### substance | particle:

Beta particle
* Some beta particles can penetrate several centimetres of aluminum.
* are a little more penetrating, and gamma rays even more so.
* are electrons capable of travelling at speeds approaching the speed of light
  - emitted from nucleus of atoms at nearly the speed of light
  - that come from the nucleus
  - traveling at very high energies
* are fast-moving electrons ejected from the nuclei of atoms
  - emitted by many radioactive elements
  - high speed electrons formed when neutrons decay
  - high-speed electrons
  - identical to electrons but they come from the nucleus
  - larger and more easily shielded
  - lighter and travel faster than alpha particles
  - more penatrating than alpha particles but less than gamma rays or x-rays
* are more penetrating than alpha particles but less than gamma rays or x-rays
  - penetrating, but they do much less damage than alpha particles
* are much less massive and move faster, but are still electrically charged
  - lighter than alpha particles, and travel much further
  - more penetrating and can pass through a millimeter of lead
  - ordinary electrons and can be positively or negatively charged
  - relatively nonpenetrating, but can produce a skin exposure
  - similar since they also have charge
* are very energetic electrons
  - fast moving electrons
* arise from the decay of a neutron.
* can penetrate the skin a fraction of an inch.
* contain more energy than alpha particles.
* have a limited range in air that is dependent upon their energy
  - mass and charge equal to that of an electron
  - single negative charge and weigh only a small fraction of a neutron or proton
  - less penetrating power, travelling less than two centimeters in soft tissue
  - relatively small mass and are thus relatively fast
  - the same mass and charge as electrons
  - very little mass
* penetrate more than alpha particles but less than gamma rays or x-rays.
* represent a skin hazard if in close proximity.
* travel a few feet and can be stopped by an inch of wood or heavy clothing
  - faster and penetrate further than alpha particles
  - up to a foot and are stopped by a thin sheet of metal

### substance | particle:

Boson
* Every boson has a supersymmetric fermion partner.
* Many bosons can occupy a single quantum state.
* actually induce other bosons to have the same states.
* are elementary particles
  - fundamental particles like the photon
* are particles of force and fermions are particles of matter
  - responsible for all physical forces except gravity
  - with integer spin in h-bar units
  - the particles that transmit the fundamental forces of nature between fermions
* behave differently, and have no exclusion principle.
* can occupy the same state.
* have a mathematical property of an integer spin
  - an integral spin
  - the peculiar tendency of doing the same that other bosons are doing
  - wave functions which are symmetric under the interchange of identical particles
+ Bose-Einstein statistics: Statistics :: Physics :: Quantum mechanics
  * In statistical mechanics, 'Bose-Einstein statistics' means the statistics of a system where you can not tell the difference between any of the particles, and the particles are bosons. Bosons are fundamental particles like the photon.
+ Higgs boson: Elementary particles
  * Peter Higgs was the first person to think of it, and the particle was found in March 2013. It is part of the Standard Model in physics, which means it is found everywhere. It is one of the 17 particles in the Standard Model. The Higgs particle is a boson. Bosons are particles responsible for all physical forces except gravity. Other bosons are the photon, the W and Z bosons, and the gluon. Scientists do not yet know how to combine gravity with the Standard Model.