### animal | arthropod | insect:

Scale insect
* Most scale insects are small and inconspicuous
  - feed on hollies
* Most scale insects have life
  - simple life
  - wings
* Some scale insects cause damage
  - kill trees
  - require treating the truck and branches in addition to the foliage
* are a major pest of lady palms
  - particular problem with weeping figs
* are among the most difficult to control
  - unusual insects known
  - common in tropical and subtropical regions
  - easier to spot before trees and ornamentals leaf out
  - especially insidious
  - hard to control
  - highly specialized organisms that come in many shapes, sizes and forms
  - much more common on Euonymus plants than aphids
  - often difficult to control
  - oval bugs up to four millimetres in diameter that tend to resemble a fungus
  - particulary good at hiding
  - small, soft-bodied pests that attach themselves to plant leaves and stems
  - the most serious pest of ferns
  - very common on Euonymus varieties and some varieties of Magnolias
* attach their mouthparts permanently to plants and suck their juices.
* can also be a problem if populations build up too extensively
  - damage if populations build up too extensively
* cling closely to the stem of the plant and are often difficult to see.
* come in a large variety of colors and sizes
  - two types, armored scales and soft scales
* constitute a very large group of unusual plant feeding insects.
* feed by sucking sap from trees and shrubs through piercing-sucking mouth parts.
  - plant juices, and in severe cases, cause reduced plant vigor
  - plants by piercing plant tissue and sucking sap
* form a brown or black crust on leaves and stems.
* have a simple life
  - tan to brown shell-like covering or scale that protects the insect's body
  - many forms
  - piercing and sucking mouthparts
  - thread-like mouthparts that are inserted into the bark
* infest the stems and branches.
* look like tiny beige bumps or turtles without legs.
* resemble tiny turtle shells.
* suck plant juices
  - sap from the plant, resulting in retarded growth and even defoliation
* weaken a coffee plant
  - trees and that in turn causes susceptibility of canker

### animal | arthropod | insect | scale insect:

Armored scale
* Some armored scales have four generations per year.
* are scale insects.
* differ from soft scales in several ways.
* feed on plant juices.
* live under a separate, hard, wax shell, which they secrete as they develop.
* lose their legs and antennae after the first molt.
* secrete a hard waxy cover.

Cochineal
* are dye.
* are insects from which non-carcinogenic red dyes are produced
  - inside a cotonneuse mass
* is added to meat products, spices, and baked goods
  - used mainly in products with low pH, e.g. confectionary and liquors
* red colouring material used in foods.
* red dye formed from the dried bodies of female cochineal insects
  - made from the crushed bodies of insects which live on nopal cacti

### animal | arthropod | insect | scale insect:

Soft scale
* Some soft scales require one year to reach maturity.
* are generally larger than the mealy bugs and the bodies of the nymphs are soft
  - scale insects
* feed primarily on the woody parts of the host.
* infest many deciduous woody plants and some conifers.
* molt twice before they reach maturity.
* produce honeydew, But hard scales find it impossible to do.
* retain their legs and antennae throughout adult life.
* tend to be larger than armored scales.
* vary widely in color, size, and shape.

Several insect
* are common pests on southernpeas
  - important as biological controls of pests
* attack and damage stored grain of all sorts.
* can damage roots, creating entry points for soft-rot bacteria.
* have a four stage life cycle.
* use firewood and structural wood for their homes and as a food source.