Plant Calis is a growing mass of unorganized plant perencoma cells. In living plants, calis cells are those cells that cover a plant wound. In biological research and biotechnology, Calis formation is induced from plant tissue samples after surface sterilization and plating onto tissue culture medium and vitro. The culture medium is supplemented with plant growth regulators, such as oxen, cytokine and jibrellen, to initiate calis formation or somatic embryogenesis. Calis initiation has been described for all major groups of land plants. Necochiana tobacco and perencoma cells in culture calis cells forming during a process called induction and terras-vittida plant species representing all major land plant groups have been shown to be capable of producing calis and tissue culture. A calis cell culture is usually sustained on gel medium. Calis induction medium consists of agar and a mixture of macronutrients and micronutrients for the given cell type. There are several types of basal salt mixtures used in plant tissue culture, but most notably modified mirro-ishage and scoob medium, whites medium, and woody plant medium. Vitamins are also provided to enhance growth such as gambor-b-5 vitamins. For plant cells, enrichment with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium is especially important. Plant calis is usually derived from somatic tissues. The tissues used to initiate calis formation depends on plant species in which tissues are available for explained culture. The cells that give rise to calis and somatic embryos usually undergo rapid division or are partially undifferentiated such as meristematic tissue. In alfalfa, madee-cago truncaitula, however calis and somatic embryos are derived from mesophil cells that undergo to differentiation. Calis and hormones are used to initiate calis growth. Calis induced from teris-vitted agame-to-fights specific oxen-decytokinin ratios in plant tissue culture medium give rise to an unorganized growing and dividing mass of calis cells. Calis cultures are often broadly classified as being either compact or friable. Friable calis is fall apart easily, and can be used to generate cell suspension cultures. Calis can directly undergo direct organogenesis and or embryogenesis where the cells will form an entirely new plant. This process is known as calis culture. Calis can brown and die during culture, mainly due to oxidation of phenolic compounds. In jatrophocurcus calis cells, small organized calis cells became disorganized and varied in size after browning occurred. Browning has also been associated with oxidation and phenolic compounds in both explained tissues and explained secretions. In rice, presumably, a condition which is favorable for scatella calis induction induces necrosis too. Calis cells are not necessarily genetically homogeneous because a calis is often made from structural tissue, not individual cells. Nevertheless, calis cells are often considered similar enough for standard scientific analysis to be performed as if on a single subject. For example, an experiment may have half a calis undergo a treatment as the experimental group, while the other half undergoes a similar but non-active treatment as the control group. Some calis is derived from many different cell types can differentiate into a whole plant, a process called regeneration, through addition of plant hormones to the culture medium. This ability is known as totapotency. Regeneration of a whole plant from a single cell allows transgenics researchers to obtain whole plants which have a copy of the transgen in every cell. Regeneration of a whole plant that has some genetically transformed cells and some untransformed cells yields a chimera. In general, chimeras are not useful for genetic research or agricultural applications. Genes can be inserted into calis cells using biolistic bombardment, also known as a gene gun, or agro-bacterium tombfacions. Cells that receive the gene of interest can then be recovered into whole plants using a combination of plant hormones. The whole plants that are recovered can be used to experimentally determine gene function, or to enhance crop plant traits for modern agriculture. As a particular use in micro-propagation where it can be used to grow genetically identical copies of plants with desirable characteristics. In Graving of Henri Louie-Demail Dumonso by François Hubert-Drowes, he is shown working on his Elemon d'Arschitecture Novelet, his most famous work. D'Email Dumonso was the first to describe calis formation that he observed growing over the wound of an elm tree. Henri Louie-Demail Dumonso investigated wound healing responses in elm trees, and was the first to report formation of calis on live plants. In 1908, EEF Simon was able to induce calis from popular stems that also produced roots and buds. The first reports of calis induction in vitro came from three independent researchers in 1939. P-White induced calis derived from tumor developing pro-cambule tissues of hybrid necochiana glaca that did not require hormone supplementation. GoTheret and no court were able to maintain calis cultures of carrot using oxen hormone additions. Thanks for watching.