### person | scientist:

Geologist
* Many geologists apply their knowledge in the search for metals, minerals, and petroleum.
* Many geologists are self-employed as geological consultants or work with consulting firms
  - self-employed, often working as consultants
  - hold the belief that rocks are too weak to support high overpressures
  - search for oil, natural gas, minerals, and underground water
  - specialise in new fields that require knowledge of another science as well
  - spend a large amount of their time in field work
  - travel down to the South Pole to do research in Antarctica
  - work outdoors most of the time
* Most geologists accept the assertion that the early earth had a reducing atmosphere
  - agree that tsunami-causing landslides tend to start on active volcanoes
  - apply geologic principles
  - consider themselves specialists in one or more types of geological work
* Most geologists create geologic maps
  - develop senses
  - divide their time among field and laboratory work, data analysis, and office duties
  - do jobs
  - make measurements
* Most geologists study earthquakes
  - things that happened thousands of years ago
* Most geologists work in areas
  - on land
  - or supervise exploration work at a variety of sites
* Most geologists work with companies
  - oil companies
* Some geologists administer and manage research and exploration programmes
  - research, exploration, and environmental programs
  - also teach at universities
  - argue that the Arabian plate is being subducted beneath the Eurasian plate
* Some geologists begin careers
  - oil industry careers
* Some geologists believe Alaska contains as much coal as the rest of the United States combined
  - that continents grow in size primarily by the addition of exotic terrains
  - determine landscapes
  - divide their time between field work and lab or office work
  - focus on permeability
  - have minerals
  - identify minerals
  - say the moraines are composed of the debris that washed off the glacier
  - spend the majority of their time in an office
  - theorize that the force of the moon on the earth causes the cracks
  - work in trenches
* already know that water once existed on Mars.
* also are concerned with matters of safety
  - determine sources of groundwater and possible contamination effects
* also examine chemical and physical properties of specimens in the laboratory
  - events such as asteroid impacts, mass extinctions, and ice ages
  - have an elaborate system of classification for rocks and minerals
  - obtain data through stratigraphy, boreholes , core samples , and ice cores
  - search for natural resources such as coal and water
* also study Earth's long history including the history of life
  - the history of the Earth
  - unlithified material, which typically comes from more recent deposits
* also use methods to determine the absolute age of rock samples and geological events
  - several other properties in studying rocks
  - the principals of biology to study paleontology
  - topographic maps as base maps for plotting data or localities they have visited
* analyze earth samples.
* are 'earth detectives'
  - able to detect submarine movement of magma and seabed materials
  - also concerned with solving the many problems of our physical environment
* are also interested in the history of and possible life on other planets
  - of the Earth and other terrestrial planets
  - as diverse as any other group of people
  - curious about the earth
  - familiar with the idea that dams store sediment and cause changes in river channels
  - people who have a special knack for working such puzzles
  - responsible for locating and assessing coal deposits
* are scientists who specialize in the study of earth sciences and rocks and minerals
  - study rocks to learn more about our Earth
* are scientists who study the Earth's crust, rocks, and formations
  - uniquely able to help the general population to understand the environment
  - workers
* assess contamination problems
* associate potholes with large volumes of very turbulent water.
* attempt to explain how the earth was formed and how it changes.
* attribute the crystal growth to the percolation of groundwater in the geologic past.
* believe it was formed by the rise in sea levels at the end of the last ice age.
* believe that Earth's layers separated because of their different densities
  - Iceland formed because of an unusual geological coincidence
  - the Twin Mountains once formed one range
* break time down into geologic time units called eras.
* build complex models of salt deposits.
* call basalt rock cooled in water, pillow basalts.
* call the light minerals felsic and the dark ones mafic
  - liquid rock magma
  - rocks and soil above the water table the unsaturated zone
  - way obsidian breaks a conchoidal fracture
* can also help identify the components of clay used in making pottery
  - measure the tilting of the ground above the magma chamber
  - model and predict the severity of quakes
  - describe past changes in sea level by studying the marks ocean waves left on rocks
  - even tell which way the current once flowed by the shape of the ripples in the rock
  - gain new insight into the history of the earth by studying cave rocks and minerals
  - measure an earthquake on various scales of intensity and magnitude
  - photograph rock samples
  - tell the age of a fossil through a variety of radiometric dating techniques
* categorize faults according to the direction of the fault slip.
* characterize streams as youthful, mature, and old.
* cite several other processes by which arsenic can be released into ground water.
* classify rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.
* comb the Arctic and Antarctica for fossils and rocks.
* commonly describe traps on the basis of their origin.
* consider banded iron formations to be the first indications of free oxygen in the oceans.
* counter that our oceans, our atmosphere and our climate all ultimately come from rocks.
* describe Florida as a state built on what amounts to floating Swiss cheese
  - scenic stone as oxidation fronts in rhyolite rock
* determine the nature and extent of contaminants on a site
  - relative age of a surface by counting the number of impact craters
* develop intuitive senses
  - surface and subsurface maps to locate oil and gas resources
* distinguish between two type of ages for a geologic feature.
* divide the Earth's history into sections called eras
  - surface and the interior of Earth into layers
  - their time between fieldwork and office or laboratory work
* do it eruptively, with glow, and always smoke afterwards
* eat meals.
* examine cores
  - diamond drill cores
  - distribution
* explain HOW the earth's surface behaves as it does.
* explore caves for the purpose of learning about the formation of rocks
  - for energy, mineral and water resources
* find absolute ages by measuring the amounts of certain radioactive elements in the rock
* frequently dig to get at the rocks.
* have a major role to play in understanding how aquatic ecosystems function
  - process much like meteorologists
  - concepts
* includes arms
  - body substances
  - cell membranes
  - cells
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - heads
  - human bodies
  - legs
  - material bodies
  - necks
  - nuclei
  - personality
  - plasma membranes
  - vacuoles
* insist that receding glaciers cut the lakes from calcium-rich seabeds.
* interpret old, complex, and corrupted evidence.
* investigate the materials, processes, products and history of the Earth.
* know all about rocks
  - great ice sheets once covered large portions of the continents
  - how to distinguish different types of rocks
  - that sediments are deposited in horizontal beds
  - they formed under water because of structures found in the rocks
* learn about oil and mineral formation by close study of the crystals that form rocks.
* locate faults and determine which are active and inactive.
* look for places where they can most easily and accurately interpret the earth's history.
* love rocks Which can be used as clocks When using radiocarbon dating
  - to look at and study volcanoes
* make a real difference in the world
  - maps of different types of rocks and where they are found
* measure and record activity on the volcano
  - the ratio of the mass of a mineral to a mass of an equal volume of water
* now think the Earth is about four and a half billion years old.
* occupy managerial positions, sales positions, and technical positions.
* often refer to a flat elevated region as a table
  - say that ages that are too old are due to excess argon
  - subdivide formations into smaller units called members or beds
* perform land surveys to look for anticlime layers, which appear as folds in rock.
* play a very important role in understanding the past.
* pour acids on rocks to test for certain compounds.
* recognize many different environements.
* record their data by making maps.
* refer to a gem in the rough simply as a stone
  - it as coralgal sand because most of the grains are coral and algal fragments
  - specific intervals of time in Earth history using the geological time scale
* regard a landscape as the product of processes operating across time and space.
* rely on ideas
  - similar narratives to understand and interpret the earth
  - the fossilized carapaces of ostracods to date sediments
* say that each layer of sediment was laid down one year at a time
  - the sands are stained by decaying vegetable matter as it seeps through
  - water flowing just one foot per second can move gravel
* say the state is the last portion of the nation's land mass to emerge from the ocean
  - water enters the aquifer soils more slowly than the surface soils
* see groundwater as a major force in geological change
* seek an understanding of the nature and speed of the processes involved.
* serve as consultants.
* set up camps.
* speculate that drumlins formed by processes related to glacial ice motion.
* spend much time writing reports.
* still have a lot to discover about the Earth's deep interior.
* study chemistry and physics as an essential part of their education
  - different parts of the Earth
  - mud volcanoes because many believe they point to oil and natural gas deposits
* study rocks, soil, fossils, mountains, and earthquakes
  - the very image of immobility and stasis
  - the Earth to A. locate energy and mineral resources
* study the composition, processes, and history of the Earth
  - structure, and history of the earth's crust
* study the earth and it's history
  - the materials of which it is composed
  - formation, history, structure, and physical composition of the earth
  - layers of rock of the earth's crust
* study the materials, processes, and history of the Earth
  - products, physical nature, and history of the Earth
  - microscopic world of rocks in order to better understand the earth's history
  - physical aspects and history of the Earth
  - present surface of the Earth
* study the structure, composition, and history of the Earth's crust
* sudy the formation, history, structure, and physical compostion of the earth.
* tell of a period in earth's history when something extraordinary took place.
* tend to enjoy hiking, camping and canoeing since they work in the environment.
* think hot fluids carried the mercury and oil from deep underground
  - that standing bodies of water partly filled the canyons in past times
  - the hot spots are stationary and the tectonic plates are mobile
* thus utilize erratics to determine ice-flow directions.
* trace past ice sheets.
* track the history of continental motion by measuring the magnetism of ancient rocks.
* use a range of evidence to establish whether a star is faint enough to be a brown dwarf
  - series of instruments to locate underground fossil fuel deposits
  - variety of mathematical and scientific concepts and techniques
  - data from the Earth itself to reconstruct past arrangements of land masses
* use fossils as time markers in the geologic record
  - to determine the age of the rock layer that it was found in
  - fulgurites as a time signature of paleo-environments
  - instruments to measure the earth's gravity and magnetic field
  - many methods to find geothermal resources
  - marker beds to help identify which sedimentary layers they are looking at
  - mathematical models to find oil and study earthquakes
  - moraines to map ice margin positions through time
  - radioactive age dating methods to determine the ages of rocks
  - satellites to prospect for minerals or oil
  - seismographs to record the surface and body waves
* use the age of rocks to determine the sequence of events in a planet's history
  - evolutionary sequence of fossils because it works
  - fossilized shells to determine the ages of rocks and sediments
  - physical properties of a mineral to identify it in the field
  - symbols shown above to classify rocks on a map according to their ages
* use the term gneiss
  - right-lateral to describe the direction the fault moves
  - stream to refer to the smallest creek or the largest river
  - word sediment when they talk about fragments of rock
* work in a diverse range of occupations
  - business, government, private practice, and in teaching and research
  - the private sector as consultants or are involved in exploration and survey
  - on every continent and in every ocean
  - to understand the history of our planet
+ Caving, Modern caving: Hobbies :: Caves
  * Caving today has become a hobby for many different reasons. Some cavers are interested in conservation. Geologists explore caves for the purpose of learning about the formation of rocks. But, for most of the rest, the purpose of caving is just to have fun.
+ Geology
  * Geology' is the study of the nonliving things that the Earth is made of. Geology is the study of rocks in the Earth's crust. People who study geology are called 'geologists'. Geologists also study the history of the Earth.