### collapsed lung:

Pneumothorax
* also can occur when the lung or chest wall is damaged during a medical procedure.
* are abnormalities
  - collapsed lungs
  - diseases
  - illnesses
* condition where air or gas is trapped in the fluid membrane surrounding the lungs.
* is an abnormality
  - rare but can happen with deep placement of the needle and in unskilled hands
  - relatively rare
  - the cause of the patient's presenting clinical manifestations
* medical emergency.
* produces sharp chest pains and severe shortness of breath.
* refers to air accumulation in the chest cavity.
* serious condition that can be caused by any number of factors.

### collapsed lung | pneumothorax:

Closed pneumothorax
* is when air or gas gets in the pleural space without any outside wound.
+ Pneumothorax, Closed pneumothorax
  * Closed pneumothorax is when air or gas gets in the pleural space without any outside wound. This sometimes happens when the lung is already injured somehow, like from diseases such as cancer or cystic fibrosis. The most common cause of closed pneumothorax is called spontaneous pneumothorax. The cause of spontaneous pneumothorax is not known.

Open pneumothorax
* is when air gets into the pleural space from an injury to the chest.
+ Pneumothorax, Open pneumothorax
  * Open pneumothorax is when air gets into the pleural space from an injury to the chest. This can happen with stab wounds, like from a knife. It can also happen after a gunshot injury.

Traumatic pneumothorax
* occurs when a physical injury causes the lung to collapse.
* results from an injury, penetrating or otherwise, to the chest.

Collar
* Some collars ARE effective in minimizing tick infestations.
* Some collars are part of anoraks
  - blouses
  - capes
  - cardigans
  - coats
  - denims
  - diapers
  - garments
  - gowns
  - jackets
  - jerseys
  - jumpers
  - kilts
  - laundries
  - leggings
  - nightdresses
  - raincoats
  - robes
  - scarves
  - shawls
  - shirts
  - sweatshirts
  - underwears
  - cover mouths
* are bands
  - common on trees such as mulberry and sycamore
  - hoops
  - part of necks
  - placed on sheep or goats that are pastured where coyotes are likely to attack
* are popular for cats and kittens, although most are too large for really young kittens
  - ways of managing interest rates on long-term cash deposits
  - restraint
  - soft and can reach as high as the ear lobes
* break hair and cause matting.
* can choke or injure cats, or become lost
  - pose a hazard for pets, since they can get caught or restrict an animal's air passage
* come in two shapes.
* includes sections.
* is formed around animal's neck
  - made of heat-resistant urethane to reduce melting
* made of cardboard, tin cans, or aluminum foil are effective barriers to cutworms.
* rot is sometimes so severe in India as to cause growers to abandon their plantations
  - occurs at the base of the trunk and extends to just below the soil line
  - or infection of the root collar area relatively new disease phenomenon
* serves as liquid seal to help prevent thread corrosion.
* vary in terms of relief and width.

### collar:

Choker
* are collars
  - jewelry
* are located in boutiques
  - jewelry stores
  - kennels
  - prisons
  - necklaces
  - scaled-down chicanes and work singly
* are used for decoration
  - dogs

Flea collar
* are effective for adult fleas
  - unnatural
* work really well around the head and front half of the body.

Radio collar
* are used to study many different species.
* placed on bears transmit signals to an overhead satellite.

Ruff
* are among the largest of all living lemurs
  - fixed in their plumage color and behavior throughout their lives
* breed in wetland meadows and inhabit fields and marshes in winter.
* is birds
  - part of bridges
  - sandpipers
  - turns
* spend the most time in trees and eat the most fruits of all large lemurs.