### science:

Surgery
* Most surgery affects people
  - involves the placement of screws, plates, wires or rods
* Some surgeries require blood transfusions.
  * can also be very complicated, like surgery to remove a cancerous tumor.
* Surgeries are a major cause of adhesions and scarring.
* allows exposure of blood to tissue factor.
* alone is the standard treatment for esophageal cancer.
* can also help fluid escape from the eye and thereby reduce the pressure
  - reduce discomfort or symptoms, for example by removing an obstruction
  - be effective in improving a person's functional ability
  - cause bleeding, infection, and allergic reaction to anesthesia
* can cure endometriosis
  - most women with stress incontinence
* can help certain kinds of blindness, deafness, and deformities
  - in the treatment of amblyopia by allowing the eyes to work together better
  - men with inadequate blood supply to the penis
  - some people lose weight and keep it off
  - include removal of a tiny part of the brain
  - play a very important role in the treatment of chronic spasticity
* can remove a tumor but it is the body that heals
  - painful or disfiguring tumors
  - the endometrial tissue outside of the uterus
  - save lives but carries risk
* can sometimes cure epilepsy
  - involve reshaping the bone around the tooth or removing a portion of the bone
* carries a risk of bleeding, infection, and even death
  - and reactions to the medicines used for anesthesia
  - and reactions to the pain medicines used
  - infections, allergic reactions to anesthesia , and even death
  - incontinence and impotence
  - the risks of bleeding, infection and allergic reactions to pain medications
* causes problems.
* common form of treatment for colorectal cancer.
* common treatment for cancer of the bladder
  - lip and oral cavity
  - prostate
  - extrahepatic bile duct cancer
  - malignant mesothelioma
  - most stages of testicular cancer
  - osteosarcoma
  - rhabdomyosarcoma
  - soft tissue sarcomas
  - the early stages of prostate cancer
* common treatment of a majority of urologic cancers including prostate cancer
  - all stages of cancer of the stomach
* common treatment of cancer of the bladder
  - hypopharynx
  - larynx
  - oropharynx
  - metastatic neck cancer
  - renal cell cancer
  - way to diagnose and treat anal cancer
* consists of removal of uroliths from the urinary tract.
* does have risks, such as bleeding, infection or impotence.
* form of uprooting when other less invasive interventions have been ineffective.
* has incisions.
* human activity that employs the use of visual and manual investigations.
* improves situations.
* includes all forms of invasive surgical intervention.
* involves cutting a chain of nerves that line the ribs on both sides of body
  - excision of the lesion after angiography and embolization
  - incisions to enable the removal of excess breast tissue
  - opening the eye under sterile conditions in an operating room
  - removal of the head of the pancreas, or the total removal of the pancreas
  - replacing the abnormal part of the aorta with an artificial graft
* involves the removal of the entire colon, including the rectum
  - testicle that is diseased
* involves the removal of the tumor and possibly part of the liver where the tumor is located
  - and some of the surrounding normal tissues
  - whole of the affected lung and the membranes surrounding it
* is also an option for some animals with arthritis, particularly younger animals
  - important in patients with growing tumors
  - valuable as a preventive measure in controlling cancer
* is considered ONLY when conservative treatments fail to relieve pain
  - particularly when a patient has an artificial heart valve
  - the only useful treatment for liver cancer
  - curative with minimal mortality
  - currently the only possible cure for lung cancer
  - generally advisable when physicians can safely remove the cancer from the body
  - important in both the diagnosis and the treatment of cancer
  - medical science
  - of prime importance in the treatment of mycetomas, regardless of the causative agent
  - often successful in treating endometriosis
* is often the first and best treatment for cancer
  - line of defense in dealing with cancer, even in more advanced disease
  - primary way to treat a solitary form of cancer
* is one form of treatment if the ligament is completely torn
  - method of staging breast cancer
  - treatment for visual pathway glioma
  - presently the most common treatment for breast cancer
  - some times used to repair dam aged reproductive organs
  - sometimes necessary to assist animals through medical difficulties
  - the current standard therapy for early stage lung cancer
* is the only cure for an aortic aneurysm
  - ulcerative colitis
  - currently known curative therapeutic modality
  - effective form of treatment for pancreas cancer
  - method to physically widen the spinal canal
* is the only treatment for colorectal cancer with potential for cure
* is the only way an ophthalmologist can remove a cataract
  - melanoma can be cured
  - that some children can ever start to be helped
* is the only way to correct vision loss from cataracts
  - cure liver cancer
  - remove a cataract and restore clear vision
  - repair an inguinal hernia
* is the only way to treat cataracts
  - fibroids that are causing problems
  - rule for all others who are able to tolerate
* is the treatment for acute subdural hematoma
  - most women diagnosed with ovarian cancer
* is the treatment of choice for horses with severe bleeding
  - most primary malignant cardiac tumors
  - removal of the cyst and reconstruction of the inguinal canal
  - tumors that enlarge rapidly and threaten vision
* is the treatment of choice in dogs whose ruptured disc causes paralysis
  - the rare cases in which cure possibility
  - to remove the pheochromocytoma
  - when the tumor is large and the symptoms are significant
  - disease or injury in whole or in part by manual operative procedures
  - usually curative, but prognosis does depend on cellular morphology
* is usually the first step in treating most brain tumors
  - initial treatment for ovarian cancer
  - treatment given for ovarian cancer
  - yet another method of decompressing the eye socket and realigning eye muscles
* known as uvulopalatopharyngoplasty removes soft tissue on the back of the throat and palate.
* last resort in cases of recurrent sinus infections.
* late stage treatment in rare cases.
* leads to outcomes.
* major insult on the human body regardless of the anesthesia provided.
* multi-million dollar industry per day.
* often cures procidentia
  - includes removal of cancer that has spread to the lungs
  - involves cutting away disc tissue or removing bone to make room for the nerve
  - results in incontinence and impotence
* part of the osteopathic system, just as it is of all systems of medicine.
* places tremendous stress on the body that causes significant immune system depression.
* plays a key role in the management of neuroblastoma
  - treatment of breast cancer either alone or with other therapies
  - vital role in the diagnosis and treatment of many cancers
* rare measure used in the management of ankylosing spondylitis.
* reduces a person's strength, motion, and endurance
  - risk of breast cancer
* refers to the removal of cancerous tissue.
* remains an important step when the uterus has an abnormal shape
  - the only curative therapy for stomach cancer
* requires expertise
  - removals
  - specialize expertise
* saves life.
* sudden shock to the individual follicles.
* takes long time
* tends to drain the body
  - lend itself to hospital work and sleep only
* uses invasive procedures
* very important part of the therapy for differentiated thyroid carcinoma
  - treatment and is used to remove the tumour in the bone
* well-established approach to treating epilepsy.
* works to help one control obesity, but can cause harm.