### order | series | sequence | gene:

Human gene
* All human genes are in normal quantity and vampire genes seem to work in some range of quantity.
* Most human genes have no known analogs in the world of bacteria.
* Some human genes seem to have been ripped off wholesale from simpler organisms.
* are also able to accessorise the proteins they make
  - no different from other genes
  - pieces of genetic material recorded on a DNA molecule
* can make more proteins per gene than simpler organisms
  - than genes of other organisms
  - nations with the poorest of resources rich, or the richest poor
* come in pairs, called alleles, contributed by both parents.
* contain instructions for making human proteins.
* seem to produce more alternative proteins than fly or worm genes.

Imprinted gene
* affect aspects of development and behaviour in mammals.
* are functionally haploid, and therefore extra vulnerable to mutation
  - necessary for normal mammalian development
* have few and small introns.

Mutant gene
* Most mutant genes are recessive with respect to wild-type genes.
* is on the X chromosome.

Mutated gene
* can increase a person's risk for certain diseases, including cancer.
* give rise to the aberrant growth patterns that characterize carcinogenesis.

New gene
* are target for new drugs e.g. if the protein is specific to the pathogen.
* arise in an individual organism by chance mutation.
* can improve crop quality and nutritional content.
* enter the species gene pool way of mutations.

### order | series | sequence | gene:

Oncogene
* Some oncogenes inhibit apoptosis and extend cell life and others stimulated it
  - stimulate activation of cellular pathways leading to uncontrolled cell division
* act in a dominant fashion.
* affect the way cells use energy and multiply.
* appear to have high flexibility for the regulation of endogenous plant hormonal levels.
* are cancer-causing genes
  - displayed in green and tumor suppressors in red
* are genes encoding proteins that can induce such dysregulation
  - in viruses that cause cancer when they infect animal cells
  - that actively cause tumor growth
* are genes that promote cell growth and reproduction
  - whose products cause transformation or tumorigenesis
  - with potential to cause cancer
  - mutated forms of certain normal genes of the cell called proto-oncogenes
  - normal genes that somehow go awry and cause cancer
  - quaternary messengers
  - regulatory genes that are associated with cancer
  - slightly changed equivalents of normal cellular genes called proto-oncogenes
  - the mutant form of proto-oncogenes
* are, in analogy, genes that control the accelerator.
* arise from mutations in essential genes that regulate the growth of cells.
* carry out many functions in the cell, where they play a role in cell division.
* cause cell mutations and tumor growth under a prescribed set of circumstances.
* control cell growth, and are mutant versions of normal genes.
* dictate the production of proteins that stimulate normal cell growth.
* get their name from the Greek word 'onkos', which means lump or mass.
* influence a cells structure and function.
* originate from proto-oncogenes or genes involved in cell growth regulation.
* play a role in the cell cycle.
* produce an excess or superactive form of the protein
  - malignant transformation by affecting normal cell growth and development
* promote excessive cell growth and tumor formation in the damaged form
  - normal cell division
* turn a healthy cell into a cancerous cell.
* usually function in the signal transduction pathway.