Okay, but if you do register it then you as a government have jurisdiction and control over the satellite Now the word control here is particularly important because any state can Exert its laws over a satellite they can say for example your satellite can't transmit signals into our state Okay, and and you might be concerned about that for example as Iran is about broadcasting of BP BBC signals into Iran okay, but only one state can actually exert physical control over a satellite and Okay, order to to to have that right to exert physical control over a satellite You have to be the state of registry. Okay, so Then there there's a question of what if a state doesn't register its satellites and there are A surprising number of satellites up there that have not been registered by states and it is this intentional unintentional a bit of both Well, it could be intentional to some to some extent because on the one hand While you if you register the satellite then you have jurisdiction control on the other hand By registering the satellite you're you're accepting a level of responsibility exactly that's right Yeah, okay, and you may not want to Interesting, okay, all right, so so it's so it is interesting and and there have been examples of that There have been examples where satellites launched by Hong Kong The registry has changed hands. There's been an example I think where the the Netherlands government has said they refuse to register it They don't think they should be the state of registry. They're concerned about accepting responsibility for it But this could be a live issue for example if you're doing active debris manage Yes, and you're trying to take control of a satellite to move it from colliding with another satellite Yeah, yeah, yeah, and it's a question of who has You know the ability to do that or the the legal right to do that There's also obligations of cooperation mutual assistance and due regard So that's manifested most obviously in somewhere like the International Space Station where Astronauts of a variety of countries do actually cooperate and mutually assist one another even during some Politically charged times they actually do work quite well together, right? Yeah, right And then there's an obligation of due regard that's somewhat similar, but it's not very well defined So so exactly what does due regard involve and This this next slide and the concept of harmful interference is also a manifestation of the lack of clarity about this sort of thing all right, so There have been a number of instances where states have tested anti satellite missiles and by testing anti satellite missiles they they've caused a satellite to be destroyed created a lot of space debris Yeah, you would think that that is not showing due regard for the space activities of other states That's correct you would think that that would be regarded as harmful interference with activities of other state parties in the peaceful Exploration and use of outer space and so there's what there's four countries that have done this now, right? Right, right? So so Soviet Union or Russia have done that the United States has done that India has done it and China has done it as well So it's interesting, you know the bigger space Players who have a lot invested in space have also done this So I always find this quite an interesting topic for a lot of reasons. Yes. Yes. Yes Exactly so right now there are discussions the United States has made a unilateral commitment not to Test destructive anti satellite missiles, but then they've already done it sure No one else should do it even though we already did it. Yeah, it's kind of I find that really Interesting comment. Yes, right but but but you know hopefully it does lead to states generally committing to not Testing anymore destructive anti satellite missiles. Yes, but if you had anticipated that something would cause harmful interference Then you'd be obliged to undertake appropriate international consultations beforehand. Okay, so you would think that When for example Russia last year tested an anti satellite missile other states would have said Where were where was your prior international Consultate exactly you didn't tell us this you didn't because after that test I mean there was a inherent unknown risks international space station, right fairly imminently where they were Put into the emergency capsules and this was including Russian astronauts on the international space Russian astronauts themselves. Yes So it was disappointing that the Governments did not explicitly say we think you you breached international law You should have consulted the hand and there was an ob there was an opportunity to do that So the fact that governments have not done that seems to undermine what harmful interference means and Suggest that harmful interference would actually have to be a pretty high threshold If if something like this doesn't count for harmful interference then what does yeah, yeah, it's So yes, there are important issues there now the rescue and return agreement establishes a regime for Rescuering any any space object or or astronaut within the state's jurisdiction This is an example from the late 1970s I think early 1980s where a Russian satellite came down in Canada The Canadians pursued the Russians for compensation Respectively nuclear power satellite as well. Yes. Yeah, yeah exactly The Russians at first said no not us not our satellite And then the Canadians and the American said we're gonna go ahead and collect the parts Very soon after that the Russian said or actually it might be a We will collect the parts By which time Canada and the United States said it's okay. We've got it. We'll just send you the bill And eventually Russia did pay something but not quite as much as Canada would have liked so you know So I'm interested about it. So Canada assessed the value based on I guess their National law about what the impact was Kind of to some extent national law would have come into it, but really I think the figure was something like $30 million Canadian dollars and that was the cost of 45 years ago. Yeah, okay, so that's a cleanup cost yeah, right right and then Russia didn't pay all that They didn't pay all of that there was some diplomatic You know negotiations. I'm not sure all of the elements of those diplomatic negotiations, but that may have been well If we don't pay all of it how about you know We come to some Agreement in some other ways we won't insist on something else in the But the but the Canada and the US were obliged to return the satellite to Russia. That's correct Yes, although it doesn't say how long they have to return it You know they can take their time and have a very good look at it beforehand Interesting they wanted to okay. Yeah, so it doesn't give that so they have to do it at some point But that some point is ill-defined that's right. Okay. That's right