### substance | mixture | alloy:

Steel
* All steel conducts electricity.
* All steel is USA manufactured steel
  - constructed out of formed steel
  - produced in the United States today is made using recycled material
* Can Recycling explains why and how steel cans are recycled.
* More steel is recycled than paper, aluminum, glass and plastic combined
  - plastic, glass, and aluminum materials combined
  - sold today than all other metals combined
* Most steel contains irons
  - recycle steel
  - does conduct electricity
* Most steel has conductivity
  - physical characteristics
  - strength
  - thermal conductivity
  - ultimate strength
  - is consumed in the automobile and construction industries
  - steels have much more carbon
* Some steel conducts electricity.
* Some steel has heat capacity
  - conductivity values
  - properties
  - thickness
  - requires heat
  - steels are easily bent while others are so brittle they shatter
* alloyed with chromium is harder and less brittle than iron and highly rust-resistant.
* also holds an edge when it comes to recyclability
  - rusts to varying degrees except in cases where alloys are used
* becomes more brittle in low temperatures.
* belted tires are steel fibers in a rubber matrix.
* can be extremely strong
  - flame sprayed with zinc or even aluminium
  - very hard, but at the same time brittle
  - make swords or plowshares
  - penetrate heat and heat can penetrate steel because they are of different density
  - resist greater hurricane and earthquake forces
  - rightfully boast that it is one of the most recycled of all industrial materials
* case in point.
* come in several forms.
* comes in a variety of widths, thickness and configurations
  - any length shape, size and thickness
* consist mainly of iron.
* consists of irons.
* containing vanadium is stronger, tougher, and more rust-resistant than steel without vanadium.
* contains elements
  - less carbon than cast iron
* cost effective and very tough hull material.
* cyclical industrial commodity.
* does have strength under tension, but is still stronger under compression
  - the best starting point in terms of sustainability of all materials
* expands or contracts as the temperature changes
  - if there's a temperature shift
  - when heated
* framed construction is for the most part, faster construction, than wood, stick buildings.
* general term used for alloys of iron and other elements.
* hard, strong, durable, malleable alloy of iron and carbon.
* has a long history
  - low cost , but rusts
  - much higher resistance than gold or aluminum
  - number of advantages over wood
  - relatively high resistance
  - very discouraging tendency built into the process of selective hardening
  - an environmental advantage over wood, since steel recycled material
  - definite advantage
  - high elasticity
  - one of the highest weight to strength ratios of all construction materials
  - patina and sealed with urethane to retard rusting
  - the same strength in tension as it has in compression, unlike concrete
* homogeneous material that stays uniform throughout the shaft
* is also a green framing material in sustainable home development, as is steel roofing
  - the material of choice for commercial or industrial truss construction
* is an alloy of carbon and iron
  - with other metals
* is an alloy of iron and carbon, with some special steels containing other elements
  - iron, chromium and nickel with carbon
  - important indicator of industrial production because most manufacturers use steel
  - increasing cost industry
  - as strong as titanium, but titanium is twice as strong as aluminum
  - basically an alloy of iron and carbon
  - building materials
  - capable of rust
  - certainly stronger than aluminum, but at the cost of added weight
  - cheap , strong and easily shaped
  - chosen for ruggedness and economy in building
  - currently the most recycled material in commerce
  - different from wrought iron, that has little or no carbon
  - digested with nitric acid in teflon beakers
  - durable and the most recycled material on earth
  - extremely susceptible to attack by chloride ions
  - forged in fire
* is formed into various shapes for utilization in light and heavy duty trucks and automobiles
  - under, which eliminates twisting and deflection
  - harder and stronger than iron
  - heavy, aluminum light
  - insusceptible to termites
* is iron with a higher carbon content and is much stronger
  - extra carbon in it
  - more carbon in it than regular iron
  - less brittle and stronger than iron
  - lighter than lead
* is lightweight, cost effective, easy to use, recycled and recyclable
  - requiring less structural support than tile
* is located in automobiles
  - beams
  - bridges
  - factories
  - forges
  - hospitals
  - mills
  - steel mills
  - tall buildings
  - made by mixing iron ore with limestone or dolostone
* is made from heating iron ore, magnesium, and oxygen
  - iron and iron is found in many interesting minerals
* is made from iron ore which is magnetic
  - is, of course, a stone
* is made of iron and carbon
  - mainly iron, but has other metals in as well
  - marketed in a wide variety of sizes and shapes
* is more common in irons and wedges
  - dense than wood, so a cubic inch of steel is heavier than a cubic inch of wood
  - dent-resistant than aluminum, but it can rust
  - durable than iron
  - most dependent on auto to survive
* is mostly iron with a percent or so of carbon
  - iron, so steel is magnetic too
* is much better material for transferring mechanical force than is plastic
  - stiffer than water, which is in turn much stiffer than air
  - stronger than cast iron, and give no risk of breaking like cast iron does
  - non-combustible
  - noncombustible, performs well in high wind and seismic areas, and resists corrosion
* is one of the strongest materials available when in tension
  - known to man
  - on the planet
  - produced from iron with some carbon thrown in
  - sharpeners
  - sold to scrap metal dealers and steel mills to make a variety of new steel products
  - still the most commonly used metal in bike frame construction
* is strong in tension, concrete is strong in compression
  - when it is stretched, or in tension
  - strong, light, long-lasting and completely recyclable
* is stronger than any other material in compression
  - wood, weighs less and provides more clearance
  - stronger, lighter, and more stable than other building materials
  - the backbone of automobile construction
* is the backbone of bridges, skyscrapers, railroads, automobiles, and appliances
  - the skeleton of skyscrapers, the framework for automobiles
  - bedrock of our manufacturing economy and essential to our national defense
  - engine that drives automotive recycling
  - environmental leader among automotive materials
  - essential raw material in our products
  - material with the worst potential for light weight construction
* is the most common form of iron
  - material used in dry chlorine service
  - commonly galvanized metal
* is the most recycled material in America
  - the world
* is the most recycled material on earth
  - the planet, more than glass, aluminum and paper combined
  - rugged, highest impact-resistant substance
* is the most useful metal known
  - of metals
  - predominate metal used for the cords
  - preferred packaging material for drums and pails
  - super-hard result of a hellish fusion of iron with carbon
* is the world's largest industry with no central marketplace
  - most versatile material to recycle
  - trickier to work with than lead
  - unaffected by changes in the weather
* is used in buildings
  - parts of Europe and Japan
* is used to make both cars and refrigerators
  - paper clips, skyscrapers and everything in between
  - rails for railway lines
  - slotted floors for small animals such as young pigs, calves, and sheep
  - making buildings and bridges, and all kinds of machines
  - when strength and structural integrity are the primary focus of a piece
  - vital to our everyday life
* makes good use of fuels that are byproducts from the coke-making and ironmaking processes.
* manufactured product and therefore has many benefits over wood.
* measuring tapes vary in length slightly depending on the temperature.
* metal alloy which includes iron and often some carbon
  - made by combining iron, other metals, and carbon
  - used to build buildings, railroads, and bridges
* mixture of elements but mostly iron, so it is also magnetic
* mixture, or alloy, of iron and carbon, combined during the smelting process.
* much more modern material than wrought or cast iron.
* normal, hard, polished substance.
* offers lateral stability
* plays an important long-lasting role in roofing as well.
* purified alloy of iron with carbon which is manufactured in the liquid state.
* range in size from eight to fourteen inches.
* reacts very poorly to most chemicals, with theexception of black patina.
* recycled and recyclable product.
* rigid material while rubber deforms easily and more flexible material
  - with a high elasticity
* rusts very slowly when it is kept wet.
* solution of metals.
* super material for sculpture.
* surprisingly common material.
* takes the pressure off of renewable resources and saves valuable landfill space.
* tends to pattern more tightly than lead.
* used in commercial products such as automobiles is galvanized to reduce corrosion.
* variety of iron that has been changed by adding amounts of carbon and other elements.
* versatile, constantly developing material that underpins all manufacturing activity.
* very strong and versatile metal.
+ Alloy, Some Common Alloys
+ Iron, Uses, As a metal
  * Steel is the most common form of iron. Steels come in several forms. Mild steel is steel with a low percentage of carbon. It is soft and easily bent, but it does not crack easily. It is used for nails and wires. Carbon steel is harder but more brittle.
  * Steel is the most common form of iron. Steels come in several forms. Mild steel is steel with a low percentage of carbon. It is soft and easily bent, but it does not crack easily. It is used for nails and wires. Carbon steel is harder but more brittle. It is used in tools.
+ Metallurgy, Metal parts: Technology
  * Another part of metallurgy is making parts from metals. These parts must be made so they will not break when they are used. Metallurgists work to make the metal good when they are used. Sometimes the metal must be strong. The metallurgist must follow directions when making the part to know what metal to use. Steel has a low cost, but rusts. Choosing a good metal is sometimes hard.
  * Steel is harder and stronger than iron. Alloys with more carbon than this are known as cast iron. Steel is different from wrought iron, that has little or no carbon. There are some newer steels in which carbon is replaced with other alloying materials.
+ Steel mill: Industries
  * A 'Steel mill' or 'steelworks' is an industrial plant where steel is manufactured. Steel is an alloy of carbon and iron. This is done in a blast furnace, and the result is pig iron. The part that is not used for pig iron is carried on as 'molten iron'. Impurities are removed, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium and vanadium are added to produce the exact steel required. Steel mills then turn molten steel into blooms, ingots, slabs and sheet through casting, hot rolling and cold rolling.
+ Steel, Iron and steel chemistry
  - Making steel: Construction :: Alloys
  * Steel has a long history. People in India and Sri Lanka were making small amounts of steel more than 1,500 years ago. It was very expensive and was often used to make swords and knives. In the Middle Ages, steel could be made only in small amounts since the processes took a long time.
  * Today steel is made in huge buildings called 'steel mills', and is most often made by machines. It is a very cheap metal today and is used to make many things. Steel is used to making buildings and bridges, and all kinds of machines. Almost all ships and cars are today made from steel. When a steel object is old, or it is broken beyond repair, it is called 'scrap'. The scrap can be melted down and re-shaped into a new object
+ Wrought iron
  * Wrought iron' is a type of iron. It has a very little carbon in it. Most steels have much more carbon. It also has some slag in it. This gives it a fibrous look similar to how wood looks. It is tough, malleable, ductile, and can be welded easily. It was most common in the old days when cast iron was the only other type of iron. Now mild steel is used instead.