### condition | illness:

Tumor
* Many tumors actually affect platelet function to serve their own needs.
* Many tumors are already very large by the time they are even detected through a mammogram
  - heterogeneous and contain multiple cell types native to the host organ
  - malignant
* Many tumors grow rapidly and can compromise the health and well-being of the research animals
  - slowly, and can often be felt in a digital rectal exam
  - have inactivating mutations in their tumor suppressor genes
  - require the production of new blood vessels to support their growth
  - secrete substantial amounts of mitogenic growth factors
* More Tumors depend on blood supply to grow.
* Most tumor specimens have receptors
  - tumors also contain intra- and extracellular hyaline globules
* Most tumors are adenocarcinomas, although squamous tumors and cholangiocarcinoma occur
  - benign and involve the skin and respiratory tract lining
  - deeply invasive
  - peripheral
  - relatively small and show little change in the early stages
  - sensitive to radiation
  - the result of a single mutation
* Most tumors arise on the sun-exposed regions of the head and neck
  - within a preexisting pilar cyst
  - arising outside of the nervous system can travel to the area surrounding the spine
  - become evident to physicians after surreptitiously existing for some time
* Most tumors cause blockage
  - deviation
  - contain cells that continue to divide beyond normal limits or indefinitely
  - derive from a single, slightly aberrant cell
* Most tumors have characteristics
  - excellent prognosis and can be treated by surgical removal
  - gray-white to tan color and firm consistency
  - receptors for chemokines
  - lead to death
  - metastasize to the lung before proceeding to the brain
  - occur at the ampulla in the duodenum
* Most tumors occur in organs
  - the lower esophagus
  - present with well characterized syndromes, whereas others appear to be nonfunctioning
  - require treatments
  - secrete mucin
  - tend to be lateral to the spinal cord, with ventrolateral being the most common site
* Some tumors affect adults
  - brains
  - dogs
  - middle age adults
  - are benign and are composed of cells which resemble the normal cells of that organ
* Some tumors are benign, and some children can be cured by surgery
  - or non-cancerous
  - curable with surgery, while others recur
  - harmless
  - monophasic and consist either of the spindle cells or the epithelial cells
* Some tumors are more rapid in their growth and can cause symptoms quickly
  - sensitive to chemotherapy than others
  - very aggressive and others are relatively indolent
* Some tumors can cause the bone to expand, also placing pressure on surrounding tissues
  - produce hCG or free beta subunits
* Some tumors cause deficiencies
  - excess secretion
  - memory
  - neurological symptoms
  - prolactin secretion
  - contain a fluid-filled cyst
  - develop in women
  - even break bones
* Some tumors grow rapidly
  - very slowly and others grow rapidly
* Some tumors have activities
  - features
  - high metabolic activities
  - liquid centers and , like cysts, get bigger and smaller
* Some tumors have more than one histologic pattern
  - histologic variant
  - special characteristics that can be discovered using special techniques
  - hide in dense tissue or are outside the area mammography is able to reach
* Some tumors occur in brains
  - glands
  - lungs
  - right lungs
  - spines
  - present with well characterized syndromes, while others appear to be nonfunctioning
* Some tumors produce a substance that can cause the kidneys to excrete too little calcium
  - excessive hormones
  - histamine
  - require surgery to diagnose accurately, ruling out malignancy, or to treat
  - respond to chemotherapy but after a period the therapy stops working
  - secrete tumor growth factor-beta which is immunosuppressive
  - show only one change while others show combinations of two or three
  - shrink slowly after radiation treatment
* Uncontrolled replication of cells leads to cell overgrowths, that is tumors.
* account for a tiny percentage of the headaches seen in office practice
  - about one third of all frontal lobe epilepsy cases
* affecting both of the auditory nerves are the hallmark.
* also can press on the optic nerve, interfering with vision
  - spread from the bladder, the adrenal gland or other nearby organs
* also cause sinusitis
  - slow protrusion
  - depend on angiogenesis
  - develop resistance to retinoids
  - invade host tissues via remodeling of the transitional fibrin gel
  - occur in the nose and sinuses with sometimes subtle warning signs
  - shrink when negatively polarized
* antigens and the immune response to cancer.
* appear a relative short time after transplantation
  - anywhere on the skin or mucous membranes as red-purple patches or nodules
* are abnormal masses of tissue that form when cells begin to reproduce at an increased rate
  - benign or malignant
  - caused by an abnormal multiplication of body cells
  - either benign or malignant
  - fast-growing, they demand lots of energy to keep growing
  - formed when cell division goes wrong and is no longer controlled
  - generally in the center of the lesion, away from the border
  - heterogeneous with regard to antigen expression
  - life threatening
  - malignant or benign
  - more common in strains of guinea pigs that have been inbred
* are more common in the brain than in the spinal cord
  - older rather than in younger pet
  - most often only of cosmetic significance
  - neoplasm
  - of two types, benign and malignant
  - one potential cause of an over-production of cerebrospinal fluid
  - polyclonal at the outset, but develop into monocolonal proliferations
  - rare in the distal extremities
  - rare, but can grow on the tonsils
  - the most common space-occupying masses in both locations
  - uncommon causes of smell disturbance
* are usually firm, rounded or lobulated, and sharply circumscribed from lung parenchyma
  - large and distinctly red
  - papillary serous carcinomas with similar features to sporadic tumors
  - well demarcated from surrounding tissues
  - well-circumscribed, encapsulated and lobulated
  - very common in rats, especially females, perhaps owing to their heritage as lab animals
* arise after the loss or inactivation of the wild type allele in a cell
  - as focal lesions in the lung
  - in both the major and minor glands, but are more frequent in the former
* arises from the retina and extends into the vitreous cavity.
* arising from bone and cartilage cells do occur in the spine, although with less frequency
  - in or around the joints often cause swelling and tenderness
* arising in the midbrain usually affect only the nerves supplying the eye muscles
  - skull and spine are sometimes inoperable
* begin to form.
* bleed easily.
* burden The volume of malignancy that the host, or patient is currently dealing with
  - the size of the tumor or number of abnormal cells in the organ or tissue
* can affect the receptors in the brain that tell the stomach if it is full.
* can also become ulcerated and bleed
  - cause difficulty swallowing
  - damage blood vessels
* can also grow in the tonsils, but they are rare
  - on the brain and spinal cord
  - originate within the eye itself
  - spread to lymph nodes, adrenal glands, and lung, bone, and brain tissues
  - weaken the bones thus causing fractures
* can appear again, which is called recurrence
  - in virtually any tissues of the body
* can be benign or malignant
  - benign, meaning noncancerous, or malignant, meaning cancerous
  - cancerous or non-cancerous
* can be either benign or malignant
  - invasive or noninvasive
  - locally aggressive or have nodal and hematogenous metastases
* can be malignant or benign
  - non-malignant
  - non-malignant or benign
  - become quite large, interfering with the ability of nearby organs or tissues to function
  - cause an attack as well as blood vessel disorders
  - crowd out and destroy the healthy cells and tissues the body needs
* can develop anywhere in the colon or rectum
  - in one or both breasts
  - directly destroy brain cells
  - double in size every month, and the cancer can spread quickly to other parts of the body
  - form within the spinal column
* can grow in the iris causing blindness as well as affecting major organs
  - vitro as calli on hormone-free media
  - over a turtle's eyes and blind it
  - up into the third ventricle causing hydrocephalus
  - within and behind the iris
* can invade and exit the kidney as renal vein tumor thrombi
  - tissues without alerting the soldiers of the immune system to come out and fight
  - make it hard for turtles to swim and find food
* can occur along the surface of the bladder or grow within the bladder
  - in any portion of the brain and spinal cord and can be benign or malignant
* can occur in the brain of both dogs and cats
  - eyes and cause irregularly shaped pupils and blindness
  - overwhelm the body's defenses with hundreds of millions of cancer cells
  - produce substances that cause the activation of osteoclastic bone resorption
* cells in a low pH environment are the most difficult to eradicate during therapy
  - with abundant pale cytoplasm infiltrate the epidermis individually and in nests
* come in all shapes, sizes and colors and can get rather huge when left untreated.
* commonly arise in areas of sun damage, and are common on the head, neck, and hands.
* contain large numbers of cells with micronuclei.
* continue to develop for years.
* depend on new blood vessels to grow and spread.
* develop at the site where the snuff is lodged, primarily at the gingivobuccal sulcus.
* develop when abnormal cells start to grow out of control
  - components of the immune system decline or fail
  - the surveillance system breaks down or is overwhelmed
* elicit emotion.
* enhance after Gadolinium is given.
* evade the immune system by a number of mechanisms.
* exhibit features of cartilage, including abundant ground substance and chondrocytes.
* feed on toxins and the liver removes the toxins.
* frequently are multilobulated and are somewhat firmer than ordinary lipomas.
* generally grow faster than their normal tissue counterparts
  - provide no useful function and grow at the expense of healthy tissues
* grading indicates how quickly the tumor is growing
  - is important for prognosis and therapy
* grow most rapidly at small tumor volumes
  - new blood vessels to support the rapidly growing number of cancer cells
  - on the soft body parts of turtles
  - rapidly and are quickly terminal unless treated
  - very differently in mice
  - when cancer cells multiply out of control
* growing in the corners of the mouth make breathing and eating difficult.
* grows in sheets interspersed with thin-walled vessels.
* have a predilection for the eyelid, particularly the inner canthus
  - way of tricking cells into making blood vessels grow to nourish it
* have an abnormal vascular system
  - infiltrative growth that is difficult to eradicate completely
  - basic needs to fill before they can kill
* increase in both number and size
  - number and size, resulting in more drag and making swimming more difficult
* induce angiogenesis almost continuously until the neoplasm is eliminated or the host dies.
* initially rely on diffusion for nutrient, oxygen, and waste transport.
* invade lymphatics and spread to the local draining lymph node.
* invades along perivascular spaces with perivascular cuffing
  - the submucosa and muscularis
  - through the muscularis propria into the subserosa, or into the perirectal tissues
* involves the lower third of the vagina with no extension to the pelvic sidewall.
* involving the brain or spinal cord are untreatable
  - medulla usually cause swallowing problems and weakness of the arms and legs
  - sacrum are difficult to treat
* is growth
* located in the pelvis can cause constipation and urinary retention.
* make it much harder for a turtle to survive
  - substances that stimulate angiogenesis, as well as substances that inhibit it
* often cause seizures
  - grow to cover both eyes
  - increase in size following radiation because of swelling
  - invade the gastrointestinal tract, particularly the abomasum
* penetrates into and through the muscularis propria of the bowel wall.
* perforates the lingual cortical plate and extends into surrounding soft tissue.
* perform no useful body function.
* promote altered maturation and early apoptosis of monocyte- derived dendritic cells
  - of monocyte-derived dendritic cells
* protrudes into the endometrial cavity.
* range histologically from well-differentiated to poorly differentiated.
* require new blood vessels to sustain their rapidly proliferating cancer cells
  - ongoing angiogenesis to support their growth
  - the formation of new blood vessels termed, angiogenesis, to grow
* result when too much tissue is formed.
* secrete excess cortisol independent of pituitary control.
* show marked cellular pleomorphism and architectural abnormalities and most are non-papillary.
* shrink or slow their growth as testosterone levels are reduced.
* simply means abnormal growth.
* start out without circulation.
* stimulate the growth of new blood vessels in order to grow.
* suppressor genes act like a blueprint
  - brakes to regulate the growth and multiplication of normal cells
  - actively stop tumor growth until they are altered or mutated
  - and cancer genes are two areas that depend on the methylation switch
  - block cell division, or instruct cells to die when appropriate
  - control protooncogenes
  - generally slow down the cell cycle
* suppressor genes produce proteins that can halt the cell growth cycle
  - normally stop cell proliferation
  - tell cells when to stop dividing
  - usually suppress the growth of tumors and control cell growth
* suppressor genes work by producing a protein that helps prevent run- away cell division
  - protein that helps prevent run-away cell division
* take away space in the lungs that are used for gas exchange.
* tend to be variable in their histologic pattern.
* then form and clog the lung, making it difficult for the lung to work properly.
* thus have to force the construction of special blood vessels.
* treated by immunotherapy are usually small and localized.
* trigger angiogenesis to generate their own blood supplies.
* usually develop later in life with an age distribution similar to that of sporadic tumors
  - enhances more than surrounding muscle because of contrast
  - have to be quite large to cause personality changes
  - originate in a wound
  - shrink within one to two days of therapy
  - start to grow at a single site called the primary site