### person | scientist:

Biologist
* All biologists agree that organismal traits commonly reflect adaptations.
* Any biologist knows that in all sexual species, the female controls sexual behavior.
* Many biologists also believe that viruses played a vital role in the evolutionary process
  - believe man-induced changes in habitat tipped the scales in favour of the raccoon
* Many biologists believe that cheetahs narrowly escaped extinction
  - the giraffe slowly developed by a gradual process of evolution
  - they have a personal duty to the improvement of society
  - the sandhill has been virtually unchanged for nine million years
* Many biologists consider mitochondria to be a good example of viruses
  - the interests of humans and of other species to be opposed
  - enjoy regulatory work - making sure that laws are understood and enforced
  - enter professional fields, such as education, medicine, dentistry, or law
* Many biologists hold faculty positions in colleges and universities
  - that multiple new lineages can arise from a single originating population
  - identify organisms within ecosystems using field guides
  - refer to amphibians as primitive vertebrates and mammals as advanced vertebrates
  - restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships
  - say salmon produced in hatcheries have contributed to the loss of wild salmon
  - specialize in some area of biology
  - study organisms and their natural history
  - then classify land biomes into six groups
  - think the shift in winter feeding has led to the over-abundance of geese
  - use a comparative approach, comparing structures, organisms, ecosystems, etc
  - view it as an adaptation to fight disease
  - work in research and development
* Most biologists acknowledge pollution
  - actively avoid using undescribed species
  - agree that the relationship between wolf and caribou benefits both
  - apply knowledge
  - become familiar with statistics and computers used in data processing
  - believe that evolution is true and that arguments against evolution are weak
  - classify plants
* Most biologists consider animals
  - life
  - describe evolution
  - divide the living world into five Kingdoms
* Most biologists emphasize scientific theories
  - true scientific theories
  - employ age determination techniques
  - estimate animals
  - examine temperature
  - explain bust and boom cycles as being fixed around the size of lobster harvests
  - find animals
* Most biologists focus on diversity
  - follow ecological approaches
  - handle dead specimens
* Most biologists have fields
  - some assay for the biological activity of their specimens
  - keep diaries
  - know plants
  - make decisions
  - monitor health
* Most biologists observe barnacles
  - perform experiments
  - see animals
  - show evolution
* Most biologists study amphibians
  - life history variation
  - microscopic creatures
  - skeletal biology
  - support the idea of evolution , by means of natural selection
  - think monophyletic, have common ancestor with annelids
* Most biologists understand complex interaction
  - ecological interaction
  - facts
* Most biologists use expression
  - view their social responsibilities somewhat differently
  - watch snakes
* Most biologists work with animals
  - nocturnal animals
  - teams
* Some biologists adopt cognitive interpretations.
* Some biologists are generalists with broad training in all aspects of biology
  - under virtual house arrest for simply trying to do their jobs
* Some biologists argue that Earth is on the verge of another major extinction event
  - evolution occurs primarily within populations
  - attempt to describe evolution teleologically
* Some biologists believe that flight began with aquatic insects skimming over still water
  - nematodes are the most abundant multi-celled animals on earth
  - relocation of prey seems to be a logical explanation
  - the deformities are a result of parasitic infestation
  - catch geese
* Some biologists claim that poison oak is more virulent than poison ivy
  - they pre-programme virtually every human trait from hair colour to sexuality
  - classify hartebeests
* Some biologists collect birds
  - butterflies
  - chimpanzees
  - falcons
  - frogs
  - owls
  - turtles
  - commit suicide
* Some biologists conduct censuses
  - laboratory experiments involving animals , plants or microorganisms
* Some biologists consider great whales
  - currently see the virus as a nonliving infectious particle
  - determine survival
  - develop theories
  - discover germ
  - estimate mortality
  - explore physiology
  - fear a collapse in the bison population
  - feed animals
  - find worms
  - follow caribou
* Some biologists have animals
  - values
  - hold faculty positions at universities or colleges
  - identify turtles
* Some biologists investigate feed habits
  - the chemical and physical properties of biological molecules
  - involve in universities
* Some biologists keep animals
  - elk
  - tracks
  - know sponges
* Some biologists look at crops
  - for genetic differences
* Some biologists monitor mortality
  - ocelots
  - peccaries
  - now believe that they are too inbred to flourish as a species
* Some biologists observe phenomena
  - pregnancy
  - opt for the more formal name of macrophytes or macroalgae
  - possess dolphins
* Some biologists recognize beavers
  - roles
  - regard it as a separate species, others as a subspecies of the African elephant
* Some biologists release animals
  - reptiles
  - rely on principles
* Some biologists see beggars
  - vectors
  - seek owls
  - sign letters
  - speak of a predisposition of the genome
  - spend time outside laboratories
* Some biologists study cattle
  - crocodiles
  - death
  - eastern chipmunks
  - golden eagles
  - lobsters
  - migrate shorebirds
  - new world vultures
  - the complex interactions of animals and plants in forests or prairies
  - using cells in factories and companies, and that is called biotechnology
  - take complex systems apart to understand their simpler components more fully
* Some biologists use antennas
  - dogs
  - embryos
  - enzymes
  - freeze tissue
  - layers
  - microscopes
  - natural selections
  - radios
  - restriction enzymes
  - satellite transmitters
  - the term for evolution in already separated gene pools
  - view evolution
* Some biologists watch butterflies
  - chickens
  - squirrels
* Some biologists work as consultants
* Some biologists work for agencies
  - departments
  - municipal departments
  - state government agencies
* Some biologists work in administration or management
  - management or administration
* Some biologists work with birds
  - geologists
  - goats
  - journalists
  - worry that populations of some Neotropical migratory birds are declining
* accept ideas.
* acknowledge fourth options
* agree that all living things are made of cells
  - ashe juniper is absolutely a last resort food for deer and many other animals
* also agree that coyote populations have no lasting effects on other wildlife populations
  - natural selection exists and that it contributes to evolution
  - are concerned about hair loss in black-tailed deer
  - believe that there are wolves living in the mountains of Mexico
  - estimate there are more species of nematodes than any other group of organisms
  - propose to make movies of every gene's activity in the worm's development and life
  - spend time writing papers and grant proposals
* also use headings and subheadings as organizational tools
  - other sciences to research life
  - telemetry to study the movements of rattlesnakes and bog turtles
  - yeast in many research studies
* announce success.
* are a different breed
  - explore possibility
* are interested in decomposing a long sequence into shorter ones
  - preserving the diversity of living organisms on the planet
  - the identification of conserved regions in sequences
  - just glorified engineers since organisms are just machines
  - most concerned about the Louisiana black bear
  - never ambiguous about the beginning of the physical life of organisms
  - now able to read every human gene, providing a map of the human genes
  - split on many aspects of evolution
* are, of course, human.
* argue about the relative importance of random events in evolution.
* assert that bacteria evolved into a human being, a completely different species.
* assess health risks based on body weight, proportion of fat intake, and exercise habits.
* assume biologists understand mathematics, statistics and logic.
* assume that bees minimize the amount of wax they use to build their combs
  - deer killed by hunters are representative of the entire herd
* attempt to identify similarities due to descent from a common ancestor
  - isolate environmental factors and measure their effect on a population
* believe as human population increases, more extinctions occur
  - loss and degradation of habitat is the primary reason the species has declined
  - pronghorn vision is roughly equal to looking through eight-power binoculars
* believe that at least three, and perhaps all four of the young successfully fledged
  - coyote numbers actually increase in the face of predator control programs
  - hatchlings then switch to navigating using a biological magnetic compass
  - host specificity is most likely a by-product of natural selection
  - life originated in water
  - protected areas are the key to the wolf's long term existence
  - starvation is the leading cause of death for subadult bears
* believe the fish find their natal streams through their uncanny sense of smell
  - fossil record expresses a sequence of life forms that evolved through time
  - greatest human threat they face today is collisions with large ships
  - phenomenon is an instinctive form of territorial marking behaviour
* blame reduced and degraded habitat as humans continue to convert land to other uses.
* call it endoparasitism , when the invader dwells within
  - that phenotypic plasticity
* call the domino-like chain of events a trophic cascade
  - duplication of shapes and behaviors in unrelated animals convergent evolution
* can conduct surveys in remote and interesting places
  - discern many similar features between cephalopods and slugs and snails
  - locate elk from the ground or from an airplane or helicopter
* capture and tag various fish species for examination of laboratory analysis
* carry out population viability analyses to assess danger of extinction.
* challenge dogma.
* cite the male hormone testosterone as a kick-starter for aggressive behavior in men.
* claim that their preferred water temperature is in the sixties
  - to care about the environment
* classify animals and plants according to characteristics that they have in common
  - ants as a special group of wasps
  - species into a hierarchy of groups
  - traits and organisms according to how simple or complex they are
* collect specimens for laboratory study or make a laboratory analysis of the specimens
  - water samples for testing, to directly measure pollution levels
* come from all over the country to study scrub
  - into their own when it comes to using software to find out new things
* conduct aerial surveys of the nests in spring and summer
  - modern bat surveys by taking digital photos of large bat clusters
  - research with a concern for ethics
  - studies of the structure and characteristics of humans, plants and animals
  - surveys to locate and protect nesting areas and other key eagle habitats
  - bilateral symmetry to be a marker of developmental stability
  - black-footed ferrets to be the most endangered mammal in the United States
  - the existence of biological evolution to be a fact
* continue to monitor the population to detect the presence of environmental contaminants.
* count manatees from airplanes
  - the Delta bison herd each year
* deal with millions of species.
* define a species as a population that interbreeds under natural conditions
  - biodiversity as the totality of species, genes and ecosystems of a region
  - evolution as a change in the gene pool of a population over time
* define life by listing characteristics that living things share
  - using a body of traits that living organisms share
* despise alien species.
* determine compliance.
* develop techniques.
* devise ways.
* diagnose dynamical diseases when fractal rhythms fall out of sync.
* differ only with respect to theories about how the process operates.
* disagree about whether cyclostomes are a clade
  - on whether sage grouse can coexist with domestic grazers
* discuss factors.
* distinguish themselves from MDs.
* divide amphibians into three major groups or Orders.
* do know, however, what habitats most wildlife species prefer
  - research in all areas of health care and pollution control
  - the same thing with lifeforms
* document mile trips
  - the first continuous wolf pack activity in Montana in over half a century
* drive a route just after sunrise, counting each pheasant they see.
  - the scientific method to study the living world
* estimate that an adult mountain lion needs a deer a week to survive
  - needs the equivalent of a deer a week to survive
  - as many as one-third of all human pregnancies spontaneously abort
  - for every coyote killed, there are at least ten more still at large
  - it had the most powerful bite of any mammal , alive or extinct
* evaluate effects
  - factors that affect their distribution, abundance, and survival
* even have a hard time identifying the sexes.
* examine quality
* examine the behavior of discrete sets of individuals in a population
  - skulls in the pellets to identify the kinds of animals owls are eating
* expect to see an increase in the number of lynx, for example, which feed on hare.
* explain behaviour without reference to consciousness
* extol big wilderness as a foundation for ensuring ecological sustainability.
  - complexity
  - evidence
  - it difficult to study wild jaguars because they have become so rare
  - methods
  - wholes within wholes, and contexts within ever larger contexts
* fly over known otter areas and count tracks in the snow.
* follow approaches
  - in footstep
  - rules
  - tradition
* gather enough evidence
* generally classify living organisms into one of the five kingdoms illustrated here
  - concede that the dolphin has a better brain than a human
  - hate to debate creationists
  - think that brain size relative to body size relates to intelligence
  - work only with compounds they can buy or find in nature
* get ideas.
* have a lot to learn about the lives of piping plovers in their winter range
  - set list of characteristics that can help determine whether an object is living
  - an elaborate way of classifying every form of life
  - duties
  - good reason no longer to believe in the spontaneous generation of insects from mud
  - results
  - several options in describing the variation they observe in people
  - studies the growth of the human population and found some interesting points
  - to decide whether organisms are alive or dead
  - trouble defining life, too
  - two basic models for how new species form
* identify a major subdivision of a kingdom as a phylum
  - aging mechanism in yeast cells
  - the universal pacemaker of mitosis
* imagine a tree of life with different groups of animals or plants as branches.
* include other scientists
* includes arms
  - body substances
  - cell membranes
  - corpi
  - cytoplasm
  - heads
  - human bodies
  - legs
  - material bodies
  - necks
  - nuclei
  - personality
  - plasma membranes
  - sections
  - vacuoles
* joke that physicists are always trying to re-invent the wheel.
* know aspects
  - better than to keep all their eggs in one breeding colony
* know that everything is cyclic in the natural scheme of things
  - maximum biological diversity is necessary for a healthy ecosystem
  - there are different ways that cells reproduce
  - very well what a dominant role reproductive behavior plays in the life of animals
* learn about salmon
  - the proper function of any gene by studying mutations
  - much about health, age and relationships of mammals by studying their skulls
* look at how many cows have twins as a good sign of moose health and habitat quality
  - production of the salmon in variable natural environments
  - for changes in behavior
* maintain that all food webs ultimately depend on primary production.
* make controversial decisions
  - progress
* map human genes.
* measure length and width of all observed turtles.
  - population trends and nesting success for many species
* name all organisms using a binomial system
  - modern animals exactly the same way
* note that squid are a key link in the Pacific food chain.
* now know that moving sea otters is usually a waste of time.
  - reaction
* obtain samples.
* often collect annual growth rate information
  - compare the brains of many species of animals
  - differ in opinion about what constitutes a true subspecies
  - underestimate nature
  - wish to find out how different a particular DNA sequence is from other sequences
* pay attention
  - much attention
* perspective on analytical systems as applied to protein gel electrophoresis.
* place great hopes in genomics to better understand the history of life on Earth.
* point out that the northeast corners of slopes generally have the moistest soils.
* prefer to talk about the cytoplasm and the cell nucleus.
* present ideas
  - novel ideas
* propound the theory of heridity and claim that it satisfactorily explains human beings.
* provide evidence
* recognize four races of desert bighorn
  - styles of partnership in nature
  - several forms of asexual reproduction
  - there are many factors that can either limit or favor wildlife
  - two subspecies, the northern largemouth and the Florida largemouth
* refer to physiological adjustment as a response to environmental change.
* regularly analyze trends in populations
  - observe seal pups resting on top of the nets
* rely heavily on a chemistry foundation since living organisms represent chemical systems.
* report elevation
  - using a wide range of professional skills
* require techniques.
* ridicule the virgin birth.
* run tests.
* say aflatoxin is particularly deadly to smaller birds like doves and quail
  - fish feed substantially more on subsurface bugs
  - over half of all plant and animal species live in the rainforest
* say that leaving the fish in the water is the optimal way to go
  - wetlands provide food and shelter for many animal species
  - the nutritious seeds are one of the four major food sources that grizzlies depend on
  - their numbers are decreasing
  - they can now trace human life back to bacteria in the elemental chaos
* see a difference between rocks and life
  - types
* seek to understand the evolutionary relationships among the species alive today.
* show darwin theories
* solve problems in real biological systems, but physics looks for effects and principles.
* sometimes say that energy is the currency of life
  - to a first approximation, all species are extinct
* sow food plots.
* speak a different language than traditional physical scientists and engineers.
* spend time and money to dispose of the animals.
* stain cells and tissues with fluorescent dyes to observe biological processes.
* study all living things and the interactions with their environments
  - their interactions with their environments
  - black-footed ferrets at night, usually with the help of spotlights
  - icebergs to find out how they influence ocean life
  - living creatures
* study living organisms and the relationship of animals and plants to their environment
  - their relationship to the environment
  - things and their interaction with each other and the environment
  - origins
  - properties of life, with reductionist approach and holistic approach
* study the interactions of genes and proteins to develop an understanding of cells
  - origin of organisms
  - relationship among organisms and their environment
  - trends in several different components to try to get a grasp of the big picture
* suggest hypotheses.
* take interest
  - keen interest
* talk about components.
* think dwindling daylight is what brings moose together in the fall
  - logging and wildfires are decreasing their numbers
* think that the blood going through their ears helps African elephants to cool off
  - first fungi on Earth arose from a. prokaryotes
  - the eagles are getting the DDT from sea gulls and dead seals they eat
  - they're biochemists
* to explore biology
  - population biology
  - study problems
  - understand habitats
* try to alter the traits of the plant
  - complete the banding process as quickly as possible to reduce stress on the birds
* typically work regular hours.
  - requirements
* urge wildlife watchers to keep their distance.
* use a binomial system for naming species
  - classification system to name organisms with a universally accepted name
  - similar diagram, called a cladogram
  - variety of experimental methods to discover phylogenetic relationships
  - agar as a medium in which to grow bacteria and molds
  - bionformatics resources in a variety of ways
  - chemistry as language, the way physicists use math
  - cold plasmas to sterilize all objects bound for another planet in a spacecraft
* use computers extensively in modelling and number crunching
  - to store, process, and analyze research data
  - informal channels such as personal conversations and letters as do other people
  - it for interpreting nucleotide sequences
  - metrics to analyze samples of benthic invertebrates taken from a stream
  - microscopes to study things that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
  - mutants to investigate the function of genes
  - radio tracking equipment to monitor the locations of the trout throughout the winter
  - seven characteristics to classify something as a living thing
* use the Linnean scheme for giving names to species
  - term biodiversity to describe the earth's stunning variety
  - tracers to follow the path of nutrients through the food chain
  - tracks to locate animals and determine population sizes
  - various methods for estimating how closely species are related to each other
* usually define species based on their appearance and structure
  - study scuba diving skills while they study creatures in their natural habitats
* view such interaction as a strong sign that two proteins are functionally related.
* visit libraries.
* work in a variety of occupations
  - research and development which advances the knowledge of living organisms
  - on services
  - very close to the frontier between bewilderment and understanding
  - people in maintenance, designers, plumbers, etc
* working in educational settings have great control over their time and duties
  - museums and zoos hold a variety of positions
* worry about eco-systems and the diversity of life.
+ Argument from design, Formal objections and counterarguments, Complexity does not imply design: Intelligent design
  * A designed organism would, on the face of it, be in contradiction to evolutionary theory. Most biologists support the idea of evolution, by means of natural selection. They  therefore reject the first premise, arguing that evolution is not only an alternative explanation for the complexity of life but a better explanation with more supporting evidence. Living organisms obey the same physical laws as inanimate objects. A range of chemical reactions could take place, forming other chemicals with complex properties and ways of interacting. Biologists therefore commonly view the design argument as an unimpressive argument for the existence of a god.
+ Christian right, Issues, Evolution: Conservatism :: Religion in the United States
  * Many members of the Christian right do not believe in evolution, because it goes against the creation story of the Bible. They instead favor creationism or intelligent design. Most biologists believe that evolution is true and that arguments against evolution are weak. In a few places, they have been successful in teaching intelligent design alongside evolution in public schools.
+ Elephant, Physical description, Teeth: Animals used for transport
  * African elephants are larger and have bigger ears. These big ears have many 'veins', which carry blood throughout the body. Biologists think that the blood going through their ears helps African elephants to cool off. The weather is hotter in Africa than in Asia, so it is hard for elephants to stay cool. Female African elephants have tusks, but female Asian elephants do not. African elephants have a low place in their back. Indian elephants eat mainly grass.
+ Macroevolution: Evolution
  * Some biologists use the term for evolution in already separated gene pools. Matzke, Nicholas J. and Paul R. Gross 2006. For them, macroevolutionary studies focus on change that occurs at or above the level of species. Again, this is a minority position.
  * A 'biologist' is a scientist who studies biology. Biologists study living organisms.
+ Marsupial lion: Marsupials of Australia
  * It had strong claws and very powerful jaws. Biologists estimate that it had the most powerful bite of any mammal, alive or extinct.
+ Protoplasm: Cells
  * It is no longer much used. Biologists prefer to talk about the cytoplasm and the cell nucleus.
+ Rainforest
  * The most notable rainforests are tropical or sub-tropical. A typical rainforest is the Amazon Rainforest. Most of it is in Brazil, though Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and other countries have parts of it. Forests like this have extraordinary biodiversity. Biologists say over half of all plant and animal species live in the rainforest.