### person:

Philosopher
* All philosophers are logicians
  - rational beings
* Find information on philosophers with a close tie to the field of logic.
* Many philosophers hold positions as professors at universities or law schools
  - think that doing anything or making any choice part of ethics
  - understand metaphor as entirely devoid of semantic content
  - use animals in their formal logic gedanken parables
* Most philosophers are rational beings who base their philosophy of life on reason
  - assume that truth has a single underlying nature if any nature at all
* Most philosophers consider epistemology to be a normative discipline
  - the concept of ghosts to be on par with that of fairies
  - invent theories
  - understand principles
* Most philosophers write books
  - in a way that appeals to the intellect
* Some philosophers are mathematicians
  - argue marriages
* Some philosophers argue that mathematics is the creation of mind
  - no one actually chooses evil
  - attribute it to karmas
  - believe it fear of death that most influences people's behavior
  - call doubt the beginning of wisdom
  - classify plants
* Some philosophers distinguish between ethics and morals
  - personal ethics and social ethics
  - equate naturalism with materialism
  - hold that beauty is an intrinsic, mind-dependent quality of objects
  - lose energy
  - love music
  - maintain life
* Some philosophers maintain that achieving human level intelligence is impossible without a body
  - life existed prior to inorganic matter
  - make claims about a reality transcending sense experience
  - say that our life is meaningless because it has a prescribed end
  - see marriages
  - specialize in one or more historical periods
  - still think that the mind, while having some physical basis, is ineffable
  - work in ontologies
* accept theories.
* also have difficulties with the notion of the passage of time.
* alternate between thinking and eating.
* apply critical thinking to questions of values and beliefs and their rational defense.
* are fond of adding their own shades of meaning to common philosophical terms
  - human beings
* are interested in evolutionary psychology for a number of reasons
  - the nature of sense and reference
* are people that seek the truth
  - who invent ways of thinking about life and the world
  - persistent explorers in the nooks and crannies of human existence
  - scholars
  - the lovers of wisdom, of meaning that sets themselves against opinion-lovers
  - typically younger than all other humanists
* argue activities
  - consequences
  - methods
* attempt to understand why man has value.
* can, and have, debated over the foundation of ethics.
* debate truth primarily in the arena of text.
* develop concepts.
* emphasize rational persuasion, rational discourse, and rational examination
* engage in asking questions, examining beliefs - trying to get closer to knowledge.
* first adopt a basic model of how they think the world works.
* have ideas and theories
  - many differing views on what the fundamental categories of being are
* includes arms
  - body substances
  - cell membranes
  - cells
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - heads
  - human bodies
  - legs
  - material bodies
  - necks
  - nuclei
  - personality
  - plasma membranes
  - sections
  - vacuoles
* learn how to think independently and to conduct independent research.
* offer descriptions.
* often consider first causes before making moral judgments
  - contrast means and ends
  - write abstractly
* play a major role in the swelling tide of consciousness.
* pursue fundamental truths and study principles of conduct through reasoning
  - truths, quest for understanding, and study principles of conduct
* question the nature of identity.
* say that honesty means never deceiving or lying to another person
  - there are no absolute truths and that one's truth is just as valid as another's
* search into the meaning of human existence.
* seek answers to questions that others never ask
  - to reform morality by thought and reckoning
* sometimes say that they teach philosophy by throwing the student in at the deep end.
* study the impact of technology on our lives.
* treat speech acts as natural phenomena to be studied.
* try to understand what is art and life.
  - the soul to be a form of human consciousness
  - topics
* uphold the perfection of nature.
* use logic to solve problems and answer questions.
* work in industry, government, and education.
* working on the theory of color seem to employ a metaphysical notion of objectivity.
+ Category:French philosophers: Philosophers by nationality
  * Philosophers are people who invent ways of thinking about life and the world. French philosophers are philosophers who are from France, or countries with links to France, such as Algeria.
+ Ethics, Ideas about ethics
  * Some philosophers have hope to find more things that moralities share
  - What is ethics used for?
  * Understanding ethics can help people decide what to do when they have choices. Many philosophers think that doing anything or making any choice is a part of ethics
+ Philosophy, What philosophers do
  * Philosophers use logic to solve problems and answer questions. Logical consistency is a cornerstone of any acceptable theory. Philosophers who disagree with a theory will often try to find a logical  contradiction within the theory. If they can find one, this gives them a reason to reject that theory. If they cannot find any inconsistency, the philosopher might try to show that the theory leads to a conclusion which is either unacceptable or ridiculous. This second approach is usually called reductio ad absurdum.