### established alternative society:

Monasticism
* are austerity.
* comes from a root word which means to be alone.
* continues to be main source of reforming church.
* is also another major Christian social unit.
* is an established alternative society
  - example of communism at a later stage in church history
  - one of the oldest human institutions
  - probably the most organized quest for holiness in history
  - the physical expression of celibacy
* sacrifice and a voluntary martyrdom.
* speaks to the heart while scholasticism speaks to the mind.
* very ancient human phenomenon.

Estimation
* include assumptions.
* is an important everyday life skill
  - especially important when children use calculators
  - introduced as a strategy for determining reasonable sums
  - the honest prediction of what is likely to happen
  - used to decide how many resources are needed for a given population
  - very important when using a calculator
* use methods.

### ethical challenge:

Passive euthanasia
* allows one to die by withholding or withdrawing life supporting means.
* carries the same distinctions of voluntary, nonvoluntary and involuntary.
* includes forgoing life support or extraordinary treatments.
* involves allowing someone to die.
* is an ethical challenge
  - the withholding of life-saving measures for the dying person
  - when nothing is done to prevent death
* occurs when medical treatment is withheld per a patient's request.

Ethnic group
* All ethnic groups are vulnerable to panic disorder.
* Any ethnic group has their own unique cultural patterns, heritage, and value system.
* Every ethnic group experiences some social distance from the others
  - has at least one herb that is used to flavor their traditional dishes
  - speak different language
* Many ethnic groups hold annual festivals to share their culture and food
  - use several names to identify their genealogy
* Most ethnic groups grow a variety of crops, using very basic tools.
* Some ethnic groups are more likely to develop lactose intolerance
  - prone to acquiring the disease than others
  - prone to particular diseases
  - have high alcoholism rates either for social or biological reasons
  - prohibit certain herbs in pods and mustard seeds
  - use imported canned foods as staples in their diets
* are also free to teach their own languages
  - defined by linguistic, cultural, ancestral, national or regional ties
  - groups that claim a common history, tradition, beliefs, and ancestry
  - in conflict over power
  - people who have culture, language, history or traditions in common
  - publicly defamed when they lack power and influence
  - subject to racial oppression and discrimination
* differ in how tightly they are organized.
* exhibit native articlessuch as woven blankets, wood cravings, and jewelry.
* face different barriers posed by customs, religion, and history.
* hate other ethnic groups.
* have a name for themselves, a territory and a sense of group solidarity.
* have their own cultures
  - specialties, but basically it's all subsistence food
* stage their own celebrations.
* take many forms.
* tend to be more intense with the groups involved speak different languages
  - fight only for their own interests

### ethnic reality:

Jewish identity
* developing historical phenomenon.
* is an ethnic reality.
* mixture of religious, historical, and ethnic factors.