### formation:

Ice cap
* are either in a circular or an oval shape
  - smaller, non-valley glaciers
* come and go from the polar regions as the seasons change.
* see no rain at all, making Antarctica the world's driest continent.
* tend to be slightly dome-shaped and spread out from their center.

Ice floe
* crack and break, then slowly make their way into the shallow waters of the delta.
* extend hundreds of miles seaward.

Ice formation
* decreases with increasing depth due to the effect of pressure on the freezing point.
* rise a mile high.

### formation:

Iceberg
* Many icebergs drift out to sea from the great Antarctic icecap.
* Most icebergs are large pieces of glacial ice that have fallen into the ocean
  - melt well before entering the Atlantic Ocean
* Some icebergs are small
  - very large
* are a prominent features, particularly along the east coast
  - abundant and occur year-round
  - artwork
  - chunks of frozen glaciers that break off from landmasses and fall into the ocean
  - common and are often very close to shore
  - comprised of pure fresh water
  - everywhere
  - floaters
  - formed from frozen salt water
  - freshwater forms of ice and are formed by 'calving' of large piece from glaciers
  - further indicators of cold climates and sea temperatures
  - large floating chunks of ice
  - less dense than the saltwater in which they float
  - made over very cold waters at either pole, while waters at the equator are pretty warm
  - mostly white because the ice is full of tiny air bubbles
  - nothing more than solid water
  - pieces of ice that formed on land and float in an ocean or lake
  - rare in the Arctic Ocean although extensive sea ice exists year-round
  - serious hazards in shipping lanes
  - the juggernauts of the Arctic
* are very cold
  - dangerous to ships , and many ships have sunk after crashing into icebergs
  - where they play
* calve from the nearly vertical ice cliffs, dotting the waters of the bay
  - in the Antarctic Peninsula
* calved by glacial ice continue to present problems even today.
* can be 'calved' from ice shelves if an ice shelf warms up and deep ice cracking occurs
  - extremely dangerous to ships
  - hundreds of feet thick
  - break off, or calve, from the outlet and valley glaciers
  - develop into a variety of shapes as they break apart
  - have many different shapes
  - occur at any time of year throughout the ocean
  - tumble, glaciers can calve
* come in all shapes and sizes.
* cool the surrounding air.
* create a protective environment for marine life.
* do melt, but it takes a long time because they are so big.
* dot the lake which has formed as the glacier melted.
* fall along the coast, where shelves and glaciers break off into the sea.
* float down along the coast of Newfoundland each spring from the Arctic Ocean
  - in the far north and south, and are hazards to navigation
  - on a cold cold sea of a water planet
* look like huge frozen mountains, floating low in the water.
* make their way out to sea in all sorts of wonderful shapes.
* melt and sea levels rise
  - as they are moving around the ocean
* occur as huge blocks, or in peaked forms of great variety and beauty.
* often carry away large boulders and quantities of gravel from their glaciers.
* scrape the Antarctic sea bed, removing all marine life.
* vary in size, but are typically irregular with pinnacles.
+ Ocean, Ocean temperatures
  * Icebergs are made over very cold waters at either pole, while waters at the equator are pretty warm. Water cools and warms more slowly than land does, so land influenced by the ocean has later and milder seasons than land that is farther away from the ocean.
  * Icebergs are very dangerous to ships, and many ships have sunk after crashing into icebergs. The most famous one was RMS 'Titanic' in 1912. Icebergs are especially common during April, May, and June.