### substance:

Material
* All material is made up of atoms and molecules.
* All materials absorb energy of various wavelengths
  - microwaves to some extent, just as all materials absorb light to some extent
  - photons of some energy
* All materials are elastic
  - made of atoms , which are dipoles
* All materials are made up of a collection of atoms
  - tiny particles called atoms
  - naturally radioactive to at least a small extent
  - non-magnetic resulting in very low magnetic field susceptibility
  - behave in an organized fashion relating to heat
* All materials breathe for air circulation
  - to allow moisture to escape
  - can burn in an oxygen-enriched environment
* All materials change phase if pressure and temperature change enough
  - their physical dimensions when heated or cooled
  - conduct electricity
* All materials conduct heat, some more than others
  - which means that molecules bump into each other and transfer heat
* All materials expand and contract to some extent as their temperatures rise or fall
  - with hot and cold temperatures
  - or contract when atmospheric conditions change
  - with an increase in temperature and contract with a decrease
  - found in nature can take one of the four basic forms for matter
  - give off, or emit, energy by thermal radiation as a result of their temperature
* All materials have a certain conductivity
  - natural frequency of vibration
  - atoms as their building blocks
  - physical properties which one is able to sense a process the visual information
  - lose strength over time and eventually fail
  - naturally contain some resistance to the flow of electron current
* All materials react differently at higher hardness levels
  - to temperature changes by contracting and expanding
* All materials resist the flow of electric current
  - passage of electrons, some better than others
  - weather and decay
* Any material can emit only photons in a very narrow frequency range
  - consists of atoms and molecules that are in continual, random motion
  - containing atoms with free electrons is considered a conductor of electricity
* Every material has a different refractive index
  - an index of refraction that is linked to the speed of light in the material
* Every material is formed by chemical bonds, and has the potential for detection with spectroscopy
  - made up of atoms which are very small parts
* Many materials are naturally dark and hard to color
  - viscoelastic including polymers and biological materials
* Many materials become brittle and easily breakable when their temperature changes enough
  - at extremely low temperatures
  - fluorescent when doped with the lanthanides
  - weaker at high temperatures
  - can slow the transfer of heat though conduction or convection
  - change physical properties, becoming brittle
  - commonly used in schools are toxic e.g. art materials, pesticides
  - considered as non-combustible can burn in the presence of liquid oxygen
  - deform before they break
  - exhibit complex and unusual magnetic properties
  - expand when they are heated
  - have important uses if they can be made in the form of thin films
  - move into cells without requiring the expenditure of cellular energy
  - oxidize readily in air
  - selectively absorb certain wavelengths of light
  - work well in small defects in rodent bones, but fail in larger animals
* Most materials absorb energy
  - liquids
  - water
  - affect conduction
* Most materials are made of atoms
  - magnetic because the domains are randomly aligned
  - transparent to some wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation
  - used by humans
  - attract insects
  - begin to solidify, forming crystals, especially if the liquid is in a container
  - can go from one state to another, depending on the temperature
  - come from decay plants
* Most materials conduct energy
  - heat energy
  - thermal energy
* Most materials consist of metallic particles
* Most materials contain atoms
  - carbon
  - chemicals
  - compounds
  - covalent bonds
  - dust
  - hazardous substances
  - nitrogen
* Most materials contain organic matter
  - phases
  - pigment
  - toxic substances
* Most materials convert light
  - mechanical pressure
  - cover surfaces
  - emit light
  - enter earth
* Most materials expand when heated and contract when cooled
* Most materials expand when they are heated
  - freeze from a liquid to a solid
* Most materials have a unique chemical attraction for electrons
  - absorbent properties
  - bulk density
  - constant refractive indexes
  - crystal structures
  - cylindrical shapes
* Most materials have different chemicals
  - mass density
  - elastic properties
  - electrical conductivity
  - electronic structures
  - good electrical conductivity
  - heat capacity
* Most materials have high conductivity
  - thermal conductivity
  - industrial applications
* Most materials have low density
  - nitrogen levels
* Most materials have lower bulk density
  - many industrial use
  - specific properties
  - texture
  - unique properties
  - very low vapor pressures
  - weight
  - move by simple diffusion through the semi permeable membrane surrounding the cell
* Most materials pass into intestines
  - small intestines
* Most materials possess high strength
  - paired electrons
  - provide mechanical stability
  - respond to sunlight
  - shrink when they freeze and sink in their liquid phases
  - succumb to the effects of salt water and usually corrode or rot
  - transfer electric charge
  - transmit energy
* Most materials undergo chemical reaction
* Most materials use in biosynthesis
  - metabolism
  - products
* Some material floats on the water, forming a layer of scum
  - sinks right to the bottom, where it forms layers of carbon-rich sediments
* Some materials absorb acid
  - amino acid
  - ink in different ways
  - light, some refract it, some reflect it
  - solar heat
* Some materials accumulate in fetal intestines
  - act as vapor barriers
  - appear homogenous, but are actually a combination of substances
  - are 'semiconductors'
* Some materials are better conductors of heat than others, metals are good conductors, air is poor
  - than others and offer less resistance to the flow of charge
  - than others at resisting the transmission of heat
  - brittle and shatter like glass, while others are ductile and deformable
  - capable of carrying electricity more effectively than other materials
  - classified as conductors
  - closer to the flame than others
  - corrosive and vulnerable to shocks, chemicals or heat
  - easier to heat up or cool down than others
  - faster light-emitters than others
* Some materials are good conductors of electricity
  - heat conductors
* Some materials are heavier than others, and some are larger than others
  - bulk for bulk
* Some materials are insulators of electricity
  - intrinsic semiconductors
* Some materials are less palatable to bacteria and fungi than others
  - susceptible to degradation than others
  - magnetic because of the way their atoms pack together
* Some materials are more difficult to remove stains from, such as silk
  - likely to become radioactive and airborne than others
  - naturally good conductors of heat, while others are poor
  - opaque to some frequencies of light, but transparent to others
  - paramagnetic
  - phosphorescent which means they can absorb light and then re-radiate it
* Some materials are produced by dead plants
  - decomposition
  - glands
  - wood decay fungi
  - resistant to the flow of electricity
* Some materials are secreted by live tissue
  - self-luminous and simulate a variety of lighting distributions
  - textiles woven with plastic threads
  - transparent to radiation
  - vulnerable to damage from high temperatures
  - become liquids
  - behave in between a conductor and an insulator
  - burn twice as hot
* Some materials can form peroxide polymers
  - injure plants when they are stressed for moisture
  - take on the properties of a magnet temporarily
* Some materials cause decomposition
  - fire
  - pollution
  - skin irritation
* Some materials change color
  - come from solar nebulas
* Some materials conduct electric current
  - energy better than others
* Some materials conduct heat better than others do
  - very well
  - well, like that metal spoon
  - heat, others insulate from the cold
  - much more dramatically as the voltage is increased beyond a critical point
  - thermal energy faster than others
  - consist of sand
* Some materials contain bacteria
  - calcium
  - chemical energy
  - irons
  - keratin
  - long molecules which are lined up, like the slats on a wooden fence
  - powerful solvent
  - proteins
  - urine
  - convert heat
  - create electricity
* Some materials create immune imbalances
  - system imbalances
* Some materials dissolve in liquids
  - plasma
  - eat or dissolve aluminum and are hazardous to airplanes
  - emit energy
* Some materials enter digestive tracts
  - excretory organs
  - large intestines
* Some materials exhibit deterioration in photoconductivity upon exposure to illumination
  - twinning, some are high temperature phases, and some have large unit cells
  - float in water while others sink
* Some materials form disks
  - peroxides during distillation or evaporation
* Some materials generate alternate current voltage
  - beams
* Some materials have a feature known as ferromagnetism
  - absorption
  - collisions
  - crystalline patterns
* Some materials have different temperature tolerance
  - types of atoms with different moments, which interact
  - external magnetic fields
* Some materials have high energy storage capacity but low rate of recovery
  - permeability
  - ultimate strength
  - identical orbits
  - low resistance
  - more of an impact on the environment than others
  - resistance values
  - specific heat
  - viscosity
* Some materials hold heat better than others
  - their electrons very tightly
  - inhibit conduction
  - kill fungi
  - make up earth
  - move through digestive tracts
  - only allow selected wavelengths to pass through
* Some materials pass through digestive tracts
  - the gastro-intestinal tract without being digested
  - phosphoresce simply by being exposed to sunlight
* Some materials produce a slightly acid condition in the decomposition process
  - during respiration
  - irreversible reaction
  - provide nutrients
  - radiate energy
  - reflect sunlight
  - require extensive processing and produce toxic waste
  - result in condensation
  - slow down the flow of heat better than others
  - tend to absorb and keep water more than others
  - transfer heat energy better than other materials
* Some materials transmit electricity
  - excess heat
  - undergo fission
* Some materials use for insulation
  - in fermentation
* Some materials used for basket weaving are reed, rattan and sea grass
  - in fragrances have the ability to alter blood flow in the brain
  - work only in tension while some materials work best in compression
  - yield products
* absorb, reflect or transmit light.
  - the weight and strength of an object
* also crush under bearing pressure
  - differ in their ability to conduct heat and vibrations
  - expand and contract due to changes in temperature
* are aluminum, polycarbonate, and other plastics
  - applicants
  - basic to manufacturing and service technologies
  - classified as metals, semiconductors, and insulators
  - deposited on their surface, and materials are blown or washed away from the surface
  - equipment
  - highly reflective, transparent or glowing to create a sense of radiance
  - inputs in the manufacture of products
* are located in construction
  - factories
  - houses
  - physical worlds
  - science labs
  - tangible items used in the production activity
* are transported throughout the cell on the cytoskeleton
  - within living things by water
* are used for builds
  - making
  - what buildings are made of
* become waste.
* behave differently at high temperatures.
* biodegrade or break down when they are exposed to soil, moisture, air, and sunlight.
* break when stressed in different ways depending on their basic nature.
* breaking down can get extremely hot in the chemical process.
* can accumulate static charges which can cause an incendiary electrical discharge.
* can be in a liquid carrier, or it can be applied as molten matter
  - metals, alloys, polymers or ceramics
  - solids, liquids or gases and all have properties - even air
* can change chemically and physically
  - state as a result of heating or cooling
  - deteriorate with age and exposure to the elements
* can exist in different states - solid, liquid, and gas
  - have effects
  - include white and yellow gold, as well as sterling silver, or a combination of metals
  - only exhibit properties of one state of matter
* can react with strong oxidizing agents
  - water liberating extreme heat
  - vary versus wavelength and temperature
* cause death
* change rapidly.
  - in contact
  - into contact
* commonly used in moulding include plastic, metal, glass and ceramic.
  - flaws
  - starches
  - supplementary materials
* containing moisture such as foods absorb microwave energy and produce heat.
* covers the earth, moon, planets, sun and other stars.
* damaged by ozone include rubber, nylon, plastics, dyes, and paints.
* define the fundamental properties of a surface.
* degrade quicker when exposed to ultraviolet light.
* degrades when exposed to light.
* deposited by a glacier can take many forms.
* differ from one another in their natural or cultivated state of surface roughness.
* differ in shades and patterns
  - the ease with which their atoms can be lined up
* encourage development.
* especially considered malleable are moist clay , warm wax , and molten glass and metals.
* exhibit phenomena.
* expand and contract as they are heated and cooled
  - or contract with the change in pressure and temperature
* expands and contracts in volume and particles move back and forth in the path of the wave.
* flow from the edge of cells to the center.
* flows from one region to another, rather than from one chemical species to another.
* generally expand as they warm and contract as they cool.
* glows on ignition and burns without a visible flame.
* has strong solvent properties and can soften paint or rubber.
* have absorbent properties
  - arrangements
  - coefficients of thermal expansion and contraction
  - properties and vary in their abilities to absorb forces or return energy
  - impurities
  - interest
  - kinds
  - measurements
  - same effects
  - similar structures
  - slight effects
  - tendencies
* hit by ions emit secondary electrons.
* improve quality.
* include inorganic materials
* is an animal feed ingredient
  - aqueous organic
  - irritant to mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract
  - carried in streams as suspended load, bed load, and dissolved load
  - classified as a combustible liquid
  - designated as hazardous waste until all solvents and vapors have evaporated
  - diluteable with water
  - ejected in jets that emit radio waves, and heated gas produces X-ray emission
  - entirely gaseous
* is extremely destructive to eyes and skin
  - the tissue of the eyes and skin
* is extremely destructive to tissue of the eyes
  - the skin
  - tissues of the skin and eyes
  - molten or solid at room temperature, toxic
  - more dense than water and has limited water solubility surface
  - normally stable at moderately elevated temperatures and pressures
  - slippery on hard or wet surfaces
* is stable across all normal temperatures
  - and chemically inert
* is stable at all normal temperatures
  - normal temperatures and storage conditions
  - unaffected by temperature extremes and is radiolucent
  - used commercially as a fire retardant
* lists the types of materials used in making the collage.
* look best when they are related in texture, color and degree of naturalness.
* mechanical irritant for skin, eyes and upper respiratory system.
* mix with manure.
* move between certain animal cells through pores called gap junctions
  - into and out of the atmosphere in cycles
* offer low resistance
* pass in and out of the nucleus through pores in the nuclear envelope.
* perform differently when subjected to dynamic forces found in a real world collision
  - functions
  - same functions
  - sufficient strength
* possesses body and depth allowing for filling of cracks and recesses.
* produce final products
* provide habitats.
* provide improve mechanical stability
  - nest habitats
  - sources
* range from common solvents to exotic toxins to pyrophoric materials
  - paper and plastics, to metals and ceramics
  - plastic to glass to bone to clay, even paper
* react to give different properties when applied by different systems
  - very differently in the harsh environment of space than they do on earth
* reduce cost
  - operate cost
* released by volcanoes and undersea springs also contributes salt to the ocean.
* require for photosynthesis
  - maintenance
* show features.
* show many features
  - interest features
* simply are atoms joined together in the solid state.
* slowly oxidizes to sodium nitrate when exposed to air.
* solid adhesive.
* stream out from the equatorial plane and an expanding atmosphere is formed.
* strong solvent and can soften paints and rubber.
* sudied include steel, aluminum, ploymers, and composites.
* suspension of insoluble plastic spheres in water.
* transfer charge
* use - the quantity of materials used in manufacturing.
  - places
* used for conductivity have a critical current density.
* used in electronics are susceptible to corrosion in a wide range of environments
  - equipment can include plastics, glass, and metals
  - nuclear technology suffer from degradation due to radiation
  - spin valves are copper and an alloy of nickel and iron
  - walls, ceilings, floors, and furniture all affect acoustical properties
* usually shrink when cooled and expand when heated.
* yielding the highest reflectance in all bands include quartz and silcrete.
+ Electrical conductor: Electricity :: Basic physics ideas
  * Some materials are 'semiconductors'. This means that electricity 'can' flow through them, but not very well.
  * Some materials are 'resistors'. This means that they make it very hard for electricity to flow through them.
  * Some materials are 'insulators'. This means that they stop electric current completely. Wires are covered with insulators like plastic to stop the electricity from leaving the wire.
+ Giant magnetoresistance, Types of GMR, Spin valve GMR: Physics :: Electronics :: Hard drives :: Quantum mechanics
+ Moulding: Manufacturing
  * It is a process used in manufacturing. A 'mould' is a hollow container that will hold the liquid material until it turns solid. The liquid hardens or sets inside the mould, adopting its shape. Materials commonly used in moulding include plastic, metal, glass and ceramic.
+ Static electricity, Charge: Electricity
  * Most materials have a unique chemical attraction for electrons. Because of this, rubbing different materials can cause charge separation. The material will have a positive charge if it has a lower attraction for electrons than the other material.
+ Steel, Iron and steel chemistry: Construction :: Alloys
  * Every material is made up of atoms which are very small parts. Some atoms hold together quite well, which is what makes some solid materials hard. Something made of pure iron is softer than steel because the atoms can slip over one another. If other atoms like carbon are added, they are different from iron atoms and stop the iron atoms from sliding apart so easily. This makes the metal stronger and harder.