### substance | conductor:

Copper
* Collages From a series of galvanized and copper collages using industrial materials.
* Most copper conducts electricity.
* Most copper has antimicrobial properties
  - heat capacity
* Most copper has high conductivity
  - thermal conductivity
* Most copper has low specific capacity
* Most copper has thermal conductivity
  - is stored in the liver
* Much copper is found in the mountains.
* Some copper contains water
  - has electric charge
  - is necessary in our diets for good health
  - reacts with oxygen
* Used in lead-fluxed glazes, produces a bright green.
* accumulates in the liver and nervous system leading to severe liver and neurological disease
* acts as a catalyst in the formation of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying blood component
  - coenzyme in hemoglobin production
  - lubricant for moderately sever forming
  - to soften pewter, making it more workable
* affects the elasticity of blood vessels.
* alloys for a wide range of applications.
* also aids tissue growth, glucose metabolism, and growth of healthy hair
  - causes brittle and thin nails
* also has an effect on fertility
  - excellent resistance to corrosion
* also helps maintain proper color of skin and hair
  - promote tissue building and repair in the skin
  - proper bone formation and maintenance
* also is an essential nutrient
  - used in plumbing, and is an alloy in brass and bronze products
  - occurs naturally in plants and animals
* also plays a fundamental role in bone formation and maintenance
  - role regulating blood clotting
  - responds to heat changes more rapidly than any other metal
* are a group that are popular and found mostly in open areas of marshes and meadows.
* atoms on silica surface.
* better conductor of electricity than aluminum, the metal used in most chips today
  - electricity, and silicon makes for faster computer chips
  - heat and electricity than any other metal except silver
* boosts activity of anti-inflammatory drugs.
* brings more blood flow and oxygen to the area of inflamantion, reducing pain or discomfort.
* broad-spectrum fungicide which prevents fungal and bacterial spores from germinating.
* can act as a catalyst
  - adversely affect the lungs, liver and kidneys
  - also come from pollutants in the water supply
* can be especially toxic to fish
  - phytotoxic
  - cause respiratory irritation, nausea and metal fume fever
  - combine with many different elements to form many different minerals
  - easily leach into the drinking water as the pipes age
  - get a covering of Verdigris, which green-colored compound
  - interfere with gill function and if improperly used can be toxic to fish
  - overheat and burn, and is relatively unreliable
  - transfer heat faster than aluminium, but takes longer to dissipate heat
* carries the electrons which power our modern world.
* causes blue color in vesuvianite
  - staining and imparts a metallic bitter taste
  - the blue colour
* changes with weather, becoming even more beautiful as time passes.
* chelates as possible active forms of the antiarthritic agents.
* cofactor in several enzyme systems in the body.
* combines with proteins to form many enzymes critical for life.
* comes in several forms including ionic and chelated forms
  - which can be used in water
* component of many enzymes and cell structures
  - numerous enzymes that affect a wide variety of metabolic processes
* conducts electricity better than aluminum does
  - well and is used in electric wires
  - heat far more evenly than aluminum
* containing sprays can help control the disease.
* contains melanin which is the pigment that colors hair and skin
  - minute amounts of copper sulfate which natural algaecide
* creates an essential enzyme for the regeneration of cartilage and bone.
* cuts through faster than iron or thread.
* daily dietary requirement and silver has long been used as a purifier.
* destroys vitamin C and increases oxidation.
* ductile metal.
* eliminates sulphur and thereby ensures the flavour.
* enters the air, mainly through release during the combustion of fossil fuels
  - body through the digestive tract
* enzymes in isolated chloroplasts.
* fairly ordinary, yet precious, metal.
* first absorbs, then radiates heat.
* forms onto aluminum.
* fungicide and the aspirin makes the water more acidic.
* gives a bluish tone, sodium is yellow, strontium is red
  - an ethnic or antique look to jewelry
* good conductor of electricity.
* great thermal conductor.
* has a brownish red colour
  - contraceptive effect when present in the uterus
  - higher ductility than alternate metal conductors with the exception of gold and silver
  - long history of reusing small structures in several different areas
  - lot of loosely held electrons so it s a good conductor
  - low coefficient of thermal expansion for an electrical conducting material
* has a lower electrical resistivity than that of aluminum
  - resistivity and better conductor of electricity than iron
  - much higher melting point than zinc does
  - an electric charge which shocks the snail's slimy body if it tries to cross it
  - another biological function in animals such as snails, lobsters and spiders
  - exceptional conductivity for wire and wafers, which enables faster processing speeds
* has heat capacity
  - conductivity values
* has high conductivity and low resistivity
  - resistance to corrosion and is easily drawn or bent
  - toxicity to aquatic organisms
  - higher heat conductivity than aluminum
  - less resistance than aluminum and, therefore, transmits electrical signals faster
* has low chemical reactivity
  - solubility, which enables it to persist in the soil for years
  - lower resistivity, and ultimately lower resistance, than aluminum
  - one free electron per atom
  - problems on the electron level
  - relative permeab
  - several important functions in the body
* has the ability to pierce the protective outer membrane of a cell and disrupt enzyme balance
  - highest diffusivity over the entire temperature range
  - smallest margin of error of any of the trace minerals
  - strength required to withstand fluid pressures in large air conditioning systems
* has two naturally occurring isotopes
  - stable isotopes
* has very good resistance to corrosion
  - low energy consumption in manufacture and refining
  - vital roles in enzymes as prosthetic groups
  - wide use as an agricultural poison and as an algicide in water purification
* heavy metal and possibly acts as a poison that blocks the normal biochemical functions
  - which accumulates in the sediment and remains forever toxic
* helpful cofactor for red blood cell synthesis.
* helps combine collagen and elastin, and zinc aids in the growth and repair of tissue
  - control fire blight by reducing inoculum from overwintering cankers
  - convert tyrosine into a pigment that colors the skin and hair
  - create hemoglobin and prevents the development of emphysema
  - enzymes release energy
  - in the formation fo red blood cells
* helps make hemoglobin, which carries oxygen in the blood
  - red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body
* helps rid the body of parasites and is required for various enzyme reactions
  - parasites, and is beneficial for graying and thinning hair
  - stabilize egg whites without cream of tartar
  - to strengthen connective tissue, ligaments, and tendons
* highly conductive metal, but it is soft
  - recyclable material and helps to meet sustainability goals
* improves absorption and utilization of iron
  - the thyroid metabolism, especially in hormone production and absorption
* includes atoms.
* increases microprocessor performance substantially over chips that use aluminum wire
  - the production of red blood cells
* interacts with everything and degrades the material.
* is able to be absorbed through the skin
  - about twice as effective as aluminum, but it is also very heavy
* is absorbed in the stomach and small intestine, and stored in the liver , kidneys, and brain
  - active in many ways in the human body
  - added to the zinc sulfide as an activator
  - alloyed with other metals to give it special properties
* is also a component of the over-expressed superoxide dismutase
  - important in international trade with Chile and a few other countries
  - part of several compounds important in photosynthesis
  - relatively abundant
  - vital for keeping our skin, blood vessels and connective tissue supple and elastic
  - an ancient remedy for aches, muscle pains, growing pains and teething pains
* is an effective bacterial inhibitor
  - barrier to slugs
* is an essential element for plant growth
  - in the process of tissue repair
* is an essential mineral but in excess, it can be toxic
  - nutrient that is found in soil and plants
* is an essential nutrient for humans
  - in low concentrations that is metabolized by the body
  - needed for healthy growth, development, and metabolism
  - to all living organisms
  - nutrient, and without copper , people die
  - part of the human diet
* is an essential trace element for sustaining life
  - found throughout the body
* is an essential trace mineral found in the liver, brain, heart, kidneys and skeletal muscle
  - present in all body tissues
  - mineral, but it is needed only in minute amounts
  - example of a primary commodity
* is an excellent conductor of electricity
  - heat conductor, but it little more expensive and requires maintenance
  - metal for use in distilling
  - ideal conductor at virtually any length and diameter suitable for cathodic protection
* is an important component of many enzyme systems essential for normal growth and development
  - enzyme component
  - mineral in the formation of red blood cells
  - industrial metal, and is effected mainly by basic production and consumption concerns
* is another mineral with potential environmental problems
  - necessary component of the plasma
  - organic fungicide
  - applied in fall to remove leaves for bacterial conker control
  - available in many foods
  - below nickel in the reactivity series
* is better because it's a better conductor of heat
  - than aluminum for transferring heat
  - biostatic
  - both very dense and very soft
  - bound, or adsorbed, to organic materials, and to clay and mineral surfaces
  - by far the most important mineral
  - catalytic, so burning electric wire prime source
  - cheaper than silver and, next to silver, is the best conductor of electricity
  - chemical elements
  - close to silver, and is much less expensive
  - component of several methalloenzimes, including tirosinase and dopamine b hidroxilase
  - concentrated in roots of plants and plays a part in nitrogen metabolism
  - considered a better conductor of electricity than aluminum
* is considered to be among the more mobile of the heavy metals in surface environments
  - an essential element in our bodies, just like iron and zinc
  - currently the most commonly used pesticide in boat bottom paint
  - displaced by fibre optics
  - durable enough to embed in concrete
  - easiest to extract and mold
  - easily mixed with other metals to form alloys such as bronze and brass
* is easy to manufacture and inexpensive, while nickel plating makes it abrasion resistant
  - work and has excellent thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance and durability
  - effective in reducing pain and inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis
  - elevated by estrogen
  - energy efficient as it heats and cools quickly
  - essential for activity of numerous proteins and for life
* is essential for all life, but only in small quantities
  - living things
  - cellular metabolism and the transport of oxygen, as well by some enzymes
  - good tendons and ligaments
  - melanin production that causes hair pigmentation
  - normal metabolism and hemoglobin synthesis in humans
  - our bodies to work properly
  - proper enzyme function and maintenance of elastic connective tissue
* is essential for the formation of collagen which forms the structure of all the body
  - proper functioning of the body in many ways
  - in the aerobic respiration of all eukaryotes
* is essential to strong bones
  - the goat's body
* is excreted through feces and urine
  - via the liver and can build up if liver function is impaired
  - exported to markets in Spain, Germany, Finland, Brazil and Canada
* is found in all body tissues
  - the tissues of the body
  - enzymes and in other biological molecules involved in respiration
* is found in foods such as chocolate, spinach and lobster
  - organ meats, seafood, nuts and seeds
  - liver, fish, whole grains, and legumes
  - many alloys, such as brass and bronze, as well as in welding electrodes
  - most foods
  - nuts, shellfish, beans, and chocolate
  - organ meats, seafood and nuts
  - seafood, nuts, legumes, green leafy vegetables
* is found in small amounts in living things
  - the body and is needed for several normal functions
  - sweat
  - the feeding supplement for cattle and swine diet
  - on every continent in the form of sulfide, oxide and carbonate compounds
  - throughout the archipelago
  - fragile electronically and easily compromised intentionally or by mistake
  - good conductors
  - important for the development of health bones, collagen, nerves and melanin in the skin
* is important in cytochrome c oxidase
  - seed formation and in nitrogen metabolism
  - indeed a better conductor than aluminum
  - indispensable to human health
* is involved in iron incorporation into hemoglobin
  - stabilizing bone collagen and elastin synthesis
  - just one of the more popular materials that is used for conductors
  - known to play a vital role in the action of certain enzymes in the body
  - least likely to show up as a deficiency on our mineral soils in Missouri
  - less available in alkaline soils, and in peat based soils and media
  - located in the southern rockies of the United States and the central rockies of Colorado
  - low in the reactivity series
  - made pure by electrolyzing it
  - malleable, ductile and long lasting
  - metallic elements
* is mined at great expense from deposits primarily found in South America
  - by either underground or open pit mining
  - in an open pit
* is more conductive and can be made into thinner wires
  - efficient at transferring heat, flat out
  - expensive, but better conductor and is less prone to corrosion than aluminum
  - most concentrated in the brain and liver
  - much heavier, and can hold a lot more heat
* is much more conductive than aluminum, allowing finer wires with lower resistive losses
  - expensive than fibre
  - naturally resistant to corrosion
  - near the bottom of the reactivity series, while iron is higher up
* is necessary for good health, but large daily intakes of copper can be harmful
  - photosynthesis and for metabolizing nutrients into usable energy sources
  - proper development of connective tissue, nerve coverings, and skin pigment
* is necessary for the formation of hemoglobin
  - protein to function and also helps in holding the protein together
  - needed to absorb and utilize iron
  - no exception, and in addition, is essential to the health of all living organisms
  - non magnetic and non sparking
  - notoriously hard to clean, while stainless steel is, well, stainless
  - obtained by smelting, leaching and by electrolysis
* is one example of a malleable metal
  - of the best conductors
* is one of the factors in hemoglobin formulation and helps stimulate the absorption of iron
  - known to influence elastin
* is one of the few metals that exists naturally as an element in the earth
  - tracer metals that is essential for all species
  - microelements necessary for living organisms
  - minerals required for proper development and growth of the body
  - most important metals
  - oldest metal substances which man used to unearth
  - such mineral whose absorption is depressed with too much zinc
  - oxidized because of the unusually high stability of the products
  - part of copper wiring
  - passivated to retard oxidation and improve solderability
  - pennies
  - poured on naked flame which burns off sulfur and other impurities , leaving raw copper
  - precious to villagers in the most rural parts of Africa
  - preferred as coldplate material because it removes heat faster than aluminum
* is present in every cell
  - small amounts in most foods
  - produced by open pit and underground mining
* is quite common in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan
  - rare
  - resistant to the attack of sea water seepage from the ocean
  - reddish with a bright metallic lustre
  - reddish-brown and is an electrical conductor
  - released to water from soil and industrial and sewage treatment discharge
* is required for the formation of melanin pigment in the skin and hair
  - function of angiogenesis
* is required in cellular respiration, bone formation and cardiac function
  - slightly acidic and reacts with certain foods and therefore usually is lined
  - so prevalent that it is difficult to list all of the uses of copper
* is soft and can be rolled and flattened
  - extremly ductile and malleable
  - but tough
  - soft, and tends to wear
  - somewhat twice as good as aluminum
* is stored in the liver and excreted in bile salts
  - lymph glands and used to neutralize infections
  - taken through a series of chemical changes
  - ten times higher in dog liver than in human liver
  - the benchmark for electrical and thermal conductivity
* is the best conductor and aluminum comes second
  - of heat, meaning it heats up the fastest and cooks the most evenly
  - low-cost conductor of electricity
  - big metallic - along with galvanized metal and silver
  - color of the hearth and the home
  - conductive medium through which electrical currents travel
  - dominant material for tubing and pipe in the residential plumbing market
  - electrical conductor in many categories of electrical wiring
  - main ingredient in all forms of birth control other than abstinence
  - major mineral resource
* is the metal commonly used to manufacture water pipes
  - used for plumbing in houses
  - most common micromineral deficiency in grazing cattle
* is the most commonly used base metal, yielding a redder color
  - material to carry electricity
  - effective way to kill algae in swimming pools
  - expensive but also has the highest thermal conductivity
  - plentiful of the most efficient electric power production and conduction metals
  - name of the element
  - nation's number one export
  - only naturally occurring metal other than gold that has a distinctive colour
  - preferred material for intaglio engraving
  - primary barrier between the fuel and the environment
  - principal active ingredient, protecting against termites and fungal decay
* is the second most conductive element, and gold is the third, when comparing by volume
  - used metal in the world
  - standard benchmark for electrical conduitivity
  - thought to act as an anti-inflammatory for joint and connective tissue related problems
* is toxic to organisms at the base of the Bay's food chain
  - sheep at lower concentrations than it is for other livestock
  - transition metal
  - unlikely to be deficient on mineral soil, except perhaps on very sandy soils
  - used as wiring in computer chips, and the technology is new
* is used by plants, and is an essential part of their photosynthetic pathways
  - various enzymes in the body as a helper for the chemical reaction
  - extensively in electrical wiring and circuitry
* is used for blue ink, bronze, and brass
  - electrical conductors, motors, appliances, piping and in metal alloys
  - pennies and for electrical wires
  - heavily for electrical applications
* is used in electrical wiring and electrical circuits throughout the world
* is used in many forms and takes each work through a living process
  - wires because it has a lower resistance than many other metals
* is used in the formation of red blood cells and helps to produce several respiratory enzymes
  - making of coins for a number of countries
  - wiring that distributes the power to our homes and offices
  - wires and such
* is used to create stills for distilling spirits, for example to make whisky
  - make electrical wire, coins, and bronze
  - treat algae in some reservoirs
  - widely in appliances, computers, vehicles, and residential and telephone wiring
  - usually the most cost-effective electrical conductor
  - utilized in the production of red blood cells
* is very important in Arizona
  - the reproduction process and affects the yield
  - poisonous to crustaceans
  - soft and easily formed
  - toxic to fish and microorganisms
* is vital for liver functions
  - in the building of connective tissues by combining collagen and elastin
* is vital to life in small amounts, but toxic at high doses
  - the health of the body from foetal development right through to old age
* joins selenium, calcium, carotenoids, and fiber as being important for a healthy colon.
* known algaestat, while silver ions are a good bactericide.
* leads gold and silver in importance in Arizona.
* lowers the histamine levels.
* makes an important alloy with aluminum to make aluminum bronzes.
* melted under non oxidizing conditions is called oxygen free copper.
* metal found in natural deposits as ores containing other elements.
* mineral in the body
  - involved in making red blood cells and developing a strong immune system
* moves very little in soils and thus can accumulate when application rates exceed utilization.
* native metal , which means it can be found in an uncombined metallic form.
* natural antibacterial
  - yeast fighter Copper improves epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine
* naturally occurring metal that is extensively mined and processed in the United States.
* necessary mineral for red blood cell formation.
* needed micronutrient in our diets.
* needs to be in balance with zinc and selenium.
* never require painting for protection from corrosion.
* nonmagnetic metal.
* occurs naturally at very low levels
  - in elemental form and as a component of many minerals
  - with elements such as lead, nickel, silver and zinc
* often contains arsenic as an impurity.
* orange, red, and brownish ductile transition metal.
* paints from marine vessels impact bays and harbors.
* plays a major role in antioxidant enzyme systems
  - part in iron metabolism, but the exact mechanism is unclear
  - role in making blood cells, helps immune function and inactivates free radicals
* plays a role in the formation of bones
  - an important role in chlorophyll production and protein synthesis
* plentiful natural resource on Earth.
* popular algaecide in commercial and residential pools.
* primary component of the Pill since copper helps control the ovulation cycle
* produces a red.
* proven algaecide and algaestat.
* quality product.
* ranks second for as most-used metal in the world.
* rapidly enters the bloodstream and is distributed throughout the body after ingestion.
* reacts with acidic foods like tomatoes or lemon juice to form copper oxides.
* reddish metal that occurs naturally in rock, soil, water, plants, sediment, and air.
* reddish metal with a face-centered cubic crystalline structure
  - high luster
* reddish-yellow material and is extremely ductile.
* regulates iron levels in the body
  - the activity of sebaceous glands
* related hepatitis is for more common in female dogs, as well as in certain dog breeds.
* relatively soft, reddish metal that conducts heat and electricity well.
* replaces aluminum as the conductor.
* reportedly helps foot odor.
* represents the fire, warmth and passion of Utah's history.
* residues that persist until bloom can cause fruit russetting.
* soft, reddish-orangish metal.
* stabilizes azurin by decreasing the unfolding rate.
* strengthens connective tissue and collagen and inhibits bone loss
  - the proteins of egg whites for more lift and stability
* symbol of wealth.
* then accumulates in the liver, and in specific places in the nervous system causing damage.
* third, more subdued, earthy metallic.
* trace element and is essential for health but is toxic in relatively small amounts
  - that is found in virtually every cell of the human body
  - element, an essential mineral that can be toxic in excess
* tungsten A porous tungsten material infiltrated with copper.
* turns from pink to brown in air
  - greenish when exposed to chlorine
  - greenish-blue when hydrates form
  - it ruby red, cobalt makes it blue and iron becomes green
* typically forms a bluish green solution.
* usually produces green and blue colors.
* very cost-effective fungicide protecting against decay
  - pure metal
* waste of time and money.
* well know algicide and silver powerful bactericide
  - known algaecide and silver powerful bactericide
* well-known catalyst of dioxin formation during the roasting operation.
* works with iron in the formation of hemoglobin
  - to produce red blood cells and keep body tissues properly oxygenated
  - vitamin C in the formation of connective tissue
* yields a flame that blushes with cool greens and blues.
+ Coinage metal, Applications
  * Copper is used extensively in electrical wiring and circuitry. Gold contacts are sometimes found in precision equipment for their ability to remain corrosion-free
  - Characteristics: Periodic table :: Chemical elements :: Currency
  * These elements have low electrical resistivity so they are used for wiring. Copper is the cheapest and most widely used. Bond wires for integrated circuits are usually gold. Silver and silver plated copper wiring are found in some special applications
+ Copper, Occurrence: Chemical elements :: Metals
  * Copper can be found as a metal in the ground. Normally, it is green on the outside. Most copper is not as a metal but in chemical compounds. Chalcopyrite is the most common copper ore. It is a mixture of pyrite and copper sulfide. Copper is found in small amounts in living things. Some mollusks and arthropods have blue blood because they have copper in their blood. Animals such as humans and other mammals have red blood because it contains iron
  - Preparation
  * Copper is made pure by electrolyzing it. A thin sheet of pure copper is put on the cathode and a thick sheet of impure copper is put on the anode. The electrolyte is copper sulfate. The impure copper gets dissolved in the solution. It then coats the thin sheet of pure copper. This makes the copper pure
+ Copper, Uses, As an element
  * Copper may be the oldest metal in use, as very old copper tools have been found. Copper is used in electrical wiring. It can also be shaped into various parts. It can be used in a heat sink. The Statue of Liberty is made of copper. It is also used in pipes carrying water, because it does not corrode
  * Copper is important in the human body. If a person does not get enough copper, the molecules in the body might not work. Having too much copper, though, can be a problem. Humans get most of the copper they need from food, and vitamins also contain copper to make sure we get enough. Copper compounds are also used to kill fungi and algae
+ Metallurgy, How to make metals -or- get metals from rocks: Technology
  * Copper is poured on naked flame which burns off sulfur and other impurities, leaving raw copper. An electric current is led in the pool, and all copper will gather on the electrode called cathode.