### animal | arthropod | insect:

Pupa
* Many pupae are easy for predators to attack.
* Most pupae develop and emerge into adults in the following year
  - eclose that fall but some overwinter for several years
  - remain in the soil until the following summer
* Some pupae develop inside cocoons , as in the case of bagworms
  - spend winter there, transforming into flying adults the following spring
* Some pupas find on host plants
* develop into adults
  - mature adults
* e actively swim for the surface and adults emerge several hours later.
* e also breathe at the surface and require several days to develop
  - live near the surface of the water, breathing through a horn-like tube on their back
  - possess respiratory filameters with which they remove dissolved oxygen from the water
  - require a constant water source and at least a day to mature
  - stay on the same tree
* e are a light brown with dark brown abdominal intersegments
  - about the size of the adults, but the legs and antennae are closely pressed to the body
* e are also pale and have longer wing buds and antennae which bend back over the head
  - physically active and employ a tumbling action to escape to deeper water
  - visible upon the surface of the breeding site
  - black with yellow dots and are found hanging from leaf surfaces
  - brown and teardrop shaped
  - brown, oval and slightly larger than a grain of wheat
  - brownish in color
  - comma-shaped and stay at the water surface
  - considerably smaller than the maggot and are dark brown in colour
* e are dark brown but are enclosed in a thin white, flimsy silken cocoon
  - with buff-colored clumps of hair
  - orange and become darker as adults develop inside
  - orange-brown and about one cm long
  - first white before turning yellow
  - flesh-colored and about the size of the beetle
  - golden-brown
  - hairy and are light brown mottled with darker brown or black
  - inside white, oval, pill-shaped cocoons
  - legless, white and grub-like
* e are light brown, but they eventually develop a metallic green cast
  - green with darker green lines simulating a leaf-like texture
  - tan to blueish tan in color and are approximately the same size as the adult beetle
  - located within earthen cells in the top two to three cm of the soil
  - naked, but their features are visible
  - orange-yellow with black bristles
  - pale green with a broad brown stripe down the back
  - present about ten days before a new generation of adults begins to emerge
  - pulled out of their cocoon
  - rectangular oval shaped narrowing at the ends
  - reddish brown to dark brown
  - relatively more plump compared to previous nymphal stages
  - shiny reddish brown in color, becoming dark brown prior to emergence of the adult
  - shorter and stockier than the slender larvae
  - similar in size to the adult and yellow in color
* e are similar to adults with long snouts, but they are white
  - nymphs but are thicker and have distinct eyespots
  - slightly larger, with longer wing pads, and antennae bent back over body
  - small brown capsules
  - still mobile and respond to light changes and move with a flip of their tails
* e are the final non-feeding larval stage that metamorphose or change into the adult form
  - resting stage where the transformation to adulthood takes place
  - young of a species
  - uniformly black, small, and flattened
  - usually in a cocoon
* e are very active and dive vigorously if disturbed
  - resistant to pesticides
  - waxy-white and similar to adults in size
* e are white to brown and are found in the soil beneath hives
  - cream colored but lack dark head capsules
  - white, turning cream-colored and later tan before adult emergence
  - yellow, smooth, and resemble the head of a cobra
  - yellowish and motionless
  - can be inside a cocoon, suspended from a tree, or buried under ground
  - change to moths and the moths crawl out of the soil
  - construct earthen cells in the soil
* e develop inside and on the surface of products
  - within the puparium, maturing into adult blowflies
  - die in cells and become mummified
  - go through metamorphosis to develop into adults
  - hatch within a few days, and immediately seek a host
* e have an elongated, pointed cremaster and tend to be very active
  - hard shells that protect the developing flies inside
  - large, curved mandibles, and pupation occurs in the soil in a strong cocoon
  - legs and maturing wings that are visible
  - longer wing buds and the antennae are folded back over the head
  - the same general color of larvae and the same general form and size of adults
  - two short horns
  - live and develop in the water from one day to a few weeks
* e look like little balls in the water
  - tiny brown grains of rice
  - more like adults, but their legs and antennae are folded against their bodies
  - very different from larvae
* e occur in silk-like cocoons in the soil
  - the soil or among leaf litter
* e pass the winter in cocoons in debris on the ground
  - on the bark on the undersides of smaller branches
  - probably gain protection from birds by pupating in underground cells
  - provide nutritious meals for small mammals, and moths are eaten by birds and bats
* e remain dormant until the following spring
  - in the soil for one year
  - tend to have little room within a smooth, denser inner cocoon
  - tumble by rotating the head and tail region as they move to the safety of deeper water
* e turn darker the day before butterflies emerge, and look black on the day they emerge
  - into adults to complete the cycle
  - use vibrations, sound, carbon dioxide and heat to determine whether a food source is nearby
  - usually transform into adults two to three days later
* emerge as butterflies
  - from their pupal skin, rising to the water surface like a mosquito
* enter cocoons.
* go through nymph stages
  - heads
* includes air sacs
  - brains
  - carapaces
  - cell membranes
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - flight feathers
  - nuclei
  - plasma membranes
  - quill feathers
  - sections
  - skulls
  - vacuoles
* is an insect
* reach adulthood.
* shed skin
  - thin skin
* survive for months
  - several months
* take food.
* undergo metamorphosis.
+ Butterfly, Life cycle, Pupa
  * Many pupae are easy for predators to attack. These shelters are called cocoons. Most butterfly pupae do not have cocoons to protect themselves. Instead, the pupae have brown or green colors to camouflage themselves among leaves and branches. Pupae that do not have cocoons are called chrysalids or chrysalises.