### magnitude | scope | astronomical telescope:

Radio telescope
* Many radio telescopes use a quartz crystal derived local oscillator signal.
* Most radio telescopes have angular resolution
  - look like satellite communication dishes
* Most radio telescopes use a parabolic antenna that can be steered to any direction
  - large antennas to capture radio waves from space
* Some radio telescopes are simply rows of wire antennae in a field
  - have dishes
  - conceptually similar in construction to optical reflectors
  - directional radio antennas used for radio astronomy
  - dishes made out of conducting metal that reflect radio waves to a focus point
  - electronic devices
  - generally smaller than optical telescopes
  - like radio antennas , usually shaped like large dishes
  - much larger than optical telescopes
  - often quite large
  - products
  - similar to optical telescopes in that they are photon collectors
  - usually very small so that they can be pointed accurately
* can also detect quasars
  - see farther than optical telescopes
* detect the emission from cool clouds of hydrogen in the space between the stars.
* discover and monitor thousands of rapidly spinning neutron stars known as pulsars.
* exist all over the world, and are run by foreign governments.
* finds water is common in universe.
* gather and concentrate the radio waves from an astronomical source.
* have an array of receivers spread over a much larger area than a light telescope.
* have angular resolution problems
* receive radio waves from the sky to study astronomical objects.
* use a large dish to collect radio waves from space
  - electrical filters where the attenuation of a signal varies with frequency
* work by picking up sounds.
+ Radio, Uses of radio
+ Telescope
  * Infrared telescopes look like normal telescopes, but have to be kept cold since all warm things give off infrared light. Radio telescopes are like radio antennas, usually shaped like large dishes.

### magnitude | size:

Body size
* Some body size affects reproduction.
* can affect either the probability of speciation or extinction in a group
  - often be a clue toward domesticity
* central trait of organisms, as nearly all traits of organisms scale with it.
* correlates very strongly with brain size.
* has a greater influence on sexual maturity than age
  - major effect on generation time
  - effects
* helps determine the number of eggs they lay.
* is also important in ecological interactions.
* is important in assigning a phylogeny because it is an indication of diet preference
  - determining the outcome of competition and predator-prey interactions
  - larger in colder climates and smaller in warmer climates
  - said to be sexually dimorphic
  - sexually dimorphic with males being significantly larger than females
* is the determinant for sexual maturity
  - most important determinant of blood pressure in children
  - very important for competition and hence growth
* major factor influencing dry matter intake.
* varies among individuals and large parents tend to have large offspring.
* well-known polygenic trait.

### magnitude | size:

Brain size
* Some brain size increases over time.
* is no indication of the amount of intellect.
* tends to vary according to body size.
* varies considerably across species.
+ Morganucodon, Physiology: Theriodonts
  * Brain size is another factor. It is certain that early mammals did have enlarged brains relative to their size. Reconstructions of the brain size has shown this. Apparently, brain size in Mesozoic mammals lay within the lower range of brain size for living mammals. This is an overall increase of four or more times the volume of basal amniote brains.

Circumference
* are boundary lines
  - length
  - the smallest measurement at each location
* closed measurement that follows a body contour.
* is in proportion to vaginal length but can be stretched to a longer size