### animal | vertebrate | bird | seabird:

Penguin
* All penguins are birds
  - dark on their back and white on their chests
  - eat the same basic kind of food, but some go to greater lengths than others to get it
* All penguins have a similar torpedo shaped body, which varies in size between species
  - very similar torpedo-shaped body form, though they vary greatly in size
  - access to both their homes on land and in the sea
  - short, thick feathers
  - the well known tux coloration
* All penguins have to grow a fresh set of feathers each year
  - live close to a body of water where they can hunt for food
  - live in the Southern Hemisphere
* All penguins live in the southern half of the earth
  - half of the world
  - part of the world
  - near water
  - south of the equator
  - typically have thick layers of fat, covered by protective, waterproof feathers
* All penguins use sounds to communicate
  - their black and white colors to adjust their body temperature on land
* Many penguins are threatened species
  - build a nest of rocks, sticks or grass where one or two eggs are laid
  - live at the bottom of the world where it is very, very cold
* Many penguins live in Antarctica
  - the icy waters in or near Antarctica
* Most penguins appear in islands.
* Most penguins are evolved from ancestors
  - extremely social animals and live in colonies of vast numbers
* Most penguins are located in Antarctica
  - member of families
  - very social
  - build their nests on the ground, among rocks and clumps of grass
  - carry eggs
  - come from birds
  - cross habitats
* Most penguins develop antibodies
  - features
* Most penguins drink sea water
* Most penguins eat fish
* Most penguins enter oceans
* Most penguins feed on fish
  - krill
  - find mates
  - float in water
  - gather in colonies of hundreds, even millions, to nest and molt
  - get food
  - give birth to penguins
* Most penguins go to environments
  - grow feathers
* Most penguins has-part backs
  - bellies
  - bones
  - flippers
  - glands
  - skeletons
  - tongues
* Most penguins have a white breast and a black back and head
  - chest and a black head
  - bills
  - capillaries
  - faces
  - hearts
  - natural predators
  - numerous capillaries
  - reddish color
  - several natural predators
  - small feet, wings, and head
  - spiny tongues
  - tiny capillaries
  - hear calls
  - inhabit southeast coasts
  - keep eggs
* Most penguins live in Antarctica
  - groups
  - ice caves
  - snow
* Most penguins live on coasts
  - continents
  - islands and of course they have to live close to water
* Most penguins make nests
  - their nests by digging shallow burrows under large rocks or bushes
  - migrate to beaches
  - only take short naps
  - play in ice
* Most penguins possess eggs
  - energy
  - raise chicks
* Most penguins require food
* Most penguins return to breed colonies
  - coastlines
  - same colonies
  - shores
  - seek food
* Most penguins shake backs
  - show behaviour
  - sit on ice
  - spread wings
  - stand in snow
* Most penguins stand on feet
  - glaciers
  - icebergs
* Most penguins thrive in groups
  - walk on feet
  - watch penguins
  - weigh pounds
* Some penguins appear in sea.
* Some penguins are evenly dark and light colored
  - gentle when feeding, others more aggressive
* Some penguins are located on Antarctica
  - very cute
  - attain ages
* Some penguins become babies
  - carry babies
* Some penguins eat krill
  - squids
* Some penguins emerge from colonies
  - exhibit unique features
  - extend wings
* Some penguins feed chicks
  - on squids
  - fight and steal rocks from their nests
  - follow tracks
  - go to islands
  - has-part skin
* Some penguins have a crest of feathers on their head
  - ability
  - chambers
  - distribution
  - nasal chambers
  - orange ear patches
  - positions
  - preference
  - rubbery skin
  - teeth
  - unique positions
* Some penguins hear birds
  - people
* Some penguins lack feathers
  - flight feathers
* Some penguins lack primary feathers
* Some penguins live in Antarctica
  - Peru
  - cold, polar climate zones
  - neighborhoods
  - other places
  - very warm places like on or very close to the equator
* Some penguins live on ground
  - the shore of Africa and South America
  - thick sheets of ice most of the time due to the extremely cold weather
* Some penguins lose capacity
  - mass
* Some penguins make colonies
  - milk
* Some penguins occur in environments
  - play in oceans
  - possess babies
  - provide food
  - reach ages
  - receive food
  - regurgitate food
  - require ground
* Some penguins return to nest sites
  - same nest sites
  - seek homes
  - shed feathers
* Some penguins sit on chicks
  - stones
* Some penguins stand in fronts
  - stay in the water for up to five months without coming to land
  - take care
  - thrive in sea
  - transmit parasites
  - use knowledge
  - wait for prey
* adapt to habitats.
* also are vulnerable to climate variations
  - eat cuttle fish, crustaceans, and other small sea animals
* also have a black and white color combination
  - further insulating layer of fat just under the skin
  - counter shading
  - short stiff wings that act like paddles
  - ingest oil, which is fatal
  - moult in a disorganised way
* appear awkward out of the water, but they can walk about as fast as a human being
  - off the starboard bow, leaping out of the water like tiny porpoises
* are a favorite food of polar bears
  - highly threatened group
  - type of birds
  - able to keep warm because their feathers and layers of blubber provide good insulation
* are also a species that mates for life
  - able to swim in different ways while they hold their breath
  - more or less without aggression
  - amongst the most sensitive of birds to marine oil pollution
  - aquatic, flightless birds that are highly adapted to life in the water
  - birds that live in the water and on land
  - birds, and they obviously came from birds
  - carnivores and mostly eat krill, a tiny shrimp-like animal, and other fish
  - cool
  - curious about their world
  - dumb
  - especially at risk as are the sea lions because their hair attracts the oil
  - excellent swimmers
  - fascinating birds
* are flightless aquatic birds widely distributed in the Southern Hemisphere
  - birds, but they have amazing mobility in the water
* are flightless sea birds of the Southern Hemisphere
* are found in the Antarctic regions but are never seen in the Arctic
  - on every continent in the Southern Hemisphere
  - fun to watch
  - gifted swimmers, using their wings as paddles
  - good swimmers, and in some cultures the stork is seen as a bearer of good news
* are gregarious birds and are found in flocks even at sea
  - in the extreme
  - gregarious, which means they like to live in community flocks or groups
  - hearty harbingers of global and local environmental change
  - largely dependent on the sea creatures underneath water while swimming
  - living systems, like all other birds
  - zoos
  - more suited to life in the ocean than on land
* are native to Antarctica
  - the southern hemisphere
  - nifty
  - no different from other organisms
* are one of the animals that live there
  - most well-known animals in the world
  - oldest groups of birds
  - only a portion of their diet
  - perfectly adaptable for their life in water
  - popular at zoos, and the king penguin is the most popular penguin of all
  - quite selective when it comes to their mate
  - really fast swimmers
  - seabirds and live in the South Pole and the Arctic
  - seen standing in the ice
  - slow on land because they waddle their feet instead of walking
  - so cool that they have become the stars of many television commercials
  - sociable animals and live and play together
  - social birds
  - socials
  - some of the most highly adapted, specialized birds in the world
  - specialized marine birds adapted to living at sea
  - superb swimmers and divers
* are the animals most people think of when they think of Antarctica
  - birds who gave up flying in the sky
  - major avian top-predators in the southern oceans
* are the most common birds in Antarctica
  - ethical living thing on the earth
  - highly specialized of all birds for marine life
* are the only bird that can leap into the air like porpoises
  - birds that migrate by swimming
  - really ideal example of monogamy
  - too short and too round to climb anything more steep than a handicap ramp
  - torpedo-shaped, flightless birds that live in the southern regions of the Earth
  - unique in that they are more completely covered in feathers than almost any other bird
* are very cute
  - docile and confident
  - good at swimming
  - interesting animals
  - rare
  - social and live in colonies of sometimes millions of penguins
  - warm blooded
  - waterfowls
  - weapons
* breed in colonies and can be fiercely territorial
  - large colonies, or rookeries
  - on the ice in large groups called rookeries
* call to each other, especially at night.
* can also see into the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum
  - develop foot problems from walking on the wrong kind of surfaces
* can jump as high as six feet in the air
  - leap clear out of the water when swimming
  - navigate across long distances
  - run as fast as most men, and swim faster than most fish
  - slide on their bellies
* can swim and dive
  - faster than most people can run
  - swim, and that is way better than any other bird that flies besides hawks
  - walk or waddle very fast on land
* catch food.
  - to surface of the water to breathe, and move on to the land to lay their eggs
* confine their flying to under water.
* crowd around and they push someone in the water.
* dash across an ice floe near Antarctica.
* display undersides.
* dive deep for their food
  - hundreds of times a day
  - under water to catch fish, which is their diet
  - underwater to grab the seafood with their long, pointy bills
* eat a variety fish and squid
  - fish, squid and krill
* eat fish and crustaceans
  - when they are hungry
* eat fish, squid and shrimp
  - squid, and crustaceans, which include crabs and shrimp
  - from their moms
* eat krill , fish , squid , and other small animals from the ocean , which they catch
  - and fish
  - krill, fish and squid
  - mostly squids, fish, and krill
  - squid and shrimp and other little fish
* eat squid, fish, and krill
  - krill, and other sea animals
  - octopus, fish and krill
* excel at underwater diving.
* exploit communication theory to get their message across in the windy Antarctic wastes.
* fall on their backs watching airplanes fly over
  - prey to leopard seals, sea lions, and killer whales
* feed at sea
  - off of small sea life forms, including fish, crustaceans, and cuttlefish
* feed on a variety of fish, squid, and krill
  - fish, cuttlefish, crustaceans, and other small sea animals
  - krill and fish
  - small fish
* feed on squid, fish, and crustaceans
  - shellfish, and fish
  - their babies regurgitated squid, fish, shrimp, and krill
* flap flippers.
* fly out of the water to draw breath.
* follow penguins.
* forage for food.
* form monogamous pairs and breed in dense colonies
  - social groups to provide protection from other animals
  - strong bonds with their mates and often breed with the same partners for life
* gather in large colonies called rookeries in order to reproduce
  - into large colonies to breed
  - oil from a preening gland located in the rump, from where the tail originates
* get all of their food from the ocean
  - food and feed their babies
  - their food by diving into the ocean and chasing after their food
* go back to the same places for breeding year after year
  - parading On a wintry stroll
  - through annual fasting periods
* have a funny walk
  - kind of circular respiration, with a constant air flow
  - little yellow and orange on their necks
  - strong and often long beaks
  - tendency to get a little nippy though
  - about seventy feathers per square inch
* have an amazing navigation ability to find their way
  - annual moult, which takes about fifteen days
  - excellent sense of hearing
  - organ above their eyes that changes seawater into fresh water
  - black eyes and they have orange feet
  - bluish-grey eyes
  - enemies, but they have adapted to life in the water
  - fat under their skin to make themselves even warmer
  - four seasons in their year, as follows
  - layers of fat , also known as blubber , under the skin
  - loads more haemoglobin than humans, so they can carry lots more oxygen
  - lots of enemies like leopard seals, killer whales and skuas
  - mating rituals that involve songs and dances
* have no external genitalia
  - natural land predators
  - poor binocular vision, and some penguins have no binocular vision at all
  - powerful flippers instead of wings
  - sharp stout beaks with serrated edges to help catch and hold onto fish
  - shiny, waterproof feathers that help keep their skin dry
* have short legs and tall, torpedo-shaped bodies
  - paddle-shaped wings adapted for swimming
  - special oil that they spread over their bodies
  - strong homing instincts and travel extensively before breeding
  - the highest density of feathers per unit of surface area than any birds
  - thick layers of fat under the skin
  - thick, webbed feet that are wide and strong
  - to be careful of sea lions
  - white bellies and dark backs
* have wings but they turn into fins
  - or paddle-like flippers which they use to swim
  - something
* includes air sacs
  - bird's feet
  - brains
  - breasts
  - cell membranes
  - cells
  - chest cavities
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - heads
  - lips
  - mouths
  - nuclei
  - plasma membranes
  - quill feathers
  - rib cages
  - second joints
  - sections
  - skulls
  - sterna
  - talons
  - vacuoles
  - wishbones
* incubate their eggs in a rookery until they hatch.
* infiltrate high-energy physics.
* inhabit coasts
* keep appearing and hiding on a snowy scene
  - their young warm and fed until they are strong enough to take care of themselves
  - warm with layers of insulation
* lay eggs on land
* learn to be very vocal and social animals within their colonies.
* lift heads.
* litually fly through the water using their fleshy feet as ruders.
* live in a lot of different places
  - large communities so that they can stay close and help one another stay warm
  - very large colonies, so they do have selection of mating with ease
  - mostly in the water and so are most likely seen on the coast
  - four different continents
* live only in Antarctica
  - the Southern Hemisphere and never in the Northern Hemisphere
  - there also
* living on ice have a special blood flow system called a counter-current exchange system.
* locate their nests under rocks or vegetation for shade and predator protection.
* look a bit little like seals when they swoop swiftly through the water.
* look like birds
  - black birds
* lose their feathers in a process called molting.
* love ice
  - meals
* make a nest
  - shallow hole in the ground
  - their nests by scraping a hole in the ground and lining it with dried grasses
* moult in summer.
* move by waddling, walking and tobogganing
  - with a very straight and erect posture, and waddle more than walk
* naturally think out of the box.
* now nest in burrows in sand, under overhanging rocks, under bushes, or even in the open.
* only live south of the equator.
* penguins It is born from an egg.
* play, diving through our wake like dolphins, as if in celebration of our arrival.
* primarily find their food from the seas, living mainly on fish, shrimp, or squid
  - rely on their vision while hunting
* produce as much disturbance or 'drag' in the water as a coin.
* propel themselves through the water with flying movements of their flippers.
* protect themselves by biting or beating their wings to show their strength
  - living in large colonies
  - their young in a rookery
* reach their top speeds when they are porpoising through the water.
* recognize each other mostly by their voice.
* rely on their feathers for insulation
  - vision to travel and hunt at sea
* represent the only known examples of male-male pairings in seabirds.
  - sea ice for nesting and feeding areas
* search for fish and squid.
* share environments.
* spend a great deal of their time swimming and waddling
  - time at sea, where they are in danger from seals
* spend a lot of their time swimming
  - time in the water
  - most of their lives in the oceans
  - straight upright as compared to other birds that lean over
* start nest building for the up coming breeding season.
* stay warm in lots of different ways.
* swallow prey.
* swim in groups
  - pools
  - on the tiny shrimp-like krill or silverfish
* travel a lot to get to different places.
* typically live near and in the very cold oceans of the southern hemisphere
  - mate only once a year and lay one egg
* use their beaks for feeding their young
  - bills to catch food underwater
* use their feet to steer themselves when they are underwater
  - flippers to swim
  - small wings to paddle
  - strong arms to literally fly through the sea
* use their wings as flippers and really look like they fly through the water
  - like paddles for swimming
  - to swim, instead of to fly
  - what they have readily available on land too
* usually dive to find prey, whether it's fish, krill or squid.
* usually live in large groups called colonies
  - near the ice, or rocks
  - walk or hop and toboggan along on their breasts, pushing with wings and feet
* waddle round upright, so the centre of gravity is over the feet.
+ Antarctica, Life in Antarctica, Animals: Gondwana
  * Penguins only live south of the equator. Several different kinds live in and around Antarctica. The biggest ones can stand nearly 4 feet tall and can weigh almost 100 pounds. The smallest kinds are only about one foot tall. Penguins are large birds that swim very well but cannot fly. They have black backs and wings with white fronts.
+ Bird, Flight, Flightless birds:
  * Penguins spend a great deal of time at sea, where they are in danger from seals. On land, they usually live in areas where there were few dangers, until the arrival of European settlers with dogs and cats. Their wings have adapted to life in the sea and have become flippers which help them in swimming very fast.
+ Macaroni Penguin, Size
  * As predators, Macaroni Penguins eat fish, squid, and krill, but they mostly eat krill as their food. Mothers and fathers of their chicks will feed their young by regurgitating the food into their mouth. Penguins get their food by diving into the ocean and chasing after their food. Penguins can survive up to 40 days without food. When penguins go hunting for their food, they swim from 50-200 feet down in the water. Sometimes when they are hunting at night, they swim up to 300 feet. But that is really rare. They usually swim for 2 minutes before coming up for air.
  * Penguins use their feet and tail to help them swim. They can swim up to 15 miles per hour. Swimming that fast helps them get away from predators that might eat them. Penguins spend a lot of their time swimming. Penguins are slow on land because they waddle their feet instead of walking. They sway their body from side to side while they waddle their feet. Sometimes, they also slide down hills on their belly which is much faster than waddling. Sliding helps them get to places faster.
+ Penguin, Life: Flightless birds :: Animals of Antarctica
  * Penguins eat krill, fish, squid, and other small animals from the ocean, which they catch. They are at home in the ocean. They come up on the land or ice to lay their eggs and raise the chicks. The animals all nest together in a huge group, called a. They usually make nests on the ground with rocks or mud.