### soil:

Permafrost
* Most permafrost is on land close to the North and South poles.
* Some permafrost does occur in marine sediments.
  * Tundras do not get very much rain or snow. However, they are very wet in the summer time because, three feet or so below the surface, the ground is always frozen. This permafrost layer of ice with the hardness of stone that keeps water from soaking into the earth beneath it. Permafrost can be thousands of feet thick. In the summer the ground on top thaws out when the sun shines and the snow that did fall melts. There is no place for the water to go, except to form lakes and puddles on top of the ground until it freezes again or dries up.
  * In geology, 'permafrost' is soil that stays at or below for two or more years. It is also called 'cryotic soil'. Most permafrost is on land close to the North and South poles.
* affects soil percolation and human activities including construction.
* begins where the seasonally frozen ground ends.
* can be a good barrier to prevent oil spills in the Arctic from reaching sensitive areas
* contains almost twice as much carbon as is present in the atmosphere.
* covers most of the northern third of the state
* is soil , rock or sediment that is frozen for more than two consecutive years
  - that has been frozen year round for at least two years
* occurs a few feet below the surface of the bogs
  - intermittently throughout the ecoregion
* occurs sporadically along the northern edge of the ecoregion
* plays an important role in the hydrology of sub-arctic watersheds.
* prevents the salts from being washed deeply into the soil
  - water from draining into the soil, so that the ground is boggy in the summer
* refers to a layer of soil or rock that is frozen all year round
  - permanently frozen ground

Phliss soil
* are calcareous in all parts of the argillic horizon and lack secondary silica
  - moderately alkaline throughout and effervescence increases with depth
  - on crests and side slopes of mountains and foothills
* have secondary line in the argillic horizon.

Pittstown soil
* are nearly level to moderately steep soils on glaciated uplands
  - on drumlins, and smooth concave sideslopes of uplands
* have a dense substratum
  - rock fragments dominated by dark phyllite, slate, shale or schist

Poor soil
* affect the forest's system for processing nutrients.
* produce small populations of microorganisms, which absorb less carbon.
* produces poor plants.

Porous soil
* is devoid of stagnant water bodies, hence unfavourable for anopheline breeding.
* lose their fertility more rapidly, as nutrients are leached out by rain.

Puchyan soil
* are on uplands and stream terraces.
* have more silt and less sand and coarse fragments in the subsoil.
* occupy slightly lower positions in the landscape.

Red soil
* are very rich in iron compounds.
* can be sandy or made of clay.

Remote soil
* are in a more moist climate.
* have clay loam textures in the B horizon.

Rowden soil
* have a mollic epipedon.
* occur in similar positions.

Sable soil
* are on level or nearly level summits of loess-covered moraines and stream terraces
  - slightly higher positions on the landscape
* contain less sand and have thicker sola.

### soil:

Saline soil
* are common, as are pockets of sand and clay loams
  - shallow and stony soils with pockets of deep sand
  - locally present
  - present in localized areas
* causes spotty bare areas in a crop field, due to poor emergence.
* contain sufficient soluble salts to adversely affect plant growth.
* develop in highly irrigated area as more salt comes up due to capillary action of soil.
* occur naturally in parts of coastal, south-west and northern Queensland.
* tend to inhibit germination and emergence of cereal grains.

Salty soil
* hinders the seed's ability to take up water through osmosis.
* reduce yield and crop quality.