### energy:

Radiation
* All radiation causes cancer.
* All radiation is absorbed and converted into internal energy, or heat, as it is commonly known
  - emitted at one frequency, characteristic of the temperature
* Any radiation produced in a catastrophic collision is mainly heat.
* Can Set A simple way to study absorption, emission, and Newton s law of cooling.
* Most radiation affects climates
  - growth
  - materials
  - plant growth
  - becomes gases
* Most radiation breaks bonds
  - molecular bonds
  - carries energy
* Most radiation causes cancer
  - chemical reaction
  - skin cancer
  - tissue damage
  - vibration
* Most radiation comes from atmospheres
  - distant sources
  - consists of rays
* Most radiation depends on intensity
* Most radiation derives from energy sources
  - internal energy sources
  - generates rays
* Most radiation has effects
  - enough energy
  - high energy
  - little effects
  - ranges
  - heats surfaces
* Most radiation is absorbed by earth
  - ozones
  - produced towards the source of the target photons
  - therefore in the visible, peaking at the blue end of the spectrum
* Most radiation leads to biological effects
  - fatigue
* Most radiation passes through atmospheres
  - glass walls
  - such materials
* Most radiation penetrates outer layers
  - skin layers
  - soft tissue
* Most radiation produces sensation
  - visual sensation
  - provides energy
* Most radiation reaches earth surfaces
  - water surfaces
* Most radiation strikes outer atmospheres
  - upper atmospheres
* Much radiation is in the red and infrared region.
* Some radiation absorbs earth.
* Some radiation affects earth
  - human life
  - ozone layers
  - plants
  - spermatogenesises
  - burns skin
  - can go through the human body and other objects
* Some radiation causes fire
  - sunburns
  - wind
* Some radiation comes from light waves
  - machines
  - pressure
  - radiation pressure
  - solar radiation pressure
* Some radiation corresponds to oven temperature
  - creates habitats
  - damages salivary glands
  - depends on properties
  - does reach the Earth's surface, such as visible light, infrared and ultra-violet
* Some radiation enters atmospheres
  - cavities
* Some radiation exhibits high conductivity
  - thermal conductivity
* Some radiation falls on earth
  - generates light
  - harms humans
  - has more energy than others
  - hits earth
* Some radiation increases crops
  - infant mortality
  - induces alteration
* Some radiation involves electromagnetic waves
  - movement
* Some radiation is absorbed and some is bounced back in the form of long-wave radiation
  - by substances
* Some radiation is caused by eruptions
  - secondary radiation
* Some radiation is produced by devices
  - interaction
  - nuclear devices
  - loses energy
* Some radiation passes through crust
* Some radiation produces compounds
  - during fission
  - emissions
  - pulse emissions
  - refers to exchanges
  - requires for gases
* There are several types of radiation therapy.
* accounts for two thirds of the heat loss.
* acquire the direction and momentum, and, as a result, supernova losses half of it's mass.
* actually is set to target breast tissue alone.
* affects all rapidly dividing cells, both normal and abnormal
  - molecules, proteins, and DNA in cells
  - normal cells by preventing growth in bone, soft tissues and muscles
  - people's bodies in a number of ways
  - the skin and cell reproduction
* also causes changes to occur in the vagina
  - oral mucositis and burns the overlying skin
  - comes from other sources, such as color televisions and medical x-rays
  - interferes with the ability of normal cells to divide
  - is used for cancer treatment
  - produces side effects, including impotence, in about half of patients
* alters structures
  - the genetic material in dividing cells
* arises from the resorbed tissues.
* brings the sun's energy to Earth and crops lose heat at night through radiant transfer.
* burns necks.
* can activate some of the elements in most materials by adding neutrons to their nuclei.
* can also cause a variety of long-term problems
  - birth defects and genetic damage
  - dangerous mutations and the development of new strains of pest organisms
  - hair loss, cataracts, nausea, headaches, tiredness and sleepiness
  - neoplasms or nodules
  - skin dermatitis or a burn similar to sunburn
  - come from radioactive materials placed directly into or near the tumor
* can also damage an embryo or foetus while it is developing within the mother's womb
  - the DNA of normal cells found in the vicinity of the cancer being treated
  - ease symptoms of advanced cancer, such as intestinal blockage, bleeding, or pain
  - increase the incidence of cancer and cause defects in unborn children
  - induce aneuploidy through chromosome loss
  - result from a nuclear detonation
  - treat bone pain caused by metastases to bone
  - arise from human activities or it can be from natural sources
* can be odorless
  - of several types
  - the first therapy for prostate cancer, or it can be given following surgery
  - break bonds and misarrange atoms within a device
  - build up over time
* can cause cancer and death but there are benefits, too
  - illness or even death, depending on the dosage and length of exposure
  - impotence, diarrhea, cramps, rectal irritation, and difficulty with urination
  - nucleotide substitutions
  - secondary malignancies
  - serious health problems
  - the skin near the implant to contract, leading to a poor looking result
  - tissue to break down
  - trouble for printed circuit boards and other electronic equipment on satellites
  - various forms of cancer
  - chemically change living cells
  - come in two forms, the first being that of the external beam
  - cure or control cancer by inhibiting the cancer cells from dividing or reproducing
  - destroy saliva glands, as well as blood vessels and bones in the mouth and jaw
  - effectively palliate pain, shortness of breath and other symptoms
  - greatly improve a patient's quality of life
* can induce altered bases and both single and double strand breaks
  - cataracts and cancer, as well as adversely affect many physiological processes
* can kill cancer cells
  - microbes hidden inside meat
  - skin cells and cause burning and itching
  - lead to increased risk for developing other types of cancer
  - overload microcircuits and cause their transistors to shut down-permanently
  - penetrate objects
  - produce a break in a strand by destroying a P-E bond
  - shrink and kill cancer
  - sometimes provide short-term relief of pain
  - take place through any transparent medium
  - then damage bone marrow, causing anemia
  - therefore transport heat from a hotter to a cooler object
  - transmit heat through a vacuum
  - travel through space
* carries a small risk of causing cancer
  - risks similar to surgery in terms of incontinence and impotence
* causes a break in one or both strands of the DNA molecules found inside the cell
  - bone to become less cellular, less vascular and have less oxygen
  - cancer by mutating genetic data, causing tumor cells
  - cell damage, cancer, aging effects, genome damage, etc
  - changes in the genes of the thyroid cells, and increases the chance for nodules
  - damage to DNA double-strands which the nucleus is sometimes able to repair
  - different side effects depending on the area being treated
  - ionizations in the molecules of living cells
  - irritation to the intestinal lining, which causes diarrhea
  - keratoses, sunburn, radiodermatitis, photosensitivites and skin cancers
  - other side effects in children, depending on the child s age
  - several types of mutation
* causes the largest heat loss from uncovered skin, particularly the head, neck, and hands
  - loss of the dissection plane between the tumor and surrounding nerves
  - temperature of materials around a fire to rise
* ceases at once when the root is severed from the bulb.
  - atoms that are in the process of changing
  - atoms, the basic building blocks of matter
  - many sources, some natural and some human-made
  - natural and humanmade sources
* comes from the nucleus of individual atoms
  - sun, atomsphere, soil and water
  - in a range of energies, known as the electromagnetic spectrum
* common means of killing bacteria by inducing mutations
  - treatment for many types of cancer, including breast cancer
* complex process that is expensive to compute exactly.
* cooks healthy cells as well as cancerous cells.
* corresponds to levels.
* curative type of treatment for patients with head and neck cancer.
* cures cancer by killing abnormal cells.
* damages the DNA found in cancer cells
  - in living cells, causing genetic damage and cancer
* destroys cells and can cause genetic mutations.
* destroys the ability of cancer cells to grow and divide
* does affect the skin, and it kills cells.
* dominates the universe.
* dries up salivary flow in patients, leading to rapid tooth decay.
* emits radiation.
* emitted by a charged particle moving in a magnetic field is called synchrotron radiation
  - the cannonballs gives rise to GRBs
  - from the sun can affect the covalent bonds of the greenhouse gas molecules
* fails to keep arteries flowing after angioplasty.
* form of energy
  - kinetic energy
* frequently is used to treat cancer of the tonsil primarily.
* general term that describes energy transmission.
* generates large numbers of radicals along the flight path of the particle or photon
* given off by the isotope kills cancer cells.
* given to the brain is called cranial irradiation
  - to kill cancer cells growing there is called cranial irradiation
* great concern for spacecraft.
* harms fetuses.
* has an effect on tissue and on genetic material
  - applications in a variety of other fields
  - differing characteristics depending upon the wavelength
  - many risks and benefits
* has the potential to kill any cell in the body
  - the tumor cells that are on the edge of the tumor
* helps ophthalmopathy by killing T lymphocytes to reduce inflammation behind the eyes.
* highly effective therapy in many cancers.
* hits the tumor and avoids sensitive tissue like the eyes.
* implies that an object is glowing.
* includes sunburn, microwave, x-ray and welder's flash.
* induces DNA breaks, leading to chromosomal rearrangements.
* interferes with sperm production, but resumes within a matter of months.
* ionizes the air surrounding the electrode and allows charge to leak away
  - atoms in the cylinder and allows current to flow between the electrodes
* is also a hazard for astronauts and for flight crews on high-flying aircraft
  - risk for cancer
* is also an important cooling mechanism
  - factor in the design of a mission
  - dangerous to developing babies
  - one of the ways ovens cook
  - useful in treating benign vascular malformations
* is an electromagnetic wave on the same spectrum as radio-waves and visible light
  - important process in main-sequence stars
  - basically chaotic movement at the atomic level, and it disorders atoms around it
  - broken down into many subsets divided by different wavelengths
  - calculated by the standard multiflux model
  - caused by the specially developed isotope sources and roentgen tubes
  - cumulative and can cause cancer
* is directed through a part and onto film or other detector
  - onto film or other imaging media
  - onto film or other media
  - emitted by Earth across a range of wavelengths, as formalized in Planck's law
* is emitted from atoms that are changing
  - matter in the form of photons
  - only when an electron changes orbits
* is emitted when charged particles are accelerated
  - the electron moves to lower orbit
  - energy emitted as invisible particles, waves, or rays
* is energy in the form of high speed particles or electromagnetic waves
  - high-speed particles or waves
  - waves and particles that are emitted from a source
  - transit in the form of high speed particles and electromagnetic waves
  - resulting from changes in the nuclear structure of atoms
* is energy that com es from a source and travels through some material or through space
  - comes from atoms changing
* is energy that travels and spreads out as it goes
  - in rays or particles
* is especially effective on cells that are rapidly growing
  - which are rapidly growing, such as skin cells
  - everywhere
  - given a little at a time, rather than all at once, to protect healthy body tissues
* is given off by lightbulbs, fires, and anything that has a temperature
  - from the nucleus of unstable isotopes of radioactive substances
* is heat loss to space
  - transfer without any intermediate body
* is heat transferred through electromagnetic energy
  - waves such as thermal infrared energy
* is in all directions
  - every part of our lives
  - invisible and intangible, entering and leaving our bodies without our knowledge
* is known to affect neuronal firing
  - the brain rhythms and children are particularly vulnerable
  - less effective for nonfacial tumors
  - located in space
  - made from electric and magnetic fields
  - measured in several different units
* is measured in units called millirems
  - rads
  - rems and millirems
* is more effective on rapidly dividing cells than normal cells that divide more slowly
  - intense the higher the altitude and the closer to the equator
  - natural processes
  - necessary for all women who undergo a lumpectomy , where just the tumor is removed
  - normally the largest heat transfer mechanism in most heat treating furnaces
* is often highly publicized as a source of cancer development
  - important in non-equilibrium systems
  - the primary, and sometimes the only, treatment required for many types of cancer
* is one of the causes of double-strand break
  - few substances that can kill cancer cells and even shrink tumors
* is one of the most commonly used treatments for advanced cancer
  - significant hazards for human beings during long-term space missions
  - only present when the linear accelerator is on
* is part of everyday life in Illinois
  - our everyday lives
* is produced by the natural decay of radioactive materials
  - when the nucleus of an atom is broken apart
  - proven to cause cancer in high doses
  - rather a weak noxious agent as compared with other natural and man-made hazards
  - related to Newton's law of cooling
  - similar to chemotherapy in that both are designed to attack cells that are dividing
  - simply a concentrated x-ray aimed at a tumor site
  - so far, the only one truly prouen cause of breast cancer
  - startings
  - targeted to the prostate and pelvis and causes the cancer to shrink or even disappear
* is the emission of energy from the surface of a body
  - or propagation of energy in the form of rays, waves or particles
  - energy given off by atoms
  - final form of movement of heat energy
  - main method of energy transport within the sun
  - method by which the sun heats the earth
  - movement of heat by an invisible ray
* is the only direct nuclear effect that lingers after the explosion
  - mechanism by which heat energy can be transferred through empty space
  - method of heat transfer possible through a vacuum
  - way that heat can travel through space
  - perturbation caused by a photon on the field of energy
* is the primary treatment for many kinds of cancer
  - way that heat travels in space
* is the process of losing heat through space
  - transferring energy using photons
  - transmitting energy in the form of waves or particles
  - release of heat as an unseen wave of energy
  - sole mode of heat transfer in a vacuum
* is the third major way in which heat travels
  - mode of cancer therapy
* is the transfer of energy through empty space or transparent materials
  - heat between two objects in the form of electromagnetic energy
* is the transfer of heat by means of electromagnetic radiation
  - means of electromagnetic waves
* is the transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic radiation
  - through space by electromagnetic radiation
  - via the electromagnetic radiation emitted by an object
  - transport of energy by electromagnetic radiation
  - treatment of cancer by x-ray to specific areas
  - use of ionizing radiation in the treatment of malignant tumors
  - way that the sun's warmth reaches Earth
* is used as either adjuvant therapy or primary therapy
  - palliative therapy to relieve pain when kidney cancer has spread to the bone
* is used for broiling, grilling, and toasting
  - inactivation of microorganisms
  - in the majority of cancer patients
  - primarily to treat conditions in which cells are dividing faster than normal
* is used to control the disease, but it is also used in advanced cases to ease pain
  - relieve bone pain
  - remove static electricity from photographic film
  - sterilize medical products such as sutures, surgical gloves and masks
  - try to cure cancer, as well as to treat symptoms
  - utilized to eradicate malignant cells
  - very effective in killing fast growing cells like breast cancer
  - when heat is transferred through electromagnetic waves, such as from the sun
* is, after all, just another form of dissipation of energy
  - in fact, a relatively weak carcinogen and mutagen
* keeps convergence from happening all in one time or place.
* key tool in the treatment of certain kinds of cancer.
* kills algas
  - as much of the good as the bad
* kills cancer by damaging the DNA within the tumor cells
  - cells by interfering with their ability to reproduce
* known cause of cancer, and is cumulative over a lifetime
  - it can cause other adverse effects in the body
  - birth defects, reproductive disorders and disease
* localized treatment, just for the area affected by a tumor.
* means the application of ionizing radiation in industry, medicine and research
  - when something radiates from one location outward - like light from a light bulb
* moves energy.
* natural energy force that has always existed on earth and throughout the cosmos
  - traveling in the the form of waves or particles
  - form of energy that has always existed on earth and throughout the universe
* natural part of our environment
* now flows from the interior, enhancing the ionization and in turn the transparency.
* obeys certain laws of physics.
* occurs by transfer of energy through empty space
  - naturally throughout our environment
  - over an extended energy range
* operates where the gas of the star is transparent, as it is when it is especially hot.
  - the body, producing varying degrees of light and shadow on the screen
  - tissue and causes ionization within the cells of the tissue
* penetrates layers.
  - the body and is wholly or partially absorbed by soft and hard tissue
* poses concern.
* primary cancer-causing carcinogen.
* prime driving force of the atmosphere.
* processes at high energy.
* produces changes in all matter that it passes through
  - most of the cooling, using water as the transport medium
* reduces the bodys ability to fight off illness.
* refers to energetic particles that deposit their energy, often harmful, into tissue.
* released by the Earth's surface is primarily longwave.
* relies on the cell cycle.
* results from decay
  - radioactive decay
* safe and effective form of treatment for patients of all ages.
* seems to cause as much pain as it does relieve.
* special kind of energy carried by waves or a stream of particles.
* strikes atmospheres
  - leaf surfaces
* sure way to stimulate mutations.
* surveying technique often used in conjunction with a plane table.
* takes place through a medium or in a vacuum
  - several different forms, including sound, light and heat
  - the form of high-energy rays and particles
* tends to dislodge electrons from atoms in a process called ionization.
* tool that is used for great benefit to our society.
* transfers heat.
* transports energy
  - the energy to the next, cooler region
* travels as a wave and interacts with a material by absorption and scattering.
* travels in the form of waves that release energy when they are absorbed by an object
  - waves, just like waves in an ocean
* triggers cancer
  - subtle effects
* type of energy.
* used in radiology causes cells in the body to emit an electrical charge.
* uses a high energy beam to kill cancer cells
  - x-rays or high energy rays to kill the cancer cells and shrink tumors
* utilizes high energy rays to kill cancer cells.
* varies according to the principle of the inverse of the square of the distance.
* warms air
  - the earth's surface and generates heat that drives the earth's weather systems
* wave but is carried by packets called photons.
* wears off after a period of time.
* word that has a bad reputation.
* works best against cells that are growing and dividing
  - when it is given in small doses over several sessions
* works by damaging all cells that divide quickly
  - harming rapidly dividing cells
+ Ionizing radiation: Nuclear physics
  * Some radiation can go through the human body and other objects. Usually when people use the term radiation, they are talking specifically about potentially harmful types of ionizing radiation. If something produces this sort of radiation, we can say it is 'radioactive'.
+ Nuclear energy
  * Demonstration of the nuclear fuel cycle.'Nuclear energy' is the energy that holds together the nucleii of atoms. Atoms are the most simple blocks that make up matter. Every atom has in its center a very small nucleus. Normally, nuclear energy is hidden inside the atoms. However, some atoms are radioactive and send off part of their nuclear energy as radiation. Radiation is given off from the nucleus of unstable isotopes of radioactive substances.