### microprotozoan:

Ciliate
* All ciliates also can multiply by a process known as conjugation
  - have two kinds of nuclei
* Many ciliates swim along by beating their cilia in a rhythmic pattern, like so many tiny oars.
* Most ciliates are colorless, except for the colored food items they have ingested
  - free-living forms
  - unicellular
  - have both sexual and asexual phases in their life cycles
  - possess an oral cavity, or cytostome, through which food enters the cell
* Some ciliates are voracious carnivores.
* Some ciliates cause death
  - harbor symbiotic bacteria or algae
  - have vacuoles
  - possess complexity
* Some ciliates undergo binary fission
  - meiosis
* also appear to benefit from sex
  - engage in phagocytosis
* are a group of organisms that are single celled and occur in all aquatic ecosystems
  - particularly important group of protozoa
  - relatively homogeneous group of animals, probably monophyletic
  - able to reproduce through conjugation, in which two cells attach to each other
* are also a group of alveolates that are covered with cilia for motion and feeding
  - more complex in body form than most unicellular eukaryotes
  - capable of catching bacteria, other protists and phytoplankton
  - diverse
  - found mostly in fresh water
  - much faster than flagellates
  - protozoans that are covered with cilia
* are single-celled eukaryotes with two nuclei
  - protozoans that can be recognised by their hairlike cilia
* are the biggest and use many hair-like cilia to scoot through soil and water
  - group of protozoans with cilia
  - largest and move by means of hair like cilia
  - least numerous of the four animals
* are unicellular and have rows of cilia for movement
  - but have a very complicated cell
  - protists that can be recognised by their hairlike 'cilia'
  - very morphologically complex
* belong to the alveolate clade.
* contain a variety of organelles plus two kinds of nuclei.
* eat with their vacuole.
* feed on bacteria, on other Protists and on organic detritus
  - other protists, rotifers and random floor particles
* form a community which is very species-rich.
* have a gullet and a contractile vacuole which is used to regulate water balance.
* have a very complex organization
  - unique kind of organelle
  - micronuclei and macronuclei
  - one or more macronuclei and from one to several micronuclei
  - toxicysts that they fire at their prey to subdue it
  - corpi
  - sections
* move by means of cilia
  - using short hair-like structures called cilia
  - using tiny hair-like projections called cilia
* offer many advantages as a research organism.
* often have multiple nuclei, such as a macronucleus and a micronucleus as seen here.
* reproduce asexually, by various kinds of fission.
* show the rare characteristic of growing two types of nuclei in the stone cell.
* swim faster than flagellates.
* take in in food by waving their cilia toward a mouth-like opening called cytostome.
* use a form of sex called conjugation
  - small flagella called cilia to move through the water
  - the hair-like cilia organelles to propel themselves through their environment
* use their cilia to sweep food into the gullet organelle to get their food
  - many tiny cilia, in controlled waves, to propel themselves through the water
* usually multiply asexually by fission
  - reproduce asexually by binary fission