### substance:

Chemical
* All chemicals are harmful in too large a quantity
  - potentially toxic, but some are deadly at much lower concentrations than others
* All chemicals are toxic under some conditions of exposure
  - exposure conditions
  - move in and out of various bodily tissues at varying rates
* Any chemical can be toxic if the dose is high enough
  - or harmful under certain conditions
* Every chemical is toxic at a high enough dose.
* Many chemicals affect the skin directly.
* Many chemicals are corrosive and potentially carcinogenic
  - extremely time sensitive
  - harmless, but there are some chemicals that are dangerous
  - hazardous
  - poisonous
  - so strong that they can quickly burn the skin
  - toxic, flammable, explosive or corrosive
  - associated with the manufacture of paper are toxic or result in toxic waste
  - break down into harmless metabolites after exposure to sunlight
* Many chemicals can absorb through the skin and directly enter the bloodstream
  - actually work their way through a glove by permeation
  - also cause asthma
  - permeate leather
  - produce some evidence of cancer in animals
  - react violently when exposed to other substances
  - change over time, losing their effectiveness
  - come in liquid form
  - commonly used in the laboratory are corrosive or irritating to body tissue
  - concentrate in the fatty parts of the fish
  - deteriorate with time
* Many chemicals found in edible plants are known to inhibit metastatic progression of cancer
  - industrial settings can also irritate the bronchi and cause inflammation
  - give off colored flames
* Many chemicals have a dose-response threshold below which no adverse health effects occur
  - limited shelf-life
  - high concentrations at sampling sites near cities
  - several names both in English and other languages
  - the potential to improve our health and enrich our lives
  - pose invisible hazards and offer no warning properties
  - react with metal
  - still have their factory seals
* Many chemicals used in household products are volatile
  - industry also are carcinogens
  - photographic processes give off hazardous vapours
* More chemicals weaken the remaining cell membrane, allowing the two cells to fuse.
* Most chemicals act as fuel.
* Most chemicals affect growth
  - human health
  - muscle tension
  - also come in returnable containers, often in bulk quantities
* Most chemicals are harmful to some degree
  - safe for the skin and body
  - toxic, and many are volatile
  - can cause both acute and chronic toxicity depending on the conditions of exposure
* Most chemicals can have effects
  - harmful effects
* Most chemicals can have serious effects
* Most chemicals cause adverse reaction
  - allergic reaction
  - birth defects
  - chemical reaction
  - different effects
* Most chemicals cause health effects
  - inflammatory reaction
  - irritation
  - reversible reaction
  - serious adverse reaction
* Most chemicals cause skin irritation
  - term health effects
  - change color
* Most chemicals come from breakdowns
  - homes
  - contaminate drink water
* Most chemicals create chemical reaction
  - designed for moth control are unhealthy for humans to contact
  - dissolve in water
* Most chemicals enter brains
  - environments
  - find in plantains
* Most chemicals have beneficial properties
  - carbon
  - drastic effects
  - little effects
  - myriad potential use
  - narcotic effects
  - negative effects
* Most chemicals have obvious effects
* Most chemicals have potential beneficial properties
  - values
  - responses
  - side effects
  - toxic effects
  - help growth
  - increase excretion
* Most chemicals interfere with growth
  - insect growth
  - normal growth
  - plant cell growth
* Most chemicals kill bees
  - birds
  - certain pests
  - insects
  - lamprey larvae
  - microorganisms
  - other insects
  - songbirds
  - termites
  - make a different color or spectrum than other chemicals
* Most chemicals perform different functions
* Most chemicals produce chemical reaction
* Most chemicals produce violent chemical reaction
  - result in effects
* Most chemicals threaten arthropods
  - used for flea control can only control the larva and adult stages
* Some chemicals absorb energy
  - food
* Some chemicals accumulate in shellfish tissue
  - act as antifreeze
  - actually cause the glass and foam to melt away
* Some chemicals affect development
  - embryo development
  - integrity
  - only certain target systems or target organs
  - reproduction
  - also leave no detectable trace elements in the human body
  - apparently have no safe threshold levels, as in the case of carcinogens
* Some chemicals are acids
  - bases
  - beneficial and some are detrimental to humans
  - both irritants and allergens
  - by nature shock sensitive
  - effective against practically all types of substances
  - excreted by glands
  - extremely toxic while others are essentially nontoxic
  - far more dangerous than others
  - hazardous because of the health hazard they pose
  - located in oysters
* Some chemicals are more dangerous than others
  - harmful than others to certain predatory insects
  - much easier to remove, such as ozone or chlorine
  - potent allergic sensitizers that cause dermal and respiratory problems
* Some chemicals are produced by animals
  - black walnuts
  - causal organisms
  - live organisms
  - parasites
  - partners
  - trees
  - quite hazardous, while others are very safe
* Some chemicals are secreted by glands
  - livers
  - pituitary glands
  - prostate glands
  - so flammable that they burn simply from contact with air
  - used by scientists
  - water soluable
* Some chemicals attract bees
  - male wasps
  - predators
  - the insects too
* Some chemicals become increasingly shock sensitive with age
  - shock-sensitive with age
  - more hazardous with age
  - bind to the active sites of proteins and prevent their proper function
  - break down large food particles into smaller ones
  - build up in large predator fish to a much greater extent than in panfish
  - burn the skin on contact
  - can also damage the skin
* Some chemicals can be harmful to septic systems and sewers
  - toxic in more ways than one
  - unhealthy if inhaled
* Some chemicals can cause an acne-like skin problem or cancer
  - irritation when inhaled into the lungs or absorbed through the skin
  - other materials to burn by supplying oxygen
  - physical injury due to fire or explosions
  - the heart to race out of control until it fails
  - circulate in a mother s blood, pass through the placenta, and reach the fetus
  - corrode metal pipes
  - degrade clay
  - easily penetrate gloves that work very well for other chemicals
  - explode or start fires
  - harm unborn babies
  - have a negative impact on the offspring a decade or more after parental exposure
  - interfere with the development of organs and tissues, causing birth defects
  - pass from mother to fetus in the womb
  - penetrate the skin's natural protective coatings and enter the bloodstream
* Some chemicals cause allergy symptoms
  - brain damage
  - cancer or reproductive problems years after the actual time of exposure
  - comas
  - death
  - dehydration
  - diarrhea
  - diseases
  - harm many years after the exposure
  - illnesses
  - liver damage
  - mental illnesses
  - permanent damage
  - pollution
  - sickness
  - temporary comas
  - change with age and can become more harmful
  - come in direct contact
* Some chemicals concentrate in the fatty tissues and internal organs of fish
  - wax, especially the lipophilic ones
* Some chemicals contain a great deal of energy that can be released all at once
  - nutrients
  - orange pigment
  - plant nutrients
  - several compounds that are effective on all three fungi
  - contribute to smogs
  - decompose when heated
  - degrade in less time than it takes to put out a tank of spray
  - deteriorate upon exposure to the atmosphere
  - disrupt the body's ability to use oxygen
* Some chemicals enter bloodstreams
  - eyes
  - intestines
  - lakes
  - small intestines
  - facilitate growth
* Some chemicals find in clean products
  - fruit
  - geranium plants
  - milk thistles
  - natural materials
  - oil
  - sea sponges
  - semen
  - tobacco
  - wild plants
* Some chemicals found in oil can cause cancer
  - paints, dyes, cosmetics and detergents can also cause rashes and blisters
  - the environment can produce kidney damage
  - give off undesirable odors
  - have a high acute toxicity but no chronic toxicity
* Some chemicals have a limited shelf-life and become unstable or decompose altogether over time
  - shelf-life, so knowing how old they are is essential
  - an attractant effect that is only apparent in the presence of a second chemical
  - benefits
  - effects on the fertility or reproductive rates of animals
  - greater health consequences than others
  - higher loading capacities than others
  - offensive smell
* Some chemicals have the ability of blocking both internal and external ethylene
  - to get into cells and damage their DNA, leading to disease
  - potential to seriously endanger life and pollute the environment
* Some chemicals help degeneration
  - photosynthesis
  - stop mold growth
  - increase metabolism
  - inhibit germination
  - intercalate between base pairs
* Some chemicals interfere with absorption
  - digestion
  - normal hormone function
* Some chemicals irritate eyes
* Some chemicals kill animals
  - bacteria
  - caterpillars
  - cockroaches
  - crabs
  - creatures
  - hares
  - herbivores
  - lions
  - mosquitoes
  - other animals
  - sea creatures
  - left by previous larvae can slow growth down
* Some chemicals make up fossil fuel
  - plastic
* Some chemicals neutralize nitrate
  - silver nitrate
  - pass into brains
* Some chemicals pose hazards by contributing to fires and explosions
  - unique hazards
* Some chemicals prevent blood
  - produce light
  - react on the skin surface, causing dermatitis
* Some chemicals react with air and ignite spontaneously
  - each other and neutralize the medicines or cause harmful side
  - oxygen to produce potentially unstable chemical
  - water and produce excessive heat, and flammable or toxic gases
  - recrystallize almost immediately, while some take hours, days, or even weeks
  - reflect sunlight
  - released by the mast cells attract other immune cells
  - require an antidote, such as milk
* Some chemicals require for growth
  - movement
  - stay active for a long time and build up in the environment
  - tend to separate when left standing for periods of time
* Some chemicals threaten cats
* Some chemicals use in artificial flavor
  - grape flavor
  - treatments
* Some chemicals used are highly susceptible to corruption due to changes in environmental conditions
  - in the refinishing industry are very toxic and even carcinogenic
* abundances in stars and gas
* accumulate in the tissues of the bear with as yet unknown effects.
* allow food to be more easily handled by automatic machinery.
* also add to the solids concentration
  - affect behavior, sometimes leading to criminal conduct
* also can have side-effects
  - wash into the water with the soil
* also enter the air through carpeting, paint
  - sea from land-based activities
  - possess potential energy
* analyses of minerals in the apatite group.
* approaches to the design of specific inhibitors for labeling the active sites of enzymes
  - prevention and remediation of pollution
  - study of protein folding and unfolding
  - synthesis of peptides and proteins
* are a dangerous poison to our bodies.
* are a natural and important part of our environment
  - part of our world
  - way of life in most American homes
* are also abiotic causes of plant disorders
  - useful for making body fluid visible
  - among the most highly regulated products in commerce
  - an important component of China's drive to modernize industrial production
  - available as prescription or non-prescription drugs to control lice
  - basic to manufacturing, and also to the treatment of drinking water
  - commercially available to reduce the number of mites in a hive
  - cycled between organic matter and abiotic reservoirs
  - essential for modern living
  - everywhere
* are expensive and can cause environmental damage
  - have associated environmental risks
  - hazardous to various aspects of the global environment
  - important to our lifestyles and they are everywhere
* are in our food, water and air
  - likely to pollute aquifers
* are located in cabinets
  - chemistry labs
  - laboratories
  - swimming pools
  - mutagenic also cause cancer
  - necessary when economic populations are present and it is too early to cut
* are part of our everyday lives
  - relatively easy to identify and quantify
* are the building blocks of life
  - main option to manage disease in many parts of the world
  - silent helpers of radiation
  - usual cause of contact dermatitis
  - to be stored away from sunlight, heat, or ignition sources
* are used to control corrosion by hydrochloric acid produced in distillation units
  - make it white
* atoms themselves evolve in that they disintegrate by radio-active transformations.
* binding agents are never necessary.
* break down the blood clot
  - up the oil into small droplets which enter the water column
* burns to digestive system and mucosal surface.
* burns to the eyes are a medical emergency
  - throat, mouth or eye require emergency care
* can also act as allergens.
* can also cause chronic liver disease and cirrhosis
  - fires in garbage trucks
  - liver damage and subsequent photosensitization
  - enter the bloodstream through cuts or sores
  - interact with each other
  - leave the cell and function as the cell's output
* can and are dangerous
  - do affect our health
* can be effective in the early stages of the disease
  - in different forms
  - mixed and stored ahead of time
  - very toxic to permeable, amphibian skin
  - bind more easily to water then
* can burn or irritate the skin
  - roots or stimulate growth faster than roots can supply water
* can cause fires and explosions in private homes, in enterprises and under transportation
  - leukemia by encouraging chromosomes to break
  - non-communicable hazards
  - change with time and become unsafe to use
  - contaminate the water and kill desirable species
  - damage various parts of the hearing structures
  - directly affect the testes, where sperm originates
  - discourage growth of microorganisms in the sand bed
  - enter and irritate the nose, air passages and lungs
* can enter the body and gradually produce poisoning
  - via the lungs through mists, fumes, vapors, and gases
  - get in or on food, drink, utensils, cigarettes, or hands where they can be ingested
* can get into or on food, drink, utensils, cigarettes, or hands where they can be ingested
  - the environment many ways, both deliberately and accidentally
* can have a wide range of effects on our health
  - obvious detrimental effects on the environment
  - increase soil fertility, reduce competition from weeds and insects and boost yields
  - migrate from disposal sites and contaminate sources of drinking water
  - move through air, water, and soil
  - only work as long as there is surface contact with waste build-up
  - vary enormously in the degree to which they penetrate the skin
  - very quickly produce organics in the presence of light and water
* carried by particulates can also be toxic.
  - pollution, and the weeds seem to grow faster after chemicals have been used
  - psychological problems
* cause serious adverse reaction
  - stress
* circulate through whole body.
  - surface of fish, shellfish and humans
* compounds that influence or activate brain functions.
* comprise only one of many tools available for vegetative management and pest control.
* controls for nematodes
  - pest management
* cues mediating interactions between chalcidoid egg parasitoids and their chrysomelid hosts
  - chrysomelids and parasitoids
* diffuse into the blood and are transported to all parts of the body, including the brain.
* do go a long way in a small body.
  - our bodies through the skin, the gastrointestinal tract, and the respiratory tract
* estrogens in rich foods cause the early onset of sexual maturity in girls.
* even change inside our bodies.
* exist in almost every aspect of man s everyday life.
* form the basis of, or are added to, a huge variety of products in everyday use.
* gather in their fat and bioaccumulate as the fish ages.
* generally absorb more light in the UV and IR than in the visible
  - form two kinds of hazards, physical and health
  - react faster in liquids than in solids
* get into essential oils in several different ways.
* gives hope for use in weight loss.
* handbooks state that barium is highly toxic to human beings.
* have a way to leach into the soil and thus into the plants
  - different breakthrough times
  - limited effects in aerosol form
  - neutralize effects
  - taste
  - keep our food fresh and our bodies clean
  - or retard the growth of soil organisms
  - the good as well as the bad plants and bugs
* leach into water Potential human health effects.
* make problems.
* migrate through soil as a result of both advection and diffusion.
* move into and out of living organisms and are used over and over again
  - through the environment to reach people directly through water, the air, dust etc
* need for oxidation.
* occur normally in nature.
* only mask odor temporarily.
* oxidize and air impacts their shelf life.
* play a key role in today's high-tech world
  - vital role in the manufacture of narcotics
* pollute air
* posisoning via gas and petrol products is one of the main poisonings.
* produced by sea slugs and sponges to repel fish are useful as insecticides
  - the bacteria can cause inflammation in the the follicle and surrounding skin
* protect our health and control pests.
* provide increased crop yields and preserve food.
* released by male and female beetles attract many beetles to tree.
* remain in the soil for many years, which depletes the soil.
* respond better because they are activated with hot water.
* rise with the steam to contaminate distilled water while minerals are eliminated.
* spills over large body areas Remove contaminated clothing while under shower.
* stain clothes.
* steal oxygen too.
* take over the role of determining positive and negative synapse reinforcement.
* taken from foxglove are used to make a prescription drug called digoxin.
* tend to be much higher in the guts and liver of fish.
* travel through the watershed and are eventually deposited in the Bay or rivers.
* turn blood red on contact.
* used for disinfection can be chlorine, iodine, or alcohol.
* used in agriculture can also contaminate the waterwe drink
  - the cleaning process release organic gases
  - on lawns can poison and kill the grasses and small animals that live in the bay
* wash off plants and into surface and ground water.
* wastes in sewage are degraded by microorganisms during a multistage process.
* weathering causes chemical changes in the minerals of a rock
  - changes the materials that make up rocks and soil
  - initially works along contacts between mineral grains
* weathering involves changing one material into another such as changing coal into diamond
  - reactions between air and water and minerals in rocks
  - occurs more easily in the mafic minerals
+ Chemistry, Safety
  * Many chemicals are harmless, but there are some chemicals that are dangerous. Chromates can cause cancer. Hydrochloric acid can cause bad burns. Some chemicals like hydrogen can explode or catch fire. To stay safe, chemists experiment with chemicals in a chemical lab. They use special equipment and clothing to do reactions and keep the chemicals contained.
+ Hazard: Chemistry :: Safety
  * A 'hazard' is something that can be dangerous. Fire is sometimes a hazard. Explosives are a hazard. Many chemicals can be a hazard. There are ways to get rid of hazardous things.
+ Spectroscopy: Measurement
  * Spectroscopy' is the study of light as a function of length of the wave that has been emitted, reflected or shone through a solid, liquid, or gas. Many times it is analyzed when the chemical is heated, because it makes a special color of flame. Most chemicals make a different color or spectrum than other chemicals. This can be used to see what chemicals are in a substance. Spectroscopy allows scientists to investigate and explore things that are too small to be seen through a microscope, such as molecules, and the even smaller subatomic particles like protons, neutrons and  electrons. There are special instruments to measure and analyse these light waves.