### cell:

Neuron
* All neurons are electrically coupled and normally silent.
* All neurons have a resting potential across the membrane
  - dendrites, a cell body or soma, an axon, and synapses
  - the same basic parts
  - use neurotransmitters for communication
  - work by sending signals in the form of impulses
* Any neuron corresponds to one action.
* Every neuron has an axon - which can extend several feet
  - dendrites that receive messages from adjoining neurons
* Many neurons die via an active process called apoptosis
  - respond best to faces, others to animals, some to houses
  - work at the same time, and somehow each information is processed in parallel
* Most neurons are located in vertebrates
  - part of bodies
  - generate processes only after they reach their final position
* Most neurons have a single axon to transmit outgoing signals
  - multiple dendrites, which are typically short and highly branched
  - only one axon
  - small cell bodies and long extensions called axons and dendrites
  - migrate from their birthplace to their permanent home in the developing brain
  - respond best to oriented bar stimulus, sensitive to motion, monocular or binocular
  - stop dividing once they leave the ventricular zone
  - talk to each other by releasing neurotransmitters at thousands of synapses
* SOme neurons contains large accumulation of measles nucleocapsid.
* Some neurons also use the axons of other nerves to migrate from one brain area to another
  - appear to be tuned to detect movement in one direction
  - can also produce or receive special chemical tags transported though the blood flow
* Some neurons continue to be created throughout the life span
  - higher centers of the brain
  - contribute to selecting the target for a movement of the eyes
  - emit rapid barrages of impulses, for example, whereas others tick like a clock
* Some neurons have short axons, while others can be quite long
  - special purposes
* Some neurons migrate by following the long fibers of cells called radial glia
  - vertically and stop short of the pial surface, just as in the spinal cord
  - recover, but others die leaving muscles stranded
  - stimulate pivoting and others inhibit it
  - support productive infection and are destroyed
* act through waves of depolarization that travel down axons.
* allow communication and coordinated functioning among various brain areas.
* also die in response to various insults and external stress
  - have many receptor proteins for receiving chemical information from other neurons
  - travel by using chemical signals
  - undergo programmed cell death
* appear to code stimuli in a language where the relative timing of events is important.
* are a major class of cells in the nervous system
  - acutely sensitive to stress, possibly because they exhibit little or no stress response
* are also important for sending pain information to the brain
  - unique in other respects, for example in their polarity
  - animal cells
  - arranged in ways to allow the transmission or processing of information
  - basically of two basic types, projection neurons and interneuons
  - brain cells that specialize in communication
  - but one kind of cell that can benefit from making proteins locally
* are cells in the body that control thought and physical movement
  - specialized for communication
* are cells that are similar to other cells
  - specialized for the transmission of information
  - circles in various shades of pink
  - clustered into ganglia, which are connected by a nerve cord
* are connected by synapse
  - to one another in a highly organized way
  - directionally selective
  - discrete cells which communicate with each other via specialized junctions
  - examples of specialized cells
* are excitable cells that are the functional unit of the nervous system
  - extremely long-lived
  - flooded with excess calcium oxygen
  - found in both the endoderm and ectoderm
  - fully differentiated cells which are usually incapable of cell division
  - good examples of how there can be growth without division
  - held together by supporting tissue
* are highly resistant to division
  - specialized communication tools
  - individaul nerve cells
  - individual nerve cells responsible for transmitting information throughout the body
  - information messengers
  - large cells with appropriately large nuclei
* are like little electric batteries
  - small telephone wires running through the brain
  - more vulnerable than astrocytes or endothelial cells to ischemia
* are nerve cells that make up a large part of the nervous system
  - transmit information between the brain and the rest of the body
  - only cells having different characteristics than other cells
* are part of bodies
  - brains
  - nervous systems
  - particularly sensitive to hyponatremia
* are sensitive to certain types of changes in their surroundings
  - correlations among synaptic inputs
  - solid objects
  - somatic cells
  - special in that they are also electrically active
  - specialist cells that have lost the ability to reproduce themselves
* are specialized cells
  - to transmit information throughout the body
  - specifically adapted cells that carry an electrical signal when stimulated
  - surrounded by a membrane
* are the basic anatomical and functional unit of the nervous system
  - functional unit of the brain
  - units of the nervous system
  - brain cells that carry nerve impulses
  - building blocks of the nervous system
  - cells adapted for receiving and eliciting electrical signals
* are the cells of nerve tissue
  - the nervous system that carry information to and from the brain
  - that process and transmit information in the brain
  - electrically active, signaling cells of the nervous system
  - fundamental building blocks of the nervous system
  - longest lived of human cells
* are the most critical cells for brain function
  - important building blocks of the brain
  - nerve cells within the brain
  - nervous system s primary computing elements
  - structures that serve as building blocks of the brain and nervous system
  - unique in that they are electrically active
  - very active secretory cells, producing proteins for transport out of the cell
* attach to it and grow axons, the long tails through which they send signals.
* become dysfunctional, lose connections with other nerve cells and degenerate.
* can also change and adapt, as the data and information changes
  - die due to brain injury or disease
  - grow new dendritic and axon branches and create new synapses with other neurons
* can be unipolar with a single axonal process or multipolar with more than two processes
  - very long cells, but they are microscopic in size
  - convert dopamine into norepinephrine
  - express the receptor genes in either of two ways
  - extract energy from only a few, critical types of molecules
* can have multiple connections with none identical synaptic efficacies and delays
  - passive or excitable membrane, or both
  - learn
  - regenerate to a small extent
  - show many different types of plastic responses after injury
* carry electrical messages.
* carry messages throughout the nervous system
  - using a chemical version of electricity
  - out basic cellular processes like protein synthesis and energy production
* come in a large variety of shapes, sizes and forms
  - variety of shapes and sizes, but all have the same basic parts
  - all sizes
* come in many shapes and sizes
  - but share many common features
  - types and shapes
  - several varieties, including sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons
* communicate at synapse.
* communicate by either chemical or electrical synapses
  - sending chemical messengers across small gaps called synapses
  - using chemical messengers like serotonin between cells
  - through electrical signals which travel between their axons
* communicate with each other a. at a synapse
  - and with effector cells by means of synapses
* communicate with each other by an electrochemical process
  - sending signals through synapses
* communicate with each other through an electrochemical process
  - electrical discharges
  - using a combination of electrical and chemical signalling
  - via electrochemical events
  - other cells by releasing neurotransmitters at synapses
  - small electrical impulses called action potentials
* communicating with other neurons form our body's primary system, the nervous system.
* compete for the minute amounts of trophic factors that are produced
  - via their functional activity
* conduct signals in the form of tiny electrical impulses, known as spikes
* conform as ensembles to SELFs at many levels of organization and complexity.
* consist of a cell body and one or more cytoplasmic processes that extend from the cell body
  - body, containing the nucleus, and two types of processes
  - three parts
* contain granular brown perinuclear pigment
  - neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that trigger signals to pass messages
* contain numerous lysosomes used for life-long recycling of biomolecules and organelles
  - mitochondria that are needed for aerobic energy production
* continue to be capable of making new connections throughout life.
* depend on their intended targets to supply the crucial trophic factors.
* develop substantially after birth.
* die in great numbers during normal human development
  - within minutes
* die, leaving behind protein plaques as tell-tale signs of a silent culprit.
* differ in invertebrates from mammalian cells.
* do communicate with each other.
* do the same thing, but they pump out positively charged sodium ions
  - work of conducting information and controlling our bodies
* exist in complex environments in which they are constantly exposed to many diverse signals
  - that grow new axons or longer dendrites when neighboring neurons are damaged
* expressing the same receptor genes within each zone appear to be randomly arranged.
* fire tiny electrical charges to build circuits.
* form neural circuits that process information and control behavior.
* function much like electric wires conveying an electrical impulse.
* generally have several inputs from the dendrites, but only one output through the axon
  - show polarity
* generate and conduct electrical signals, or nerve impulses, throughout the body
  - elaborate axonal and dendritic networks
  - electrical signals that travel along their axons
* glide along the fibers until they reach their destination.
* have a membrane that is designed to send information to other cells
  - nucleus that contains genes
  - rich treasury of mechanisms to optimize calcium levels
  - limited powers of regeneration
  - long projections that conduct electrical signals to the brain
  - many dendrites but usually only one axon
  - periods of rest that alternate with periods of electrical activity
* have specialized extensions called dendrites and axons
  - projections called dendrites and axons
  - the property of being able to generate action potentials
  - three types of axonal transport
  - to constantly use energy shuffling sodium and potassium across their membranes
  - tree-like processes stemming from the soma
  - two kinds of filaments extending from their cell bodies, axons and dendrites
* includes axons
  - cell membranes
  - chromosomes
  - corpi
  - cytoskeletons
  - lobes
  - nerve endings
  - plasma membranes
  - sections
* initiate and conduct electrochemical impulses.
* lose their oxygen and glucose supply.
* make connections with other neurons via a complex known as the synapse.
* migrate or move to their final destinations in the body.
* monitor the world by parceling it into small regions of space, known as receptive fields.
* normally release small amounts of glutamate to signal neighboring cells.
* often have extensive networks of dendrites , which receive synaptic connections.
* operate by the interaction of electrical and chemical signals
  - on spike trains traveling down nerve cell axons
* play a key role in cognition and consciousness.
* prefer to grow in lower cell density areas.
* produce a mitogen for oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and influence their differentiation.
* provide critical signals that regulate both the number and differentiation of glia.
* receive information from other neurons and from sensory receptors
  - information, integrate it, and pass it along
  - input from dendrites
* receive, process and transmit information to other cells.
* release chemicals that cross the synapses sending messages to one another
* require a stimulus of a minimum strength to fire.
* respond to low levels of stimulation by putting more receptors in place.
* send each other messages in the form of electrical impulses
  - electrical and chemical changes along their length
  - information to each other through a fibre called an axon
  - messages through an electrochemical process
* send out axons that grow over large distances to form connections with their targets
  - signal to specific cell, direct line of communication, very specific
  - signals to other neurons by releasing chemicals into synapses
  - their molecular data streams across complex junctions called synapses
* serve as the structural and functional units of the human nervous system.
* share many common functions but differ in two major ways.
* specialize in carrying and processing information.
* synapse synchronously as a group in computing elements of information.
* synthesize some neurotransmitters right in the vesicle.
* talks to chip, and chip to nerve cell.
* transmit electrochemical impulses through specialized nerve endings called synapses
  - information to other neurons, to muscle cells, and to gland cells
  - nerve messages
  - the electrical impulses with which the brain tells the body what to do
* typically have a large, pale-staining euchromatic nucleus.
* undergo apoptosis in animal and cell culture models of diabetes.
* use energy to reset their resting state so that they can fire again.
* vary in the amount of information they receive and transmit.
* vegetative cell
* work by electrical stimulus
  - releasing chemicals called neurotransmitters from their nerve endings