### body part | appendage:

Osteophyte
* Most osteophytes are anterior or lateral in projection.
* also form at the insertion sites of the joint capsule.
* are associated with the most common type of arthritis, known as osteoarthritis
  - bony growths or deposits, also referred to as bone spurs
  - diseases
  - present on the ventrolateral surfaces of vertebral bodies
  - processes
* can form anteriorly or posteriorly.
* is an appendage

### body part | appendage | osteophyte:

Marginal osteophyte
* can develop at the periphery or margins of all joints.
* form in response to the primary loss of articular cartilage.

Papilla
* Some papilla contain Meissner's corpuscles.
* are part of sense organs
  - specialized epithelial cells
* e are present on the apex of the terminal cell and, occasionally, on the distal leaf cells
  - small projections containing many taste buds
* e occur in many parts of the body
  - on only a few of the medicinal leaves

Pincer
* Some pincers are part of barnacles
  - crabs
  - decapods
  - krill
  - lobsters
  - plankton
  - woodlouses
* are used in mating rituals.
* includes corpi.
* use a scissor-like action to apply blunt pressure to a particular area.

### body part | appendage:

Toe
* All toes have a strong, curved claw
  - claws
  - hooves, and each foot has a callous pad which supports some of the weight
* Most toes have bones
  - features
  - large claws
  - long nails
  - pads
  - sharp claws
* Most toes have strong claws
  - curve claws
* Most toes originate from bones
  - wrist bones
* Some toes have fine setae
  - hoofs
  - lobes
* Some toes terminate in claws
  - stout claws
* are arranged in the classic, anisodactyl pattern
  - bent in a clawlike position, usually because of a muscle imbalance
  - partially fringed to aid in walking across sand
* assist the foot in pushing off the ground during walking and running.
* feel dead after walking.
* has an unfair advantage when it comes to hunting mice.
* have blunt claws
* includes bone cells
  - ground substances
  - marrow
  - mast cells
  - tiptoes
  - toenails
* is an extremity
* nails the color of the beak.
* play a crucial role in our ability to walk by maintaining our balance and carrying our weight.
* tagging elevates rubber stamps from child's play to artist's medium.
* tend to freeze first.

### body part | appendage | toe:

Hammer toe
* affect the four lesser toes usually and can also be hereditary.
* are a condition in which any of the toes are bent in a claw-like position
  - also hereditary
  - bent down at the middle joint and up at the joint closest to the foot
  - toes that bend at the middle joint and can cause the toe to rub against the shoe
* can affect any toe, but most commonly occurs in the second toe.

Hammertoe
* affect the small joints of the toes.
* are toes.
* can be flexible or rigid
  - become painful and cause everything from calluses and skin ulcerations to infections
  - cause problems with walking and finding shoes that fit well
* have a permanent sideways bend in the middle toe joint.
* often accompany a bunion, although they occur on their own, as well.
* result when the toes contract into a claw-like position.
* vary in severity and in the number of joints involved.

Long toe
* add stability to the waders and webs between the toes aid in swimming.
* exert great pressure on tendons.

Pointed toe
* are the most sexy, but they usually cause more pain and damage to the toes.
* can also cause overlapping toes and toe nail problems.

Short toe
* make it very difficult to form a pointed ball of the foot.
* recessive lethal mutation involving the kidneys, the Mullerian ducts and the limbs.

Toe walking
* causes problems from both a social as well as a orthopaedic standpoint.
* is physiological at that age.