### natural phenomenon | physical phenomenon | electrical phenomenon:

Resistivity
* allows changes in soil layering, including depths to anomalous areas, to be identified.
* can be in the realm of stainless steel.
* increases with air saturation.
* is an electrical phenomenon
  - intrinsic property of the material
  - temperature dependent
* is the measure of a material's effectiveness in resisting current flow
  - property of a material that resists the flow of electrical current
  - reciprocal of conductivity
* measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current.
* method used to identify underlying deposits without excavation.
* refers to the ability of substances to resist current flow.

### natural phenomenon | physical phenomenon | electrical phenomenon | resistivity:

Electrical resistivity
* is also inverse of electrical conductivity
  - the reciprocal of conductivity.
  * ' concept in electrical engineering. It measure of how much an electrical conductor stops the flow of electricity through it. Most metals have a very low electrical resistivity. The SI uses the ohm metre for measuring how much electrical resistivity there is. Electrical resistivity is also inverse of electrical conductivity. This term is more meaningful in case of semiconductors and insulators

Volume resistivity
* is the resistance to leakage current through the body of an insulating material.
* measure of the bulk electrical resistance of a unit cube of a material.

Skin effect
* are the most common effects in people who are sensitive to nickel.
* depends on conductivity of the metal and on frequency of the current.

Force field
* Most force fields contain energy.
* Some force fields use dipole-dipole interactions in place of the simple coulombic terms above.
* flash and sparkle as they take damage until they ultimately fizzle out.

Free energy
* changes the whole structure of economics, and life returns to simplicity.
* is an equalizer
  - available to fuel the cell processes of living things
  - energy available to cause continuing change in the system
  - given off in an exergonic reaction
  - released in spontaneous reactions
* is the energy available from a reaction that can be used for other purposes
  - that can be made available to do work

Fundamental interaction
* are distinct but few, and are described by fields.
* physical phenomenon

### natural phenomenon | physical phenomenon | fundamental interaction:

Electromagnetic interaction
* are interactions between particles mediated by photons.
* is fundamental interaction

Strong force
* Some strong forces cause gases.
* overcome repulsion.

Strong interaction
* cause quarks to combine into hadrons.
* have nothing to do with the absorption of electrons.

Weak force
* acts between weak charges and is responcible for the nuclear decay reactions.
* involve exchanges
  - the attraction of the electrons of one atom for the protons of another atom
* is believed to be able to change the flavour of a quark
  - one the four forces that order the universe
+ W and Z bosons, Creation of W and Z bosons, Beta Decay: Elementary particles

Greenhouse effect
* Most greenhouse effects occur in environments.
* is the reason behind global warming and climate change.