Stand by All right. Hello again and welcome back to Professor Jim Caffe and my 10 minute astronomy lecture series. This is the final chapter, chapter 30 and it is on life in the universe. The study of life in the universe is called astrobiology and NASA even has an astrobiology institute. Here is comment Hayakai Takay. This was taken in 1996 when it went by in March. It is close to the approach of just over 9 million miles. I took an image just like this in front of a big telescope dome and also another picture that is far more co-opable than this one that shows comment Hayakai in more false color and a wide field of angle. Followed by the jasmine dust. We can find the earliest physical type of life on earth in the preserved stromal life. The abundance of chlorophyll which helps with the sensitization of bacteria and algae. Various greatly over the ocean due to the availability of nitrogen. This is a very beautiful spring maybe you have seen it at Yellowstone National Park. We have seen more recently in the 80s or 90s, hydro thermal vets on the sea floor. Chemical vets hot water dark and where we find these vets in the ocean floor. Even 15,000 feet down where the pressures were surely killing human. We find an abundance of life around this very strange vets with such bad chemistry and hot temperatures and we find life. What we find is that with the earth wherever there is water we find life. That is why we are looking for water on Mars. This is in Spain with a pH close to 2. It is a river of acid. That is about the pH value of pretty strong soda and other harsh chemicals. There are some salt ponds near San Francisco. We can look at mudstone and these were holes drilled by the massacres. Curiosity Mars rover. We think there could be some life forms associated with some of the cupiders large moons especially Europa, ice crust and salt water ocean. Here is Europa as seen by the Galileo spacecraft in the Jupiter area. The same kind of spacecraft that saw Saturn was the massacres and seamy mission and here we see jets of water coming out the South Pole in Celenius, a moon of Saturn. We have actually landed on the moon Titan at Saturn. It is the biggest moon and it is the only one with a big atmosphere. We set in Voyager 1 out in the late 1970s and Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 are still going strong. One of them was a picture from 4 billion miles away with 1970s technology. We see the earth as Carl II called it our new pale duct. On Voyager spacecraft we set these gold records that contain human history, music and pictures and greetings to whoever we find them in hundreds of languages. The Drick equation came up by Frank Drick. Plac here at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory shows what the equation looked like when he pronounced it. And the time since that equation has been expanded as we now know of other planets that could have life on them. The Y's spacecraft is a wide field infrared, satellite, camera and space. Well, that is going to end my 30 chapter long video lecture series that I call a 10 minute astronomy. I hope you will go back and look at these and see the rest. Thank you very much for joining me for this series. Whether you enjoyed that episode of 10 Minute Astronomy, and so check out all the other videos in that playlist for 10 Minute Astronomy and other videos on my channel and then hit the subscribe button right there. Thanks.