Pesticide
* All pesticides are hazardous if misused, no matter what their toxicity
  - lethal poisons
  - poisonous and can have serious effects on people, pets and wildlife
  - poisonous, and sprays give only temporary relief
  - systemic
  - to be stored under lock and key at all times
* All pesticides are toxic by definition
  - to some degree
  - can be toxic, but some are far more toxic than others
* All pesticides have a half life, meaning that the pesticide has to break down at a fixed rate
  - an active ingredient
* Apply soapy water to leaves, rinse.
* Can be Ineffective.
* Many pesticides act in exactly the same way as rotenone
  - aim to disrupt enzyme processes or denature proteins
  - also cause skin and other health problems
* Many pesticides are 'contact' pesticides
  - available on the market for treatment of fleas on pets and the premises
  - contact pesticides
  - effective against thrips
  - extremely toxic to honey bees and other beneficial insects
* Many pesticides are harmful to aquatic organisms, and some are dangerous to humans as well
  - the environment and are suspected or known to be toxic to humans
* Many pesticides are highly toxic to honey bees and other beneficial insects
  - the applicator, family pets or wildlife around the garden area
  - more toxic to the beneficial insects than to the pests they are used against
  - petroleum based products and their costs increase with oil prices
  - registered poisons
  - relatively soluble in water, whereas others attach strongly to soil particles
  - so toxic that exposure to even a small amount can kill and adult
  - toxic and are associated with a variety of health problems
  - very expensive
  - break down in sunlight
  - can also be toxic to people
  - carry caution statements about applications during hot weather
  - cause environmental and human health problems
  - contain synthetic estrogens known as xenoestrogens
* Many pesticides have safe, chemically-free organic alternatives
  - storage directions on the label
  - kill indiscriminately so doom butterflies or their larvae
  - last a long time
  - pose an enormous risk to human health and the environment
  - remain in soil or water long after they are used or needed
  - sold for agricultural use can cause severe illness, even death, if misused
* Most pesticide affects development
  - growth
* Most pesticide causes alteration
  - brain damage
  - contains acid
* Most pesticide has consequences
  - direct effects
  - disrupt effects
  - harmful consequences
  - hormone effects
  - minimal impact
  - secondary effects
  - includes insecticide
* Most pesticide increases pest resistance
* Most pesticide interferes with growth
  - reproduction
* Most pesticide kills ants
  - arthropods
  - bugs
  - certain insects
  - wasps
* Most pesticides are artificial compounds which have a delayed reaction
  - dangerous poisons for people too
  - harmful either to adult butterflies, caterpillars, eggs, or pupae
  - intentionally toxic to the target organisms
  - man-made chemicals
  - only slightly toxic
  - poisons, but are targeted at specific problems
  - repellent to the insects
  - soluble in oil, a good reason to choose organic coffee
  - water insoluble and turn milky-white when water is added
  - can cause severe illness, or even death, if misused
* Most pesticides contain chemicals that can be harmful to people, animals, or the environment
  - significantly more inert than active ingredients
  - fall into certain categories
* Most pesticides have a limited shelf life
  - ingredients that affect the nervous system of insects
* Most pesticides kill non-target organisms as well as the target, or pest species
  - pests directly on contact
  - recommend triple rinsing
  - transform to simple, non-toxic products such as carbon dioxide and water
* Most pesticides used today are acutely toxic to humans
  - synthetic organic chemicals
* Never store or use pesticides in the same room where lobsters are held.
* Only use pesticides when they are necessary.
* Require careful disposal.
* Some pesticide affects environmental health
  - contains mercury
  - enters ponds
* Some pesticide improves health
  - increases germination
* Some pesticide kills adult fleas
  - hawks
  - rodents
  - termites
  - voles
  - threatens eagles
* Some pesticides accumulate in the fat of animals and humans
  - act faster than others, and some pesticides are easier to use than others
* Some pesticides also contain substances made from chlorine
  - pose unique health risks to children
* Some pesticides are also toxic to humans
  - cheaper in Canada, while others are cheaper in the United States
  - in a gas form known as fumigants
  - known to be deadly to hares and other wildlife
* Some pesticides are lethal to salmon, and large fish kills have occurred in the Pacific northwest
  - more selective than others
  - much safer than others
  - non-hazardous or less hazardous than others
  - non-lethal to the target pest
  - only effective against certain pests or certain life stages of particular pests
* Some pesticides are relatively persistent once they reach water
  - short-lived in water
  - slightly toxic to non- target soil organisms
  - toxic in small quantities to humans and animals
  - vapor active
  - very poisonous
  - become even more toxic as they break down
  - belong to a group of chemicals called organophosphates
* Some pesticides can also enter surface or groundwater either from leaching or runoff
  - be toxic to pets if ingested, so take special care
* Some pesticides can cause cancer and birth defects in people
  - cancer, central nervous system damage, or respiratory illness
  - nervous system damage, and are classed as neurotoxins
  - substantial, but temporary eye injury
  - water pollutionand even kill friendly insects like ladybugs
  - corrode or obstruct electronic systems or metal
  - soak through skin quite easily
  - cause neurotoxicity that is unrelated to cholinesterase inhibition
  - collect in animal fat
  - commonly used on turf areas are quite toxic to fish
  - contain ingredients listed as probable carcinogens
  - evaporate more readily than others, so they can be more easily inhaled
* Some pesticides have common names that are easier to identify than chemical names
  - little effect on bees
  - low human toxicity while others are extremely toxic
* Some pesticides kill or harm birds and butterfly larvae directly
  - the snail host which carries the parasite
  - leach into ground water and have carcinogenic effects on humans
  - persist in the aquatic environment for long periods of time
  - pose an additional threat because they are long lasting in an indoor environment
  - readily move through soils that are well-draine , sandy, or low in organic matter
  - reduce the biological activity in the upper layer of soil
* Some pesticides remain active for years after application
  - in the food chain and their effects become magnified
* Some pesticides require dry conditions, others do fine even if it rains afterwards
  - specific respirators
  - use of protective clothing, such as long sleeves and long pants, or gloves
  - used for cockroach control and some wood preservatives also contain borates
* accumulate in the food chain, therefore affecting even more non-target organisms.
* affect other parts of the ecosystem as well.
* allow farmers to maintain crop yield and quality.
* also can be a problem
  - come in dusts, granular, and wettable powders as well as liquids
* also contaminate food
  - our rivers and threaten fish and wildlife
  - get into water that is used to wash bananas in the packing plants
  - help protect consumers from organisms that can cause foodborne illness
* also kill beneficial insects that pollinate flowers and prey upon harmful insects
  - many beneficial animals
  - move by run-off and erosion
  - pollute water supplies and contaminate milk and meat
  - pose a threat to the species
  - result in birth defects and developmental problems in children
  - travel around the world, accumulating in the poles and other regions
  - wash off lawn and gardens, ending up in our oceans, and possibly our water supply
* appear to offer a simple solution to a vexing problem.
* are a big business with a lot of money at stake
  - household waste that is highly toxic
  - leading contaminant of water
* are a major source of pollution, posing a risk to wildlife and clean water supplies
  - threat to bees
  - pervasive part of our environment virtually impossible to avoid
  - severe health hazard causing both mental and physical retardation in children
  - slightly different matter
  - somewhat necessary part of most cranberry and blueberry cultivation operations
  - suspected carcinogen
  - threat to health due to their inherent toxicity
  - widespread threat to basketry plants
  - agents used to kill pests
* are also a problem
  - suspected hog killer
  - acutely toxic to the crab larvae
  - something to be aware of
  - susceptible to photolysis on soil and foliar surfaces
* are an essential component in the production of a plentiful and safe food supply
  - important tool of conservation-minded farmers
  - integral component of agricultural systems throughout the world
* are an integral part of American agriculture
  - modern agriculture in most developing countries
  - another source of pollution
* are available for applications to infested yard trees, shurbs, or nursery stock
  - treating standing water for mosquitoes
* are bad for humans
  - the environment and bad for human health
* are by definition poisonous to some type of organism
  - poisons a
  - their very nature poisons for at least some kinds of life, often including people
* are chemical agents which control pests
  - compounds used to control undesirable plants and animals
  - products used to kill insects, termites, rodents and fungi
* are chemicals designed to control or eliminate insects, rodents, weeds, and bacteria
  - kill rodents, insects, plants, and micro-organisms
* are chemicals that control pests by interrupting some phase of their life cycle
  - protect crops and livestock from rodents, insects, disease, or weeds
* are chemicals used for killing undesirable plants and animals
  - in agriculture to protect crops from insects and other pests
* are dangerous and can trigger allergies or asthma
  - because they are designed to kill are damage living organisms
  - when they are misused or mishandled
  - effective only against gypsy moth caterpillars no other life stage
  - especially dangerous when improperly handled, applied, or disposed
  - essential for the production of healthy crops, but are used only when necessary
* are essential to control pests in many situations
  - sustain production
  - even more expensive and difficult to apply
  - everywhere
  - expensive and cumbersome and difficult as far as regulations are concerned
* are generally extremely poisonous and can be expensive
  - popular with small-scale farmers in rural areas because of their efficacy
  - small organic molecules that exist in the form of a free base
  - harmful in the tropics because of the lack of a cold winter season
* are harmful to butterflies and their larvae
  - mantids
  - many non-target organisms, including humans and other beneficial species
  - hazardous to targeted pests
* are important public health tools in destroying health threats
  - tools of conventional pest management systems
  - in our food, water, and air
  - ineffective against the pest fly's immature stages
  - inherently toxic
  - just one of many tools available in combatting the harmful effects of pests
  - made up of active and inert ingredients
  - materials used to manage pests such as insects, rodents, weeds, molds and germs
  - most effective on young nymphs and least effective on adults
  - mostly modern chemicals
  - never safe and often have far reaching and unintended effects
* are no different than medicine or drugs
  - longer cheap
* are one example
  - group of substances whose toxicity is their prime purpose
* are only a short-term solution to nuisance mosquito problems
  - one kind of treatment
  - pervasive in both our surface water and groundwater, new studies show
  - poisonous to people and animals
* are poisons designed to kill living organisms and can also be harmful to humans
  - things
  - ward off pests
  - that kill rodents and insects, but they can also poison humans
  - that, obviously, kill more than what they are labeled for
  - which can cause serious illness or even death
* are poisons, and by their very nature require judicious and skillful use
  - killing many other species in addition to the targeted pest
  - so in themselves they are dangerous
  - used to kill pests of in agricultural crops
* are potentially dangerous to mammals
  - powerful medicines for pest problems
  - probably the most effective tools for controlling blackbird depredations in feedlots
  - products designed to kill unwanted pests or weeds
  - responsible for a significant portion of people disabled by chemical poisoning
  - safe and have a proven track record for protecting the public from dangerous pests
  - some of the most dangerous chemicals on Earth
  - sometimes necessary to protect a basic food supply and to protect human health
  - sprayed on agricultural fields and wood lots
  - still a domestic concern
* are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest
  - or organisms that prevent, destroy, repel or mitigate a pest
  - used to eliminate unwanted pests
  - tax free for farmers in Ontario
* are the best way to control pests
  - insecticides, herbicides and other chemicals used to kill such nuisances
  - to be applied only by certified personnel
* are toxic chemicals that can severely harm humans, animals, aquatic organisms and plants
  - used to destroy different kinds of lawn pests
  - substances deliberately added to our environment to kill living things
* are toxic to both humans and the environment
  - just about any living organism
  - many forms of life in addition to the species to be controlled
  - pet birds
  - toxic, potentially dangerous substances
  - ubiquitous in the environment
  - unique among the hazardous chemicals
* are unnecessary because of the birds that thrive in the shade giving overstory
  - that thrive in the shade-giving overstory
* are used in our schools, parks, and public lands
  - on our lawns and gardens, and inhaled into our lungs via cigarette smoke
* are used to control organisms that are considered to be harmful
  - kill pests , but many are bad for human health
* are useful in controlling household pests, but they can also be very dangerous
  - tools, but wrong or careless use can cause undesirable effects
  - usually organic chemicals, but some are inorganic compounds
  - very expensive to purchase and to apply
  - yet another great danger to the birds of prey
* are, by definition, poisonous to the pests at which they are directed
  - nature, toxic to some living organisms
* attack the central nervous system and other vital body centers.
* become problems when they move off target.
* bioassays with arthropods.
* blow in from thousands of miles away.
* boost crop yields, making it possible to grow more food on less acreage.
* break down faster in warm, moist soil than in cooler or drier soil.
* broad term that includes herbicides, insecticides, fungicides and rodenticides.
* can accidently enter the body through the mouth, nose, eyes and skin
  - accumulate in their tissues and cause ulcers, reproductive failure, and even death
* can also affect vision and memory
  - alter the availability of food, and herbicides can reduce necessary cover
  - be present in meats and dairy products
  - contaminate indoor environments when tracked or blown inside
  - have lethal effects years after their use
  - leach through the soil profile into the groundwater
  - persist outdoors in soil for weeks or years
  - pose risks to people, property, and the environment
  - soak into the ground and move into streams where ground water discharges
  - threaten the health of agricultural workers and breed pesticide resistance
* can be a tool to protect the environment when used carefully, wisely, and judiciously
  - beneficial tools
  - dangerous if used improperly or carelessly
  - dangerous, but they also can be used safely
  - incredibly beneficial and have most certainly increased food production
  - remarkably persistent in biological systems
  - surprisingly persistent, both indoors and out
* can be toxic to humans and lower animals
  - man, animals, and plants if improperly used
  - pets, non-target species, and other wildlife
  - very effective
* can cause acute or chronic health effects
  - adverse health problems including nervous disorders
  - cancer, reduce fertility, and damage wildlife
  - contact-associated skin irritation or allergies
  - great damage if grossly mishandled
  - many types of cancer in humans
  - serious illness even among nonoccupationally exposed persons
  - sterility and cancer
* can contaminate surface and groundwater supplies
  - well, pond and surface water
  - destroy species diversity and create mono cultures
  - deteriorate, leaving termites entry through weak spots
* can drift and settle in local bodies of water
  - directly into streams or drainage ditches, polluting our waterways
  - from as far away as a half-mile or more
* can enter plants, insects, and other living organisms
  - the body through inhalation or accidental ingestion
* can enter the body through the mouth, the respiratory system and the skin
  - skin, the mouth, the eyes or the nose
  - water supplies from point sources or from nonpoint sources
* can harm humans in different ways
  - school aged children
* can have an estrogenic effect
  - both lethal and sub-lethal effects on organisms they come into contact with
  - negative impacts on fish growth, development, behavior and reproduction
  - potential health concerns for humans, animals and the overall environment
* can help control many lawn pests
  - slow the spread of the moth as can natural enemies, including a European fungus
  - to attain sustainable development of the blueberry industry
  - hurt the environment or poison people in many ways
* can impair salmon s ability to transition from freshwater to seawater
  - salmon's ability to transition from freshwater to sea water
  - influence soil microbial activity, at times paradoxically
  - injure plants
  - injure, and perhaps kill, more than just pests
  - interfere with the operation of the wastewater treatment plant or septic system
* can irritate the skin, eyes, and lungs
  - nose, or mouth
* can leak through stitching holes and gaps in seams of protective garments
  - leech into ground water used for human consumption
* can make people sick if they eat something with the chemicals on it
  - their way to lakes, rivers, and streams in two basic ways
  - water unfit to drink and cause adverse ecological effects in streams
  - minimize damage, but only when applied properly
  - move from their initial distribution by a number of processes
  - penetrate the leather
  - permeate glove materials and leave no noticeable signs
  - poison the water
  - pollute air, ground, and water
* can pose risks to people, property, and the environment
  - significant health risks
  - provide benefits, but if used improperly they can harm people, pets, and plants
  - reduce salmon's ability to transition from freshwater to seawater
  - remain active for a month to a year
  - spread through the environment from use and disposal
  - suppress the immune system
  - wash off farmland in surface runoff and enter surface waters
* cause a number of fish kills in ponds throughout Alabama each year
  - all kinds of health problems including cancer
  - cancer, birth defects and numerous health problems
* collect in fatty tissue and the breast can become a reservoir.
* come in many forms but sprays, dusts, and baits are most commonly used in the home
  - variety of chem
* commonly occur in mixtures.
* comprise a larger portion of peanut variable production costs than any other item.
* compromise the health of the community as well as the consumer's.
* concentrate in milk of both farm animals and humans.
* consist of liquid mixtures, dust and solid baits.
* contain some of the most toxic chemicals developed by man
  - synthetic chemicals ever developed
* contaminated by volatile herbicides can cause unintentional damage to lawns and plants.
* continue to produce unpleasant surprises around the world.
* contribute to breast cancer risk independent of fat intake.
* cost money and farmers want to use as little as possible
* decrease microbial populations
  - the nutrition available in our produce
* definitely enter at many levels.
* degrade during transport from the farm field to the water body.
* destroy organisms needed to build a healthy soil
  - the insects that harm crops
* drastically reduce the numbers of mantids in a given area.
* encompass fungicides and insecticides
  - several different chemical categories
* endanger the lives of farmworker families.
* enhance the qulaity of life and the environment.
* enter surface water in runoff and by atmospheric deposition
  - waters in runoff from fields and through the ground-water system
* enter the body most frequently through the skin
  - drains either dissolved or carried by soil particles
* exposures in children with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
* fall on the plants, but also on workers, the ground and irrigation canals and streams
  - onto pavement during application where they can be washed into the sewer system
* feed some organisms and harm others.
* follow any number of pathways.
* general term for substances that kill or control pests.
* generally are man-made organic compounds.
  - information
* have a number of inherent problems
  - role in public health as part of sustainable integrated mosquito management
  - pest controlled, product, and amount per acre
  - special names depending on the kind of pests they are designed to kill
  - the potential to cause health problems for people
  - to be effective against the pest, but have no effect on the crop
  - various levels of toxicity
* help limit the damage that can be caused by insects, weeds and plant diseases
  - to produce high yields on Canadian farms
* impacts on farmworkers, for example, and ecological impacts on food-webs and biodiversity.
* improve food quality, safety and availability
  - the quality of our food while reducing the risk of having food shortages
* increase crop yields, enabling farmers to produce more.
* initiate and propagate multiple chemical sensitivities.
* is consumable products
  - located in water
  - placed in the donor chamber, exposing the epidermal side of the skin
  - used to control pest numbers and limit the damage they cause
  - very bad for animals , especially amphibians
* kill all life in the soil
  - birds as well as grasshoppers
  - both good and bad bugs, and can harm birds and fish too
  - butterflies, caterpillars, and other useful insects
  - insects and disease pathogens
  - insects, weeds, fungi, rodents and other unwanted organisms
  - more than the target pest
  - off the susceptible majority and leave only the resistant few
  - problem pests as well as many beneficial insects
  - the weed but also destroy trees and other vegetation
  - worms and beneficial insects
  - beetles
  - feed insects
  - pests but can cause damage and even kill other species
* leaching partially depends on the chemical and physical properties of the pesticide.
* lose potency over time.
* make food safer by preventing the growth of toxin-generating molds.
* means any substance used to kill rats, mites, insects, fungi and bacteria.
* move between organic matter and water in soil
  - from soil into the atmosphere by volatilization and wind erosion
* occur in older, shallow wells constructed in karst aquifers.
* often have greater effects on children because of their lower body weight
  - to be imported
  - leave the most resistant pests behind as the more vulnerable ones disappear
* only kill pests.
* penetrate broken skin more readily than intact skin.
* persist in the environment, imparting the useful quality of long term pest control.
* play an important role in agriculture
  - controlling cockroaches
  - the control of human and animal diseases, and crop pests
* pose a significant risk to people, pets and the environment
  - an environmental hazard when used incorrectly
  - particular problems for human health and the environment
  - risks to human health and the environment, with special risks to children
  - serious dangers to both hummingbirds and butterflies
  - significant health risks to the people who harvest our food
  - yet another threat to the monarch population
* present a wide range of hazards but are quite safe if used correctly.
* prevent bumble bees from collecting enough food to produce new queens
  - diseases, control pests and prevent catastrophic losses
* protect the high yields achieved by modern seeds, nitrogen fertilizers, and irrigation.
* provide many benefits, but they can harm people, pets, and plants.
* refer to all substances used to destroy unwanted vegetation, insects or other animals.
* remain effective in many areas where selection has been less severe
  - or persist in soil for a limited time
* require daylight for breakdown
  - extensive acute and chronic tests to assure that they are safe
  - special care and handling
* residues on fruit are at unacceptable and hazardous levels
* run off lawns and can contaminate rivers and lakes.
* scare many people.
* serve important roles in our society to protect crops and public health.
* spills near wells can move directly and quickly into ground water
  - and quickly nto ground water
* stay on the gloves and can contaminate other fabrics or clothes.
* take a heavy toll on fish populations and other aquatic species
  - toll on glass lizards because of their insectivorous diet
* tend to enter the environment in seasonal pulses.
* then build up in the tissues of the bat, and they sicken and die.
* threaten California's red legged frogs
  - farm workers and consumers
* travel in soil.
* typically attach to organic matter, reducing the chances of leaching.
* undergo careful testing under controlled laboratory conditions.
* undergoes reaction.
* use Store and reuse rinse water or absorbent
  - adversely affects fisheries and waterfowl
  - eventually causes crop loss for a variety of reasons
  - in agricultural and urban environments is widespread in the Pacific Northwest
  - maps show regional scale patterns in use intensity within the United States
  - results in resistance so they have a limited period of usefulness
* used for plum curculio also usually result in control of cranberry fruitworm
  - improperly can be injurious to man, animals, and plants
  - in agriculture and by the health services also causes the death of sea life
* uses in crops
  - field crops
* usually break down into harmless components after they are released into an environment
  - form many break down products
  - have an expiry date of two years after manufacture
* vary greatly in their affinity for soil particles and their solubility in water
  - toxicity to the target organism, the user, and the environment
* vary in their effect on bees
  - toxicity to honey bees
  - significantly in efficacy, leachability, and toxicity
* wash off from pesticides in their fat
  - out into nearby streams and rivers, contaminating the water
* work by blocking the action of cholinesterases at the neuromuscular junctions
  - interfering with the life processes of plants and insects
  - in two ways to reduce bee populations
* works, but is unpopular anywhere near people.
+ Pesticide, Effects of Pesticides: Poisons
  * Pesticides are used to kill pests, but many are bad for human health. They may pollute water, and go into rivers, lakes, and ponds. This will cause acid rain, and organisms living in the water can get sick and die, because the water where they live has more acid.