### plant | tracheophyte:

Pteridophyte
* Most pteridophytes have underground stems parallel to the substrate called rhizomes
  - lack mechanisms of asexual reproduction by gametophytes
* Pteridophytes The ferns and their allies.
* also show a transition from simple to complex leaves.
* are cryptogamic plants, meaning that they are flowerless and seedless
  - seedless vascular plants that are gametophyte dependent
* can provide important perspectives in understanding the structure of meristems.
* constitute the lowest group of plants which have true roots.
* range greatly in size.

### plant | tracheophyte:

Seed plant
* All seed plants are heterosporous
  - have roots, a stem, and leaves
* Many seed plants are free living.
* Most seed plants adapt to life.
* Most seed plants have branches
  - development
  - grain
  - pollen grain
  - play roles
* Most seed plants produce flowers
  - kinds
  - numerous offspring
  - ovules
  - seeds
* Some seed plants become plants
  - have tissue
  - produce types
* Some seed plants protect embryonic sporophytes
* Some seed plants resemble ferns
  - tree ferns
* are all heterosporous
  - divided into two groups based on which structures they have
  - either annuals, biennials or perennials, based on their life cycle
  - heterosporous, producing two different types of spores, megaspores and microspores
  - seed generating vascular plants
* can be either gymnosperms or angiosperms
  - reproduce in dry conditions
* continue their dominance on land.
* dominate the landscape and play an integral role in human societies.
* have a seed with food, surrounded by a protective coating, sometimes a fruit
  - many adaptions for seed dispersal
* include conifers.
* means that plant has the ability to produce seeds.
  - homospores
* use seeds to reproduce.
* vary greatly in the time that they take to cycle through their developmental stages.

### plant | tracheophyte | seed plant | balsam:

Balm
* are balsams.
* is native to damp and shady woodlands of western Asia.
* keep the skin elastic and prevent calluses and cracking.

### plant | tracheophyte | seed plant:

Dicot
* All dicots have leaves with netted veins and seeds with two sections
  - secondary growth
* Covers the two basic types of flowering plants and explains their differences.
* Many dicots produce wood.
* Most dicots are self-pollinated species.
* account for slightly under three quarters of all flowering plants.
* are angiosperms
  - many wood plants such as oaks, willows
* are more sturdy, stable plants because the large root serves as an anchor
  - webbed-like
* are plants that have two cotyledons
  - produce seeds containing two embryonic leaves
* begin their lives when their seeds germinate.
* differ from monocots as they grow in that dicots can produce woody tissue.
* form the larger group.
* grow in height as well as in girth.
* have a single large, deep root that produces smaller roots
  - seed coats that soften with moisture
  - seeds with two cotyledons
* have two cotyledons and contain endosperms inside of their seeds
* have two seed leaves inside the seed coat
  - seeds leaves, whereas monocots have only one
* often have bulbs.
* produce large leaves so that the leaves can nourish new dicot seeds.

Monocotyledon
* are classes
  - diacytic and the stomatal complex contains two subsidiary cells
* have one and dicotyledons have two cotyledons in each seed
  - cotyledon in the embryo
* produce a newly emerged seedling with only one leaf.