In this screencast video lecture, we are going to see about the ion oxidizes. Some bacteria are able to obtain energy by the oxidation of ferrous ion. Iron oxidation is a typical physiological pH that is near neutrality can able to occur spontaneously in the presence of oxygen. Interestingly, the ion oxidation process can also be carried out by the bacteria living in the environment which is having every low pH or very low oxygen concentrations, carrying ferrous ion is present in a reduced form undominatively. Two different kinds of ion oxidizes are being organized there in the environment. The first category is the one which lives in the acidic pH. Here the classical example is acidic-tiobe cellous ferroxidates, which actually occurs at a low pH, this bacteria grow in association with the other acidicophilic sulfur oxidizes that are capable of sulfur oxidation and the acidic conditions. So in this environment ferrous ion will be present abundant and this bacteria can able to use it as a energy source for their growth and metabolism. The next group is the one which grows at a neutral pH. Here the classical example is a gavional-love ferrojina that grows at a very low concentration of the oxygen. This bacterium lives in ion springs where it appears as a mass of twisted filaments that appear reddish brown from the form of the ion that have been dominating, that is hydroxide form of the ion dominates that gives a reddish brown coloration there. This bacteria produces stock-like structures that can be easily visible when you are observing there in the microscope. This thoughts refers to non-prosticate, appendage-like structures that will be commonly present there in the gavional law. Inside this talk, the ion will be deposited there, that is oxidized form of ion will be deposited. So those ion oxide incurses, stocks can be easily visible when you are observing in the microscope. Gavional-love ferrojina is a hemototrophic ion oxidizer that belongs to alpha-protea bacteria. It's very difficult to obtain this organism there in the pure culture. However physiological studies with this group of organism clearly indicates that they are true hemototrophic in nature and they have the enzymes necessary for the Kelvin-Benzan cycles functioning. There is also another group of ion bacteria referred as leptothrics, which produces filamentous sheep that can become heavily encursored with hydrated ferric as well as manganese oxy hydroxides. However, this organism is basically a hemorodotrophic in nature. If you technically define sheep, they are hollow cylindrical structure made up of predominantly of an encrusted ion and possibly the manganese oxy hydroxides that surround say chain of cells. Sheet is closely fitting but not in intimate contact with the cells. So the bacterium may move out of the sheep leaving the preserved cast outside. This chain of a structure could be formed there in the leptothilis.