Hello there, this is Mark. Are you ready for a new lesson? Great, let's start. An aunt, a tiny insect, lives in a social colony. His dog, Oz, is always barking. In this lesson, we're going to talk about... ...apositives. So stay tuned. Right, apostitives. What are they? Well, it could be a word or groups of words that describe or even rename the pronoun or the noun right beside it. It can come before or after the main noun or noun group. It can be a short or long combination of words and it usually sets off by using commas unless it is closely related to the pronoun or the noun that it describes. The use of noun groups in opposition is closely related to the finding and non-defining relative classes. If you want to know what a relative class is, you may watch a lesson by clicking here. Right, so let's look at the examples now. An aunt, a tiny insect with a sting, lives in a social colony with one or more breeding queens. This is longer than the one that I gave you at the beginning of the lesson. In this case, we have a tiny insect with a sting is the opposite, and is between two commas, as you can see. This is an extra information that I give about an aunt, and in this case a tiny insect with a sting is not essential in the sentence, but it describes or it defines the subject, which is an aunt. Now, let's take a look at the second example. My neighbor, an immigrant from Ghana, usually has lunch late. So, in this case, the opposite is an immigrant from Ghana, again, is between two commas, and if you take out this extra information, the sentence still makes sense. So, I could say my neighbor usually has lunch late. But, if I add more information, I describe the noun in this case, my neighbor, which is the subject. Now, let's take a look at the third example. A great innovator, comma, Salvador Dalí is regarded for his outrageous paintings. And here, I added the opposite first, a great innovator, who Salvador Dalí? So, you could leave this out, and the sentence would make sense. So, I could say Salvador Dalí is regarded for his outrageous paintings, in make sense. Now, the other example that I listed at the beginning was, his dog Oz is always barking. Oz here is the opposite, and is without commas. Because I'm describing actually the dog, so his dog Oz. No other dog, his dog Oz is always barking. Now, when you use a noun that is too general, the opposite must be placed in the sentence. That's why the opposite is essential in the sentence. What do I mean by this? Let's take a look at three examples. The infamous Taikun, Robert Doer, was charged of corrupting a judge. Without the opposite, which is Robert Doer, Ibu Reedaz, the infamous was charged of corrupting a judge. Who is the infamous Taikun? Instead, Robert Doer, the infamous Taikun, was charged of corrupting a judge. And in this case, the infamous Taikun would be the opposite, if we know who was charged Robert Doer. Now, here you can see the commas between the opposite. The third example, Robert Doer, the infamous Taikun, was charged of different from Robert Doer, the benefactor. If you take out the infamous Taikun and the benefactor, it wouldn't make sense. So the qualities here, which are the positives, are essential, in the meaning, the whole meaning of the sentence. Now, let's read it. In this lesson, we looked at positives. They can be placed before or after the meaning noun or pronoun. You will need to remember when to use the commas though. I suggest you watch the lesson again if you have an understood. So thank you very much for watching. I really appreciate all your comments and all your suggestions for a new lesson. Please don't forget to subscribe to my channel, if you haven't. And don't forget to share my video. It's extremely important. Have a nice week and a nice weekend. And I see you next week with a new lesson. Take care. Bye bye.