Hello everyone, welcome to the tutorial on Formation of Bonds in Cheekampaint. In this tutorial, we will learn to add bonds to the existing bond, orient the bonds, add Stereochemical bonds and inverse wedge hashes. Here I am using Ubuntu Linux OS version 12.04, Gcampaint version 0.12.10. To follow this tutorial, you should be familiar with Gcampaint Chemical Structure Editor. If not for relevant tutorials, please visit our website. I have opened a new Cheekampaint application with ethane structure. Let us learn to convert saturated hydrocarbons to unsaturated hydrocarbons. Let us copy the ethane structure and paste it twice on the display area. Click on select one or more objects tool. Click on ethane structure to select it. Press Ctrl C to copy the structure and press Ctrl V to paste the structures. Observe that two structures overlap each other. Let us move the second overlapping structure aside. Place the cursor on the structure and drag it with the mouse. Observe the single bond between the carbon atoms in the structures. Let us first convert single bond to a double bond. Click on add a bond or change the multiplicity of an existing one tool. Click on the existing bond of the second ethane structure. Observe that single bond is converted to a double bond. Number of hydrogen atoms reduced from 6 to 4. The new structure is ethane. Next, let us convert the single bond to a triple bond. Click on the existing bond of the third ethane structure twice. Observe that single bond is converted to a triple bond. Number of hydrogen atoms reduced from 6 to 2. The new structure is ethane. Let us write the names of the structures. Click on add or modify a text tool. Click below the structures. Enter the names of the structures as ethane, ethane and ethane. Next, let us learn about tetrahedral geometry. Let us move the structures to a side. Press Ctrl-A to select all objects. Click on select one or more objects tool and drag the structures. Here is a slide for tetrahedral methane structure. All the bond lengths are equal to 1.09 and strong. In tetrahedral methane structure, all the bond angles are equal to 109.5 degrees. Now, let us draw tetrahedral ethane structure. Click on add a bond or change the multiplicity of the existing one tool. Click on the display area. Orient the bond in the horizontal direction. On each edge of the bond, let us draw three bonds. Orient the bonds to form a tetrahedral geometry. Click on each edge then orient the bonds in different directions. Likewise, let us draw on the other edge. Let us attach hydrogen atoms at the ends. To attach hydrogen atoms to the ends, press capital H. A submenu opens in which we will select H. Observe that hydrogen atom appears in the toolbox. Click on add or modify an atom tool. Click on all the positions to add hydrogen atoms. Now, let us add stereochemical bonds to ethane structure. Stereochemical bonds available in the toolbox are at a wedge bond. Add a hash bond. Add a swiggle bond. Add a four bond. Let us use add a wedge bond to convert ethane to a stereochemical structure. Click on add a wedge bond. Then click on call the bonds. Observe the changes. Click on add a hash bond. And then click on the display area. Now I will explain about inward wedge hashes. Go to edit menu. Navigate to preferences and click on it. G-campaigned Preferences window opens. Click on inward wedge hashes checkbox. If set the wedge hashes bond will follow the usual convention. Narrow end is at the start of the bond and broad end is at the other end. This helps to visualize the bond correctly. The false convention in G-campaign is inverse. Because it is more consistent with the perspective rules. Observe the changes in the hash bond. Let us click on close button to close the window. Let us change the bonds to add a hash bond in the ethane structure. Click on add a hash bond. Click on all the bonds. Let us now save the file. Click on save the current file icon on the toolbar. Save as dialog box opens. Enter the file name as formation of bonds. Click on save button. Let us summarize. In this tutorial we have learnt to add bonds to the existing bond. Orient the bonds at stereochemical bonds and inverse wedge hashes. As an assignment convert propane to propane, draw propane and butane structures. Show the stereochemical bonds. Your completed assignment should look like this. Watch the video available at this URL. It summarizes the spoken tutorial project. If you do not have good bandwidth you can download and watch it. The spoken tutorial project team conducts workshops using spoken tutorials. Gives certificates to those who pass an online test. For more details please write to contact at the rate spoken-tutorial.org. Spoken tutorial project is a part of the Talk to a Teacher project. It is supported by the National Mission on Education through ICT, MHRD, Government of India. More information on this mission is available at this link. Animation is done by Udayachandrika. This is Madhuri Ganpati from IIT Bombay. Signing off. Thank you for joining.