### animal | vertebrate | mammal | ungulate | cattle:

Cow
* All cows are mammals and have lungs
  - eat grass
  - have brown eyes
  - produce milk once they deliver a calf
* Every cow is different from every other cow just as every human is different from any other
  - sacred to it's mother
* Most cows are harvested for beef
  - mated several times
  - bring calves
  - can have offspring
* Most cows carry calves
  - fetuses
  - decrease in milk production with advancing lactation
  - defend calves
* Most cows deliver calves
  - healthy calves
* Most cows do become systemically ill and require antibiotic and adjunctive therapy
  - breed back that summer
  - drink water
* Most cows eat buttercups
  - diets
  - fresh grass
  - grain
  - plant grass
  - plants
* Most cows enjoy diets
  - nutritious diets
  - excrete manure
* Most cows feed on grass
  - gain weight
* Most cows get calcium
* Most cows give birth to offspring
  - more milk when they listen to music
  - go to water
* Most cows has-part stomachs
  - tails
  - teeth
* Most cows have a pattern of behavior that changes gradually from the beginning to the end of a heat
  - basic functions
  - bowel movement
  - distinctive mate calls
  - food
  - intestines
  - jaw movement
  - meat
  - spots
  - stages
  - strong maternal instincts and they cry and search for their babies for days
  - years
  - increase heat
  - lead cow calves
  - live in areas
  - make milk
  - only have one offspring
  - prefer water
* Most cows produce calves
  - enough milk to adequately care for their young
  - more colostrum than needed by their calf
  - single calves
  - provide milk
  - raise calves
* Most cows reach ages
  - productive ages
* Most cows receive estrogens
  - growth hormones
  - synthetic hormones
  - reduce productivity
* Most cows regulate body temperature
* Most cows require proteins
  - seek calves
* Most cows stay in fields
  - grassy fields
  - survive on diets
  - use for food
* Most cows weigh kgs
  - lbs
  - pounds
* Some cows are consumed by hedgehogs
  - sick and old , and others are healthy and young
  - white and brown and some are white and black
  - attain weight
  - die during years
  - do develop uterine infections
* Some cows eat bread
  - chickens
  - hay
  - leaves
  - exhibit elevated somatic cell counts without ever showing clinical signs of mastitis
  - experience normal temperature
* Some cows feed babies
* Some cows feed on herbages
  - mature herbages
* Some cows graze in leaves
  - meadows
  - on clover
* Some cows have a shortened estrus
  - antibodies in their colostrum against sheep red blood cells
  - distinct sound
  - nutrient requirements
  - placentas
  - twins
  - vocal sound
  - increase heat production
  - leave calves
  - live on farms
  - lose heat
* Some cows produce hormones
  - raise cattle
* Some cows reach maturity
  - social maturity
  - regurgitate food
  - reproduce at ages
* Some cows stand in water
  - on roads
  - suffer from cysts
  - turn into food
  - use life cycle assessments
* also have a tendency to kick toward a side with pain from inflammation or injuries
  - white patch of fur just beneath their tail
  - interact with native animal species, mostly being predators
  - kick with their hind legs
  - live in a linear dominance hierarchy, which is established early in life
  - prefer to keep their calves near water as an escape route for their calves
  - produce large amounts of methane
  - provide leather, which can be made into armour, and is essential for crafting books
  - suffer from less stress
* always know which way the wind is blowing from and point to it with their rears.
* appear normal prior to and after aborting.
* are BIG eaters.
* are a source of dignity and self-esteem for most Dinka men
  - tan or brown colour with the same white markings, however their horns are much smaller
* are about a metre high at the shoulder
  - the same height, but lighter in weight
  - adapted to their environment by natural selection
* are also particularly susceptible to new infections when milk is present in the udder
  - very protective of their young
  - always fragrant
  - animals, just like humans are animals
  - auspicious and sacred, and grantor of every wish and givers of life
  - bred to produce milk
  - calcium animals known for stability and heaviness
  - creatures of habit and rapidly get used to a daily routine of activity
  - devotional mothers and are known to walk for miles to find their calves
  - eaten by humans, fish are eaten by humans and apples are eaten by humans
  - especially aggressive when protecting calves, which are born in late spring
  - extremely protective of their calves
* are female cattle that have given birth and have begun to produce milk
  - humpback whales
  - for eating
  - gourmets
  - grazers and goats are browsers
  - grazers, deer are browsers
  - guileless in their behaviour
  - herbivores
  - herd animals
  - high on the food chain
* are holy animals
  - in India
  - important for small-scale farmers for home consumption
  - infertile as long as the condition persists
  - inside pens
  - known to avoid poisonous plants as well
  - less likely to exhibit estrus if they are in a negative energy balance
  - located on farms
  - mammals and like all mammals produce milk for their young
  - mature female bovines
  - medium mature weight and moderate in milk production
  - mono-ovulators with a regular ovarian cycle similar to humans
* are more closely related to dolphins than they are to horses
  - productive from less stress and injury
  - nearly fifteen times more sensitive to electricity than humans
  - never in true estrus when progesterone is high
  - nothing like horses, chickens or sheep
  - notorious emitters of methane, a principal greenhouse gas
  - on short permanent pasture year round
  - one of the earth's best creatures
  - particularly sensitive to water problems because of the large volume they drink
  - people, too, and drinking their milk denigration of their creaturehood
* are pregnant for nine months and are given a rest period from milking between calvings
  - calves are usually born naturally and easily
  - routinely fed antibiotics
  - ruminants or cud-chewing animals eating hay, corn, soybeans, grass, wheat, and ensilage
* are ruminants, as are deer
  - which are cud chewing mammals
  - sacred and blessed and are sanctifiers of all
* are sacred, but animals such as snakes and monkeys are also revered
  - they revere monkeys, snakes, and other animals as well
* are smaller and lighter
  - than bulls
  - social animals
  - somewhat darker, and bulls have a long, dense mane
* are the embodiment of merit
  - foremost of all things
  - great refuge of all creatures
  - most susceptible to environmental mastitis during two periods of time
  - mothers of the universe
  - source of eternal growth
  - too fat when the pelvic ligaments are buried in fat
  - unique in that they have fewer teeth than other animals
  - vaccinated and constantly monitored for disease
  - vegetarians, and eat mostly hay or grass
* are very efficient producers of large quantities of protein
  - forgiving farm animals
  - large animals and can be unpredictable
  - much creatures of habit and they respond best to consistent routines
  - susceptible to buttercup poisoning while grazing
  - voracious consumers of water
  - vulnerable to natural predators
* are, by nature, vegetarians
  - of course, fundamentally vegetarian
* become more persistent in production and milk yield.
* begin antler growth about one week after giving birth
  - mating at about age four
* breed at three years, bulls at four.
* build body reserves during the dry period.
* can also contract diseases such as mastitis and leptospirosis from lounging in dirty water
  - suffer from a range of other diseases
* can be as lovable a companion animal as a dog or cat
  - up to eight times more active than normal while in heat
  - become pregnant having had a history of a prolapsed cervix
  - calve only a limited number of times
  - carry twice the normal weight allowance
  - detect odours up to five miles away
  - eat just about everything
  - live in both hot and cold places
  - manufacture proteins five times more efficiently than laboratory cell cultures
  - only digest some foods after a fermentation process, called rumination
  - pick and lick their noses with their tongues
  - produce more milk for the same amount of feed
  - see colour
  - shed bacteria into milk without showing clinical mastitis
* can sleep comfy in Georgia
  - standing up
  - tell the difference between a man and a woman
  - vary in body condition from too thin to just right to overweight
* chew cuds.
* come ashore two days before giving birth
  - into heat more regularly
* communicate with chemical signals, touch, visual cues, and sound.
* compress the earth with their weight so that it can only be worked with great difficulty.
* constitute the fruit of sacrifices
  - great source of blessing unto all
* consume a great deal of food to make the milk
* depend on drinking water to produce milk and prefer warm water to cold.
* die , and wheat rots.
* digest food
  - meals
* display a rounded forehead
  - high fertility and regularity of calving
* don t feel like eating much when it s hot and that results in less milk output.
* drink a lot of water, too
* drop their antlers during or just after calving.
* eat bread, too
  - by wrapping their tongue around the grass and pulling it
  - carbohydrates and make protein in a similar manner
  - chop, grain and hay
* eat grass and weeds
  - because that is what they are evolved to do
* eat grass, grass comes out the back end of cows
  - hay and oats
  - hay, and clover
* eat grass, hay, silage, and grain to produce milk, meat, and leather products
  - toproduce milk, meat, and leather products
  - less feed during hot weather
  - much less when they are hot and therefore produce less milk
  - pumpkins
* eat the bigger plants, and their hooves trample the smaller ones
  - carbohydrates in grass to make protein
  - grass, and the only way for the plants to recover is to take away the animals
  - to satisfy their energy demand
  - the bacteria, and it can run into streams and city water supplies
* exist in large numbers.
* feed calves
  - grass to their gut bacteria and digest the bacteria and their products
* feel the currents produced by voltages they contact between two places.
* flick their tails.
* frequently leave their newborn calves while they go off to feed.
* gain condition most efficiently during late lactation
  - in weight for three weeks before the start of breeding season and during breeding season
* generally have longer horns than bulls
  - offspring every year
* get a helping hand from microscopic fungi too, to break down grass and hay
  - more exercise and it can be an important factor in reducing calving difficulties
* give birth every three to five years.
  - one or two calves during late spring or early summer
  - usually every year to one tawny to buff-colored calf
* graze grass pasture.
* graze in fields
* have FOUR compartments in their stomach to aid in digestion.
* have a closed circulatory system
  - dietary requirement for B vitamins
  - more recent common ancestor with lungfish than either does with salmon
  - nine-month pregnancy
  - varied diet
  - vulva, brown or black in color, below the anus
  - an udder
  - calves and horses beget colts
  - extra long arms and legs for extra hugging power or to pose on shelves
  - four stomachs, and the first three yield merchantable tripe
  - four-chambered stomachs
  - no tail head
  - only two, which seems the optimal number for walking through mud and over uneven surfaces
  - patterns
  - peak water intake during the hours when feed intake is greatest
  - properties
  - small udders and short teats, while bulls' sheaths are also short
  - strong maternal instincts and do cry and search for their babies for days
  - superior udder quality and small teats
  - the same gestation period as human women - nine months
  - their throats slit while hanging upside down
* have to be milked twice a day, every day at the same time
  - twice, sometimes three times a day
* help convert grass and other forages into high-quality food for humans
  - the butterflies by eating the non-native grasses, which allows the native plants to grow
* include bulls.
* includes beef
  - brains
  - breasts
  - cannon bones
  - cell membranes
  - chest cavities
  - chests
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - heads
  - hip sockets
  - hoofs
  - nipples
  - nuclei
  - piluses
  - plasma membranes
  - rib cages
  - second stomachs
  - sections
  - skulls
  - sterna
  - tits
  - vacuoles
* ingest plants.
* interact with one another in socially complex ways.
* is cattle
* lead calves
* lift heads.
* like to eat green grass, hay and grain
  - lie down facing uphill slightly
  - lives of idleness, eating whenever they are hungry and facing no natural predators
  - on a very rich animal protein diet
* live outside all the time, in all kinds of weather
  - year around, using trees as shelter when needed
* lower heads.
* mainly eat grass and hay.
  - more cows and pigs make more pigs
* measure a foot smaller and weigh one-third less.
* mount each other when they are in heat.
* need food
* normally expel the placenta within two to eight hours.
* occupy a unique role in human history
  - special places
* often begin migrating before they give birth to their calves
  - get ulcers or sores on their udders
  - give birth out in the field
  - leave the main herd when they give birth
  - live in grassland-type habitats
  - spawn in snowy and plains biomes
  - suffer from a parasitic infection known as warble fly
* prefer grazing grasses over legumes and graze perennial ryegrass before tall fescue.
* prefer to eat with their heads down, resembling a natural grazing position
  - stand in the water during summer so they can get cooling
* produce a great deal of manure that makes great fertilizer
  - lot of methane gas
  - about one pound of methane for every two pounds of meat they yield
  - an incredible amount of methane gas, which directly contributes to global warming
  - croaking calls when looking for their calves
  - heat when they digest food, a result of fermentation in their stomachs
  - methane which contributes to the thinning of the ozone layer surrounding the Earth
* produce milk for seven to ten months after they freshen , or give birth
  - only so fast
  - over long periods of time
  - the greatest amount of milk right after they give birth
* produce, in large quantities, the miracle food, milk.
* producing milk lose OCs from their fat and become less contaminated.
* provide benefits
  - milk, which is the source of daily products, including cheese, butter, and yogurt
* receive diets
* regurgitate their food and re-chew the cud to help digestion.
* remove nutrients from feed for metabolism and milk production.
* require adequate nutrition and rest post calving in order to cycle normally
* run on plants.
* see in purple as well as black and white.
* share landscapes.
* show their excitement when let out into a field after long periods confined indoors
  - various signs of difficult and painful walking behavior
* spend much of their time chewing and digesting food.
* stay by themselves before giving birth
  - cleaner on pasture as long as they are rotated properly
* still are holy animals in some parts of the world, such as India
  - go alive every day
* suffer from heat stress just as some humans do.
* suffering from lameness can be in considerable pain.
* swing heads.
* tend to be calm and move carefully in the low areas
  - drink all the time
  - eat more feed in the cool of the night than during the day
  - reduce intake with added fat to maintain a constant energy intake
  - walk around slowly and aimlessly, mooing and breathing occasionally
* to eat grass.
* typically have yellow colored fat that is less preferred by the industry.
  - their tail to swish away flies and can suffer immensely during fly season
* usually alter their normal routine of behavior when approaching heat
  - conceive for the first time as three-year olds
  - drop in milk production and gain weight
  - eat more legumes than grasses at similar stages of maturity
* usually give birth in isolation where vegetation provides cover
  - the spring
  - to only one calf per year
  - have a calf every year
* usually have one calf and, when butchered, produce a lot more meat
  - at a time
  - mate when two years old and bear their first calf at three years old
* walk on their hind legs, sheep talk, and horses burrow through the ground.
* weigh about a half-ton, while the bulls weigh half again to twice as much
+ Money, History of money:
  * Cows die, and wheat rots. But money 'lasts longer' than most trade goods. If someone sells a cow for money, he can save that money away until he needs it. He can always leave it to his children when he dies. It can last a very long time, and he can use it at any time.
  * Not every cow is as good as another cow. Some cows are sick and old, and others are healthy and young. Some wheat is good and other wheat is moldy or stale. So if a person trades cows for wheat, he might have a hard time arguing over how much wheat each cow is worth. However, money is 'standard'. That means one dollar is worth the same as another dollar. It is easier to add up and count money, than to add up the value of different cows or amounts of wheat.