### substance:

Atom
* All atoms are composed of particles
  - electrically neutral even though they are comprised of charged, subatomic particles
  - made of positive charges, negative charges, and a few other things
  - miniature magnets, a result of the motion of their component parts
  - spherical in nature
  - the same
  - very small
  - visible
  - attempt to achieve the stable configuration of eight electrons in the outer most shell
  - consist of electrons, which interact with a nucleus consisting of quarks
* All atoms contain a nucleus and have electrons that circulate around the central body
  - neutrons
  - decay, that is, fall apart
  - follow the basic arrangement, yet atoms of different substances are different
* All atoms have a core called a nucleus containing protons and neutrons
  - dense nucleus
  - basically the same structure
* All atoms have the same number of electrons as protons
  - of protons and electrons, and are neutrally charged
  - having a nucleus with the same number of protons form a unique chemical element
  - tend to fill their outer energy levels with the maximum number of electrons
* Any atom really wants to achieve a noble gas configuration.
* Every atom follows the same configuration as every other.
* Every atom has a certain mass, and the more atoms there are, the more mass an object has
  - nucleus which is composed of elementary particles, protons and neutrons
  - place in the cosmos, Every rock comes out at night to sing
  - an electrical charge
  - electrons circulating the nucleus
  - several different energy levels, called shells, at which electrons can exist
  - holds a measurable electromagnetic frequency
  - is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus
* Every atom is made of moving particles of energy
  - up of particles smaller than the atom itself
  - lives in every other atom
  - naturally has a little bit of electric charge
  - spark of the one Life
  - vibrates with joy and is kept together by love
* Many atoms behave as if they have a tiny bar magnet
  - can have several different forms, called isotopes, that have different weights
  - prefer to join with their own kind to form molecules
* Most atoms absorb energy
  - radiation
  - also contain neutrons, which have no charge
  - are therefore in the ground state most of the time
* Most atoms can have effects
  - significant effects
* Most atoms carry charge
* Most atoms carry positive charge
* Most atoms combine with atoms
  - chlorine atoms
  - hydrogen atoms
  - oxygen atoms
* Most atoms consist of nuclei
  - contain isotopes
* Most atoms create chain reaction
* Most atoms emit electromagnetic radiation
  - form covalent bonds
* Most atoms have a nucleus consisting of all the protons of the atom and also one or more neutrons
  - prefered number of neutrons at which their nuclei are stable
  - arrangements
  - double bonds
  - electron shells
  - elements
  - high temperature
  - identical numbers of protons and electrons, so the charges balance each other
  - kinetic energy
  - massive nuclei
  - net electrical charge
  - neutron nuclei
  - overall electrical charge
  - properties
  - proton nuclei
  - stable nuclei
  - tendencies
  - the same number of protons and electrons and so have a neutral charge overall
  - two or more such shells
  - unstable nuclei
  - valence shells
  - valences
  - involve in bonds
* Most atoms involve in chemical bonds
  - lose heat
* Most atoms make up compounds
  - matter
  - physical substances
  - occupy positions
* Most atoms participate in bonds
* Most atoms react with atoms
  - remain in places
  - tend to lose energy when they gain electrons
* Most atoms undergo chemical reaction
  - nuclear reaction
  - optical transitions
* Some atoms are comparatively inert, as are certain molecular combina- tions
  - incorporated into crystal
* Some atoms are part of actin
  - albumens
  - aluminium
  - amylases
  - antibodies
  - argon
  - arsenic
  - beryllium
  - blubber
  - boron
  - bromine
  - cadmium
  - calcium
  - carbohydrates
  - cellulose
  - charcoal
  - chitin
  - chromium
  - cobalt
  - coenzymes
  - collagen
  - copper
  - cytokines
  - deoxyribose
  - erythropoietin
  - exons
  - fluorine
  - fructose
  - gelatin
  - glucose
  - glycogen
  - gold
  - graphite
  - grease
  - helium
  - hemoglobins
  - introns
  - iodine
  - irons
  - keratin
  - lactose
  - lead
  - lipases
  - lipids
  - lithiums
  - magnesium
  - mercury
  - monosaccharides
  - myelin
  - myosin
  - neon
  - nickels
  - nitrogen
  - oil
  - operons
  - opsonins
  - pepsin
  - peptidases
  - petroleum
  - phospholipids
  - platinum
  - polysaccharides
  - potassium
  - radons
  - ricin
  - samariums
  - silicon
  - sodium
  - soot
  - starches
  - sulfur
  - sulphur
  - titanium
  - triglyceride
  - trypsins
  - tungsten
  - uranium
  - virions
  - zinc
* Some atoms are really boring in their oxidation numbers
  - close to having a full shell
  - too big or too small to fit in the structure
* Some atoms are unstable and spontaneously emit radiation and change into different atoms
* Some atoms attract shared electrons to different degrees in covalent bonds
  - their outermost electrons more strongly than other atoms
  - cause damage
  - deteriorate to become other atoms - Isotopes
* Some atoms emit light
  - ultraviolet light
  - fill their outermost energy level by gaining or losing electrons
  - form more than one type of cations
* Some atoms gain energy
* Some atoms gain much energy
  - generate power
  - get extra electrons
* Some atoms give off green light
* Some atoms have ability
  - atomic numbers
* Some atoms have certain characteristics
  - common characteristics
  - different atomic numbers
  - more of an affinity for attracting an electron to themselves than other atoms
  - roles
  - shapes
  - spherical shapes
  - the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus
  - too many electrons, one or two extra
  - types
  - vibration
* Some atoms hold on to their electrons more tightly than others do
  - together quite well, which is what makes some solid materials hard
  - like to share electrons to complete their outer shells
* Some atoms lose energy
  - move sites
* Some atoms occupy regions
  - same sites
* Some atoms possess energy
  - high energy
  - tend to gain electrons and become negatively charged anions
  - then emit red light and return to the ground state
* absorb and emit light through a process called scattering
  - light only at particular energies
  - photons from the lasers and then re-emit photons in random directions
* also come in bytes.
* also have a predictable mass
  - the ability to come together to form chemical bonds
  - interact more strongly with the rest of the world than light does
* always have an equal number of electrons and protons, so the charges cancel each other out
  - try and exist in a state in which the outer shell is full with electrons
* appear as spheres
  - in many different molecules
* are 'building blocks' which can be joined together.
* are a little like tiny solar systems
  - part of all creation
  - thousand times smaller in width than a micron
  - about physical things and bits are about intangible information
  - aggregates of electrical particles called electrons, protons, neutrons,etc
  - amenable to manipulation by light because they are simpler than molecules
  - among nature's smallest elements
  - another form of data that can be readily visualized
  - as old as the universe
  - colorless
  - complete in themselves
  - composed of neutrons, protons and electrons
  - constantly in motion
* are electrically neutral and have equal amounts of electrons and protons
  - if they have an equal number of protons and electrons
  - empty space
  - especially liable to leave a small planet or moon
* are extremely small and are made up of a few even smaller particles
  - particles, out of which all matter is made
  - small, on the order of a few ten billionths of a meter
  - far too small to see with our eyes, but scientists have worked out how small they are
  - formed of subatomic particles that are indivisible by any reaction
* are free and ubiquitous
  - to rotate within their bonds, and bonds can flex
  - heavy and slow
  - heavy, bits weigh nothing
  - held together by something called nuclear binding force
  - imperceptible, individual particles that differ only in shape and position
* are indestructible - in chemical reactions atoms rearrange
  - and unchangeable
  - indivisible and indestructible
  - inside the magnet, and electrons are inside the atoms
* are located in molecules
  - universes
  - made from subatomic particles
* are made of a positive nucleus surrounded by negative electrons
  - extremely tiny particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons
  - neutrons , protons , and electrons
  - nucleuses
  - particles, light is made of particles, and even gravity is made of particles
  - up of electrons, neutrons, and protons
* are made up of even smaller elements, called protons, electrons and neutrons
  - particles called protons, neutrons and electrons
  - smaller, subatomic particles called protons, neutrons and electrons
  - protons , neutrons , and electrons
  - massive particles
  - microscopic solar systems that are made up of particles and mostly space
  - more like liquid droplets made of electrical charge
  - most stable when they have eight electrons in their outer electron energy level
* are mostly empty space
  - just space, much like our solar system
* are much like rechargeable batteries
  - smaller than the wavelength of visible light
* are neutral because the number of protons and electrons are the same
  - normally electrically neutral
  - one of the basic units of matter
  - ordinarily neutral in charge
* are part of chemical elements
  - particles that make up an element
  - pointers to an opaque structure
  - positive nuclei which have trapped electrons
  - primarily empty space
  - simply symbols that represent themselves
  - small and mostly space
* are so small that, even today, direct visual inspection is all but impossible
  - tiny that more than a million can fit across the head of a pin
  - some of the smallest parts of matter
  - sophisticated electronic entities
  - strictly achroic as a result of their spherical symmetry
  - supersensible beings
  - symbols or numeric literals that represent an element of information
  - systems, as are solar systems and galaxies
* are the basic building blocks of all matter
  - matter that make up everyday objects
  - chemical building units
  - units of matter and the defining structure of elements
* are the building blocks of elements
  - matter and they are composed of three particle types
  - matter, like bricks are the building blocks of a house
* are the building blocks of the universe and can be found in all matter
* are the fundamental building blocks of molecules
* are the fundamental particles making up all objects in the universe
  - most simple blocks that make up matter
  - particles that make up all objects in the universe
  - smallest bits of matter
* are the smallest particle into which an element can be divided
  - of an element
  - particles of matter that retain a distinct chemical behavior
  - parts of things
  - pieces of matter
  - portion of an element that still retains the properties of that element
* are the smallest units for chemical reactions
  - start of physics
  - structural units forming all matter configurations existing in the known Universe
  - teeny tiny particles that make up all matter
  - tiny units of physical materials
  - thus neutral
  - tiny particles that are too small to see
  - tiny, hard particles which move about in otherwise empty or void space
* are too far apart
  - large to be in two places ' at once'
  - small to be counted individually
* are very small , but the exact size changes depending on the element
  - or tiny
  - very, very small
  - vibrations
  - what make one element different from another
* atoms everywhere.
* attract each other and atoms repel one another.
* become bytes.
* can absorb as well as emit radiation
  - acquire electric charges
* can also share two pairs of electrons to form double bonds or three pairs in triple bonds
  - spin in two directions at once when unobserved
* can be in different states of excitation
  - the same or different
  - combine to form larger matter
* can have an electrical charge, positive or negative
  - different degrees of ionization, depending on how many electrons they have
  - the property of being hidden
  - interact by transferring electrons or by sharing electrons and forming molecules
  - join together to form molecules
  - lose or gain electrons to form charged ions
  - move out of their place on the lattice
  - never really touch each other
  - only be tetravalent, sorry
  - produce line emission by electrons making quantum transitions within the atoms
  - radiate energy that can energize a distant atom, resulting in heat transfer by radiation
  - spontaneously move, appear, and disappear
* colliding with each other at atmospheric pressure have enormously broad spectral lines.
* combine in appropriate manners to form molecules in the chemical organization of the body
  - through bonding
  - to fill up the spaces in their shells so that the outer shell is complete
* combine to form molecules , which then interact to form solids , gases, or liquids
  - such as vitamins, fats and proteins
* combine to form molecules, and they themselves contain several kinds of smaller particles
  - which form different elements or compounds
* combine together because the product is more stable than the reactants by themselves
* combine with each other to form compounds
* come in many different types, called elements.
* come together in ways that determine the shape of certain crystals
  - to form molecules which in turn come together to form cells
* compose the clouds in the sky.
* connect to each other to form compounds
  - molecules by sharing or exchanging their electrons
* consist of a central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons
  - nucleus and electrons
* consist of a positively charged atomic nucleus and a surrounding cloud of electrons
  - nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons
  - small, dense nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by moving electrons
  - electrons and atomic nuclei
  - made by electrons, protons and neutrons
  - neutrons, protons, and electrons
  - one or more segments
  - only of one type of element
  - primarily of open space
* contain a nucleus, around which a field of electrons circles
  - even smaller particles called protons, neutrons and electrons
* cooperate in a simple way, by combining to make up molecules.
* differ from each other in several ways
  - one another by having different numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons
* dissolve into their constituent parts.
* emit and absorb light at characteristic energies
* emit radiation after various external signals and only at specific wave lengths
  - when their electrons lose energy and drop down to lower orbitals
* exist independently of observer
  - our thoughts and our perceptions
* fit together with other atoms to make up matter.
* follow the computational order.
* form bonds to other atoms by transferring or sharing electrons
  - the building blocks of the simplest substances, the chemical elements
* gain and lose electrons easily and that changes their masses significantly.
* gain or lose electrons to get eight electrons in their outer shell
* generally absorb and emit energy as quanta , discrete amounts of energy
  - become larger, ionization energy falls, and metallic character increases
  - have about the same number of neutrons as protons
* get back to atoms
  - bigger down the group as additional electron shells are filled
  - larger going down a group
* grab to form molecules, the latter grasp one another and new affinities begin.
* have a name, an abbreviation, and an atomic number
  - natural spin or orientation, in the way a needle on a compass has an orientation
  - nucleus consisting of neutrons and protons
  - tiny central area called the nucleus
* have an atomic number
  - inherent rotation that is usually in a random direction
  - outer shell consisting of a certain number of electrons
  - characteristic oscillation frequencies
  - different properties based on the arrangement and number of their basic particles
  - each a different and definite pitch, at which they naturally vibrate
  - even teenier pieces, called electrons , that they wear like coats
  - levels like orbits, that the electrons have to be in
  - names and types
  - no net charge
  - nucleae and electrons
  - the same nimber of electrons as they have protons
* however can join together to form molecules.
* includes nucleons
  - sections
* interact by collisions according to deterministic mechanical laws
  - chemically by sharing or partially transferring electrons
  - electronically to produce molecules and compounds
  - only during the logical operations, thereby suppressing decoherence
  - with each other - that creates additional spreading of the output beam
* join or 'bond' together to form molecules by sharing their electrons
  - to form small particles of matter
  - with other atoms in order to try to fill up their outermost shell with electrons
* look like planetary systems, which look like solar systems, which look like galaxies.
  - large molecules that are the substances of life
  - molecules and solid objects
* move a whole number of atomic spacing
  - fractional atomic spacing
  - through the crystal lattice of a solid by a process called diffusion
* never gain or lose protons.
* normally contain an even number of paired electrons
  - produce gravito-magnetic fields, but they tend to cancel each other out
* possess a compact nucleus surrounded by one or more electrons.
* probe an unnatural force field.
* produce line spectra , whereas molecules produce band spectra.
* provide such a reference because of their tendency to absorb light at particular frequencies.
* quickly arrange their components so they become neutral.
* react to form molecules.
* react with and join with each other, by sharing or transferring electrons, to form molecules
* receive electrons from the solar wind and settle back down near the surface.
* release light photons when their electrons become excited
  - radiation as they change from unstable, energized forms to more stable forms
* respond according to Newton's equations of motion.
* share electrons in a covalent bond.
* share electrons so as to fill energy levels
  - that they have complete octets
* simply represent potential choices.
* start with a lower-case letter.
* sticking together in molecules or crystals are said to be bonded with one another.
* store a lot of potential energy.
* take on a variety, perhaps an infinite variety, of shapes.
* tend to be fixed in place
  - have the same number of electrons as the number of protons in the nucleus
* undergo change to gain eight valence electrons
* undergoing chemical reactions have electrons that are excited and jump to a higher level.
* vary greatly in weight, but they are all about the same size.
* vibrate, shaking each other whilst transferring kinetic energy.
* work together to form complex molecules.
+ Atomic theory: Nuclear physics :: Chemistry
  * In chemistry and physics, the 'atomic theory' explains how our understanding of the atom has changed over time. Atoms are the smallest pieces of matter. The first idea of the atom came from the Greek philosopher Democritus. A lot of the ideas in the modern theory came from John Dalton, a British chemist and physicist.
  * An 'atom' is the basic unit that makes up all matter. There are many different types of atoms, each with its own name, mass and size. These different types of atoms are called chemical elements. The chemical elements are organized on the periodic table. Examples of elements are hydrogen and gold. Atoms are very small, but the exact size changes depending on the element. Atoms range from 0.1 to 0.5 nanometers in width. One nanometer is around 100,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair. This makes atoms impossible to see without special tools. Equations must be used to see the way they work and how they interact with other atoms.
+ Chemical element
  * A 'chemical element' is a substance that contains only one type of atom. An element is the smallest amount of a substance can still keep its properties. If a substance contains more than one type of atom, it is a compound. An element can be a solid, liquid or gas. The smallest particle of such an element is an atom. Atoms are made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
+ Nuclear energy
  * Demonstration of the nuclear fuel cycle.'Nuclear energy' is the energy that holds together the nucleii of atoms. Atoms are the most simple blocks that make up matter. Every atom has in its center a very small nucleus. Normally, nuclear energy is hidden inside the atoms. However, some atoms are radioactive and send off part of their nuclear energy as radiation. Radiation is given off from the nucleus of unstable isotopes of radioactive substances
  - fission
  * All atoms are very small. A small ball called a nucleus is at the center of every atom. Elements which have large nuclei, such as uranium and plutonium, can be made to fission
+ Nuclear physics, Atoms, Radiation
  * Atoms emit radiation when their electrons lose energy and drop down to lower orbitals. The difference in energy between the orbitals determines the wavelength of the given radiation. This radiation can be shown by visible light or shorter wavelengths
  * Atoms are made up of electrons, neutrons, and protons. The protons and neutrons are in the center of the atom, which is called the nucleus. The protons and neutrons are the heaviest part of the atom and make up most of its mass. The electrons move around the nucleus very quickly, making what is called an electron cloud. The electron cloud has a very small mass, but it makes up most of the space of the atom. The electrons have a negative charge, and the protons have a positive charge
+ Particle: Chemistry :: Nuclear physics :: Matter
  * This is an atom, and it is very small. Atoms are made up of particles. Red circles represent protons and blue circles represent neutrons. The atom shown here is a helium atom.
+ Quark
  * A 'quark' is a tiny particle which makes up protons and neutrons. Atoms are made of neutrons, protons, and electrons. It was once thought that neutrons, protons and electrons were fundamental particles. Fundamental particles can not be broken up into anything smaller. After the invention of the particle accelerator, it was discovered that electrons are fundamental particles, but neutrons and protons are not. Neutrons and protons are made up of quarks, which are held together by gluons.
+ Steel, Iron and steel chemistry: Construction :: Alloys
  * Every material is made up of atoms which are very small parts. Some atoms hold together quite well, which is what makes some solid materials hard. Something made of pure iron is softer than steel because the atoms can slip over one another. If other atoms like carbon are added, they are different from iron atoms and stop the iron atoms from sliding apart so easily. This makes the metal stronger and harder.