### element:

Metal
* All metal conducts electricity
  - has to be extracted from the earth
* All metals are always full of electrons
  - attracted to magnets because they are able to create their own magnetic field
  - conductors
  - electrically conductive
  - full of movable charges
  - more or less soluble in acid, but different metals are soluble in different acids
  - persistent, can accumulate and cause toxic effects
  - can conduct electricity as they have a giant metallic structure
  - come from ore deposits found in the Earth's crust
  - conduct electricity well, but some better than others
  - corrode
  - emit electrons thermionically if they become hot enough
* All metals have a potential
  - low emittances
  - oxides that are basic, although some, such as aluminium, have amphoteric properties
  - specific relative electrical potential
  - interact with the oxygen in the atmosphere in some way
* All metals react differently when exposed to soil for a long time
  - with fluorine, but conditions vary with the metal
* Completely rinse tin and aluminum cans.
* Describe the extraction of metals from ores and methods of consolidating metals.
* Many metals absorb hydrogen.
* Many metals are essential elements for life needed in minute amounts by organisms
  - good at donating electrons, thus fostering oxidation
* Many metals can affect the permanence of paper, or interfere with the paper manufacturing process
  - dissolve in mercury
  - tolerate significant plastic deformation before failing
  - corrode in reaction to the oxygen in the air
  - create the illusion of being colored
  - dramatically lose all electrical resistance when they are chilled to low temperatures
* Many metals have allotropic crystalline forms that are stable at different temperatures
  - high strength, high stiffness, and have good ductility
  - produce flame colors
* Many metals react with dilute acids, forming salts and giving off hydrogen
  - oxygen to form oxides
  - serve the gem carver
* Most metal absorbs heat
  - becomes conductors
* Most metal conducts electricity
* Most metal contains irons
* Most metal has antimicrobial properties
  - atomic radii
  - conductivity
  - density
* Most metal has different applications
  - resistance values
  - electrical conductivity
  - electrochemical potential
  - low density
* Most metal has many applications
  - negative potential
  - physical properties
  - thermal conductivity
* Most metal includes aluminum
  - reacts with acid
* Most metals are able to conduct electricity
  - conductors of electricity
  - considered to be good conductors of electrical current
  - electrical conductors
  - good conductors and materials such as plastic and rubber are good insulators
* Most metals are good conductors of heat and electricity
  - heat and they are solids at room temperature
  - electrical conductors, and electric current can flow freely
* Most metals are gray in color
  - or silver
  - hard and they feel heavy
  - malleable and ductile and are, in general, denser than other substances
  - mixed with sulfur to form sulfide ores
  - of natural origin and a fundamental component of the earth's crust
  - opaque
  - pretty strong and hard
  - prone to oxidation in some form or another
  - strong , dense , and good conductors of both electricity and heat
* Most metals become extremely hot in seconds instead of minutes or hours in a typical furnace
  - poorer conductors when heated, and better conductors when cooled
  - conduct electricity readily
  - corrode rapidly with wet hydrogen iodide
  - crystallize as they cool from a molten state to a solid form
  - don t have both
* Most metals have a tendency to give up electrons
  - very low electrical resistivity
  - high melting points and all except mercury are solid at room temperature
  - smaller specific heats
  - located in the p , d , and f sublevels can have more than one
  - look shiny and are found in the earth's ground
  - undergo similar reactions
* Some metal causes health problems
  - major health problems
* Some metal combines with mercury
  - nonmetal
* Some metal has bonds
  - low resistance
  - metallic appearances
  - poor solubility
* Some metal includes copper
  - titanium
* Some metal reacts with air
  - ceramic metal
* Some metal reduces effective thermal resistance
  - uses in plugs
* Some metals adopt different structures depending on the temperature
  - affect the nervous system, especially heavy metals such as lead, mercury and manganese
  - also interfere with certain enzymatic processes
* Some metals are better heat conductors than others
  - capable of forming ions with more than one electrical charge
  - common ingredients in pesticides and herbicides
* Some metals are essential for life and are naturally available in our food and water
  - proper functioning of living organisms while others are nonessential
  - just more electrically conductive than others
  - light and bendable like copper and aluminum, which are often used to make wire
  - toxic and others can be damaging to the respiratory system
  - become especially dangerous in powdered form, notably titanium
  - can boil and burst into flames when placed in thermite , such as zinc
* Some metals can cause cancer
  - the aluminium to wear away through electrochemical corrosion of the hull
  - sustain huge deformations, a phenomenon called superplasticity
  - decompose if heated sufficiently
  - exhibiting great tensile strength are copper, iron, and platinum
  - form positive ions in more than one oxidation state
* Some metals give off different colors of light when they are burned
  - only colorless or gray beads
  - have better thermal disappation characteristics than others
  - make better batteries than others
  - melt at very high temps and are difficult to cast
  - oxidize very easily, such as aluminum, titanium, and magnesium
  - used in reel seats include steel, aluminum, nickel, and titanium
  - the radiated RF energy and prevents it from reaching the key tag
* accumulate in topsoil and poison crops, food, and important soil microbial groups.
* affect the flavors of coffee and tea.
* also become more toxic in highly acid soils
  - expand and contract due to temperature change
* also have considerable elasticity
  - the physical properties of magnetism and malleability
* appear in the municipal solid waste stream from a variety of sources.
* are a fraction of the cost of solid cast metal
  - special problem for treatment plants as lead, cadmium in Milwaukee
  - acid-etched or anodized using sulfuric, phosphoric, or chromic acids
  - among the most abundant elements in nature
  - an important component of urban run off and are attributed to water quality degradation
  - around in most rivers in trace amounts
  - called as solids that are crystalline in nature
  - colored because the absorption and re-emission of light are dependent on wavelength
  - commodities
  - comparatively malleable, optically reflective, and electrically conductive
  - conductive, whereas nonmetals are resistant
  - considered as good conductors of electricity
  - constructed from positive ions in a sea of electrons
  - crystaline because their atoms are arranged in a regular sequence
  - crystalline when in the solid form
* are different from insulators
  - than other materials in that they store heat energy as wiggling electrons
  - ductile and absorb energy through plastic deformation
  - ductile, malleable, electrically conductive and thermally conductive
  - durable
  - easy and cheap to form and stamp
  - elastic materials that can only withstand a certain number of stress cycles
  - electro-positive elements and form complex salts
* are elements that generally have good electrical and thermal conductivity
  - usually conduct heat and electricity and are shiny
  - whose atoms easily lose their outer electrons
  - especially good at conducting heat because they have electrons in
  - essential components of life, but are harmful when present in excess
  - even easier to cut
* are excellent conductors of both heat and electricity
  - heat, whereas air is very poor conductor of heat
  - expensive to treat and dispose
  - extremely versatile materials
  - frequently present in active centers of enzymes
* are generally good conductors of electricity, have high thermal conductivity
  - very good conductors, meaning they let current flow easily
  - giant structures of atoms held together by metallic bonds
  - good at moving heat
* are good conductors due to low resistance
  - for electricity and heat, they are ductile and malleable
* are good conductors of electric current
  - heat , so water can freeze faster than in a plastic ice tray
  - plastic bad conductor of heat
* are good conductors of heat, but non-metals and gases are usually poor conductors of heat
  - thermal energy
* are good conductors, both of electric charge and heat
  - while wood and rocks are example of nonconductive matter
  - electrical conductors because they have a high concentration of free electrons
  - electron donors, and nonmetals are good electron acceptors
  - great but on a nanometer scale they react explosively with water
  - hard and durable
* are highly conductive and offer little resistance to electric currents
  - soluble and mobile in surface and groundwater
  - in fertilizers, sewage sludge, soils, groundwater, and from water distribution systems
  - inherently good electrical conductors
  - known as the best conductors due to their natural state
  - located on the left side and the middle of the periodic table
  - lustrous
* are malleable and ductile in nature
  - because their atoms are arranged in flat planes that can slide past each other
  - mined from the Earth
  - much better conductors of heat than the rocky covering that Earth-like planets have
  - naturally present throughout the Earth in varying-concentrations
  - notorious for producing interesting chemical behavior
  - of similar origin
  - often shiny
  - opaque, lustrous solids that are both malleable and ductile
  - particularly strong inhibitors of the reactions
  - polycrystalline
  - probably the oldest toxins known to humans
  - recyclable and as such remain available for future generations
  - said to be malleable
* are shiny and lustrous with a high density
  - because they reflect light well
  - sonorous
  - still extensively mined in Ireland
* are the least electronegative of the elements
  - materials of choice for high reflectivity mirrors
  - most frequently identified pollutant in rivers and lakes
* are thus good conductors of electricity
  - uniformly lustrous and, except for copper and gold, are silvery or greyish
  - used to make objects because of the properties that they have
* are usually conductors and non-metals are usually insulators
  - good conductors of both, and their conductance coefficients are high
  - inclined to form cations through electron loss
  - malleable, ductile, and shiny
  - shiny, malleable, hard and are good conductors of electricity and heat
  - solid substances at room temperature
* are very conductive compared to non metals
  - good conductors of heat, while air is very poor conductor of heat
  - useful to people
* are, in fact, transparent to higher frequencies such as X-rays
  - general, much better conductors of heat than insulators
* attracts electricity.
* become better conductors of electricity as the temperature is lowered.
* begin corroding.
* behave a little bit differently
  - differently than ceramics, and ceramics behave differently than polymers
* binding by the protein is transduced into a capacitance change.
* buried in soil or marine conditions often suffer from biological corrosion.
* can also bond to cellular macromolecules in the human body.
* can be bent and shaped without breaking
  - either monatomic such as copper, or an alloy such as steel
  - catch on fire when placed in a stream of fluorine
  - conduct because the electrons are relatively free
  - contaminate people's water from both the source and the distribution system
* can easily be bent or hammered into shape
  - bent, machined, cast or extruded into shape
  - form or be part of many different minerals
  - linger in the environment and in human bodies for long periods of time
* can react to dangerous products with other ions
  - with solutions to reduce ions
* carbenes in organic synthesis.
* casting jigs are deadly for barracuda and sometimes for yellowtail and tuna.
* chelates in gas chromatography.
* combines with elements
  - other elements
* come from a variety of sources, including agriculture, industry and vehicles
  - minerals found in the Earth's crust
* comes in so many thicknesses.
* coming from urban runoff have several adverse impacts.
* concentrate in the body regions most compromised.
* conduct electricity and heat well
  - by moving electrons throughout the substance
  - very easily and have high conductivity - low resistivity
* conduct heat and electricity easily
  - electricity, are hard, deformable, shiny, etc
  - much better then plastic or glass for example
  - or transfer heat very quickly
* conducts electricity well
  - electricity, can be super heated, frozen, or rusted
* consist of a lattice of positive ions through which a cloud of electrons moves.
* contain free moving delocalized electrons.
* containing nickel give particularly strong signals for easy identification.
* contains foreign particles
* corrode, paint cracks and chips, wood decays.
* cutting with a laser very different process.
* does have edges, which, when left unfinished, can be sharp.
* expands when heated
  - warm and contracts when cool
* extracted by mining are durable and the most recyclable of all materials on earth.
* flows at right angles to the ram force, increasing diameter and reducing length
  - like putty, or simply vaporises
* form a calx by giving off phlogiston.
* forming theory Compare the metal shearing process with the metal forming process.
* forms compounds
  - insulate oxide
* generally are Malleable
  - have a low electron affinity
* grow stronger as they decline in value.
  - charge carrier density
  - ranges
* have a larger thermal conductivity than wood and can more easily transfer heat to the hand
  - lustrous appearance and are electrical conductors
  - thermal expansion coefficient
  - whole bunch of physical properties that are similar
  - an ability to form mixtures which are called as alloys
  - characteristic properties that can be explained in terms of bonding
  - fairly low resistivity and allow electricity to flow easily
  - high melting and boiling points
  - large specific heats, that is why they conduct heat well
* have lots of electrons which can move freely, and therefore metals conduct electricity
  - free electrons that's why they are good conductor of electricity
  - freely moving electrons
* have low electron affinities while nonmetals have high electron affinities
  - electronegativities since they have weak attraction for any shared electrons
  - electronegativity and are electron donors
  - lower ionization energies than nonmetals
  - many properties in common
  - metallic bonds, which generate a giant structure
  - naturally high surface energies provided by their oxide layers
  - one, two, or three electrons in their outermost shell
  - the capacity to reflect about ninety percent of light that falls on it
  - thermal and electrical conduction in close proportion, unlike many non-metals
* have very low absorption rates
* help the oils absorb oxygen after they are applied, resulting in hard films.
* helps determine product characteristics such as hardness, color and refractoriness.
* hydrides Oxidative addition and reductive elimination.
* impart the reflective surface to mirrors.
  - iron and steel, ferrous and nonferrous metals
* is an element
  - capable of burns
  - harder than plastic
  - heavies
  - inanimate objects
* is located in cars
  - instruments
  - music style
* is used for castings
  - machinings
  - makes
* just tend to be more efficent and non-metals less.
* lasts longer than shingles and rolled roofing.
* lose electrons easily to form anions
  - in chemical reactions, non-metals gain electrons or form covalent bonds
  - more easily than nonmetals
* make good conductors because only the electrons move in metal conductors
  - materials to measure
* make up another materials group, specifically aluminum lithium and improved titanium alloys
  - the crucial components for machines, instruments, and structures
* moves more than nonmetallic building elements, such as wood or concrete.
* objects in a magnetic field affect it.
* occur mainly on the left-hand side of the periodic table.
* offer good models to investigate magnetism in general
  - high electrical conductivity, excellent reflectivity and superior barrier properties
* often crystallize in a three dimensional version of the hexagonal closest packed structure
  - have a metallic lustre, which means that they're very shiny
  - react with nonmetals to form ionic compounds
  - release electrons from their outer energy level
* play a vital part in any war effort
  - an important role in the dyeing of textiles
* precipitate , creating chimneys of ore deposits.
* produces a very different sound from that of wood
  - water, and water represents money
* react by losing electrons
  - vigorously and alkali metals ignite in NO
* react with halogens to form halogen compounds which are stable in presence of water
  - non-metals to form ionic compounds in which the metal becomes positively charged
  - oxygen to form basic oxides
* reacts violently with oxidants
* reduces Earth because earth is exhausted in the process of producing metal.
* reflect light rather than transmitting or absorbing it.
* released from the slag can poison marine plants and animals.
* rusts easily in the humid and wet climate of Japan so nails can have a short life span
  - when it oxidizes
* rusts, and rubber bands disintegrate.
* seeks a connection with the heavens.
* shavings from lathing operations can injure faces and hands, resulting in lost work time.
* show a wide range of chemical and physical properties.
* sink and yet large ships are made of metal.
* stands for mineral, gold, jewelry, iron, rock or something hard.
* striking metal can also be a source of sparking.
* substitutes for canvas and paper, too.
* surrounded by oxygen and other combustibles can ignite and be destroyed.
* tend to be more toxic at lower pH because they are more soluble
  - plastic because there are no directional or charge restrictions
  - conduct heat well and they also heat up pretty quickly
  - displace from solution other metals that have a lower standard potential
* tend to have electrons in the outer layer of their atoms that are freely shared
  - high melting and boiling points because of the strength of the metallic bond
  - lose electrons and form positive ions
* tends to go faster than snow, while wood tends to go slower.
* therefore conduct electricity very easily.
* thus tend to adopt relatively simple structures.
* turn black when touched by the root.
* turns to rust via oxidation.
* typically are strong, dense, and good conductors of both electricity and heat
  - conduct electricity and heat well, and they are malleable and ductile
* typically have a low ionization energy
  - many free electrons, and are good conductors
  - react with two, four, or six ligands
* uptake by wetland plants is one potential point of entry into the food chain.
* use cold connecting methods of joining.
* used by the Korean craftsmen are traditional gold, silver, brass, neizilber and bronze
  - for plating include chromium, nickel, tin, and zinc
* usually are good conductors of heat and electricity
  - contain poisonous materials,including the soldering from tin cans
* usually have a filled shell plus one or two extra electrons
  - high densities
  - prefer to give up electrons to achieve a full shell
  - react to form positive ions
* utensils conduct heat away and interfere with controlled crystallization.
* vary in their capacity to conduct heat.
* works best to conduct the heat to the water containers.
+ Amalgam: Chemicals
  * An 'amalgam' is a solution of a metal in mercury. Many metals can dissolve in mercury. Amalgams are used in tooth fillings. Platinum and iron cannot form amalgams. Gold can dissolve in mercury, which is used to separate gold from its ore. Aluminum forms an amalgam which can react with water because the thin oxide coating on the aluminum is dissolved.
+ Copper, Properties, Physical properties: Chemical elements :: Metals
  * It is very flexible and ductile. That means that it can be stretched into wires easily. Copper is also very soft, it has a Moh's hardness of 2,5 to 3. That means that it is harder than a fingernail but softer than a steel pocketknife. It is also one of the few colored metals. Most metals are gray or silver. Gold, copper, and osmium are the only three colored metals. In other words, it turns green because it oxidises. Copper corrodes in solutions having sulfides. It reacts with solutions of hydrochloric acid or ammonia containing oxygen. It can also dissolve in a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid.
+ Electrical resistivity: Electricity
  * Electrical resistivity' is a concept in electrical engineering. It is a measure of how much an electrical conductor stops the flow of electricity through it. Most metals have a very low electrical resistivity. The SI uses the ohm metre for measuring how much electrical resistivity there is. Electrical resistivity is also inverse of electrical conductivity. This term is more meaningful in case of semiconductors and insulators.
+ Flame test
  * A 'flame test' is a test for chemicals. Normally it is used to see whether there are certain metals in a chemical compound. The chemical compound is heated in a flame and a colored flame is made. The colored flame can be turned into its spectrum to analyze it. Many metals produce flame colors. The colors are made by electrons jumping up to higher orbits in the atom when it is heated. They fall down soon, putting out light as energy.
+ Fluorine, Properties: Nonmetals :: Halogens
  * It is very reactive gas, which exists as diatomic molecules. It is actually the most reactive element. Fluorine has a very high attraction for electrons, because it is missing one. This makes it the most powerful oxidizing agent. It does not need a spark. Metals can catch on fire when placed in a stream of fluorine. After it is reduced by reacting with other things, it forms the stable fluoride ion. Fluorine is very poisonous. Fluorine bonds very strongly with carbon. It can react with the unreactive noble gases. It explodes when mixed with hydrogen.
+ Gold, Chemical properties: Gold
  * Most metals are gray in color. Gold is yellow because of the way its electrons behave. The only other metal in common use that has a non-gray color is copper.
+ Ice: Chemical compounds :: Water
  * Ice is commonly used  in home appliances such as the refrigerator or freezer. If water is put in a freezer and left for a while, the water gets very cold and will freeze solid, creating ice. Metals are good conductors of heat, so water can freeze faster than in a plastic ice tray.
+ Iodine, Uses: Halogens :: Chemical elements :: Nonmetals
+ Metal, Use of metals
  * Metals are very useful to people. They are used to make tools  because they can be strong and easy to shape. Iron and steel have been used to make bridges, buildings, or ships.
+ Solid, Kinds of solids, Metals: States of matter
  * Most metals are strong, dense, and good conductors of both electricity and heat. The mass of the elements in the periodic table, those to the left of a diagonal line drawn from boron to polonium, are metals. Mixtures of two or more elements in which the big component is a metal are known as alloys.
+ Thermal conductivity: Thermodynamics
  * Thermal conductivity' is the ability of a material to conduct heat. Metals are good at moving heat. They are good conductors of heat. Gases are also good at moving heat. Thermal resistivity' is the opposite of thermal conductivity.
+ Thermite, Safety: Fire :: Chemistry
  * Thermite is not safe to make at home. It releases ultraviolet light which can damage the eyes. It also makes a very hot flame that can melt iron. It is extremely difficult to extinguish. Streams of molten iron can flow out of a thermite mixture, igniting everything around it. Some metals can boil and burst into flames when placed in thermite, such as zinc. If it is preheated then ignited, thermite can burn very fast, releasing a huge amount of heat and light. If it is dropped in water it can boil water very fast, making an explosion. Dropping it on ice can make the ice explode.