least active in winter and most active in summer and early fall
  - likely to be damaging plants severely in the absence of other factors
* are major pest for soybeans, attacking the plants' root systems
  - pests on many agronomic crops
* are microscopic eel-like creatures that can be beneficial or harmful
  - eelworms damage plant by forming lesions on the roots
* are microscopic pests that burrow into root tissue or foliage
  - can destroy plant root systems
  - round worms that live in soil
* are microscopic roundworms that attack plant roots
  - cause disease-like symptoms
* are microscopic roundworms that live in diverse habitats
  - sediments and play a vital role in the ecosystem
  - the soil and attack plant roots
  - the soil or as parasites in plant tissue
  - soil-dwelling creatures which bore into the flesh of root and tuber crops
  - worm-like organisms that destroy the root systems of plants
  - worms living in the soil and parasiting on plant roots
* are microscopic worms that attack, and eventually destroy a tomato plant's roots system
  - exist in most soils
  - kill flea larvae and cocoons
* are microscopic worms that live in the soil and feed on plant roots
  - the soil and feed on roots
  - which damage roots and reduce the flow of water to the leaves
  - worms, which live in the soil and feed on the plant roots
* are microscopic, non-segmented worms which occur naturally in soils all over the world
  - true roundworms
  - unsegmented, roundworms that live in diverse habitats
  - whitish to transparent, unsegmented worms
  - wormlike animals that can seriously damage the roots of crop plants
  - microsopic worm-like organisms that attack the roots of plants
  - millimeter-sized roundworms
  - more troublesome in carrots than most other vegetables
* are most common in sandy, moist soils
  - damaging in warm sandy soils
* are non-segmented worms and are pseudocoelomate
  - worms, most that live in soil are microscopic
  - observed as serious pests in cardamom nurseries
  - often predators in the soil, feeding on other microorganisms
  - omnipresent
  - parasites which attack many different kinds of plants
  - partially responsible for the short life of many passion fruit vines
  - particularily a problem in areas with warm temperatures and sandy soils
  - particularly abundant in marine, freshwater, and soil habitats
  - pointed at both ends
* are present in all garden soils
  - pseudocoelomates and have a complete digestive system with a distinct mouth and anus
  - roundworms, one of the most ancient and diverse groups of animals on earth
  - safe for humans and vertebrates
  - second only to insects in the number of species in the animal kingdom
* are sensitive to heat and cold extremes, and to excessive drying
  - high temperatures and UV light
  - sunlight and they are prone to desiccation
  - simple roundworms
  - simple, unsegmented worms
* are slender, unsegmented roundworms that are barely visible to the unaided eye
  - worm-like animals that live in soil, water, and plant tissues
* are small eel-like worms that are too small to be seen without a microscope
  - eel-shaped worms that reproduce by eggs
  - wormlike pests that puncture root cells
* are small, multicellular wormlike animals
  - worm-like animals which live in the soil
  - soil inhabiting microscopic roundworms that damage many species of plants
  - spread by tools, running water, animals, infested soil, and planting infested bulbs
  - structurally simple organisms
* are the most abundant and species rich soil metazoan
  - ubiquitous multicellular organisms on earth
  - animals on the Earth
  - multi-cellular organisms on the planet earth
  - numerous multicellular animals on earth
  - serious of the pest problems affecting Centipede grass
  - ubiquitous phylum in the animal kingdom, found on land, sea and air
  - second most prevalent biotic fauna in our oceans
  - thread-like round worms
* are tiny roundworms that live in and feed on plant tissues, especially roots
  - worm-like creatures that live in the soil
* are tiny worms that feed on many kinds of plants
  - infect the weevil larvae and adults
  - translucent, usually elongate, and cylindrical in form
  - ubiquitous in all of nature
  - unsegmented, thin and are round in cross section
  - usually vermiform, long and slender, but some species are swollen
  - very damaging to soybeans, some vegetable and fruit crops, and other plants
* are very small organisms that live in the wine plant' root
  - round worms and are commonly called eelworms
  - worms found naturally in our soil and other habitats
  - widespread and problematic in guava producing areas
* attack plants.
* attack the cutworms by laying eggs inside the caterpillar
* avoid extremes of temperature.
* break down seaweed that washes up along the shore.
* breathe across their entire body surface.
* can also cause small plants, profusion of blooms and no fruit
  - strawberry roots to be more susceptible to root-rotting fungi
* can also transmit or increase the susceptibility of most plants to diseases and viruses
  - attack the roots and are often a factor in the decline of individual plant
* can be a most serious problem on centipedegrass, especially ring and sting nematodes
  - problem in old garden soils
  - carnivorous, herbivorous or parasitic
  - effective on a variety of grubs, beetles, grasshoppers, and other insects
  - parasites of plants and animals
* can cause misshapen, cracked, and galled roots as well as decreased yields
  - roots to become forked and therefore unmarketable
  - die from exposure to sunlight or from drying out in the heat
  - drown if left in water for longer than an hour
  - facilitate the entry of viruses and fungi into plants
  - go in search of the target pests in soil
  - live as parasites on the outside or the inside of a plant
  - parasitize spiders, leeches, annelids, crustaceans, molluscs, and insects
  - survive in rockwool
  - take a raspberry planting down over time, especially on sandy soil
* cause disruption of normal plant root growth and soil exploration for water and nutrients
  - root decline of susceptible varieties
* collect in lymphatic system by gravity, go to lower extremities.
* come in an agar base that needs to be dissolved in water.
* continue to lay eggs in storage.
* contribute to a number of other disease problems as well
  - premature fruit drop
* damage plants.
* differentiate into adult males and females after the fourth molt.
* display a diversity of lifestyles, being either free-living or parasitic organisms.
* eat algae, fungi, small animals, fecal matter, dead organisms, and living tissue
* enter pines through feeding wounds left by the beetles.
* enter the host through natural openings, such as the mouth, anus, and spiracles
  - new tree through feeding site wounds made by the adult beetle
* even occur in desert soils and in Antarctica.
* feed at every level of the soil food chain
  - from plants in a variety of ways, but all use a specialized spear called a stylet
  - internally and infestations often result in palm death
* feed on all parts of the plant, including roots, stems, leaves, flowers and seeds
* fill various roles in the community.
* find hosts by orienting to carbon dioxide, and host excretory products.
* have a complete gut with a mouth and an anus
  - gut, a flexible outer cuticle, but few other external features
  - cuticle with attached locomotor appendages such as are found in arthropods
  - cuticle, musculature, pseudocoelom and gastrointestinal tract
  - fairly simple life cycle
  - fixed, genetically determined number of cells, a phenomenon known as eutely
  - nervous system
  - simple nervous system, with a main nerve cord running along the ventral side
  - an alimentary canal but lack a circulatory system
  - complex anatomy
  - many of the same kinds of body tissues, such as nerves and muscles, that humans have
* include hookworms.
* includes brains
  - cell membranes
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - faces
  - heads
  - nuclei
  - plasma membranes
  - sections
  - skulls
  - vacuoles
  - the roots of certain other cover crop plants, but they fail to reproduce
* lack circulatory systems.
* make up the second most diverse animal phylum, second only to the arthropods
  - wounds for root-rotting fungi
* may have roles.
* move on their side so a lateral view rather than a ventral or dorsal view is seen
  - very slowly in the soil but are moved in running water or contaminated equipment
* multiply much faster than higher animals, but much more slowly than bacteria and fungi.
* obtain oxygen through their mouth which is at the front of their one-way digestive system.
* occupy an enormous diversity of habitats and associations with other organisms
  - different trophic levels on the soil food web
* occur as parasites in most species if animals including man.
* occur in a variety of shapes and sizes
  - all biotops around the world
  - two general forms
* often provide wounds by which root-rotting fungi and bacteria enter.
* possess a limited number of cells and show a relatively simple anatomy
  - the ability to shed their exoskeleton in order to grow, a process called ecdysis
* produce eggs that embryonate in utero or outside the host.
* reduce yields of many cereal grasses by laying eggs in the root systems of the plants.
* represent the top of the food chain in the coldest, oldest and driest soils on Earth.
* reproduce in the vascular system of the plant, reducing the flow of water and nutrients.
* require an aqueous environment or they become inactive.
* suck out liquid nutrients and inject damaging materials into plants.
* sucking the cell contents and salivary secretions cause the cells to collapse.
* survive adverse soil conditions as eggs or larvae.
* swim by undulating their fin-less bodies.
* take in a great deal of food, much of which is never utilized.
* then grow and multiply inside the insect.
* usually reproduce by laying eggs.
* vary in size and shape, but are all classified as non-segmented worms.
* work best in loamy soil in mild climates.