ontocord/MixtureVitae-genericsKB huggingface dataset:
### broad object-oriented term:

Polymorphism
* Greek word meaning many forms.
* allows a type to have many behaviors
  - different types of objects to behave differently
  - free choice of the type of states, messages, and object data
  - old code to implement functionality by calling new code
  - overloading on the name of an operator
  - programs to similarly process different objects of the same superclass
  - the substitution of different solvers that handle the same type of physics
* are differences in a specific gene.
  * is common in nature. The most common example is sexual dimorphism, which occurs in many organisms.
* broad object-oriented term.
* can also be a factor in suspension technology
  - extend beyond pure symmetry content
* consists of two root words, poly and morph.
* describes the property where a single method can be used on multiple data types.
* is achieved through inheritance
  - also information hiding
* is an analogous phenomenon observed in chemical compounds
  - often-misunderstood concept within the developer community
  - another building block of object oriented programming
  - at the very heart of, and clearly fundamental to, component-orientation
* is common and most groups exhibit an alternation of generations
* is implemented by ordinary function overloading, since objects are ordinary arguments
  - using virtual functions
  - important for reusing code modularly
* is one of the most important concepts in object-oriented programming
  - underlying principles of object orientation
  - powerful mechanism for genericity
  - related to inheritance
* is the ability of one object to be treated, or used, like another
  - existence of more than one crystal form in a fat
  - useful in modeling several common situatoins
  - very important - leaves are thin, bright and light green
* is, as has been discussed before , a typical feature of cultivars.
* means that a class can do the same thing in different ways
  - objects of different classes can be used interchangeably
* means the ability to take several forms
  - occurrence of different forms, stages or types
  - using a superclass variable to refer to a subclass object
* natural phenomenon
* occurs in all species and the mandibles bear four teeth.
* only applies to specific sets of methods.
* refers to the DNA sequence variation between individuals of a species
  - occurrence of more than one method in the same class with the same mane
* uses date and time of infection.
Bunion
* Most bunions are treatable without surgery
  - develop after an extended period of use of tight or pointed shoewear
* are a common amongst elderly rheumatoid arthritic patients
  - deformity of the forefoot
  - problem experienced mostly by women
* are a deformity of the big toe
  - that tends to run in families
  - also a painful injury due to pointe shoes
  - an extremely common foot problem affecting both men and women
  - cosmetically unsightly, and generally cause swelling, pain and skin irritation
  - diseases
  - due to wearing narrow shoes with pointed toes and high heels
  - hard painful growths which develop on the foot in the region of the bigtoe
  - hereditary, but they can get aggravated when trendy shoes and heels are worn
* are often hereditary and develop from a weakness in the foot s bone structure
  - painful big toe joints, which can become swollen and tender
* can also be a result of arthritis which often affects the big toe joint
  - and do occur in men as well
  - become swollen and painful at times
  - form on one or both feet
  - lead to other problems such as serious infections
* develop gradually but continuously, and can cause pain at various levels of enlargement.
* develop when a significant amount of extra bone accumulates at the base of the big toe
  - big toe joints are out of line and become swollen and tender
* have a strong hereditary basis, and seem to be more common among women than men.
* occur when the metatarsal bone protrudes at the base of the big toe.
* often run in the family and can also be caused by wearing shoes with pointed toes.
* start as small protrusions of bone behind the big toe
  - out small, but they usually become worse with time
* tend to get worse as the joints sublux and become arthritic.
* tend to run in families, but shoes that are too narrow can aggravate the condition

### burgers:

Veggie burger
* Many veggie burgers contain cheese
  - no soy and are made from vegetables and grains
* are burgers.
### business information:

Financial information
* includes information such as credit card numbers and bank account information.
* is business information
  - critical in understanding the needs of all small businesses
* is used for billing purposes only when a transaction has occurred
  - in-house statistics, advertising and marketing target material
  - only for transferring funds for products
  - solely for the purpose of billing the user for products
* is used to bill and charge customers for products and services only
  - for products ordered
* is used to bill the customer for products and services only
  - for products they order
  - user for products and services
  - to bill the user for product or services

Business object
* Business Objects are representations of stable, real-world entities such as customer or invoice.
* are a very broad class, of which manufacturing objects are only a part.
* provide the explicit mapping of business concepts to systems.
* represent real world things such as employees, products, invoices, or payments.

### business problem:

Contingency planning
* business problem.
* is related to business resumption planning, but is narrower in focus.

### business transaction:

Bargaining
* are negotiation.
* business transaction.
* is an essential aspect of economic theory
  - common practice in markets and tourist shops, and when catching non-metered taxis
  - part of Chinese commerce
  - probably the shortest of all stages of grief
  - still common among the majority of people populating the planet
* is the name of the game
  - rule at markets and when hiring transport
  - third stage of grieving
  - traditionally a matter for men
* part of life in Egypt and virtually everything is open to negotiation.
* process that can be time consuming.
* replaces violence and domination in moral and legal disputes.
* way of life in markets.

### business transaction | bargaining:

Plea bargaining
* is an integral part of the American criminal justice system
  - the way of life
* tool of conciliation.

### business websites:

Internet website
* Most Internet websites are business websites.
* have validation procedures to verify cardholders' identity.
* involve alot of time and energy.
Calcium compound
* are also important in chemistry
  - colorless
* come flooding in, triggering toxic reactions.
* reduce blood concentrations of oral tetracyclines.
+ Calcium, Properties, Calcium compounds: Alkaline earth metals
  * Calcium compounds are colorless. Most calcium compounds are not toxic. They are needed in the human body, actually. They are unreactive as far as calcium ions go. Calcium oxide was used to make limelights, which have a flame heating calcium oxide and makes it glow very bright
  - Uses, As chemical compounds
  * Calcium compounds are also important in chemistry. It is important for making things.
  * This article seems unclear. Calcium compounds are colorless. This article seems like nonsense
### camels:

Bactrian camel
* Most Bactrian camels live in the mountain deserts of Asia.
* are camels
  - critically endangered in the wild
  - diurnal, sleeping in the open at night and foraging for food during the day
  - handsome guys With long thick brows around their eyes
  - mammals
  - native to the steppes of Central Asia
  - said to be good swimmers
* come from the deserts and arid grasslands of Central Asia.
* have two humps rather than the single hump of their Arabian relatives
  - where food and water are stored in the form of fat
* live in the Mongolian deserts, where it gets very cold in the winter.

### cameras:

Video camera
* Many video cameras have auto-iris control
  - utilize CCD elements that are sensitive to infrared radiation
* Most video cameras use interlacing where the even lines are imaged and then the odd lines.
* Some video cameras have provisions to mechanically or electronically shutter
  - offer frame by frame filming for animation
* allow school administrators and bus company management to monitor student behavior.
* are cameras
  - commonplace due to the rise of theft and violence in the workplace
  - electronic devices
  - mostly plastic
  - movie cameras
* capture images in a video format
* collect the light scattered by objects and stores it as electrical information.
* deter theft by reducing the temptation that honest people feel.
* help evaluate factors such as posture and hand positions.
* use an electronic shutter.

Campfire
* Use only dead and down wood for campfires.
* are a special way of ending a full and happy day
  - burning
  - capable of fire hazards
  - often the main place flags are retired
  - subject to being banned during extremely dry conditions
  - verboten to prevent soot scarring of the dry ground
* can also lead to local environmental degradation around campsites.
* consume scarce vegetation and leave permanent scars on the rocks and land.
* generate heat.
* is fire
* leave permanent scars on the land and are frequently the cause of wildfires.

### cancer cells:

White patch
* Some white patches can turn into cancer over time.
* are cancer cells.
* can be due to various causes like infection, autoimmune disorders, burn etc.
* result from epistasis by an autosomal gene that shuts off the pigment synthesis.

### cancerous:

Malignant growth
* are caused by earth rays, bacteria, and fungi.
* is cancerous.

Malignant tumour
* are cancerous
  - much more serious
* can invade and destroy surrounding tissue and have the capacity to spread.
* grow rapidly, and invade and destroy adjacent structures as they increase in size.
* have the ability to grow and spread to other parts of the body.
* invade the ovary and ovarian bursa and tend to spread over the peritoneum.
* is another name for cancer.

### candles:

Tea light
* are like small votives used to warm pots of potpourri and to heat foods.
* burn inside woven wire baskets.
* is candles.

### cants:

Street name
* All street names are unique combinations of letters, numbers, and words.
* are cants
### capital punishment:

Lethal injection
* are capital punishment.
* is no less a human rights violation than electrocution.
* is the method most used for execution in America
  - of execution in Pennsylvania
* is the most common means of execution in the United States
  - used method of capital punishment today
  - presumed method of execution in Washington state
  - used in only a handful of countries

### capital-intensive industry:

Shipping
* are delivery services
  - hires
  - rides
* begins when the plants begin to break dormancy.
* capital-intensive industry.
* crucial sector of our economy because of our strategic location between East and West.
* is based on the weight, value and distance to travel
  - basically an environmentally friendly mode of transport
  - divided into Eastern and Western states
* is included within the Continental United States
* is one of Greece's largest industries
  - the most competitive and flexible industries in the world
* is the cheapest and most environmentally friendly form of transportation
  - thorn in the side of online shopping
  - vital to the Australian economy
* key means of transportation between the South and the North.
* litigious industry.

### capital-intensive industry | shipping:

Air transport
* brings infants and children from as far away as Israel and Hawaii.
* drives economic progress and in turn benefits from it.
* includes large air carriers to commuters and freight services.
* is essential to economic progress
  - increasing understanding of different cultures
  - fundamentally the basis for economic development in all parts of the world
* is the most important for transporting people
  - only sector where progress has been made, particularly as regards air safety
  - quickest and most efficient means of travel

Free shipping
* Free Shipping is limited to the continental United States.
* can be the difference in acquiring a new customer or ultimately making a sale.
### capitalism:

Competitive capitalism
* demands a definite level of unemployment to reduce wages.
* is Darwinist in nature.

Corporate capitalism
* can raise private armies, monopolies and trusts.
* is the natural adversary of entrepreneurial capitalism.

Global capitalism
* can only give rise to greater divisions between rich and poor.
* code word for theft.
* means poverty and starvation for much of the worlds population.
* molds the consumer far more than it responds to consumer desires.

Liberal capitalism
* is the most dynamic social system humanity has ever created.
* stresses the absolute autonomy of the individual capitalist, or owner of capital.

Modern capitalism
* involves the concentration of ownership in a very few people.
* is essentially mass production for the needs of the masses
  - locked into a cycle of greed
  - more than just a form of economic organization
* system where monopolies dominate.

Monopoly capitalism
* breeds wars of aggression both at home and abroad.
* is an obstacle to the further advancement of the material well-being of society.
* restricts capitalist trade and production.
* system of intemational exploitation - imperialism.

Venture capitalism
* involves providing external financial capital for high-risk ventures.
* is capitalism.

### capitalisms greatest virtue:

Amorality
* is capitalism's greatest virtue
  - quality
* starts with assigning people numbers instead of names.

### captive animals:

Zoo animal
* Most zoo animals have diets.
* Some zoo animals suffer from neglect and abuse, too.
* are captive animals
  - often heavier
  - wild and potentially dangerous
* live in conditions where outlets for their natural instincts are continually frustrated.

Carbide
* Some carbides are unaffected by water, e.g., chromium carbide and silicon carbide.
* dominate among the ferromagnetic phases.
* is an extremely hard material
  - inorganic compound
  - especially prone to heat buildup during grinding
  - made to be very resistant to wear and corrosion
  - organic compounds
* is used as a substrate to provide a solid base which can be easily brazed to tips of tools
  - for inserts because it is very wear resistant
  - very hard, but it is also brittle
* retain their wear resistant properties due to low particle temperature.

### carbide:

Tungsten carbide
* are very hard and are used in cutting tools.
* is also a natural for drilling equipment
  - chemical compounds
  - extremely hard and is used for making cutting tools and abrasives
  - impregnated to the inside surface of the tips for a secure grasp
  - interstitial carbide
  - of great importance to the metal-working, mining, and petroleum industries
  - used in place of diamond for dies and as an abrasive
* made up of chemically bonded tungsten and carbide.
### carbohydrate:

Dietary carbohydrate
* Some dietary carbohydrates are consumed by african apes
* Some dietary carbohydrates have effects
  - minimal effects
* are an essential energy source as well useful sweetening agents
  - plentiful in our foods
* enhances intestinal sugar transport in diabetic mice.
* play a siginificant role.

Excess carbohydrate
* is stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle.
* raises triglycerides.

### carbohydrate:

Lactose
* acts as an inducer to turn on the operon.
* alone is responsible for more than one-third of the osmotic pressure of normal milk.
* also imparts sweetness or palatability factors to the feed.
* binds the repressor and knocks it off the operator.
* breaks down enzymatically to glucose and galactose
  - into glucose and galactose
* comes from milk.
* contains galactose that is needed to develop the myelin sheath which insulates the nerves.
* forms the major part of milk's dry matter content.
* hides in the most unusual foods.
* includes atoms.
* includes chemical chain
  - groups
* inhibits the repressor.
* is chemical compounds.
* is milk sugar, the only carbohydrate source naturally available to infants
  - present in all milks
  - quite common in tablets, capsules, and homeopathic remedies
  - sugar naturally found in milk
  - unabsorbable and increases the osmotic gradient within the small intestine
* produces clinical symptoms such as diarrhea and gas in about one-third of the population.
* reduced milk is sold in some supermarkets.
+ Promoter (genetics): Genetics
  * Lactose inhibits the repressor. This allows the RNA polymerase to bind with the promoter, and express the genes. The genes now synthesize lactase. Eventually, the lactase will digest all of the lactose, until there is none to bind to the repressor. The repressor will then bind to the operator, stopping the manufacture of lactase.
### carbohydrate | monosaccharide:

Fructose
* Some fructose contains food.
* Some fructose finds in beverages
  - sugary beverages
* Some fructose is produced by certain plants
* attracts more water than sucrose, therefore fructose sweetened products tend to be moist.
* comes from fruit and honey, and raises blood sugar more slowly than glucose.
* contributes the most sweetness per unit, followed by glucose and sucrose.
* enters the glycolytic pathway through the liver or skeletal muscle.
* is certainly more desirable than common sugar, but is still void of nutrients
  - chemical compounds
  - more soluble in water than sucrose, so fructose provides a more desirable syrup
* is present in fruits and honey or produced from sucrose
  - sucrose and other glucofructans with higher molecular weights
* provides just as much energy as sucrose or any other sugar.
### carbohydrates:

Invert sugar
* helps keep sucrose from crystallizing in candies.
* is carbohydrates
  - formed by splitting sucrose in a process called inversion
  - much in demand by the confectionary and pharmaceutical industries
* is sugar
  - that has been cooked for a couple of minutes over a low flame

Carbon compound
* All carbon compounds contain a certain amount of energy.
* Most carbon compounds contain atoms
  - carbon atoms
  - have plenty
* Some carbon compounds are diamonds.
* are central in the chemistry of life
  - the most abundant in many living organisms
* containing boron and silicon are among the hardest substances known
  - nonmetals are usually gases or liquids with low boiling points
* have plenty of uses
* show the full range of toxicities.

### carbonated water:

Mineral water
* Most mineral water contains amounts
  - carbon dioxide
  * ' is water obtained from rocks. It is often collected from springs or from underground rivers when they emerge from the rocks. Mineral waters are very clean and have no germs in it. Because they have been held in rocks for a long time they often contain chemicals that have come from the rocks. This chemicals can give the water an interesting taste. Some mineral waters may be good for health. Because some underground water comes to the surface from very deep layers in the earth, it can also have carbon dioxide gas dissolved in it. This can make the water fizzy
* can be cold or hot, but their mineral composition is essential.
  - electrolytes, compounds needed for muscle function and energy
* is carbonated water
  - drinking water
  - from a natural spring or underground source
  - natural spring water
  - taken from spas for curative purposes, then sold in bottles in pharmacies
  - that which is mined from an underground, protected water supply
  - water from a geologically and physically protected underground source
* play an important part in the complex of sanitary and spa treatment.

### carbonated water | mineral water:

Seltzer
* is mineral water
* tend to loose their carbonation quickly because of the lack of minerals.

Carbonyl
* Some carbonyls are highly reactive and play a critical role in the formationof ozone.
  * are found in many natural substances and also in drugs and medicines. It is easy to check if a carbonyl is in a molecule. It gives a very strong signal in infrared spectroscopy. In carbon NMR spectroscopy, the signal is usually at very high frequency, away from many other peaks
  - biproducts of oxidative damage to proteins
  - the most highly deshielded carbons which are typically encountered

### carbonyl:

Nickel carbonyl
* is poisonous
  - the most acutely toxic nickel compound
  - used as part of the nickel metal refining process and is extremely hazardous
  - very toxic
* very toxic gas.
### cards | rum | meld:

Bolivia
* has abundant reserves of natural gas, a relatively clean-burning source of energy
  - eight national parks, although most are little known outside the country
  - no laws directly regulating competition
  - one of the highest child mortality rates in South America because of contaminated water
* has the second highest percentage of people living in poverty in the Western Hemisphere
  - largest natural gas reserves in South America
* is also a centre of crop-genetic resources of global importance
  - one of the poorest countries in Latin America
  - cold in many places
  - located high in the Andes mountains
* is located in the heart of South America
  - middle of South America and therefore called the heart of South America
  - rich in minerals generating considerable export income
  - situated in the centre of South America

### cards | rum | meld | bolivia:

Bolivian coca
* grows in the moist tropical forests of the eastern Andes of Peru and Bolivia.
* is the major source of commercially produced coca leaves and cocaine.

Sound card
* Some sound cards have a pair of on-board audio input connectors.
* are cards
  - circuit boards which greatly improve the PC's sound output quality
  - computer hardware
  - expansion cards
  - responsible for playing and recording sound to or from a computer

### carefree shrub:

Spirea
* are medium-sized shrubs with white to pink blossoms.
* carefree shrub.
* durable and familiar shrub.
* popular shrub that blooms in spring and requires very little care and maintenance.

### carnivores:

Asiatic cheetah
* Most asiatic cheetahs eat hoof mammals
* Most asiatic cheetahs have legs
  - long legs
  - prefer habitats
* are carnivores
  - slimmer, lighter and slightly shorter than their African brethren
  - very rare and nearly extinct
* tend to be slender and have long legs.

Black coral
* are carnivores
  - colonial animals related to sea anemones and stony corals
  - the only exclusively colonial zoantharians
* grows here.
* prefer deeper water.
* protects against negativity.

### carnivorous fungus:

Oyster mushroom
* Some oyster mushrooms grow on dead wood
  - substrate
* begin to grow through holes in the poly bag and form a cluster.
* carnivorous fungus.
* grow in masses and rows on hardwood logs, stumps, and trees
  - on a wider range of cellulosic wastes than species from any other group
  - well within a wide temperature range
* have a delicate, mild flavor and velvety texture
  - firm texture and make a great addition to casseroles and stews
  - broad, smooth caps that range in color from tan or brown to white
* is agaric
* look similar to oyster shells and grow in layers.
### causative interference:

Vertebral subluxation
* are a detriment to the fullest possible expression of life.
* can lead to many health problems including arthritis.
* causative interference.
* cause interference with the nerve system's life giving functions.
* have many causes.
* is all that chiropractors address themselves to.
* reduces the function of the entire body including the educated brain.

### causing:

Tripping
* are causing
  - events
* cause fallings.

Caustic
* also arise naturally in the distribution of dark matter in space.
* are added to desalting water to neutralize acids and reduce corrosion
  - also highly toxic if swallowed
  - compounds
  - powerful agents that can cause burns
  - the envelope of rays diffracted by surface defects in a material
  - usually hydroxides of light metals
* can cause severe burns to skin and eyes even on short contact.

### cavity nesters:

Bali mynah
* are cavity nesters
  - very conspicuous birds and easily trapped for the pet bird trade in Indonesia
* share the ability to mimic sounds, including human speech, with their larger cousins.

### celebrated annually worldwide:

Earth day
* are holidays
  - shorter than Earth years
* is celebrated annually worldwide.

Celebration
* are great ways for families to spend time together.
* is affairs
  - also a time to listen to laughter, lively conversation and music
  - an occasion
  - diversion
  - rituals
  - the physical and verbal expression of our freedom from the power of sin
* takes places.

### celestial law:

Consecration
* celestial law.
* deed of faith, a part of the glorious life of faith.
* divine action.
* is commitment
  - sanctification
  - that which makes it immutable
  - the basic whole unit of yoga
  - to direct the act formed out of that energy towards the divine intention
* literally means to make sacred.
* miracle of grace.
* relates the being in the becoming to the individual.

### celestial love:

Mutual love
* can begin with limerence, or it can develop gradually in a non-sexual friendship.
* celestial love.

### celestial love | mutual love:

Christian love
* is opposite to proud behavior
  - to the world as water in the desert
  - unique, it is characterized by, a sense of family
* mutual love.
* requires that trust be maintained in human relationships.
* special kind of love.
* virtue that results in a commitment to the truth.
### cell:

Companion cell
* are small with dense cytoplasm.
* form the conducting tissue for sap.
* have much protoplasm.
* help transfer carbohydrates.
* move sugars and amino acids into and out of the sieve elements.
* retain their nucleus and control the adjacent sieve cells.
* supply the energy that loads sucrose at the source.

Concentration cell
* are cells in which the e.m.f. is caused by a difference of concentration.
* can form in the deposits of corrosion products, leading to localized corrosion.

Damaged cell
* can become cancerous
  - then lead to malfunctioning organ systems
* have a natural suicide process that caffeine inhibits.
* provide ideal sites for the growth of bacteria, yeasts and moulds.
* release chemicals from their lysosomes that activate the inflammatory response.
* stain nonspecifically.
* take longer to heal raising the risk of injury and illness.

Dark cell
* are cells which have many of that species and brighter cells have little.
* produce a mucous-like secretion while clear cells make an aqueous secretion.

### cell:

Daughter cell
* Some daughter cells hang together for a long time and form long flexible chains.
* are blastomeres
  - clones of the parent cells
  - offsprings
* can get very different ratios of types
  - remain connected to mother cell and form a chain
* forming within tomonts are known as tomites.
* get exact copies of the chromosomes during mitosis.
* have exactly half dimension of their mother cell
  - half the number of chromosomes from the original
* stick together because of the adhesive they produce.

Dead cell
* accumulate and can put pressure on surrounding tissues.
* appear as round fragments next to others still in the process of degenerating.
* are exceptions among bryophytes, but very common in flowering plants
  - traditionally white, live cells black
* can cause all sorts of artefacts.
* have a naughty ability to nonspecifically binding antibodies.

Dedritic cell
* develop from monocytes , white blood cells which circulate in the body.
+ Dendritic cell, Young dentritics: Blood cells :: Immunology
  * Dedritic cells develop from monocytes, white blood cells which circulate in the body. Depending on the signal, monocytes turn into either dendritic cells or macrophages. The monocytes are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow.

Deep cell
* Many deep cells lie beneath the enveloping layer.
* undergo radial intercalation to form a coherent sheet known as the hypoblast.

Delta cell
* produce somatostatin.
* secrete the hormone somatostatin, which inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion.
### cell:

Fibroblast
* actively secrete components of the matrix.
* also enter the local tissue to replace the extracellular matrix and collagen.
* are a convenient and successful target for studies to assess external agent damage
  - type of general, all-purpose cell
  - animal cells
  - cells or tissues from which connective tissue is grown
* are cells that make collagen and connective tissue proteins
  - produce connective tissues in the body
  - support body tissue and turn on to produce collagen
  - embryonic cells
  - normally bipolar or spindle shaped cells
  - probably the most important cell type
  - prominent
  - responsible for laying down collagen in the wound and hence rebuilding tissue
  - somatic cells
  - specialized cells that produce collagen, a tough fibrous and inelastic protein
* are the cells in the human skin responsible for producing collagen
  - dominant cell type
  - main producers of collagen and ground substance in connective tissues
* are the most abundant cell type within our body
  - common cell type found in areolar connective tissue
  - usually thin elongated cells with relatively little cytoplasm visible
* begin laying down collagen to form a seal over the injured structure
  - more collagen
* create fibrous tissue that interferes with the implants.
* form scar tissue and adhesions.
* help build the collagen needed for tissue growth, maintenance and repair.
* invade and strengthen the clot.
* maintain the phenotype and viability of the rat heparin-containing mast cell in vitro.
* make connective tissue and endothelium regenerates.
* produce weak type III collagen.
* proliferate, and there great deal of regeneration and synthesis of a new membrane.
* promote the formation of a continuous basal lamina during myogenesis in vitro.
* respond to therapeutic ultrasound with an enhanced rate of protein synthesis.
* secrete collagen and elastin.

Foam cell
* are one of the key cell types involved in the process of atherosclerosis.
* play an important role in preventing heart disease progression.

Follicle cell
* envelop the maturing, pre-fertilized egg.
* remain as corpus luteum.

Follicular cell
* make up most of the gland.
* produce thyroid hormone.
* secrete increasing amounts of estrogen.
* surround the egg.
### cell:

Fuels cell
* are more efficient than turbines, even at lower power levels.
* use an environmentally friendly non-aerosol propellant.

Fungal cell
* are much smaller than host cells, and appear as small tubes with stained nuclei
  - strong and rigid
  - surrounded by cell walls that are made of chitin
* can reproduce asexually by undergoing mitosis followed by cytokinesis.
* have cell walls containing the carbohydrate chitin.
* provide the housing for algae and receive foodstuff in return from the algae.
### cell | gamete:

Egg cell
* are much bigger and simpler than sperm cells in their structure
  - larger than sperm cells because they contain more cytoplasm
* develop in the ovaries.

Female gamete
* are called ova or egg cells, and male gametes are called sperm
  - eggs or ova
  - found in the ovules of a flower
* is called an ovum.

### cell | gamete:

Male gamete
* are called sperm and female gametes are called eggs
  - are eggs
  - sperm, while female gametes are called eggs or ova
  - flagellated and highly motile
  - found inside tiny pollen grains on the anthers of flowers
  - inside pollen grains in the anthers
  - much more sensitive than females to external conditions
  - sperm cells while female gametes are egg cells
  - sperm, and the female gametes are eggs
  - transferred through the pollen tube into the ovule
* consists of large nucleus with thin sheath of cytoplasm.
* fertilize female gametes to form a zygote, which grows into a sporophyte.
* tend to be almost colorless, unlike the pigmented zoospores.

Ovum
* also has an active metabolism as substances are absorbed and released.
* mainly consists of cell fluids.
### cell:

Horizontal cell
* are interneurons which aid in signal processing
  - neurons in the vertebrate retina involved in the processing of form vision
* can inhibit the other rods.
* interconnect groups of photoreceptor cells.
* mediate lateral inhibition.

Host cell
* Some host cells burst during viral release
  - open releasing the newly produced virions
* is lysed and destroyed.
* range distinctions and specific cytokine upregulation.

### cell:

Individual cell
* align as healing begins.
* bring food particles in by endocytosis.
* consume energy, and perform other metabolic chores necessary for their survival.
* drift upward to invade the epidermis without provoking much edema.
* grow in size, but there are limits to the size that cells can reach.
* have low grade nuclear atypia.
* migrate to site of ventral nerve cord.
* produce a small voltage.
* secrete a gelatinous material.
* use a textured pyramidal surface to maximise photon absorption.
* vary in shape from ovoid to fusiform.
* work together to form the whole plant.

### cell:

Infected cell
* are in the process of catalyzing a reaction.
* become rounded and the cell sheet disintegrates.
* contain often voluminous virus crystals.
* form crown gall or root tumors
  - galls or root tumours , respectively
* have lower levels of enzyme activity and are less stable.
* release millions of copies of the original virus when they die and burst open.
+ Bacterial conjugation, Inter-kingdom transfer: Bacteria :: Genetics
  * These genes turn plant cells into factories producing chemicals used by the bacteria for nitrogen and energy. Infected cells form crown galls or root tumours, respectively.

### cell:

Inflammatory cell
* are also in the normal bronchial wall
  - present in the interstitium
  - the target of the anti-inflammatory activity of hypodermins
  - in the wall and canal of hair follicle
  - present throughout the dermis
  - relatively few
* are usually absent, but if present usually indicate infection
  - present within the fibrous capsule
* consist of lymphoid cells, as well as mast cells, eosinophils, and PMNs.
* proliferate in the synovial lining.
* release an enzyme that gradually destroys bone and cartilage.
* rush to destroy, dilute or isolate invaders and injured tissue.

Inhibitory cell
* come in a greater variety of morphologies.
* form symmetric synapses in which the presynaptic elements contain flat vesicles.

Interstitial cell
* are found lying at the base of the other entoderm cells
  - the embryonic structures which can change into any other kind of cells
* have small, darkly staining, elongated nuclei.
* lining the peritubular capillaries of human adult kidneys produce erythropoietin.
* located between seminiferous tubules produce testosterone.
### cell:

Leukocyte
* are a second line of defense against disease.
* are blood cells that fight infections and get rid of debris
  - primarily defensive, but also have important sanitation and recycling duties
  - responsible for immunity and fighting infections
  - specialists
  - the primary effector cells against infection and tissue damage
* are white blood cells and function in fighting disease
  - cells, one of the types of cells in human blood
* destroy infective agents and promote healing but can also amplify chronic inflammation
  - some microogarnisms and cancerous cells
* gradually infiltrate during diestrus.
* help defend the body from disease.
* includes cell membranes
  - chromosomes
  - corpi
  - cytoskeletons
  - lobes
  - nuclei
  - plasma membranes
  - sections
  - vacuoles
* marginate along and adhere to endothelial surfaces.
* move through the circulatory system by amoeboid motion.
* play a crucial role in the process of inflammation.
* play a major part in the body's defense system by fighting infection and disease
  - role in the defense system of the body against invading microorganisms
* serve as the second line of defense for bacteria that have entered the body.
* slow down by rolling, then receive signals.
### cell | leukocyte | lymphocyte:

B lymphocyte
* acquire the virus mainly from the pharynx.
* are plasma cells that produce antibodies
  - produced in the bone marrow - they fight off bacterial infections
  - responsible for humoral immunity and are precursors to plasma cells
  - white blood cells that travel throughout the body
* come from bone marrow.
* express and lose syndecan at specific stages of differentiation.
* have a limited life-span in culture.
* is the only cell that is able to secrete antibody.
* make antibodies which help destroy germs in our body
  - specific antibodies to bind antigens
* mature in the bone marrow.
* occur in normal numbers and are capable of terminal differentiation to plasma cells.
* respond to processed organisms.
* use membrane bound antibody to interact with antigens.

Intraepithelial lymphocyte
* are present throughout the mucosa.
* coinduce nitric oxide synthase in intestinal epithelial cells.

Large lymphocyte
* are active B or T cells.
* have abundant pale blue transparent cytoplasm.

Numerous lymphocyte
* seen in between vessels are normal.
* surround toxic crystals.

### cell | leukocyte | lymphocyte:

Plasma cell
* Every plasma cell is essentially a factory for producing a unique antibody
  - factory for producing antibodies
* are a critical part of the body's immune system
  - group of white blood cells produced by the body to fight infection
  - kind of white blood cell
  - type of white blood cell that produces and secretes antigen-specific antibodies
  - frequent in the ct
  - highly efficient producers of antibodies
  - important to the immune system because they produce antibodies
  - involved in the synthesis and secretion of circulating antibodies
  - lymphocytes
  - one form of the white blood cells that the body manufactures to fight infection
  - present, however, and the levels of immunoglobulins are normal
  - prominent at and beneath the dermoepidermal junction
* are responsible for helping the body fight infection
  - production of immunoglobulins
  - specialized cells that produce high levels of serum antibody
* are the cells responsible for forming antibodies against bacteria and foreign proteins
  - that actually produce and secret the antibodies
  - mature, fully differentiated forms of B lymphocytes that produce antibodies
  - then able to secrete antibodies specific to the antigen
  - very numerous in muco-cutaneous junctions eg lips, feet, perineum
  - white blood cells that produce antibodies to fight infections
* create the antibody as directed.
* die after about two days, but memory B cells live for decades.
* migrate to the medulla.
* predominate the immune infiltrates.
* produce antibodies , substances that help the body fight infection
  - that destroy the invading cell
  - to help fight infection and disease
  - proteins that help protect the body from infection
  - special proteins known as antibodies or immunoglobulins
* secrete large amounts of highly specific antibody
  - the antigen-specific antibody
  - quantities of antibodies which recognize and neutralize the antigen
* specialize in mass production of antibodies.
* use their machinery to produce antibodies.
### cell | leukocyte | lymphocyte:

T lymphocyte
* are also part of the adaptive immune system
  - crucial to the body's defenses against infection
  - long-lived and constitute most of the lymphocytes in lymph and blood
  - responsible for cell mediated immunity
  - the part of the immune system that seek and destroy cancer cells
  - white blood cells with two extraordinary properties
  - without a doubt the MOST important part of the immune system
* arise in bone marrow but mature in the thymus.
* attack the transplanted tissue and can destroy it within a few days.
* coordinate the immune system's response to infection and cancer.
* develop in the thymus from bone derived stem cells.
* dictate the nature of immunologic responses.
* differentiate from a naive state to an effector state.
* exhibit a restricted epitope specificity.
* have a difficult existence
  - in vitro graft vs leukemia activity in the absence of an allogeneic response
  - various types of regulatory functions
* is associated with defect
  - regulated by late exposure to serum to prevent apoptosis
* kill virus-infected cells and regulate the activities of other white blood cells.
* mature in the a. red bone marrow.
* mediate leaflet destruction and allograft aortic valve failure in rats.
* play a fundamental role in the initiation and regulation of inflammatory responses
  - number of critical roles in the immune system
* protect against retroviral challenge.
* recognize, destroy virus-infected cells, tumor cells.
* regulate the induction and maintenance of oral tolerance.
* responses in immunized animals
  - seronegative volunteers
  - vertically-infected infants
* responses to antibody recognition regions on influenza virus hemagglutinin
  - viruses bearing variant epitopes
* responses, after peptide vaccination of patients with cervical carcinoma.

### cell:

Malignant cell
* Many malignant cells are quasidiploid.
* are mixed with the blood salvaged from the surgical field
  - pleomorphic with large distorted nuclei
  - present
  - typically more sensitive to slightly elevated temperatures
* can also spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems.
* can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body
  - tissues and organs
* proliferate excessively from the epidermis and result in a tumor.
* show variable nuclear size and shape and prominent nucleoli.

Medullary cell
* are larger and bluer in color here.
* store their hormones in the form of granules.
### cell:

Memory cell
* act much more quickly if the antigen is re-encountered and their response lasts longer.
* allow the immune system to destroy an antigen quickly.
* are a type of T lymphocytes that have been exposed to specific antigens
  - available to produce antibodies quickly if the same antigen reappears
  - present at birth
  - responsible for cell resistance after immunization and also for natural immunity
  - the basis of immunological memory
* can survive in the body for many years.
* insure that subsequent infections by the pathogen receive a more rapid response.
* live a long time in the body , and are how vaccinations work.
* persist in the circulation for decades.
* produce more memory cells.
* remain behind to respond quickly if the same virus attacks again.
* remember exposure to a specific antigen and react if exposed again.
+ Lymphocyte, Types, T and B cells: Cell biology :: Immunology :: Blood cells
  * Once they are made active, B cells and T cells produce 'memory cells'. Throughout the lifetime of an animal, these cells will 'remember' each specific pathogen encountered, and are able to make a strong response if the pathogen is detected again. Memory cells live a long time in the body, and are how vaccinations work.

Merged cell
* are a slightly tougher nut to crack because they also merge vertically.
* single cell that is created by combining two or more adjacent cells.

### cell:

Meristematic cell
* are packed closely together without intercellular cavities
  - undifferentiated and capable of repeated division
* divide, growing into new plants.
* have the same function for plants as stem cells have for animals.
  * have the same function for plants as stem cells have for animals. They are incompletely or not at all differentiated, and are capable of continued cell division.
  * The cells are small and protoplasm fills the cell completely. The vacuoles are extremely small. Meristematic cells are packed closely together without intercellular cavities. The cell wall very thin primary cell wall.

Mesenchymal cell
* Some mesenchymal cells differentiate to myocytes and fibroblasts.
* are stellate cells that are embedded in a semifluid intercellular substance.
* condense to somitomeres.
* form around the ossified portion of the membrane and form a periosteum.
* have a less rigid shape and are more likely to be motile.

Mucous cell
* are numerous in the trachea.
* secrete a thick mucus that protects the stomach lining from stomach acid
  - the alkaline mucous for shielding the epithelium from hydrochloric acid

Multinucleated cell
* are also present.
* contain multiple nuclei.

Muscles cell
* are told to contract by electrical impulses.
* remain muscle cells where as fat cells remain fat cells.

Myoepithelial cell
* are within the basement membrane.
* surround the alveoli, the interlobular ducts, and the cisterns.

Neuroblast
* can mature into ganglion cells.
* delaminate in five waves spanning approximately three hours.

Neuroblastoma cell
* Many neuroblastoma cells have on their surfaces receptors for dopamine.
* resemble developing nerve cells found in an embryo or fetus.
### cell:

Osteoclast
* also aid in the healing of fractures and building new bone.
* are a critical part of growth plate remodeling which is vital for height growth
  - an important part of the process of growing taller
* are bone cells, which break down bone tissue
  - cells found during bone development and remodeling
* are cells that bone
  - break down, or reabsorb, bone
  - clearly the agents driving bone loss due to unloading
  - formed by the fusion of many cells derived from circulating monocytes in the blood
  - found in sites in which bone is being remodeled
  - generally present on the outer layer of bone, just beneath the periosteum
  - hematopoietic cells which play important roles in bone remodeling and resorption
  - large cells that break down bone tissue
  - many times larger than osteoblasts
  - multinucleate cells that secrete enzymes to breakdown bown tissue
  - multinucleated haematopoietic cells that resorb bone
  - normal cells that are involved in bone resorption
* are responsible for bone resorption
  - the reabsorption or breakdown of bone
  - specialized cells known to play a key role in bone resorption and bone remodeling
* are the cells responsible for bone resorption
  - breaking of the bones
  - unable to resorb unmineralized matrix
* are very large cells with multiple, seperate round to oval, uniformly sized nuclei
  - mobile
  - what remodel bone
* arise by the fusion of mononuclear precursors.
* break down bone matrix and help recycle calcium and repair and reshape bone
  - bone, and osteoblasts build it
  - matrix while osteoblasts form new bone matrix
  - the middle of the diaphysis, forming the medullary cavity
* cause bone reabsorption.
* continually break down old bone while osteoblasts continually form new bone.
* derive from hematopoietic stem cells according to marker, giant lysosomes of beige mice.
* destroy bone as part of the overall continual remodeling process
  - mineral tissue in the process called bone turnover
  - tissue while osteoblasts build it
  - the old bone and osteoblasts deposit new minerals and build new bone
* develop from monocytes and macrophages and differ in appearance from other bone cells.
* dissolve minerals in bone.
* form marrow cavity....
* have receptors for calcitonin and osteoblasts have receptors for parathyroid hormone
  - the function of removing old bone
* invade the newly formed spongy bone and carve out a marrow cavity.
* live in the central portion of the bone.
* make new bone cells.
* play an important role in the body in the routine process of bone removal and growth.
* promote the formation of hematopoietic stem cell niches in the bone marrow.
* reabsorb the existing bone while the new bone is formed by osteoblasts.
* remove the existing calcified matrix releasing the inorganic or organic components.
* resorb bone and osteoblasts make bound
  - old bone and osteoblasts make new bone
* tear down aging bone, while osteoblasts work to rebuild it.
* work to break down bone, while osteoblasts rebuild bone.