Chromosome
* Every chromosome contains DNA, the genetic material that is unique for each living creature.
* Every chromosome has a particular banding pattern
  - twin that resembles it in length and centromere position
  - is composed of many units called genes which determine the body s functions
* Many chromosomes have clear constrictions in their rods.
* Most chromosomes have regions that are very tightly condensed
  - some genes that are potentially harmful or even deadly
* Some chromosomes are much longer than others.
* Some chromosomes are part of axons
  - cells
  - choanocytes
  - dendrites
  - eggs
  - erythrocytes
  - gametes
  - leukocytes
  - lymphocytes
  - melanocytes
  - neurons
  - nuclei
  - oocytes
  - osteoblasts
  - ova
  - phagocytes
  - spawn
  - spermatocytes
  - zygotes
  - have a higher density of genes than others.
  * The 'chromosomes' of a cell are in the cell nucleus. They carry the genetic information. Chromosomes are made up of DNA and protein combined as chromatin. Each chromosome contains many genes. Cytologists label chromosomes with numbers. The chromosomes', 6th ed.
  * are present in every cell nucleus with very few and special exceptions. This means they are found in all eukaryotes, since only eukaryotes have cell nuclei. When eukaryote cells divide, the chromosomes also divide
* align along the metaphase plate matched with their homologous partner
  - at the equatorial plate
  - on equator
  - singly on the metaphase plate
* also become visible when the nuclei divide
  - change through time when markers called telomeres are added to their ends
  - condense in preparation for cell division
* always come in pairs.
* analyses in chronic lymphocytic leukemia and related B-cell neoplasms.
* are DNA-containing morphological structures in cell nucleus
  - a set of instructions which tell the cell how to work
  - associated with histone proteins
  - bodies
  - circular and are the main site of genetic information
* are coiled structures made of DNA and proteins
  - composed of DNA, a very long, linear molecule
  - copied and stored in germ cells
  - duplicated during interphase
  - expressed in a pair of letters, called alleles
  - extremely complex
* are found in different locations of a cell depending on the organism
  - the center, or nucleus, of all of our cells, including the eggs and sperm
  - further sub-divided into many bands that are numbered
  - huge molecules containing many genes
  - in the form of chrmatin
  - individual, large DNA molecules in a cell nucleus
  - labeled in red, and mitotic spindle fibers in green
  - labile enough that genes can be transferred piecemeal from different places
  - large enough to be seen under a microscope
  - linear in form, and for that reason, so are gene maps
  - located in the nuclei of most eukaryotic cells
  - long stretches of amino acids
  - protein molecules
  - chromatin, which is made up of protein and deoxyribonucleic acid strands
  - compacted chromatin
  - metacentric if the centromere lies in the middle of the chromosome
* are microscopic messengers that contain all of the genetic information in our cells
  - rod-shaped bodies which carry genes
  - microscopically small, rod-shaped structures which carry the genes
  - molecules of DNA complexed with proteins
  - organized structures of DNA and proteins that are found in cells
  - packages of genetic information found in every cell of the body
* are part of nucleuses
  - passed down from generation to generation through the egg and sperm
  - paternal and maternal, triploid
  - pieces of DNA that code for the genes in the genome
  - readily visible
  - responsible for passing on hereditary traits from parents to child
  - rod-like structures containing DNA and protein located in the cell nucleus
  - rope-like structures made up of genes laid out in a series
  - small thread-like structures that carry the genetic information within the nucleus
  - small, irregularly shaped and difficult to count
  - stained purple
  - strands of DNA coiled around proteins
* are strings of DNA and serves as a model for the whole organism
  - genes, covered by a protein coat
  - structures carried inside each of our cells
* are the blueprint for how a body s cells develop and function
  - bodies along which genes are arranged in a linear order
* are the carriers of genetic information in the plant cell
  - hereditary material
  - hereditory characters
  - extended molecules of DNA that carry genes in both bacteria and eukaryotes
* are the materials that store people's genetic information
  - within human cells that contain our genes
* are the microscopic rods that hold genes
  - structures that carry an organism's genes
  - package for DNA and genes
  - physical structures in each cell of each organism that carry the genes
* are the structures containing the genes necessary for survival
  - inside cells that contain genes
* are the structures that carry the genes
  - hold our genes
* are the tiny pieces of DNA in each cell of the body that carry the genes
  - structures on which our genes are located
* are thin strands of DNA, the genetic material that determines hereditary makeup
  - genetic material found in cell nuclei
  - material found in the nucleus of each cell
  - thread like structures present in the nucleus of the cell
  - thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells
* are threadlike collections of genes
  - parts of cells that carry the genes
* are threadlike structures found in every cell of the body
  - inside each cell
  - present within the nuclei of cells
  - uncoiled and very thin
  - units involved in inheritance
* are units of genetic information in the cells of the body
  - unrelated to eye color in Drosophila
* are visible in cells during cell division
  - only under magnification during certain stages of cell division
  - where the genetic information is stored
  - yet another way that make salmon unique
* arrange themselves independently along the middle of the cell just before it divides.
* arrive at the spindle poles
  - pores
* assort independently during meiosis.
* attach to the mitotic spindle with microtubule assemblies called kinetochores
  - spindle by their centromeres
* become longer, thinner and more compact
  - shorter and thicker
  - thicker and shorter, and are now easier to see
  - visible under the microscope during mitosis and meiosis
* begin to appear, and spindle fibers begin to form from two centrioles
  - move around in jerky movements
  - uncoil and form chromatin
* can apparently revert to a primitive stage
  - vary in size and shape
* carry genes and function in the transmission of hereditary information
  - genes make proteins
  - that control the characteristics of the body
  - genes, smaller units that contain DNA, the code of life
  - information that determines traits
* carry the essential genetic information of each cell
  - genes that determine genetic traits
  - information required for life under all conditions
* cluster at the middle of the cell ii.
* come in pairs in the cell's nucleus
  - pairs, and there are hundreds, sometimes thousands, of genes in one chromosome
* condense and mitoric spindle forms
  - mitotic spindle begins to form from the centrosomes
  - further until they are distinct structures that can be seen with a microscope
  - into visible, thread-like structures
* condense, become visible
  - the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the spindle forms
* consist of DNA and protein
  - both DNA and protein
  - long strands of DNA that typcially code for proteins
  - two chromotids held together by a centromere
* contain DNA, sequences of which make up the genes
  - almost all of the genetic information that determines inheritance
  - both DNA and proteins
  - genes which are the basic units of inheritance
  - genes, each encoded as a subsection of the DNA chain
* contain genetic information which determines the characteristics of the plant
* contain many genes, and each gene is responsible for determining part of all of a trait
  - our DNA or genetic makeup
  - the hereditary information of the cell
* counts for Mexican ferns.
* determine our eye color and height, as well as other traits
  - sex in many species
* disappear as chromatin becomes diffuse.
* duplicate before mitosis
  - just before nuclear division
  - prior to cell division when forming new skin cells for reproduction
* end in tied loops, study finds.
* ends catch fire.
* exhibit preferential positioning in quiescent human cells.
* exist in different states throughout the cell cycle
  - pairs in body cells
* exist in pairs in higher eukaryotes
  - plants and animals
  - individual animals
* finish moving to opposite poles of the spindle apparatus.
* form during metaphase.
* gather at opposite ends and new nuclear envelope forms
  - the poles
* gradually shorten and thicken, and become visible as double stranded chromosomes.
* have a particular structure
  - many different functions
  - two chromatids
  - various shapes and lengths, but each species has a specific pattern of chromosomes
* heal by acquisition of new telomeres.
* includes centromeres
  - chomatids
  - corpi
  - sections
* lack histones and are always condensed.
* leave the nucleus during interphase.
* lengthen and become linear chromatin again.
* line up along the center of the cell
  - at the equator of the cell during metaphase
  - in center, spindle fibers connect to each chromosome at the centromere
  - individually on the equator
* line up on spindle in center of cell
  - precisely at the midline of the spindle
* mostly come in pairs like a pair of strings of beads of the same length.
* move to equatorial plane
  - spindle equator, centromeres attached to spindle fibres
  - the equator of the cell before splitting
* move to the metaphase plate , the plane equidistant between the spindle poles
  - plate, the plane equidistant between the spindle
  - toward the poles of the cell
* occur in pairs in body cells
  - pairs, with a copy of a given gene on each chromosome
* pairing occurs only in meiosis.
* refers to the structure in a cell nucleus that carries the genes
  - two chromosomes separating and moving to opposite ends of the cell
* remain condensed during interphase.
* replicate a
  - as in mitosis
  - during interphase and are double stranded at the beginning of mitosis
  - in uncondensed state and form sister chromatids in the partent cell
* segregate to daughter cells during interphase.
* shorten and thicken with the spindle apparatus being formed
  - every cell division
* show a tendency to spontaneous abnormalities including breaks and complex rearrangement
  - evidence of physical exchange
  - plants' secret complexity
* slowly lose base pairs at the end of their strands during replication.
* start to attach to spindle at their centromeres
* store and transmit genetic information.
* take different shapes in different types of organisms
  - the lead in spindle assembly
* thus transmit the genes of the organism from one generation to the next.
* vary in number and shape among living things
  - within the same species, making genetic variability certain
  - size and in shape
* vary widely between different organisms
  - in the number of genes they contain