### animal | vertebrate | mammal | ungulate | cattle | cow:

Beef cow
* are different from dairy cows
  - raised in all regions where there is pasture and hay
* can manage on pasture with supplemental feedings of hay and grain in winter.

Bison cow
* have calves.
* weigh pounds.

Domesticated cow
* are relatively calm animals but they are spooked by unexpected events.
* tend to be confined to large, fenced pastures.

Dry cow
* Most dry cows produce manure.
* are prone to summer mastitis
  - quite susceptible to new infections at dry off and near freshening
* provide benefits.

### animal | vertebrate | mammal | ungulate | cattle | cow:

Heifer
* are a high cost item when expenses are divided among the various enterprises on the farm
  - girls
* are located in barbecues
  - beef
  - bran
  - colleges
  - corrals
  - countrysides
  - county fairs
  - dairy farms
  - factory farms
  - feedlots
  - freezers
  - heat
  - meatloaf
  - movies
  - new jerseys
  - shades
  - slaughterhouses
  - stalls
  - stew
  - yards
* are more likely to be bred when coming from situations with dense cattle populations
  - susceptible than cows
  - much more likely to have calves with scours
  - preferable to lactation cows
  - red and red baldie
  - usually less efficient at feed conversion
* are young female cattle
  - mammals
* can also experience decreased fertility when implanted during the suckling phase
  - be especially difficult to manage during drought
  - gain without getting too fat
* generally come into milk at about two years of age.
* have lighter carcasses, and that increases the packing cost per hundredweight of carcass
  - poorer colostrum
* make the best cutting calves.
* remain so until they have had a calf.
* spend more time in labor and more time giving birth than mature cows.
* young mammal

Infected cow
* are primarily just a source of infection for calves
  - the main source of infection for calves
  - the source of the organisms
* can infect their unborn calves.
* fail to conceive or the embryo dies.
* produce less and poorer quality milk.
* secrete the bacteria into their milk and on to their pastures.

Mad cow
* belongs to a group of diseases called prion diseases.
* fits the classic profile of a disease likely to cause hysteria.
* is caused by a very unusual agent called prion
  - one of a family of prion diseases that strike humans and other animals
* neurodegenerative disorder in cattle that can cause holes in the brain.
* neurological disease that destroys the brain.

Mature cow
* Most mature cows weigh pounds.
* are identifiable by their size and long slender shape.
* tend to give bigger, and better calves than first-calf heifers do.

Old cow
* Most old cows have eyes
  - lead cow calves
  - produce calves
* lead calves

Older cow
* are more likely to develop the disease, given mad cow disease's long incubation period.
* have fewer reproductive years remaining reducing their value for breeding purposes.
* tend to have a greater proportion of residual milk than heifers.

Pregnant cow
* Most pregnant cows deliver calves
  - healthy calves
* are easier to observe if separated from cows that have calved
  - from cows that havecalved
* carries endangered species.

Springer
* appear to be much more likely to suddenly bite than the average breed.
* are cheerful dogs with a sense of humor
  - natural retrievers
  - part of archs
  - stones
  - very affectionate dogs and require attention from their human companions daily
* can be high energy dogs and require a moderate amount of daily exercise.

Thin cow
* are more susceptible to pathogens and parasites.
* give birth to weak calves, milk poorly and have difficulty rebreeding on time.
* suffer more cold stress and rob body fat stores to keep warm.

Young cow
* are usually worst-affected, because they have no previous exposure and immunity.
* tend to get thinner than older cows when nutrition is limiting.