ontocord/MixtureVitae-genericsKB huggingface dataset:
### process | evolution:

Genetic evolution
* Most genetic evolution involves natural selections
* acts on a times scale much larger than cultural evolution.
* is changes in the genetic makeup of a species
  - neither random nor blind
* presupposes the capability for reproduction.
* slow process, much outstripped by cultural evolution.

### process | evolution:

Human evolution
* Some human evolution follows patterns.
* biological process with both social and physical aspects.
* includes several radiations, producing multiple contemporary, related species.
* is above all an evolution of the typical qualities of the psychosomatic unity
  - simply the scientific explanation for the origin of human life
  - the lengthy process of change by which people originated from apelike ancestors
* lead to a more advanced brain which lead to creating a much more intricate language.

Micro evolution
* direct consequence of genetic variability and the principles of heredity.
* refers to varieties within a given type.

Natural evolution
* acts so slowly it is difficult to study.
* is about replication and propagation of genes
  - known to be effective in exploiting new phenomena
* means lots of different things.
* occurs by having random mutations appear in individual entities.
* takes much longer, centuries and millennia rather than weeks and months.

Rapid evolution
* can occur during times of environmental change.
* drives ecological dynamics in a predator-prey system.
* leads to immune escape and persistence as well as therapy-resistant variants.

Spiritual evolution
* gives wings to life, imagination,and thought.
* involves the ascension of attention up through the twelve gateways.
* is limited by one's biological, genetic, and physical composition
  - really an attunement with intrinsic clarity and lovingness of consciousness

Stellar evolution
* establishes the basic time scale of the universe.
* involves the evolution of a star.
* is assumed in estimating the age of stars
  - driven by the fight against gravity
* is the creation and termination of stars
  - process by which a star changes over the course of time
* starts with the gravitational collapse of a giant molecular cloud.

Theistic evolution
* alters our concept of the nature of the Bible itself.
* compromise between Newtonian science and the Biblical text.
* contradiction in terms.
* means design by chance.
* says that a god controls any evolution that occurs.
### process | filtration:

Biological filtration
* breaks down harmful organic components into harmless ones.
* comes in a variety of forms.
* is absolutely necessary in any aquatic ecosystem
  - important to convert harmful nitrogenous waste into less harmful compounds
* is the cornerstone of a marine aquarium
  - critical filtration component in every aquarium
* makes the water healthy for pond life.
* natural means of removing toxic ammonia based wastes from the aquarium.
* requires the use of beneficial bacteria.
* works on a different level.

### process | filtration | body part:

Membrane filtration
* can remove organic impurities, as well as metal ions and other ions
  - replace costly energy-intensive evaporation and distillation systems
* is the method of choice for the analysis of fecal coliforms in water.
* rapidly emerging technology for particle removal and pathogen control.
* recycles water on-site, greatly reducing wastewater.

Mechanical filtration
* can also be something as simple as a settling pond.
* is good for keeping the water clear and free of debris
  - necessary to remove debris and gases from the water
  - simply a media that traps out particles but lets the water pass through
  - the removal of particles from the water
* occurs at the junction between the arterioles and the venous sinuses
  - in each glomerulus
* removes solids from the water.
* sucks in and traps debris.

### process | filtration:

Percolation
* also is aided by activity from burrowing animals, insects, and earthworms.
* describes the movement of water through the soil.
* is cooking
  - movement of water past the soil going deep into the groundwater
  - similar to water going through ground coffee and a filter
* is the downward flow or seepage of water through the pores of rocks and soil
  - movement of water through the soil profile
  - volumetric flux per unit area of soil
* occurs when the sheet finally falls apart due to the solid backbone losing connectivity
  - solid shapes become continuous
* refers to the speed with which water soaks into the soil.

### process | filtration | percolation:

Deep percolation
* can carry soluble chemicals and fertilizers into ground water.
* is the loss of water below the root zone
  - movement of water below the root zone of the crop
  - process of water continuing to move through the soil at lower levels
### process:

Fission
* Most fission generates energy
  - involves division
* Most fission produces heat
  - radioactive particles
* Some fission creates materials
  - waste materials
  - involves mitosis
  - produces offspring
* asexual method in unicellular organisms like amoeba, paramecium, Leishmania.
* can also take place when synthetic nuclei are produced.
* can occur by binary fission, multiple fission and plasmotomy
  - when a nucleus of a heavy atom captures a neutron, or it can happen spontaneously
* generates energy, including heat
* gives rise to the formation of ions.
  - the separation of a parent into two or more individuals of the same size
* is illustrated in A to D, which represent four stages in fission in a European species
  - nuclear reaction
  - reproduction
  - somewhat easier to induce
* is the current alternative to fossil fuels, with fusion being an ongoing hope
  - least powerful form of nuclear energy
  - most common and simplest form of asexual reproduction
  - opposite of fusion
  - process in which a nucleus splits into two or more nuclei
* is the process of splitting atomic nuclei of certain elements such as uranium
  - atoms to create energy
  - used in the first nuclear weapons and in power plants
  - splitting apart of heavy nuclei
* is the splitting of a heavy nucleus into light nuclei that are more energetically favorable
  - large nucleus into smaller pieces
* is the splitting of atoms and fusion is the combining of atoms
  - into smaller pieces, caused by neutrons hitting each other
  - atoms, either by radioactive decay or by collisional impact
  - one heavy nucleus into two or more lighter nuclei
  - used in all current nuclear power plants
  - utilized in nuclear power plants and weapons
* means separating and fusion means joining
  - splitting a big nucleus into smaller nuclei
  - to break down of individual into two equal parts
* much simpler process than mitosis or meiosis.
* nuclear process in which a heavy nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei.
* occurs for very heavy nuclei, while fusion occurs for the lightest nuclei
  - in one-celled organisms
* occurs when a neutron is absorbed into the nucleus of an atom and causes it to split
  - strikes a uranium atom , or when it falls apart naturally
  - simple organism splits in half to make two new cells
  - atoms split and cause a nuclear reaction
  - one flatworm splits into two flatworms
  - single cell organisms divide into two or more similar daughter cells
  - the central part of an atom, the nucleus, breaks up into two equal fragments
  - uranium atoms are split into smaller atoms
* process that has been occurring in the universe for billions of years.
  - two essentially equal daughter cells from a single cell
* releases energy and neutrons
  - enormous energy and is used in nuclear fission weapons and reactors
* starts with a heavy element that has large atoms, such as uranium.
* statistical process.
* type of reproduction, but a baby is the result of sexual reproduction.
* works for nuclei heavier than iron.
* yields a tremendous amount of energy in the form of heat.
### process:

Fossilization
* depends much more on chemistry than age
  - upon the proper conditions more than on length of time
* is an action
  - infrequent occurrence that is highly dependent on chance
  - natural processes
  - passage
  - the process that turns a once living thing into a fossil
* means the mineral replacement of organic material.
* occurs rapidly when the conditions are right.
* process where an organism is covered with layers of sediment.
* race between decay and preservation of tissue.
* refers to permanent retention of non-native interlanguage forms.
* requires a quick burial of the living organism before the processes of decay begin.

Geomorphic process
* Many geomorphic processes operate only after the crossing of a threshold.
* are distinctive in the tundra, resulting in a variety of curious landforms.
### process:

Group process
* examines whether the presence of groups effects the attitude of individuals.
* is investigated as it relates to the individual's ability to communicate.

Groupthink
* can lead to bad judgments and decisions being made.
* dysfunction of highly cohesive groups.
* occurs in groups that have a history of conflict and disagreement.
* only occurs in cohesive groups.
* problem that can have destructive consequences.
* term describing a type of thinking that leads to poor decisions.
### process | growth:

Abnormal growth
* occur in the brain and can occur in the kidney, heart, eye, bone, lung and liver.
* results in development.

Actual growth
* occurs in few years.
* occurs in last few years

Adenomatous polyp
* are the second most common stomach polyp.
* can change into cancer and are considered pre-cancerous.
* is growth

Algal growth
* is calculated as the product of the density and the growth rate.
* stops bottom living plants and exposes the banks to greater erosion.

Allometric growth
* is described with emphasis on the estimation of body weight from shoulder height.
* is the phenomenon of the different growth rates of parts within the same organism
  - where parts of the same organism grow at different rates

Amelogenesis
* begins adjacent to forming dentin and proceeds to incisal edge.
* imperfecta, an autosomal dominant disease, causes severe enamel hypoplasia.
### process | growth:

Mold growth
* can cause allergic symptoms and permanent structural damage as well
  - develop in wet areas
* continues during storage if the moisture content and storage temperatures remain high.
* is encouraged by warm and humid conditions
  - warm, humid, and damp conditions
  - very damaging to the house structure, especially wood surfaces
* occurs if the maximum water content is exceeded.
* tends to become apparent when humidity and temperature rise.

Muscle growth
* Some muscle growth occurs in organs.
* depends on the muscle fibre type activated and the pattern of recruitment.
* is incompatible with severe caloric restriction.
* takes place when the muscle has been overloaded.

Musical growth
* developmental process that requires daily attention.
* is characterized by sequential development.

Myelinization
* is growth
* occurs both before and after birth and can be affected by diet.

Neoplasm
* is predominantly solid and fleshy.
* occurs only in muticellular organisms.

Normal growth
* is categorized in a range used by pediatricians to gauge how a child is growing
  - usually a sensitive indicator of health as well as of adequate therapy in children
* occurs in springs.
* occurs, worn out tissues are replaced and wounds heal.

Optimum growth
* can occur while water is being conserved.
* requires fertilization.

### process | growth | peduncle:

Pedicel
* are always longer than the drupelets
  - light green in colour sparsely covered with white hairs
  - peduncles
  - puberulent
* is the stalk of the flower.

Pedunculated polyp
* Most pedunculated polyps are amenable to electrocautery snare polypectomy.
* is growth

### process | growth:

Personal growth
* Most personal growth takes place in times of affliction.
* implies maturation of both mind and body.
* involves a lifetime of effort to master our emotions.
* is achieved through service to others and stretching to reach their goals
  - an intentional step into a richer, more meaningful life
  - as important as academic achievement
  - essential for professional growth
  - instrumental in making lifestyle changes
  - necessary both in the workplace and in relationships
  - proportional to the wise use of the many resources available
  - result of several factors
  - the process of responding positively to change
* leads to lifestyle change.
* process that requires continued committement.
* seems to occur in spurts.
* supports family, cultural, societal, and world growth.
* takes place in the context of relationships in a community.

Physical growth
* begins when the egg and sperm combine.
* is an increase in body size and weight
  - the sign of a dynamic community
* occurs at an average, or above average, rate
  - rapidly during the first two years of life
### process:

Heredity
* All heredity is controlled by genes.
* accounts for much of what children become, but environment carries a heavy burden
  - only one-fourth of the variation in human life spans
* affects physical growth by regulating the production of hormones.
* biological process
* can be a key factor in developing asthma.
* can be a risk factor if one or more parents are diagnosed with hypertension
  - one or more parents have been diagnosed with hypertension
  - cause many skin problems
  - make some families more likely than others to get high blood pressure
* can play a role in causing clefts
  - the amount of pubic hair an individual grows
* contributes to height, weight, and rate of physical maturation.
* does play a big part in oily skin, but so do hormones
  - role in the development of osteoporosis
  - seem to play a role as do allergens and environmental factors
* give a continuity so physical and genetic traits can be passed on to offspring.
* is properties.
* plays a key role in determining the general frame of a child s body.
* plays a major role in acquiring epilepsy
  - allergies
  - conformation, passed down from both sire and dam
  - human susceptibility to many illnesses
  - melanoma risk
  - minor role in some cases of epilepsy
* plays a role in asthma
  - developing prostate cancer, as well
* plays a role in other cancers as well
  - forms of arthritis, too, increasing susceptibility in some people
  - some patient's emphysema
  - stroke, especially if one or more parents suffered a stroke
  - who gets acne
  - role, as do diet, exercise during growth, and many other factors in the dogs life
  - significant role in cattle lameness
* plays a significant role in the development of acne
  - development or severity of osteoporosis
* plays an especially important role in determining an individual's cholesterol level
  - important role in the development of skin cancer
  - roles
* plays the major role in determining one s personality
  - one's personality
* refers to the genetic inheritance received by every individual at the time of conception
  - passing of traits from parent to offspring
  - transfer of biological characteristics from a parent organism to offspring
  - what parents transmit genetically to offspring
* supplies our genotype, while heredity and environment combine to form our phenotype.
+ Roger D. Kornberg, Important studies: 1947 births :: Living people :: American chemists :: Harvard University alumni :: Jewish American scientists :: Nobel Prize in Chemistry winners :: American Nobel Prize winners :: Scientists from Missouri :: People from St. Louis, Missouri
  * All heredity is controlled by genes. For the cells to make use of the information in the genes, a copy of part of the gene must be made. The copying is called transcription. The RNA is moved out of the cell nucleus, to ribosomes, where it does its work. This is called messenger RNA and it gives the amino acid sequence for protein production. This second process is called translation.
### process:

Hyperventilation
* Can cause fatigue.
* Comes from breathing too deeply, too fast.
* Most hyperventilations cause anxiety
  - enhance excretion
  - lead to effects
* also causes alkolosis.
* are breathing.
* arises through an increase in the frequency of breathing and the tidal volume.
* can also occur
  - be very alarming because it can appear to be a different, more serious problem
  - exacerbate asthma
* causes arterial constriction in the brain and around the eyes
  - some central nervous system changes as well
  - the pH to elevate
* counteracts the build-up of pressure inside the skull that can prove fatal.
* frequent cause of chest pain, especially in young people.
* happens when people unawarely overbreathe.
* has a healing effect.
* includes inhalation.
* increases the number of inhaled allergens, and cools and dehydrates the airways.
* is also part of the response to massive blood loss
  - one of the primary physical manifestations of panic disorders
  - probably the most common of the so called stress-related breathing disorders
  - rapid or deep breathing, usually caused by anxiety or panic
  - something which happens involuntarily
* is the basis of adaptation to high altitude
  - opposite
  - repeated inhalation of fast, full breaths of air and rapid exhalation
  - very unlikely to be a cause of many instances of chronic fatigue
* triggers certain responses in the body that make grounding pretty difficult.
* upsets the central nervous system.
* works by constricting blood vessels, however.

Indirection
* are deception
  - procedures
* is used frequently when pointers are passed to procedures.
### process | metabolism:

Acid metabolism
* Some acid metabolism increases production
  - interferes with excretion
* contributes to survival.

Anabolic metabolism
* happens to be the change part.
* requires energy.

Bacterial metabolism
* produces a mixture of gases, called flatus.
* reduces the TTC producing formazan which is red in color.

Calcium metabolism
* affects nearly every other system in the body including nerve and muscle.
* appears to be normal.
* involves both calcium homeostasis and balance.
* is, therefore, very important for the breeder.

Cellular metabolism
* Most cellular metabolism produces heat.
* includes all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell.
* is interpreted straightforwardly as information processing.

Drug metabolism
* Some drug metabolism depends on substrate
  - takes places
* is the process by which our bodies transform and eliminate foreign compounds.
* tends to be faster in smaller animals.

Oxidative metabolism
* produces reactive oxygen species that threaten cell integrity.
* provides the fuel for maximum work output over short intervals.

Plant metabolism
* is adapted to use the minimum amount of nitrogen.
* precursor to human existence.

Protein metabolism
* is of the utmost importance in body building or nutritional programs
  - temperature compensated during early development of an Antarctic sea urchin
  - under the control of our hormones
* produces extra heat
  - nitrogen which is processed by the kidneys

Metamorphism
* causes changes in the texture and mineralogy of other rocks.
* is geological processes.
* occurs below the surface zones of weathering and cementation.
* process which occurs within the crust of the Earth.
* takes place in a variety of geologic settings
  - the rock surrounding the magma body because of heat dissipation

### process | metamorphism:

Contact metamorphism
* is when an igneous intrusion produces the heat and pressure
  - rock is scorched by the heat of an igneous intrusion
* occurs at the boundary between magma and older rock
  - when a mass of hot magma intrudes into pre-existing rock

Dynamic metamorphism
* causes only the structural alteration of rock through pressure.
* is associated with zones of high to moderate strain such as fault zones.

Regional metamorphism
* Some regional metamorphism is associated with colliding plate boundaries.
* develops in the roots of mountain belts along convergent plate boundaries.
* is caused by large geologic processes such as mountain-building
  - linked to orogenic processes
  - when the heat and pressure is from being deeply buried
### process:

Microbial process
* are important in the fate and transport of many organic compounds
  - very sensitive to pH and temperature fluctuations
* is economic at low concentrations.
* provide powerful tools for environmental restoration.
### process:

Nursing process
* guides the delivery of psychotherapeutic, pharmacologic and milieu therapies.
* is applied to meet basic human needs of individual patients
  - dynamic problem solving
  - the systematic model utilized for problem-solving
* is used as a framework for organizing and communicating assessment data
  - the framework for delivering nursing care
  - to identify priorities for care of patients receiving specific medications
### process | nutrition:

Adequate nutrition
* comes from eating a wide variety of foods.
* is essential for good health, normal growth and development.
* is essential to reproductive health
  - the maintenance of healthy skin
  - important to meet the demands of detoxification
  - mandatory to prevent malnutrition and to promote healing
  - necessary for a doe to come into estrus
  - the key to health, well-being and exercise or sports performance
* is vital for the recovery of transplant recipients
  - to maintaining health and enhancing quality of life
* plays an important part in maintaining and regaining optimal health.
* requires for development.

Animal nutrition
* appears to be related to louse problems.
* includes poultry, cattle, swine, fish, horses and other species.

Bad nutrition
* can also be the cause of most headaches
  - cause some diseases
* more marked problem of teenagers in developed countries.
+ Teenage pregnancy, Problems, Medical: Biological reproduction
  * Like most other teenagers, teenage mothers may suffer from poor nutritiion. This may lead ot them having specific illnesses related to bad nutrition. Bad nutrition is a more marked problem of teenagers in developed countries.

Clinical nutrition
* has material on nutrition in medicine, nutritional diseases and high risk groups.
* specialty area of veterinary medicine.

Early nutrition
* can also affect cat behavior
  - considerably influence mental ability later in life
* is critical to the health and life of every herd.

Enteral nutrition
* is always preferred to parenteral nutrition for many reasons
  - as good as parenteral nutrition
* uses a tube inserted into the stomach or intestine.
### process | nutrition:

Superior nutrition
* helps make healthy humans
  - the body protect and heal itself
* is vital to performance.

### process:

Ossification
* Most ossification produces bones.
* begins at a primary ossification center
  - predefined sites of the membrane and radiates outward
  - in the body, about the eighth week of fetal life
  - up to seven months before birth
* biological process
* involves replacements.
* is calcification
  - characterized by a lack of innovative decision making and the avoidance of risks
  - completed about the age of puberty
* is the formation of bone by osteoblasts
  - process by which bones harden
* progresses from proximal to distal and cranial to caudal.
* spreads in both directions from the primary ossification center.

### process | ossification:

Endochondral ossification
* entails the conversion of a cartilaginous template into bone.
* occurs within cartilage bone models, and occurs in most bones of the body.

Intramembranous ossification
* occurs within fibrous membranes of the embryo and the adult.
* plays an important role in endochondral ossification.
### process | oxidation | combustion:

Combustion instability
* Combustion instabilities are typically violent pressure oscillations in a combustion chamber.
* arises due to an interaction between combustion and acoustic waves.

### process | oxidation | combustion:

Complete combustion
* More complete combustion means the generation of more energy from the same amount of fuel.
* More complete combustion produces more useful energy by reducing soot and smoke
  - energy while reducing soot and smoke
* happens in a plentiful supply of air.
* produces no harmful gases or vapor.
* reduces exposure to harmful smoke.
* releases more energy than incomplete combustion.
+ Combustion: Chemistry
  * Fuel reacts with oxygen and release energy. Complete combustion happens in a plentiful supply of air. Incomplete combustion occurs when the supply of air is limited. Complete combustion releases more energy than incomplete combustion. Incomplete combustion also creates carbon monoxide, and more soot. Several factors must be considered when choosing the best fuel for a particular purpose. Fuels are substances that react with oxygen to release useful energy.
  * Fuel reacts with oxygen and release energy. Complete combustion happens in a plentiful supply of air. Incomplete combustion occurs when the supply of air is limited. Complete combustion releases more energy than incomplete combustion. Incomplete combustion also creates carbon monoxide, and more soot. Several factors must be considered when choosing the best fuel for a particular purpose. Fuels are substances that react with oxygen to release useful energy. Most of the energy is released as heat, but light energy is also released. About 21 per cent of the air is oxygen.

Deflagration
* is combustion
* propagate at subsonic speeds.
### process | oxidation | combustion:

Incomplete combustion
* can generate carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides.
* can generate carbon monoxide and other hazardous gases
  - toxic gases and vapors
  - monoxide, and other toxic vapors
  - produce carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride
* can produce carbon monoxide and other toxic fumes
  - toxic oxides of carbon
  - metaldehyde vapor, formic acid and carbon monoxide
  - phosgene, hydrogen chloride and other toxic gases
  - toxic fumes of carbon monoxide
  - yield low molecular weight hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide
* causes power loss and produces white smoke.
* means the lower oxidation number is attained.
* occurs when the supply of air is limited.
* releases carbon monoxide.
* uses fuel inefficiently and the carbon monoxide produced health hazard.
+ Combustion: Chemistry
  * Fuel reacts with oxygen and release energy. Complete combustion happens in a plentiful supply of air. Incomplete combustion occurs when the supply of air is limited. Complete combustion releases more energy than incomplete combustion. Incomplete combustion also creates carbon monoxide, and more soot. Several factors must be considered when choosing the best fuel for a particular purpose. Fuels are substances that react with oxygen to release useful energy. Most of the energy is released as heat, but light energy is also released.

Internal combustion
* engines breathe air into their cylinders via the intake manifold.
* is combustion
  - merely a conversion of energy

Fat oxidation
* can be a serious problem if the fish is to be frozen or stored for very long.
* is measured chemically in terms of peroxide concentration and carbonyl compounds.
* results in the development of unsavory warmed-over flavor.

Further oxidation
* destroys the aromatic nucleus.
* leads to a mixture of oxidation products.

Incomplete oxidation
* gives rise to ethanoic acid and water.
* is achieved by providing nascent oxygen for the reaction.

### process | oxidation:

Nitrification
* Most nitrification occurs aerobically and is carried out exclusively by prokaryotes.
* also requires two types of bacteria.
* are chemical processes
* can also occur, changing ammonia into nitrites and nitrates
  - then occur to convert the ammonium to nitrite and nitrate
* chemical conversion of one nitrogen form to another form.
* depends on microorganisms.
* involves the oxidation of ammonia into nitrate and nitrite, giving off energy.
* is an aerobic process and denitrification is an anaerobic process
  - important soil process that contributes to the loss of N from forest ecosystems
* is the conversion of ammonium into nitrate
  - formation of nitrate from ammonium in soils by soil organisms
  - microbial process whereby ammonia is oxidized to nitrite and nitrate
  - oxidation of ammonia to nitrate
* leads to water conditions that range from slight odor to major algae bloom.
* natural process in which ammonium is converted to nitrate by soil microorganisms.
* occurs in various bacteria.
* reduces the alkalinity of wastewater and denitrification adds alkalinity.
* two-step process than involves two groups of microorganisms.
### process:

Peristalsis
* ceases without chemical stimulation.
* is A. production of saliva
  - accomplished by the thick muscles which make up the wall of the esophagus
* is an activity
  - muscle contraction that moves rapidly along an organ
  - more frequent in the duodenum and jejunum than in the ileum
* is the movement of muscles to force food along the gut
  - slow and gradual movement of food through the digestive system
  - under the influence of the cholinergic and serotoninergic nervous systems
* looks like an ocean wave traveling through the muscle as it contracts and relaxes.
* moves the bolus along the esophagus to the stomach
  - of food along the esophagus
  - food along the digestive tract
  - sperm from the epididymus along the vas deferens
* normal function of the body to move fluid from one place to another.
* peculiar worm-like wave motion of the intestines.
* pushes food along the esophagus.
* takes places.
* usually slows down in the large intestine.
* works all through the digestive system.

### process | peristalsis:

Primary peristalsis
* is essential for secondary peristalsis to occur.
* occurs with swallowing, and usually travels the full length of the esophagus.

Secondary peristalsis
* is elicited by the presence of a foreign body or food bolus.
* occurs secondary to intraluminal distention, usually by the food bolus.
* refers to the anti-peristaltic movement noted during regurgitation.

### process:

Phagocytosis
* begins with the phagocyte surrounding the microbe or dead cell.
* complex process composed of several morphological and biochemical steps.
  - but one functional defense mechanism of the innate immune system
  - involved in the acquisition of nutrients for some cells
  - mediated by macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes
  - similar to pinocytosis
  - somewhat variable
* is the ingestion of invading organisms by white cells
  - particles by certain types of white blood cells
  - large particles such as microorganisms by larger vesicles
* is the process by which a phagocyte engulfs a pathogen or debris
  - cells engulf solid particles
  - many protozoans obtain most of their food supply
  - of a cell eating
  - situation when it gets a solid
  - type of endocytosis where an entire cell is engulfed
  - uptaking of large food particles
* leads to cell death, leading to the release of bone-resorbing mediators.
* special type of endocytosis.
* type of endocytosis in which cells ingest large particles or whole cells.
* usually follows low doses of invading yeast and bacteria.
### process:

Phenomenon
* Most phenomena arise from forces.
* Most phenomena occur during earthquakes
  - seasons
* Most phenomena occur in animals
  - other animals
* Phenomena affect presence
  - alter outcomes
  - appear in consciousness
* Phenomena arise from a process of conditions and forces
  - associated with the weather occur in the troposphere
* Phenomena cause damage
  - displacement
  - effects
  - significant damage
  - strange effects
* Phenomena create hazardous situations
  - depend on factors
  - exist upon a scale of great magnitude
* Phenomena have degrees
  - origins
  - involve movement
* Phenomena lead to biomass production
  - occur as results
  - arctic regions
  - transfer energy
* Some phenomena affect cities
  - trees
* Some phenomena are caused by charge
  - electric charge
  - gases
  - sunlight
* Some phenomena are created by movement
  - particle movement
  - generated by rotation
  - associate with cell death
* Some phenomena create bonds
  - social bonds
  - enhance nutrient absorption
  - happen at nights
  - have energy
  - indicate cell growth
* Some phenomena involve charge
  - electromagnetic radiation
  - plants
  - occur during thunderstorms
* Some phenomena occur in infants
  - liquids
  - materials
  - newborn infants
  - proteins
  - tissue
  - water
  - women
  - produce radiation
* Some phenomena relate to science
  - short-term individual activities in a single place and time
* are development
  - processes
* occurs via attention and memory.
* physical process
### process | phylogeny | speciation:

Sympatric speciation
* Occurs without geographical barriers.
* Some sympatric speciation occurs in cycads
  - takes places
* can be the result of behavioral, ecological and genetics mechanisms.
* involves genetic divergence without geographical isolation
  - speciation without a geographic barrier
* is extremely common in plants
  - like the measles
  - more common in plants and relatively rare in animals
* is the opposite of allopatric speciation
  - physical isolation
* occurs only in plants, while allopatric speciation occurs in animals.
* occurs when a. populations of organisms once separated become reunited
  - genetic differences appear between populations
  - within a population, without geographic isolation

### process:

Physical process
* All physical processes proceed in such a way that the entropy of the universe increases.
* Every physical process is an energy transformation of some forms of energy into other forms.
* Most physical processes generate signals at many different frequencies simultaneously.
* behave more like a metaphor of information.
* can breakdown larger material into smaller particles.
* contribute to the acquisition and transformation of nutrients by living things.
* influence the spatial distribution of bowhead whales in the Eastern Arctic.

Pinocytosis
* involves the transport of a. large particles out of a cell.
* is an activity
  - similar to phagocytosis
* is the act of grabbing some liquid
  - ingestion of fluids and solutes by small vesicles
  - when the external fluid is engulfed
* occurs when vesicles form around a liquid or very small particles.
* probably plays a minor role in drug transport, except for protein drugs.

Quality improvement
* is focused on making processes better
  - the process of increasing actual quality through mental and physical effort
* modifies the process for providing care in order to improve outcomes.
* refers to the betterment or enhancement of a product or service.
### process | reaction:

Addition reaction
* is reaction
* occur typically with functional groups which include pi bonds.

Adverse reaction
* Most adverse reactions are reversible if detected early.
* are most likely to occur during the initial induction phase of immunotherapy
  - so serious reactions that occur in some people who use a drug
  - unexpected undesired effects that are replicable in several patients
* are usually dose-related and diminish when dosage is reduced
  - reversible upon discontinuation of the drug
* attributed to malaria chemoprophylaxis are common.

### process | reaction:

Allegic reaction
* can also happen with waxing.
+ Waxing, Concerns, Health concerns: Care
  * Waxing rips the hair out of the skin and often causes pain. The pain increases in areas such as the genitals, especially for people who haven't waxed before or don't wax often. Redness and swelling also often occurs at the waxing site. Waxing is itself a safe thing, but there are times when it is not safe to get waxed. When skin is sunburned it is not good to get a wax treatment. Allegic reactions can also happen with waxing. People with medical problems such as diabetes, chronic kidney or liver disease, skin conditions such as eczema or psoriasis, or weakened immune systems are advised not to get wax treatments at all. At least one woman, with diabetes, almost died due to getting a bikini wax and becoming infected and another woman was hospitalised after being waxed in her genital area. In 2007 the New Jersey State Board of Cosmetology and Hairstyling came close to banning genital waxing based on health concerns. There is also concern about the trend to remove all or most of the pubic hair from a person's genitals. Waxing can pull small pieces of skin off the body.
### process | reaction:

Violent reaction
* arise when identities are under siege.
* can occur when strong oxidizers are mixed with combustibles such as wood or paper.

Real process
* All real processes are nonadiabatic in the sense that some heat exchange always occurs.
* are nearly always complex and variable over both time and space.

### process:

Refrigeration
* Most refrigeration causes excess moisture
  - prevents bacterial reproduction
* accelerates crystallization.
* also helps preserve pea's texture and nutritional value
  - preserves the taste and texture
* can cause discoloration
  - turn the leaves black
  - starch to turn to sugar
  - the fries to be darker, possibly sweeter, and waxy in texture
* halts the progression of the disease.
* has an essential part to play in the economics of most countries.
* inhibits growth of the bacteria, and proper cooking eliminates the risk.
* is an important tool in the temperature management of perishables
  - controlled by time
  - human activities
  - key to keeping bacteria levels low as well
  - low enough to stop the growth of most microbes
  - necessary to keep the food safe to eat
  - needed to control bacterial growth, and keep the food safe
  - one method of removing moisture from compressed air
* is one of the most expensive uses of energy
  - widely used preservation techniques in the industrialized world
  - perhaps the highest area of demand of electricity in the home
* is the first step in proper egg handling
  - key to handling holiday leftovers safely
  - only preservation method to be used on samples taken for biological analysis
  - process of cooling a space or substance below environmental temperature
* is the single most important factor in maintaining the quality and safety of milk
  - in maintaining the safety of milk
  - therapy
  - too cold for chocolate and causes chocolate to become white or discolored
  - typically the largest consumer of electrical energy in an energy efficient home
  - vital to the health and well being of people living in developing countries
* keeps plants fresh for days if stored in air-tight bags.
* kills flavor in fresh tomatoes.
* makes the flesh of a tomato mealy and flavorless.
* only halts germ growth.
* promotes granulation
  - mold as a result of condensation on their surface
* slows bacterial growth
  - degradation and maintains the viability of the bacteria
* slows down chemical reactions and enzyme activities
  - the enzyme activity, but it doesn t halt it
  - other bacterial growth
* slows the growth of bacteria, molds, and other micro-organisms
  - loss of quality over time
* speeds up crystallization.
### process | reproduction:

Unauthorized reproduction
* causes birth defects
  - blindness in laboratory rats
  - morning sickness
* is illegal and disrespectful
  - in violation of criminal and civil intellectual property laws
  - punishable under federal law
* violation of applicable laws
  - copyrights
* violation of federal as well as spiritual laws

### process | reproduction:

Vegetative reproduction
* Most vegetative reproduction involves parents.
* Some vegetative reproduction occurs naturally, usually via modified vegetative organs.
* arises from fission, fragmentation, or by the formation of the hormogonia.
* enables a stand of toadflax to spread rapidly.
* happens through fragmentation of the filaments.
* involves layering.
* involves no mixing of genes from two parents
  - special reproductive cells
* is asexual cloning of a plant.
* is by cyst formation
  - rhizomes
* is common in perennial grasses
  - the grass family
  - done by an extensive rhizome system
  - favored in the tropics
  - important because of low seed viability
  - known from bryophytes where sexual reproduction has never been seen
  - the formation of new individuals by mitosis
* is the primary means of postburn regeneration in desert peach
  - mechanism of spread
  - mode of regeneration
  - their primary means of expansion
  - very common, by the production of propagules
* occurs after injury
  - by fission or fragmentation or by the formation of hormogonia
  - from both crown and root buds
* occurs through rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, or budding roots
  - runners or stolons
* represents the primary mode of postfire regeneration in chokecherry.
* uses plants parts such as roots, stems and leaves.

Virgin birth
* is reproduction
* new thing in earth.
### process:

Response
* Some responses are mediated by antibodies
  - histamine
* Some responses occur at cellular levels
  - in organs
* affect evolution.
* alter atmospheric environments
  - local environments
* are consequences
  - manners
  - measured by behavioural changes, altered rates of growth, reproduction or mortality
  - phrases
* attract attention
  - considerable attention
* can have consequences.
* cause reaction.
* demonstrate consideration
  - thoughtful consideration
* depend on levels
  - severity
* destroy antibodies.
* follow applications
  - definite paths
  - events
  - experience
  - patterns
  - typical patterns
* have limits
  - occurrences
  - outcomes
* include positive reaction
* indicate conductivity
* involve activations
  - interaction
* is an artform that requires opening, listening and knowing oneself and one s reactions
  - effect
  - the reaction of an organism when something happens to it
* latencies to the onset and offset of visual stimuli.
* may have cost.
* occur at places
  - in skin
* provide information
  - useful information
* reflect adaptive evolution
  - genetic evolution
* relate to ability
  - limit ability
* require actions
  - tests
* show creativity
  - little creativity
* thresholds to sucrose predict foraging division of labor in honeybees.
* vary among individuals.

### process | response:

Emotional response
* can occur in the absence of conscious experience.
* seems to be heightened in dreams, and concepts more clearly defined.

Evoked response
* are changes in electrical conductivity in the central nervous system.
* measure how the brain handles different sensory stimuli.

### process | response:

Immune response
* Most immune responses destroy antibodies
* Some immune responses kill infect viruses
* Some immune responses lead to abdominal cavities
  - infection
  - severe infection
  - prevent diseases
* are reaction.
* improves in about four weeks.
* involves antigen, antibodies and cell mediated responses.
* is defined and characterized
  - different after weight training than with other types of intense exercise
  - humoral and cell mediated
  - mediated by lymphocytes , which are a type of white blood cell a
* requires additional energy.

Overreaction
* has a tendency to create the law of unintended consequences.
* is reaction.

Stress response
* Some stress responses lead to inductions.
* involve both body and mind.
### process | response | taxis:

Sales taxis
* Sales taxes are a discouragement of the use of the medium
  - heavy part of the revenue streams for state and local governments
  - an important source of revenue for most states and some large cities and counties
  - approximately one fourth of all tax revenues raised by state and local governments
  - generally the most regressive type of taxes
  - inherently taxes levied upon the poor
* Sales taxes are regressive - that is, they disproportionately impact low income people
  - seven times as hard on poor people as they are on the rich
  - the single largest source of revenue for most states and local governments
  - trust fund taxes in some jurisdictions, as well
  - where Alabama cities sink or swim
  - boost the price of everything from peas to pantyhose
  - encourage savings by discouraging consumption of goods and services
  - help pay for the infrastructure that brings buyers, sellers, and the goods together
  - pay for public services
### process | secretion:

Digestive secretion
* Some digestive secretion provides nourishment.
* diminish markedly, although enzymes remain adequate.
* follow a day-night pattern.

Gastrointestinal secretion
* Some gastrointestinal secretion enters hollow organs
* significant and important matter in animal life.
### process | secretion | hormone:

Adrenal hormone
* are necessary to control salt, sugar and water balance in the body.
* favor sodium retention and potassium loss, so stress can affect potassium levels.
* provide stress resistance.

Anabolic hormone
* Most anabolic hormones promote growth.
* Some anabolic hormones accelerate protein synthesis
* Some anabolic hormones are secreted by anterior pituitaries
  - increase uptake

### process | secretion | hormone:

Antidiuretic hormone
* Most antidiuretic hormones are released by glands
  - pituitary glands
  - posterior glands
  - posterior pituitary glands
* Most antidiuretic hormones are secreted by glands
  - regulate kidneys
  - stimulate kidneys
* Some antidiuretic hormones increase permeability.
* affects the kidneys to save water.
* are released by posterior glands
* are secreted by posterior glands
* is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland.
* stimulates the kidneys to retain as much water as possible.
* tells the kidneys to slow down urine production.

Calcitonin
* decreases blood levels by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth.
* enhances excretion.
* lowers blood calcium and increases bone density
  - bonedensity
* thyroid hormone

### process | secretion | hormone:

Catecholamine
* act via membrane receptors, so they elicit much faster responses.
* alter the pattern of blood flow in various bodily tissues.
* are amine
  - chemically-similar small molecules that are derived from the amino acid tyrosine
  - chemicals produced by the body that work in nerve transmission
  - neurochemicals produced by the body, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine
* cause impairment in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, impairing memory retrieval.
* counterbalance the release of insulin that occurs when sugar is eaten.
* decrease lymphocyte adhesion to cytokine-activated endothelial cells.
* have only a limited role
  - varied effects, depending on the specific hormone and tissue
* increase lung edema clearance in rats with increased left atrial pressure
  - the heart rate and blood pressure
* inhibit growth in fetal sheep in the absence of hypoxemia.

### process | secretion | hormone | catecholamine:

Epinephrine
* binds to a G-protein coupled receptor in the plasma membrane
  - the receptor
* is drugs
  - monoamines
  - natural hormones
* works by stimulating the nervous system and heart, and increasing blood pressure.

### process | secretion | hormone | catecholamine:

Noradrenaline
* are catecholamines.
* eases depression, curbs hunger and improves memory and mental alertness.
* gives the body energy.
* is essential for mouse fetal development
  - important in maintaining wakefulness and attention
  - released during stress
  - responsible for alertness, concentration and mental activity
* is the alarm hormone
  - natural bronchodilator, but it also increases heart rate and blood pressure
* tends to be associated with more pleasant kinds of arousal.
+ Anger, Hormones and body changes: Emotions :: Seven deadly sins
  * Noradrenaline is released during stress. Then it increases heart rate, takes glucose out of storage so it can be used, and increases blood flow to muscles.