Hi, I'm Leslie Landon. I'm a professor of public health at the University of Cape Town, and I'm also a member of the steering committee of People's Health Movement in South Africa, which is a global social movement committed to realizing the right to health across the world. So, South Africa has had one of the most severe COVID epidemics, certainly the most severe in Africa. But this epidemic arrived on the back of an already highly un-equal health care system. We have a health care system very divided between public and private, highly un-equal divided urban rural divided by race. And so, it's not surprising that the impact of the epidemic has also seen exacerbation of inequality. We've seen, for instance, much higher infection rates and poorer areas of the country and higher mortality rates amongst black townships compared to other areas. It's been also particularly hard on poor people. We need to achieve livelihood. We have very high rates of unemployment, so large numbers of unemployed people in the informal sector. And that has been particularly difficult to cope with. The government has provided some social security, which has essentially been desperately needed by poor people. It's tried once or twice to try and end that social security, but it won't be possible because of the severe adverse economic impact. So, the country really needs to be restarted or rebooted in a way that's much more equal. And that going forward, people have decent access to social services, including health care and others. So, South Africa is no stranger to the discussion about patents, because we had one of the most severe HIV epidemics. We still have a severe burden from HIV. And having HIV was a death sentence in the past, because drugs were not available to most people, unless you were very wealthy. And there was a substantial civil society campaign to unlock access to anti-retrovirals, which was successful, likely because it focused on the problems of paying protection. And this is playing out again with COVID. We've seen with the development of vaccines and even certain medicines or treatments that producers of such health technologies hang onto the patents. And the patent allows you to prevent other people from manufacturing the same technology, even though it might be life-saving. So, when you have public goods that are essentially beneficial to all, it's unthinkable that there should be a blockage on access to the scientific knowledge there. And if patents were relaxed, patents were relieved, as is proposed in the way of the COVID, it would enable competition and renewable prices to come down, and most importantly, it would enable local production of health technologies needed for COVID. And we're obviously talking mainly about vaccines, but it could be any kinds of technologies that are needed for COVID, for which patents act as an obstacle. So, I think it's very important that the German people realize that the role of vaccine producers is important, but it doesn't mean that they should have the only control of how vaccines are produced to get to buy them at what price in conditions of non-transparency. And in fact, the German companies manufacturing vaccines have gotten considerable public funding from the German government to produce those vaccines. So, these are public goods. And it's possible for companies to make a fair profit, but not create obstacles for developing countries to be able to access the technology in order to produce in the South. So, I think technology transfer is absolutely critical, and the German government and the German people should push for that, that if vaccines are developed, technology transfer must be part of the development of those vaccines. Germany is a leader in some of the vaccine development, and it could play a key role in the waiver of intellectual property at the WTO, which makes that possible. And it doesn't mean that companies are going to be bankrupted or lose the incentive to make vaccines. It just means that those vaccines are not prevented from being produced in low-middle-income countries and other locations, where they can benefit billions of people. There aren't enough vaccine producers in the world at the moment, and we need more, and we need more them in low-middle-income countries. And that will be a benefit to their health systems in the long term, not just producing vaccines for COVID, but other vaccines and other technologies. So, this is an important opportunity for the German people to take a stand. I think that the public perception about the role of patents is really being challenged by the current situation. We've seen how vaccine nationalism has left such grace inequality that many people, many countries, are starting to come on board. There are over 100 countries now supporting the waiver, when they were just a handful, when it started. So, I think there is a groundswell of recognition that something is wrong when a company can hold intellectual property in a way that prevents poorer people, poorer countries from accessing that. So, I believe that this is an important moment, because it's educational for the world, to realise that intellectual property system is only valuable if it serves a social purpose. And the social purpose is not about protecting the profits of the producer. It's about improving society. And there are other ways of ensuring that there is incentive for research, incentives for innovation, and those should be pursued, but not at the expense of access to these technologies. So, the COVID moment is really an important moment for us to realise and we think public goods, and we think the systems we have in place, the ARCHY systems are not working. They've only been there for a few decades, they're not laws set by God or by nature, they're created by humans, and they were created in a way that protects certain people, interests and disadvantages, the poor and the powerless. And that needs to change in the long term.