### body part | tissue:

Bone
* All bone has a central marrow cavity
  - is removed by volumsegmentation
* All bones are in their natural forms
  - formed via intramembranous ossification are flat bones
  - start as cartilages
* Many bones are also hollow
  - formed from the cells of connective tissue called cartilage
  - fused or reduced in size
  - have ridges and protuberances which provide an area for muscle attachment
* More bone can hold more nutrients.
* Most bone is lost in the first three to six years after menopause
  - bones absorb minerals
* Most bones are connected by cartilages
  - dirty from earth, blood and other things
  - begin as cartilage that is gradually replaced by bone
  - connect muscles
* Most bones consist of layers
* Most bones contain both types
  - calcium
  - red marrow
  - yellow marrow, which is made up of blood vessels, nerve cells, and fat cells
  - cover with skin
  - harden completely after they have stopped growing
* Most bones have a central cavity filled with marrow
  - characteristics
  - different shapes
  - edges
  - physical characteristics
  - sharp edges
  - structures
* Most bones make up of vertebrae
  - skulls
* Most bones protect brains
  - provide protection
* Most bones serve functions
  - similar functions
* Most bones support large muscles
  - palms
  - take several weeks or months to heal
* Some bones absorb radiation.
* Some bones are covered by layers
  - incorporated into skulls
* Some bones are located in horses
  - mammals
* Some bones become digestion
  - fractures
  - organs
  - break more frequently than others
* Some bones come from chimpanzees
  - porpoises
  - toilet pits and appear to have been chewed up before being swallowed
  - consist of vertebrae
* Some bones cover dorsal surfaces
  - expose to air
  - facilitate ingestion
  - feature thick walls
* Some bones fill cavities
  - narrow cavities
* Some bones form inner layers
  - lower jaws
  - upper jaws
  - grow cartilages
* Some bones have a chiefly protective function
  - jelly-like centre or marrow , where new blood cells are made
  - tendency to fracture easily because they are weak from disease or osteoporosis
  - air cavities
  - canals
  - flat spines
  - gravity
  - grooves
  - hollow interiors
  - marrow cavities
  - protective functions
  - small cavities
  - tunnels
* Some bones make up jaws
  - vertebrates
  - meet and fuse before the baby is born
  - offer protection to softer more fragile parts of body
  - penetrate skin
* Some bones protect blood vessels
  - heads
  - hearts
  - major blood vessels
  - other parts of the body
  - soft tissue
* Some bones provide important nutrients
* Some bones surround bones
  - ear canals
  - teeth
  - more light than muscle, so they show up better
* absorbs the most and the air in the lungs and the intestines absorbs the least.
* act as a reservoir for calcium
  - the levers, while joints perform as living fulcrums
* actively grow and develop until early adulthood.
* adds strength , reduces shrinkage and makes the body translucent.
* also act as levers for our muscles to attach to for movement
  - allow for movement, because they provide a place for the attachment of skeletal muscles
  - block the rays
  - break more easily
  - can shatter into many pieces
  - contain evidence pertaining to nutrition, disease, and trauma
  - grow at their ends, close to the joint
  - have two other important functions, movement and collection of minerals
  - helps regulate blood calcium levels, serving as a calcium sink
  - needs vitamin D, to move calcium from the intestine to the bloodstream and into bone
  - protect the delicate internal organs of the body
  - provides structure through which muscles act to provide movement
* also serve as a reservoir of calcium and many other important ions
  - shields to protect delicate internal organs
* appears white, brain matter appears gray, and cerebral fluid appears black.
* are a universal symbol of death
  - actually hollow on the inside
  - albums
  - alive, they are organs
* are also a vital part of the body's physiology
  - part of the hormonal system
  - the sites of blood-cell formation
  - always in a state of change called remodeling
  - an all-natural gourmet health chew made with real potatoes
  - basically a composit of protein and minerals
  - better fit for weightlifting after puberty Eat foods with a lot of calcium
  - bound together and held in place by fibrous ligaments
  - brittle and break very easily
  - capable of breaks
  - companies
  - composed of only dead or dormant cells.b
* are connected at places called joints
  - constantly changing, they heal after injury and are affected by diet and exercise
  - dangerous, especially soft bones such as fish
* are discrete organs made up of bone tissue, plus a few other things
  - bonetissue, plus a few other things
  - dog treats
  - dynamic organs which store and release calcium continuously
  - dynamic, living tissues
  - encased by a periosteum, a connective tissue sheath
* are flexible and ossification, hardening, progresses
  - during youth, eventually becoming rigid at maturity
* are for dogs
  - shaking
  - good for dogs
  - hard, flesh is soft
  - held together in a number of ways
* are in a weakened state and more susceptible to osteoporosis
  - constant state of change throughout life
  - largely a fibrous matrix of collagen fibres, impregnated with calcium phosphate
* are located in animals
  - arms
  - cows
  - fresh fish
  - human bodies
  - humans
  - japans
  - museums
  - people
  - skeletons
  - tombs
  - long, flat, short or irregularly shaped, and some are thicker than others
* are made mostly of sugars
  - up of special type of dry cells
  - major components of skeletal systems in nearly all vertebrate animals
* are more dense in both men and women with moderate wine consumption
  - than just calcium and protein
  - non-rendering objects that are, compared with boxes, hard to see and select
  - now more a class, or state of objects, as any hierarchy of geometry can be used as bones
  - off-white in color, buffalo horn are black
  - one of the most dynamic tissues in the body
  - percussion instruments
  - permanent once formed, as are sex organs
  - preserved on a wide variety of archaeological sites
  - rigid, but they do bend when outside pressure is applied
  - sensitive to testosterone
  - similar to muscles in that they shrink from inactivity and benefit from exercise
  - soft and malformed due to the slower turnover of bone
  - softer in children and tend to buckle or bend rather than completely break
  - solid and act as ballast while diving
  - store and release calcium all the time
  - straight, sound and flat, and joints are strong and well defined
  - strong and metabolism is high
  - stronger because of exercise, lessening the possibility of osteoporosis
  - strongest when at their peak bone mass
* are the hard parts that anchor the muscles
  - main means of learning about animals
  - primary component of most vertebrate skeletons
  - to produce movement when muscles contract
  - two pairs of flat sticks with curved ends
* are used because bones are normally the only features preserved in the fossil record
  - for support
  - very hard and rigid
  - vulnerable because they are alive and subject to wear and tear
  - weakest when they are twisted
* attach to bones by
  - each other by ligaments
  - muscle by tendons
* become brittle due to the loss of the calcium
  - brittle, light, and easily broken
  - flexible and gradually are molded by forces such as bearing weight
  - flexible, muscles turn into jelly and the blood become almost etheric
  - lighter and more brittle
* become more brittle and more likely to break as they become less dense
  - as calcium is withdrawn
  - porous and more susceptible to breaking
  - much harder after the growth spurt
* become porous and brittle and can result in osteoporosis
  - riddled with cavities and prone to breaking, while joints wear out
  - so brittle that even a minor injury can break a wrist, hip, or spine
  - soft and weak, and typically the legs bow outwards due to the weight of the body
  - thicker and stronger in response to stress
  - thin and brittle
  - weak when the amount being broken down exceeds the amount being rebuilt
* begin to thicken or change shape and joint spaces narrow, causing inflammation and pain.
* begins to pulse and vibrate and actually expand under the influence of touch.
* begins to replace cartilage and the brain and spinal cord are formed by now
* better sound transmitter than muscle or fatty tissue and dampens sound transmission less.
* break easier in tension than in compression
  - easily because they become porous and brittle
  - easily, often from little or no apparent cause
* break when they become thin and weak
  - too thin and too weak
* building occurs over a lifetime.
* built at a young age helps maintain the skeletal structure in older age.
* can absorb more energy when loaded rapidly than it can when loaded slowly
  - add bulk when fat is being burned as a fire
  - become brittle, many times resulting in debilitating fractures
* can become soft and deformed
  - or deformed
  - cause intestinal impactions
  - get more strength when it is put under stress regularly
  - lengthen their lever arms or become thicker even after growth in length has ceased
  - lodge in the dog's throat or stomach and cause fatal punctures
  - lose their mass during long periods of inactivity
  - range in color from white to black, with everything in between
  - repair itself, and can bend
  - shield the meat around it from thorough cooking
  - shift, leading to damaged ligaments or pinched structures within the shoulder joint
  - withstand greater compression than wood
* cause dogs many problems.
* causes higher attenuation than does soft tissue.
* change throughout our lifetime
  - with age
* changes throughout a lifetime.
* come in all shapes and sizes
  - many sizes and shapes
* come together to form joints, most of which are in constant motion
* comes in direct contact with other bone, causing pain and limiting movement in the joint
  - two types, spongy and cortical or tube-like
* composite of proteins such as collagen and minerals such as calcium.
* composting in windrows at a Texas site are very slow to decompose.
* consist of tissue.
* consists of a protein matrix impregnated by minerals and penetrated by blood vessels.
* contain calcium too
  - most of the calcium ion in the human body
* contains also the bone cells and blood vessels
  - both inorganic mineral and organic components
  - more and larger proteoglycans than does cartilage
* continually degenerates and builds up.
* continue to be used as tools
  - change as adults, to adapt to the stresses generated by physical activity
  - grow in thickness by the process of appositional growth
* continues to accumulate to a peak bone density in the early thirties.
* corresponds to that of forelegs.
* cover and protect the organs inside the body
* depend on calcium for strength, but the rest of the body needs calcium too.
* deteriorate, and the incidence of heart disease and cancer rapidly increases.
* develop abnormally, causing skeletal deformities of the chest and other areas
  - the spine and other areas
* develops by one of two mechanisms depending on the underlying scaffold.
* diminish in size and strength with disuse.
* disrupt ultrasound signals and make the picture harder to interpret.
* do heal and regenerate under favorable conditions.
* dynamic living thing that is constantly breaking down and remodeling
  - material
* dynamic tissue constantly remodeled throughout life
  - in constant change
* dynamic tissue that changes continually throughout life
  - is remodeled throughout life
  - requires lifelong high-quality nutrition
* elongate as ossification of cartilage cells occurs at the epiphyseal plates.
* exhibits additional electrical properties which are of interest
  - an astounding ability to regenerate in response to a gradual distractive force
* fail to calcify properly, become weak, to the extent that leg bones become bowed.
* form the animal skeleton, which sup-ports the body and helps allow for movement.
* fracture easily, most before puberty
  - more easily, causing acute pain
* fragments a body can make.
* generally replaces embryonic cartilage and is of two sorts - compact bone and spongy bone.
* get thicker only when they are used
  - thin, they lose calcium and become weak
* go through a constant state of bone loss and regrowth.
* grafting can either be of the non-vascularized or vascularized types.
* grafting is performed to improve the blood supply to the femoral head
  - used for many types of orthopedic procedures that require bone to heal
* grow and incorporate calcium most rapidly then
  - rapidly during teen years
  - strengthen due to exercise and stress
  - at special areas called growth plates
  - by a process in which the cartilage plates at each end calcify, or harden into bone
  - during adolescence, reach a peak bone mass, and gradually dwindle
  - from the ends
  - longer over time but they also get thicker
* grows around the anchor.
* has a structure of hard and compact bones on the outside
  - calcium salts in the matrix, giving it greater strength
  - several reasons for existence in our bodies
  - tiny little channels where the blood vessels and nerves resided
* have a thin, film-like covering called periosteum
  - wide range of uses within our body
  - advantage
  - follow characteristics
  - the characteristic of being slightly narrow in the center, and fat at the ends
  - thin cortices and the bone is osteopenic with a decreased trabecular pattern
* heal much more rapidly than ligaments.
* highly complex tissue.
* holding forceps - Have a very solid bite.
* hollow shell filled with the external coating of an animal.
* includes bone cells
  - cell membranes
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - ground substances
  - mast cells
  - nuclei
  - plasma membranes
  - sections
  - vacuoles
* is active and living tissue that constantly is being remodeled in a three-stage process
  - actually an extremely active tissue
* is alive and always repairing and renewing itself through a process called remodeling
  - alive, it grows, and it remodels
  - also critical in hemopoiesis
  - among the strongest and most resilient of naturally occurring biological materials
* is an active living material which Is continually being remodeled
  - tissue made of a protein framework to which various minerals attach
  - tissue, which remodels and rebuilds continuously
* is an example of a shared vertebrate character
  - epithelial tissue
  - at the left, the epithelium is at the right, and in between is the lamina propria
  - both a tissue and an organ, and the differentiation is made clear in the unit
  - complex, living tissue
* is connective tissue
  - that becomes hard when minerals, primarily calcium, are deposited in it
* is constructed in a similar manner
  - dependent on a constant supply of many nutrients
  - deposited in a negative ion field
  - dynamic tissue that is constantly being removed and replaced with new bone
  - eroded from the internal cortex nearly as quickly as it is deposited periosteally
* is formed by osteoblasts
  - in a unique, highly complex balancing act
  - found only in vertebrates
  - ground up and mixed in, along with vitamins and chelated minerals
  - harder, denser, more porous, and more contained than other tissue in the body
  - highly vascular and bleeds profusely when broken
  - in a dynamic equilibrium, biologically and chemically, with blood
  - indeed a specialized form of connective tissue
  - just one of the common places to which breast cancer prefers to spread
* is laid down around the central canal in concentric rings called lamellae
  - in thin concentric layers called lamellae
  - light and comes naturally equipped with a porous interior yet generally remains very strong
  - lost faster than it can be replaced, as part of the aging process
* is made and broken constantly
  - out of calcium-sodium hydroxy apatite, a mineral that weathers easily
* is made up of calcium and phosphorous crystals, imbedded in a matrix of protein fibers
  - calcium, hooked up with what is known as base, which helps neutralize acid
  - water, minerals, protein, and fat
  - primarily of potassium and calcium
  - moderate in proportion to size
  - more rigid than collagen, just as fiberglass is more rigid than epoxy glue
* is one of the best sources of DNA from decomposed human remains
  - most vascular tissues in the body
  - piezo electric, which in Greek, means pressure produces an electric current
  - produced continually, throughout life, with a gradual decrease in later years
  - removed from the surface of trabeculae in spongy bone by the activity of osteoclasts
  - strong without coarseness, always in proportion to the overall size of the dog
  - stronger under compression than under tension
  - stronger, inch for inch, than the steel in skyscrapers
* is strongest during compression
  - when loaded in compression, then tension, and least under shear stress
  - taken from the bones of the hip or skull, and placed in the area of the cleft in the gum
* is the essential framework to which muscles are attached
  - material with which the orthopaedic surgeon deals
* is the most common site of prostate cancer metastases
  - dense and absorbs the most X-rays, producing a white image on the film
  - rigid, non-elastic supporting tissue
  - significant development after skin
  - substance that forms the skeleton of the body
  - target organ for fluoride
  - to the right, and there are dense bundles of parallel collagen to the left
  - under a constant process of resorption and formation
  - used in many areas of the body to promote bone healing and grafting
  - very light, but also very strong
* just happens to be a harder type of tissue.
* keep on breaking down in minute amounts and are replaced constantly.
* lining cells are essentially inactive osteoblasts.
* live tissue, in a constant process of formation and degradation.
* living changing tissue that responds to stimulation
  - organ comparable to the heart or kidneys
  - tissue and is constantly being renewed
* living tissue that continually remodels itself during life
  - renews itself throughout life
* living tissue that is constantly broken down and reformed
  - undergoing remodeling
  - responds to regular exercise by becoming stronger
  - throughout life is in a constant state of tearing down and building up
  - which reacts to increases in loads and forces by growing stronger
  - with a blood supply
* living, breathing substance that is constantly changing
  - tissue that also has large amounts of minerals that provide strength
* living, growing material
  - tissue made up of water, minerals, protein, and fat
* living, growing tissue that constantly rebuilds
  - is constructed to carry out essential vital functions
* look solid on X-ray, but are actually brittle.
* lose one fifth of their density in the first five years of the menopause.
* lose some of their minerals and become less dense
  - minerals, such as calcium
* maintain a large reserve of calcium and phosphate ions.
* manufacture blood cells and store important minerals.
* marvelous innovation of the vertebrates.
* matrix containing cells and cell-filaments.
* meet at joints and muscles attach to the bones on either side of the joint.
* modeling helps prevent fractures and insure against osteoporosis.
* most affected by osteoporosis are in located in the spine, hips and wrists.
* move into alignment with just a light touch, and it speeds up the healing process
  - segmentally in isolation only when instability exists
* natural composite.
* naturally adheres to the surface oxide of titanium without additional coatings.
* now is tested to see whether it's human and how old.
* passes through a series of colours in accord with temperature.
* physiological material that is changing.
* plays an important role as a structure that supports the body and stores calcium
  - in curing birth and other defects and for back and dental surgery
* progressively lose calcium.
  - vital organs such as brain and lungs
* protection against ene- mies.
* protects eye socket, have petrosally-derived auditory bulla, key derived trait for primates.
* provide a framework for muscles to move
  - system of levers on which muscles act to produce movement
  - an outer shell to protect our internal organs
* provide points of attachment for skeletal muscles, thus allowing for body movement
  - muscles, thusallowing for body movement
  - structure, support, and protection for most of the soft tissues of the body
  - support and protection for body organs
* provides shape and support for the body, as well as protection for some organs.
* regenerate faster in children than they do in adults.
* regenerates into the macroscopic, interconnected porosity of the implant.
* remain the same size, but the compact bone becomes thinner and the spongy bone more porous.
* remarkable, multifunctional organ.
* remodels constantly during life and the Haversian system is evidence of bone remodeling
  - itself to remove worn cells and to maintain the proper amount of calcium in the blood
* require calcium to maintain their strength
  - weight-bearing exercise for normal mineral uptake
* requires a wide variety of nutrients to develop normally and to maintain itself after growth.
* reservoir for calcium and phosphorus and protects the body s vital organs.
* respond to lack of exercise by getting weaker, as muscles do
  - mechanical stress by becoming denser and stronger
* respond to stress by growing thicker
  - making more bone
* respond to the force of muscles at work
  - pressure of muscles and gravity by renewing and repairing themselves
  - weight-bearing activities by depositing more calcium and becoming stronger
* responds to stress by producing more cells and laying down even more bone.
* rub against each other causing pain and stiffness.
* rubbing against bone is painful.
* rubs against bone, causing osteoarthritis.
* sampling is done in special cases to measure a long-term exposure to fluorides.
* savings account.
* say nothing about the fleshy parts of the nose, lips, or ears.
* scan A picture of the bones using a radioactive dye that shows any injury, disease, or healing.
* scare off possums, skunks, and racoons.
* serve as a source of calcium for the entire body
  - storage area for minerals such as calcium and phosphorus
  - levers and joints serve as fulcrums
  - storehouses for minerals and fats
* serves as a vast reservoir of calcium
  - the primary mechanical support for the body
* show the same pitting that signals decompression sickness in humans.
* specialized type of dense connective tissue.
* spurs bony outgrowths on vertebrae can cause pain and stiffness.
* spurs form around the joint as part of the degenerative process
  - at the edges of the bones changing the shape and contributing to stiffness
  - forming on the vertebra can be a normal bodily adaptation
  - often form and inflame surrounds tissues
* start to develop before birth and continue to grow fast during childhood and teenage years.
* starts to replace cartilage.
* still fills most of the area where the roots meet.
* structure that is unique to verts.
* substance unique to vertebrates.
* support all parts of the body and protect the brain and organs of the chest
  - and help move the body
* swell up with dampness and the cold.
* tend to lose calcium when they stop doing work.
* thinning or osteoporosis condition that can be fatal for the elderly.
* tough tissue that contains a protein called collagen.
* turn to stone when mineral-rich water soaks into their pores.
* type of connective tissue.
* unique material
  - mechanosensitive tissue in which mechanical loading results in bone adaptation
* usually get stronger or maintain their strength with the proper diet and exercise.
* very ancient character in vertebrates
  - dynamic tissue, constantly being restructured as older osteons are replaced by new
  - dynamic, living, tissue
* weaken and break easily
* work in conjunction with the muscular system to aid in posture and locomotion
  - with ligaments, tendons, and joints to provide movement of the skeleton
* work with muscles to move, protect, and support sensitive internal organs
  - perform movement
+ Calcium, Occurrence, Calcium storage: Alkaline earth metals
  * Bones contain most of the calcium ion in the human body. If we need more calcium for our blood, muscles, or other tissue, it comes from the bones. If we have extra calcium it goes into bones.