Selenium
* Acts as an antioxidant and thus protects the body's cells.
* Most selenium is recovered from the electrolytic copper refining process.
* Plays an important role as a component of the antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase.
* Some selenium is lost when foods are washed, cooked, or processed.
* Works with Vitamin E in preserving the healthy elasticity of tissues and skin
  - vitamin E to help protect cells against oxidation
* accompanies sulfur in volcanic effluents.
* actually aids in their removal from the body.
* also appears to help stimulate antibody formation in response to vaccines
  - has powerful anticancer properties
  - helps protect the eyes from cataracts and the heart from muscle damage
  - is of concern, especially in areas that have a high incidence of white muscle disease
  - plays a vital role in the functioning of the immune system
  - prevents dandruff
* also seems to make platelets less sticky, decreasing the risk of heart attacks and strokes
* boosts immunity and detoxifier.
* by-product of copper refining.
* byproduct of copper sulfide ores.
* can also find applications in photocopying, in the toning of photographs
  - produce electricity directly from sunlight and is used in solar cells
  - be deficient in some areas of Georgia
* can be toxic at very high doses
  - in overdose
  - build up in the body if exposure is high and occurs over a long period of time
  - cause side effects when taken in excessive amounts
  - collect in animals that live in water containing high levels of it
  - help fight premature aging and hardening of the tissues through oxidation
* causes the glass to turn an amber color when exposed to light.
* chemical element resembling sulfur.
* cofactor for vitamin E, as well as glutathione reductase.
* combines with proteins to make selenoproteins, which are important antioxidant enzymes.
* common toxic element in many parts of the western United States.
* component of glutathione peroxidase, an enzyme for removal of lipid peroxides
  - the unusual amino acids selenocysteine and selenomethionine
* contains six stable elements.
* enhances the antioxidant effects of Vitamin E.
* exists in a number of allotropic forms
  - several allo- tropic forms
* exists in several allotropic forms, although three are generally recognized
* facilitates the function of glutathione, which is also important in mercury detoxification.
* fairly reactive element.
* has a sparing effect of vitamin E by making it more efficient
  - variety of functions
  - antioxidant effects which help prevent damage to tissues caused by oxygen
  - other viral connections as well
  - several allotropic forms, but only three are generally recognized
* has some interesting implications in human nutrition
  - rather interesting nutritional roles
  - two colors which depend on the way that it is found
* helps eliminate arsenic
  - toxic, heavy metals from vital organs in the human body
  - keep youthful elasticity in the tissues
  - regulate the glutathione peroxidase enzyme, a strong antioxidant enzyme
* helps to maintain elasticity in the tissues
  - slow the physical signs of aging
  - with the male reproductive system
* is absorbed through the intestines and stored in the liver, kidney's, and muscles
  - added to lower the amount of bismuth required
* is also a critical cofactor in cellular vitamin E uptake
  - part of enzymes that deiodinate thyroid hormones
  - photoconductor, a material that changes light energy into electrical energy
  - potent antioxidant that protects the lining of the arteries
  - trace mineral required by the horse
* is also an essential trace nutrient for many aquatic and terrestrial species
  - important mineral antioxidant
  - available in nutritional yeast
  - deficient in the Northwest, Washington and Oregon
* is also important for detoxification enzymes
  - to prevent white muscle disease in foals and tying up in mature horses
  - suitable for use in rectifiers
  - the most toxic of the trace elements
  - an anti-oxidant with activity as a free radical scavenger
* is an antioxidant and helps prevent breast tenderness
  - is associated with the metabolism of fat
  - involved in many important enzyme processes
  - mineral with potential to fight cancer and elevate mood
* is an antioxidant which prevents cells in the body from damage
  - works with vitamin E to fight free-radical damage
  - element that occurs naturally as well as introduced by manmade activities
* is an essential cofactor of glutathione peroxidase and is an important antioxidant
  - component of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase
  - element for humans and animals
  - metal that helps prevent damage caused by oxygen
  - micronutrient in all known forms of life
* is an essential mineral for both dogs and humans
  - whose biological role is unknown
* is an essential nutrient and is important for reducing cell membrane damage
  - at low levels
  - that help metabolize vitamin E and ensure optimal liver function
* is an essential trace element in nutrition for the prevention of disease in humans
  - that occurs naturally in the environment
  - element, but excess selenium is toxic to biological systems
  - mineral that is vital to the health of the muscles and other tissues
  - eye and upper respiratory irritant and a sensitizer
  - immune booster which produces antibody responses to all forms of infections
  - mineral for the prevention of prostate cancer and other cancers
  - semi-conductor which is particularly sensitive to light
* is another anti-oxidant and is important for the maintenance of the heart beat
  - important trace element
* is antagonistic to heavy metal toxicity
  - metals including lead, mercury, aluminum and cadmium
  - available as an inorganic mineral as sodium selenite and sodium selenate
  - believed to prevent many kinds of cancer, especially breast cancer
  - beneficial in stimulating the immune system and the pace-making system of the heart
  - both photovoltaic and photoconductive
  - bound to protein derived amino acids
  - claimed to be a general cancer preventative
  - correlated with decreased colon cancer rates
  - destroyed when foods are refined or processed
  - directly below sulfur in group VIa of the periodic table
  - effective in at least partially controlling nutritional muscular dystrophy
* is essential for the immune system
  - in human nutrition and has important antioxidant functions
  - to a good diet
* is essential to mammals and higher plants in small amounts
  - plants, but only in small amounts
  - expensive and ruby glass the most costly glass in India
  - five times more poisonous than arsenic
* is found in a few rare minerals, s'uch as crooksite and clausthalite
  - minerals, such as crooksite and clausthalite
  - brazil nuts, avocados, lentils, meat, fish and dairy produce
  - different forms
  - metal sulfide ores , where it partially replaces the sulfur
  - some trace mineral salts
* is found in the germ of grains
  - highest concentrations in seafoods, grains, muscle meats, and Brazil nuts
  - most in sulfide ores like pyrite
  - naturally in tuna and many nuts
  - quite abundantly in our food supply
  - frequently deficient, particularly in diets high in fat and sugar
  - helpful for the body's glutathione peroxidase, which potent antioxidant
  - identified as an essential antioxidant nutrient
* is important because when light strikes the charged selenium, the charge disappears
  - for a healthy immune system
  - in helping to keep tissues flexible with elasticity
* is in most soils
  - the same group with sulfur
  - isochemical with sulfur and substitutes for sulfur in the sulfide minerals
* is known to be toxic in high doses
  - bind silver, making it also a chelating agent
  - made by oxidizing selenide ores to selenium dioxide
* is needed for a horse's normal muscle function and health
  - both innate and acquired immune function
  - certain enzymes that help with normal body functions
  - production of testosterone
  - to activate a number of hormones produced by the thyroid gland
  - nonmetal
  - obtained as a by-product from other industrial processes
  - often available in multivitamin and mineral supplements
* is one metal oxide that is used to produce reddish colors
  - of the most volatile and toxic byproducts produced by coal-fired power plants
* is part of the body's antioxidant defense system
  - enzyme glutathione peroxidase, which recycles glutathione
* is present in a variety of foods but only in very small amounts
  - seafood, cereals, meats, whole grains and brazil nuts
  - the atmosphere as metyl derivatives
  - varying degrees in soils throughout the world
  - rare in most foods
  - readily available in broccoli, garlic and onions
  - recognized as an essential trace mineral
  - recovered by roasting the sludge or mud with sulfuric acid or soda
  - released to air through coal and oil combustion
  - reported to be high in some areas in Nebraska
* is required for normal upregulation of myelin genes in differentiating oligodendrocytes
  - the essential antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase
  - to get vitamin E to work
  - responsible for elasticity of body tissues and increase in oxygen supply to the heart
  - said to stimulate the metabolism
  - software
  - solids
  - stored in muscle and other tissues, as well as in the liver and kidneys
* is the functional component of the enzyme gltathine peroxidase
  - most popular toner among fine art photographers
  - trace element with the greatest potential for toxicity
  - therefore useful in photocells and solar cells
  - toxic when taken at high levels
* is used in Xerography for reproducing and copying documents, letters, etc
  - an array of important compounds in the body
  - solar cells and light detectors
  - to improve the abrasion resistance in vulcanized rubbers
  - with bismuth in brasses to replace more toxic lead
* is very important to any cardiac maintenance program and to diabetic regimens
* keeps tumors from growing by helping to build healthy, cancer-fighting white blood cells.
* known anti oxidant.
* leaves the body mainly in the urine, and less in feces and breath.
* low-cost dietary supplement sold everywhere.
* metal commonly found in rocks and soil
  - found in natural deposits as ores containing other elements
  - which exists in nature only in the combined form
* mineral found in many plant foods and in some meats and seafood
  - soil and certain foods
* mineral found in the soil in many areas of the country
  - present in grains grown in certain areas
* mineral that is found in the prostate
  - widely available from meat and animal products
* modifies the metabolism and toxicity of arsenic in primary rat hepatocytes.
* more recent addition to the list of essential metals.
* naturally appears in water and some foods.
* naturally occurring antioxidant
  - heavy metal that is common in the dry soils of western Colorado
  - mineral element
  - trace element toxic to wildlife when concentrated
* necessary micronutrient.
* nonmetallic element closely related to sulphur.
* nutrient that is essential to the human body.
* nutritionally essential trace element.
* occurs as selenide in many sulfide ores, like copper, silver, or lead
  - naturally as a trace element in most soils, rocks, and waters
* occurs naturally in drinking water, though in trace amounts only
* offers anti-bacterial, keratolytic and drying functions
  - beneficial protection against cardiovascular disease and strokes
  - strong protection for smokers
* plant essential nutrient.
* plays a critical role in the photocopying process.
* possesses anti-fungal qualities.
* potent antioxidant important in promoting and maintaining prostate health
  - that can help to reduce cell destruction
  - cancer-preventive antioxidant
* powerful antioxidant that fights free-radical damage
* protects against cancer of the liver
  - methylmercury intoxication and other forms of mercury
  - some cancers
  - the body from heavy metal contamination
* relatively new dietary consideration.
* required mineral for most animals.
* seems to play an important role in the maintenance of fertility in laying hens.
* semiconductor and is used in photocells.
* stimulates formation of antibodies that combat bacteria, viruses and cancer cells
  - to combact viruses and bacteria
* strengthens immunity, enhances longevity, and detoxifies environmental pollutants.
* supports the functions of vitamin E and is thought to prevent against cancer
  - immune system and neutralizes invading toxins
* trace element found to a varying extent in soil
  - present in alkaline desert soils
* trace mineral essential to life and proper nutrition
  - found in many foods
  - present in soil which is absorbed into the food chain through plants
* trace mineral with a controversial history
  - antioxidant and anticancer properties
* valuable anti-oxidant.
* very rare element.
* vital antioxidant
  - component of the metallo-protein enzyme glutathione peroxidase
  - element to both prevent and treat cancer
* works closely with Vitamin E as an antioxidant or protector of body cells.
* works with vitamin E in the antioxidant defense system
  - to fight cell damage by oxygen-derived compounds
+ Selenium, Occurrence: Chemical elements :: Nonmetals
  * Selenium is very rarely found as an element in the ground. Most selenium in soil is in a very tiny amount. It is easily washed away. It is in very small amounts in the human body. Selenium is found most in sulfide ores like pyrite. This selenium is in selenides. Selenium is gotten as a byproduct. Sometimes selenium is concentrated in plants. It can also be leached into rivers when copper is mined. Too much selenium is bad for a river.
  * Most selenium in soil is in a very tiny amount. It is easily washed away. It is in very small amounts in the human body. Selenium is found most in sulfide ores like pyrite. This selenium is in selenides. Selenium is gotten as a byproduct. Sometimes selenium is concentrated in plants. It can also be leached into rivers when copper is mined. Too much selenium is bad for a river. Some coal has selenium in it
  - Preparation
  * It is made as a byproduct when refining copper and certain other sulfide ores. Selenium is made by oxidizing selenide ores to selenium dioxide. The selenium dioxide is dissolved in acidic water to make selenous acid, which is reacted with sulfur dioxide to make selenium as an element. It is the red form that is made. To make the black form, the red form is heated and melted
+ Selenium, Uses, In materials
  * Selenium is used in photocells. The gray metallic form is used, as it changes its electrical conductivity when light shines on it. Selenium is also used as a catalyst. The largest use is to color glass red. It can be used in special brasses instead of lead. It is used in some rectifiers
  * Selenium is a trace element in the human body. Humans need very small amounts of selenium. Only about 50-200 micrograms are needed. Selenium can be toxic if more than 400 micrograms are taken. Once there was coal that had a large amount of selenium in it. People were getting selenium poisoning from the coal