In my last podcast episode I had discussed AI regulations in North America, Singapore, China, Hong Kong and Australia. Let me touch upon today the AI legal regime in the United Kingdom and Europe. UK seems to be ahead of all in respect of AI regulations. It has highly specific institutions and organizations, complete institutional machinery, I would say, dealing with AI. Firstly, the ICO, that is Information Commissioner's Office, that is United Kingdom's independent authority to uphold information rights in the public interest, promoting openness by public bodies and data privacy for individuals. It is the central body for governing UK's general data protection regulations, which have a direct bearing on AI. It makes specific provisions regarding transparency, fairness, accountability and security regarding algorithms decision making. That is very specific. Secondly, FCA, which is Financial Conduct Authority, that is the conduct regulator for around 51,000 financial services firms and financial markets in the United Kingdom. Though, there are no specific provisions in the Financial Services and Markets Act, which is known as FSMA 2000. But in June 2021, guidelines and frameworks were issued regarding the usage of AI by financial companies. Thirdly, CMA, Competition and Market Authority, that authority issued a framework in January 2021 to prevent AI from unfairly affecting healthy competition and abuse of dominance. And how algorithms can actually harm consumers and competition. It addressed those issues as well in the guidelines. Then there are other institutions directly dealing with AI issues. These institutions being the center for data ethics and innovation, which is UK's expert body enabling trustworthy data and AI use. Then there is office for AI, artificial intelligence, working on the national AI strategy usage. Then there is a comprehensive AI strategy issued by the Federal Government to address AI. Then quickly coming to European Union EU, it has proposed AI regulations. There are specific provisions for usage by AI banks on April 21, 2021. European Commission had proposed for regulations of AI, which aimed to introduce a global regulatory substructure that would facilitate a legal aspect for the upcoming upgrades in the field of artificial intelligence. It focuses on conserving users' fundamental rights while using artificial intelligence. Well in the next episode, I will take up AI regulations if at all as they exist in India. So see you then next time, dealing with AI regulations in Indian context.