### soil:

Sarpy soil
* are on nearly level to rolling flood plains.
* contain less silt and clay and occur on similar landscapes.

Scituate soil
* are moderately well drained with a dense substratum.
* have a loamy sand substratum
  - sandy, dense till substratum
  - redoximorphic features in the subsoil
  - sandy substrata

Serpentine soil
* are unique in that they vary notably from the model of soil fertility
  - very unusual, and are hosts to many endemic plants
* have a unique earthworm fauna
  - montmorillonite as the common clay mineral

Shorim soil
* are moderately deep and have a loamy-skeletal control section.
* are on footslopes of hills and formed from igneous rock flows

Shotgun soil
* are on basalt plains with concave and convex surfaces.
* lack extremely hard consistency when dry and sandy textures in the profile.

Soft soil
* amplify ground shaking.
* tend to overlie stiffer soils and bedrock.

Soggy soil
* can lead to root and stem rot or fungal diseases.
* causes the plant cuttings to rot.
* means the plant needs no more water.
* prevents oxygen from getting to root systems, causing plants to drown.

Soil cement
* layer of pavement under roads.
* mixture of mostly sandy soil and a little cement.

Soil life
* All soil life has a hand in creating the world, or worlds, of the soil.
* is possible only when there is food, water and shelter.

Soil survey
* are also useful in helping to locate possible sources of sand, gravel, or topsoil.
* provide descriptions and maps of the soils that underlie the areas described
  - general information about soils in an area

Thike soil
* are on mountains.
* have an argillic horizon and are over hard granite.

### soil:

Tillage
* Every tillage stirs oxygen into the soil and results in the oxidation of organic matter.
* affects the soil and the surrounding environment.
* also affects organic matter concentrations
  - the composition of bacterial communities
* also can control flushes of winter annuals following late summer or fall rains
  - redistribute vegetative buds, aiding the spread of woollyleaf bursage
  - changes the distribution of rhizomes within the soil profile
* appears to have minimal effects on nitrate losses in drainage from flat, glacial till soils.
* are culture.
* becomes less effective as plants become larger.
* breaks up and pulverizes the soil surface, which leads to crusting from raindrop impact.
* brings earthworms to the surface where they are subject to predators such as birds.
* can also affect the behavior of vectors that carry diseases
  - spread root fragments to new areas, resulting in new infestations
  - stimulate weed growth if the field has been direct seeded for a few years
* can be an important component of a weed management system
  - effective when used repeatedly to deplete root reserves enough to kill plants
  - increase the problem by spreading vegetative propagules
* directly affects soil porosity and the placement of residues.
* exposes the soil to erosion and allows moisture to escape.
* generally reduces the number of macropores that are open to the soil surface.
* increases the formation of underground buds and subsequent shoot generation
  - risk of nitrate leaching
* is also effective in controlling most perennial weeds
  - very effective in controlling rill and sheet erosion
* is an effective way to control weeds that emerge before vegetable planting
  - important means of weed management before and during the cropping season
  - often the main method of weed control in organic farming
  - used to prepare a seedbed and remove and control unwanted plants
* lowers the albedo of croplands.
* plays an important role in weed control.
* reduces grasshoppers by eliminating the green plants on which grasshoppers feed
  - the availability of alternate host plants
* strongly influences soil microbial communities for various reasons.
* tends to destroy soil structure.
* way of bringing many different biological things to a place.