Parasite
* All parasites are harmful to their host, but some are beneficial to humans
  - pathogens
* Any parasite relies on survival of the animal in which it lives in order to survive itself.
* Can cause a blockage or in some cases restrict blood flow to the intestines.
* Every parasite harbours a single apicoplast which is located apical of the nucleus.
* Many parasites affect the nervous system and give rise to sleep disorders, such as insomnia
  - also have their origins in domestic animals
  - can affect llamas
  - cause diarrhea in kittens
  - commandeer the bodies of their hosts in order to spread
  - exist without ever causing major damage to their hosts
* Many parasites have complex life cycles
  - life-cycles
  - latch onto whales, notably whale lice and whale barnacles
* Most parasites absorb nutrients.
* Most parasites affect health
  - honeybee survival
* Most parasites are located in animals
  - carnivores
  - microscopic and very difficult to detect
* Most parasites cause breathe problems
  - deadly diseases
  - growth
  - health problems
* Most parasites cause human diseases
  - infection
  - intestinal infection
  - irritation
  - massive infection
  - medical problems
  - severe damage
  - skin diseases
  - spot diseases
  - whirl diseases
* Most parasites feed on animals
  - mammals
  - go through development
* Most parasites have ability
  - behavior
  - devastate effects
  - distribution
  - hemoglobins
  - invasions
  - life stages
  - ranges
* Most parasites have wide distribution
  - natural distribution
  - identified from wild birds cause no clinical disease
* Most parasites infect animals
  - bats
  - chickens
  - domesticate livestock
  - human intestines
  - internal organs
  - monkeys
  - other mammals
  - predators
* Most parasites live in bloodstreams
  - the intestinal tract where they feed off of undigested food and toxic wastes
  - obtain food
* Most parasites occur in environments
  - tropical environments
  - produce similar symptoms
* Most parasites show different phases
* Most parasites survive for periods
  - years
* Most parasites undergo development
* Often mites appear on the bird and cage.
* Some parasites affect animals
  - caterpillars
  - goats
  - interaction
  - lambs
  - moose
  - reproduction
  - sheep
  - the brain and memory
  - affecting animals are also transmissible to man
* Some parasites also depress the immune response in the intestinal tract allowing yeasts to overgrow
  - go through a life cycle that involves an alternation of generations
  - produce toxins that further damage the host
  - are ingested and depend on the right set of circumstances to survive
* Some parasites are located in amphibians
  - crabs
  - fish
  - horses
  - opossums
  - pigs
  - vertebrates
  - primary consumers of plants
  - totally dependent while others are only partially
* Some parasites can and do take over their hosts bodies
  - literally rid the field of a particular pest
  - produce toxic substances and cause allergic reactions
  - survive extremely high temperatures
  - carry or cause disease
* Some parasites cause anemia
  - damage because they eat actual cells in our bodies
  - death
  - deformities
  - deterioration
  - diarrheal illnesses
  - diarrhoea
  - giardiasises
  - inflammation
  - intestinal symptoms
  - lack
  - localize effects
  - malaria
  - meningitis
  - mental deterioration
  - metabolic effects
  - mortality
  - serious illnesses
  - severe anemia
  - causing diarrhea in dogs and cats are transferable to humans
  - consume plants
  - deposit eggs on their victim
  - derive proteins as well as carbohydrates from their hosts
  - destroy insects
  - differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages
  - eat insects
  - enter a dormant state in the liver and become re-activated months later
  - evade host immune responses by altering their surace antigens by DNA rearrangements
* Some parasites feed on echinoderms
  - giraffes
* Some parasites find in cats
  - cottonmouths
  - minks
  - primates
  - waterbucks
  - grow on trees
* Some parasites have antigen
  - extremely complex and wondrous life cycles
  - flagella
  - glands
  - leaves
  - life cycles that reflect the climate in which they survive
  - oral suckers
  - spots
  - sticky eggs that fasten to the animal
  - strategies
  - testes
  - two hosts in their life cycle
  - very broad host ranges while others have very narrow ones
  - however have an indirect cycle, which involves a host animal
* Some parasites infect african murine rodents
  - bears
  - captives
  - caribou
  - cattle
  - domestic dogs
  - ducks
  - frogs
  - geckos
  - gorillas
  - guts
  - human guts
  - lizards
  - mice
  - oysters
  - penguins
  - pets
  - pigeons
  - puppies
  - rabbits
  - rats
  - squirrels
  - turtles
  - weasels
* Some parasites invade guts
  - heart muscles
  - livers
* Some parasites kill caterpillars
  - lobsters
* Some parasites kill their host by feeding on the host tissue
  - lead to death
* Some parasites live in bile ducts
  - blood streams
  - bowels
* Some parasites live in common bile ducts
  - small intestines
  - wet grass, mud puddles, or other standing water and can penetrate bare skin
* Some parasites live on dogs
  - love sugar, for instance
  - obtain nourishment
  - occur in llamas
  - pierce the skin of the fish and suck out blood
  - play roles
  - possess snails
  - present a potential health risk to humans as well
  - produce several thousand eggs
  - restrict search areas to certain parts of the plant
  - stimulate local growth so that large abnormal outgrowths or excrescences develop
  - survive for time
  - threaten oysters
* Some parasites undergo reproduction
  - variation
* Some parasites use mouthparts
  - nymph
  - strong mouthparts
* affect billions of people worldwide of all races and demographic regions
  - food web structure primarily through increased diversity and complexity
  - sea pups in various areas of the world
* also cause diseases like malaria
  - tumors in the muscles of reptiles
  - divert the host's nutritive substances
  - have little effect on boll weevil populations
  - is beneficial for treating flatulence and diarrhea
  - secrete toxins, generating toxic build-up and stressing the immune system
  - suppress the appetite of sheep, worsening the problem of nutrition
* always have a hard time living off other parasites.
* are a major health concern
  - much less common cause of diarrhea in travellers
  - able to travel almost anywhere in soft tissue, including the brain
  - abundant in shallow water because of the foraging behavior of ducks
  - adapted to small, separated habitats
* are also a big problem for snails
  - carriers of virus and bacteria
  - common in turtles
  - among the world's most successful and sophisticated organisms
  - an incredibly varied group of organisms
* are animals or plants that feed off other animals or plants called hosts
  - that part of the kingdom Animalia
  - basically creatures that mooch off others
  - comfortable in low oxygen and high sugar and acid enviroment
  - common on crabs
  - completely dependent on a host for survival
  - consumers that feed on a living host
  - critters that use a host animal for part of their life cycle
  - dependent on the host for some or all of their nourishment
  - dioecious, with male and female organs in separate individuals
  - distinguished from epiphytes because only parasites feed upon living creatures
  - especially deadly
  - everywhere
  - found in dirty water, dirty tank accessories and infected fish
  - hard to detect
  - heterotrophs
  - highly specialized organisms
  - important for the evolution of sex
  - ingested by the fly when it takes a blood meal from an infected mammal
  - micro-organisms which live in the intestines
* are more common than most people are aware
  - realize, and they are easily contracted
  - notoriously difficult to kill and expel in the body
  - opportunistic invaders
  - opportunists
* are organisms that are metabolically dependent upon the host
  - derive nutrition and shelter by living in or on another organism
  - feed, grow and take shelter in other organisms acting as the host
  - grow, feed, and live on or in other organisms
* are organisms that live off a host
  - on or in a host organism
  - obtain their food from living organisms
  - prey on a living host
* are organisms which infest other organisms for food and shelter
  - quite common and can have powerful effects on host evolution
* are responsible for heavy economic losses to the livestock industry
  - weakening our immune system
  - smaller than their prey and normally kill the prey slowly, if at all
  - studied with other infectious organisms
* are the cause of hundreds of misdiagnosed ailments
  - more common problem with consuming raw or partially cooked seafood
* are the most common source of skin problems and irritation
  - numerous types of creature on Earth
  - tiny worms that live in fish and meat
  - ubiquitous
  - usually the immature stage of wasps and flies
  - usully very specific, attacking only one or a few pest species
  - very common around the world
* attack ill and unhealthy animals
  - ladybird pupae and adults
* bring on bacterial infection.
* can affect children s learning development.
* can also cause food poisoning
  - help suppress euonymus scale
  - travel through and infect the eye, causing the swelling of the eye
  - attack eggs and larvae of the developing codling moth
* can be a big problem with the fox pups
  - bacteria, fungi, protozoa, arthropods or helminths
  - beneficial and harmless and for the most part that's the way things are
  - microscopic in size and be many feet in length
  - most useful in sorting out the phylogenetic relationships of their hosts
  - multicellular or unicellular and are usually smaller than their hosts
  - the agents of death in elderly and weakened people when they drink such water
  - bring pain, disfiguration, malnutrition, and death
* can cause an itch so intense that large areas of hair are lost from scratching
  - and colitis involvement
  - clinical signs varying from none to weight loss to colic
  - common sickness as well as deadly diseases
  - deformities, and they have found the parasites living alongside the frogs
  - infection in several ways
  - loss of appetite, diarrhea, and anemia
  - lung disease, anemia and lesions in the animals that they infect
  - malnutrition by actually competing for food and nutrients in the bowel
  - serious damage before they are even diagnosed
  - some serious health problems
  - compete with the host for vital substances
  - contribute to many different health problems and conditions
  - damage the host s body in a number of ways
  - develop resistance to anthelmintics
* can do an incredible amount of damage without being the obvious cause
  - much damage before they are ever suspected of being a problem
* can enter the body through food or water and settle in the digestive system
  - field and cause runaway tumor development
  - function to reduce pest population outbreaks
  - have one or many cells
* can induce bizarre and risky behavior in their hosts
  - inappropriate aggression in their hosts
  - inhabit any body
  - lead to chronic, low-grade infections
  - limit the growth of a population
  - live in food, waiting to be consumed by a human host
  - make a nasty mess by making their nests in our colons
  - occur anywhere in the body
  - produce many different symptoms, or none at all
  - provide information about host population ecology
  - provoke adverse changes in host behavior
  - put pressure on host energy utilization and reserves
  - rob a horse of nutrition and energy
  - settle in the joints and muscles, form cysts, and create inflammations
  - spread only if the new eggs and larvae in the feces are ingested again by an animal
  - steal nutrients necessary for proper healing
  - feather breakage or rubbing of the plumage and skin, which also breaks the plumage
  - internal bleeding, anemias
  - major diseases of man and animals throughout the world
  - malnutrition because of their interference with absorption of nutrients
  - problems in a number of ways
  - the intestines to become permeable resulting in food allergies
  - trouble
* come as eggs ready to hatch
  - from eating raw food mainly
* come in many forms and affect various parts of the body
  - shapes and sizes, but only two general types
* complete their life cycles living off a host, destroying it in the process.
* comprise a large proportion of the diversity of species in every ecosystem.
* continues to exist on the fish.
* create toxic overload and secrete waste.
* deals with useless 'malware' and software parasites, in addition to spyware programs.
* depend upon their host for survival.
* derive their nutrients by tapping into the roots or stems of photosynthetic species.
* desire hosts.
* die in the absence of a host.
* directly interact with ALL kinds of free-living organisms, including humans.
* dominate food web links.
* drain the sheep of nutrients, especially iron, trace elements and protein.
* dump ammonia gas into the body.
* eat and eliminate wastes every day.
* effectively control leaf miners.
* employ binding proteins, which the host evolves and varies.
* evolve mechanisms of detecting and attaching to the cell walls of hosts
  - to avoid host immune responses, and naturally hosts evolve to avoid parasites
* excrete toxic wastes.
* face an environment which varies in time and space.
* feed off the body and excrete toxic wastes.
  - the food in the gut and on the blood of the host
* first have to be ingested into our bodies in one manner or another.
* flourish during the summer months.
* get nourishment from their host organisms, sometimes with bad consequences for the hosts.
* greatly increase the risk for cancer.
* harm or kill their host and produce a similar effect to that of predators
* have a detrimental effect on the health and productivity of the grey squirrel
  - stake in the survival of their host
  - feed behavior
  - significant effect on a populations adaptations, distribution and abundance
* include bacteria
  - ear mites
* includes cell membranes
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - nuclei
  - plasma membranes
  - sections
  - vacuoles
  - everybody
  - the cytoplasm of oocytes and can affect large areas of reproductive follicles
* infest aquatic creatures
  - human vertebrates
* influence colorful ornaments and their behavioral display in many animal hosts.
* is an organism
* kill off hosts and reproduce at the expense of hosts, thus parasites ''chase'' the hosts.
* lay eggs in or on a host which later hatch.
* likely infect everyone.
* live at least part of their life cycles at the expense of host organisms
  - everywhere and are commonly transmitted to humans in diverse ways
  - everywhere, but they particularly thrive in warm, moist climates
  - or on other organisms and, generally, cause harm to the host organism
  - most of their lives on host animals
* live on and often kill another organism, called the host
  - decaying tissue
  - or in the pest, eventually killing it
  - rent free and have no grocery bills
* living outside the host are called ectoparasites.
* locate nice juicy caterpillars to lay eggs on by smelling for caterpillar feces.
* love sugar and everything that turns into sugar.
* make frogs grow extra legs
  - home and take nutrients from other animals, the host loses nutrients to the parasite
* migrate through the bowel wall and are found in extracolonic sites.
* mimic a lot of disease.
* move into the bite from the fly's saliva.
* moves into a freshwater snail, where it replicates.
* naturally go wherever their hosts go, and so are introduced into the society of new hosts.
* normally enter the body through the skin or mouth.
* occur as free-swimming animals.
* often attach themselves to their host or invade the host's tissues
  - change their environment to help themselves
  - live a quiet life
* pass into host liver where they multiply.
* prevent optimum usage of feed.
* primarily belong to two groups, the flies and the stingless wasps.
* reduce attractiveness and reproductive success in male grain beetles.
* release toxic wastes that are actually their feces and urine
* relieves abdominal bloating, pain, inflammation and cramping.
* reproduce before the host
  - by laying eggs on or in the pest insect or mite
* require moisture to reproduce and move up leaf tissue before they can be consumed
  - nutrients to carry out essential functions including reproduction and growth
  - protection from the outside environment and from host defenses
* sometimes perforate organs.
* stress the animal's entire system and can make it vulnerable to other ailments.
* succeed, biologically-speaking, by surviving and reproducing.
* take and utilize the host organism's nutrients and in so doing, hurt the host organism
  - on a number of different forms and can thrive throughout the body
  - their nutrients from the host, sometimes depriving the host of nutrition
* tend to be smaller than their hosts, and benefit at their expense.
* threaten the health of Colorado River trout, as well.
* thrive on junk food, sugar, fried foods and lots of carbohydrates
  - their host, often causing longlasting chronic infections
  - tissues in living hosts
* transfer disease in the following manner.
* use chemoreception in host location
  - pests as food sources for their young
* usually live attached to, or inside, the host organism
  - upon and receive their food from living creatures
  - occupy well-defined regions of the gut
+ Parasitism, Ecology, Complex life cycles
  * Many parasites have complex life-cycles. Most of them infect molluscs in the first part of the life-cycle, and vertebrates in the second part. The biology of scrub typhus is even more complex
  - Parasites are highly specialised: Co-evolution
  * Parasites face an environment which varies in time and space. Both may occur in the same species. A few use more than two host species
  - Evolution, More time, more species
  * Parasites can be most useful in sorting out the phylogenetic relationships of their hosts. Sibling host species have been discovered when their parasites diverged