### plant part:

Spore
* All spores make a gametophyte generation.
* Many spores can remain viable for centuries and even resist fire and freezing temperatures.
* Most spores are dispersed by wind.
* Most spores are produced by fungi
  - mushrooms
  - puffball mushrooms
  - single mature plants
  - sporangiums
  - single cells protected by a cell wall
  - too small to be examined without the help of a microscope
* Most spores cause allergic reaction
* Most spores contain nuclei
  - single nuclei
  - extracted from active pot cultures are a very pale yellow
  - float in air
* Most spores germinate in environments
  - moist environments
* Most spores germinate into gametophytes
  - tiny gametophytes
* Most spores grow into gametophyte plants
  - on undersides
* Most spores have ability
  - conditions
  - environmental conditions
  - suitable environmental conditions
* Most spores perform functions
  - same functions
* Most spores produce female gametophytes
  - hornwort
  - multicellular gametophytes
* Most spores survive conditions
  - digestion
* Most spores survive for long time
* Most spores survive harsh conditions
  - weather
  - winter weather
* Most spores undergo meiosis
  - mitosis
* Some spores are also resistant to environmental extremes.
* Some spores are produced by sexual reproduction, others by asexual reproduction
  - sporophytes
  - so small that they are more affected by air currents than by gravity
  - very light and can be blown hundreds of miles by the wind
* Some spores become gametophytes
  - haploid gametophytes
  - microscopic gametophytes
  - myceliums
  - primary myceliums
  - can survive in boiling water for several hours
* Some spores cause allergies
  - damage
  - diseases
  - infection
  - massive damage
  - secondary infection
  - severe allergies
* Some spores come from buds
  - fronds
* Some spores contain endosperms
  - lipases
  - two or more nuclei
  - develop gametophytes
* Some spores develop into female gametophytes
* Some spores develop into haploid gametophytes
* Some spores develop into multicellular gametophytes
  - structures
  - mature gametophytes
  - outside the root
  - exhibit resistance
  - form bacterium spores
* Some spores grow into fungi
* Some spores have electric charge
  - filament
  - flagella
  - genetic materials
  - polar filament
  - same electric charge
  - shells
  - tough shells
* Some spores infect apples
  - flowers
  - hawthorn trees
  - hawthorns
  - hollyhocks
  - host plants
  - seeds
  - young leaves
* Some spores kill caterpillars
  - larvae
  - look like membranes
  - penetrate skin
* Some spores produce fern plants
  - fertile fronds
  - gall
  - hyphae
  - vascular plants
  - stay on the surface of morels to be picked up by wind
* Some spores survive drought
* act as units of dispersal in the non-seed land plants.
* allow a time outside, awaiting the next host.
* also are abundant on decayed parts of other plant species and in the air
  - can spread from pot to pot by splashing water
* apparently form when nutrients are remobilised from roots where associations are senescing.
* appear as brownish masses on the tips of the antler-like fertile fronds.
* appear in the result of the reduction division
  - summer and fall
* are a dormant form of bacteria
  - mechanism of survival bacteria use under adverse environmental conditions
  - able to survive without food or water for long periods
  - agents of asexual reproduction, whereas gametes are agents of sexual reproduction
  - air-borne
* are airborne and also spread by splashing rain
  - ubiquitous
  - so the fruiting body grows out of the food source to allow spore dispersal
* are almost always present in outdoor and indoor air
  - weightless and can float long distances on a light breeze
  - also able to survive normal domestic freezing
  - apparently able to survive in dry soil over the summer
  - asexual reproductive cells that contain a nucleolus and a small amount of cytoplasm
  - at their peak in the fall and late spring or early summer
  - bacterial cells in complete dormancy, with thick protective coats
  - buoyant and travel considerable distances in air
  - called basidiospores
  - capable to produce new individual when favourable conditions are available
* are carried away by air currents when the capsule opens
  - by wind, water, and other animals
  - cinnamon brown and occur only on living plants
  - consistently monolete, and usually ellipsoidal
  - different to seeds
  - diploid and undergo meiosis upon germination
  - either violently or passively by wind, rain or animals
  - disseminated via wind, splashing rain, insects and irrigation
  - easily windborne and can travel great distances throughout the growing season
  - either nonmotile or motile
  - ejected and fall to the ground
  - end product of Asexual reproduction
  - expelled out of the sporangium all at once
  - extremely heat resistant
  - found along the notched edge on the underside of a leaflet in summer to fall
  - ground using plastic mini-pestles mounted in an electric drill
  - hard to kill
  - harmless, but the toxin deadly poison
  - heat - resistant and can survive cooking or boiling
  - housed in the brown capsule that sits on the seta
  - inert cells that are able to tolerate adverse conditions much better than active cells
  - inhaled into the host's lungs
  - involved in reproduction
  - lightly pyriform, with both poles blunt, often with one surface slightly convex
  - like a seed of a plant, but contains less space for food storage
  - located in the pores of shelves
  - made from undergoing meiosis, gametes are made from undergoing mitosis
* are microscopic reproductive cells which can be easily transported by wind
  - spheres roughly comparable with the seeds of higher plants
  - microscopic, dustlike particles that are almost everywhere in the environment
  - minute, single celled, thin walled propagules
  - more resistant than vegetative cells and thus require more heat to kill
  - much, much tougher than plant seeds, however
  - multi-septate, both transverse and longitudinally
  - oval to round, smooth and thin-walled and the spore prints are white to cream colored
  - passed to the soil via the feces and where they can remain for years
  - produced after meiosis
* are produced by bacteria, fungi, and green plants
  - non- flowering plants like ferns
* are produced in capsules called sporangia
  - the structures called sporangia
  - primarily within that growth
  - within the sporangium
  - readily wind-blown and splashed by rain
  - released by rupture or disintegration of the pycnidial wall
* are released from perithecia in the fall and can be carried in the wind
  - sporangia and when they germinate, they develop into haploid gametophytes
  - sporophytes and form the gametophyte
  - in a cloud when the asci break open
  - into the wind
  - through a pore in the endotunica
  - to produce a new generation
  - when the capsule's lid, or operculum, ruptures
* are reproductive cells contain deploid number of chromosomes
  - produced by certain plants and fungi
  - structures that travel on wind or in the water, helping ferns
* are resistant to UV-light, to drying and many harmful chemicals
  - environmental changes and capable of growing into a new organism
  - heat and other unfavorable conditions
* are resistant to heat, radiation, chemicals, and dessication
  - severe dryness, radiation and toxic chemicals
  - temperature extremes, chemical disinfectants and desiccation
  - ripe when they easily fall off the leaf
  - set free after the death and decay of the thallus
  - shed from asci germinate to form a small mycelium
* are similar to seeds as they enable the fungus to reproduce
  - the seeds of flowering plants
* are single cells often protected by a hard covering
  - cells, each capable of developing into a mushroom
  - single-celled d. Spores are dikaryon e
* are small and light weight so they float through the air
  - bodies containing a nucleus and a small amount of cytoplasm
  - somewhat like seeds
  - special cells that some individual organisms produce
  - specialized cells with hard coverings that prevent loss of water
  - splashed from infected plants to healthy ones during rainfall or by irrigation
  - surrounded by a protective covering and can be carried easily through air or water
* are the fern's means of sexual propagation, equivalent to seeds
  - only form of the disease that can infect new, healthy larvae
  - small particles that most fungi use to reproduce
  - units of asexual reproduction, because a single spore develops into a new organism
* are tiny cells that are able to grow into new organisms
  - reproductive cells that grow into new plants
  - tiny, light and have a durable protective wall
  - tough to kill and highly resistant to heat and the usual antiseptics that treat wounds
  - unicellular or, less commonly, bicellular or multicellular structures
* are very light and spread by winds or passing animals
  - lightweight and can travel on air currents
  - resistant to heat and chemicals
  - video games
  - waterborne and are released during rainfall throughout the growing season
  - well-known for their longevity
  - windblown to healthy leaves
  - windborne to junipers, the alternate host, where woody galls are formed on the branches
* arise by meiosis from sporocytes.
* attach to the insect, germinate and grow directly through the insect cuticle
  - surface of the insect and infect by penetrating through the insect cuticle
* become airborne when contaminated soil is disturbed
  - gametophytes, which produce male gametes and an egg structure
* behave like a seed, although a full adult plant is what grows from the seed.
* belong to the plant kingdom.
* can also accumulate on mowers and other equipment and then are spread to healthy plants
  - blow in on the wind from other infected areas
  - spread by movement of workers, animals and equipment
  - travel in water
* can be difficult to remove once they have spread
  - dormant for many years
* can develop independently into new individuals, which appears to be quite common
  - into an adult without fusing with another cell
  - new organisms that contain the same genetics are the parent
  - enter the leaf, steam or fruit
  - even survive blasts of radiation as well as years of going with no water or nutrients
  - germinate and infect tissues anywhere in the xylem
  - infect through wounds or leaf scars
  - lay dormant for years and become active when conditions are favourable
* can live eight years or more
  - much longer, up to weeks, months, or years, because they have no metabolic activity
  - only infect elongating young needles at bud break
* can remain dormant in soil or other dry environments for years with little loss of viability
  - on a surface until conditions are favorable for growth
  - ungerminated for an extensive period of time during unfavorable conditions
* can survive a long time in cold, dry conditions until the environment changes again
  - conditions that are too sunny, hot, cold, dry or wet for mold to grow
* can survive for a very long time, and then regerminate
  - decades before being ingested by the worm
  - many years and are resistant to extremes of heat, cold and drying
* can survive in soil for several years under certain conditions
  - the soil for years
  - many years in adverse conditions and still remain capable of causing disease
  - withstand heating and freezing processes
* circulate inside the host, whose body provides the nutrients needed for fungal growth.
* come from a sporophyte, but they grow into something else.
* come in a great variety of sizes, shapes and forms
  - different shapes and sizes and their surface and internal features vary
* commonly infect stumps after a thinning.
* contain all normal mycelial organelles
  - oil droplets and sometimes chlorophyll in addition to their nucleus
* develop in a sporangium
  - sporozoans as a result of sporogony, that is, zygote development
* develop into multicellular haploid gametophytes
  - threadlike protonemata
* develop on diseased plant parts and are splashed to other parts of the plant or other plants
  - either side of the leaf
* disseminate through the air or water to potentially land in more favorable environments.
* drift through space, land on planets and turn into pods.
* drop from the gills on the underside of a mushroom.
* emerge in the spring after over wintering in lesions and rotted fruit.
* enter florets of healthy heads at flowering time and germinate to infect the developing seed.
* enter the body through any type of skin trauma
  - skin and begin to grow
  - through wounds created by cold injury to root sprouts and mechanical causes
* explode when they are mature by releasing a dark brown, dustlike substance.
* fall on young, susceptible leaves and germinate in free water.
* first swell then distend.
* form chambers
  - in apothecia and are ejected into the air and disseminated by wind to a host
  - inside the capsule
  - lines along the edges of each pinna
  - on fallen infected leaves in early spring
  - over the entire surface of the gills, on the underside of the fruiting body
  - zygospores
* formed in the capsules are released and grow to produce new plants
  - horns infect the alternate host
  - on apple leaves infect only the cedar needles, causing galls
* germinate again to monokaryotic hyphae completing the life cycle.
* germinate and attack the shafts of the hair and the surface layers of the skin
  - develop into gametophytes
  - enter the leaf through stomata on the lower leaf surface
  - form appressoria on the fruit surface
  - at wound sites, resulting in infection and eventual cankering
  - haploid individual cells
  - prothallus
* germinate on a dry leaf and are actually inhibited by free water
  - mineral soil, so cinnamon fern probably colonizes after fire
  - to become gametophytes
* germinate to form a tiny, heart-shaped gametophyte
  - zoospores and then the myxamoebae which fuse to form the plasmodium
  - gametophytes which yield eggs and swimming sperm
  - gametophytes, which in ferns are very tiny and short-lived
* hatch by extruding the polar tubule and then infect the host cell.
* have a flagellum so they can swim down and infect a plant indirectly
  - hard time establishing new organisms, making room for the old-timers to spread
  - chlorophyll when released from the sporangium
  - diploid number of chromosomes
  - four combinations of sexes
* have suitable conditions
  - to start growing right away or they die
* includes sections.
* infect new leaves just as they begin to unroll from the bud
  - the new crop during wet weather
  - wheat
* initiate new infections on the lower leaf sheaths.
* lack stored nutrients.
* last a long time on the ground.
* live and stalk cells die.
* look like little black dots on the underside of a fern's leaf
  - small dots on the undersides of the fronds
* magnified are elongated, stalklike.
* mature in winter.
* move from the ground up to the leaves during rain periods.
* need moisture.
* never show such variations.
* occur in a wide variety of colors black, brown, pink, white, lilac, and even green.
* often arise from mold like a fine dust
  - survive cooking, freezing and some sanitizing measures
* peak in early summer and into late fall.
* play an important part in the multiplication, dissemination, and sur- vival of fungi.
  - in male move by air to female structure i.e. transfer like pollen grains
  - plants asexually or by male and female vegetative parts
* produced by the meiotic division of the sporophyte then lead to new gametophytes
  - in aecia on apple leaves are wind disseminated back to leaves of Juniperus spp
  - on the telia infect the pine
* remain viable in contaminated soil for many years
  - virulent for years
* reproduce through asexual reproduction, while gametes through sexual production.
* reproductive structure
* require free water on the plant surface in order to germinate and infect
  - steam sterilization, autoclaving or burning to ensure complete destruction
* reside in the soil and enter the body by inhalation.
* septate, oozing out in a dark mass
  - seated on a cushion-like stroma
  - stellate, oozing out in a dark mass
* serve a function for microbes similar to the role that seeds serve for plants
  - to propagate the fungus
* settle on the bottom and develop into minute male or female gametophytes.
* stay alive and hence retain much of their structure.
  - in the soil for years so rotation is of limited value
  - most cooking processes
  - on the crop residue to infect the next wheat crop, reducing yields and quality
  - well in the air because they have several important adaptations
* take the first place among the reproductive bodies which are distributed by wind.
* tend to be highest at night and in wet weather
  - in dry autumn times
* transported in the wind or infected tubers carried to new areas can cause infestation.
* travel in air currents and the disease is also spread by splashing rain.
* trilete, with a few stongly raised ridges on the distal surface
* typically develop into multicellular, haploid gametophytes.
* undergo germination to form protonema
* undergo mitosis and the cells of the formed multicellular structure are also haploid
  - to produce the multicellular gametophyte generation
* usually develop thick walls with more than one layer and can function as propagules
  - walls, which often have more than one layer
  - enter the body through a puncture wound contaminated with soil or manure
  - infect damaged or senescent tissue when the weather is cool and moist
  - originate from diseased foliage or infested wheat stubble