Vaccines are a really important part of how we're going to get out of this pandemic. They're a really crucial tool and should actually be available in mass quantities, affordable to all countries and free to the public. But what we find is, it's completely opposite, just a little bit ago, the World Health Organization Secretary General said that there have been 39 million vaccination doses administered in rich countries and just 25 in the lowest income country. It's not 25 million or 25,000, it's literally just 25. And I think that really highlights the scale of the inequality that we're seeing. There's a saying that's used quite a lot, which is no one is safe until everyone is safe. When you leave the virus to continue to transmit in large parts of the world, you're giving it room and space to new takes. And it could render the vaccines that we've already had potentially useless. We're in this really crazy situation where the public sector has paid for a lot of these vaccines, but now they've been privatised into the hands of private companies who are selling it to the high-priced bidders. Public funding has contributed 93 billion euros into COVID-19 vaccines and treatments. They have been put on the market by private companies who are essentially treating these vaccines as privately owned assets to profiteer from. And so because of that, we don't really have enough vaccines to supply to the whole world. And so we've seen countries like the UK, the US, the EU engage in a race to hoard as many vaccines as possible. The global trade-alls allow companies to put 20-year patents on their products, and in that 20-year period, no other company can make or sell that treatment or that vaccine or that drug medicine. When you've got no competition, pharmaceutical companies essentially get to control that product. They get to control its price. They get to determine who they set it to. They get to determine the amount of quantities that they produce. Some of the companies have made pledges to price vaccines at cost and not profit during the pandemic. The Pfizer vaccine has been priced around 20 to 30 US dollars per dose and the Moderna vaccines around 20 dollars a dose as well. So those kind of prices don't really work for countries in the global South. This system has not been picked for purpose for decades and we've seen that certainly the height of the HIV-8 crisis in the mid-1990s. New effective treatments came out to treat HIV. And that was a real breakthrough moment because up to that point, if you would diagnose with HIV, it was essentially a death sentence. But it was put out on some market at such a high price that $10,000 US dollars per patient per year that actually people in the global South just simply could afford it. People were losing their lives in the million, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. The pharmaceutical companies held out to get the highest prices and you can get them from the wealthy countries. Only around 4% of newly approved drugs each year for conditions that affect people in the global South were simply not limited markets enough for them to invest in. The pharmaceutical industry makes it investment decisions based not on public health needs but based on the areas of greatest financial return. The NHS drugs bill has been increasing year on year. We are paying more and more for the medicines that we need. So in a sense, for taxpayer fees twice because actually we've paid for some of that research to start with and then we're paying again through the NHS drugs bill. These prices have become so high that actually the NHS is also increasingly having to reject or to ration effective treatments a few years ago. NHS was rationing a treatment that I have tried to see and it was actually a pure of hepatitis C to buy in 20 patients. If you were to put that money that we spend on for example high drug prices into a different model that is publicly owned, we would get better value for money. The other big prices that humanity spaces is antimicrobial resistance where humans are becoming more and more resistant to antibiotics and simple infections compete to fatal consequences. This is an area where again the pharmaceutical industry hasn't invested. We are all not safe if some countries are vaccinating there are people and other countries are not vaccinating. There are some proposals on the table during this pandemic to deal with some of these systemic issues. One of them is a proposal that's been put through by the government of South Africa and India, a half of our trade organisation to suspend all the rules on patterns during this pandemic. It's also had the support of about 100 countries but it's being opposed by just a handful of wealthy countries including UK, the US, EU Canada, the countries that are opposed to this proposal. I'm also the very countries that have secure vaccines, supplies, our governments need to take a stronger grip over these vaccines to ensure that they are global public goods that they are shared, that the technology around them is shared openly with other companies to break them and opportunities to lift the patterns so that we can reduce as many vaccines as possible. If the UK were to take a strong stance on patterns then we would be able to encourage other generic manufacturers to reduce the drugs that we've got, not in other prices, so that we're saying that big pharmaceutical companies. This system doesn't work and actually we do need to think seriously about reforming it and putting public health, putting people, putting patience, putting access to treatments over and above, profiteering.