### animal | larva:

Caterpillar
* All caterpillars can make silk
  - have special prolegs on the abdomen that are used to grip the branch or needles
* Caterpillars Description Caterpillars are the larvae of moths and butterflies.
* Create a egg carton catapiller.
* Cut out circles of colored construction paper
  - on different colored construction paper
* Just touching a hairy or spiny caterpillar can cause skin irritation.
* Many caterpillars are cryptically colored and resemble the plants on which they feed
  - equipped with defensive hairs which can be highly irritant to some people
  - nocturnal
  - picky eaters
  - serious pests of ornamental and agricultural crops
  - solitary, while others feed in large groups
  - very hairy in appearance
  - feed on oak
* Many caterpillars have 'eyespots' on their heads
  - markings on their rear end that look like eyes
  - tubercles
  - resemble the plant on which they feed, dry twigs , or rolled leaves
  - take shelter in each nest
  - use the toxins from their host plants to their own advantage
* More caterpillars survive, and many adults emerge within a short period of time.
* Most Caterpillars are easy to spot
  - caterpillars appear in gardens
* Most caterpillars are herbivores
  - inside bushes
  - located on leaves
  - parasitized late enough that the flies mature in the cocoons
  - seasonal bugs
  - selective about what they eat
  - solely herbivorous
  - attain adulthood
* Most caterpillars attain full-size in early summer and transform to the pupal stage
  - summer and transform to the pupil stage
  - avoid enemies
* Most caterpillars become black butterflies
  - change into butterflies
* Most caterpillars chew bushes
* Most caterpillars depend on forests
  - habitats
* Most caterpillars destroy crops
  - fruit
* Most caterpillars eat aphids
  - brushes
  - carbohydrates
  - certain plants
  - foliage
  - food
  - holes
  - materials
  - milkweed plants
  - noxious plants
  - plant leaves but a few caterpillars can eat insects
  - willows
* Most caterpillars emerge from chrysalises
  - trees
* Most caterpillars enter forests
  - pasture
  - regions
  - evolve into butterflies
  - explore territory
  - feed during summer
* Most caterpillars feed in leaves
* Most caterpillars feed on aphids
  - flowers
  - foliage, frequently causing serious leaf damage to wild plants and crops
  - grass
  - hosts
  - leaves of plants or trees
* Most caterpillars feed on milkweed foliage
  - plants of some kind, and some are pests in gardens and yards
  - plants, until they become large enough to enter the pupa phase of life
  - shrubs
  - weeds
* Most caterpillars find places
  - safe places
  - special places
* Most caterpillars get attention
  - energy
  - give birth to caterpillars
* Most caterpillars go through growth
* Most caterpillars hang from silken thread
* Most caterpillars has-part backs
  - organs
  - tails
* Most caterpillars have a cool pattern
  - semi-circular ring of six ocelli on each side of the head
  - similar life cycle and cause similar damage
  - close resemblance
  - growth stages
  - large eyespots
  - live from about two weeks to a month
* Most caterpillars live in environments
  - fields
  - on plants
  - look for places
* Most caterpillars make cocoons
  - excretion
  - secretion
  - molt four or five times before they are full-grown
* Most caterpillars possess bodies
  - structures
* Most caterpillars prefer a slightly humid environment
  - humid environments
  - sticks
  - surfaces
* Most caterpillars require food
  - secrete sugary substances
  - seek food
* Most caterpillars shed just like snakes
* Most caterpillars survive in arctic conditions
  - threaten habitats
* Most caterpillars transform into beautiful butterflies
* Most caterpillars turn into butterflies
  - pupas
  - undergo physical transformation
* Most caterpillars undergo remarkable physical transformation
* Most caterpillars use jaws
  - strong jaws
* Most caterpillars visit ecosystems
  - walk on legs
* Some caterpillars appear in Pennsylvania
  - milkweeds
  - tents
* Some caterpillars are bright colors, saying that they are poisenous
  - considered pests because of the damage they do to crops
  - distasteful and poisonous to predators such as birds
  - hairy, while others are smooth-bodied and mimic twigs
  - inside cocoons
* Some caterpillars are located at farms
  - in forests
  - migratory like moths and butterflies
  - the same color as the plants to hide
  - used in industry
* Some caterpillars attract attention more from their large size than from the damage they do
  - avoid predators
* Some caterpillars become chrysalises
  - monarchs
  - bite wasps that approach it
* Some caterpillars can be dangerous to touch
  - give nasty stings and cause painful skin reactions
  - catch in web
* Some caterpillars cause allergies
  - devastate damage
  - intense skin irritation in mammals
  - much damage
  - change into moths
* Some caterpillars chew flowers
  - choose to look like a vein in a leaf, while others go for the bird-dropping look
  - collect fruit
  - complete larval development
* Some caterpillars depend on environments
  - ground
  - destroy trees
  - die from that first meal because their mouths gum up
  - do damage
* Some caterpillars eat buds
  - citruses
  - entire oak leaves
  - maples
  - shed skin
  - tomatoes
  - walnuts
* Some caterpillars emerge from skin
  - in springs
* Some caterpillars enter a state similar to hibernation throughout the colder months
  - nests
  - even change their disguise as they molt and grow
  - feed at nights
* Some caterpillars feed in colonies
* Some caterpillars feed on beech leaves
  - cardamoms
  - corn stalks
  - evergreens
  - leaf surfaces
  - lichens
  - seeds
  - find the green ovaries acceptable as food, others the seeds themselves
  - give birth to larvae
  - graze on algas
  - grow wings
* Some caterpillars has-part bellies
  - glands
  - mandibles
* Some caterpillars have appendages
  - background color
  - bands
  - dots
  - enormous appetite
  - hairy warts
  - horns
  - impact
  - light color
  - powerful jaws
  - the ability to inflate parts of their heads to appear snake-like
* Some caterpillars have white bands
  - infect with viruses
  - inflict serious damage
  - invade trees
* Some caterpillars kill larvae
* Some caterpillars live in gardens
  - on milkweeds
  - look just the same, only bigger, each time they reach a new instar
* Some caterpillars look like flowers
* Some caterpillars make chrysalises
  - noise
  - move at nights
  - obtain protection by associating themselves with ants
* Some caterpillars possess babies
  - mechanisms
* Some caterpillars prefer leaves
* Some caterpillars reach full size
  - receive food
  - regurgitate acidic digestive juices at attacking enemies
  - replace skin
* Some caterpillars require environments
  - resemble persian cats
  - rest on trees
  - return to gardens
  - search for places
  - secrete ant pheromone
  - seek shelter
  - sit in trees
* Some caterpillars spin outer cases
  - protective cases
  - starve to death
* Some caterpillars threaten fields
  - tie leaves together with webbing and eat the leaf from within the cocoon
  - transform into pupas
  - turn into butterflies, but most turn into moths
* Some caterpillars use different strategies
  - visit forests
* Use straight or wiggly sticks.
* also use silk when they pupate, either to suspend a chrysalis or to construct a cocoon.
* are a food source in some cultures
  - active when their hostplants are plentiful, which is often spring and summer
  - active, slender, green worms with microscopic hairs
  - blue-black with white spots down the back
  - capable of doing enough damage to severely retard plant growth
  - dedicated eating machines - they literally do nothing but eat
  - dirty white with brown heads
  - found in the habitat where their food is
  - generally black, with a white stripe down the back
  - grayish with five pairs of blue spots and six pairs of red spots along their back
  - greenish yellow with lots of hair and black dots and feed on leaves
  - gregarious, occasionally becoming pests
* are known to be incredibly voracious, eating everything in sight
  - grow in size too quickly
  - large and feeding voraciously
  - larvae that spend much of their time eating
  - larvas
  - lepidopterans
  - one type of herbivore that only eats part of a plant, they only eat the leaves
  - particular about the kind of food they eat
  - phytophagus, with most feeding on all parts of the plants
  - picky eaters, and butterflies are picky egg-layers
  - quite sensitive to humidity
  - really particular about what they eat
  - reddish brown to black with white markings and long white hairs
  - relatively fragile creatures
  - shade-loving and feed during the night and on cloudy days
  - slug-like, short, and often have tubercles with bristles
  - soft bodied and slow moving
* are solitary and develop through five instars
  - eat leaves
  - rest on the underside of leaves
  - feeders, and when they are mature they pupate in underground burrows
  - solitary, living and feeding in a nest of leaves tied with silk
  - subject to weather conditions, disease, parasites and predators
* are the immature form of moths and butterflies
  - or larval stage of moths and butterflies
  - larvae of various insect species, and as such they eat leaves for food
  - name given to the larvae of both moths and butterflies
  - names given to the larvae of both butterflies and moths
  - stage that cause damage by feeding on leaves
  - ugly
* are usually conspicuously spinose so they can be more readily identified and avoided
  - solitary and feed on leaves at night
  - very fragile and can pick up bacterial infections from human skin
  - voracious feeders
  - well-adapted to their natural surroundings
  - where it all begins and probably why butterflies are so fascinating
  - butterflies in the waiting process
* begin as eggs, typically laid on the underside of leaves or bark or other safe places
  - hole feeders, then progress to free feeding as they get bigger
  - their damage as adult female moths or butterflies, which lay eggs on plants
* build cocoons around themselves and become butterflies with no prior expectation.
* bury eggs.
* can adjust their body temperatures by moving from one compartment to another
  - barely see at all
  - be great at disguise, the can keep absolutely still and pretend to be a twig
  - become serious pest during certain times of the year by eating the segments
  - cause the same damage
  - devastate a cabbage crop if undetected
  - do tremendous damage in a short period of time
  - eat several germinants in an evening
  - sense touch, taste, smell, sound, and light
  - strip oleander leaves in just a few days
* cause a public nuisance
  - extensive damage to the trees, crops, and clothes
  - much damage, mainly by eating leaves
* change into butterflies and lobster larvae change into beautiful, tasty creatures
  - slots into the leaves
* collect under the cloth during the morning hours as the day begins to warm up.
* come in many colors and patterns
  - various sizes, shapes and colors
* communicate with sound.
* complete growth.
* construct silken shelters by tying leaves together about midway up the host plant.
* consume a lot of milkweed leaves in order to gain enough mass in such a short time
  - leaf tissue
* cost cotton growers millions of dollars annually in chemical controls and lost yield.
* crawl to move around.
* damage plants.
  - vegetation
  - millions of dollars worth of crops each year
* develop through a succession of phases known as instars.
* display behavior.
* eat a lot so bring plenty
* eat almost constantly and grow very quickly, at an astonishing rate
  - molt many times as they grow
  - buds and young leaves, and pupate in litter at the base of the host plant
  - catkins and leaves
  - continuously throughout their existence in order to build up reserves
  - dead leaves and fruits, and detritus
* eat grass blades and pupate underground
  - leaves at night and make shelters of silken tubes lined with grass
* eat leaves and are gregarious when young
  - develop continously during the wet season
  - feed together in groups when they are young
  - flowers, and feed together in groups
  - live in nests of rolled or tied leaves
* eat leaves and live in shelters of leaves tied together with silk
  - of silked-together leaves
  - tents of silked-together leaves
* eat leaves and make a resting platform with silk and dung pellets
  - nests of silked-together leaves
* eat leaves and make shelters of folded leaves
  - male flowers of the host plant
* eat leaves and rest in shelters of silked-together leaves
  - on silken mats in shelters of curled leaves
  - underneath
  - spin large cocoons in the leaves of the host plant
  - take shelter in tied-up leaves
  - the fourth stage hibernates
  - young ones feed gregariously
  - from hickory, walnut, sweet gum, birch and persimmon trees
  - of several hardwood trees including oak, birch, basswood, apple and aspen
  - leaves, although some prefer flowers and young fruits
* eat leaves, and live and pupate in tents of folded, sealed leaves
  - young ones live and feed communally
  - flowers, and young fruits
  - seeds and seed pods, and very few caterpillars are agricultural pests
  - lots of foliage, butterflies sip nectar from flowers
  - mostly leaves and other various plants parts
  - one or more different kinds of leaves
  - only vegitation and adults eat nectar
  - plants while most butterflies drink the nectar of flowers
  - slots into the leaves and sometimes feed together in groups
  - the leaves and sometimes flowers and seeds of certain plants
* eat their eggshells after they hatch, then at night feed on catkins and leaves
  - way into the thick leaves
* eat young leaves in spring
  - seeds inside the pod, where they overwinter and pupate
* emerge as possible cause for syndrome killing foals.
  - in the spring and feed on leaves, making shelters of leaves tied with silk
* fall off the foliage and onto the sheet.
* feed actively on broadleaf trees for five to six weeks
  - and live in the shelter of a webbed leaf
  - approximately two months and then pupate
* feed at night and hide at the base of the plant during the day
  - pupate under mosses and rocks
  - at the base of host plant and pupate in a loose silk cocoon above ground
  - night, and during the day rest hidden on the bark of their host plants
* feed exclusively on milkweed, ingesting toxic glycosides present in the plants
* feed first on foliage
  - leaves, then flowers and seedpods
  - gregariously, writhing and twitching upon disturbance
* feed in clusters near branch terminals
  - groups out in the open
* feed in groups when they are young and move apart when they are older
  - small groups when young but become solitary when older
  - inside lower canes and crown area
  - mostly on thistle
  - off certain plants and fruits before they turn into beautiful butterflies
* feed on Virginia creeper and grape leaves
  - a range of host plants , including both woody and herbaceous plants
  - blue violet and over winter shortly after hatching
* feed on buds, flowers, and seed pods
  - leaves, flowers, and young fruit
  - flower buds and young fruits
* feed on flowers and fruits and are tended by ants
  - flowers, seedpods, and young leaves and are tended by ants
  - foliage of trees, shrubs, flowers, vegetables, and weeds
  - grass leaves and live in silken tubes at the base of grass clumps
  - grasses
  - leaf buds and leaves
* feed on leaves and buds and probably detritus
  - chrysalids hibernate
  - inside vines and fruits
  - live at the base of grasses in shelters of rolled or tied leaves
* feed on leaves and live in nests of leaves tied together with silk
  - nests of tied-together leaves
  - shelters of rolled leaves
  - shelters of tied leaves
  - tents of two leaves silked together
* feed on leaves and make shelters of rolled or tied leaves
  - of silk-tied leaves
  - occasionally flowers and fruits
  - partially-grown caterpillars overwinter in rolled leaf shelters
* feed on leaves and rest in leaf nests
* feed on leaves and take shelter in nests of rolled leaves
  - in nests of tied leaves
  - communally in a web
* feed on leaves of ailanthus and produce silken webs
  - many shrubs and bushes, such as hollies
  - only of catalpa trees
* feed on leaves, flowers, and developing seeds, and are tended by ants
  - weakening the tree
* feed on milkweed and sometimes on dogbane
  - most parts of the host
  - plants in the carrot family, which includes dill, fennel, parsley, and carrots
  - ripening grain, consuming the contents and leaving the hull intact
* feed on tender foliage
* feed on the edges of leaves and hide at the base of plants
  - leaves of trees and shrubs
  - needles at night and pupate in shallow burrows underground
  - outer coverings of the stems
  - violet leaves and hibernate when in the third to fourth stage of development
  - willow leaves and mimic bird droppings in appearance
* feed on young leaves and rest in leaf nests
  - shoots
* feed together in groups, and pupate and overwinter in shallow underground burrows
  - on leaves, flowers, or bracts in a silk nest
  - when young, sometimes in a slight silk web
  - within shelters of webbed leaves
* feeding in the heads are often difficult to detect.
* find good places
  - creative when it comes to self defense
* give a little clue about where they are - little chewed marks in the leaves
  - several stages, called 'instars', in which they change their skin
* grow out of their skin, molting
  - quite rapidly
  - rapidly and typically complete their larval development in seven to eight weeks
  - to inch and are whitish to pink with yellow-brown head capsules
  - very quickly , shedding their skin several times along the way
* hatch and begin feeding on leaves, spinning silken webs enveloping their feeding sites
  - to feed on the turf
  - grow as they feed for several weeks
  - from eggs and produce silken tunnels for protection while feeding
  - in less than two weeks and are solitary feeders
  - the next spring
* hatching from eggs are initially black with a white saddle.
* have a chemical called juvenile hormone in their bodies that is made by their brain
  - dark side, one that justifies entomophobia, the fear of caterpillars
  - series of white dashes on the back
  - appearances
  - around twelve ocelli and no compound eyes
  - big appetites and as a result they usually grow very rapidly
  - black heads, with long, light brown body hairs
* have chewing mouth parts
  - five pairs of prolegs with the last pair having the appearance of a forked tail
  - huge appetites for leaves and fruits and can defoliate plants quickly
* have large appetites for leaves and fruits and can defoliate plants quickly
* have many natural enemies and are usually temporary nuisances
  - such as birds and wasp and fly parasites
  - that usually keep their numbers below damaging levels
* have one black segment but lack white markings on the back
  - stripe down back and construct silken webs in branch forks
  - pale brown heads
  - silk glands and produce silk threads around feeding sites
* have six legs on thorax, and prolegs, which are fleshy appendages on abdomen
  - true, jointed legs on the thoracic segements, immediately behind the head
  - soft bodies that can grow rapidly between moults
  - something called a spinneret, which silk stranding
  - spinnerets on their bottom lips
  - strong mandibles for chewing their food, a characteristic adult butterflies lack
  - three true legs
  - to be sprayed in their first or second molts, for example
* have two pairs of six ocelli on their head
  - types of legs which perform different functions
* have very poor eyesight and can see only light and dark
  - specific tastes
  - whitish keyhole-shaped markings down the middle of their backs
* hide in litter during the day and emerge at night to feed on leaves and fruits
  - the thatch during the day and come out to feed at night
* includes brains
  - cell membranes
  - cells
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - ears
  - nuclei
  - plasma membranes
  - sections
  - skulls
  - vacuoles
* infest cherry trees
* ingest food
  - plant food
* instinctively know to eat plants, and hang on during the chrysalises stage.
* lack the proboscis and have separate chewing mouthparts.
* leave the safety of the silken web to feed
  - their tents to feed on leaves and can quickly defoliate sections of a tree
* like to eat the leaves and butterflys lay eggs on the leaves.
* live and feed within nests of webbed leaves
* live in a nest of leaves tied with silk, and fourth-stage caterpillars hibernate
  - tube of silked-together leaves and feed mostly at night
  - leaf shelters and feed on leaves
  - shelters of folded-over leaves and come out to feed at night
* live in shelters of rolled leaves and feed on leaves
  - or tied leaves and emerge at night to feed on leaves
  - silk nests and eat leaves
  - suitable places
* love corn
  - spinach, too
* make a webbed leaf nest in which they live and feed
  - great pets, both for children and for adults
  - great, easy pets for kids and adults alike
* molt four or five times as they grow
  - to five times during their development
  - into pupae inside the host plant
  - many times during their development
* molt several times during development
* mostly eat plant material, but some eat insects.
* move in a wavelike motion, from back to front.
* need certain food
* often blend in with their environment as a defense mechanism against predators
  - cluster on the lower trunks of infested trees
  - emit a greenish-black fluid when disturbed which stains paint and cloth
  - shelter within a loosely folded leaf
* only eat fresh leaves that have enough water.
* pass through five to seven larval instars before they enter the pupal stage
  - it to become butterflies
* poop a lot.
* prefer environments
  - flowers and buds of the host plants
  - oak, crab apple and apple, willow, aspen, birch, basswood, linden, and tamarack
* probably hibernate in their fourth stage.
* produce a loose silken mat on top surface of infested food material
  - lot of frass
* pupate and overwinter in burrows in the ground
  - chambers in the ground
  - shallow burrows in the ground
  - underground chambers
  - at the base of the host tree after descending from the tree on a silken thread
* pupate in cocoons spun in leaf litter on the ground
  - cracks or crevices spinning a very small amount of silk
* pupate in loose cocoons in shallow underground burrows
  - the leaf litter
  - within shallow underground burrows
* pupate in shallow burrows in the ground
  - soil
  - chambers in the soil
  - thin cocoons underground
* quickly complete their development and spin cocoons before winter.
* rely on wild plant sources to exist.
* represent the second type of larva.
  - some moisture to keep their skin moist and to drink
* resemble bird droppings and eat leaves and young shoots
* rest in leaf shelters and come out at night to eat leaves
  - rolled leaves during the day and eat leaves at night
  - inside the tents during the night and depart to feed on leaves during the day
  - underneath leaves during the day, emerging at night and on cloudy days to feed
  - with the hind end elevated
* roll their own.
* secrete substances
  - the shelter of the burlap during the daylight hours
* seem to gravitate to the roof of the containers, too.
  - their skins four or five times as they grow, in a process called molting
* specialize in feeding and are mostly leaf-eaters.
* spend most of their time eating.
* spend the day in leaf shelters and eat leaves during the night
  - shelters of rolled or tied leaves and feed on leaves at night
* spin down onto people on silk threads.
* spin loose cocoons in plant litter under the host plants
  - under the soil surface in which they pupate and overwinter
* stay inside the pupa for one week.
* stop feeding within a few hours after taking a bite of the treated leaf.
* symbolize transformation.
* tend to be green and cylindrical and are covered with very short hair.
* threaten gardens
* tunnel into stems and feed for up to six weeks, then pupate in the soil
  - the leaves, causing whitish-brown patches to develop on leaves
  - silk to make nests or cocoons
  - the thread to spin the cocoons in which they change into an adult moth
  - their jaws for the same purpose
* usually begin chewing on a leaf in the center , or away from the edge of the leaf
  - feed by chewing on plant matter
  - have five pairs of stumpy prolegs on the abdomen
  - occur singly, although some are nest builders
  - spend the day in shelters of rolled leaves and emerge after dark to eat leaves
+ Butterfly, Life cycle, Caterpillar
  * All caterpillars can make silk. The silk is made from the salivary glands. Silk starts out as a liquid in the salivary glands. The caterpillar draws out the silk into a small thread. The silk hardens as soon as it is exposed to the air. Caterpillars use silk to make nests or cocoons.
  * Most caterpillars feed on leaves of plants or trees. Most species of caterpillars will feed only on a small number of certain kinds of plants. If the caterpillar's food plant is not found, it will starve to death.
+ Parasitic wasp, Host defence: Wasps :: Parasites
  * The egg shells and cuticles of the prey are thickened to prevent the wasp from penetrating them. When the wasp arrives, prey may drop off the plant they are on, or twist and thrash to dislodge the female. Some regurgitate onto the wasp to tangle it up. The wriggling can sometimes help by causing the wasp to miss laying the egg on the host and instead place it nearby. Wriggling of pupae can cause the wasp to lose its grip on the smooth hard pupa or get trapped in the silk strands. Some caterpillars bite wasps that approach it. Some secrete poisonous compounds that kill or drive away the parasitoid. Ants that are in a symbiotic relationship with caterpillars, aphids or scale insects defend them from attack by wasps. Gross P. 1993.