### poison | toxin:

Alpha toxin
* causes hemolysis, or breakdown of red blood cells
  - septic shock
* lecithinase which degrades cell membranes.

### poison | toxin | bacterial toxin:

Toxoid
* are preparations made from weakened toxins produced by bacteria
  - the basis of some vaccines
  - used to induce active immunization
* bacterial toxin
* is antigen
* provide long-lasting protection against problems such as tetanus and enterotoxemia.

### poison | toxin:

Botulinum toxin
* acts by blocking release of acetylcholine from the neuromuscular junction.
* are botulinum toxins
  - drugs
  - medicine
  - neurotoxin
* inactivates acetycholine nerve endings.
* is among the most poisonous substances known.
* is an alternative therapy to oral medication and surgery
  - approved treatment for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm
  - deadly because it causes progressive paralysis throughout the body
  - derived from the genus of anaerobic bacteria named Clostridia
  - destroyed by heat
  - effective for focal dystonias
  - formed as a single-chain molecule that is cleaved to form a dichain molecule
* is injected directly into the muscle to be treated, which weakens it
  - into the underarm skin or the skin of the palms and soles of the feet
  - through an endoscope, as the gastroenterologist views the sphincter
  - internalized into the neurons and binds to the vesicle membranes
  - made by the same bacteria that causes food poisoning
  - the cause of the disease called botulism
* is the most poisonous natural substance known to man
  - potent known biological toxin
  - single most poisonous substance known
  - used for focal dystonia
* kills by interfering with the nervous system, blocking neurotransmissions.
* large molecule with multiple functional domains
  - protein molecule that blocks acetyl-choline receptors
* purified form of one of the most potent poisons in the world.
* serious threat as a weapon, because it is extremely lethal and easy to produce.
* works well for forehead lines, crow's feet, and frown lines.

Botulism toxin
* can ease muscle spasms and pain in stroke patients.
* causes botulism, which leads to blurred vision and muscular paralysis.
* eases stroke spasms.
* is one of the most toxic substances known
  - the worst and most deadly

Chemical toxin
* cause diseases.
* harm animals
  - aquatic animals

Cholera toxin
* binds at the surface, depending on concentration
  - to a specific receptor protein on the surface of epithelial cells
* crosses the membrane of an intestinal cell and permanently activates a G protein.
* fights autoimmune disease.
* stimulates large volumes of saline secretion by directly affecting crypt cells.

Cytotoxin
* are non-specific toxins.
* kill living cells.

Diphtheria toxin
* causes the serious manifestations of diphtheria.
* has an alpha, beta structural motif connected by loops.

### poison | toxin:

Endotoxin
* Most endotoxins are located in the cell envelope.
* also play an important role in the pathogenesis of gram-negative infections.
* are cell wall constituents of bacteria that are absorbed from the gut
  - that are absorbed in the gut
* are components of the cell wall of bacteria
  - of gram-positive bacteria
  - proteins secreted by prokaryotes
  - toxic components of the bacteria that reside in the intestines of all animals
* can cause health related problems similar to cold and flu-type symptoms.
* cause histamine formation and blood platelet function is impaired.
* generally act in the vicinity of bacterial growth or presence.
* produced by the bacteria are responsible for the symptoms.
* released by the anaerobic bacteria cause tissue destruction and bone loss.
* stimulate production of cytokines that can produce widespread vasodilation and shock.