### body part | organ:

Muscle
* All muscles act in contraction.
* All muscles are derived from paraxial mesoderm
  - uni-articular and there is no intervening structure that can act as pulley
  - do a single action, they contract and relax
  - have two ends
  - strengthen and thicken with increased work, and the heart is no exception
  - work in pairs
* Every muscle gives off an electrical charge when it is working
  - is made up of two types of fibers
* Fields The somatic muscles divided into groups by the cords and named according to position.
* Many muscles acting on the thigh have their insertions around the knee
  - connect to the coccyx
  - have multiple TrP locations
  - pull on bones to make arms and legs move
* More muscle means a faster metabolism and less body fat
  - muscles help with bladder control
* Most muscles connect bones
  - limbs
* Most muscles consist of fiber
  - many muscle fiber
* Most muscles contain compounds
  - toxic compounds
* Most muscles control actions
  - expression
  - facial expression
  - cross a joint and attach to the articulating bone that forms a joint
  - develop when they are strained by exercise in a healthful environment
  - end in a single tendon, but there are exceptions
  - extend limbs
  - facilitate movement
* Most muscles generate heat
  - power
  - products
  - waste products
  - grow during periods
* Most muscles have Latin names that refer to their primary function, location, shape, or size
  - effects
  - impact
  - minor effects
  - negative effects
  - proteins
* Most muscles help animals
  - terrestrial animals
* Most muscles move arms
  - jaws
  - larynxes
  - lower jaws
* Most muscles perform functions
  - same functions
* Most muscles produce fatigue toxins
  - pump blood
* Most muscles rely on anaerobic respiration
  - respond to stimuli
* Most muscles serve functions
  - primary functions
  - support heads
* Some muscles actually reverse their actions within the range of hip motion.
* Some muscles are located in mammals
  - sharks
  - under conscious control and are called voluntary muscles
  - cause pain
  - change shapes
* Some muscles connect skulls
  - valves
* Some muscles control fingers
  - hands
  - passage
  - recta
  - cover with feathers
  - deliver energy directly to the crank
  - dominate the production of energy required to pedal
  - extend from walls
  - facilitate ventilation
  - fatigue rapidly, but also recover rapidly
  - force water
* Some muscles have contracts
  - spines
  - tendencies
  - the ability to contract independently without stimulation by the nervous system
  - tissue
  - increase strength
  - involve in respiration
* Some muscles move cartilages
  - dogs
  - feet
  - hind feet
  - teeth
  - wings
* Some muscles protect joints
* Some muscles surround airways
  - arteries
  - urethras
* Some muscles undergo degeneration
  - fatty degeneration
  - work harder than others
* Some muscles work in opposition of each other
  - pairs or as antagonists.
  * are 'contractile' tissue. This means they get shorter. When they get shorter, this is called 'contraction'.
  * help us to move our body parts. Many muscles pull on bones to make arms and legs move
* aches in the back and legs, and headaches are common
  - or extreme muscle weakness
* act against the fluid.
* act as girdles-to hold organs in
  - low-pass filters on neuromotor noise
  - shock absorbers for the joints of the body
* actually burns eighteen times as many calories as fat.
* adapt very quickly.
* allow the smallest move, such as a twitch of the finger, or big movements, such as tumbling.
* also can atrophy
  - grow in size with use
  - has a short memory
* also help protect organs in the body's cavities
  - the skeleton support and protect the body
  - keep a storage form of glucose in the form of glycogen
  - lose mass
  - produce body heat when they contract
  - protect some of the body's organs
  - provide the power to move the joint
  - store glycogen that can be converted to glucose
  - support our entire skeletal system
* appear fuller when glycogen levels are high.
  - all longitudinal
  - always at some level of tension commonly known as muscle tone
  - attached to bones by strong tendons
* are attached to the bones by tendons
  - top of the fibula which help move the knee
  - authority
  - bunches of fibers that can contract
  - bundles of cells and fibers that work together in a very simple way
* are bundles of fibers that can contract
  - contract and expand to produce movement
  - fibres that tense and relax to move different parts of the body
  - capable of contracts
  - contractile tissues which function much like rubber bands
  - controlled through electrical signals between the body's parts and the brain
  - effects which respond to nervous impulses
  - elastic tissues that have the ability to change length
  - extensible in that they can be stretched and still maintain contractile ability
  - fleshy portions of the body, that contract and relax to permit the movement of bones
  - in the center of the body in places such as the breast, and bases of the wings and legs
  - internal organs
  - irritable and susceptible to trigger point spasms
* are less likely to strain or spasm if stretched after exercise
  - tense and stress hormones like cortisol and corticosteroids are decreased
* are located in animals
  - bodybuilders
  - gyms
  - human bodies
  - made largely of protein
* are made of many muscle cells
  - meat
* are made up of mostly proteins, in turn protein is used to build and repair cells
  - muscle cells, the skin is made up of skin cells, and so on
  - most receptive to replacing glycogen stores soon after a hard workout
  - muscles whether on a man or a woman
  - nearly always strained because they are stretched beyond their normal length
  - needed to move bones attached by joints
  - never completely relaxed and maintain a partially contracted state at all times
  - on the outside of the endoskeleton
  - organs composed mainly of muscle cells
* are part of bodies
  - present in opposing groups, as illustrated by the biceps and triceps of the upper arm
  - quite resilient structures and are the least likely to be torn or injured
  - strengthened based on the force placed across the muscle
  - strong, flexible tissues that make the body move by tightening and relaxing
* are the engines of our bodies that require fuel
  - that burn the fuel, calories
  - only elements that can produce eccentric forces about the joint centers
  - principal way the body burns calories
  - tissues made up of very small fibers
  - tough, and a pulled muscle often heals relatively fast
  - unable to relax properly after contraction
  - unique because they can contract
* are used for eating
  - extensions
  - flexion
  - liftings
  - moves
  - movings
  - rotation
  - walking
  - usually visible through the fat in many areas
  - where energy is released, power is produced, and where movement originates
* associated with the follicle provide movement and orientation of the shaft.
* atrophies with age.
* attach across joints to move bones
  - at an origin and an insertion , and produce an action
  - to bone by tendons on each side of a joint
* attach to bones and cross over joints
  - when they contract they enable a person to move
  - with tissue called tendons
  - our bones via tendons
* attach to the bones by tendons
  - inner wall of the cuticle
  - skeleton by tonofilaments in specialized epiderman cells
* attached to the lens allow it to focus light
  - skeleton make motion possible
* band together to form muscle groups which work together.
* become fatigued as the arm is held in elevated positions for prolonged periods
  - in a static position and stress underlying ligaments and the joint capsule
  - less efficient, giving off more heat then they do in warmer temperatures
  - pistons, and brains become computers
* become pistons, intestines become filtering pipes, and brains become computers
  - and, of course, brains become computers
  - weak and limbs lose their coordination
  - weaker and bones become brittle
* begin to atrophy and paralysis sets in
  - lose mass, and the body's metabolic rate slows
  - loss their mass and atrophy
* bleeds If a muscle is hit or sprained, bleeding can start in it.
* burn calories more efficiently than fat and other body tissues
  - efficiently, which is why protein is so important
  - more calories than fat, plus a muscular body has a higher metabolism
* burns calories even at rest, while fat tissue is virtually dead weight
  - faster than fat
  - eight times the calories that fat does
* burns fat and losing muscle means burning fewer calories
  - for fuel when the body is at rest and during exercise
  - more calories per hour than fat
* burns more calories than any other part of the body
  - does adipose or fatty tissue
  - fat tissue, even at rest
  - fat, even at rest
  - twice as many calories as fat
* can absorb glucose without insulin, which why exercise helps prevent diabetes
* can also contribute to back pain through tension
  - cramp
  - spasm due to stress or tension
* can be voluntary or involuntary
  - weak from birth or become weak as part of the ageing process
* can become fibrotic from years of use and strain and perhaps guarding muscle contractions
  - stiff and sore due to stress and activity
  - weak for many reasons
  - carry out one type of motion only contraction
  - cause pain and refer sensations to other parts of the body
  - contract, actively extend, and lengthen
  - fatigue and weaken, or become inflexible
  - flatten veins and shunt blood into one system or the other
  - lose their elasticity and become weak and tight
  - move the cartilages in order to adjust the position and tension of the vocal folds
* can only contract and relax
  - do work when they contract and contracting muscles require a great deal of energy
  - grow to be as strong as the strength of the bones on which they attach
  - store excess glucose as glycogen and can burn fat
  - utilize blood glucose as an energy source
  - vary and some people have extra muscles or are missing muscles
  - work in the same way
* cause dull aches while nerves cause sharp pains
  - movement by contracting and relaxing
* change tension and pull the bones off balance resulting in incorrect posture.
* changes in neuropathic vs. myopathic disorders.
* circles the vessel at beginning of capillary.
* compress the veins and valves keep blood flowing in the proper direction.
* comprise approximately one-third of our body weight.
* constantly contract and relax to help fight gravity.
* consume energy, or calories.
* contain a limited amount of glycogen, which is the form in which the muscle stores energy
  - lot of protein
  - varying proportions of pigments
* contains almost three times more water than fat
  - lots of water
* contracting under heavy loads require energy.
  - eyes
  - the shape of the lense to allow it to focus on objects near and far away
* cramps upon exercising, poor digestion, acid-base imbalances.
* create movement by contracting and expanding.
* cross a joint, can have more than one action.
* deconditioning affects performance and places the individual at greater risk of injury.
* depend on a vast series of electrochemical interactions.
* develop from the head down to the feet and from the middle out to the fingers and toes
  - training and exercise
* differ in the ability to exert stress
  - arrangement of their myofilaments
  - manner in which their forces are controlled
  - optimum frequency required for their maximum stimulation
  - ranges of length over which they can operate
* disappear, revealing organs and bone.
* do the work that causes the movement.
* does weigh more than fat.
* encircling the gut contract, then relax, but cause no advancement of gut contents.
* especially receive the brunt of stress becoming rigid and tight.
* exert force by pulling and are attached by tendons to the bones.
* exist in groupings that work to produce movements by muscle contraction.
* expand and contract in response to nerve impulses.
* expand and contract to allow movement
  - make the joint move
* experience involuntary spasms when exposed to alternating high currents
  - soreness after multiple days of heavy physical exertion
* fatigue faster when they are held in one position.
* flexing Insurance companies globally are major investors in securities.
* form antagonistic pairs, enabling bones to move in two directions.
* function as a result of nerve impulses and the release of specific chemical substances
  - to produce force and motion
* gain tips to build muscle mass.
* generate force which is translated into a joint moment
* generates a lot of heat and contributes to a high rate of metabolism at rest.
* get larger after small amounts of trauma from physical exertion
  - most of their energy from fat and sugar
  - shorter when they contract
  - tired when a person exercises
* give a person strength and bulk
  - it off during exercise and as a result it can build up in the body
* go through a stretch phase, and then a contraction phase.
* gradually weaken, and that weakening can impair a person s ability to steer and brake.
  - stronger when they are regularly worked against increased resistance
* has a lot of water, and they are losing water weight in addition to muscle
  - memory and the nervous system learns through repetition
* have a mixture of two basic types of fibers, fast twitch and slow twitch
  - particularly high content of BCAAs
  - both electrical and chemical activity
  - features
  - long, thin cells that are grouped into bundles
  - myoglobin and actin-myosin fibers
  - origins and insertion points
  - sensation, as do tendons and joint capsules
  - significant impact
* have the ability to adapt to their immediate environment
  - job of keeping the bones together at joints during the day
  - their insertions and origins most often on bones
  - three basic states
* have to work together in groups and pairs
  - or in pairs
  - hold the vertebrae in place
  - with their keen sense of hearing
* includes cell membranes
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
* includes muscle cells
  - nuclei
  - plasma membranes
  - sections
  - vacuoles
* inherently has properties of elasticity which can compliment force production.
* insert on the cuticle of the radii.
* is active tissue it burns calories around the clock.
* is active tissue that burns a lot of calories and takes up less space
  - continually consumes energy - even while resting or sleeping
  - also necessary to keep the limb columns vertically upright
* is an active tissue, and burns more calories than fat
  - elastic tissue with a rich blood supply and nerves
  - built by exercise
  - calorie-burning tissue
  - considered to have evolutionary relationship with the cell transfer system
* is contractile tissue and is derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells
  - grouped into coordinated systems for greater efficiency
* is denser and heavier than other tissue
  - therefore takes up a smaller amount of space per pound than fat
  - weighs more than fat but takes up less space
  - than fat therefore it sinks
  - derived from mesoderm
  - divided into skeletal , cardiac , and smooth
  - extremely active metabolically
  - fairly heavy, much more heavy than fat
* is heavier and takes more calories to maintain
  - in weight than fat
* is heavier than fat by two times and is very needy of calories
* is made of massive arrays of macromolecules
  - up of individual and segmental strands of tissue
* is metabolically active and the slow loss of muscle contributes to our fat stores
  - tissue which means it's like a furnace
* is metabolically active tissue, and it requires a great deal of energy just to sustain it
  - requiring a great deal of caloric energy just to maintain it
  - expensive for the body to maintain as it consumes far too many calories
  - more conductive than fat
* is more dense and weighs about twice as much as fat
  - metabolically active than fat
  - mostly water and on a volume basis weighs more than fat
* is much more dense and weighs far more than fat
  - metabolically active then fat
  - often the site of immunization, and thus is likely a good site for antigen presentation
  - one of the most metabolically active tissues in the body
  - so much heavier than fat
* is the engine of the body and burns fat for fuel
  - exception when freezing tissue for cryotomy
* is the most abundant tissue in animals, accounting for almost two-thirds of the bulk
  - triploblastic animals
* is the only body material that's constantly active
  - type of body tissue that has the ability to contract
* is the primary target organ of aerobic training
  - vehicle the human body uses to burn calories
  - protein-rich tissue that performs exercise
  - tissue in the body that burns fat
  - very metabolically active, burning calories all day long in order to sustain itself
* is, in some respects, very much like bone.
* learn by doing.
* lot heavier than fat.
* make up almost half the weight of the human body.
* makes maintaining weight easier.
* makes up a large amount of total body weight
  - nearly half the body weight of an adult
* metabolites during exercise in pubertal boys.
* move and support bones
  - best when aligned with the joints they control
  - cows, snakes, worms and humans
* move the bones by pulling on the tendons
  - stylet in and out and allow the nematode to puncture plant cells
  - with bones, and relax and contract
* move, and movement can be visible.
* much denser tissue than fat.
* naturally work harder and last longer with a better supply of oxygen.
* need oxygen.
* needs food to thrive.
* normally receive constant electrical signals from healthy nerves.
* obey the brain.
* often contract eccentrically to absorb kinetic energy and protect joints
  - remain sore and tender even after the cramping has ceased
  - work in pairs so that they can pull in different or opposite directions
* only grow as a result of proper exercise.
* operate by recruiting more fibers and bundles into use as needed.
* operates at a much higher metabolic rate than fat and so burns calories all day long.
* powers the movements of multicellular animals and maintains posture.
* produce body movement by pulling on bones when they contract
  - large amounts of heat
  - movements by shortening, or contracting, from end to end
* protect the organs by flushing oxygen and blood through the system by movement.
* provide additional support to the joint
  - strength, balance, posture, movement and heat for the body to keep warm
  - the force and strength to move the body
* provides glutamine to the immune system.
* pull air through the mouth or nose into a buccal cavity
  - the ribs downward and inward, reducing the oxygen levels in the thorax and lungs
* pulling on bone builds bone, and weight-bearing exercise builds denser, stronger bones.
* push iron.
* range in size from the large ones in the thigh to the very tiny muscles found in the ear.
* react differently when they are cold.
* relax and joy and pleasure can take the place of tension
  - most readily when tissues are warm, for greater flexibility and range of motion
* relaxant A medication that relaxes tense muscles or muscles in spasm.
  - magnesium to convert carbohydrates to usable energy
* repair themselves, and in fact, in exercise, become stronger.
* require a longer period of stretching in cold weather
  - calcium to function in their contractility
  - little training interval stress to initiate physiological adaptations
  - oxygen indirectly in burning a series of energy-rich organic compounds
* requires far more energy to keep alive than fat
  - many calories each day to maintain itself
* respond better to stretching when they are warmed up.
* respond to fatigue and challenge during weight lifting
  - overload by growing bigger and stronger
  - resistance training by becoming stronger, more firm, and more shapely
  - the stress by increasing the size of their fibers
* responds positively to testosterone
  - to resistance and stimulus
* responses to exercise in health and disease.
* rids the body of excess fat by burning fat for fuel.
* serve a vital role in stabilizing joints
  - purposes
* shorten when cool and lengthen when warm.
* shrink while fat deposits grow.
* soft tissue found in most animals.
* span the joints and develop force, thus generating moments about the joints.
* spasm atrophy, and weakness occurs, leading to flexor tendon contractures
  - in artery
  - results from a lesion and is abolished when it's cause ceases to operate
* spasms in legs that occur during sleep itself causes insomnia.
* spasms in the airways make breathing even more difficult
  - head or neck
  - various parts of the body can occur
* sprains, inflamed joints, wounds.
* squeeze the eye lens to change the degree of curvature.
* stems from musculus meaning small mouse - possibly because of a similarity in shape.
* stimulators only apply a small electrical pulse to the muscles.
* store bodyfat within themselves too.
* strains and spasms caused by improper or excess lifting or twisting.
* strengthen and lift the skin for a younger and healthier appearance.
* stretch further and with less strain when they are warm.
  - ligaments in dynamic loading such as running and jumping
* supporting the spine can weaken, atrophy or become tight and go into spasm.
* surround the spine to give it strength and help with movement.
* takes much more energy to maintain than does fat.
* takes up less space than fat
  - most of the body's glucose after a meal
* tear, bones break, cells wear out.
* tend to deteriorate
  - shorten and tighten with overuse
* tends to have memory.
* then takes glucose from the blood.
* tighten and adrenaline and cortisol are released into the blood stream
  - in an attempt to protect the body, and spinal nerves can become irritated
  - up during exercise and during sleep
* tissue and fat substance.
* turn chemical energy into mechanical energy.
* twitching and spasms are difficult to reproduce
  - heralds the onset on tonic-clonic seizures
  - occurs quickly and spasms precede death
* use a lot of oxygen during exertion
  - creatine in the form of phosphocreatine to generate energy during intense exercise
  - energy for movement
  - more glucose during exercise
* uses more calories to maintain itself than fat
  - energy than fat
* utilize glycogen for fuel during exercise.
* very important component of the physiological makeup of the beef animal.
* weaken when movement is limited.
* weighs more than fat and burns more calories as well
* weighs more than fat, but is leaner
  - it is active, compact tissue
  - it's also more efficient at burning calories
  - twice as much as fat, so weight loss is more rapid
  - up to seven times more than fat
* work against fluid
  - hydrostatic skeleton, which is fluid inside coelom
* work by contracting
  - contraction via the action of actin and myosin
  - electrical impulses from the brain
  - expanding and contracting
  - getting shorter
  - means of contraction
  - transforming chemical energy into mechanical energy, which moves the human body
* work in concert with other muscles
  - conjunction with joints, such as cartilage, and bones to provide motion
  - pairs and there are two major groups of muscles which contribute to tongue movement
* work in pairs to move limbs and provide the organism with mobility
  - straighten and bend the toes
  - longer before they fatigue
  - on the body in a similar fashion
* work together in balance
  - to produce integrated and coordinated patterns of movement
* works more efficiently at warm temperatures.
+ Fibula: Bones
  * The other one is the tibia. Muscles are attached to the top of the fibula which help move the knee. It is also used to support the knee and the tibia.
+ Muscle, Muscle Structure: Tissues
  * Muscles are made of many muscle cells. The cells contract together to make the muscle get shorter. The muscle cells know to do this together because many of them get information sent to them by nerves. Then cells that get the message from nerves tell other cells that are near them. They tell the other cells by sending an electrical current.
+ Protein, Proteins for humans: Molecular biology
  * Muscles contain a lot of protein. When protein is digested, it is broken down into its amino acids. These amino acids can then be used to build new protein. Proteins form an important part in foods like milk, eggs, meat, fish, beans, and nuts. There are four things that determine what a protein will do. The first is the order of the amino acids.