The Conservation Corridor is really a spatial and social ecological strategy to combine biodiversity conservation and sustainable land use in such a way that really extensive areas can be incorporated into a corridor and places can be connected so that there are avenues and routes and opportunities for animals to migrate and to disperse and for plants and seeds to be able to similarly disperse and so that really it's a way of connecting fragments or patches of smaller conservation areas into a much larger hole. So the idea of a corridor is a really complex one, right? It's a spatial strategy on one hand, I've tried to talk about what are really massive areas. One of the, they're about six absolutely huge and most vital conservation corridors in the world and one of those is in the central Andes. It connects central Peru and central Bolivian, it's called the Vilcanota Amboró corridor. It runs from the areas north of of Cusco, both in the Andes and in the Amazon, across the Lake Titicaca basin, down into the Manu and the Medidi, immense biosphere reserves and into central Bolivia. So this is about 800 miles that arguably is the most biologically diverse place in the world, but not just for various forms of mammals, plants and animals and amphibians, etc. But also for domesticated plants. So here we have 6,000 types of potatoes are being grown. This is where the biodiversity of agricultural plants is among its most concentrated nuclei in the entire world. One environmental issue that I've become very aware of as I started working in the south-eastern Peru was road building in Amazon. This is something that's been going on for a long time, especially in eastern Brazil. Eagolotological impacts of the road are very real. This is something that from the planning, the conservation planning efforts in the region, we've been involved with in certain and different levels and trying to understand the connected, tabledo habitats in the region, looking at quarter ideas to hopefully maintain connections across the road. Because in the rain force in the eastern Amazon, the first impact of any new road was very rapid changes along the road. Now the forest along the road were easier to cut down. The temper that was there was a lot easier to access to turn into its board products and truck trucks out of there. The scientists have been working in Port de Maldonado for easily for 10 years have been anticipating the impact of the road and trying to work with the companies to mitigate the impacts of the road itself. As you proceed up the highway, different communities were identified based on the amount of hunting that they already did, the animals that they saw and trying to identify by using this local knowledge to identify some of the best places to preserve the forest or restore the forest to help maintain connections. The road company itself, did buy into a lot of the ideas and where it was appropriate, tried to construct underpasses in the road that would allow for some of this connectivity. The larger animals, they're still uncertain whether they were typically used at this kind of underpass because they weren't very wide. When you talk about conflicts in the region, probably a good place to start actually is some of the primary stressors. We have the most experience with really our timber production and gold mining and we've worked quite a bit on gold mining. If you really look on particularly a luvial gold mining, which is small scale gold mining done on a lot of these headwaters, the Amazon, and a lot of these basins. It really creates a couple of different conflicts. One is quite simply the conflict with conservation planning because a lot of that luvial gold mining is done so to speak legally in the conservation corridors or actually on park land adjacent to parks. That's a conflict. It also comes from the forest. It creates a lot of social tension because really what it asks people to do was there's been a tremendous migration of people from the Andes down into the rainforest. So what happens as a consequence of that? That means that people arrive in the rainforest and fairly large numbers and they've grown up in an environment which is completely different. They've grown up in a high altitude, not a lot of vegetation and all of a sudden they're in the rainforest where things are looking incredibly closed in and dense and so they bring land use practices with them that are totally inappropriate to the environment. So they live very close to the river, they don't move far inland. They have a tendency to clear because they don't like that closed in feeling. It's all important in terms of environmental quality, livelihoods, lifestyle, food, health for the communities and people who live in and near the protected areas. We can't expect them. It would be extraordinarily unjust as well as just blatantly unfeasible to suggest that people and communities in and near protected areas would sort of give up and sacrifice given under any conditions but maybe especially given how poor many of these people already are, they can't be expected to make sacrifices in order to better the situation of the protected area.