### body part | tissue:

Cartilage
* Most cartilages are connected by ligaments
  - located in sharks
  - surrounded by layers
  - contain collagen
* Some cartilages become bones
  - come from cows
* Some cartilages have arteries
  - ridges
  - rely on nutrition.
  * There are many diseases caused by defects in cartilage. One of the most common is osteoarthritis, where the cartilage wears so thin that bone rubs against bone. Cartilage acts as a barrier, preventing the entry of lymphocytes or diffusion of immunoglobulins. This allows surgeons to transplant of cartilage from one person to another without fear of tissue rejection
* acts as a barrier , preventing the entry of lymphocytes or diffusion of immunoglobulins
  - cushion, or shock absorber, between the bones
  - like a spongy cushion where bone meets bone at the joint
* also acts as a cushioning device to absorb forces applied to the joints
  - gives shape and support to the outer part of the nose
  - is very high in water content, much higher than bone
  - serves as a shock absorber
* always arises from mesenchymal condensations.
* appears in the otic capsule.
* are body parts
  - connective tissue
* becomes bone, lean color darkens and texture becomes coarser with increasing age
  - more rigid, fragile, and susceptible to fibrillation
* begins to deteriorate, and our bones begin to rub together.
* can last a lifetime of running, walking, sitting and standing.
* capped osteomas occur at the metaphysis, particularly at the ends of the long bones.
* complex tissue like a very slippery, soft, synthetic rubber.
* comprises a large percentage of a shark's body.
* consists of chondrocytes in lacunae, in a collagen matrix
  - collagen fibers which give strength, and glycosaminoglycan molecules
* contains a dense array of fibers in a jellylike ground substance
  - large amount of proteoglycan aggregates
  - blood vessels in the matrix
* contains no blood vessels or nerves, and it takes a very long time to heal when damaged
  - nerve endings or blood supply
* covers the bones evenly allowing for smooth movement
  - for frictionless movement and to dissipate forces on the joint
  - bony surfaces of the joints
* covers the ends of the bones
  - hip bones
  - knee bones
  - joint areas where two bones contact each other
* does have chemicals that prevent the growth of blood vessels ie.
* entraps a great deal of water, which makes it an excellent shock absorber.
* firm, rubbery material that covers the ends of bones in normal joints.
* flexible material that can be moved around easily.
* flexible, lightweight material made of cells surrounded by tough fibers of protein.
* form of fibrous connective tissue
  - specialized connective tissue
  - the anterior and lateral sides
* forms the embryonic skeleton of vertebrates and the adult skeleton of sharks and rays.
* gelatinous living tissue, the cells of which like to live in an alkaline environment.
* grows both interstitially and by surface apposition.
* has a different structure from that of true bone
  - highly organized and spatially differentiated matrix
  - very poor blood supply and flow
  - cells imbedded in it
  - structural proteins deposited in the matrix between cells
* helps reduce the friction of movement.
* helps the joint move easily and comfortably
  - joints move easily and absorbs shock
* includes corpi
* is also a connective tissue derived from mesoderm.
* is also present at the articular surfaces of joints
  - joints , where it reduces friction and imparts flexibility
  - slippery five to eight times more slippery than ice
* is an avascular tissue
  - ideal tissue for sharks for several reasons
  - animal tissue
* is composed of cells and the ground substance between the cells
  - chondrocytes that produce large amounts of extracellular matrix
  - fibrous collagen in an amorphous gel
  - dense and fibrous, can support weight, but is still extremely flexible
  - derived from either sharks or cows
  - dynamic tissue
* is flexible and durable, yet is about half the normal density of bone
  - resilient because of proteoglycans
  - found covering the articular surfaces of bones and synovial joints
* is found in other animals as well but is usually only present in embryos and young
  - the nose , ears , larynx , and intervertebral discs
  - only at the base of the trunk, dividing the nostrils
  - within the three mesenchymal primordia of the hip bones
  - gristle or a firm, elastic, flexible type of connective tissue
  - in the shark's body
  - indeed generally weaker than bone but at times can become remarkably stiff and strong
  - made of an organized group of cells
* is made up of cells and fibers and is found mostly in joints
  - chondrocytes, and a matrix, or ground substance
  - measured by the distance between the bones, or joint space
* is more flexible and lighter in weight than bone
  - flexible, therefore, sharks can turn sharper corners than other fish
* is much more easily decomposed and is therefore less likely to fossilize
  - softer than bone
  - nourished by diffusion of tissue fluid
* is present in bronchial adventitia as irregular plates rather than C-shaped rings
  - only in small quantities in mammalian species
  - resilient and displays viscoelastic properties
  - retained in adults in places where firmness and flexibility are needed
  - softer and more flexible than bone
  - somewhat less elastic and of firmer consistency than connective tissue
  - strong, flexible, and lightweight
  - taken from the spiny dogfish shark, hammerhead shark, and some other types of sharks
* is the cushion and shock absorber between joints
  - that keeps bones from grinding against each other in joints
  - joint's cushion that covers the ends of bones allowing free movement
* is the part of the joint that cushions the ends of bones
  - which cushions the ends of bones
  - shock absorber of a joint
  - skeleton of vertebrate embryos and some fish
  - slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones in a joint
  - smooth, rubbery covering over the bones in the joints
  - spongy material that cushions bones where they come together to form joints
  - spongy, cushiony, material found between joints and bones
  - tissue that provides a cushion between bones and can tear if the joint loses stability
  - tough , rubbery material which is less rigid than bone
  - tough, smooth, rubbery tissue that lines and cushions the surface of the joints
  - type of connective tissue that is softer and more flexible than bone
* is used in plastic surgeries for reconstruction of features
  - surgery to repair congenital and traumatic deformities of the face
  - very flexible and sturdy, but half less dense than the average density of bone
* joins and supports other tissues and body parts.
* layer of smooth, soft tissue that covers the bones of the hip joint
  - soft, tissue
* needs the movement of fluids for diffusion of nutrients
  - water for the purpose of lubricating the body's joints during movement
* normally covers and cushions the ends of the two bones.
* plays a crucial role in protecting the joints.
* produces AAF, an anti-angiogenesis factor which inhibits blood vessel development.
* provides a mold for bone development
  - smooth surface for movements
  - smooth, friction-free surface for smooth gliding of joints
  - cushioning between bones, and without it, pain and swelling can result
* rubbery lightweight material.
* sliding surface and lubricating layer of tissue at the joint-ends of bones.
* specialized connective tissue that provides for both strength and flexibility.
* spongy substance that acts like a shock absorber where two bones meet.
* stops growing when the skeleton stops growing, and chondrocytes stop dividing.
* surrounds the subchondral tissue to form a cushion around the joints.
* tends to droop and is somewhat resistant to change
  - warp after implantation, leading to migration
* tough flexible material that covers the joints of the bones.
* tough, elastic connective tissue found in sharks, humans and most other animals.
* type of connective tissue found between the bones and joints of animals and humans
  - lacking minerals in the matrix
  - made from many cells
  - that lines many joints throughout the body
  - tisue that is softer and more flexible than bone
* type of dense connective tissue
* type of tissue found in the skeleton
  - that joins together and helps support parts of the body
* very tough tissue which provides a cushion-like pad between the bones in a joint.
+ Shark
  * Sharks' are a superorder of fish called Selachimorpha. They, like other Chondrichthyes, have skeletons made of cartilage instead of bone. Cartilage is tough, rubbery material which is less rigid than bone. Cartilaginous fish also include skates and rays.