### plant part | foliage | frond:

Fertile frond
* Some fertile fronds contain sporangiums
  - grow proliferous tips
  - produce spores
* begin to wither in early summer, after sporulation is completed.
* develop fronds.
* have clusters of elongate sporangia that partially replace pinnules.

Green foliage
* Most green foliage produces nutrients.
* Most green foliage turns bronze color
* begins to sprout, and before long dogwoods and azaleas start showing their colors.
* creates barriers.

Hosta foliage
* exhibits almost every color except red.
* offers a variety of leaf shapes, textures, and colors.
* ranges in color from nearly yellow to a deep blue-green.

Ivy foliage
* contains triterpenoid saponins and falcarinol.
* helps to add balance and highlight the brighter flowers.

### plant part | foliage:

Needle
* Most needles have diameters
  - edges
  - inner diameters
  - strength
  - surfaces
* Some needles contain crystal
  - fall from trees
* Some needles grow in northern regions
* Some needles have bands
  - coats
  - hues
* Some needles have outer coats
  - waxy coats
  - silvery bands
  - penetrate skin
  - produce wax
* actually help keep coniferous trees warm during the winter.
* also have much tighter stomatal closure.
* are an adaptation to conserve water in cold, dry environments
  - blue green to dark green in color
  - essentials for sewing
* are generally dull bluish-gray to silvery blue and emit a resinous odor when crushed
  - scale-like but have sharp tips
  - grey, dead and dropping needles
  - implements
* are in bundles of five
  - or groups
  - light green and have a fine texture
* are located in beachs
  - doctors
  - haystacks
  - hospitals
  - match ground to help prevent tissue coring
  - one of the most frightening things to many individuals
  - only half their normal length and trees die prematurely
  - pointers
  - reduced leaves with a small surface area
  - shafts
  - sharps
  - smalls
  - soft and flexible
  - soft, scale-like, flat, aromatic when crushed
* are the biggest single cause of injury in hospitals in the Western world
  - same color on top and bottom and are all about the same length
  - two distinct sizes, with alternating long and short needles
* are typically square in cross section and are blunt on their ends
  - section, and range from being very sharp to blunt
  - unequal in length and are whiter on bottom than top
* are used for embroidery
  - injections
  - repairs
  - stitching
  - very sharp, and have an acidic taste
* can put much more than drugs into the blood stream
  - transmit disease and cause injuries to others
* catch dust and dirt, thus cleansing the air.
* come in many forms and colors.
* grow in bunches, wrapped together at the base
* have a disagreeable odor when crushed
  - sweet scent when crushed
  - an unpleasant odor when crushed
* have cut edges
  - sharp points
* includes leaf shapes
  - sections
* infected by Swiss needlecast often turn brown at the tips in early spring.
* is bent or blunt or has a sharp eye.
* kill one hair at a time Transdermal is safer and never invades the skin.
* leaved evergreens are also common.
* normally fall during the third year.
* occur in clusters at end of short spur shoots
  - on small peg-like structures on the twig called sterigmata
  - singly and feel soft
* pass infected blood from one person to another.
* provide evergreen cover and nesting materials for various species.
* retain water better than broad-leafed trees like oaks and maples.
* tend to open up the channels, allow the energy to flow properly allowing people to relax.
* turn yellow, die and drop.