### condition | deficiency:

Copper deficiency
* Copper deficiencies affect lamb growth.
* Copper deficiencies are likely to occur when cattle consume forages grown in Missouri
  - rare in dogs and cats
  - lead to anemia, nerve degeneration, skeletal defects and reproductive failure
* Most copper deficiencies affect lamb growth.
* Some copper deficiencies affect lambs
  - young lambs
* Some copper deficiencies result in anemia
* alters the microsomal mixed function oxidase system in rat intestine
  - response and cytoskeletal organization of thrombin-activated platelets
* can also cause flowers to remain opener longer letting more spores enter
  - lead to anemia, leukopenia and neutropenia
  - result in structural weakness in cardiovascular structures
* causes in vivo oxidative modification of erythrocyte membrane proteins in rats
  - significant economic losses where it occurs
* does occur on organic soils and is best diagnosed by plant analysis.
* has severe consequences and excess is highly toxic.
* increases hepatic apolipoprotein b secretion and mrna editing in rats
  - microvascular dilation to endotoxin
* induces apoptosis in the heart of rats.
* interferes with enzymes related to nitric oxide-mediated signal transduction.
* is also dangerous, since there are many copper-dependent enzymes
  - an increasing concern in Georgia and other Southeastern states
  - associated with joint stiffness and enlargement, and weak or short bones
  - characterized by depigmentation of fiber with a wiry or steely texture
* is rare, but when it happens, it impairs growth and metabolism
  - however
  - widespread and appears in many forms
* prevents the healthy cross-linking of elastin to collagen.
* varies but sometimes includes wilting of terminal leaves.

### condition | deficiency:

Dietary deficiency
* Dietary deficiencies are malnutrition
  - can be devastating
* Dietary deficiencies decrease arsenic excretion
* Dietary deficiencies decrease urinary arsenic excretion
* Dietary deficiencies result in irritability, fatigue and lack of pep
  - lack of pep, irritability, and fatigue
* Most dietary deficiencies decrease arsenic excretion.
* Most dietary deficiencies decrease urinary arsenic excretion
* Some dietary deficiencies require amino acid intake.
* is difficult to achieve, unless a person is eating a strict vegan diet
  - rare except in cases of starvation or dramatically lowered protein intake

Enzyme deficiency
* Enzyme deficiencies can be a major factor in how drugs are metabolized.
* Some enzyme deficiencies persist for weeks.
* can lead to a host of diseases and ailments.
* occurs in celiac disease, tropical sprue, and infections of the intestine.

Estrogen deficiency
* Some estrogen deficiencies affect stiffness.
* causes the calcium to leak out or be absorbed from the bones.
* common feature of osteoporosis in women.
* is one of the main causes of osteoporosis
  - the most common risk factor for osteoporosis in women
* key factor in the development of osteoporosis.

Folate deficiency
* affects DNA synthesis in all mitotic tissues.
* can result in depression, apathy, fatigue, poor sleep, and poor concentration.
* is associated with an impairment in the number and lifetime of white blood cells
  - characterized by megaloblastic anemia and low serum folate levels
  - very common in vegetarians

Immune deficiency
* following thermal trauma is associated with apoptotic cell death.
* is one etiologic factor that is being increasingly recognized.
* leads to a series of infections.