### force | attraction | bond:

Commercial bond
* are long-term debts issued by corporations.
* cover obligations typically required by law or regulation.

Convertible bond
* are bonds
  - convertible security
  - corporate bonds
  - hybrid securities that can be converted into company stock
* combine features of bonds and stock options.

### force | attraction | bond:

Corporate bond
* Most corporate bonds are fixed-rate bonds
  - carry a letter-coded rating to indicate their relative credit quality
  - have a maturity of five years or less
  - provide fixed interest rates until maturity
* Some corporate bonds are convertible to stocks under circumstances specified in the bond agreement
  - use floating rates to determine the exact interest rate paid to bond holders
* are an important source of corporate funding
  - bonds issued by a corporation
  - debt obligations of corporations
  - either secured or unsecured
  - generally higher risk bonds in comparison to municipal and government bonds
  - just a form of loan
  - long-term, with interest reinvested
  - seasoned issues
  - taxable and have a specific maturity date
  - usually for much shorter terms
* carry credit ratings, like individuals
  - some risk of default
* come in dozens of varieties.
* have corporate credit risk and are fully taxable for non-retirement money.
* offer a fixed principal value and a fixed rate of return if held to maturity.
* pay taxable interest.
* pose more risk than government bonds.

### force | attraction | bond:

Covalent bond
* All covalent bonds are the same strength.
* Every covalent bond has a characteristic bond strength and bond length.
  * are weaker than ionic bonds, and have a lower melting point. They are also thought to be poor conductors of electricity and heat
  - a type of chemical bond in which electrons are shared between atoms
  - also very strong
  - by far the strongest chemical bonds
  - directional
  - easy for the body to break apart and thereafter use the minerals as nourishment
  - formed when an electron is completely lost or gained from an atom
  - generally strong and very stable at physiological temperatures
  - highly directional
  - non-polar or polar
  - stronger that ionic bonds
  - the strongest of bonds and are hard to break
  - tough to break
  - typically stronger than ionic bonds
* are very strong bonds
  - weaker than ionic bonds , and have a lower melting point
* arise when two atoms share electrons.
* can also form between two atoms of different elements
  - be very strong, that is, difficult to break
  - create polar or non-polar molecules
  - only form between atoms that can ionize
* form between nonmetals
  - through the sharing of valence electrons
  - when atoms share electrons
* happen when electrons are shared by both atoms.
* involve the sharing of two electrons between two atoms.
* is the bond formed between two atoms that share electrons.
* occur when atoms share electrons.
* represent chemical potential energy that can be used in biological reactions.
* result from the sharing of electrons.
* tend to form between elements in the middle.
+ Chemical bond: Chemistry :: Energy
  * When two or more atoms are in a chemical bond they stay joined unless the needed amount of energy or more is transferred to the bond. Something different can then happen. Chemical bonds can be explained using different theories. Some of these theories try to explain chemical bonds in a simple way that can be used by chemists to imagine what could happen when they try to make molecules. Some explain how the atoms are bonded together with more detail and are used by chemists and physicists. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Ionic bonding is the attraction between oppositely charged ions.