### shape | gap | crack | fracture:

Ankle fracture
* can happen after falls, car accidents or twisting of the ankle.
* occur when the malleoli are broken.

Articular fracture
* involve the articular surface.
* is synonymous with intra-articular fracture and means fracture within a joint.
* respond best to a tension band applied to the caudal aspect of the ulna.

Avulsion fracture
* occur during a violent contraction of the gastrocnemius and soleus.
* tend to displace in the direction of the muscle pull that caused the fracture.

### shape | gap | crack | fracture:

Bone fracture
* Most bone fractures occur when the hens are removed from cages and transported for slaughter.
* are a frequent occurrence in outdoor dogs due to trauma from being hit by cars.
* are a major cause of long-term disability and death in postmenopausal women
  - morbidity and mortality associated with osteoporosis
  - diseases
  - most likely to occur in the wrist or hip
* can also take place as described above but without resulting in spinal cord damage
  - result in medullar compression syndrome and radicular pain
* is often the first sign that osteoporosis problem
  - one of the most common ways of realizing osteoporosis problem

Clavicle fracture
* Most clavicle fractures heal up quite well on their own.
* tend to become pain-free within a few days.

Foot fracture
* are most common in track and field athletes.
* involve the talus, calcaneus, metatarsal, and phalanges.

Fracture toughness
* critical mechanical property for certain applications.
* is the ability or resistance of the material to crack advancement.

Osteoporotic fracture
* Many osteoporotic fractures are the result of falls.
* Most osteoporotic fractures involve the hip, wrist, and spine.
* account for most of the morbidity, mortality and costs of the disease.
* pose a significant health care problem with exorbitant associated costs.

Pathological fracture
* are most common in breast cancer due to the lytic nature of the lesions
  - rare due to the eccentric location of the lesion
* occur when a disease, like cancer or alcoholism, has weakened the bone.

Pelvic fracture
* Some pelvic fractures require surgical repair, and there are often other complicating factors.
* can produce massive bleeding.
* have a high rate of associated injuries.

Skull fracture
* can raise the risk of pneumococcal meningitis.
* occur through the cranial volta and the base of the skull.
* vary in severity and treatment.

### shape | gap | crack | fracture:

Spinal fracture
* Many spinal fractures benefit by chiropractic management while the fracture is healing.
* are the most common and earliest occurring fracture among postmenopausal women
  - osteoporosis-related fracture
  - site for compression fractures to occur
* can cause excruciating back pain for many years before they are even diagnosed
  - stooped posture, collapse of the vertebrae, chronic pain and disability
  - occur in traumatic injuries or degenerative changes
* cause stooped posture, loss of height, and chronic back pain.
* distort the skeletal anatomy and collapse truncal height.
* result in such irreversible changes as loss of height and stooped posture.

Spine fracture
* are a frequent cause of neck pain.
* cause stooped posture and backbone deformities.
* have many causes such as falls, car accidents and direct blows.

Vertebral fracture
* are most common but hip fractures are most disabling and life threatening
  - often the result of osteoporosis
* are the most common of the osteoporotic fractures
  - type of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women
  - without a clear definition
* is usually the earliest clinical manifestation of severe osteoporosis.
* lead to curvature of the spine, loss of height, and pain
  - the common hunched-over posture of many elderly people

Wrist fracture
* are common
  - more common in snowboarding than in skiing
* can occur from trying to break a fall.