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Gene
* All genes also have specific stretches of DNA that regulate expression of that gene.
* All genes are codes tellling the body how to make important chemicals called proteins
  - essential for cell viability and encode proteins that form a complex in vivo
  - present in cells but some are turned off
  - assort independently
  - eventually coalesce into a single common ancestor
  - have the potential to come in lots of mutant flavors - lots of alleles
  - interact
  - mutate over time, which can be beneficial, harmful or meaningless
  - possess regions that code for a product such as an enzyme
  - show evidence of movement, each gene moving in a distinct pattern
  - work in the context of environment and behavior
* Any gene can mutate at any time
  - consisting only of viruses dies
  - encoding a protein that influences alcohol action becomes a candidate gene for alcoholism
* Be able to define what a gene is.
* Every gene comes in pairs, one inherited from each parent
  - has multiple alleles
* Every gene is encoded to express, or produce, a protein
  - responsible for producing a particular type of protein
  - produces a unique protein that serves a specific function in a cell
  - remains under the control of the organism s intricately balanced regulatory system
* Many genes acting together can produce the obese state or be a major factor in the production of it
  - affect the trait as a variety of environmental influences
  - apparently control the inheritance of the white-red color complex
* Many genes are activated and inactivated resulting in a specialized blood cell
  - active in only certain cells, and for only certain periods of time
  - redundant, since knocking out some genes result in no obvious phenotype
  - very similar from the lowest to the highest eukaryotic animals
  - belong to multigene families
  - can influence a complex trait
* Many genes come in a number of variant forms, known as alleles
  - different versions, called alleles
  - control resin production
  - exist as several alternative alleles
* Many genes have a single transcript, but some have several different transcripts
  - more than one effect
* Many genes have more than two alleles, which mean more than two alternative forms of the same genes
  - multiple alleles that exist within a population
  - several variant forms, which are called alleles
  - identified so far have no known function and appear unique to humans
* Many genes influence an animal's performance
  - silencing in yeast
  - the actions of other, seemingly unrelated genes
  - interact with each other and with other biological and environmental factors
  - potentially involved in renal carcinogenesis still remain unknown
  - put together are called an allele
  - show sequence conservation during evolution
* More genes assort independently than there are chromosomes.
* Most genes are actually identifiable within families
  - encoded on the same DNA strand and the standard genetic code is used
  - evolved from ancestors
  - located in ducks
  - pleiotropic
  - can do little until spurred on by other substances
  - carry information which is necessary to synthesize a protein
  - come from animals
  - comes in families which share structural similarities
* Most genes consist of regulatory and coding sequences
  - several thousand base pairs
  - depend to some degree upon their environment for their expression
* Most genes encode information for the synthesis of a protein b
  - the instructions for producing a protein
  - exist in different versions or alleles
* Most genes have a number of synonyms
  - very low rate of mutation
  - more than one allele, but any individual willhave no more than two
  - occupy a specific place on a certain chromosome
* Most genes occur as alleles, which give rise to differences in phenotype
* Some genes act like punctuation in a sentence to mark the beginning and end of a sequence.
* Some genes affect behavior by even more indirect routes
  - both
  - more than one feature in the phenotype
  - alter the extracellular environment
  - are dominant and others are recessive
* Some genes are dominant, and some are recessive
  - while others are recessive
  - incompletely penetrant
* Some genes are located in animals
  - cats
  - jellyfish
  - mammals
  - mice
  - vertebrates
  - worms
  - on the X chromosome
* Some genes are neither dominant nor recessive and the heterozygote third phenotype
* Some genes are part of autosomes
  - exons
  - introns
  - nuclei
  - subject to a relatively high rate of new mutation
  - too large for a single virus to carry
* Some genes can convert other genes to their own DNA sequence
  - jump around between different places in the chromosomes
* Some genes contain information to specify particular enzymes
  - instructions for controlling when our cells grow, divide into new cells, and die
* Some genes control the body's manufacture of a particular enzyme
  - way cells react to injury, such as damage from stress
  - derive from spiders
  - determine the colour of our eyes, for example, and the shape of our nose
* Some genes have a negative effect on the progress of the cell cycle
  - effect, while others have a positive effect
  - alternate transcripts, which appear stacked on top of each other
  - both regulatory and structural functions
  - control regions on the chromosome
  - lead to disease
* Some genes make mice
  - rabbits
  - only express a given phenotype in certain environmental conditions
  - play a role in early development of the embryo and are then shut down forever
* Some genes produce more than one polypeptide
  - noticeable traits, like hair or eye color
  - require additional termination proteins
  - respond to additional regulatory elements as well as to promoters and enhancers
  - specify traits such as hair color
  - suppress tumor formation
  - turn into pets
  - work in concert with other genes
* act through development to create morphological structures.
* activate or inhibit other genes by binding to their regulatory sequences.
* affect alcohol metabolism as well as pleasure thresholds
  - cultural evolution via psychological predispositions on cultural learning
  - growth, development, and appearance
  - how the body is going to relate to the environment
  - susceptibility and resistance to inflammatory and infectious diseases
  - the traits of offspring
* affecting sweetness are recessive.
* allow the environment to influence the development of phenotypes
  - variety to arise by mutation, and be passed on as distinct traits
* also account for half the variation in the response to physical training
  - can affect our response to foods
  - carry the directions for blood clotting
  - contain the information needed to make a specific protein
  - control the production of other proteins produced by living organisms
* also determine features like eye color, height, and hair color
  - the number of fat cells a person has
  - hold information that causes diseases
  - influence the attraction to caffeine, at least among women
  - interact with the environment to influence an individual's susceptibility to alcohol
* always come in pairs.
* appear on chromosomes which can be conceived as strings of genes.
* are a form of information stored in a molecule called DNA, within the nucleus of the cell
  - major factor in how much an adolescent grows
  - part of the chromosomes that reside in the nucleus of body cells
  - set of instructions for a characteristic
  - able to carry information for the formation of organic chemicals
  - also divided into structural and regulatory types
  - an organism's chemical code book
  - another essential factor, which greatly affect an individual
* are areas on the chromosomes with specific function
  - chromosomeswith specific function
  - arranged linearly along long chains of DNA sequence, called chromosomes
  - basically proteins that tell the body how much to grow in certain areas
  - bits of information encoded on a stretch of DNA of a chromosome
  - blue prints composed of thousands of genetic codes
* are blueprints for making proteins
  - proteins, which are central to all life-processes
  - the construction of proteins
  - both identical in both type and amount in the cells of an organism, and species
  - but one of many crucial components of the process
  - capable of prodigious feats of fecundity and fidelity
  - carried from parents to offspring on chromosomes
  - chemical that can function as individual units
  - chromosomes and are composed of alleles
  - close to immortal
* are codes of heredity stored in the DNA of almost every cell in the body
  - or blueprints used by the body to make essential proteins
  - compact in genomic space
  - completely transportable
* are complex and work together to perform certain biological functions
  - perform certain functions
  - components in a system that organizes the organism to experience the world
* are composed of DNA base pairs, which work through coding for the production of proteins
  - that makes up the chromosomes of cells
  - considered responsible for the development of behavioural characteristics
  - copied each time a cell divides into two new cells
  - destiny
  - difficult to identify because they are hidden amongst only five per cent of the genome
  - discrete units of information that tell cells what to do
  - each of the factors controlling heredity, located on a chromosome
  - either dominant or recessive
  - equally important with respect to the old question of homology
* are essentially chemical recipes for all the parts of the human body
  - switches that are turned on and off by big blocks of tens or hundreds
  - expressed or silenced, depending on famine or fortune
  - found in the form of DNA in chromosomes inside the nucleus of animal cells
* are found on chromosomes
  - long strands of DNA called chromosomes
  - founds on structures in the cells of our body called chromosomes
  - full of half-suppressed mutinies, selfish chromosomes
  - fundamental to describing how chromosomes work
  - highly amenable to regulation
  - immutable
  - in pairs and when one of the pair is defective, the other often makes up for it
* are individual instructions that determine traits like eye and hair color
  - sections of the DNA chain
  - instructions, or blueprints, that tell our bodies to grow and develop
* are just molecules and early embryos are microscopic balls of cells
  - one of a constellation of factors that lead to the development of anxiety
  - largely responsible for the initial wiring up of the brain
  - less obtrusive than diprotodons, but clearly they control it all
* are like a computer code that spells out the program of life for each individual
  - blueprints that direct the development and function of every cell in a person's body
  - lined on the chromosome like beads on a string
  - linked when they are on the same chromosome
  - localized in the chromatin granules that are visible under a light microscope
* are located along the length of each chromosome
* are located on chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell
  - long strands of DNA, organized in cells as chromosomes
  - made from a long molecule called DNA, which is copied and inherited across generations
* are made of DNA , which is divided into separate pieces called chromosomes
  - a chemical called DNA, which is short for 'deoxyribonucleic acid'
* are made up of DNA molecules, which are the building blocks of heredity
  - DNA, which codes for traits
  - markers in cells associated with hereditary traits
  - molecular programs that control all life processes
* are molecules that all living things carry in their cells
  - contain the instructions for cells to work correctly
* are more important in causing some conditions than in others
  - than just simple commands for making single proteins
  - nature's blueprints for every living thing
  - nuts
  - of different sizes
* are on chromosomes, and can come in alternate forms, called alleles
* are only one aspect of genealogy
  - component of a very complex set of factors that determine behavioural traits
  - operational units that occupy physical locations within DNA molecules
  - organic matter
* are our bodies' instructions on how to develop and how to function
  - body s instructions on how to develop and function
  - packaged in bundles called chromosomes
  - packets of DNA that are inherited by children from their parents in distinct chunks
* are part of chromosomes and code for protein production in all animals
  - the chromosomes and coded for on the DNA strands
  - particles that get inherited
* are parts of DNA molecules
  - the chromosome that encode individual protein molecules
* are passed from parent to offspring
  - on from parents to child when the sperm and egg unite during conception
  - vertically from one generation to the next
* are pieces of DNA containing information that instruct cells on how make different proteins
  - that contain the instructions for making a particular protein
  - DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein
  - portions of the DNA molecule that fulfill specific functions
  - powerful influences on physical and mental characteristics
  - present within the cell in packages called chromosomes
  - really bits of code
  - recipes for making proteins
  - regions of DNA that serve some sort of function usually via the proteins they encode
* are regulated at either the transcriptional stage , or later , before translation
  - in eukaryotes through transcription factors and enhancer sequences
  - replicators, individuals are their vehicles
  - represented by small circles in the chromosomes
* are responsible for all the functions mentioned above in the cells
  - hereditary characteristics in plants and animals
  - making all the proteins required by the body
  - the presence of specific enzymes in the cell
  - traits like a person's eye color or a vegetable's taste
* are sections of DNA that act as blueprints or plans for the creation of proteins
  - are passed from generation to generation and perform one function
* are segments of DNA arranged along a chromosome
  - inherited by the offspring from the parent
  - molecules that provide instructions for synthesizing proteins
  - molecules, which contain instructions for specific proteins
* are segments of DNA that carry instructions for traits of organisms from parents to offspring
  - code for proteins
* are segments of DNA that contain information necessary to make proteins
  - information passed down from parents to their children
  - direct the formation of a specific characteristic
  - eventually provide the code for proteins
  - chromosomes found in the nucleus of cells
  - self-replicating molecules
  - selfish, powerful, and pervasive
  - separated by speciation then diverge separately
* are sequences of nucleotides within DNA that code for functional proteins
* are simply chemicals that direct the combination of more chemicals
  - particular stretches of the DNA that constitutes chromosomes
  - small structures found in chromosomes, structures within the nucleus of cells
  - special chemicals that work as sets of blueprints to determine an organism's traits
* are specific lengths of the DNA molecule, the base units of inheritance
  - pieces of information that tell our bodies how to grow, function, and develop
  - sequences of bases that encode instructions on how to make proteins
* are stretches of DNA that encode information about proteins
  - nucleotides that carry the information the cell uses to make proteins
  - structures that are carried on larger structures called chromosomes
  - substances within the fathers sperm and mothers egg
  - the basic physical and functional units of heredity
* are the basic units of heredity and are present in the cells of all organisms
  - in living organisms
  - heredity, and line up on a chromosome like beads on a string
* are the biological plan for the construction of all living things
* are the blueprints for body structure and function
  - every part of an organism
* are the blueprints for the production of proteins
  - proteins that act as the building blocks of the body's tissues
* are the blueprints of life which control every aspect of a cell's behaviour
* are the building blocks of DNA, the blueprint of life
  - the cell that determine what a cell does
  - carriers of human genetic information
* are the chemical blueprint unique to each person
  - blueprints that determine an organism's traits
  - instruction codes that are inside every cell
  - units in the cells of the body
* are the coded instructions for all the functions of cells
  - every function of our cells
  - codes that are passed from one generation to the next
  - determining element
  - elements of the body's cells which are responsible for our physical characteristics
  - functional components of inheritance
* are the functional units of a chromosome
  - fundamental units of heredity
  - genetic information that tells our body what chemicals to make
* are the hereditary units contained in the DNA of every living cell
  - on chromosomes that are passed from one generation to the next
  - individual chemical instructions which tell our bodies how to work or how to develop
  - instruction manual for a cell's function and reproduction
* are the instructions our body uses to run things
  - that give organisms their characteristics
  - to make a given protein
  - which direct the growth and development of all living organisms
  - molecular code of life
  - most important factor in controlling an individuals appearance
  - physical molecular carriers of heredity
  - pieces of DNA that code for a specific protein
  - sequences of DNA on a chromosome that actually direct the body to do something
* are the smallest chemical parts that form segments of chromosomes
  - units of the hereditary material
  - stuff that our lives are made of
  - tools used to build and control living creatures
  - unit of evolution
* are the units of DNA that code for particular traits
  - heredity that are passed down from parent to offspring
  - thought to be large, highly com- plex, protein molecules
  - topological sequences created via stocastic chemical processes
  - transcribed and translated into proteins, a process called gene expression
  - transferred from both of the organisms parents into the organism
* are units of information about heritable traits
  - inheritance found in body cells
  - usually either dominant or recessive
* are very small pieces of DNA when compared to the chromosomes they reside on
  - structures inside almost every cell of the body
* are what determine all characteristics of a being, such as eye color, height,or blood type
  - unite all of humanity
  - without doubt an important factor in determining longevity
* associated with hypoxia seem to have experienced convergent evolution.
* begin to be transcribed.
* build organisms to foster their goals and care nothing for happiness, justice, and peace.
* bunch into cohorts and envolve together in the same way predators and prey evolve together.
* can affect behaviour.
* can also contribute heavily to some mental disorders
  - cross species, creating superweeds
  - differ in mutation rate
  - jump from one chromosome to a completely different one
* can be dominant or recessive
  - social in a sense that they cooperate with other genes, individuals, groups and so on
  - the common factor of the qualities of most human-inherited traits
  - thought of as sets of instructions, there are many genes on a chromosome
  - variable in size
  - cause a slight or strong susceptibility to getting a disease
  - contain information about anything related to an organism
  - exist in more than one form
* can have an influence on a person's moles
  - more than one wild type allele if they are polymorphic
  - several alternate forms called alleles
* can move across species barriers by conjugation
  - between plants causing weeds and spreading to other crops
  - mutate, multiply, rearrange and jump around in response to the environment
  - overlap each other, appear in different reading frames and on different strands
  - play a role in increasing an individual's risk of premature cardiac death
  - react and are self-regulating
  - travel to nearby, related plants on their own
* can, for example, influence each other by means of repressor molecules.
* cantravel to nearby, related plants on their own.
* capture the evolutionary responses of prior populations to selection on behavior.
* carry a mechanism with which to self regulate and self perpetuate
  - chemical information that determines the organism's characteristics
  - encoded information about specific traits
* carry information essential for producing all the proteins required by all organisms
  - for a number of different functions
* carry information for making all the proteins required by all organisms
  - proteins required by organisms
  - which is decoded by the organism to perform a specific function or task
* carry instructions that allow the cells to produce specific proteins such as enzymes
  - guide cell growth
  - our hereditary information
* carry the bits of information which determine the development and function of an individual
  - codes that shape future generations
* carry the information for making proteins
  - required for the body's processes and structure
  - used to produce the proteins required by an organism
  - instructions for a trait
  - necessary informationto cause that single cell to grow into a human being
  - the information of heredity in the structure of their molecules
* cassettes for insertional mutagenesis and alteration of open reading frames.
* causes babies with ambiguous gender.
* certainly play a part and certain chemicals, substances called carcinogens, are also involved.
* change far more speedily than most evolutionary psychologists realize.
* coding for lipases are even present in certain viruses.
* come in different forms called alleles
  - varieties, called alleles
  - versions, or alleles
  - flavors called alleles
  - many varieties and the evolution helps to make it happen
  - matching pairs
* come in pairs, one member of each pair inherited from the sire, the other from the dam
  - with one copy inherited from each parent
  - two copies per individual
  - twos with one gene inherited from the mother and one gene inherited from the father
  - with switches that specify when or where the gene is activated
* commonly interact with the environment before determining phenotype.
* comprise a minuscule fraction of an organism's matter.
* constantly mingle in nature.
* contain instructions for building proteins, which are involved in all sorts of things
  - sites that are much freer to change during evolution than protein sequences are
  - specific information about the body
  - the chemical instructions, or recipe, for each living thing
* contain the hereditary information that is passed down from parent to child
* contain the information necessary to produce organisms and their adaptations
  - of a cell that is inherited by future cells
  - that controls how biological organisms look and act
  - two distinct kinds of information, structural and regulatory
* containing methylated DNA are inactive.
* contribute to body weight
* control all of the traits that any living organism possesses
  - everything and they all interact
  - many divergent disease processes
  - such individual characteristics as eye color, height and size
* control the cell cycle in two very general ways
  - complex chemistry of the body and are passed on from patients to their children
  - finely tuned process by which cells replicate and divide
* controlling the same trait occur in a variety of forms alleles.
* determine aging.
* determine an individual's general appearance and to some extent their behavior
  - organism's growth, size, and other characteristics
  - everything from eye and skin color to vulnerability to illness
* determine how amino acids fold into proteins
  - long cells live
  - responsive people are to the hunger they feel
  - human characteristics such as eye colour, height and even haemoglobin type
  - many aspects of anatomy and physiology by controlling the production of proteins
  - our traits, such as eye color and blood type, and can also cause disease
* determine physical characteristics, such as hair or eye color
  - traits like eye color
  - primary structure , the linear sequence of amino acids
  - such features as the shape of a leaf or the sex, height, and hair color of a child
* determine the characteristics of a cell
  - inherited characters
  - physical and mental characteristics of an individual
  - sequence of amino acids in a protein
  - structure and function of all proteins in the body
  - what traits a creature starts out with
* differ in the order, or sequence, of their base pairs.
* direct our bodies to produce enzymes.
* direct the production of proteins and a faulty gene can produce a dysfunctional protein
  - synthesis of proteins, such as receptors
* do influence personality, as they do intelligence and every other aspect of being human.
* do make a difference
  - proteins that determine ear and brain structure
  - turn on and off in response to experience
* don t do anything by themselves except hold the blueprints for proteins.
* don'tnecessarily control a single trait.
* duplicate, and with subsequent mutations, assume different roles.
* emerge through a process called mutation.
* encode the sequence of amino acids of a particular protein.
* escape Increased use of herbicide when planting herbicide-resistant crops.
* establish the major pathways between parts of the brain.
* evolve according to the rules of population genetics
  - due to natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles
* exist in a number of different forms and can undergo mutation
  - to make proteins, which direct all of the workings of the body
* expressing resistance are normally at a low frequency in a population of nematodes.
* flow almost always decreases with increased geographic distance
  - out of a herd results from cow culling
* flows within and between small populations.
* genetic program for generation and exploration of fractals.
* give coded instructions to the cell on how to assemble proteins.
* give instructions on how amino acids link together to form proteins
  - to the cells of the body to perform certain functions
* have a built-in capacity for variation
  - different forms which are known as alleles
  - functions - usually ones that enhance survival
  - kids
  - many different functions
  - mobility
  - the power to direct the production of specific proteins
  - their hands in bunion formation
  - to be inserted into a cell's nucleus
  - two main parts
* heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic.
* implicated in cell elongation are circadian-regulated.
* imprinting explains the transmission of the childhood form primarily through the father.
* instruct our bodies to make proteins - which determines the shape and function of each cell.
* interact rather than simply expressing the sum total of their effects.
* involved in development are of particular interest
  - dorsal closure include rho , hemipterous and basket
  - pollen development and function are of particular intrest
* involved in the interaction between host and pathogen are candidates for vaccines
  - regulation of tissue remodeling are therefore candidate genes
* is shown to block the spread of prostate cancer in mice.
* is the master of using dyes to touch up, tone down, or even change a color in a transparency
  - process of isolating and making copies of a gene
  - word use to describe a small part of the master molecule of the cell, the DNA
  - through decreased expression of hepatocyte nuclear factors
* just increase the probability of certain behaviors.
* lie in sequence on the chromosome which indicates side by side duplication
  - within cells on tiny, threadlike structures called chromosomes
* line up along the length of human DNA, neatly packaged in structures called chromosomes.
* live on chromosomes, chromosomes live in cells.
* located on different chromosomes assort independently during meiosis
* make an individual unique
  - proteins and control enzymes
  - proteins, but proteins work only when patterned on a good DNA template
  - up only a subset of all the DNA in a cell
* manipulate external objects
  - the world and shape it to assist their replication
* merely hold the code to make proteins.
* mutate as the body ages, causing cells to malfunction and deteriorate
  - faster in whales than in humans or bats
* mutate, at a low rate, equally stable alternative forms, known as alleles.
* mysteriously multiply and differentiate.
* naturally combine into random patterns
  - jump between species all the time
* nature photographer specializing in Macro-Photography of plants and insects.
* normally come in pairs.
* occupy a specific place on a chromosome.
* occur in pairs along chromosomes
  - on chromosomes inside the nucleus of a cell
* occur in pairs, one contributed by our mother and one by our father
  - gene comes from the mother, the other comes from the father
  - strands of genetic material within the cell called chromosomes
* occurs when people move into or out of a population.
* often have alternative forms of expression, called alleles
  - work together when plants develop tolerance for environmental stresses
* operate by determining the kinds of proteins that are made by cells.
* perform two functions.
* perpetuate themselves and exert their action through the proteins they encode.
* placed in or near the heterochromatin tend to be inactive or silent much of the time.
* play a role in all cancers
  - determining a woman's risk of ovarian cancer
  - role, too, making some people more likely to become addicted
  - an important role in bone aging
* play some role in the development of some traits
  - role, but the magnitude of that role remains to be ascertained
* plays role in breast, prostate disease.
* pool- The total collection of different alleles in an interbreeding population.
* predispose fur to change color, changing environment provides the cues.
* produce proteins that control an individual's development and health
  - help the cells work properly
* provide instructions for making proteins in the body
  - specific traits or characteristics such as hair color or blood type
  - living organisms with a kind of blueprint for inherited traits
* provide the basic coding information used by the body to make proteins
  - heritable variation required by the evolutionary process
  - information for the primary structure of proteins
* provide the instructions for cells to build the proteins that make life possible
  - making specific proteins
* refers to the genetic information or the DNA sequence at that position.
* regulate all of the functions a cell needs in order to survive.
* replicate themselves, but only with the aid of highly complicated molecular machinery.
* represent the segments of DNA that provide the chemical code for producing proteins.
* reproduce themselves exactly at each cell division.
* reside on chromosomes - a chromosome string of genes, much like a string of beads
  - within long strands of DNA which in turn make up the chromosomes
* retain their identity as they pass from one generation to the next.
* seek to reproduce themselves through having offspring.
* segregate normally into gametes.
* serve as a script that directs the body to make proteins
  - patterns for making enzymes and other proteins
* set of instructions for an inherited trait.
* shape the structure of the nervous system.
* silencing also seems to help protect genomes from foreign invaders.
* sometimes change to alternative forms.
* specify individual traits
* spread very slowly.
* tell cells how to make proteins, which are crucial for each cell's structure and functioning
  - in the body what to do
  - what proteins to produce, and proteins are the basis of all biological processes
  - specific cells when to be gin growing and how many cells to make
* tell the cell how to live, grow and divide
  - cells how to work together to form a whole animal or plant
* tend to work in groups in an organised but barely understood way.
* travel in gropes from parent to child and affect many different traits at once.
* turn on and off to control our growth, body chemistry and even the color of our hair and eyes.
* typically have a sequence several hundred to several thousand nucleotides long.
* ultimately code for proteins.
* usually come in pairs one inherited from each parent
  - with one inherited from each parent
  - pairs, and they determine everything about our bodies
  - palrs one lnherited from each parent
  - exist in two copies - one inherited from the mother and one inherited from the father
* vary in length and sequence according to the protein they code for
  - size, depending on the size of the protein
* work by coding for a specific protein which are almost always enzymes
  - to determine the course of development in the growing human embryo
+ Gene knockout: Genetic engineering :: Molecular biology
  * Gene knock-in' is the opposite term. There a gene is switched on, or a working gene inserted.
+ Genetic linkage: Classical genetics
  * Genes are linked when they are on the same chromosome. They then tend to stay together during meiosis. Alleles for genes on different chromosomes are usually not linked, due to independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis. A dictionary of genetics', 7th ed.
+ Lipase: Enzymes
  * Lipases are essential for the digestion, transport and processing of lipids in the diet. Genes coding for lipases are even present in certain viruses.