### swarm:

Infestation
* Many infestations start during the winter due to large temperature fluctuations of the grain.
* Most infestations are minor because of unfavorable environmental conditions and natural predators
  - occur in the upper regions of a buildings, such as the attics of homes
  - originate in the building where the adults are found
* also have detrimental impacts on wildlife.
* appear from mid-summer to early fall.
* are also usually the result of contaminated seed lots
  - by direct contact with other infested individuals
  - difficult to control because the bulbs are hard to eliminate
* are more common in eastern and southern Kansas
  - late-planted corn
  - low-lying, damp fields with higher organic matter
  - severe when a cold spring follows a mild winter
* are most common in the attic or in window frames and sills
  - spring and fall
  - prevalent in the northeastern part of the state
  - troublesome during cool, moist periods
  - of greatest concern on shade, ornamental, and urban forest trees
* are often an unrecognized cause of poor condition in domestic and wild birds
  - much easier to control if caught early
  - particularly common in trees weakened by drought or lightning strikes
  - stubborn and can be difficult to treat
* are usually greater in sandier soils and occur in irregular shaped areas in fields
  - light in summer and heavy in late winter and early spring
  - most severe in late summer and early fall
* become apparent when the tassels begin to emerge revealing colonies of aphids.
* becomes apparent when die-back of twigs and branches occurs.
* can also spread to adjacent wood as larvae chew their way from one piece to another.
* can be asymptomatic until triggered by stress
  - extremely long-lived due to extensive root and rhizome systems
  - become dense and impede water flow in canals and ditches
  - build to extremely high numbers in a short period of time
  - cause persistent itching and scratching on the scalp
  - descend, often in the rains, in one fell swoop
  - develop quickly
  - go undetected for years
  - occur easily in tropical areas
* can occur in almost any wood though most often it occurs in hardwoods
  - structures regardless of their age
  - reduce yield and return bloom
  - result in significant damage to the foliage, particularly in closely planted stock
* can spread rapidly
  - to the top portions of trees as the season progresses
* develop slowly, but wood can be reinfested year after year.
* generally occur in the southernmost areas of Georgia.
* is common, found worldwide, and affects people of all races and social classes
  - diagnosed by identification of adult lice or eggs on the fur
  - greater among persons with long or dense hair
  - managed by applying insecticides to their hiding places
  - more on plants under inadequate shade
  - the invasion of a host by higher organisms such as parasitic worms
  - usually wind borne during periods of relatively mild, dry weather
* legends derive from and play on people's horror of insects.
* normally begin on the lower branches and spread upward.
* occasionally can be severe enough to temporarily destroy all new growth
  - cause branch death or sparse crown foliage
* occur from early to middle summer
  - on the leaves, usually on the underside
  - where peanuts follow bahia-grass
* occurs via ova ingestion
  - with prolonged contact, often acquired from secual partners
* often begin on the lower branches of trees
  - damage bluegrass or mixtures of bluegrass and tall fescue
  - disappear later in the summer when the snail host dies out
  - form large colonies, displacing desirable vegetation
  - result in reduced grain yield and quality
  - start on dusty edges of fields
* originate only from infested plant materials.
* range from light to heavy.
* reduce vigor and productivity of the tree.
* start off slowly but increase extremely rapidly
  - with a female beetle boring in to a twig, branch or trunk of a host plant
* tend to be most common during cool weather months.
* typically produce hyperkeratosis and alopecia.
* usually are heaviest at new home sites.
* usually begin along the edges of fields and progress into the field
  - at the edges of a field or in sandy streaks where plants are stressed
  - in crawl spaces or other areas where wood is near the ground
  - on a single branch but can quickly expand to cover the entire tree
* usually begin on the lower leaves and progress upward
  - mid-trunk area and then expand up and down the length of the tree
  - develop in the lower part of the canopy first and then progress upward
  - go unnoticed in pine trees because the bags look like pine cones
  - involve only a few individuals
  - result from wood that contained eggs or larvae when placed in the home
  - starts in grasses injured by hail and lodged to the ground
* vary greatly from season to season and from one field to another
  - vineyard to vineyard, from year to year, and within a vineyard