### plant | tracheophyte:

Fern
* ARE non-flowering vascular plants.
* All ferns are shade plants
  - have a rhizome , from which the fronds emerge
* Comes with a forest green, woodbury scented candle.
* Keep moist.
* Many ferns also contain the enzyme thiaminase , which breaks down thiamine
  - are easily recognizable because of their fronds, or lace-like leaves
  - benefit from being misted with water when growing in drier environments
* Many ferns grow in areas of intense competition, from the forest floor to the canopies of trees
  - cool, shady forests
  - have a natural affinity for rocks
  - produce rhizomes which increase the size of the clump of plants and act as propagules
* Most ferns absorb nutrients.
* Most ferns adapt to arid environments
  - conditions
  - dry conditions
  - life
* Most ferns are adapted to the loamy understory of forests and rainforests
  - homosporous
  - tropical, often growing upon the trunks and branches of trees
* Most ferns arise from rhizomes
  - stout rhizomes
  - begin fertilization
* Most ferns develop from spores
  - shallow root systems, so shallow pots or pans are best
  - sporangia on the underside of their leaves
  - form roots
  - germinate from spores
  - get sunlight
  - grow both
* Most ferns grow in areas
  - dry habitats
  - native habitats
  - places
  - regions
  - shady places
  - naturally in rainforest situations
  - on surfaces
  - shady areas
  - growing along swift streams are edible
* Most ferns have arch fronds
  - flowers
  - fronds , compound leaves that are divided into several leaflets
  - fronds, compound leaves divided into several leaflets
  - green fronds
  - horizontal stems or rhizomes
  - large leaves called fronds which are usually made up of smaller leaflets
* Most ferns have leafy branches
  - light green fronds
  - properties
  - red flowers
  - rhizomes with no vertical stem
  - seeds
  - small and narrow leaflets but the following are the exceptions
  - tissue
  - vascular tissue
  - like to be grown in at least a half shady location in a good loamy soil
* Most ferns live either growing on rocks or trees or in very shallow soil
  - in rocks, trees, or very shallow soils that are loose and drain rapidly
* Most ferns prefer a loamy friable soil which is kept evenly moist during the growing season
  - moderate, indirect light inside
* Most ferns produce seeds
  - the same type of spores and are, therefore, homosporous
* Most ferns provide fertilizer
  - natural fertilizer
  - reach height
  - release haploid spores
* Most ferns reproduce sexually, and that involves meiosis and fertilisation
* Most ferns require bright, indirect light and lots of humidity
* Most ferns retain color
  - green color
* Most ferns show brown fronds
  - fertile fronds
* Most ferns thrive in deep shades
* Some ferns are adapted to a dry habitat but most prefer the shady moist conditions of woodlands
  - more particular about their growing conditions than others
  - sensitive to being covered with water, even for a few minutes
  - attract insects
  - can grow large in moist places
  - contain carcinogen
* Some ferns find in rainforests
  - tropical rainforests
  - form new plantlets, called offsets, on their fronds
  - get food
* Some ferns grow as shrubs
  - crevices
* Some ferns grow in colonies
  - mass
  - shelter
* Some ferns grow moist crevices
  - rock crevices
* Some ferns grow on the branches of trees as epiphytes
  - tree trunks
  - windows
* Some ferns have a covering over the sporangia known as an indusium
  - high tolerance
  - leaf stalks
  - other or additional ways to reproduce
  - quality
  - sporangiums
  - very simple leaf organization with little mesophyll differentiation
* Some ferns live in rainforests
  - temperate rainforests
  - offer diversity
  - prefer disturbed ground
* Some ferns produce buds
  - protect sporangiums
  - remain green over winter
  - reproduce by spore and by producing rhizomes
  - still have rhizoids, but they also have roots
  - thrive in areas.
  * do not have waxes or special cells on their surface that keep water from evaporating. They have roots, stems, leaves. Their stems may form runners, called stolons above the ground, or rhizomes below ground. The leaves are green an large, and may bear spores on the underside. Some ferns can grow large in moist places. They can survive in more places than moss, but not so many as flowering plants
* also contain true roots, stems and leaves
  - grow luxuriantly in the rich soil and moist, cool ground
  - play an important role in forest succession
  - produce soil and reduce soil erosion, creating an ecosystem for other plants to grow
  - reproduce by sending out rhizomes along the ground
* appreciate and abundant supply of water, especially over the dry summer months.
* arc like feathers from the forest floor.
* are a common sight in the woods
  - large group of plants
  - natural choice for a woodland setting
  - step below seed- producing plants because they have no true flower or fruit
  - true vascular plant
* are a type of a. vascular plant
  - seed plant
  - unique plant known as vascular plants
  - very common plant used both inside as houseplants and as garden foliage
  - widely varied group of plants
  - able to absorb nitrogen from the air
  - all surface rooted
* are also a great way to deal with the shade
  - capable of vegetative propagation
  - great plants for indoor and outdoor gardening
  - quite showy during almost every month of the year
  - sensitive to leafshine and insecticides
  - wetland naturals
* are among the more easily recognized plants
  - most attractive of all foliage plants
* are among the oldest living land plants
* are an ancient family of plants and have been thriving for millions of years
  - example of a plant in the plant division polypodiophyta
  - important part of that ecology
  - characterized by delicate fronds, or leaves
  - classified by the arrangement of the sori and shape of the indusium
* are common and abundant
  - to tropical climates
  - dichotomousy veined
  - dispersed to new locations by means of tiny windblown spores
  - distributed world wide in a variety of environments from the Arctic to the equator
  - eaten by herbivores
  - everywhere and are easy to find
  - examples of fractals, being self-similar
  - expressions of sincerity and allure
* are extremely diverse in habitat, form, and reproductive methods
  - important seedless tracheophytes
  - sensitive to pesticides and burn easily
  - found among the greens on a forest floor
  - generally shade loving plants
* are good alternatives to English ivy, Asiatic jasmine and liriope
  - for shade
  - homosporous, they produce one asexual spore
  - homosporus with the leafy plant the sporophyte
  - important for the florist, gardening and landscape industries
  - in the phylum pterophyta
  - interesting because of the fact that their stems are never shown
  - leaf dominant
  - leafier than hostas, and their colors tend to be less varied
  - made up in large part of ground tissue
  - most prominent in shaded, cool areas of tropic regions
  - mostly homosporous, though some are heterosporous
* are non-flowering plants that reproduce by spores or underground runners
  - non-flowering, deciduous or evergreen perennial plants that grow in various sizes
  - notoriously sensitive to pesticides
* are one of the most interesting, versatile and beautiful plant groups in existence today
  - oldest land plants
  - type of seedless plant
  - only capable of primary growth i.e. growing upward
  - popular because of their graceful foliage and ability to grow in low light
  - pteridophytes
* are quite sensitive to insecticides
  - varied in leaf texture and shape and include both evergreen and deciduous forms
  - relatively advanced plants, with true roots, stems and leaves
  - seedless vascular plants that produce spores instead of seeds
  - seedless, vascular plants
  - slower to break dormancy than some other perennial plants
  - spore producing plants
  - terrestrial organisms
* are the first colonisers, as disaster flora
  - species to colonize areas that have been devastated by natural disasters
  - forgotten category of perennials for shady areas
  - largest group of spore producing plants
* are the most advanced group of seedless vascular plants
  - common pteridophytes today
  - numerous seedless vascular plants
  - plants that developed vascular systems
  - unusual because they are non-flowering plants that reproduce by spores
  - used for decorations and tree ferns in the tropics for buildings
* are vascular plants forming true roots, stems, and leaves
  - that have waxy coverings
* are very common in New Zealand
  - old organisms
  - voyeurs
  - yummy
* belong to the pteridophyta division.
* can absorb heavy metals from the air and soil
  - get quite large over time, and require splitting and transplanting
  - reproduce in other ways, too
* come in a variety of sizes, some are very small and others can be large bushes.
* contain sori, in which meiosis occurs and spores are formed.
* cover the ground in all directions.
* die back in the winter but keep coming back year after year.
* divide much like other perennial plants.
* do also have extremely high values
  - best with indirect lighting
  - have vascular tissue to transport materials
  - it differently
* enjoy high humidity and like to be either misted daily or kept on a humidity tray.
* expose the sporophyte stage predominantly.
* figure in folklore, for example in legends about mythical flowers or seeds.
* first appear in the fossil record in the early Carboniferous epoch
  - in the early- Carboniferous period
* flourish in many tropical and temperate places around the world.
* generally grow in damp, shady locations.
* germinate from spores that grow on the underside of the fronds
* get rusty in the fall
* grow abundantly, mosses shroud the trees and cover the trunks of the trees.
* grow best in an organic potting medium similar to soils in their natural habitats
  - when they receive a complete fertilizer developed for houseplants
  - many different habitats around the world
  - rainforests and freezing tundra and broiling deserts
  - the dense shade, beneath stone outcroppings set higher up the hillside
  - naturally in most areas of Georgia
* have a vascular system for the transport of water and nutrients
  - complex structures above ground and below
  - delicate leaves called fronds
  - fronds divided into leaflets
  - horizontal stems called rhizomes
  - large leaves with branching vascular tissue
  - many different types
* have no flowers, fruits or seeds
  - true stems
  - relatively few pest problems
  - roots, leaves, stems with tubes that carry water, minerals and food
  - stomata and guard cells to regulate gases exchange
* have transport tubes to carry food and water
  - vessels and have the capacity to grow as tall as trees
  - true leaves, what botanists call macrophylls
* have true roots a
  - and stems and reproduce by making spores
  - roots, and their vascular tissue include xylem and phloem
  - very distinctive reproductive structures borne on the abaxial surface of there leaves
* includes cell membranes
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - fern seeds
  - nuclei
  - plasma membranes
  - sections
  - vacuoles
* like to be sheltered from extreme hot or cold winds.
* live in many locations around the world
  - the moist habitats because they require water for successful fertilization
* love a humid atmosphere, but they also prefer moist soil as well
  - shady, moist habitats
* make excellent pressed plants
  - good house plants
  - lovely houseplants, but the humidity in homes is often too low for some ferns to thrive
  - their own food
* need moisture
* prefer a bright or east window
  - slightly acidic soil
  - shade but some can grow in sunlight
* produce clusters of sporangia called sori, usually on the underside of leaves
  - millions or even billions of spores in their lifetime
* rely on rhizomes , rather than true roots, for support.
* represent the diploid sporophyte generation
  - second major step in the evolutionary sophistication of plants
* reproduce asexually by their modified stems, which are called rhizomes.
* reproduce by means of tiny dots that form on the underside of the ferns leaf
  - producing spores on structures on the undersides of their fronds called sori
  - releasing spores rather than seeds
  - spores in an alternating generations
  - from spores contained in tiny brown patches on the underside of fern fronds
  - through their spores, which are produced in very small spots called sori
  - using spores
  - via spores
* require a wet or at least humid environment
  - well-drained soil
* snuggle next to logs and stumps.
* spread quickly, provide a lush, soft look and help shade out weeds.
* symbolize sincerity towards others.
* thrive in a wide range of habitats around the globe
  - on humidity, so they appreciate a daily misting
* typically inhabit moist environments.
* use spores to reproduce.
* work very well in the shade.