### drug | medication:

Antibiotic
* All antibiotics are potentially life-sustaining.
* All antibiotics can cause an allergy
  - hypersensitivity reactions
  - carry the risk for allergic reactions, which can be serious in some cases
* All antibiotics have side effects, most mild and self limited, some serious and permanent
* Any antibiotic can cause an allergic reaction
  - leave behind some bacteria
* Many antibiotics act by binding to bacterial ribosomes and inhibiting translation
  - affect the ribosome
  - are structurally similar to chemicals processed by enzyme systems
* Many antibiotics can cause diarrhea
  - irritate the stomach
* Many antibiotics cause diarrhea
  - temporary nausea and abdominal cramps
  - chelate divalent cations such as magnesium and calcium, causing their inactivation
  - have no effect on gram-negative bacteria
  - precipitate in water and are destroyed by light
  - remove the effectiveness of oral contraceptives
* Many antibiotics work by inactivating an essential bacterial protein
  - preventing bacteria from building cell walls
* Match the following drugs with their mechanism of action.
* Most antibiotics are designed to be lethal to a particular type or group of pathogens
  - from fungi, which have waged war of survival with bacteria
  - heat sensitive
  - safe when nursing
  - come from natural products
  - destroy organisms as they replicate
  - fail to reach infected tissue and bacteria
  - have a withholding period
  - kill only a few different disease causing organisms
  - require a specific regimen to be effective
  - taken by mouth are fairly safe
  - used by the dentist during pregnancy are safe
* Some antibiotics are better on strep than others
  - detrimental to phagocytosis
* Some antibiotics are effective against only certain types of bacteria
  - for treating and preventing pustules and cysts of severe acne
  - harmless
  - safer than others
* Some antibiotics can be effective in treating ulcerative colitis
  - fatal to guinea pigs
  - block protein synthesis in bacteria without affecting the eukaryotic host
  - cause side effects
  - make methotrexate much more toxic
* Some antibiotics cause more superinfection than others
  - photosensitivity
  - sensitivity to the sun
  - dissolve the membrane of just bacterial cells
  - inhibit protein synthesis by preventing subunits from assembling
  - kill naturally occurring bacteria that are needed by the body
  - work by keeping translation from happening
* When taken during pregnancy, antibiotics can cause problems.
* act quickly and are a powerful way of temporarily getting rid of acne.
* additionally kill the beneficial bacteria.
* affect porcine alveolar macrophage function.
* also act by changing the intestinal flora
  - destroy natural bacteria in the intestine, opening the way for secondary infection
  - double the risk for vaginal infections in women
* are OK for illnesses that are caused by germs.
* are a chemically diverse group of static or cidal compounds produced by microorganisms
  - class of pharmaceuticals which are substances produced by microbes
  - common cause since they kill the friendly bacteria that keep candida at bay
  - double edged sword
  - frequent cause, and weaken the body so the virus can attack
  - good example because they deplete helpful bacteria
  - mainstay in conventional treatment for skin disorders
  - more conventional way of treating vaginal infection
  - poor substitute for good surgical technique
  - requirement after any dental procedures in an infected mouth environment
  - valuable tool in the treatment of disease
  - vital part of the therapeutic arsenal
  - added to warm media after removing the media from the autoclave
  - alien to the human body and in prescribed dosages are only mildly poisonous
* are also more effective when given intravenously
  - necessary in most cases of chronic sinusitis
  - off limits
  - responsible for creating new and unusual challenges for the immune system
  - always the best medicine
* are among most misused medications
  - the greatest achievements of medical science
* are among the most frequently used medications in ambulatory care
  - important drugs available in our society
* are among the most powerful and important medicines available
  - important medicines known
  - widely prescribed drugs worldwide
* are an example of medications that interfere with the effectiveness of the pill
  - important treatment option against bacterial diseases if they are used properly
* are another category of drugs that are beneficial to patients
  - possible cause, as they kill helpful as well as harmful bacteria
  - antimicrobial agents, many of which are used to combat a bacterial infection
  - any substances that inhibit or kill certain microorganisms
* are available for the treatment of bacterial infections
  - in the form of tablets, capsules or injections
  - chemical substances that are secreted by living things
  - compounds that kill bacteria, but bacteria can become resistant to it
* are drugs capable of destroying the balance of healthy intestinal microorganisms
  - or medicines that doctors use to kill bacteria and cure infections
* are drugs that are used to kill bacteria
  - classically are used in the treatment of bacterial diseases
* are drugs that kill bacteria
  - invading bacteria
  - or impair bacteria
  - used to fight disease in both humans and animals
* are drugs used to kill bacteria
  - or harm specific bacteria
  - treat infections caused by bacteria
* are effective against bacteria
  - the infection
  - trachoma, but old bottles are much easier to come by
  - for bacterial infections
* are effective if started early enough
  - the disease is caught in the early stages
* are effective in killing the pathogens
  - preventing or reducing the number of further attacks
  - treating the disease, with the sores healing in about two weeks
  - treatment, but who and when to treat needs to be individualized
  - essential tools in disease-management regimen in food animals
  - far from being the only crossover medica-tions in human and canine health
  - fed to reduce liver abscesses in cattle fed high-concentrate rations
* are generally ineffective but are still widely used
  - very safe
  - given to treat any bacterial infection present
* are helpful for the treatment of ear infections
  - from time to time, to control secondary urinary tract infections
  - if the cause bacterium
* are important if the dermatitis is weeping, sticky or crusted
  - in helping our bodies to get rid of foreign invaders
  - to treat serious infections in animals and people
* are ineffective against viral infections, including colds
  - viruses
* are ineffective in treating viral infections
  - viral meningitis
  - medications that are active against bacteria
  - medicine's primary weapon against bacterial infections
  - medicines designed to either kill or inhibit microorganisms
* are medicines that kill bacteria
  - germs like bacteria
  - stop the growth and reproduction of bacteria
  - used in the treatment of infections caused by bacteria
* are medicines used to treat and prevent bacterial diseases
  - specific infections caused by bacteria
  - more likely to be needed if there is bloody diarrhea
* are most effective if given early in the first phase of the illness
  - in getting rid of bacteria when they are actively growing
  - when they are used as little as possible
  - mostly important in stopping the spread of whooping cough infection
  - narrowly focused toxins
  - necessary if a bacterial infection is suspected
* are of doubtful value, in spite of the fever and leukocytosis
  - little value in treating brucellosis
  - no use in viral meningitis
* are of no value for viral diseases
  - unless influenza becomes complicated by secondary bacterial infection
  - often ineffective in treating the nonbacterial forms of prostatitis
  - one of our most important weapons against some infections
* are one of the most common causes of residual pathogenic factor in our society
  - feed additives
* are only effective against bacteria, which are very different from viruses
* are only effective for diseases caused by bacteria
  - treating bacterial infections
  - if they are administered shortly after exposure
  - in the treatment of bacterial infections
  - when given to treat bacterial infections
* are only necessary if signs of systemic or extensive local infection are noted
  - there are radiologic signs of pneumonia
  - rational if a urinary tract infection is confirmed
* are only useful against bacterial infections
  - if there bacterial infection of the sinuses
  - overused, especially in the private health-care sector
  - particularly effective when sanitation is below normal and stress is above normal
* are powerful and important medications used to treat certain illnesses
  - drugs used to treat certain illnesses
  - medications that kill infection-causing bacteria
* are powerful medicines that are effective against a wide range of bacteria
  - can cure infections caused by bacteria
  - used to treat bacterial infections
  - powerless against the virus
  - precious medicines that are desperately needed to save lives
  - prescribed to boost the body 's natural defences
* are prescription drugs for a reason
  - that attack bacterial germs
  - rather easy to discover, but few are of medical or commercial value
  - relatively inexpensive and easily tolerated
* are responsible for creating new and unusual challenges against the immune system
  - the elimination of plaques
  - selected based on organism
  - simply substances that kill bacteria
  - some of the most dependable and effective drugs available for treatment of disease
  - special medicines which help treat or prevent infections
  - standard dermatologic therapy for acne
  - still a good choice for use in the treatment of certain cases of mastitis
* are strong medicines that can stop some infections and save lives
* are substances of biological origin that kill bacteria
  - produced in a microorganism which inhibit the growth of other microbes
  - successful in treating syphilis
  - the least complex and least expensive life-sustaining technologies
* are the main means of treatment for the disease
  - treatment for a kidney infection
* are the mainstay of treatment for both acute and chronic sinusitis
  - treatment, especially for the early stages of the disease
* are the most common type of medicines that cause allergic reactions
  - commonly prescribed class of drugs in outpatient settings
  - new cure for ulcers
  - only weapons that successfully can attack the bacteria that cause sinusitis
  - original cause of the change on the terrain
  - primary treatment for a kidney infection
  - second most commonly used class of drugs in the United States
* are the treatment of choice for a bacterial ear infection
  - bacterial infections of the tonsils
  - the common cold
  - typical cause, but chemotherapy and abdominal surgery can also act as catalysts
* are the usual treatment for UTIs
  - bladder infections and other urinary tract infections
  - totally worthless and ineffective for the treatment of flu or other viral diseases
  - ubiquitous in nature
  - unable to eradicate it because the bacteria produce a protective biofilm
* are used to block the disease without affecting the individual
  - promote growth and treat sick cattle
* are used to treat mastitis
  - simple cases of urinary tract infections
  - staph infections
* are useful and effective medications when used to treat bacterial infections
  - if infection is present
* are useful in both the prevention and treatment of leptospirosis
  - cases of bacterial infection
  - treating asthma
  - particularly if there are pustules
  - when a bacterial infection occurs
  - useless against viruses which cause colds and flus
* are useless in fighting viral infections such as a cold, cough or flu
  - treating it, because they have no affect on viruses
* are usually effective if the disease is recognized early and treatment is prolonged
  - in curing infections
  - effective, especially if treatment starts early in the disease process
  - in a pill, capsule, or liquid form
  - inefficient for the treatment of cat scratch disease
  - successful in treating mild or early infections of chlamydia
  - very cold in nature and so they can cause additional problems for the Spleen
* are very effective if a full course is taken for about a week
  - in killing the bacteria
  - important in medicine but they do have limitations
  - safe and effective if taken correctly
  - way overused and even abused by the medical profession as well as by food producers
  - widely used antibiotics include penicillin, streptomycin, and tetracycline
  - wonder drugs
* are, in effect, being used as a substitute for good husbandry and hygiene.
* attack specific infections.
* attack the bacterial cell wall and stop bacteria from growing and reproducing
  - cell walls or other targets that are only found in bacteria
* block specific metabolic pathways found in bacteria.
* bring healing.
* can act to directly kill bacteria
  - affect gut flora
  - also cause diarrhea and fungal infections
* can also effect the mucous membrane, making it more vulnerable to acids
  - mucus membrane, making it more vulnerable to acids
  - eliminate persitant infections
  - have an adverse effect on respiratory muscle function
  - help correct reflux caused by an infection
  - inhibit the immune system and reduce absorption of nutrients
  - pose a problem even when prescribed for legitimate bacterial infections
  - arrest the progression of leprosy or even cure the disease
  - be effective in treatment of some forms of leptospirosis
* can be very effective against bacterial infections
* can cause allergic reactions , stomach upset, and other side effects
  - and stomach upset
  - excessive levels of theophylline in the blood
  - nausea, diarrhea, and stomach pain
  - nutrient depletions by several different mechanisms
* can cause side effects such as stomach upset and rashes
  - effects, the most common of which are rash, nausea, and diarrhea
  - stomach upset and allergic reactions
* can cause stomach upset, allergic reactions , and other effects
  - rash, allergic reactions , or other side effects
  - unfavorable reactions such as, nausea, diarrhea, and stomach pain
  - change the proper balance of bacteria in the intestines and cause diarrhea
  - clear up sinusitis by killing bacteria that cause it
  - control the infection
* can cure a cold or attack viruses
  - most STDs completely
  - patients in the earlier stages of the disease
  - strep throat because it bacterial infection
  - syphilis if it's caught early
  - the disease if administered within about a month after exposure
  - ulcers, and even some cases of the lymphoma
  - decrease the duration of symptoms
  - eliminate the underlying infection
* can have side effects and cause an overgrowth of yeast
* can help a cat recover from salmonella infections
  - person with strep throat
  - cure colds and flu
  - fight colds and flus
  - reduce the child's discomfort when there bacterial infection
  - interfere with birth control pills
* can kill beneficial gut bacteria
  - good digestive bacteria
  - of a wide variety of bacterial cells in a human body
  - the bacteria to prevent more toxin from being produced
  - lessen the adverse effects and prevent serious heart damage
  - make the disease milder if they are started early enough
* can often cure bacterial infections, but they never cure viral infections
  - improve symptoms
  - only be effective against bacteria that are actively metabolising
* can prevent or cure a secondary infection
  - such an infection from occurring in the first place
  - produce diarrhea
* can reduce swelling and ulcers in Crohn's disease
  - symptoms associated with infection
* can reduce the bacteria that keep the yeast in check, allowing the yeast to overgrow
  - effectiveness of birth control pills
* can result in severe allergic reaction
  - yeast overgrowth, especially in female patients
  - safely save lives when prescribed appropriately
  - save lives, used wrongly they can wreck lives
  - stop the spread of infection if administered immediately
  - totally cancel metabolic absorption
* can treat prostatitis
* can upset the balance of that flora
  - natural balance of bacteria in the intestines
* can usually cure the earlier stages of the disease
  - put an end to the infection
  - the microbe to die
  - tooth decay in multiple ways
* change the normal digestive tract flora and allow the organism to overgrow
  - way bacteria and other microorganisms act inside the body
* come as solutions for the skin or as pills.
* commonly used include ceftriaxone, tetracycline, doxycycline, and quinolones.
* confer a relative benefit in the treatment of sore throat.
* control the bacterial infection.
* create a fungus-friendly intestinal environment.
* cure all sore throats
  - infections by killing bacteria
* decompose with time.
* degrade over time and can form harmful breakdown products.
* destroy all bacteria in the body, even healthy ones
  - bacteria which medicine claims causes disease
* destroy both good and bad bacteria
  - harmful bacteria and good bacteria
  - spirochetes, some nematodes starve and die, but survivor nematodes still farm
  - the normal healthy intestinal flora and function of the digestive tract
  - vital beneficial bacteria that live in the intestinal system
* differ from each other in their chemical structures and mode of action.
* do appear to help relieve most of the symptoms more quickly
  - kill specific bacteria
  - nothing to counter a viral infection
* favor the growth of yeast.
* fight diseases that are caused by bacteria
  - the bacteria that are causing the sinus infection
* frequently cause a zone of accelerated growth in bacteriological assay work.
* given early in the course of the disease can prevent chronic arthritis
  - quickly are the treatment for meningococcal infection
* given to human beings make up only half the antibiotic use in the United States
  - the mother can cause colic in the kittens
* have a place in farming, but it is their indiscriminate use that is causing concern
  - very hard time getting in there
  - vital role to play in human and animal medicine
  - individual side effects
* have no effect against a viral illness like the flu
  - the virus that causes colds
* have no effect against viral illnesses
  - infections and thus have no effect against the common cold
* have no effect on colds or flu
  - most infections which afflict the human body
* have no effect on the disease, which is usually self-limited
  - viruses , but several antiviral drugs have been developed
  - viruses, because the virus lacks the target
  - role in treating common colds
  - useful role unless bacterial superinfection is present
  - people living longer today than ever before
  - side effects, eg vomiting, diarrhoea and skin rash
* help ensure complete eradication of the infection.
* help fight infections that can cause bronchitis and sinusitis
  - stomach cancer
  - get infection to certain threshold and the immune system kicks in to help
  - only strep throats
* help prevent infection
  - infections and certain medication can help alleviate the pain
* help treat a cold
  - pneumonia caused by a bacteria
* incorporated also can produce sensitization.
* increase functional bowel symptoms.
* increase the potency of steroids by slowing their rate of elimination from the body
  - recurrence rate of otitis media
* is antibacterial.
* is located in cabinets
* kill all bacteria, even the healthy ones, and encourage yeast overgrowth.
* kill bacteria by reacting with a specific protein at the surface of cell membranes
  - on plants which results in ice forming less readily
* kill bacteria or arrest bacterial growth in a number of ways
  - prevent their growth by a variety of mechanisms
  - that cause such ailments as ear infections and strep throat
* kill bacteria, but are completely harmless to viruses
  - colds are caused by viruses
  - chlamydia bacteria
  - disease-causing bacteria by interfering with their processes
* kill off a bunch of bacteria
  - an infection, too, but they work faster
  - beneficial bacteria as well as pathogens
  - everything indiscriminately, unable to tell one bacteria from another
* kill off the 'good' bacteria which control the growth of yeasts
  - good bugs right along with the bad ones
  - only bacteria they have no effect on viruses, which also cause pneumonia
  - or inhibit susceptible bacteria and resistant ones survive
  - some helpful bacteria that normally live in the digestive system
* kill the bacteria that cause infections
  - have colonized the follicles
* kill the good bacteria along with the bad bacteria
  - normal beneficial bacterial living in the intestines
* lead to the development of resistant bacteria in the colon.
* often cure an infection completely
  - kill the good bacteria along with the harmful ones
  - prove useless after a short period
  - work when the infection is caused by bacteria
* only attack bacteria and have no effect on the cold virus
  - fight bacterial infections
* only kill bacteria
  - certain on viruses
* only work against bacteria and are useless against viruses
  - organisms called bacteria , which can cause illness
  - some infections caused by bacteria
  - for specific bacterial infections
* pass from the mother's blood stream through the placenta to the infant.
* play a limited role, but vaccination is essential
  - no role in their treatment and are a wasted health care dollar
  - only a partial role, the host's immune system is required to clear the infection
* pose another problem because they interfere with the normal intestinal flora
  - other risks to the patient
* prevent complications of the flu
  - fermentation
* prevents liver injury in rats following long-term exposure to ethanol.
* promote in vitro organogenesis in peanut.
* protect against any infection.
* provide modest benefit for acute otitis media.
* rank among the most important of all life saving drugs today.
* reduce the bacterial activity in the gut causing gaseousness and diarrhea
  - chance of postoperative infections
* relieve our symptoms by killing spirochetes.
* represent the second largest therapeutic category in terms of pharmaceutical sales.
* save many lives every year.
* shorten the duration of diarrhea, eliminate the organisms from the stool
  - symptoms, but by a mean of only about half of one day
* slow the spread of infection so that a person's own body can fight off the infection.
* specifically attack the metabolism of a bacterial cell.
* stimulate the fungus' growth and eliminate protective bacteria.
* supposedly kill the friendly bacteria that our bodies depend on for healthy function.
* take a bite out of bad gums.
* treat life-threatening bacteria
  - only bacterial infections and are completely powerless against viral illnesses
* used in dentistry can interfere with the action of birth control pills.
* usually clear up disease symptoms two or three days after treatment begins
  - impetigo in four or five days
  - the peritonitis, but sometimes an infection becomes life-threatening
  - cure anthrax of the skin
  - kill bacteria by interfering with an essential aspect of bacterial life
  - prevent it from crossing the placenta
  - resolve acute prostatitis infections in a very short period of time
* waste tremendous amounts of magnesium.
* weaken or destroy bacteria
* wipe out friendly bacteria in the gut while they're knocking out enemies.
  - because the biochemistry of bacteria is far different from that of human beings
* work best when taken at the same time each day
  - there steady blood level
* work by disrupting certain bacterial metabolic processes
  - either stopping the growth or directly killing the bacteria
  - eliminating disease- causing organisms
  - in infections caused by bacteria
* work on bacteria only
  - various types of infections caused by bacteria
* work only against infections that are caused by bacteria
* work well for local infections
  - when given early
+ Acne, Treatments
  * This can be done by ingesting antibiotic medication, or by putting antibiotics on the skin. Antibiotics act quickly and are a powerful way of temporarily getting rid of acne. When the body develops a resistance to the antibiotics, the bacteria returns stronger than before.
+ Antibiotic resistance, Effect on surgery and medicine: Genetics :: Evolutionary biology :: Infectious diseases :: Antibiotics
  * Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy damage the immune system. Antibiotics are prescribed to boost the body's natural defences. Patients with organ transplants always use drugs to suppress the immune system, otherwise it attacks the transplant. Therefore antibiotics are used to protect the body. Without effective antibiotics, both sets of patients might die from infections which their immune systems could no longer control.
+ Common cold, Management, Antibiotics and antivirals: Diseases caused by viruses
  * Antibiotics have no effect against viral infections and thus have no effect against the common cold. Antibiotics are often prescribed even though antibiotic side effects cause overall harm. Eccles Pg.238 Antibiotics are commonly prescribed because people expect doctors to prescribe them, and doctors want to help people. Prescribing antibiotics also happens because it is difficult to exclude causes of infection that may be managed by antibiotics. There are no effective antiviral drugs for the common cold even though some preliminary research has shown benefit.
+ Kennel cough, Treatment and prevention: Dogs
  * Antibiotics are given to treat any bacterial infection present. The usual outcome is good. Prevention is by vaccinating for canine adenovirus, distemper, parainfluenza, and 'Bordetella'. In kennels, the best prevention is to keep all the cages clean. Most kennels will not board dogs without proof of vaccination.
+ Peptic ulcer, Treatment of peptic ulcers: Diseases and disorders of the digestive system
  * Antibiotics are medicines that kill germs like bacteria. Usually three different antibiotics are used, and because the 'Helicobacter pylori' bacteria is so resistant, successful treatment is not guaranteed. The number of people turning to natural remedies is increasing. Natural remedies have none of the side effects common to antibiotic treatment.
+ Prostatitis, Category I: Acute prostatitis (bacterial), Treatment: Male reproductive system
  * Antibiotics usually resolve acute prostatitis infections in a very short period of time. Appropriate antibiotics should be used, based on the microbe causing the infection. Some antibiotics have very poor penetration of the prostatic capsule, others, such as Ciprofloxacin, Co-trimoxazole and tetracyclines penetrate well. Severely ill patients may need hospitalization, while nontoxic patients can be treated at home with bed rest, analgesics, stool softeners, and hydration.
+ Streptococcal pharyngitis: Diseases caused by bacteria :: Infectious diseases
  * Strep throat spreads through close contact with a sick person. To be sure that a person has strep throat, a test called a throat culture is needed. Even without this test, a likely case of strep throat can be known because of the symptoms. Antibiotics can help a person with strep throat. Antibiotics are medicines that kill bacteria. They are used mostly to prevent complication such as rheumatic fever rather than to shorten the length of sickness.
+ Translation (genetics), Four stages: Molecular biology :: Cell biology
  * Some antibiotics work by keeping translation from happening. Prokaryotic ribosomes are different from eukaryotic ribosomes. So antibiotics can kill bacteria without hurting the eukaryotic host. For example, antibiotics taken by a human might kill the bacteria that is making the human sick but wouldn't hurt the human.
+ Urinary tract infection: Diseases caused by bacteria :: Urinary system :: Diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system
  * Antibiotics are used to treat simple cases of urinary tract infections. If symptoms have not improved in two or three days, a person will need further tests. In women, urinary tract infections are the most common form of bacterial infection. Ten percent of women develop urinary tract infections yearly.
+ Virus: Viruses
  * Viral infections in animals provoke an immune response that usually eliminates the infecting virus. Immune responses can also be produced by vaccines, which confer an artificially acquired immunity to the specific viral infection. However, some viruses including those causing AIDS and viral hepatitis evade these immune responses and result in chronic infections. Antibiotics have no effect on viruses, but several antiviral drugs have been developed.