### drug | tobacco | cigarette:

Cigarette smoking
* accounts for much of the health disadvantage of babies born to poorer women
  - one-half of bladder cancer cases
* affects reproductive processes in both males and females.
* appears to have a major negative effect on fertility potential
  - pose much greater dangers to health than earlier forms of tobacco use
* becomes addictive to humans because of the nicotine present in a cigarette.
* can accelerate follicular loss.
* can also cause tooth stains
  - contribute to wrinkles
  - raise the risk of developing asthma
* can cause brain aneurysms, particularly in young women
  - increased elimination of theophylline and other compounds
  - over-readings up to four hours after smoking a cigarette
  - reproductive problems before a woman even becomes pregnant
  - contribute to lowered resistance to infection
  - even kill people who have never smoked a single cigarette
  - increase a teenager's susceptibility to depression
  - weaken the esophageal sphincter muscle
  - worsen the effects of either chronic or acute chlorine exposure
* cause of decreased age at menopause.
* causes cancer
  - disease, disability and death
  - heart disease, lung and esophageal cancer, and chronic lung disease
  - lung cancer, heart attacks, and other serious health problems in smokers
  - more heart attacks in women than in men
  - most lung cancers
  - the majority of lung cancers
* decreases the blood supply to the uterus
  - tissue oxygen
* does actually adhere to the fundamental principles of economics.
* doubles the chances of having a stroke.
* doubles the risk of getting bladder cancer
  - pancreatic cancer
* exacerbates the coarse wrinkling of photoaging.
* habit, e.g. a behavior.
* has a variety of health impairing effects
  - both short term and long term consequences for the smoker
  - health risks
* increases blood pressure
  - concentrations of the hormones epinephrine and vasopressin
  - susceptibility to colds and viruses
  - sympathetic outflow in humans
  - the risk for subgingival infection with periodontal pathogens
* increases the risk of cancer of the lung more than any other site
  - developing the disease
  - heart disease in a number of ways
  - kidney tumors
  - occupational respiratory diseases
* increases the risk of serious adverse effects on the heart and blood vessels
  - cardiovascular side effects
  - the blockage of a heart artery by about two to fivefold
* interferes with the blood supply to the fetus.
* is addictive and it can be very hard to quit
  - addictive, as that term is most commonly used today
* is also a major cause of cancer
  - heart and blood vessel disease
  - significant risk factor for hyperkinesis in children
  - an addiction
  - the number one cause of cancer death in men
* is an addiction like any other
  - addictive behavior
  - adverse prognostic factor in non-diabetic nephropathies
  - environmental issue
  - established risk factor for urinary bladder cancer
  - expensive habit
  - important cause of pancreatic cancer and perhaps of renal adenocarcinoma
* is an important risk factor contributing to stroke
  - for men and women with heart disease
* is another important factor that can lead to strokes
  - major cause of cadmium accumulation in humans
  - problem for which people try to find different solutions
* is another risk factor for cervical cancer that can be prevented
  - the development of cervical cancer
* is associated with a decreased incidence
  - considerable morbidity, mortality, and public health costs
  - reduced pulmonary functioning elderly men and women
* is by far the most common cause of both emphysema and chronic bronchitis
  - cause of chronic bronchitis
  - cause of emphysema
* is by far the most important cause of lung cancer
  - preventable cause of lung cancer
  - risk factor in the development of lung cancer
  - significant risk factor for lung cancer
* is clearly a risk factor for developing coronary heart disease
  - addictive in that current cigarette demand depends on past smoking
  - connected with the onset of lung cancer
* is considered a risk factor
  - the biggest risk factor for sudden cardiac death
  - to the most preventable cause of heart attacks
  - definitely one of the causes of sinus disease
  - extremely addictive and has broadspread societal health implications
  - felt to play a perpetuating role in hypertension and peptic ulcer disease
  - highly addictive, and quitting often proves to be difficult
  - implicated in about a third of strokes
  - incontrovertibly the major risk factor for lung cancer
  - injurious to health
* is known to be the cause of the great majority of lung cancers
  - enhance the metabolism of a wide variety of drugs
  - greatly reduce the vitamin C levels in our bodies
  - make the symptoms worse
  - likewise an important risk factor for stroke
* is linked to a number of diseases
  - increased risk for stroke
  - lung cancer and other cancers
  - the buildup of fatty substances in the carotid artery
* is more addictive and harder to quit than heroin or cocaine
  - common than alcohol and drug use
  - damaging to women than men
  - likely to cause oral cancer than cigar or pipe smoking
  - notorious
  - on the decline in the black population as it is in the general population
* is one of the biggest risk factors for pancreatic cancer
  - leading risk factors of hypertension and heart disease
  - major risk factors for heart disease
  - our nation's number one preventable cause of illness and premature death
* is perhaps the most common form of substance abuse
  - devastating preventable cause of disease and premature death
  - devestating preventable cause of disease and premature death
  - easily preventable cause of disease and premature death
  - recognized as the highest known risk factor for low birth weight
  - responsible for most cases of lung cancers in women
  - the best known cause of lung cancer
* is the biggest risk factor for heart attacks
* is the biggest risk factor in sudden cardiac death
  - commonest cause of emphysema
  - greatest risk factor for heart disease
  - largest known risk factor for low birth weight
* is the leading cause of cancer in America
  - death and disease in the United States
  - lung cancer for both men and women
  - premature death in the United States
* is the leading cause of preventable cancer deaths
  - disease and death in the United States
  - mortality in the United States
* is the leading preventable cause of cancer
  - lung cancer and heart disease
  - main cause of chronic bronchitis
  - major causative factor for development of lung cancer
* is the major cause of cancer deaths today
* is the major cause of lung cancer among women
  - determinant of the rise in lung cancer among women
* is the major risk factor for stomach and pancreatic cancers
* is the most common cause of bronchitis, but workplace toxins can also play a role
* is the most important cause of lung cancer
  - factor in the United Kingdom
* is the most important preventable cause of cancer in the United States
  - of illness and early death
  - of premature death in the United States
* is the most important risk factor for both young men and women
  - for vascular disease bar none
  - single cause of preventable death in the United States
  - source of cadmium
  - potent risk factor for heart disease
  - prevalent form of nicotine addiction in the United States
  - preventable cause of death in our society
  - significant public health problem facing our people
  - single, significant public health problem facing our people today
  - widespread form of tobacco use
  - number-one cause of preventable deaths in the United States
  - primary risk factor
  - principal cause of low birth weight in developed countries
* is the single biggest risk factor of sudden cardiac death
  - greatest preventable cause of death in the world
  - largest cause of preventable death and disease in Australia
* is the single most important cause of cancer
  - of preventable illness and death in Canada
* is the single most preventable cause of death in our society
  - thought to be a causative factor
  - tolerated socially
* is very habit forming and can easily become addicting
  - important to disease activity
  - well known to promote an increased risk of lung cancer
* lifestyle risk factor for hyperlipidemia.
* major cause of death and disease among all minority and ethnic groups
  - emphysema, chronic bronchitis, lung cancer and heart disease
  - heart disease among both men and women
* major risk factor for coronary heart disease
  - in heart disease, stroke and lung cancer
  - of human cancers
* nasty, health-destroying, often fatal and always expensive habit.
* neutralizes many of the biological advantages women have.
* particularly difficult addiction for people to overcome.
* predicts symptomatic vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
* principle risk factor for the disease.
* releases powerful body chemicals that can cause cardiac rhythm abnormalities.
* remains stable
  - the main cause of lung cancer in women, however
* remains the single most preventable cause of death and illness
* risk factor for Graves ophthalmopathy
  - pulmonary histiocytosis
  - the development of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
* serious health hazard.
* significant factor in the causation of cancer of the larynx.
* strong risk factor for invasive pneumococcal infection.
* threat to anyone's health.
* way to instantly appear mature for teens.
* weakens the lower esophageal sphincter.
* well-established cause of a number of cancers.
* well-known risk factor for colon cancer.
+ Cadmium, Safety: Metals :: Chemical elements
  * Cadmium is a highly toxic metal. Dust of cadmium or its compounds is very dangerous and can kill. Some countries have banned cadmium from electronics. Cigarette smoking is the most important source of cadmium. Cadmium is thought to be carcinogenic, although people still debate whether it is other things with the cadmium that cause cancer, like arsenic.
+ Lung cancer: Cancer
  * Lung cancer' is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both of the lungs. Cigarette smoking causes most lung cancers. Lung cancer kills 1.3 million people each year, more than any other cancer.