### body part | tissue | bone | jaw:

Mandible
* Most mandibles consist of bones
  - crush food
* Some mandibles deliver digestive fluid
  - have functions
  - penetrate skin
* are an insect's teeth
  - blue
  - modified appendages right at the mouth that crunch up food
  - on either side of the insect's mouth
  - part of jaws
  - used to crush food
* bite at flailing arms and legs.
* crush and form wax for comb-building
* have slits
  - tips
* help the beetle eat by crushing and cutting food.
  - corpi
  - ground substances
  - gum ridges
  - lobes
  - mast cells
+ Beetle, Beetle bodies, The mouth:
  * The mouth of a beetle is very different from the mouth of a person. Most beetles have two hard mandibles at the front of their mouth which are a bit like teeth. Mandibles help the beetle eat by crushing and cutting food. In some beetles, the mandibles look like big pincers. These fingers are called palpi.

Powerful jaw
* Most powerful jaws consist of teeth
  - have teeth
* Some powerful jaws crush bones.
* aid in consumption
  - food consumption
* allow the koala to chew the leaves into a very fine paste.
* are able to crush bones with ease.
* crush mollusks, crabs and encrusting animals.
* serve purposes.

Strong jaw
* Some strong jaws crush bones.
* help the gorilla chew tough stems.

Upper jaw
* Most upper jaws contain teeth.
* Most upper jaws have forces
  - help food
* are jaws.

Lacrimal bone
* are bones.
* is present.

Leg bone
* Most leg bones are part of endoskeletons.
  - similar in construction to arm bones, but are heavier and stronger
* can become deformed, which can lead to mobility problems.
* long bone

### body part | tissue | bone:

Long bone
* Some long bones grow cartilages.
* are bones
  - characteristically short and wide
  - characterized by a shaft, the diaphysis , that is much greater in length than width
  - generally larger in males than in females within a given population
* are longer than they are wide and work as levers
* arise primarily through endo chondral ossification.
* connect to each other at joints, which allow limb flexion.
* contain living blood, fat, and bone cells.
* form the internal core of the legs.
* function chiefly as levers and aid in support, locomotion and prehension.
* grow from special growth plates near their ends
  - in two main segments

Metacarpal
- long bones
* branch off postaxially.
* make up the palm of the hand, with their heads forming the knuckles.
* move anteriorly, posteriorly, medially and laterally.

New bone
* are made when calcium combines with phosphate and hydroxide.
* can grow in the areas where the bone s lining has been torn away.
* is deposited on the remnants of the mineralized cartilage matrix in the ossification zone.
* is formed at the epiphyses in response to growth hormone
  - by the osteocytes
  - in the gap that is formed
* produced beneath the periosteum is the involucrum.

Normal bone
* goes through a continual growth and destruction.
* has two layers.
* is dense, somewhat like a new sponge or honeycomb
  - destroyed and replaced by poorly mineralized osteoid matrix
* renews itself by removing old bone and replacing it with new bone.

Older bone
* are often less dense, more brittle and break more easily.
* have more fluorine and uranium and less nitrogen.
* take longer to heal and are typically thinner and weaker than younger bones.

Ossicle
* Think of the three bones as a lever system with three components.
* conduct sound from the eardrum to the cochlea.
* following the radials are brachials.
* form a continuous fused armor in the form of plates.

### body part | tissue | bone | ossicle:

Dermal ossicle
* are fused into a hard, internal test.
* form a continuously articulated armor, especially along the arms.

Pagetic bone
* can affect other parts of the body, causing added problems.
* is susceptible to fracture with moderate stress.