So Brad, colonizing Mars, you know, we talked about how the moon is not a great place to colonize, so it's pretty terrible. No air. I mean, there is a little bit of water, but it's going to be hard to get. It's not that big, fierce radiation, baking heat, frying cold, dust that gets into everything and mangles things. It's still, and it's also expensive, right? It's not cheap, still to go to the moon. Yeah, so I mean, we've seen the cost of going extra distance to Mars is actually not that great. So if you want to colonize somewhere, then Mars would seem to make more sense. Now Mars has got an atmosphere. It's still only about 1% to stick as you know, I think I'm going to breathe it entirely calm and dark side. That's right. But it's still going to protect you from a lot of the radiation. It's still going to stop the enormous temperature swings. I mean, Mars is cold, but the sun's going between like hundreds of degrees and minus hundreds of degrees. On Mars, it's going to be much more steady. It's going to be a lot more pleasant. There's water everywhere, so you don't have to go to the pole or do some complicated stuff to get it out. Why would you actually want to colonize anywhere though? And I think this ends up being one of the great questions is, you know, we're going to dive into just how hard or how easy it is to get water and breathe. They're probably more tackled in the moon, but yeah, why do we want to colonize Mars? What is the goal? Now, lots of people quote different reasons. Now NASA and ESA, the Space Agency, really say it's just like the moon, right? In the 60s, we said we can get to the moon and we did. And it looked like we were the technology we was. And now, the moon's been done. The moon was so 1960s, but if we can get to Mars, hey, that's the next big challenge. That's the next hard thing. That's the next thing. It's a national pride thing again. It really is. You're not going to sell it on science, right? As we talked about with the moon, to go and say, is there some life there? How did the Mars change over time? Some of the issues we talked about in the planet section. We're not going to sell that just by doing science. Realistically, I mean, life on Mars would be the one really exciting thing. But that's going to be better done by robot probes and sending people there. That's right. There's no reason to send a human if you just want to understand the life question. And that's not colonized. That would just be an expedition to visit something briefly. You can argue about whether it's better to have a human in the loop talking about things. But one argument, of course, is that humans have lost the frontier, particularly in argument that would come from maybe Americans that are strange. So they used to be a frontier. You know, anyone didn't like the way things were going, they could just move somewhere else. And now the world is full. If you don't like where you are, you generally can't move someone else. That's right. That would be put into the attention center. So maybe that's removed something from the human psyche. And we need somewhere new that oddballs and nutcases and religious fundamentalists. They're like that, you know. They're the destiny, that's right. Another possibility, which is beloved to many people, is that they have not having walreregs in one basket. That all of humanity is on earth, apart from a handful just above the earth's surface. So you get a really big asteroid that hits us, or solar flare, or something, or a war, or a virus, or whatever. And we could all be dead. And that's the end of humanity, whereas if you start spreading us over a few more planets, maybe we're a bit more robust, maybe a meter up one out, but leave the other one intact. So yeah, I mean, at this idea of a planet B or a backup plan, there's kind of game traction in recent times. There's lots of groups, private companies, have even said the SpaceX, we want to go there. And the list of people who, in countries who have talked about colonizing Mars, is not just the Americans. Europe's talked about it. Russia, China, the UAE said, by 2117, we want a UAE, United Arab Emirates colony on Mars. So everyone's focusing on this. Some quote the backup plan, some quote the guestlets explore, some quote we need to, because that's what humans are. But there's no one overarching reason why we call it ice mars. Okay, but let's say we decide to do it for whatever reason. For whatever reason. What are the challenges going to be? There's a lot. Because we're not talking about visiting, we're not talking about sending a probe, we are talking about living there and sustaining life there. And here is a short list and I emphasize short here, because these are the big ones. If you can't solve this, there's no point. Now we need to get there. Now that's obvious. But it's not that obvious to some people. And it's not that easy. Now once we get there, as you said, 96, 97% carbon dioxide, we need to breathe. That's pretty important to living on Mars. And again, you can't just bring an oxygen tank with you from the earth. If you are living there, you need to live there. We need water. Okay, maybe one of the easier problems to solve is we'll see. You need your fuel. Fuel and energy. Fuel either when you need to go back to sustain you, to run a society. If you're colonizing Mars, you need to operate. We obviously need food. If you're going to live there, there's no plants. There's no animals to eat. So you have to find a way of creating food. We need shelter. Now from the searing, heat and freezing cold and vacuum. That's right. You're not just going to be popping around on the surface. This is not a pleasant condition. I always like the argument, if you want to go live on Mars, go practice living in the middle of Australia or Antarctica. It's easier. Now communications and communications again, it's not that simple. We're not just talking about communicating on Mars. We're talking about communications back to earth. Because even if this is your back at plan, you're still going to need that connection and you're still going to need that information and then health and safety. All of these are issues that have to be solved. These are all the issues that people are really working on to solve. This is what we're going to talk about in this section. Solving these issues, how practical it is, how much work it's going to require, is it doable? And what is it going to look like in the end? Because colonizing Mars means living on Mars. And if you don't solve these issues, you're not living there.