Electron
* All electrons are identical to one another in mass, charge, spin, and magnetic moment
  - in the lowest possible energy levels
* All electrons contain energy
  - the same amount of energy
* All electrons have a negative charge
  - relative minus one charge
  - equal probability to absorb a photon
* All electrons have the same amount of energy
  - mass and charge
* Every electron is infinite in the uncollapsed state
  - therefore a very tiny magnet, because electrons carry charge and they spin
* Investigate some of the things that make electrons.
* Many electrons pass undisturbed through a target.
* More electrons leads to more repulsion between electrons which leads to a larger valence shell
  - means a negative charge and fewer means a positive charge
  - shrink an atom, less electrons allows an atom to grow in size
* Most electrons are paired, so their fields cancel.
* Some electrons are closer to the nucleus than others
  - go through the insulator, it's much like a resistor
* absorb and emit photons during their interactions.
* act like particles in some situations and like waves of energy in others
* allow atoms to interact with one another.
* also exist independently and are responsible for many electric effects in materials
  - orbit around the nucleus of an atom
* always prefer the path of lowest impedance.
* appear to be point like particles called leptons.
* are a part of all atoms and make rays which are emitted by hot bodies
  - the atom that carries a negative electric charge
  - well-known example that are found in ordinary matter
* are able to jump from one band to another
  - move in an electrical circuit because
  - actually where energy comes from
  - added further from the nucleus, there is less attraction
* are also important for the bonding of individual atoms together
  - to electricity
  - are neither particles nor waves alone, but both at the same time
  - arranged around atoms in a special way
  - as observable as elephants
  - attracted to the nucleus by the positive charge of the protons
  - basic constituents of atoms
  - bent in one direction while protons and positrons veer off the other way
  - birds
  - carriers of energy, in the form of electric charge
  - charged, light particles and their penetration into solids is very limited
  - contained in shells around the nucleus
  - degenerate
  - easier to recycle than paper
  - either effectively or actually transfered reductant to the oxidant
* are electrically negative and have a charge equal in magnitude to that of a proton
  - the protons are electrically positive charges
  - electrons, unlike different printing presses
  - elementary particles
  - even smaller than atoms
  - excited and leave the oxidized chlorophyll
* are extremely lightweight and are negatively charged
  - exist in a cloud orbiting the nucleus
  - small compared to all of the other parts of the atom
  - fermions, which is why they form ordered shells around the nucleus of an atom
  - fired into a linac, or straight accelerator
  - forbidden from other energy levels
  - found in clouds that surround the nucleus of an atom
  - fundamental particles
  - heavier than protons
  - heavy and slow compared to photons
  - held in their shells by an electrical force
  - just ordinary particles moving at ordinary speeds
  - known to fall into orbits or energy levels
  - light particles with negative electric charge
* are located at fixed distances from the nucleus, called energy levels
  - in atoms
  - low-mass particles which carry a negative electrical charge
  - many magnitudes smaller than the nucleus
  - members of the lepton family of particles
* are much smaller than neutrons and protons
  - protons and neutrons
  - negative and neutrons are neutral
* are negative particles that are attracted to positively charged particles called protons
  - whizz around the positive nucleus of an atom
  - so the zinc is negative while the copper is positive
  - negatively charged particles
  - negatively-charged and therefore flow from negative to positive
* are outside the nucleus, and determine properties of the atom
  - part of irons
  - particles which are too small to ever be observed directly
  - particles, but they behave like waves
  - parts of atoms
  - physically larger than protons
* are present in all atoms in shells around the nucleus
  - the region of space outside the nucleus
  - pushed through a wire by the voltage
* are released in the light-dependent reactions when water is split to form oxygen gas
  - through water splitting which releases oxygen as waste
  - responsible for conduction in solids
  - shifted in two directions on a CCD, called the parallel or serial direction
  - shuttled between proteins, generating energy along the way
* are small particles within the atom
  - sub-atomic particles that orbit the nucleus of all atoms
* are smaller and move around in the electron cloud
  - so small that they have relatively little mass
  - stripped from water in the light reactions of photosynthesis
* are subatomic particles that have a negative electric charge
  - with a negative electrical charge
* are the binding materials holding molecules together
  - carriers for electricity
  - essence of energy in the body
  - glue that holds groups of atoms together
  - heaviest particles in an atom
  - lightest particles that have an electric charge
  - main carriers
  - negatively charged particles of atom
  - particles that carry the current in an electrical conductor
  - primary charge carriers in electric current
  - purest and cleanest reagents in the world
  - raw stuff of electricity
  - same way
* are the smallest and lightest and are said to be negatively charged
  - of the the three particles and they have a negative charge
  - particles of electricity
  - stuff that makes electricity
  - subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom
  - very lightweight, negatively charged bits that buzz around the edges of an atom
  - time forward entities
  - tiny charged particles that are part of an atom
* are tiny particles in any atom
  - that are smaller than atoms
  - within atoms that have a minute electric charge
  - tiny, negatively-charged atomic particles
  - transferred from one molecule to another
  - used to transfer heat energy as well as electric charge
* are very important in the world of electronics
  - light compared to protons and neutrons
  - small objects
  - very, very small
  - what actually move in a circuit
* are, in a sense, tiny particles of electricity
  - simultaneously, waves and particles
* attract protons from other sources.
* become excited when light quanta penetrates into the P layer.
* behave in a similar way
  - like waves unless they are in the ground state
* bouncing around in a resistor generate small, random voltages.
* build up more easily in dry places
  - on negative plate and distort the electron orbits of the atoms in the dielectric
* can absorb light in part of the visible and reflect the rest so they appear coloured
  - achieve higher energy levels by injecting energy via a flash of light, for example
* can be both particles and waves
  - on their own also
  - exist independently, or in groups around the nucleus of an atom
  - flow between certain different materials providing a current, as in a common battery
  - gain energy by interacting with photons
  - have different energy levels - or energy states
  - jump into an empty spot driven by the electric field
  - move between orbits, using or releasing energy in the process
* can move from atom to atom
  - one object to another when touched
  - shell to shell
* can only be in certain permitted orbits , also referred to as energy levels
  - discrete orbits
  - flow in a closed circuit
  - occupy certain energy levels in the core
* carry a charge equal in magnitude but opposite in charge to that of protons.
* carry a negative charge and are found in electron shells surrounding the nucleus
  - charge, equal in magnitude and opposite to the charge of a proton
  - negative charges while protons carry positive charges in the nucleus of an atom
* circle the atom's nucleus in regions of space known as orbitals.
* collect on the negative terminal of the battery.
* colliding with a target material create X-rays.
* come from donor and then are given to acceptor
  - in pairs, and each pair is given an orbit around the nucleus
* contain a negative charge, protons a positive charge.
* contribute most to an atom s size
  - no atomic mass units to the total atomic weight of an atom
  - only a little to the mass of an atom
* determine chemical properties of elements
  - the chemical behaviour of elements
* diffuse from n to p while holes diffuse from p to n
  - the emitter into the base and holes diffuse from the base into the emitter
* drift from p to n while holes drift from n to p.
* drop in free energy as they pass down the electron transport chain.
* dumping in superconductors allows a current to flow without resistance.
* emerge from the collision at various angles and with a variety of energies.
* escape from the surface of all metals.
* exist in the shells
  - outside of the nucleus of an atom, essentially in orbit around it
* fall on membrane and are spread out.
* fill atoms by sequentially filling hydrogen-like orbitals in order of energy
  - the innermost shells first
* flow away from the anode in the external circuit
  - back into a fuel cell through the cathode
  - continuously in a closed circuit
* flow from a position of high potential energy to low potential energy
  - carriers with high reduction potentials to ones with low reduction potentials
  - left to right because the copper cathode loses electrons more easily than zinc
  - right to left because zinc metal acts as the cathode and gets reduced
* flow from the anode to the cathode
  - cathode to the anode
* flow from the colder object toward the warmer object
  - oblect toward the warmer object
  - in at one end, and the same number flow out the other end
* flow in the external circuit from copper to an inert electrode
  - silver to nickel
  - into the positive terminals of a voltage source
  - out from the negative end of a battery into the positive end
  - primarily on the outside surface of a conductor
* flow through an external circuit from negative to positive
  - the enzyme and are accepted by oxygen
* flowing through a conductor create a magnetic field around the conductor
  - the Cyt bf complex also contribute to the proton gradient
* fly around in an atom very, very quickly.
* follow circular orbital paths much like planets orbiting the sun.
* form a cloud of charge around the nucleus
  - notional shells around the nucleus
  - pairs in a superconductor
  - the atomic cloud
* gain enough energy to leave the wire and form a cloud around it.
* give up a little energy at each step in the chain.
* go from the reaction center to the electron acceptor downhill back to the reaction center
  - into the - terminal of an electrolytic cell, but electric current goes out
  - up the wire, and the lower slip ring becomes positively charged
* going through the scattering foils near the central-axis lose more energy.
* have a charge, a negative charge
  - harder and harder time moving through a conductor the warmer it gets
  - much shorter wavelength than light, so they can make smaller bumps
* have a negative charge and are electrically attracted to the positively charged protons
  - free electrons repel eachother
  - manage the interactions between atoms
  - protons have a positive charge
  - reside in electron clouds about the nucleus
  - while the protons have a positive charge
  - charge, so a particle that gains electrons gains a negative charge
  - shorter wavelength than light and so can magnify up to one million times
  - very small mass compared to all of the other parts in an atom
  - almost no mass and are negatively charged
  - an internal property, called spin
  - anti-electrons, which have positive charges
  - degeneracy pressure
  - electric fields
  - internal motions corresponding to spins in classical dynamics
  - less mass than either protons or neutrons
  - much less mass than protons but have an equivalent negative charge
  - spin, a kind of the smallest unit of magnets
  - static electric fields
  - such and such weight
* have the same density
  - smallest electrical charge
  - very much less mass and occupy shells around the nucleus
  - wave properties
* hold the world together.
* includes sections.
* inhabit various energy levels, or shells.
* interact with other principal energy carriers.
* jump between orbitals in a particle-like fashion
  - from one atom to the next
* leave the belt and flow through a wire to the surrounding sphere
  - outer most shell first
* like to be electrically neutral
  - pair up
  - travel in pairs
* literally power the body.
* lose energy as they travel through a material.
* make excellent probes down to very small scales because of their point-like properties
  - up most of the mass of an atom
* migrate from the surface of one material to the surface of the other.
* move about the nucleus in atomic orbitals.
* move around nuclei
  - the atom in a specific path
* move around the nucleus in up to seven round paths , called shells
* move at the speed of light
  - sound
  - away from other negative charge and toward positive charge
  - easily through some materials, and cause very little heat
  - fast, so the coordinate degree of freedom fast degree of freedom
  - five times faster through gallium arsenide than through silicon
  - freely through the wire until they reach the light bulb's filament
  - from atom to atom in a wire, producing an electric current
* move from one atom to the next adjacent atom
  - energy state to another but can only exist aft defineite energy levels
  - plate of the capacitor and accumulate on the other plate
  - spot to spot
* move from the positive lead oxide electrode to the negative lead electrode
  - source, through the load and back to the source
* move in definite orbits around the nucleus, like planets moving around the nucleus
  - one direction while the positive holes move in the opposite direction
  - orbits of different shapes and sizes, depending on their energy
  - into cathode from load
  - nine inches a nanosecond
  - rapidly around the nucleus and constitute almost the entire volume of the atom
* move through a metal much faster than ions through a solution
  - series of carriers that release energy at each step
  - wire much like water flows through a pipe
* move through the material by hoping from island to island
  - nodes at predictable rates
  - with incredible speed as they pass from one atom to another
* moving along a path create an electrical current.
* normally gravitate towards the lowest possible energy state called the ground state.
* occupy a space that surrounds an atom's nucleus
  - atomic orbitals which can contain two electrons
  - cloudlike orbits around atomic nuclei
* occupy energy levels from the lowest energies upwards
  - orbitals, or areas where they have a high statistical probability of occurring
* occupy the lowest energy level and sublevel possible
  - one-electron levels but obey fermion properties
  - well-defined energy levels around the positively charged nucleus of an atom
* often orbit nuclei in atoms.
* only flow in one direction in a LED, because it diode.
* orbit an atomic nucleus in the same kind of way that planets orbit stars
  - around nucleus like planets in our solar system orbit around the sun
* orbit around the center or nucleus of the atom
  - center, or nucleus, of atoms, just like the moon orbits the earth
  - positively charged nucleus in an atom
  - or go around the nucleus
* orbit the nuclei of atoms and are the principle tool of molecular bonding
  - nucleus at fantastic speeds forming elctron clouds
* orbit the nucleus in a series of shells or energy levels
  - circular orbits, much like plants orbit the sun
  - like moths around a light bulb
  - much the same way the planets orbit the sun
* orbit the nucleus of an atom just like planets orbit around the sun in our solar system
  - the atom in various orbital levels
* oscillating in a radio antenna emit one single wavelength.
* pair up in an orbital only after all orbitals of a subshell contain electrons.
* pass from a higher to a lower energy level
  - through a sheet of metal perforated with holes
* play a major role in all chemical bonds.
* present in outer orbital.
* produce photons in the beam tube and photons generate neutrons.
* provide the energy for all lasers.
* radiate or absorb energy in the form of photons when they are accelerated
  - when they change orbits
* remain unpaired in spin as long as is possible.
* repel each other and try to go to a place with fewer electrons
  - electrons because they all have the same charge
* reside in orbitals around the nucleus.
* revolve in orbits around the nucleus
  - in the region surrounding the nucleus
* rotate around nucleus, just like the planets around the Sun.
* scattered by gamma rays accelerate and deflect off the earth's magnetic field.
* shield the nucleus from an external magnetic field.
* show magnetic character.
* slip from atom to atom more easily than they ever do normally.
* smash into protons, and a stupendous amount of energy is released as they form neutrons.
* speak louder than words.
* spin and rotate around the nucleus billions of times a second
  - around atoms in shells, also known as orbitals
* spin around the center, or nucleus, of atoms, just like the moon around the earth
  - nucleus in shells a great distance from the nucleus
* stay in shells around the nucleus of the atom.
* stream from the cathode to the anode to illuminate phosphor.
* surround every atom 's nucleus.
* surround the atom in pathways called orbitals
  - s core
  - atomic nucleus in pathways called orbitals
* surround the nucleus in orbitals of various energies
* take part in gravitational, electromagnetic and weak interactions.
* tend to move from a point of negative potential toward a positive potential
  - toward protons because electrons have far less mass than protons
  - spread until an even charge is obtained throughout the entire system
  - towards the lowest energy level
* transfer along a chain of proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
* travel faster through copper than aluminum, so less copper is needed for circuits
  - from the cathode to the anode through an external wire
* traversing the periodic magnet structure are forced to undergo oscillations.
* tunnel more freely if the two fields are aligned.
* usually exist in pairs
  - pair up with their spins opposite each other, and their fields cancel each other
  - remain a constant distance from the nucleus in precise shells
* vary tremendously in the amount of energy they contain.
+ Atomic physics, Electronic configuration: Nuclear physics :: Quantum mechanics :: Physical chemistry
+ Band gap, In semiconductor physics: Quantum mechanics
  * In semiconductors and insulators, quantum mechanics show that electrons are only found in a number of bands of energy. Electrons are forbidden from other energy levels. The term 'band gap' refers to the energy difference between the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band. Electrons are able to jump from one band to another. However, an electron needs a certain amount of energy to jump from a valence band to a conduction band. The amount of energy needed differs with different materials.
+ Cathode: Electronic components
  * In other words, a cathode is a positive electrode on a battery and a negative electrode on an electrolytic cell. Electric current is perceived as flowing in the opposite direction that the electrons are flowing. Electrons go into the - terminal of an electrolytic cell, but electric current goes out.
+ Covalent bond: Chemistry
  * The number of valence electrons is decided by the size of the atom. Electrons orbit an atomic nucleus in the same kind of way that planets orbit stars. There are layers of paths around an atomic nucleus. The first layer always contains only two electrons, while the layers after that usually contain up to eight.
  * Electrons take part in gravitational, electromagnetic and weak interactions. Princeton University Press. The electricity that powers radios, motors, and many other things consists of many electrons moving through wires or other conductors.
+ Electric potential: Electricity
  * Difference in 'electric potential' is also known as voltage or electric potential energy difference. The unit for electric potential is the volt, in memory of Alessandro Volta. Electric potential is like a push. Electrons are pushed through a wire by the voltage.
+ Electron, Description: Basic physics ideas :: Elementary particles
  * Electrons have the smallest electrical charge. This electrical charge equals the charge of a proton, but has the opposite sign. For this reason, electrons are attracted by the protons of atomic nuclei and usually form atoms.
  * An object can be described as 'negatively charged' if there are more electrons than protons in an object, or 'positively charged' when there are more protons than electrons. Electrons can move from one object to another when touched. They may be attracted to another object with opposite charge, or repelled when they both have the same charge. When an object is 'grounded', electrons from the charged object go into the ground, making the object neutral. This is what lightning conductors do.
+ Lepton: Elementary particles
  * Electrons are a well-known example that are found in ordinary matter. Of the six leptons, three have electric charge and three do not. The charged leptons are all negative.
+ Quantum mechanics, Uses of QM: Basic physics ideas :: Mechanics :: Mathematics :: Nuclear physics :: Quantum mechanics
  * Electrons surround every atom's nucleus. Chemical bonds link atoms to form molecules. A chemical bond links two atoms when electrons are shared between those atoms. Thus QM is the physics of the chemical bond and of chemistry. QM helps us understand how molecules are made, and what their properties are. For a good foundation see 'The Nature of the Chemical Bond,' by Linus Pauling.
+ Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility, Free-electron laser: Nuclear physics :: United States Department of Energy :: Buildings and structures in Virginia :: Newport News, Virginia
  * Electrons are injected into a linear accelerator. The fast-moving electrons then pass through a wiggler which produces a bright laser light beam. By reusing the electrons and most of their energy, the free-electron laser requires less electricity to operate. Cornell University is now trying to build one to produce X-rays.
+ Undulator: Synchrotron instrumentation
  * It consists of a periodic structure of dipole magnets. Electrons traversing the periodic magnet structure are forced to undergo oscillations. So the electrongs give off energy as electronmagnetic radiation. The radiation produced in an undulator is very intense and concentrated in narrow energy bands in the spectrum. The light beam is also collimated on the orbit plane of the electrons. This radiation is guided through beamlines for experiments in various scientific areas.