Assalamu alaikum everyone and today we are going to talk about resonance structures. Now another part of organic chemistry is understanding resonance structures. Now we have a molecule here that is F and this is about the pi bonds and everything and the sigma bonds that make the resonance structures. So this SP2 hybridized will give the orbitals that has these pi bonds and one sigma bond. So this molecule is basically sends this molecule the flat way if we flip it like this and view it edge on then we get this and the orbitals make the pi bond as this carbon-carbon bond is a sigma bond since the rules that two carbon-sens if there is two or triple carbon bond there is one sigma bond and either one or two pi bonds. Now let's look now we have to understand if the molecule has a formal charge. Now there are many books and some teachers do this very confusing arithmetic where you have to add things and subtract things which is very confusing. There is an easier way which is finding the typical valence electrons and how many valence electrons we have and compare them if they are not the same they are going to have a formal charge. Now if we look at the periodic table oxygen is on the sixth world that means there will be six valence electrons but here we can if we draw out the valence electrons there is actually seven valence electrons so there will be a formal negative charge. Now to get the other resonance structure you can give the electron to the carbon atom and if two in order to accept the carbon atom another electron it will have to lose one. Now this oxygen is as capable of having an electron as this one so we are kind of switching the formal charge. So now this will have the double wand and this will be the negative charge and we draw these molecules on these brackets and with two headed arrows and these electrons pushing each other we will see more when we get to mechanisms. Now remember now individual resonance structures do not exist. But exist is a composite resonance structure with the partial pi density distributing on that portion of the molecule with the formal negative charge. We draw it in the individual way to understand the molecules to understand the chemistry of the molecule. Now let's look at another thing such as this nitrate ion if I were to give one of the electrons this will have to lose one so we are kind of switching the charge here and if this were to lose an electron to give it to the nitrate nitrogen will have to lose an electron giving it to this oxygen which means that we will get this. And remember that discrete resonance structures do not exist what exists is a composite resonance structure distributing the partial pi density on that portion of the molecule. Now unlike the previous examples there are valid resonance structures without equally contributing to the composite. Like here the carbon ion can be removed if this oxygen were to lose an electron this carbon will accept if it loses one so this carbon would be neutralized but the oxygen would have the formal positive charge. Now this is a valid resonance structure but this is more contributing to the actual combats and the actual structure. And let's look at the complete opposite scenario where here if I were to lose an electron to the carbon. Now this carbon has to accept if it loses an electron so it will give it to the oxygen. Now this will be a more strongly contributing to the molecule since it handles the electron negativity the best. So this is the complete opposite scenario. And so with that that's all there is to the resonance structures if you want more videos of organic chemistry chemistry or trigonometry algebra basic math and science stuff then remember to leave a like in this video. Comment down below if this is helpful and subscribe so you can get more math and science videos and thank you for watching and I will see you next time.