### process | secretion | hormone:

Estrogen
* More estrogen improves memory and cognitive functioning
  - means a thicker lining, which causes heavier bleeding
* Most estrogens cause slight growth
  - circulate in bloodstreams
  - encourage growth
  - have effects
* Most estrogens have positive effects
  - feedback effects
  - promote development
* Some estrogen continues to be produced by the adrenals but in a lesser amount.
* Some estrogens affect responses
  - are located in mice
* Some estrogens are produced by fat tissue
  - secreted by follicles
* Some estrogens derive from horse urine
  - pregnant horse urine
  - release into bile
* affect multiple organ systems in diverse and at times antagonistic ways.
* also affect the psychologic and emotional aspects of feminine behavior
  - release of pituitary gonadotropins
  - are female sex hormones
  - cause early uniting of the epiphyses
  - come in a patch and an injectable form
  - enhance attractivity which is highest around ovulation
* also have a profound effect on the skeleton
  - non-reproductive effects
  - initiate growth and development of the mammary gland ducts
  - mediate aspects of sexual differentiation of the hippocampus
* also play an important role in bone maintenance and exert cardioprotective effects
  - early embryonic development in swine
  - regulate the functioning of the menstrual cycle
* are a class of hormones that are prescription anti-androgens
  - group of steroid hormones that primarily control reproduction in vertebrate species
  - major risk factor for hormone-dependent endometrial and breast cancers in women
* are also available in combination with progesterone
  - helpful in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis
  - important for maintaining good tissue and bone integrity
  - present in both sexes, but in larger amounts for women
* are hormones made by the ovaries of normal women
  - produced by the ovaries of normal women
  - that are important for sexual and reproductive development, mainly in women
  - which can affect cancer growth
  - important in maintaining healthy pelvic tissues
  - in young women prior to menopause, at very, very high levels
  - ineffective for the prevention or treatment of threatened or habitual abortion
  - medicine
  - multi-functional hormones, and one of their functions involves the bones
  - normal hormones produced by the female body
* are relatively contraindicated in children because estrogens promote epiphysial closure
  - patients with hypercalcemia
  - secreted by follicles before ovulation
* are steroid hormones necessary for normal female maturation
  - that promote youthful cell division in target organs of the body
  - strong growth promoters of normal and most cancerous breast tissue
* are the hormones mainly responsible for female sex characteristics
  - powerhouse of activity
* bind to estrogen receptors
* can cause amenorrhea and interfere with the effects of bromocriptine
  - blood pressure elevation
  - sodium and fluid retention
* can increase calcium absorption
  - or decrease the effect of protriptyline
  - inhibit the metabolism of cyclosporine
* cause breast growth
  - faster epiphyseal plate closure
  - increased osteoblastic activity
* control development
* decrease both quantity and quality of milk
  - the quantity and quality of breast milk
* decreases certainly affect serotonin transmission.
* encourage cancer cell growth
* have a direct toxic effect on prostate cancer
  - number of functions in the body
  - both benefits and risks
  - effects on both the ovaries and the uterus
  - important benefits but also some risks
  - risks including increased clotting and breast cancer
  - serious risks
  - several important uses but also some risks
* help to delay the loss of skin collagen and are therefore beneficial to the skin.
* increase gene transcription and secretion of prolactin
  - libido in humans and are responsible for estrous behavior in animals
* increase the density of the breast in up to half of women
  - risk of blood clotting in various parts of the body
  - uterine muscle mass, excitability and responsiveness to oxytocin
* increases calcium efflux from female porcine coronary arterial smooth muscle
  - female sexual initiation independent of male responsiveness in rhesus monkeys
  - spine density in ventromedial hypothalamic neurons of peripubertal rats
  - stress hormones, including adrenaline, noradrenaline, and serotonin
* induce the release of proteins from the liver that cause high blood pressure.
* inhibit and androgens enhance ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis
  - testicular androgen synthesis directly
* lowers significantly after menopause.
* occur naturally in several forms.
* occur naturally in women and to a lesser degree also in men
  - a lesser degree in men
* pass into the breast milk.
* produced by the growing follicle of the ovary stimulate the endometrium to proliferate.
  - early onset and increase severity
  - growth and development of the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes and breasts
* protect against the development of coronary heart disease in women.
* reduces bone resorption and retards or halts postmenopausal bone loss.
* relieves hot flashes, vaginal dryness, irregular bleeding, and helps prevent osteoporosis.
* reportedly increase the risk of endometrial carcinoma in postmenopausal women.
* rises rapidly near midcycle only to fall just prior to ovulation.
* significantly increase the risk of developing breast and ovarian cancers.
* similarly have multiple effects in females.
* slows bone loss and the progression of osteoporosis.
* stimulate breast tissue and the lining of the uterus
  - proliferation of intrahepatic biliary epithelium in rats
  - the maturation of oocytes, and the growth of the uterine lining
  - uteruses
* stimulates growth of milk ducts in the first half of the cycle
* stimulates the breast and uterus to grow, while progesterone blocks the stimulation
  - growth of fibroid tumors so they often get bigger with pregnancy
  - inner lining of the uterus to grow
  - milk duct system to grow and differentiate
  - normal growth of breast tissue and is naturally produced by the body
  - production of collagen, which provides the structural support of the skin
* strengthens and improves the elasticity of muscles and tissues.
* taken by mouth has to pass through the liver before reaching estrogen sensitive tissues.
* tend to be rather hydrophobic.
* tends to cause a change in the electrical activity of the midbrain central gray
  - salt and water retention
  - make fibroids grow, which is why they tend to shrink after menopause
  - thicken or toughen up the skin, and provide it with a greater blood supply
* treatments for hair loss attempt to elevate estrogen levels in the body.
* turns off the brains signals to make testosterone.
* work in the same way.
* works by binding to and activating an estrogen receptor protein
  - especially well for hot flashes and vaginal dryness
  - in conjunction with progestin to suppress ovulation, and prevent fertilization