### substance | liquid | spill:

Oil spill
* All oil spills are events catastropic to the environment.
* Many oil spills result in the fatalities of the water and land animals that live in that area.
* account for only about five percent of the oil entering the oceans.
* affect many species of plants and animals in the environment, as well as humans.
* are a common occurrence at oil production fields and during transport
  - large cause of destruction to the many organisms that thrive in the mangroves
  - major issue mainly in Alaska, the Persian Gulf, and the Gulf of Mexico
  - result of human carelessness
* are a serious problem in marine environments
  - threat to water environments
* are also a great danger to penguins
  - large source of pollution in the oceans
  - major reason that killer whales are endangered
  - common during oil explorations and at the oil well drilling sites
  - deadly to loons
  - another major cause of marine pollution
  - disastrous for penguins and other sea birds
* are environmental disasters, especially offshore spills
  - especially dangerous to sea otters
  - harmful to marine birds and mammals as well as fish and shellfish
  - just one of the ways that humans can have a harmful affect on bird populations
* are one form of spectacularly harmful events
  - of the most visible concerns related to oil and gas development along our coasts
  - only the beginning when it comes to marine disasters
  - particularly dangerous to sea turtles
  - products of human mistakes and carelessness
  - some of the most challenging environmental disasters
  - the most visible and immediate sign of oil pollution
  - unavoidable and speak death for many aquatic animals and plants
  - yet another major threat to ocean resources
* can also have devastating effects upon organisms above the surface
  - be lethal for penguins and other sea birds
* can cause problems for wildlife
  - serious damage to fisheries and mariculture resources
  - skin irritations and rashes
* can have long-term effects on killer whale populations
  - serious impacts
  - impact the entire food chain
* can kill plants and animals and soil beaches
  - wildlife and significantly damage tundra ecosystems
  - lead to severe disruption for the tourist industry
* cause short-term damage and marine creature kills.
* continue to occur throughout the world.
* degrade coastal ecosystems, killing wildlife and destroying fisheries.
* do occur in freshwater but are usually more localised.
* happen every single year.
* have a devastating effect on sea otters
  - widespread impact on a host of interconnected species
* have the most visible effects on shorelines, beaches, and various species of wildlife
  - potential to devastate many coastal wildlife populations, including terrapins
* impose as yet unknown costs on the marine ecosystems they pollute.
* kill fish, anphibians, birds, sea mammals, shellfish, and plant life
  - hundreds of thousands of birds a year or more
  - plants and animals by preventing respiration
* occur by bad navigation and weather
  - every day, all over the world
* pose a potentially serious threat to human health and the environment
  - an immediate threat to many types of organisms, particularly birds and mammals
* present a localized threat to otter populations, especially in coastal areas.
* result in both immediate and long term damage to the environment.
* sare harmful to animals and the enviroment.
* take a deadly blow on the fish, shellfish and any other marine life.
* tend to make the news because of the large volume of oil that spills at one time.

Sweet liquid
* Many sweet liquids cause problems, including milk, formula and fruit juice.
* Some sweet liquids are produced by aphids
  - consist of glucose
* are taken more readily than water.

Thick liquid
* are easier to swallow than thin liquids.
* have high viscosity, thin liquids have low viscosity.