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Sponge
* All sponges are aquatic and the majority of species are marine
  - have a similar body plan which basically resembles a sac filled with holes
  - possess a remarkable ability to regenerate lost parts
* Choanoflagellates Protoaan ancestral sponge.
* Many sponges are asymmetrical, but some exhibit radial symmetry
  - rare and many are found in deep waters making sampling difficult
  - have endosymbiont relationships with green algae
* Most sponges absorb water.
* Most sponges are Hermaphroditic which means that they are able to produce both sperm and eggs
  - both male and female
  - found in seawater, only a few in fresh water
* Most sponges are hermaphrodites, animals in which individuals have both male and female gonads
  - each individual bearing both eggs and sperm
  - possessing both eggs and sperm
  - that is, they produce both male and female sex cells
* Most sponges are hermaphroditic, meaning that a single organism has both eggs and sperm
  - which means each adult can act as either female or male
  - marine but a few live in freshwater
  - monoecious
  - sessile
* Most sponges come in shapes
  - various shapes
* Most sponges contain debris
  - minerals
  - sea minerals
  - silica
  - feed by collecting bacteria from the water that streams through their porous bodies
  - have capacity
  - live their lives attached to a reef
  - reproduce sexually
  - stay in one place, attached to a solid surface
* Some sponges are carnivorous and use their spicules to capture small crustaceans
  - distinctive in shape or colour, but can vary in shape sometimes dramatically
  - hermaphrodite, but others are unisex
  - benefit from the presence of small symbiotic algae known as zooxanthellae
  - come armed with glasslike skeletal spikes, microscopic and as beautiful as snowflakes
* Some sponges contain chemicals
  - toxic chemicals
* Some sponges grow quite large
  - very rapidly and have short lives though
* Some sponges have contact
  - distinct smell
  - endoskeletons made of calcium carbonate or silicon
  - fertilization
  - hard, mineralized skeletons called spicules
  - oviparous fertilization where sperm and eggs meet in open water
  - ranges
  - slime
  - spicules that are made of flexible protein called spongin
  - symbiotic algae and can bleach like corals
  - teeth
  - keep their shape by forming spicules, tiny rods that brace up the sponge's cells
  - offer protection
  - play an important role in helping nudibranchs defend themselves
  - produce buds
* absorb water by capillary action, as do many kinds of natural fibers used for clothing
* also breathe and excrete waste in the same way.
* also have great powers of regeneration from injury or predation
  - pharmaceutical value
* also produce borings, commonly riddling shells with numerous small holes
  - often riddling shells with numerous tiny holes
* also reproduce asexually by the formation of buds or gemmules
  - sexually by producing gametes
  - work well, and can also be found at a pet store
* appear to represent an early stage of multicellularity in the animal clade.
* aquire nutrients by a process in which they use their aquiferous system to filter water.
* are a haven for breeding bacteria and the fastest way to pass on germs
  - primitive form of multi-cellular animal
  - very ancient group that is remotely related to the metazoa
  - able to get microorganisms such as algae and bacteria for food through openings
  - absorbent materials
  - aerobic
* are also able to repair damages to their bodies
  - reproduce asexually through budding
  - keystone species
  - know to regenerate lost body parts
  - of some importance
  - among the many splashes of color on coral reefs
* are among the simplest of animals
  - the macroscopic animals found in a marine aquarium
  - structurally simplest multicellular animals, lacking true tissues and organs
  - an ancient and highly successful group of animals
  - ancient but unprogressive animals
  - animals which live at the bottom of our oceans and other bodies of water
  - aquatic, largely marine, animals with a great diversity in size, shape, and color
  - as important as corals for reef structure
  - asymetrical and have many special types of cells
  - bacteria factories
  - bottom-dwelling creatures that grow connected to a solid object
  - characterized by the possession of a feeding system unique among animals
* are considered the oldest living animal phylum
  - unicellular organisms
  - creatures that live in oceans and seas
* are different from other animals in that they can only use intracellular digestion
  - since they present only intracellular digestion
  - distinct, having the most simple body structure of all multi-cellular animals
  - diverse in color and shape and can be very beautiful
  - divided into classes based on the type of spicules in their skeleton
  - either radially symmetrical or asymmetrical
  - essential for the functioning of the coral reef's ecosystem
  - exclusively aquatic
  - extremely simple, sessile animals
  - filter feeders
  - found in a range of habitats including coastal zones as well as the deep-sea bottoms
  - generally sessile as adults and spend their lives attached to a fixed substratum
  - globular, cylindrical, conical, or irregular in shape
  - great for lifting color from a wash
  - hermaphrodites, which means that they have male and female reproductive parts
* are hermaphroditic , that is, they have both sexes in one body
  - but usually cross-fertilize
  - homes for many small animals including worms, insect larvae, and mites
  - important in nutrient cycles in coral reef systems
  - in the phylum
  - invertebrates
  - kind of like the exception to the rules of invertebrates
  - known by scientists as porifera
  - loosely organ- ized animals
  - made of four simple and independent cells
* are marine animals, live singly and attach to a substrate
  - creatures that can be found in almost all habitats including polar regions
  - metazoans, multicellular animals
  - mostly marine animals of widely varying size and shape
* are multicellular and display cellular differentiation
  - usually have irregular habits of growth
  - organisms with a certain level of cell differentiation
  - often soft bodied, many are fragile and colors are generally unstable
  - particulate feeders
  - plant-like creatures growing in colonies on the ocean floor
  - pre-cut in all different shapes for different crafts
  - preyed on by many animals
  - primarily marine animals found from tide pools to the ocean deeps
  - sessile , they live in one place, where they are fixed to the ground
* are sessile and feed by filtering water that flows through their bodies
  - typically feed by drawing in water through pores
  - animals that live in fresh or salt water
* are sessile, they live in one place, where they are 'fixed' to the ground
  - stay in place
* are simple animals
  - on the surface
  - some of the most primitive animals still around today
  - strong animals with dense skeletons that are well adapted to their environments
  - subdivided into three classes
  - suspension feeders
  - terrestrial invertebrates
  - the most primitive multicellular animals
* are the most simple form of animal found as fossils in Kentucky
  - of the muticellular animals
* are the simplest animals known
  - animals, yet even they have a transport system
* are the simplest form of animals
* are the simplest of the multicell eukaryotes
  - untapped biochemical lab of the sea
  - their own phylum
  - treasures for bathing and cleaning
* are used commercially all over the world daily in many different societies and cultures
  - for cleaning
* are very diverse in apperance, size and complexity
  - easy to remove
* belong to Phylum a. Cnidaria.
* can absorb a lot of water
  - actually move in all of the ways listed above, except for burrowing into the sand
* can also reconstitiute themselves if their cells are separated into a suspension
  - reproduce sexually, by division and fragmentation, in the same way as many plants
* can be cuyt in squares or cut with scissors into more complicated shapes
  - round, flat, or branched
  - digest large particles and tiny organisms for sustenance
  - filter a volume of water equal to their own body every five to twenty seconds
  - live in any type of aquatic environment, no matter the temperature of the water
  - produce sexually as well as asexually
* can reproduce both sexually and asexually
  - sexually or asexually
  - take the shape of small tubes, large sheets or even resemble elephant ears
* capture food using nematocysts.
* collect nutrients from the water through their choanocyte cells.
* come in a range of textures and types
  - all size, shapes, and colors
  - just about every color imaginable
* continually pump water through their bodies.
* crack in too much air, remain yellowy dead until water fills each cavity.
* demonstrate the cellular level of organization.
* die to remove moisture and removes scrap clay, using knife
  - when the water becomes too cold in the fall or winter
* differ from all other marine invertebrates in that they have no true tissues or organs
  - other animals in that all digestion is by the intracellular mechanism
* eat very fine detritus particles and organisms such as bacteria and plankton.
* encrust the rocks and leeches are common.
* even use the choanocyte when it's time to reproduce.
* exhibit high power of regeneration.
* fall into three main groups according to how their bodies are organized.
* feed by creating a current of water that flows through a series of tiny pores and canals
  - filtering microscopic organisms from the water
* feed, breath, reproduce, and excrete by means of pumping water through their body.
* grow attached to rocks and other objects at the sea- bottom.
* grow in all different shapes, sizes, colors, and textures
  - on rocks, but more commonly on submerged sticks and branches
* growing on reefs can provide virus-fighting agents.
* have a cellular grade of organization
  - felty appearance, while compound tunicates usually have a shiny surface
* have an asymmetric body with no true tissues, no organs
  - osculum, an opening in the upper body
  - bodies in the form of tubular vases or globes open in the upper extremity
  - different amoeboid cells in the mesohyl
  - few enemies
  - holes throughout their bodies in addition
  - irregular symmetry or no symmetry
* have many mobile cell types
  - pores, holes and channels in their bodies
  - medicinal potential
  - multiple cell types that are geared toward executing various metabolic functions
  - no muscles, nerves and gut that the other animals possess
* have no nervous system and no specialised sensory cells
  - tissue, but they do have specialized cells
  - spicules, which are secreted by the amoeboid cells
* have three cell types
  - main tissue layers
  - to compete with other sessile biota
  - very high regenerative powers
* hold water.
* inhabit corals for the purpose of protection from predators
  - every environment, from marine-tropical to polar
* is absorbent
* lack a gut
  - nervous system and have no true musculature
  - any kind of specialized organs but instead have well-developed connective tissue
  - complex digestive, respiratory, circulatory, reproductive, and nervous systems
  - organs and tissue, and all the cells exhibit considerable independence
  - tissue and organs and are typically asymmetrical
  - tissues and organs and are typically asymmetrical assemblages of cells
  - true organs
* live in all types of regions all over the region
  - on the bottom of oceans, rivers, and streams
* move huge volumes of water through their bodies every day.
* play a vital role on reefs, providing structure, food and filtration
  - an important role in the structure and function of Caribbean coral reef communities
* possess extensive regeneration abilities for repair and asexual reproduction
  - hard spicules of inorganic material or softer protein fibers
* primarily reproduce asexually.
* provide habitat for wide variety of animals
  - shelter for other marine animals including brittle stars, fish, shrimp and worms
* pump a surprising amount of water in a day
  - large quantities of water through their bodies
  - remarkable amounts of water
* quickly become dirty bacteria breeding grounds and are a thing of the past.
* range in grade depending on the complexity of the internal water canals within the sponge.
* remain sessile as adults, however as gametes, are vagrant.
* reproduce asexually by budding, fragmentation, and producing gemmules
  - by sexual as well as asexual methods
* reproduce sexually and asexually
  - by releasing sperm into the water
  - through regeneration
* serve a variety of vital functions in reef ecosystems.
* show all variations of form, size, and color
  - modular growth
* sit on the bottom of the sea actively pumping seawater through their bodies.
* soak in water.
* spend most of their time filtering and cleaning sea water.
* sprout out of the coral, forming large, plate-like structures or tall, elegant baskets.
* survive by filtering water and capturing small food particles.
* take on a variety of shapes, sizes and colors
  - up an entire phylum for several reasons
  - release sperm into the water
* use chemical defense against environmental stress factors like predation
  - currents in clever ways
  - the flagella to move when they are larvae
  - their pores to feed and reproduce
* usually stay in one place all their lives.
* vary in shape, color and size
+ Sponge (tool), Other qualities of natural sponges, Antibiotic compounds: Cleaning tools
  * Sponges have medicinal potential. This is because of antimicrobial compounds in either the sponge itself or their microbial symbionts.
+ Sponge, Life functions, Movement
  * Sponges are sessile, they live in one place, where they are 'fixed' to the ground. They do this like amoebae
  - Reproduction (making new sponges), Sexual reproduction
  * Most sponges reproduce sexually. They can make sperm cells that are released into the water. These are either captured by another sponge, and are then transported to the egg cells of the parent. This is known as 'viviparous'. Both cells are joined to form larvae, which can swim off to find a good place to settle
  - What makes them different:
  * Sponges have no nervous system. Their middle jelly-like layers have many different types of cells. Some types of cell in their outer layers may move into the middle layer and change their functions