### action | defoliation:

Premature defoliation
* reduces the quality and quantity of forage.
* weakens the tree and reduces fruit set and yield the following year.

Severe defoliation
* can occur if plants are permitted to dry excessively.
* disrupts the natural cycle of nutrients.
* reduces host plant vigor, which allows for secondary pest infection
  - tree vigor, allowing for secondary infection and possible death

### action:

Degradation
* Most degradations are caused by activities.
* Most degradations are caused by human activities
  - disturbances
  - increase poverty
  - involve oxidation
* Some degradations affect health
  - human health
* Some degradations contribute to cell death
* Some degradations occur in cytosol
  - distinct organelles
  - reduce food production
* also is accelerated by the formation of peroxides.
* appears as swelling, softening, cracking, or other change in appearance.
* can have impact.
* change in physical properties of the glove material.
* comes in several forms, the best known of which is soil erosion.
* depends on soil type, temperature, and moisture
  - temperature and the presence of microorganisms
* increases with temperature and exposure to sunlight.
* is an action
  - caused mostly by man and is normal in areas of poverty and underdevelopment
  - faster in the presence of sediments, and is faster in fresh water than in salt water
  - frequently by consortia of microorganisms
  - important to protein conc
  - the erosion of landforms by water, wind, and gravity
  - typical of all sex chromosome systems
* lead to breakdowns
  - differences
  - reductions
* lowers the elevation of streambeds and flood plains.
* occurs as a result of many forms of pollution, from acid rain to pesticides
  - due to sunlight, soil microorganisms, and chemical reactions in the soil
  - when a material absorbs the radiation
* pose concern
  - serious concern
* reduce chances
  - likelihood
* refers to water quality.
* result of two simultaneous processes.

### action | degradation:

Anaerobic degradation
* can proceed by reductive dechlorination.
* occurs under denitrifying, sulfate reducing and methanogenic conditions.

### action | degradation:

Environmental degradation
* Some environmental degradations create habitats.
* can also lead to human flight.
* concern that all nations share.
* contributes significantly to immigration pressures.
* direct consequence of activities by people.
* exacerbates the problem of time scarcity by adding to women's workload.
* has an economic cost, and economic development has environmental costs.
* is an increasing concern of hikers
  - estimated to be increasing due to economic crisis
  - less obvious in the sea than on land
  - one of the most serious problems facing The Gambia
* major problem in southern Africa.
* occurs, for example in areas where springs have dried up.
* poses a serious threat to survival and gives rise to new conflicts.
* threatens indigenous people in the Pacific.

### action | degradation:

Habitat degradation
* Diminishing water quality concern for all aquatic species.
* Most habitat degradations are caused by activities
  - human disturbances
* can lead to changes in fish distribution
  - offset the natural benefits of having a supply of cool water from springs
* includes dams, river dredging, and degraded water quality.
* is also a cause of death in young salmon
  - an important factor in the decline of many protected species and fish stocks
* is the greatest threat facing orcas
  - major threat to the sand cat
  - primary cause for decline
* lead to differences.
* reduce quality.