### belief | doctrine:

Universalism
* affirms that the universe is one.
* heresy with both pagan and Christian forms.
* is committed to individual freedom of belief
  - reason and is open to new insights, from whatever source
  - grounded in the tension between two standards
  - itself non-creedal
  - real religion
  - the doctrine that all men and women are ultimately saved
* is, of course, the opposite to particularism.

### belief | doctrine:

Utilitarianism
* Do that which generates the greatest shit for the greatest number.
* also allows for the evaluation of efficiency.
* approaches moral problems by whether their effect on society is positive or negative.
* are doctrines.
* argues that ethics derives from a calculus of opposites, pleasure and pain.
* can argue on either side of controversial issues
  - lead to social injustices, particularly in social distributions
* has two moral concepts, equality and utility.
* holds that it is the common good that is to be advanced.
* ignores the importance of intentions.
* is an egalitarian political theory
  - committed to the measurement and comparison of the societal good
  - one of a number of attempts to render moral judgements 'scientific'
  - probably the best-known teleologial theory
* is the basic form taken by teleological approaches
  - best-known form of consequentialism
  - ethical theory that is based on the consequences of our own actions
  - most common expression of a still broader moral theory, consequentialism
  - view that right actions and institutions maximize aggregate happiness
* is, however, wholly inadequate as a basis for developing a moral rule of life.
* looks merely at consequences and ignores moral principles.
* normative moral theory, i.e. a way of deciding what actions are morally good.
* offers a practical method of calculating hedonic value.
* places a moral veneer over our silence about ethics.
* recognises that there are practical limitations on calculating 'utilities'.
* requires firms to consider the greatest good for the public at large.
* says that actions are right if promote the greatest happiness of the greatest number.
* seeks to provide the greatest good for the greatest number of people.
* theory for making moral decisions.
* very intuitive theory.

### belief:

Expectation
* are a natural outgrowth of beliefs
  - part of the universe that make things happen, both negatively or positively
  - way of creating limitations on our experience
  - assumptions
  - contexts
  - feelings
  - individual subjective evaluations
  - often a self-fulfilling prophecy
* are the counterpart of perception
  - most powerful influence on why people have difficulty seeing wildlife
  - root cause of grief
* blood relative of hope and faith.
* can affect inflation, at least in the short term.
* contains things in the future.
* drive behavior.
* future hope in either things, events or people.
* guide identification of objects in the environment.
* have profound affects on education outcomes for students of all levels and backgrounds.
* is like a blind act of faith, which can make the invisible visible
  - the future outlook of faith
* kind of ego.
* leads to behaviour that supports development or maintenance of symptoms.
* play a huge role in consumer selection in a global economy
  - role in communities as well as in individuals
  - an important role in comprehension
+ List of emotions, Robert Plutchik's theory: Non-verbal communication :: Lists
  * Expectation is more neutral.

### belief | expectation:

Cultural expectation
* create social reality.
* is for boys to masturbate early in adolescence.

High expectation
* play an important part in many Native cultures.
* tend to be correlated with high achievement.

Parental expectation
* can encourage positive attitudes and personal best.
* influence a child's development.