Fungus
* All fungi are a mass of filaments called hyphae, and the cell walls of fungi are made of chitin
  - a. multicellular and prokaryotic
  - aerobic, and all decomposition carried out by fungi is oxidative in nature
  - eucaryotic cells
  - eukaryotic with cells walls and they are all heterotrophs
  - heterotrophs that feed by direct absorption from the environment
  - multicellular organisms
  - non-motile throughout their entire life cycle, and lack cells with cilia or flagella
  - obligate heterotrophs
  - begin to grow as a single spore
  - come in one of two basic forms, molds or yeasts
  - depend on pre-formed organic nutrients for energy and for synthesis of cellular materials
  - have an underground web-like network of cells called mycelium
  - rely on extracellular enzymatic digestion and absorption
  - reproduce by spores
  - funguses depend other plants or animals for their food
* Fungi absorb food through hyphae that grow into a food source
  - the walls of the hyphae
  - nutirents from their immediate surroundings
* Fungi absorb nutrients from both dead and living organisms in various ways
  - other organisms, living or dead
  - accelerate the carbon cycle by breaking down wood and thus freeing up carbon atoms
* Fungi also are responsible for bread mould, mildew, rot and other destructive processes
  - significant plant pests and can cause significant damage to crops
  - can metabolize phenanthrene by utilizing monooxygenases and epoxide hydrolases
* Fungi also cause a number of diseases in plants and animal e.g. ringworm, athlete's foot
  - superficial and subcutaneous mycoses
  - digest their food in the same way
  - form symbiotic associations with algae and cyanobacteria
  - give protection
  - have medicinal uses
  - interact with insects and other animals in a multitude of ways
  - lack photosynthetic pigments
* Fungi also parasitize animals
  - humans and other animals
  - participate in two important symbiotic relationships
  - practise extracellular digestion in order to respire
* Fungi also produce compounds that deodorise offensive and neutralise bitter flavours
  - secondary metabolites similar in structure the the metabolites of plants
  - apparently use trichothecenes to enhance their infective attack on their plant hosts
  - appear to have separated into their own kingdom approximately one billion years ago
* Fungi are Eukaryotic Organisms with nuclei and mitochondria
  - Eukaryotic, non-vascular organisms
* Fungi are a distinct group of organisms more closely related to animals than plants
  - diverse group of microorganisms that are abundant in the soil
  - form of primitive vegetable life
  - group of living organisms which are classified in their own kingdom
* Fungi are a group of organisms that include mushrooms, mold s, and mildew
  - which include microbes like land and aquatic moulds, and yeasts
  - with nuclei and rigid cell walls, but without chlorophyll
  - natural component of the ecosystem
  - separate kingdom, like the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom
  - unique group of organisms that have some plantlike characteristics
  - very diverse and interesting group of organisms
  - vital part of healthy fertile soil
  - able to produce their own food
* Fungi are abundant in the intertidal zone and are important in decomposition
  - throughout the forest
  - aerobic organisms
* Fungi are also an important pathogen of plant insect pests in cranberry
  - eukaryotes
  - heavily exploited as agents for biocontrol and bioremediation
  - important in producing many kinds of medicines
  - often short-lived in storage and relatively expensive to produce
* Fungi are also responsible for food spoilage and the rotting of stored crops
  - skin conditions such as athlete's foot and ringworm
  - serious agricultural pests
  - serous agricultural pests
  - the source of many antibiotics, including penicillin
* Fungi are amazingly tolerate of high osmotic pressure which is why they grow on jams
  - versatile when it comes to reproduction
* Fungi are an enormous group of organisms that are neither plants nor animals
  - essential part of the food chain
* Fungi are an important part of ecosystem nutrient cycles
  - worker, together with bacteria, in any compost pile
  - uncommon cause of sinusitis, but incidence is increasing
* Fungi are another group of pathogenic, or infection-causing, microorganisms
  - kind of pathogen sometimes used for insect control
  - at work during the curing phase as well
* Fungi are basically eukaryotes, because they have a nucleus
  - both unicellular and multicellular
  - by far the most common type of plant pathogens
* Fungi are capable of constituting number of superficial systems known as mycoses
  - sexual and asexual reproduction
  - storing food reserves with the most common reserves being glycogen and fats
  - the formation and secretion of many types of secondary metabolites
  - carbon heterotrophs, therefore they require preformed organic compounds as carbon sources
  - champions of decomposition
  - chemoheterotrophic, mostly multicellular decomposers with a unique reproductive cycle
* Fungi are classified as plants
  - on their shape and the way they reproduce
  - commercially important
  - common in stored food and can have multiple effects
  - composed of thin filaments of cells called hyphae
  - critical components of ecosystems
  - crucial in the terrestrial ecosystem, as dominant decomposers
  - cryptic organisms that affect our lives in very important ways
  - decay organisms that can digest good stuff like plant matter and garbage
* Fungi are decomposers because they break down dead plants and animals
  - can get the last bits of energy available out of a food chain
  - of waste organisms and exist as yeast, mold, or mildew
  - dependent on dead and living material for their growth
* Fungi are different because they lack chlorophyll and chloroplasts, their cell walls contain chitin
  - from bacteria
* Fungi are different from plants in several ways
  - difficult to classificate
  - divided into true fungi and slime molds
  - economically important
* Fungi are either saprophytic or parasitic
  - terrestrial or aquatic, the latter living in freshwater or marine environments
  - especially extensive in forested lands
* Fungi are essential decomposers in most ecosystems
  - for the breakdown of lignin
  - eucaryotes
  - eukariotic heterotrophs that have rigid cell walls and no chlorophyll
* Fungi are eukaryotes and have a complex cellular organization
  - primarily multicellular
  - eukaryotes, and as such, have a complex cellular organization
* Fungi are eukaryotic cells, whereas bacteria are prokaryotic cells
  - eukaryotic, usually multicellular heterotrophs
* Fungi are everywhere because they can survive as microscopic spores that travel through the air
  - in natural waters and commonly grow on dead organic material
  - filamentous, multicellular, haploid organisms
* Fungi are found all over the globe in many different kinds of habitats
  - almost everywhere on land, but only a few live in fresh water
  - associated with the earliest plant fossils
  - free-living, parasitic, or mutualistic
  - great decomposers through secretion of enzymes through proteins
  - haploid , whereas the other major groups of eukaryotes are diploid
* Fungi are hard to define
  - detect
* Fungi are heterotrophic , and many fungi are parasitic
  - and have absorptive nutrition
  - eukaryote with chitin containing cell walls
  - organisms that are absorptive in nutritional mode
* Fungi are heterotrophic, and plants are autotrophic
  - but some form associations with autotrophs
  - saprophytic and parasitic
  - heterotrophs and, like animals, obtain their carbon and energy from other organisms
* Fungi are heterotrophs that acquire nutrients by absorption
  - their nutrients by absorption
  - utilize organic matter
  - high in protein that in turn is high in nitrogen
  - identified in the lab by their structure and appearance
* Fungi are important as parasites and, in their r le as decomposers, recycle nutrients
  - because of the way they get food
  - both as a source of food and in the preparation of food
* Fungi are important decomposers and release essential elements into the environment
  - because they are saprobes
  - for humus formation and the aggregate structure of the soil
  - organisms that serve many roles in ecosystems and our lives
  - to everyday human life
  - incapable of making their own food
  - like small plants
  - lower eukaryotes, that is organisms with nuclei
  - made up of cells arranged in filaments
  - microscopic plants that can live off dead tissues of skin, hair, and nails
* Fungi are more abundant in forests with decomposing logs
  - like animals because they have to obtain their food from outside sources
  - resistant to osmotic pressure than bacteria, True or False
  - tolerant of low moisture conditions
* Fungi are most closely related to
  - common because require less moisture to readily grow
  - mostly saprobes, organisms that derive nutrients from decaying organic matter
  - much more related to animals, than to higher plants
  - mullticellular organisms like mushrooms that live on other plants and animals
  - multicellular organisms that absorb their food molecule by molecule
  - multicellular, hetero- trophic organisms that are neither plants nor animals
  - nature's decomposers recycling nutrients in dead plant and animal matter
  - negatively chemotropic to their own metabolic prod- ucts
  - neither plants, nor animals, but they are more closely related to animals than plants
  - non-photosynthetic, have chitin cell walls and coenocytic cell structure
  - nonmotile organisms that disperse by producing spores
* Fungi are nonmotile, filamentous eukaryotes that lack plastids and photosynthetic pigments
  - which lack plastids and photosynthetic pigments
  - nonvascular plantlike organisms that have no chlorophyll
  - normally harmless and non-parasitic
  - notoriously difficult to treat, and new drugs are in high demand
  - of immense importance in the pharmaceutical industry
* Fungi are of major importance in basic and biomedical research
  - basic research
* Fungi are one of the major decomposers of the biosphere, and release nutrients back into the soil
  - taxonomic kingdoms, separate from plants and animals
* Fungi are organisms that have cell walls that contain chitin
  - many cells and decompose material for food
  - parasitic in nature
  - part of a very interesting kingdom
* Fungi are particularly lethal in individuals who are immunocompromised
  - sensitive to desiccation, pH, and the presence of toxic elements
  - perhaps the most unappreciated, under valued and unexplained organisms on earth
* Fungi are plant organisms known as eukaryotes, which are related to yeast and mold
  - organisms, such as mold and mildew
  - plant-like organisms that include such things as yeast, molds and mushrooms
  - potential bioinsecticides
* Fungi are present all over the world, in marine as well as terrestrial environments
  - on the wet floors of communal exercise facilities
  - primarily saprophytes , chemoorganotrophic organisms that live on decaying matter
  - primitive plants that can be either single celled or many celled and filamentous
  - probably the agent of the greatest destruction of wood in nature
  - prominent pathogens of fish and plants
  - put into groups by the way they reproduce
  - remarkable organisms present in every type of habitat and ecosystem throughout the world
  - responsible for several major plant diseases
  - saprobes that decompose organic matter
  - saprotrophic, degrading the remains of other organisms
  - significant pathogens
  - simple in structure compared to most plants
* Fungi are simple organisms found almost everywhere in nature
  - that consist of one or more cells
  - single-celled or multicellular organisms with nuclei and with cell walls made of chitin
  - structurally different from plants
  - subdivided on the basis of their lifecycle
* Fungi are the biodegraders of the living world
  - dominant saprophytes of terrestrial ecosystems
  - foundation of all ecosystems
  - main agents of decay of cellulose wastes produced by plants
* Fungi are the major recyclers in nature
  - of carbon in many forest ecosystems
* Fungi are the most common biotic cause of plant disease
  - efficient organisms at breaking down wood
  - only known organisms that degrade lignin completely
* Fungi are the primary and common decomposers of litter in many ecosystems
  - producers of carbon-containing compounds in forests
  - prime decomposers of plant debris
  - principal microorganisms capable to degrade lignin
* Fungi are thought to have been the first kind of eukaryotic cells that evolved
  - diverged from the plant and animal kingdoms about one billion years ago
  - tiny plants that survive by eating plant or animal material
  - tremendously diverse physically, chemically, behaviorally, and ecologically
  - types of organisms that eat old, decaying, organic matter
  - uncommon in aquatic environments
  - unicellular or multicellular and absorb food
* Fungi are unicellular or multicellular organisms that form the basis of mushrooms, yeasts and molds
  - with eukaryotic cell types
  - unique in that dikaryogamy dominant stage in their life cycle
  - unlike algae in that they are heterotrophic
* Fungi are used in research as model organisms for the study of eukaryotic genetics and metabolism
  - the production of ethanol
* Fungi are usually motionless organisms that absorb nutrients for survival
  - multicellular structures but can also be single cellular to, like yeasts
  - valuable decomposers in the environment
* Fungi are very different from either plants or animals
  - diverse in their forms and functions, and they are abundantly interesting
* Fungi are very important as nature's recyclers of nutrients
  - in the soil ecosystem
  - specialized
  - successful at finding food
  - visible only when spore-bearing fruiting bodies form
  - vital components of all ecosystems
* Fungi attack dead plants
  - pineapple plants
  - wheat plants
  - begin their life as spores that are released from a fully grown fungi
  - behave like bacteria but are less resistant to high temperatures
* Fungi belong to a group called a Kingdom
  - phyla
  - bind soil particles to form aggregates
  - can be beneficial to other organisms
* Fungi can be both beneficial and destructive to oaks
  - parasitic and saprophytic
  - cryptically sexual
  - harmful to other organisms
  - multi-colored
  - saprophytes, parasites, or mutualistic symbionts
  - single celled or very complex multicellular organisms
  - soil-borne and spread from the soil to the plant
  - either reproduce asexually or sexually
  - exist outdoors and enter the building through the air intakes
  - form lichens , an association of a fungus with a green algae or a cyanobacteria
  - perform cellular respiration only by using oxygen as the final electron acceptor
* Fungi can produce antibiotics, such as penicillin
  - sexually as well as asexually
  - travel back and forth between hands and feet
  - carry out photosynthesis
* Fungi cause damage
  - serious damage
  - severe damage
* Fungi colonize rotting wood and organic matter found in soil
  - surfaces and between aggregates
  - combine the advantages of the two reproductive modes
  - come in a bewildering range of shapes, colours and sizes
* Fungi come in a variety of forms
  - shapes and sizes and different types
  - vast range of shapes, from the elegant to the bizarre
  - wide variety of sizes and forms
  - all kinds of sizes and forms
* Fungi come in many shapes and sizes, from the very large to the microscopic
  - sizes and forms, and some have important uses to humans
  - into play only when bacteria slow down due to low moisture or acidity
  - comprise one of the eukaryotic kingdoms
  - consist of multi-celled microscopic strands
  - constitute a large and diverse group of organisms
* Fungi contain enzymes
  - eukaryotic cells with cell walls
  - many chemical compounds
  - polysaccharides
* Fungi contribute more biomass to soil than any other organisms
  - to ecology, medicine and cuisine
  - currently constitute the largest and best known group of tree pathogens
  - decay dead organic matter or grow on other organisms to get nutrients for growth
* Fungi decompose dead matter like dead leaves, fecal matter and dead plants
  - matter, releasing nutrients back into the food chain
  - depend on other Organisms for their nutrition
  - derive their color from chlorophyll and from ingredients into the vinyl
  - destroy more bud than bacteria and insects combined
* Fungi develop from spores without any embryonic stage
  - within leaves
* Fungi differ from other plants in that they have no chlorophyl
  - plants and animals in that cells remain totipotent
  - disperse spores
  - do more than just break down all the dead leaves that fall to the ground each fall
  - enter wood via the vascular tissues
  - establish parasitic relationships with plants and animals
  - exhibit the phenomenon of alteration of generation
* Fungi exist in diverse habitats and form symbioses with many organisms
  - harsh environments
  - normally on feet
  - primarily as filamentous dikaryotic organisms
  - extend the plant's root system and improve the plant's ability to absorb water and minerals
  - feed by absorbing nutrients from the organic material in which they live
* Fungi feed on plants but also provide essential nutriment to saplings
  - various plant-based foods
  - fill many beneficial roles in ecosystems and for humans
  - find their food in the environment in which they live
* Fungi form stromas
  - two key mutualistic symbiotic associations
  - frequently reproduce by the formation of spores
* Fungi gain access to host tissues by traumatic implantation or inhalation
  - their nutrients like animals do, by ingestion
  - generally have two stages, the feeding stage and the fruiting body
* Fungi get their food from other living organisms, but plants get their food from sunlight
* Fungi grow and spread within their host by means of mycelium
  - as long threads, which bind the microaggregates together into macroaggregates
* Fungi grow best in warm , humid areas
  - warm, moist areas, such as the area between the toes
  - bigger through the nutrients absorbed by extracellular digestion
* Fungi grow by division of the cells at the end of a hypha
  - hyphal tip growth
  - densely in the forest floor and there are more species than have been identified
  - in alkaline environments
* Fungi grow in decompose matter
  - manure
  - moist environments
  - places
  - lipids
  - more quickly than actinomycetes
* Fungi grow on and in the dead matter that they consume
  - cell surfaces
  - dead wood
  - decay matter
  - fallen trees and help old needles and twigs to decompose
  - such matter
  - trees by sending filaments deep into the tree
  - outside and inside buildings and they are everywhere
  - where there is organic material to decompose, in old dead wood, for example
* Fungi grow within the tree and, together with bark beetle feeding, weaken it
  - together with bark beetle feeding, weaken the tree
  - growing in subcutaneous layers of skin cause subcutaneous infections
* Fungi have a cell wall made of a carbohydrate called chitin and they are absorptive feeders
  - kingdom all to themselves, like plants and animals
  - low ratio of surface area to volume and are highly susceptible to dessication
  - more interesting approach in fixing nitrogen to soils
  - radial growth pattern and continues to grow until food source runs out
  - tremendous impact on our world
* Fungi have a variety of kinds of spores
  - uses in today's society
  - both a negative and positive impact in nature and on humankind
* Fungi have cell walls made of cellulose, just like plants do
  - chitin, while plant cell walls are made of cellulose
  - cells wall made of chitin
* Fungi have cells with cell walls that lack chlorophyll
  - distribution
  - diverse life cycles, ranging from very simple to very complex
  - general characteristics
  - hydrolytic enzymes that damage membrane structure and results in tissue invasion
  - larger cells with nuclei, while actinomycetes have smaller cells without nuclei
  - long thin cells that are very similar thoughout the entire body of the fungus
  - myceliums
  - nuclei and so they are eukaryotes
* Fungi have same characteristics
* Fungi have several disadvantageous roles in human health where they cause disease
  - positive and negative impacts on human health
  - similar characteristics to plants and are sometimes mistakenly put in the Plant Kingdom
  - some features in common with other organisms
  - substantially greater metabolic versatility than yeast
  - the ability to grow on and in both invertebrate and vertebrate animals
  - worldwide distribution
* Fungi help break down dead leaves and trees in the forest
  - decompose organisms to fertilize the soil
  - the trees absorb nutrients and resist insects
* Fungi includes cell membranes
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - plasma membranes
  - sections
  - vacuoles
  - inevitably interact with one another
  - infect with mild and moist conditions
  - kill trees
  - lack chlorophyl and therefore depend upon more advanced plants for survival
* Fungi lack chlorophyll and are nonphotosynthetic
  - therefore incapable of photosynthesis
  - eyes and toenails, but sex-induced changes are just as profound
  - the chlorophyll that plants use during photosynthesis
* Fungi live both on land and in the water
  - by decomposing or absorbing organic material in or on which they grow
  - everywhere that moisture is present
* Fungi live for long time
* Fungi live in many types of environments
  - moist, shady areas
  - substrates that they can utilize as food
* Fungi live on dead matter, in soil, and as symbionts on other fungi, animals, and plants
  - leaves and wood in the compost pile
* Fungi make chlorophyll
  - enzymes that help break down organic compounds
  - fuzzy mats and put out long fibrous processes
  - up the largest amount of living material after plant roots
  - naturally produce xylanase to breakdown wood xylans into carbohydrates
* Fungi need moisture
* Fungi obtain food from their substrate through the process of absorption
  - nourishment
  - nutrients from the environment as absorptive heterotrophs
  - their food either as parasites or as saprophytes
  - occupy a wide variety of both aquatic and terrestrial habitats
  - occur because library materials consist of organic matter
* Fungi occur in all situations where they can find organic food on which to live
* Fungi often decompose compounds that are very low in nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus
  - develop into colonies, like bread mold
  - have cells with central vacuoles
* Fungi often interact with other organisms, forming beneficial or mutualistic associations
  - forming mutually beneficial or mutualistic associations
  - invade lesions on the fruit, causing shrivelling or rotting
* Fungi participate in decomposition of organic matter in the soil
  - symbiotic relationships to obtain their food
* Fungi perform essential roles in every terrestrial, and many aquatic, ecosystems, eg
  - many important functions for humans
* Fungi play a critical role in recycling nutrients in the forest
  - crucial role in the balance of ecosystems
  - significant role in an ecosystem as decomposers
* Fungi play a vital role as decomposers in the environment
* Fungi play an important role in decomposition of organic matter
  - energy cycling within, and between, ecosystems
  - molecular biology and biotechnology
  - tropical forest where decay of wood and leaves is quite rapid
  - another important ecological role
* Fungi play important roles as decomposers and recyclers on Earth
  - in ecosystems as decomposers
* Fungi play important roles in the environment and in our lives
  - production of steroids
* Fungi play many significant roles in ecosystems
  - vital roles in terrestrial ecosystems
  - various roles in an ecosystem
  - vital roles in the biosphere
* Fungi produce a range of compounds that alter the colour of food
  - variety of exoenzymes to digest nutrients
  - abundant spores
  - and excrete a huge and complex array of enzymes
  - asci
  - asexual spores
  - billions of spores that give rise to new generations of fungi
  - cylindrical filament
  - digestive enzymes
  - enzymes that degrade cellulose and lignin
  - far more spores than can ever survive
  - pink spores
  - reproductive spores
  - septa to partition filamentous hyphae into discrete cells
  - small amts
  - sticky spores
  - toadstools
  - toxins
  - producing spores is the final type of asexual reproduction, which also can be sexual
* Fungi provide mineral nutrients
  - nutrients from the substrate, the phototroph provides food
  - range from microscopic in size to easily visable to the naked eye
  - rapidly colonize leaves that fall into freshwater streams
  - readily invade kernels with cracked or damaged seed coats
  - receive nutrients
* Fungi release microscopic spores
  - rely on animals
* Fungi represent a real medical threat because they can stick to plastic
  - unique evolutionary lineage from plants or animals
  - reproduce and spread by means of spores
* Fungi reproduce asexually and sexually
  - by fragmentation or production of asexual spores
  - through spore formation
* Fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually depending on amount of moisture and food
  - sexually, producing large numbers of nonmotile spores
  - sexually and asexually
* Fungi reproduce by asexual sporulation or by intricate sexual processes
  - forming tiny spores which can easily be airborne
  - making spores, which are spread by water, wind and even animals
* Fungi reproduce by producing spores that can be either sexual or asexual in nature
  - vast numbers of spores, either sexually or asexually
  - releasing spores from a fruiting body
  - spores, asexually and sexually
  - in two ways
  - largely by the release of spores
  - mainly by means of spores
  - most commonly by splitting off their hyphae, which is an asexual process
  - mostly by spore formation
  - themselves by spores
* Fungi reproduce through spores, which are the equivelent of a plant's seeds
  - the formation of spores sexually, asexually, or both
  - using spores
  - with spores
  - within plastids of senescent plant tissue
* Fungi require elements
  - high heat
  - moist conditions for growth
  - moisture for growth
* Fungi require several conditions to survive
  - specific elements
  - return organic matter to the earth by breaking it down with their vegetative hyphae
  - rot timbers, spoil food, and afflict humans with athlete's foot and worse maladies
  - send out networks of fine threads in search of food
* Fungi serve a major recycling role in nature, breaking down dead trees and other organic material
  - as architects of large-scale recycling
* Fungi show both asexual and sexual reproduction by producing spores
  - spend most of their life cycle in the diploid state
* Fungi spread easily by the production of asexual spores
  - start life as tiny spores
  - straddle the realms of microbiology and macrobiology
* Fungi survive for time
  - in soil and turf as resting structures
  - months
  - on diseased plant material or on alternate crops
  - winter
  - synthesise the amino acid lysine by a unique pathway , different from that of other organisms
* Fungi tend to grow on solid surfaces rather than suspended throughout the fluid
  - use more complex compounds, such as fibrous plant residues, wood and soil humus
  - then begin growing on the dead tissue, thus the appearance of sooty mold symptoms
* Fungi thrive in a warm moist environment such as exits in shoes
  - damp, warm environments
  - dark, damp barns, particularly in autumn and winter months
* Fungi thrive on moisture so keep the affected areas clean and dry
  - soap and other films that coat tiles and grout
* Fungi use asexual reproduction
  - it as a carbon source
  - photosynthesis to decompose dead and decaying plant matter
  - usually repoduce by making spores
* Fungi usually reproduce both sexually and asexually
  - without sex
* Many fungi absorb nutrients directly from the soil
  - also have a sexual stage in their life cycle
* Many fungi are able to penetrate host tissue using enzymes
  - reproduce by both sexual and asexual processes
  - decomposers as well
  - easy to culture, and have biochemical similarities to animals
  - edible, including gourmet fungi like morels and truffles
  - harmful to humans, but some, such as yeast, are very helpful
  - harmless to plants but easily grow on dead or dying plant tissue
  - mold-like organisms existing in the form of microscopic threads
  - parasites that cause serious diseases in plants
  - parasitic, and some cause serious diseases in plants as well as animals
  - quite particular about the material they grow on
  - decompose dead organic matter such as leaves, wood, feces, etc
  - establish complex mycorrhizal associations with the roots of plants
* Many fungi exist as a tangle of hyphae, called a mycelium
  - subspecies associated with specific tree species
* Many fungi get their food from soil, and others eat dead plants and animals
  - nutrients directly from soil, while others feed on dead plants and animals
* Many fungi grow as hyphae
  - associated with plant roots in a symbiosis called mycorrhiza
* Many fungi have a heterokaryotic stage
  - both parasitic and saprophytic stages
  - important symbiotic relationships with many other organisms
  - internal mechanisms which actively discharge their spores into the air
  - relatively complex growth cycles comprising a number of different stages
  - help control diseases
  - including the Boletaceae, grow around the roots of living plants including trees
  - live in symbiotic relationships which can be both beneficial, parasitic, or harmful
  - obtain nutrient molecules by extracellular digestion
  - occur on small feeder roots
  - prefer slightly acidic material
* Many fungi produce more than one type of spore as part of their life cycles
  - similar spores
  - provide foods for people
  - remain alive for extended periods at temperatures unsuitable for growth
  - reproduce both sexually as asexually and only a few have only asexual reproduction
  - require high humidity or free water for germination of spores
  - spend the winter on or in old leaves, fruit and other garden refuse
  - fungus are pathogens of plants
* Most Fungi are mycelia forming microorganisms.
* Most fungi are associated with plants as saprotrophs and decomposers
  - capable of asexual and sexual reproduction
  - decomposers, many of our antibiotics come from fungi
* Most fungi are harmless to humans, but a few cause serious infections
  - until they penetrate the skin
  - microscopic, they exists as filaments in soil or decaying wood
* Most fungi are multicellular and consist of many complex cells
  - with hyphae divided into cells by cross walls, or septa
  - multicellular, but some, the yeasts, are simple unicellular organisms
  - obligate aerobes , requiring oxygen to survive
  - saprophytes , feeding on dead or decaying material
  - saprophytic, meaning they feed on dead organic matter
  - saprotrophs,which decompose dead organic matter
  - small and inconspicuous, though they are abundant worldwide
  - thought to have arrived in Antarctica via airborne currents or birds
  - unable to grow well in the alkaline medium created by the gypsum
  - unique and have distinctive characteristics
  - belong to phyla
  - build their cell walls out of chitin
  - can reproduce sexually as well as asexually, and the false morel is no exception
  - cause serious damage
  - contain chitin and glucan in their cell walls
* Most fungi develop spores
  - excrete powerful enzymes to break down food into molecules that are absorbed
  - exist as molds with hyphae but some fungi exist as unicellular yeast cells
* Most fungi exist in environments
* Most fungi get nutrients
  - their nutrients from dead organic matter
* Most fungi grow as thread-like filaments called hyphae
* Most fungi grow in decompose matter
* Most fungi grow on cell surfaces
  - rather slowly showing no evidence of being present until extensive areas are rotted
* Most fungi have both an haploid and diploid stage in their life cycles
* Most fungi have same characteristics
* Most fungi live for long time
  - in the outer layer of compost when temperatures are high
* Most fungi live on dead matter or soil
  - land, but a few live permanently in water
  - the substrate upon which they feed
  - living in lawns are totally harmless
* Most fungi obtain nourishment
* Most fungi occur in areas
  - the hyphae form as branching, threadlike tubular filaments
* Most fungi produce a large number of spores that are disseminated by the wind
* Most fungi provide mineral nutrients
* Most fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually
  - only by sexual reproduction
* Most fungi require elements
* Most fungi require moisture and high humidity to sporulate
  - on the leaf surface before infection can occur
* Most fungi require several elements
  - water to infect and develop
  - spend part of their life cycle as hyphae and part as spores
* Most fungi survive by absorbing nutrients from decaying matter
* Most fungi use asexual reproduction
  - dead organisms as their food
  - the remains of other organisms for energy
* Some fungi absorb ionic nutrients
  - soil nutrients
  - accually grow through the plant skin
  - acquire energy
  - actually contribute to turfgrass health
  - adapt to conditions
* Some fungi affect development
  - homeostasis
* Some fungi affect human health in various ways
  - also produce poisons that kill the plant cells
* Some fungi are able to grow to many hectares in size
  - aseptate, lacking cross walls
  - easier to control than others
  - eaten directly by consumers
  - entomopathogens
  - important producers of biological products such as vitamins and antibiotics
  - known to have rapidly declined due to pollution and loss of habitat
  - parasites on living organisms , but most are saprophytes
  - parasites, feeding on, and in some instances killing their hosts
  - parasitic and feed on living organisms
  - pathogenic to humans and other animals
  - saprophytes , they obtain their food from the decaying bodies of plants and animals
  - simple one-celled organisms
  - spore-producing
  - toxic to humans
  - unable to sporulate under conditions of high nutrients
  - unicellular and are termed as yeasts
  - unicellular, and some are multi-cellular
  - usually harmless, but can become harmful if the tree is especially stressed
  - very adaptable
* Some fungi attack fine feeder roots
  - lower trunks
* Some fungi break down decay matter
  - plant material in the guts of cows and other grazers
* Some fungi can change their morphology and are termed dimorphic
  - exist either as unicellular yeasts or as filamentous hyphae
  - form slow-growing, very intimate associations with algal species
* Some fungi consist of aerial hyphae
  - contain chemicals
  - derive food
  - develop into large structures, such as mushrooms
  - differ from others in their lack of one or the other of the reproductive stages
  - do it too
  - eat dead organisms
  - even have hyphae adapted for preying on animals
  - exhibit a fluorescent glow when exposed to ultraviolet light
* Some fungi exist in companionship with other organisms in mutually beneficial relationships
  - feed ants
* Some fungi feed on cellulose
  - the remains of dead organisms
* Some fungi form a symbiotic relationship with plant roots, called mycorrhizae
  - mutualistic relationships with plant roots
  - get energy
  - grow better at cooler temperatures, others at hot temperatures
* Some fungi grow in a mutually beneficial relationship with a photosynthetic algae or plant
  - dungs
  - fiber
  - herbivore dungs
  - on birch trees
* Some fungi grow on dead birch trees
  - ginkgo leaves
  - grain
  - heathers
  - petioles
  - rhizomes
  - roses
  - sides
  - tree roots
  - only in association with certain trees
* Some fungi have a dikaryotic stage to the life cycle
  - ancestors
  - common ancestors
  - concentration
  - deficiencies
  - disks
  - ecological significance
  - phases
  - ranges
  - selection pressure
  - similar structures
  - single common ancestors
  - their benefits in our life
* Some fungi help host plants
* Some fungi infect ants
  - apples
  - blueberry fruit
  - buds
  - healthy trees
  - juniper
  - periwinkle plants
  - seedlings
* Some fungi invade canes
* Some fungi invade fine feeder roots
  - foliage
  - xylem
* Some fungi kill ants
  - banana plants
  - butterfly larvae
  - caterpillars
  - cordgrass plants
  - entire plants
  - grasshoppers
  - parasitic nematodes
  - the cells of an living organism then feed on the dead cells
* Some fungi live as symbionts with coleoptera, diptera, homoptera and hymenoptera
  - closely with plants, and both species benefit by swapping nutrients
* Some fungi live in deserts
  - puddles
  - symbiosis with other organisms
  - warm puddles
  - on buried lumber, dead roots, or fine particles of organic matter
* Some fungi look like plants
  - puffballs
* Some fungi make antibiotics such as penicillin
  - invasions
  - the nail white at the cuticle, others at the growing edge
* Some fungi obtain energy
  - occur in both the yeast and mycelial forms
  - only exist as yeast
  - parasitize vermiform adult or larval nematodes, while others parasitize eggs, or cysts
* Some fungi play important roles
  - limit roles
  - major roles
  - prefer water-stressed wood
* Some fungi prevent mite outbreaks
* Some fungi produce acid
  - antibiotics that are used to treat bacterial diseases
  - flowers
  - gall
  - haustoria that physically penetrate the resident algal cells
  - mycotoxins, which can be present within the spores and inhaled with the spores
  - pheromone
  - plant gall
  - poisonous substances
  - their conidia on naked or open conidiophores
  - toxic compounds
  - toxins that cause severe illness when ingested
* Some fungi provide moisture
  - shelter
* Some fungi receive food
  - sugar
* Some fungi rely on squirrels
  - remove lignin
* Some fungi reproduce sexually by mating and forming sexual spores
  - sexually, and others asexually
* Some fungi require activities
  - high rainfall
  - removals
* Some fungi secrete different enzymes
  - specific enzymes
* Some fungi show dimorphism
  - only one known reproduction type
  - specialize in absorbing nutrients from living organisms
  - spread roots
* Some fungi survive for long periods
* Some fungi thrive in conditions
  - damp places
* Some fungi thrive in moist conditions
* Some fungi use gamma radiation and a natural pigment called melanin to create energy for growth
  - isotopes
  - stable isotopes
* Some fungus can attack the roots of the trees and show above ground as toadstools
  - cause white spots
  - harm their host while others can live in harmony with their host
  - only grow on roots of their appropriate host
  - funguses cause allergic reactions rather than infections.
  * Fungi have cells with nuclei. Their cell walls contain chitin, unlike the cell walls of plants, which contain cellulose. These and other differences show that the fungi form a single group of related organisms, called the Eumycota or Eumycetes. They share a common ancestor and are monophyletic group
* are funguses
* are located in air ducts
  - asses
  - basements
  - bathrooms
  - caves
  - cellars
* are located in compost heaps
  - piles
  - dense forests
  - dirt
  - fields
  - fridges
  - gardens
  - grocery stores
  - jungle
  - laboratories
  - locker rooms
  - noses
  - oceans
  - old buildings
  - pine forests
  - public restrooms
  - rain forests
  - refrigerators
  - salad
  - shades
  - shady spots
  - showers
  - soup
  - swamp
  - toe nails
  - tree stumps
  - tropics
  - wet towels
  - wood chips
  - woodlands
  - wounds
  - yogurt
* enters through the roots and plugs water-conducting vessels
  - wounds and uninjured bark
* is an organism
* reproduce by tiny spores that are carried in air or water.
+ Fungus, Structure, Reproduction
  * Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually. Otherwise, fungi use a sporangium to bear asexual spores by mitosis, or sexual spores by meiosis. The spores are haploid.
+ Saprophyte: Biology
  * This is the typical life-style of fungi. Some fungi are parasites on living organisms, but most are saprophytes. Many bacteria and protozoa are also saprophytes. To put it simply, most dead organic matter is eventually broken down and used by bacteria and fungi.
+ Septum: Anatomy
+ Zygomycota
  * Fungi are put into groups by the way they reproduce. The name 'Zygommcota' comes from zygosporangia, where strong and tough round shaped spores are formed during sexual reproduction.