### alteration | damage:

Aphid damage
* Most aphid damage occurs when temperatures are mild.
* can stunt or kill plants.
* causes leaves to cup downward.
* is generally rare, due to effective biological control and resistant cultivars
  - most prominent on newer, younger leaves in the center of the plant

Cell damage
* can be reversible or irreversible
  - cause non-specific staining, cell clumping, and excessive debris
  - lead to cancer
* is directly related to aging.
* occurs whenever there lack of blood flow to the brain.

Cellular damage
* Some cellular damage leads to diseases.
* takes place for years before cancer shows up.

Chemical damage
* can also wrinkle leaves, but heat is the main reason.
* occurs through dyeing, bleaching and permanent waves.

Chromosomal damage
* can cause birth defects, including mental retardation.
* is known to cause mongolism.

Civil damage
* are monies awarded after the fact, as in traditional malpractice cases.
* includes personal injury, death or injury to property.

Cold damage
* experienced in summer is serious in some years in northern Japan.
* is actually in the leaf tissue
  - characterized by death of exposed foliage

### alteration | damage:

Crop damage
* Some crop damage is caused by animals
  - beetles
  - blister beetles
  - free roam animals
  - nematodes
  - occurs during larval stages
* can be extensive because of the invasion of larvae into the flower buds in early spring.
* is associated with deer density as much as it is with species.
* is caused by larval feeding or the presence of larvae contaminating produce
  - the larval stage
  - determined mainly by weevil population and weather conditions
* occurs during the larval stage
  - rapidly once the larvae moult to the second-last stage

### alteration | damage:

Deformation
* act on templates to produce observable shapes.
* can result from viscous stresses in fluid flow or from directly applied forces.
* ceases when the applied force is removed.
* conveys ideas of external mechanical forces altering morphogenesis.
* deals with how much the bullet was changed as it traveled through the bore.
* involves folding and fracture of rock bodies.
* is damage
  - evaluated at Earth's surface
  - homogenous in regard to determination of induced strain
  - related to the weight on the wheel, tire size and pressure
  - simply a change in shape that anything undergoes under stress
  - the greatest factor in rolling friction of tires or wheels made of soft materials
* occurs along the edges of the plates as they move and grind together
  - in both frozen and thawed material under either low or high confining pressures
  - prior to rupture

### alteration | damage | deformation:

Elastic deformation
* builds up between great earthquakes if the thrust fault is locked.
* is temporary and reversible until fracture is achieved.

Mechanical deformation
* induces proliferation of human colorectal carcinoma cells.
* occurs when malleable metals are stretched, bent or hammered.

Plastic deformation
* is associated with soft, sticky clay and severe drilling disturbance.
* occurs when a stress is applied beyond a material's elastic limit.

Shear deformation
* associated with mappable faults is localized primarily in a well-defined zone.
* involves a change of shape with no volume change.
* is related to the rotations of the sides of a control element.