Mitochondria
* Is the powerhouse for our body.
* affect all aspects of mammalian reproduction.
* aggregrate about axoneme fusing into mitochondrial matrix.
* also contain a bit of DNA which controls how they work
  - derive from symbiosis , but chloroplasts are found only in plants and protista
  - differ in the fuels they can bum
  - have their own DNA , remnants of a bacterial chromosome
* are a part of eukaryotic cells
  - the cell that is responsible for energy production
  - third-partner in photorespiration
  - typical example
  - about the size of an average bacterium
  - actually the fat-burning chambers within the body's cells
* are also a site of free radical production
  - difficult to detect
  - another source of free radicals in the eye
  - bacteria that became specialized as energy producers
  - bounded by two membranes, and usually contain a small genome
  - brown
  - cellular organelles that are required for energy production
  - critical components of cellular energy balance, calcium dynamics, and apoptosis
  - crucial for maintaining cardiac function
  - double-membraned
* are energy factories deep inside each cell
  - producers inside cells and contain DNA for limited protein construction
  - energy-generators
  - essential for oxidative phosphorylation
* are essential organelles for all eukaryotic cells that use oxygen
  - that can arise only from pre-existing mitochondria
  - to the regulation of energy production and metabolic rate
  - exceedingly important as storage tanks for calcium ions
* are found in almost all eukaryotic cells
  - animal, human, plant, protist and fungi cells
  - both plant and animal cells and are the site of cellular respiration
  - frequently ellipsoid and can be branched, cell nuclei are frequently ellipsoid
  - highly susceptible to oxidative stress, which reinforces the other factors
  - important organelles for cellular energy
  - known as the powerhouses of the cell
  - maternally inherited, so genetic variation arises largely from mutation alone
  - membrane-bound organelles, and like the nucleus have a double membrane
  - membranous organelles in which aerobic cellular respiration occurs
* are microscopic energy factories housed inside the body's cells
  - organelles that are scattered throughout the cytoplasm of all cells
  - minute energy boosters that fuel our very life
  - more numerous
  - numerous and have flattened mitochondrial cristae
* are of the discoidal cristae type
  - flattened christae type
  - tubular cristae type
  - often difficult to see in living cells
  - one organelle
* are organelles bounded by a double membrane
  - of eukaryote cells
* are organelles that provide much of the energy cells use for the work they do
  - release energy to be used by the cell
  - serve as power sources to the cell
  - within cell that when damaged, can have devastating effects on the body
  - outside the cell kernel and provide the necessary energy it needs to survive
  - packed in the distal portion of the cell near the contractile fibrils
  - parts of human cells that provide energy for the cell
  - power generators in the cytoplasm of the cell
* are present in both animals and plants
  - to varying degrees in different eukaryotic cells
  - pseudocolored in red
* are responsible for aerobic cellular respiration
  - converting glucose to energy
  - producing cellular energy
  - rodshaped structures scattered through the cytoplasm
  - self sufficient with regard to cardiolipin biosynthesis
  - self-replicating and bound by membranes
  - shaped perfectly to maximize their productivity
* are small organelles floating free throughout the cell
  - that function as the biological powerhouses of the cell
* are small, oval bodies that provide energy for cell growth
  - shaped organelles surrounded by two highly specialized membranes
  - threadlike particles in the cytoplasm, the fluid inside the cell walls
  - some of the most important structures in the cell
  - somewhat like cells within cells
  - special because they have their own ribosomes and DNA floating in the matrix
  - specialized parts of cells largely responsible for generating energy
  - structures essential for many cellular functions including energy production
  - subcellular organelles present in all cells except erythrocytes
* are the batteries of the cells that provide usable energy
  - cell's energy factories
* are the cell's power plant
  - cellular organelles responsible for the life-sustaining process of respiration
  - center of cellular enzyme activity
* are the energy packs within cells
  - producing organelles of the cell
* are the energy sources for cells
  - energy-processing machinery in cells
  - energy-producing powerhouses of the cell
* are the main source of energy in cells
  - within the cell and are essential for multicelluar life
  - organelle in the cell that manage energy consumption
  - organelles that convert energy to forms that cells can use for work
* are the part of cells that convert pyruvate into energy
  - turn fats and sugars into energy
* are the power plants of the cell that use oxygen to create energy
  - cells, where energy for all life processes is generated
  - powerhouse of our bodies' cells
  - powerhouses of the cell, producing usable energy
  - primary energy producers in cells
  - site of energy production for cells
  - sites where cellular respiration takes place
  - source of energy production by oxidative phosphorylation
  - tiny powerhouses of the cell
  - working organelles that keep the cell full of energy
* are thought to be the descendants of certain alpha proteobacteria
  - of certain alpha-proteobacteria
* are tiny powerhouses within cells intimately involved in energy production
  - rods found inside all human cells
  - sac-like structures found near the nucleus
  - unique in having their own sets of DNA, separate from the nucleus
  - useful in tracking kinship
* are very abundant in cells that require lots of energy
  - efficient at generating proton gradient
  - small structures that are present within every cell in the body
  - vital structures within the cells of the human body
* become concentrated into the sheath of the middle piece
  - filiform
* carry their own genes.
* contain DNA and are capable of self-replication
  - in the form of a ring
  - a complete genetic system
  - enzymes that convert food into energy
  - inner membranes called cristae
  - the only DNA outside the nucleus in mammalian cells
* contain their own DNA, and a single cell can have hundreds of individual mitochondria
  - genome and are capable of transcription and translation
  - working parts that are very much like the ones in bacteria
* contains DNA for self replication.
* cover the nuclear surface at specific developmental stages.
* develop by division, too.
* divide on their own by a process that resembles binary fission in prokaryotes.
* exist in very few numbers during the early stages of oogenesis.
* has a inner and outer membranes, the inner one with shelves called cristae.
* have a double membrane structure, with the inner membrane being highly folded
  - fluid-filled space called the matrix
  - negative charge inside to help import positively charged proteins
  - several dozen genes, mostly specialized in aerobic cellular respiration
  - unique behavior during development
  - about as much in common with bacteria as apples do with oranges
* have an inner membrane and an outer membrane
  - system called thylakoid membranes
  - diverse metabolic functions, which vary from tissue to tissue
  - double membranes, consistent with the engulfing mechanism
* have their own DNA, and new mitochondria arise only when existing ones grow and divide
  - circular chromosomes, with a small number of genes
* have their own genetic code and protein-building parts
  - material
* is found in all animal cells that convert the energy in food into fuel for the cells
  - more of a eukaryotic thing
  - very abundant in muscle cells distributed along the myofibrils
* live inside the cells of all animals, plants, and fungi.
* make usable energy from glucose.
* manufacture crystals of hydroxylapatite.
* metabolize nutrients to generate usable energy.
* move around the cell along microtubules.
* occur both in animal and plant cells, plastids only in the latter
  - in animal as well as in plant cells, plastids only in plants
* oxidize food to water, carbon dioxide, and energy.
* perform cellular respiration.
* play a crucial role in the metabolism of mammalian cells
  - pivotal role in cell death
  - vital role in cell function
  - an important role in cell proliferation and metabolism
* plays a crucial role in oxidative metabolism.
* posses their own DNA and ribosomes.
* possess two membranes each, with the inner membrane folding into cristae.
* produce enzymes that convert food to energy
  - the energy necessary for the cell to function
* proliferate and form long chains and rings.
* provide the cell with energy through metabolism
  - energy that drives that cell
* replicate much like bacterial cells
  - within the cell and have their own DNA and ribosomes
* replicates independently from the rest of the cell.
* reproduce by binary fission.
* require large amounts of oxygen to support energy metabolism.
* resemble bacteria in several other respects.
* serve as the major sites for energy production within the cell.
* supply the cell with energy by hosting the reaction between glucose and oxygen.
* surround the photocytes.
* synthesize protein using biochemical pathways similar to prokaryotes.
* tell cells when to live and die, and control cell growth.
* then insert iron into heme, which is later turned into hemoglobin.
* use oxygen and glucose to produce most of the cell's energy.
* utilize a slightly different genetic code than does the nucleus.
* vary in number and location according to cell type.
+ Endosymbiosis, Endosymbiotic theory: Evolutionary biology :: Cell biology :: Microbiology
  * Mitochondria live inside the cells of all animals, plants, and fungi. Mitochondria were once bacteria, but now they cannot live outside animal cells.
+ Plastid, Genetics and evolution: Botany :: Organelles
  * Almost all chloroplasts are thought to derive directly or indirectly from a single endosymbiotic event. Mitochondria also derive from symbiosis, but chloroplasts are found only in plants and protista. The chloroplast has its own DNA, which codes for redox proteins involved in electron transport in photosynthesis.