ontocord/MixtureVitae-genericsKB huggingface dataset:
### alumnuses:

Old boy
* Most old boys die after time.
* Most old boys have front teeth
  - live in houses
* Some old boys die after dentists
  - from tetanus
* Some old boys die of diabetes
  - disorder
  - eat disorder
* are alumnuses
  - oldsters
* find fingers.
  - rotten teeth
* undergo treatments.
* visit dentists.

### amazing substance:

Amniotic fluid
* Most amniotic fluid serves functions.
* Some amniotic fluid flows out of vaginas
  - protects fetuses
* begins to accumulate as the baby's kidneys begin to produce and excrete urine.
* contains cells from the baby
  - fetus that can be tested
  - that are normally shed from the fetus
  - which have been shed by the fetus
  - loose cells shed by the skin of the fetus
  - old fetal blood cells, lanugo hair and vernix
* has no smell and is clear
  - several important functions
* is actually a good conductor of sound
  - an amazing substance
  - analyzed for everything from genetic makeup to lung maturity
  - aspirated from the first sac
  - collected by amniocentesis
  - composed mostly of fetal urine
  - drawn from around the fetus under ultrasound guidance
  - embryology
  - generated by the baby urinating
  - humour
  - largely the babies urine
  - put into production, and the amniotic and chorionic membranes appear
  - the substance that surrounds a baby in the womb
  - usually clear and watery
* passes freely through fetal skin and into the body.
* surrounds the fetus in the uterus and protects it from injury.

### amazingly complex:

Radiolarian skeleton
* Some radiolarian skeletons have inner and outer sections.
* are amazingly complex
  - used to analyze the layers of the sedimentary record

### ambiguity:

Amphibology
* Amphibologies are phrases or sentences that have two, often contrary meanings.
* is ambiguity

Loophole
* are ambiguity
  - facts of life where laws are concerned
  - holes
* lead to bulletholes.

### ambiguous term:

Excretory system
* Most excretory systems produce urine by refining a filtrate derived from body fluids.
* consists of many flame cells and their ducts.
* is an ambiguous term
  - composed of a dorsal excretory gland and a pair of Malpighian tubules
  - exactly like a human's
  - the process of removing toxic wastes from the body of an organism

### ambush predators:

African bullfrog
* Most african bullfrogs adapt to environments
  - have senses
* are ambush predators.
* breed during the rainy season.
### anaerobic training program:

Plyometric training
* enhances the tolerance of the muscle for increased stretch loads.
* increases muscle strength and allows for greater power and performance.
* is an anaerobic training program
  - specific work for the enhancement of explosive power
* maximizes explosive power and speed in sports.

### analysises:

Fourier analysis
* are analysises.
* arises because the electron density function is periodic.

Systems analysis
* formal inquiry into the characteristic attributes of a problem or situation.
* is one of the important approaches to model vehicle and subsystems decision making.

### analysts:

Market analyst
* are analysts.
* point to a number of factors driving enterprises' voracious consumption of storage.

Ananas
* are part of pineapples.
* includes peels
  - sections

### anatomical structures:

Vestigial structure
* are anatomical structures
  - evidence of an organism's evolutionary history
  - homologous structures that have a reduced function or no function at all
* constitute one line of evidence of lessening complexity evolving among eukarya.
* have a reduced size or function.
* serve functions.

### ancient agricultural practice:

Seed saving
* completes the biological cycle that promotes food security.
* is an ancient agricultural practice
  - essential for maintaining unusual or heritage vegetables and flowers
  - the core of gardening
* way of life that is beautiful and ancient.

### ancient city:

Tripoli
* also produces chemical weapons.
* coarse polishing compound made of pumice embedded in a wax cake.
* grease-based compound that comes in cake form and contains a microscopic abrasive.
* has several mosques, museums, and monuments that are often toured by visitors.
* is Libya's capital and largest city
  - capital, largest city, and primary seaport
  - largest city and port, and is the country's capital
  - an ancient city
* is the capital and largest city
  - of Arcadia prefecture
  - used in paints and as an abrasive
* principal seaport, and the commercial centre of Libya.
+ Libya, Geography
  * Libya's borders touch the countries of Egypt, Sudan, Chad, Algeria, Niger, and Tunisia. To its north is the Mediterranean Sea. The capital of Libya is Tripoli, which is a port on the sea. Tripoli has about one million people. Libya covers an area of about.
+ Tripoli, Greece: Cities in Greece
  * It is in the center of the Peloponnese. It is built at an altitude of about 600 meters, at the bottom of Mainalo mountain. It had 28,876 people according to the 2001 census. Tripoli is the capital of Arcadia prefecture.
### ancient philosophy:

Servant leadership
* involves a mature worldview that chooses service over self-interest.
* is an ancient philosophy
  - both a leadership philosophy and set of leadership practices
  - intentional action that seeks the best for others
* is the highest form of leadership
  - management pattern established in the New Testament church
* manifests itself in different ways in different organizations.
* natural model for working in the public sector.
* practical philosophy concerned with the ethical use of power and authority.

### ancient technique:

Powder diffraction
* is an ancient technique.
* technique used to identify crystalline substances in the solid state.

### angiogenesis-dependent:

Solid tumor
* are angiogenesis-dependent
  - dependent on preexisting vasculature and neovascularization for their growth
  - generally much harder to treat
  - genetically unstable
  - more deadly and more common, especially non-small cell lung cancer
  - particularly resistant to radiation and chemotherapy
* require more because they grow faster than the corresponding normal cells.

### angiosperms:

Agricultural residue
* Most agricultural residues are angiosperms
  - have yet to be widely used for power generation
  - provide resources
* form the other large biofuel.
* provide large potential resources

Monoecious plant
- species
* have both male and female flowers on the same plant
  - types of imperfect flower on the same plant
  - flowers of both sexes on one plant
  - separate male and female flowers on the same plant
* produce male and female flowers on the same plant.

### angles:

Inclination
* concerns the motivation or impulse to engage in the behavior.
* gives how many degrees geomagnetic field vector deviates from the horizontal plane.
* is angles
  - attitude
  - liking
  - motion
* is the angle between the horizontal and the direction of the magnetic field lines
  - orbital plane and the equatorial plane
  - plane of an orbit and the plane of the ecliptic
  - formed between the orbital plane of a planet and the ecliptic
  - the earth's magnetic field makes with the horizontal

### angles | inclination:

Undertow
* are inclination.
* can be problematic during the rainy season.
* is inclination

Anhydride
* are chemicals which are insoluble in water but they can react with it to form an acid
  - compounds
  - substances that have had water removed
* undergo nucleophilic acyl substitution reactions with a variety of nucleophiles.
### animal:

Animal testing
* can and has saved lives.
* has to do with cruelty to animals.
* is bad karma for humans
  - necessary to develop new medicines and advance scientific knowledge
  - required by law before drugs get to market
* provides a means of evaluating the effects of chemicals on animals.
* raises ethical issues, especially when used for testing products.

Antarctic animal
* Many Antarctic animals have either a windproof or waterproof coat.
* are exposed to some of the coldest environments on earth.
* live along the coast of the continent.

### animal:

Aquatic animal
* All aquatic animals require dissolved oxygen to breathe.
* Any aquatic animal can come on land but probably die.
* Many aquatic animals are weightless in water
  - excrete ammonia, birds and reptiles excrete uric acid, and man excretes urea
  - possess the ability to sense weak electric fields
  - reproduce sexually without ever meeting
* Most aquatic animals are ammonotelic
  - short-sighted on land
  - excrete waste
* Most aquatic animals have fins that are adapted for propelling a vortex backward
  - genital pores, both squirt out large quantities of eggs, sperm
  - sharp teeth
  - including many fishes are ammonotelic
* Most aquatic animals possess limbs
  - weak limbs
* Most aquatic animals use surround water
* Some aquatic animals breathe water
  - find in rivers
  - have wings
  - possess fins
  - swim through water
  - use gills
* are much smaller and the resulting food web can become quite intricate
  - often less expensive
  - particularly good for stimulation
  - very susceptible
* avoid making waves, and they use unsteady fluid dynamics to generate force.
* come in with the tide to feed and to escape from enemies.
* consume water.
* get significant thrust by moving fins back and forth in water.
* have sharp teeth
* moving through water are also subject to the principles of aerodynamics.
* obtain air from water, as do also some terrestrial species, e.g. the earthworm.

Arctic animal
* Some arctic animals rely on presence.
* acquire dense coats and thick fat or even blubber.
* have layers of fat and thick coats of fur to keep warm in the frigid Arctic climate.

Arthritic animal
* Most arthritic animals feel good about life and enjoy being petted and fed.
* undergo needless discomfort when carrying extra fat around.
### animal | arthropod:

Aquatic arthropod
* Most aquatic arthropods have exoskeletons
* breathe by means of gills.
* eliminate ammonia through permeable membranes, particularly gills.
* respire with gills.
* use a series of metabolic reactions to convert nitrogen to ammonia
  - both external and internal fertilization, depending on the species

### animal | arthropod:

Arachnid
* All arachnids have eight legs
  - exoskeletons like insects, but they have no antennae or wings
  - shy away from light
* Many arachnids have book lungs
  - only one or the other type of excretory gland, although several do have both
* Most arachnids live on land.
* also have a pair of 'arms' called pedipalps and a pair of fangs called chelicerae.
* always have four pairs of legs.
* are a sub-group of Arthropods
  - an ancient group, their fossil records dating back to the Carboniferous period
  - arthropods, such as spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks
  - easiest to deal with from a distance with broadhead arrows
  - found in nearly all land habitats, and there are some in aquatic habitats as well
  - generally hunters
  - predators and carnivores
* are terrestrial arthropods, which have simple eyes and four pairs of legs
  - organisms
  - the group of arthropods that include spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites
  - vermins
* breathe via book lungs.
* feature two kinds of eyes, lateral and median ocelli.
* have a body divided into a cephalothorax and abdomen
  - one way digestive system and a separate mouth, anus and coelom
  - pair of tagmata called a prosoma and opisthosoma
* have eight legs, two body segments, and special mouth parts called chelicera
  - four pairs of legs and no antennae or wings
* have four pairs of walking legs and no compound eyes
  - one or two main parts while insects have three
  - simple eyes and no antennae but are equipped with sensory bristles
* is an arthropod
* often have mating rituals.
* reproduce sexually.
* usually have four pairs of walking legs and a specialized pair of feeding appendages
  - lay eggs, which hatch into immature adults
+ Arachnid, Anatomy
+ Desert scorpion
  * A 'desert scorpion' is an arachnid. Arachnids have eight legs. Their body has two body parts, called abdomen and cepholothorax.
### animal | arthropod | barnacle:

Goose barnacle
* Most goose barnacles eat brine shrimp
* Some goose barnacles have plates.
* are usually white shells with a wormlike neck.

Beneficial arthropod
* Some beneficial arthropods are raised by man.
* can prevent or greatly limit pest problems in the yard and garden
### animal | arthropod | centipede:

House centipede
* Most house centipedes have jaws
* Some house centipedes are distinguished by legs
* Some house centipedes have dark stripes

Soil centipede
* burrow into the ground in much the same way as earthworms.
* inhabit areas.

Stone centipede
* Most stone centipedes use hind legs
* Most stone centipedes use long hind legs
* inhabit regions.

### animal | arthropod | crustacean:

Amphipod
* Most amphipods carry their eggs and juveniles in a brood pouch.
* are a gray whale's favorite food
  - another important type of planktonic crustacean
  - important resources to other animals
  - minute compared to gray whales
  - often present
  - thought to have originated in the Lower Carboniferous
* are tiny compared to gray whales
  - shrimp like animals that live in sediment on the ocean floor
  - usually much more active and agile than the slow moving, crawling isopods
* can very selectively grab fungal stuff.
* do it too.
* have legs of different shapes.
* look like shrimp, but belong to a different family of crustaceans
  - similar to shrimp, but without the hard tail portion

### animal | arthropod | crustacean:

Brine shrimp
* are active filter feeders
  - crustaceans
  - non-selective, continuous filter feeders
  - relatives of lobsters, crabs, crayfish, and the shrimp eaten by humans
  - remarkable little animals
  - short-lived, fast growing, and have relatively high fecundity
  - used in the laboratory for testing the toxicity of chemicals
* provides benefits.
* take in food though their mouth
  - The food then travels through their esophagus to their stomach, which is in the head. Then, the food travels to the intestine, a long tube that runs throughout the body. While in the intestine, food is broken down using enzymes. Blood vessels surround the intestine, and nutrients from the food pass through the intestine walls and are absorbed into the bloodstream. In their natural habitat, brine shrimp generally feed off algae, and other animals, in turn, feed off them
### animal | arthropod | crustacean:

Copepod
* Many copepods feed on the single-celled algae in the phytoplankton.
* Most copepods feed on phytoplankton.
* Some copepods attach to the lining of the mouth and gill cavities and to gill filaments.
* are a favored prey.
* are also among the fastest creatures in the water, which makes it harder
  - major carnivores
  - as small as the head of a pin
  - central to ocean food webs
  - everywhere in fresh and salt water
  - examples of holoplankton
  - high in essential fatty acids required by fish
  - important components of the food web
  - members of the zooplankton, drifting animals of the seas
  - numerous small marine and freshwater planktonic crustaceans
  - of particular importance in the food web
  - one kind of zooplankton
  - part of plankton
  - principal herbivore
  - prominent in the stomach bolus of ingested fish
  - reasonably transparent, permitting worm larvae to be observed in vivo
  - small holoplanktonic crustaceans that swim using their hind legs and antennae
  - so numerous that it is estimated that they compose seven out of every ten zooplankters
* are the main food of many fish species in the Bay, and are major grazers of phytoplankton
  - most important group of herbivores in the marine pelagic environment
  - tiny crustaceans that spend a large portion of their lives as inactive eggs
  - torpedo-shaped with antennae
  - usually the dominant zooplankton
  - very alert and evasive
* begin to bloom for the same reasons they do in the rivers and creeks.
* can also be external parasites of fish
  - literally wipe out all fry in a pond
  - sense many food items with their long antennae
* constitute a class which is widespread in both freshwater and marine environments
  - the bulk of their diet
* eat bacteria, diatoms, and other tiny, single-celled organisms in the water
  - microzooplankton, phytoplankton, and detritus
* feed by moving their legs to direct food towards their mouths.
* feed on free-floating plants, which contain chlorophyll
  - phytoplankton or algae which are the main producers in the food chain
* feeding on diatoms have lower counts of eggs.
* have a complicated life history.
* occur in abundance in fresh and salt water, forming a constituent of plankton
  - all aquatic environments
  - freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems
  - most bodies of marine and freshwater
* pass through very distinct life stages.
* represent a crucial interface between phytoplankton and fish.
* seem to swim continuously, with smooth, steady motions.
* swim using an antenna and frontal structures on their bodies.
* use small appendages near their mouths to capture food.

### animal | arthropod | crustacean | copepod:

Calanoid copepod
* Many calanoid copepods possess two different modes of locomotion.
* are only three millimeters long and eat phytoplankton, or plant plankton.
### animal | arthropod | decapod | crab:

Young crab
* are about one inch wide.
* use Bay grass beds for nursery areas, and crabs of all sizes forage for food there.

Crawdad
* Also known as crayfish or crawfish there are several varieties.
* are out in the open on the silty bottom, along with small minnows and smallmouth bass.
* come in different colors, from blue and green to red and brown.
* mate in the autumn, the female crawdads produce about a hundred eggs or more.

### animal | arthropod | decapod:

Crayfish
* Many crayfish live in stream habitats.
* Most crayfish are strictly aquatic but some live in semi-aquatic environments.
* are crustaceans
  - located in water
  - more active at nightfall and at daybreak than during the remainder of the day
  - scavengers
  - shellfishs
* can grow new claws, eyes, and legs.
+ Crayfish, Habitat
  * Crayfish live in streams, rivers, swamps, ponds, and other freshwater habitats. Most crayfish are strictly aquatic but some live in semi-aquatic environments.

### animal | arthropod | decapod | crayfish:

Rusty crayfish
* can increase fish predation on native crayfish in a variety of ways.
* inhabit both pools and fast water areas of streams.

Freshwater decapod
* eat plants.
* maintain functional integrity
### animal | arthropod | decapod | lobster:

Clawed lobster
* have full claws on the first three pereiopods.
* like to hide in rocky crevices.

European lobster
* are brutes, being among the largest of all lobsters
  - large, mobile crustaceans of ecological and commercial significance
* live in the coastal waters of Europe and North West Africa.

Female lobster
* Most female lobsters reach maturity
  - sexual maturity
* can carry live sperm for up to two years.
* mate primarily when they are in the soft-shell state, right after molting.

Live lobster
* are usually bluish green in color.
* have incredibly powerful claws and can be dangerous.
* range in color from brownish rust to bright blue to greenish brown.

### animal | arthropod | decapod | lobster:

Spiny lobster
* Most spiny lobsters have mandibles
  - strong mandibles
  - tails
  - inhabit habitats
* Some spiny lobsters lack claws.
* are a claw-less species of lobster that come from warm Caribbean waters
  - food for octopi
  - part of spiny lobsters
  - shellfishs
  - no claws and carry a spine studded shell
* hear only at close range using sensory hairs.
* migrate in a single file line.
* show indeterminate growth during their lives.
* start life in a cluster of thousands of eggs beneath the tail of the female.
* vary in color.

Young lobster
* molt often, older ones less frequently, perhaps only once a year
  - several times a year, but after they hit one pound, they start molting annually
* remain in their shelters for the winter.

Marine decapod
* Many marine decapods form symbiotic associations with other organisms.
* Some marine decapods have salinity.
* live in all types of habitats from intertidal mud flats to deep-sea hot vents.

Prawn
* When rigging prawns to use as bait try to think how they swim when alive.
* are actually a different species
  - for liveliness and happiness
  - part of shrimp
  - seafood
  - sensitive to many of the pesticides used on row crops
* flourish in flooded marshes where they are sheltered by aquatic plants.
* have great natural mortality.

### animal | arthropod | decapod | prawn:

Tiger prawn
* Tiger Prawns are prey to squid, cuttlefish and a variety of fish.
* feed primarily at night.

Eurypterid
* are the state fossil of New York.
* is an arthropod
### animal | arthropod | insect:

Alderfly
* Alderflies have no gill tufts and a smooth underside
  - one branched tail filament extending straight back
* is an insect
### animal | arthropod | insect | ant:

Crazy ant
* Some crazy ants have stingers.
* Some crazy ants kill crabs
  - red crabs
* are highly versatile, living in both moist and dry habitats
  - one of the most difficult ants to control in structures
* feed on a wide variety of foods, including other insects, grease and sweets.

Female ant
* are smaller than the queen, wingless and sterile.
* remove their wings and crawl off to become queen ant in their own new colony.

Field ant
* are probably our most commonly observed kind of ant.
* feed on a variety of foods
  - other insects as well as insect honeydew
### animal | arthropod | insect | ant:

Velvet ant
* are active throughout the warm periods of the year
  - extremely aggressive
  - parasitic wasps
  - really wasps, and have just about the most painful sting around
  - solitary creatures unlike their cousins the bees
  - sometimes confused with the large ants but the females are wingless asps
* get their name from the appearance of the females, which look like densely hairy ants.
* look like large ants , but are wingless female wasps.
* seen walking on the sand are all females.
+ Ant, Evolution:
  * Termites, though sometimes called 'white ants', are not ants and belong to the order Isoptera. Termites are actually more closely related to cockroaches and mantids. Termites are eusocial but differ greatly in the genetics of reproduction. The similar social structure is attributed to convergent evolution. Velvet ants look like large ants, but are wingless female wasps.

Winged ant
* are frequently confused with swarming termites.
* cloud the fronds.
* collect in windows and doors in the spring or summer months.
* have a narrow waist, front wings that are larger than the rear, and elbowed antennae
  - four wings but the top wings are longer than the wings underneath
  - two pairs of wings, the anterior pair being much larger than the second pair

### animal | arthropod | insect | ant:

Worker ant
* Most worker ants live in colonies.
* Most worker ants perform duties
  - other duties
* Some worker ants leave ant colonies
  - provide services
* are dark, small, highly variable in size, aggressive, and sting relentlessly
  - often light to dark brown in color and usually have spots
* are similar in shape and color, but are smaller and lack wings
  - but often are smaller and lack wings
  - wingless, sterile females
* can bite and produce a painful sting but are generally reluctant to sting
  - travel up to the length of a football field booking food
* carry food back to the colony so that other ants and the queen can eat
  - the bait to the queens that eat it and become sterile or die
* feed the queen, fight off enemies, construct a maze of tunnels, and care for the young.
* forage constantly during the warmer months of the season.
* have relatively large heads compared to their bodies.
* perform other duties, often depending on their age
* seem to expend considerable effort sorting and consolidating the brood.
* take the poison to their queen who becomes sterile.
### animal | arthropod | insect | aphid:

Apple aphid
* are green, black legged, with short antennae and cornicles.
* is an aphid

Bean aphid
* cluster on stems and under leaves.
* dark olive green to black aphid.
* has a dull, mattelike appearance while the cowpea aphid is shiny.

### animal | arthropod | insect | aphid:

Blackfly
* Blackflies are a nuisance and cause itching bites
  - vector for diseases of humans, turkeys and wild birds
  - aphids
  - fond of the young, sappy growth at the tips of fava bean plants
  - found near water and can also be found in the Arctic region
  - gnats
  - small black flies with a humped appearance that are pests of man and animal
  - breed in running water so are most abundant in early summer
  - hatch in the early spring from the very streams in which the trout await
  - have broad wings with all the obvious veins in the anterior part of the wing
  - usually emerge
* Some blackflies are disease vectors.

Cabbage aphid
* are rare, and when found, tend to only occur in small patches near the crop edges.
* have a gray, waxy coat and can be winged or wingless.

Citrus aphid
* Most citrus aphids live in climates.
* Some citrus aphids have ranges.

Female aphid
* Some female aphids produce offspring.
* are parthenogenetic , or capable of virgin births, no males required.
* can reproduce without mating.
* produce live young, particularly during the summer months.

Green aphid
* Most green aphids feed on ferns
  - foliage
* Some green aphids affect pansies
  - find on roses
* Some green aphids have wide host ranges

Honeysuckle aphid
* are very small and easily overlooked.
* tend to congregate on new plant growth.

Pea aphid
* All pea aphids are female throughout spring and summer.
* Some pea aphids have hosts.
* are common wherever legumes are grown, especially in the Red River Valley of Manitoba.
* extract sap from the terminal leaves and stem of the host plant.

Soybean aphid
* Most soybean aphids have egg stages
  - heads
* Some soybean aphids cause damage.
* Some soybean aphids develop into insect pests
* are a significant pest of soybean production in the plants native home in Asia
  - all females and produce all live females young
* suck sap from the plant, which drops onto leaves as honeydew.

Winged aphid
* fly to plant beds or fields, where they produce a wingless form of the insect.
* leave small grains in search of a suitable host.
* migrate in swarms when the infestation is severe.
* move to the top of the plant late in the spring.
* start the ball rolling.

Wingless aphid
* Some wingless aphids move from plants
* are olive green with a reddish-orange area at the base of the cornicles.

Yellow aphid
* Some yellow aphids feed on surfaces.
* are characteristically yellow in appearance.
* can be a problem, and young trees are slow to come into production.

Apple maggot
* is an insect
* spend the winter in the pupal stage around the base of apple trees.
### animal | arthropod | insect:

Bedbug
* are a very rare occurence in California
  - attracted by warmth, and they generally feed during the night, often just before dawn
  - found worldwide, but are most common in developing countries
  - likely live in carpets and mattresses
  - mainly active at night and can feed without people noticing
  - nocturnal in habit and like to hide during the day
  - often more red in color after feeding
  - parasitic insects found living on carpet or a bed
  - resourceful and opportunistic insects
  - secondarily flightless true bugs
* bite people without getting caught and cause itching, rashes and allergies.
* can live for six months without feeding.
* can survive for up to six months without food, they caution
  - one to several months, depending on temperature, without a blood meal
* cause considerable irritation and loss of sleep in afflicted individuals.
* feed on birds only at night and only for a short time.
* get their name because they like to hide in bedding and mattresses.
* leave itchy, red bites on the skin, usually on the arms or shoulders.
* live in various places, but particularly in dirty mattresses and bed linen.
* tend to leave straight rows of bites.
  * The name 'bed bug' is used as the bug likes to live in houses, and especially in beds or other areas where people may sleep. Bedbugs are mainly active at night and can feed without people noticing. They leave a small itchy bite, like a mosquito.
### animal | arthropod | insect | bee:

Africanized bee
* are endemic in parts of Texas and Arizona
  - harder to handle
  - honeybees
  - just one of several subspecies of honey bees
  - less selective than our native bees when choosing nesting sites
  - much more aggressive in defending their hives than are European bees
  - present in southern Arizona
  - smaller than European honey bees and swarm at a younger age
* build in exposed locations more frequently than do European bees.
* can be a life-threatening risk to animals and their owners.
* fly faster than domestic bees, making it more difficult to escape by running.
* have small colonies, so they can build nests in unique places.
* look just like regular honey bees, but they are highly aggressive.
* produce honey but are harder to handle.
* pursue their predatory intruders for much longer distances than European honeybees.
* react to disturbance around the hive.

### animal | arthropod | insect | bee:

Bumble bee
* Some bumble bees belong to families.
* are generally larger and have heavier bodies.
* are important pollinators of native prairie plants
  - wild flowering plants and crops
* are large, hairy, black and yellow insects
  - robust bees covered with dense black and yellow hairs
  - located in meadows
  - much less aggressive than honey bees
  - social and nest in existing cavities, usually on or in the ground
* are social insects and live in colonies
  - that live in small colonies in the ground
  - the other major foraging bee evident on flowering shrubs and lawn clovers
  - very common
* become rarer in southern Florida.
* can appear a little furrier than honey bees.
* eat nectar, sap, pollen, and fruit juice.
* form their colonies in existing cavities.
* have a hairy abdomen while carpenter bees have a hairless, black shiny abdomen
  - queen that produces drones, workers and other queens
  - hairy abdomens, which are usually yellow and black
  - yellow hairs on the other abdominal segments as well
* hold pollen on their hind legs like the honey bee.
* like to nest in thick grass, abandoned rodent nests, or abandoned furniture.
* live all over the world.
* nest in the ground.
* pollinate many wild flower species that birds and small mammals rely on for food.
* produce annual colonies in South Carolina.
* use old mice burrows, cavities in buildings, and other locations to make their nests.
* visit crown vetch flowers.
### animal | arthropod | insect | bee:

Carpenter bee
* Most carpenter bees feed on nectar.
* Most carpenter bees have life stages
  - visit flowers
* Some carpenter bees feed on plant pollen
  - have appearances
* Some carpenter bees have metallic appearances
  - sheen
  - pouches
* Some carpenter bees look for nest sites
  - potential nest sites
* are another common example of a solitary bee
  - bigger and much more robust than the bumblebees
  - generally larger
  - gentle creatures
* are large bees that closely resemble bumble bees
  - bees, resembling bumble bees
  - large, solitary creatures
  - other wood destroying insects that can be found in Maryland
  - prevalent throughout the United States
  - relatively easy to control
  - robust, heavy bodied bees that range three-quarters inch to one inch in length
  - the most efficient pollinator, much more so than honey bees
  - very docile
* attack primarily bare, unpainted softwoods.
* can become a nuisance by boring into the wood in houses during the spring.
* cause damage to wooden structures by boring into timbers and siding to prepare nests.
* drill through wood and nest in it.
* get their name from the ability of the female to bore into wood.
* get their name from their ability to drill through wood and nest in it
  - woodworking skills
* have a much rounder body with a hairy thorax and a shiny abdomen
  - an abdomen which is shiny, metallic and black in color
  - no pollen baskets on their hind legs - whereas female bumble bees do
* inhabit every continent except Antarctica.
* leave sawdust as they drill into wood to make their nests.
* look similar to bumblebees, but their abdomens are black, shiny, and hairless.
* make their nests in beams, rafters, telephone poles and other wooden structures.
* nest in dry wood and occasionally hollow stems
  - excavated wooden tunnels
  - wood, such as dead tree trunks, firewood or exposed wood on structures
* prefer softwoods such as redwood, cypress, cedar, and pine tor nesting sites
  - to nest in softwood, such as cedar, cypress, pine, and redwood
* sting victims.
* tunnel into wood to lay eggs.

Caucasian bee
* Most caucasian bees have resistance.
* are notorious for their heavy use of propolis, especially at the hive entrance.
### animal | arthropod | insect | bee:

Drone
* Most drones have eyes
  - reproductive functions
  - mate with queens
* Some drones have stingers.
* also have civilian uses, such as for firefighting.
* are abundant for mating in the fall, and weather conditions are optimal for mating
  - fertile male honey bees
* are haploid and have one allele
  - clones, gaining all of their genetic material from their mother
* are larger than workers and have bigger eyes
  - workers, but smaller than queen honey bees
  - larger, male bees
  - male, while workers and queens are female
  - part of bagpipes
  - raised in cells that are significantly larger than the cells used for workers
  - retired aircraft modified for remote control flight
  - stout male bees that have no stingers
  - the colony's male bees
* are the male bees and their sole function is to mate with the queen, after which they die
  - caste of honey bees
  - noisiest of the honeybee clan, producing a loud buzz as they move around
  - only male bees in the hive
  - product of unfertilized eggs laid normally in the larger cells of the comb
  - wasps that are bigger than men
* become sexually mature about twelve days after emerging and die instantly upon mating.
* come from non-fertilized eggs.
* die after successfully mating with a virgin queen
  - they have mated
  - immediately after mating
* exhibit the cordovan characteristic with only a single cordovan allele.
* fly from the hive and mate in the air with queens from other colonies
  - where people reside
  - large eyes used to locate queens during mating flights
  - no stinger, pollen baskets, or wax glands
* includes air sacs
  - brains
  - carapaces
  - cell membranes
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - ears
  - faces
  - flight feathers
  - heads
  - nuclei
  - plasma membranes
  - quill feathers
  - sections
  - shells
  - skulls
  - thoraxes
  - vacuoles
* live the shortest lives of the three castes of honey bees.
* mate only once in life, then die
* usually live five to ten weeks.
+ Unmanned aerial vehicle
  * Even though some drones are operated by a computer, most of them are controlled remotely by people on the ground. UAVs are mostly used by military forces, for example for reconnaissance or unmanned combat. Some of them are programmed to be a target, to be shot at, for example. Drones also have civilian uses, such as for firefighting.

Drone bee
* Most drone bees have eyes.
* Some drone bees mate with queens.
* are completely useless for everything except reproduction.

### animal | arthropod | insect | bee | drone:

Male drone
* emerge in the late summer, which quickly die after finding a queen to mate with.
* lack stingers and are kept until reproduction is complete.
* live only to mate with the queen, who is the only fertile female in the colony.

European bee
* Most european bees adapt to climates
  - conditions
* have almost no resistance, and the mite has proved fatal to millions of colonies.

Female bee
* are all diploid and are produced through fertilization.
* have no interest other than collecting food.
### animal | arthropod | insect | bee | honeybee:

Africanized honeybee
* are aggressive and can seriously attack and sting humans
  - different
  - much more protective of their beehive and more likely to sting
  - preyed on by ants, anteaters, and armadillos
+ Africanized honeybee, Behavior: Hymenoptera
  * Africanized honeybees are much more protective of their beehive and more likely to sting. When one of them get surprised or scared, they all attack together and sting the same animal or person with hundreds of stings. Actually, their sting is the same as a regular honeybee's, but because they sting all together, they are much more dangerous. They usually chase their target much farther than regular honeybees, and they stay angry and ready to fight for a much longer time. However, if left alone, they'll usually not attack.

Hygienic bee
* are bees that uncap cells that contain dead brood and remove it
  - useful for chalkbrood-free pollen production
* uncap and eject dying brood from cells.

Individual bee
* are too weak to fend off hornets with bites and stingers.
* can also be useful in detecting air pollution.

Male bee
* are called drones, and their sole purpose in life is to mate with a queen honeybee
* confuse the larvae aggregate for a female and attempt to mate.
* dance as well to attempt to win over the female.
* emerge just before the females.
* fly about the nesting area for mating purposes and the heavy flight causes concern.
* move from one such flower to another in search of a mate.
* sport black mustaches for picking up parsnip perfume.

Male orchid bee
* pollinate brazil nut tree flowers
  - orchids
* visit flowers.

Mining bee
* are usually darker in color and smaller than the honey bees
  - valuable pollinators of spring crops
* have one generation of adults per year in the spring.

### animal | arthropod | insect | bee:

Native bee
* Some native bees have enemies
  - numerous enemies
  - live alone
* are classified into main family groups that are further divided into subgroups
  - everywhere across the country
  - important for pollinating native plants
  - much smaller than the European honey bee
  - solitary
* can be very efficient pollinators of fruit crops.
* excel at pollinating native plant varieties.
* have amaze engineer skills
  - various nesting behaviors that are also used to identify their species
* need abundant nectar
* nest in vernal pools and pollinate pool flowers.

Nurse bee
* contain proteins.
* eat pollen.
* take care.

Orchid bee
* Most orchid bees pollinate orchids.
* visit flowers
  - plants

Pollen bee
* Most pollen bees pollinate plants.
* provide an alternative to honey bees, which face danger on at least two fronts.

Wild bee
* Most wild bees pollinate plants
  - transfer pollen
* Some wild bees are more efficient pollinators of certain crops
  - can pollinate specific crops much better than honeybees do
* Some wild bees live in hollow trees
* manage to perforate the soft wood and lodge their honey in the holes.

Worker honey bee
* have stingers.
* return to hives.
### animal | arthropod | insect | beetle:

Carpet beetle
* All carpet beetles pass through the egg, larva, pupa and adult stages.
* Most carpet beetles emerge in springs
  - occur as wild populations in Colorado
* Most carpet beetles undergo complete metamorphosis
* Some carpet beetles are dark in color
  - eat carpets
  - invade homes
  - extremely difficult to eliminate from a building
  - just as destructive and are more abundant than clothes moths in many areas
  - relatively slow to develop
* can be detrimental to museum artifacts made with skin, hair or feathers.
* develop more slowly on cereal products than on materials of animal origin.
* go by a variety of names.
* occur naturally outdoors and come into building from there.
* tend to live outside the home.

Cereal leaf beetle
* cause crop damage
* have ranges
  - wide ranges

Click beetle
* are nocturnal and, like many nocturnal flying insects, are attracted to lights
  - the adult life stage of wireworms
* have a hinged thorax, so if they get turned upside down, they can flip back upright
  - an amazing ability to flip themselves upright from their backs
* range in size from a few millimeters to over an inch.

### animal | arthropod | insect | beetle:

Cucumber beetle
* Most cucumber beetles cause damage
  - eat leaves
* Some cucumber beetles chew holes.
* Some cucumber beetles feed on leaf spinach
* Some cucumber beetles have black stripes
* Some cucumber beetles have wide black stripes
* Some cucumber beetles transmit bacterial diseases
* are a quarter of an inch long with yellow bodies and heavy black striping or spots
  - especially fond of melons, squash, cucumbers and pumpkins
  - insects
  - more oblong than lady beetles, which are nearly circular
  - one of the most significant agricultural insect pests in the United States
* can transmit bacterial wilt iii.
* carry a bacteria that causes bacterial wilt in melon plants
* continue to be present in large numbers.
* feed on young plants and can also spread disease.
* let loose the eggs they've been holding.
* spell trouble for cucumbers and related plants in two ways.

Dive beetle
* Most dive beetles have legs
  - range in length
* Some dive beetles eat tadpoles
  - have filament
### animal | arthropod | insect | beetle:

Flea beetle
* Most flea beetles cause damage
  - most damage
* Most flea beetles feed on foliage
  - leaves
* Most flea beetles have legs
  - ranges
* Most flea beetles have wide host ranges
* Some flea beetles are general feeders, but most attack only closely related plants.
* are an example of jumping beetle
  - beetles which jump in the same manner as fleas, but are unrelated to fleas
  - common pests of many vegetable Crops
  - devastating to seedlings, and beetle shot holes can disfigure the leaves badly
  - especially abundant in cool, wet weather
  - often a problem with radishes
  - shiny black, jumping beetles about inch long
  - small beetles that jump when disturbed
  - small, black beetles about the size of a large pinhead
  - still active on canola and some reports of foliar spraying have come in
  - the most likely culprits
* are tiny and black
  - make tiny holes
  - black insects that hop like fleas when disturbed
* are tiny, black or brown, and pesky
  - shiny and a very dark black
* attack young, succulent plants and can cause serious damage.
* can also feed on leaves
  - make so many pinholes in leaves that the overall yield suffers greatly
* can be a major problem for young broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower and kohlrabi seedlings
  - mass reared and sent to the field in shipping cartons
  - cause serious damage to seedlings and small plants
  - gnaw small holes in the foliage
  - seriously damage seedlings
  - severely damage small seedlings
  - the small shot-hole damage to leaves
* cause tiny holes in the leaves, and damage can be severe if unchecked
* causes small holes in the leaves.
* complete many generations during the growing season.
* eat tiny holes the size of birdshot in the leaves.
* feed most actively when the weather is sunny, warm, and dry.
  - leaves of many root Crops, chewing small pits or holes
* is present on corn and cabbage crops but pressure is low probably due to the high heat.
* make tiny holes in beet leaves, but healthy plants quickly outgrow the damage.
* receive a lethal dose of insecticide as they feed on the plant.
* spread the organism by feeding on seedling plants.
+ Beetle, Beetle bodies, Legs:
  * Some beetle legs are flat and have long hairs on them. These kinds of legs are found on water beetles. Beetles that often dig in soil have flat legs with spines or horns at the edges. Flat legs with horns are called fossorial legs. A few beetles have large hind legs, similar to those of grasshoppers, which help the beetle to jump. Flea beetles are an example of jumping beetle.

Green beetle
* Most green beetles have legs
  - many offspring
  - possess exoskeletons
* Some green beetles have babies.
* are more visible to birds than brown beetles, so birds eat more green beetles.
* decorate the headband.

Grind beetle
* live in habitats
  - terrestrial habitats
* use mandibles
  - strong mandibles
### animal | arthropod | insect | beetle:

Ground beetle
* Many ground beetles give off an unpleasant odor when handled.
* Most ground beetles are black and shiny, though some display metallic colors
  - carnivorous, but some species feed on plant material
  - complete a life cycle within a year
  - feed at night and hide in the soil or under debris during the day
  - have broad, hard wing covers with many parallel, longitudinal ridges
  - prey on insects or snails
* Some ground beetles are metallic green or blue or are marked with spots of metallic red or gold
  - feed on grasshopper nymphs and eggs
* are almost black and shiny
  - another large family of beetles
  - common in damp places
  - general feeders with powerful jaws
  - good insects and feed at night on cutworms, slugs and other soil insects
  - predators feeding primarily on other insects
  - the most common beetles found in soil litter
* can immobilize and devour amphibian prey many times their size.
* destroy many garden pests.
* feed on caterpillars that attack trees and shrubs
  - cutworms, maggots and sometimes slugs
* live in almost every terrestrial habitat on earth
  - on the ground under leaves, logs, stones and other debris
* prey on a variety of ground-dwelling pests.
* require the cover provided by low-growing plants.

Ips beetle
* are one of three major groups of important pine bark beetles in the South.
* introduce blue stain fungus into egg galleries.

### animal | arthropod | insect | beetle:

Japanese beetle
* Japanese Beetles can devastate a rose at one sitting if undisturbed.
* Most japanese beetles become pests
  - plant pests
* Most japanese beetles become serious pests
  - feed on plants
* Most japanese beetles find backyards
  - urban backyards
* Some japanese beetles play roles.
* are a more obvious visitor to soybean fields mid to late summer
  - an interesting curiosity of human nature
  - daytime flyers and feeders
  - highly mobile and can infest fields regardless of field-use history
  - often the most damaging insects
* are pests in parts of northern and east central Alabama
  - still numerous, but their numbers seem to already be dropping off
  - the number one nuisance in many areas
  - very active during the day and tend to appear in large groups on plants
  - voracious foliage and fruit feeders
* can also be a pest
  - be a devastating insect to many plants in the landscape
* do have several natural enemies
  - their favorite foods as well
* eat the leaf areas between the veins and cause skeletonizing of the leaves
  - leaves of roses
* eats the flowers and foliage
  - leaves down to the main veins
* escape winter cold as grubs in the ground.
* feed on aster
  - ripe raspberry and blackberry fruit, as well as leaves
  - the late blooms or the leaves
* feeds on weigela.
* have a one-year life cycle.
* is one such quarantined pest in Missouri.
* make lacework out of grapevine leaves.
* seem to be plentiful, but only in scattered localities.
* serious problem for the nursery industry.
* start zooming in toward the end of the month.