Turbulence
* Most turbulence occurs with the frontal zones or zones of strong surface convergence.
* affects larger scales primarily through fluxes.
* also affects the physical performance of a skimmer
  - increasesheat transfer between a fluid and a surface
* can become quite severe and some aircraft have been damaged by turbulence.
* can cause difficult flight conditions at any time
  - particle movement
  - the pad fibers to break down
  - occur when the sky appears to be clear
  - rapidly mix away film cooling protection on turbine airfoils
  - release radon gas to the atmosphere, lowering the level found in the water
* causes local changes in the refractive index of air
  - outside air to mix with the plume
* consists of irregular fluid motions that vary greatly over time.
* decreases the possibility of using the energy in the wind effectively for a wind turbine.
* does something that changes the large-scale flow.
* does, however, increase the variation in the rate of climb from run to run.
* fact of life.
* is also a factor as pump impellers, etc
  - associated with variations in density in the atmosphere
  - assumed to be a property of the liquid phase
  - atmospheric mixing and thermals are the primary mechanism of atmospheric mixing
  - bad weather
  - caused by obstructions to the wind, such as nearby trees or buildings
  - chaotic behavior and the swirling patterns change unpredictably
  - common close to the ground where wind speeds and air pressures fluctuate randomly
  - disorder
  - due to the friction caused by rocks and steps in the stream's channel
  - flow characterized by recirculation, eddies , and apparent randomness
* is in a way a vortex phenomenon, an incompressible phenomenon
  - the nature of business environments
  - known to affect the performance of wind turbine blades
  - only light
  - required to help disk material lose angular momentum so it can accrete onto the hole
  - severe in the squall-line thunderstorms because of violent updrafts and downdrafts
  - simulated using a single field-equation model
* is the archenemy of wind power
  - equivalent of rocks on a highway
  - flow field that is characterized by eddy motion
  - irregular, random component of fluid motion
  - leading cause of in-flight injuries
* is the leading cause of injuries in aircraft, outside of accidents
  - on airliners
  - primary cause of nonfatal injuries to airline passengers and crew
  - random, chaotic motion of air, caused by changes in air currents
  - reality of our times
  - term used to describe the movement or agitation of surrounding water
  - treated as an ensemble of moving magnetic traps
  - what happens when the wind gets bumpy
  - when eddies begin to occur at all different scales
* key feature of many environmental flows.
* makes convective transport dominant
  - such cavities by clearing away material during convective motions
* occurs also in biological contexts, e.g. in humans, animals and even some plants
  - at all scales over which a system can be described as possessing fluid properties
* occurs in many kinds of flows and is used in many processes for positive purposes
  - most engineering and environmental fluid flows
* physical phenomenon
  - occurring in most fluids, yet is still widely unsolved
* point of view.
* primary factor influencing the noise level of a fan.
* produced by rapidly moving columns of air also generates low-frequency sounds.
* produces pressure and drag, inhibiting the free motion possible in water
  - rapid mixing and transport of passive pollutants and particulate matters
* provides another way in which electromagnetic energy from a radar can be back-scattered.
* random swirling of water in all directions.
* represents bulk motions, independent of the mass of the atoms.
* tends to increase with engine speed.