### sensation | taste:

Salinity
* Most salinity has bulk salt concentration
  - conductivity
* Salinities are higher in the tropics due to high evaporation rates
  - highest after dry weather periods and lowest after wet weather or snowmelt periods
  - can range from full seawater to fresh in a season
* Some salinity affects crop plants
  - development
  - fungi
  - growth
* Some salinity has effects
  - metabolism
  - negative effects
  - physiological impact
  - reproduction
  - significant effects
  - occurs in conditions
* Some salinity reduces grass growth
* affects agricultural, municipal, and industrial users
  - ranges
  - the timing of phasic development in spring wheat
  - tree and vine performance in two ways
* also affects other constituents such as dissolved oxygen and ammonia concentrations
  - the physical processes in the Bay
  - determines the distribution of certain benthic predators, parasites and diseases
  - disrupts the chain of hydrogen bonds in water
  - fluctuates widely in the intertidal
* also varies latitudinally
  - with depth in the estuary
* can affect both the survival and appearance of trees
  - crop growth through specific-ion toxicities and osmotic effects
* can also fluctuate due to fresh water inputs
  - impact the suitability of water for irrigation and livestock watering
  - interfere with an organism's use of water
  - harm many plants, causing leaves to scorch and turn yellow, and stunting plant growth
* changes with the tides and the amount of fresh water flowing into the estuary.
* continues to be a significant environmental issue in Victoria s irrigated areas.
* contributes to flavor.
* controls the upper depth limit of black corals in Doubtful Sound, New Zealand.
* decreases eastward toward Israel because of runoff
  - upwelling
  - from the head of the Gulf to the mouth
  - in a landward direction both in the surface and the subsurface layers
  - just below a layer of sea ice
* depends mainly upon the distribution of runoff.
* directly affects the productivity by making the soil unsuitable for crop growth.
* drastically degrades plant life and diversity.
* effects large areas of irrigated land.
* enhances growth of the flacca tomato mutant.
* falls during periods of heavy rainfall which are associated with ENSO events.
* function of freshwater discharge and tide velocities
  - landscape and position in the marsh
* generally has more of an adverse effect on the crop than on the soil being irrigated
  - reaches a yearly low in the spring
* good parameter to characterize water at a given spot.
* greatly determines where plants and animals live within the Bay.
* has affects
* increases cadmium uptake by wheat and Swiss chard from soil amended with biosolids.
* increases eastward toward Israel because of evaporation
  - gradually downstream
* indicates the amount of soluble salt in soil.
* influences what area of the bay they occur in and where they build their nests.
* is affected by weather, especially at the surface of the water
  - almost the opposite of the temperature graph
* is also a very important factor along with tides
  - an important factor in determining the amount of oxygen a body of water can hold
  - different than total dissolved solids
  - important to control
* is an important determinate of what species can live in an area
  - part of the ocean s environment
* is an increasingly common problem in the prairies
  - important agricultural problem
  - indicator of massive droughts in the past
  - caused by rising watertables
* is computed from coincident measurements of temperature and conductivity
  - the conductivity data with corrections for temperature
  - constant throughout the depths of the deep sea
  - derived from the temperature and conductivty variables
* is determined by measuring the electrical conductivity of water
  - observing where the line intersects with the gradient
* is determined using a hand held refractometer
  - hydrometer, which measures the specific gravity of the water
  - due to several things - be able to explain how salts accumulate in soils
  - greatest near the ocean and smallest near the rivers
  - high in marginal seas surrounded by arid land, such as the Mediterranean and Red Sea
  - highest at that point and gradually decreases as one moves north
  - influenced by the proximity of the slough to the estuary mouth
  - low near the mouths of major rivers because of input of fresh water
  - lower near the equator because precipitation is higher
  - measure in parts per thousand
* is measured as the concentration of dissolved salts of various kinds
  - by standard analytical means
  - monitored by determining conductivity of collected runoff and of the blended supply
  - often an important factor when monitoring many key water quality variables
  - represented by color in units of the Practical Salinity Scale
  - slightly more than the Pacific Ocean
* is the amount of dissolved solids in seawater
  - measure of salts in the water
  - most important factor in determining habitat types in the coastal wetlands
* is the total amount of salt dissolved in seawater
  - salts dissolved in the water
  - solid material that is dissolved in water
  - total dissolved salts
  - uniform from surface to bottom increasing toward ocean
  - vital for animals that live in the ocean
  - when soil is high in salts
* key factor influencing the physical make-up of the Bay.
* major environmental threat facing Western Australia
  - factor affecting the physical makeup of estuaries
* means the amounts of salts dissolved in a volume of water.
* measure of all salts dissolved in the water
  - how much salt is in the water
  - the total salt content in water
* plays an important role in shaping coastal marine communities.
* probably reduces germination by reducing water absorption by the achenes.
* prohibits or greatly reduces the growth of many types of bacteria.
* ranges from nonsaline to moderately saline throughout the soil profile
  - slightly saline throughout the soil profile
* ranges of late Mississippian invertebrates of the Central Appalachian basin
  - some southern African fish species occuring in estuaries
* reduces the growth of wheat plants.
* refers to salts dissolved in water.
* refers to the concentration of dissolved salts in seawater
  - salts in water
* remains uniform and similar to the open ocean throughout.
* seems to be an important factor in determining species distributions.
* serious water quality issue facing Southern California.
* shows effects of precipitation events.
* slows the germination of bentgrass, ryegrass, and tall fescue as well as other grasses.
* special measure of dissolved solids based upon concentration of ocean salts.
* tends to be a very stable thing except when associated with other factors.
* varies from freshwater to brackish and finally salt water
  - seasonally with recharge and discharge
  - throughout the Bay and changes depending on tide, rainfall and time of year