### cell:

Plant cell
* All plant cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane, which is then surrounded by a stiff cell wall
  - cell walls
  - contain a primary cell wall
* All plant cells have a cell wall that surrounds the plasma membrane
  - in addition to a plasma membrane , a cell wall
* Every plant cell can defend itself from attacking pathogenic microorganisms and invertebrates.
* Many plant cells contain a large central vacuole filled with water
  - crystalline inclusions of different chemical composition and shape
  - have green chloroplasts
* Most plant cells contain membrane-encapsulated vacuoles as major components of their cytoplasm
  - exist in that kind of setting
* Most plant cells have a single vacuole that takes up much of the cell
  - common features
* Most plant cells have one large one
* Some plant cells are highly specialized for plant defense
  - are, in fact, cube-shaped
* appear to contain more than one kind of vacuolar compartment.
* are Eukaryotic cells
  - also notorious for having huge vacuoles
  - connected through plasmodesmata
  - different from animal cells
  - distinguished from other eukaryotic cells by various features
  - generally hypertonic compared to their fluid environment
  - larger than animal cells
  - more rectangular, and in blocks
  - much more rigid and rectangular in shape
  - organized into tissue that, in turn, are organized into organs and organ systems
  - prokaryotic
  - quite similar to animal cells
  - rather different in two respects
  - tessellated to form tissues
  - totipot nt
  - totipotent
  - usually larger than animal cells
* avoid bursting in hypotonic surroundings by their strong cell walls.
* become flaccid or limp.
* belong to the family of eukaryotic cell, which are most similar to the animal cells.
* can be larger than animal cells
  - have specialized functions, and there are many cell types
  - sometimes have big vacuoles for storage
  - stick the wrong carbohydrates onto a human antibody
* capture light energy and convert it into stored chemical energy through photosynthesis.
* contain a novel member of the retinoblastoma family of growth regulatory proteins
  - chloroplasts but no mitochondria
  - chloroplasts, which work as tiny energy capturing factories
  - far more compounds than are produced by the basic metabolism
* divide by making a cell plate
  - very differently from animal cells
* fix atmospheric carbon using energy from sunlight in a process called photosynthesis.
* grow by pumping themselves full of water.
* have a cell wall in addition, and exterior, to a cell membrane
  - outside the cell membrane
  - wall, large central vacuole, and plasmodesmata
  - cellulose cell wall surrounding the cell membrane
  - rigid cell wall, outside the cell membrane
  - stiff cell wall and a thin cell membrane
  - strong, sturdy cell wall
* have an additional cell wall outer to the plasma membrane
  - phase, preprophase, that occurs before prophase
  - elaborate cytoskeleton of actin filaments, microtubules, and other proteins
  - equivalent structure
* have cell walls and chloroplasts
  - in which they can store water
  - made of cellulose
  - that are made of cellulose
* have cell walls which are made of cellulose
  - provide rigid structure to the plant
  - cellulose-bearing cell walls and chloroplasts
* have chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis
  - which have chlorophyll and a cell wall
  - four major parts
  - internal sacs called vacuoles that are used for storage including waste storage
  - no breath of life
  - one, large vacuole
  - rigid walls that contain organs that regulate plant health and growth
  - spindle fibers but no centrioles
  - the same molecular components of innate defense as animals
  - vacuoles instead of lysosomes
  - walls made primarily of cellulose
* lack centrioles in their microtubule-organizing centers
* lack the centrioles and lysosomes found in animal cells
  - formation of asters
* make crystals of calcium oxalate in an intriguing variety of shapes.
* possess a cell wall, animals never
* produce a vast mount of secondary products
  - both types of phosphoantigens
  - hormones that affect even different regions of the cell producing the hormone
* react to osmosis by hypertonic, isotonic and hypotonic.
* release water to outside surfaces during transpiration.
* require oxygen for respiration.
* use oxygen during cellular respiration
  - some of the glucose produced during photosynthesis for respiration
  - the raw materials carbon dioxide and water, and release oxygen as a waste product
  - vacuoles to adjust their size and turgor pressure