I think it's fair to say that point raises like pin and pet heaven. As you can see from the beaches out there, it is a magnet for elephant seals, for harbor seals. It's just a natural haven in a natural sanctuary for these animals to come and rest and reproduce and recharge. Out of all the pin and pets in point raise, one of the most charismatic, also the one that draws the most visitors is the elephant seal, just because there's so much story to them and they're just so much more active. They really put on a show basically with all of the fighting and the interactions and the pups, and there's just a lot more to see. Elephant seals used to pre-historicly be in California, so they were hunted almost to extinction. They're a great story of a species to recover with simple protection by places like national parks. Right now, in point raises their breeding season, which is during the winter, and so a lot is going on at that time. Males show up first. They compete with each other to kind of figure out who's going to be the alpha. Then the females show up within a few days they give birth. They nurse their pup for about 28 days on average, then they're going to wean their pup, and then they're going to leave. But while that's all going on, the males are still constantly fighting each other. We study elephant seals and we monitor them. That means we study them year after year, and we put that data together so we can understand what's the trend of the population, is it going up? Is it going down? Is it flat? To do the surveys of elephant seals in point raises, we have two strategies. The easiest way to count the seals is actually to be up above. So up on cliffs and we're using a spotting scope, and that gives us a much wider, more on top view of the animals. And so we'll use spotting scopes or binoculars, but sometimes we have areas where we just can't really get that kind of a viewpoint, and so we actually have to be on the beach with the animals. And we're really trying to do accurate counting, and we want to make sure we don't miss, especially the pups that might be hiding behind females. Another part of our monitoring process is tagging the wean pup. And a wean pup is what the word sounds like, a pup that has been wean so the lawn is no longer nursing it, and so now it's off on its own away from the harem, and so we're going to go and try to apply a flipper tag, and we wait for that to happen because we don't want to interrupt that bonding process or the nursing process between the mom and her pup. The best way to tag an elephant seal is to sneak up on one that's asleep and do a real quick punch into their flipper. Most of the times they do react, so it's just like if you were asleep and someone came up and pinched you, you'd probably react. So it wakes them up, they might squeal a little bit because of their surprise, but usually they calm down within a few seconds or a few minutes after it happens. Five, ten minutes later, most of the time they're back asleep. Well we went through that question. Why tag elephant seals? And we decided that we would tag them because it helps us to understand the exchange between the other colonies because we share our data with the other researchers at the other colonies in central California, and by doing so we understand better the whole population of central California, which is the leading edge of growth for elephant seals. Tags can tell you about survivorship. You know the age of the animal, you know the location where it was born. You can tell you a lot of things. Most of the tagged animals we see are from point raised. That tells us that it's a more stable population and animals are coming back to point raised to breed. Elephant seals definitely need a safe place to come raise their pups. The pups can't really swim up earth for at least a few first weeks, so they need an area on a beach where they're not going to get washed out by waves. They need that safety of the sand, and they need the safety from people. So we close the beaches to people because people are dangerous to elephant seals and elephant seals are dangerous to people. If people disturb elephant seals that can cause them to displace pups and females and males, and if people get too close to females, they can attack them and bite them. So it's best for both to have these beaches protected. As biologists, we do need to go into the colony where most people can't access, but we are trained to recognize for animal behavior. Also, we know how to act around them. So we know when to keep our distance and when we can maybe get in a little bit closer. So we're trained to really make sure that we are not causing any disturbance that is not necessary. Marine ecosystems are important, and it's important for us to understand them better because it's hard to study them. And so we may know a bit about the surface of the ocean, but not much about the deep ocean. And elephant seals are the bridge between the surface and the deep ocean because they dive so deep, and when somebody goes to the beach, they just see the ocean's surface. They don't understand the depth of it. When you look at an elephant seal and you think this animal's dove a mile underwater. What is it seen down there? How can it stay down there for an hour and a half? So understanding the ecology of national parks is vital to what we do. It's vital to what I do as a park manager. When I'm making decisions about how we're going to manage the park, how we plan for the future, how we ensure these animals are here for future generations to enjoy, how we protect people today. Understanding what's going on on the ground with the wildlife is absolutely critical. And that's what inventory and monitoring does for us. The inventory and monitoring program is not a new concept. It evolved over 20 plus years in the park service, but we're the leaders of many agencies in implementing it. And the data that we're getting back is already being used to help us to be better stewards. It's a fantastic program. It's a model for the nation. And we do it with a little money and a lot of leverage with partners and friends and citizen scientists and volunteers. Everybody's a steward.