### substance | waste:

Urine
* All urine is an organic material.
* More urine leads to larger bladders.
* Most urine comes from metabolism
  - protein metabolism
* Most urine contains ammonium
  - byproduct
  - concentration
  - harmful substances
  - hormones
  - materials
  - enters ureters
* Most urine has beneficial properties
  - definite odor
* Most urine has strong odor
  - smell
  - unusual odor
  - irritates skin
  - is produced by kidneys
* Most urine passes into urethras
  - through urethras
* Some urine attracts mates.
* Some urine causes allergies
  - irritation
* Some urine contains acid
  - amino acid
  - amounts
  - bicarbonate
  - glucose
  - nutrients
  - pheromone
  - potassium
  - products
  - proteins
  - salt
  - sediments
  - waste products
* Some urine enters collect ducts
* Some urine has blood
  - effects
  - heal effects
  - positive effects
* Some urine has powerful effects
  - surface tension
* Some urine includes pigment
  - yellow pigment
  - produces in kidneys
* Some urine reflects light
  - ultraviolet light
  - remains in the bladder after urination
* Some urine shows considerable diurnal variation
* Some urine supports growth
  - plant growth
* consists of excess water
  - urea
  - chemicals
  - desirable properties
  - roles
* is an excretory product
  - created by kidneys
  - liquid solutions
  - liquids
  - located in toilets
  - wets
* placed in containers often have a stronger scent than the natural odor.
* tends to sink to bottom and permeate material.

### substance | waste | urine:

Acidic urine
* accelerates elimination.
* dissolves struvite stones.
* is associated with faster elimination of the drug.

Animal urine
* are extremely complex organic chemical compounds.
* can cause serious damage to a tall fescue lawn.
* is the most important vehicle of infection for man.

Cat urine
* glows in the dark.
* glows under a black light
  - black-light

Clear urine
* means an athlete is drinking an adequate amount of fluids
  - enough fluid
* sign of being well hydrated.
* signifies potential over-hydration.

Dark urine
* Occurs in certain cases.
* is too concentrated, reflecting an overall lack of water flowing through the body.
* sure indication of poor hydration
  - hyrdation

Dog urine
* can often be a frustrating lawn care problem.
* kills grass while feces present health and safety risks.

Normal urine
* Most normal urine consists of water.
* Some normal urine contains amounts
  - has surface tension
* contains benign transitional epithelial cells that line the urinary tract
  - healthy, harmless and nourishing components
* has a wide range of color that is determined by urine concentration.
* is of a clear amber color
  - straw-colored and slightly acid
  - yellow to amber in color, depending on the concentration of pigment

Rodent urine
* glows under ultraviolet light.
* is usually the main source of allergen.

Stagnant urine
* can help bacteria grow
  - set the stage for infection
* promotes bacterial growth.

Urine flow
* begins to decrease as soon as fluid intake lessens or fluid losses increase.
* is also very low, and waste products build up in the blood.

### substance | waste | urine:

Urine testing
* better long-term monitor of amylase levels.
* can help rule out an infection or kidney problem.
* is also a good way to determine the results of body metabolism
  - done in healthy people with diabetes to screen for diabetic nephropathy
  - performed with a plastic stick that has many squares of different chemicals
  - simply drug abuse abuse
* is the only way to check for the presence of ketones, a sign of serious illness
  - standard for company drug tests
* shows blood and protein in the urine.
* violates privacy rights.

Yellow urine
* Most yellow urine contains water.
* darkens to a red-brown after exposure to light.
* indicates a bacterial or yeast infection or kidney disease.
* sign of dehydration.