This is brought to you by the Pretorian on both YouTube and Facebook. This is brought to you by the Pretorian on both YouTube and Facebook. This is brought to you by the Pretorian on both YouTube and Facebook. A somatic cell from ancient Greek Sigmund Uelpha Soma, meaning body or vegetable cell, is any biological cell forming the body of an organism that is in a multicellular organism. Any cell other than a gamete, germ cell, gameticite, or undifferentiated stem cell. In contrast, gametes are cells that fuse during sexual reproduction, germ cells are cells that give rise to gametes, and stem cells are cells that can divide through mitosis and differentiate into diverse specialized cell types. For example, in mammals, somatic cells make up all the internal organs, skin, bones, blood and connective tissue, while mammalian germ cells give rise to spermate azoa and over which fuse during fertilization to produce a cell called a zygote, which divides and differentiates into the cells of an embryo. There are approximately 220 types of somatic cells in the human body. Theoretically, these cells are not germ cells, the source of gametes, they never transmit to their descendants the mutations they have undergone. However, in sponges, non-differentiated somatic cells from the germ line and, in nidaria, differentiated somatic cells are the source of the germ line. Mytotic cell division is only seen in diploid somatic cells. Evolution As multicellularity evolved many times, sterile somatic cells did too. The evolution of an immortal germ line producing specialized somatic cells involve the emergence of mortality and can be viewed in its simplest version involved a senalgy. Those species with a separation between sterile somatic cells and germ line are called wasmenists. However, wasmenist development is relatively rare. Example vertebrates, arthropods, vulvox, as a great number of species have the capacity for somatic embryogenesis, example land plants, most algae, many invertebrates, genetics and chromosome content. Like all skull cells, somatic cells contain DNA arranged in chromosomes. If a somatic cell contains chromosomes arranged in pairs, it is called diploid and the organism is called a diploid organism. The gametes of diploid organisms contain only single unpaired chromosomes and are called haploid. Each pair of chromosomes comprises one chromosome inherited from the father and one inherited from the mother. For example, in humans, somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes organized into 23 pairs. By contrast, gametes of diploid organisms contain only half as many chromosomes. In humans, this is 23 unpaired chromosomes. When two gametes, IAS per matazoan and an ovum, meet during conception, they fuse, creating a zygote. Due to the fusion of the two gametes, a human zygote contains 46 chromosomes, i.e. 23 pairs. However, a large number of species have the chromosomes and their somatic cells arranged in force, tetraploid, or even sixes, hexaplyde. Thus, they can have diploid or even triploid germline cells. An example of this is the modern cultivated species of wheat, tridicumestivomel, a hexaplyde species whose somatic cells contain six copies of every chromated. The frequency of spontaneous mutations is significantly lower in advanced male germ cells than in somatic cell types from the same individual. Female germ cells also show a mutation frequency that is lower than that in corresponding somatic cells, and similar to that in male germ cells. These findings appear to reflect employment of more effective mechanisms to limit the initial occurrence of spontaneous mutations in germ cells than in somatic cells. Such mechanisms likely include elevated levels of DNA repair enzymes that ameliorate most potentially mutagenic DNA damages. Cloning In recent years, the technique of cloning whole organisms has been developed in mammals, allowing almost identical genetic clones of an animal to be produced. One method of doing this is called somatic cell nuclear transfer and involves removing the nucleus from a somatic cell, usually a skin cell. This nucleus contains all of the genetic information needed to produce the organism it was removed from. This nucleus is then injected into an ovum of the same species, which has had its genetic material removed. The ovum now no longer needs to be fertilized, because it contains the correct amount of genetic material, a diploid number of chromosomes. In theory, the ovum can be implanted into the uterus of a same species animal and allowed to develop. The resulting animal will be a nearly genetically identical clone to the animal from which the nucleus was taken. The only difference is caused by any mitochondrial DNA that is retained in the ovum, which is different from the cell that donated the nucleus. In practice, this technique has so far been problematic, although there have been a few high-profile successes, such as Dolly the Sheep and, more recently, Snubby, the first clone dog. Somatic cells have also been collected in the practice of cryoconservation of animal genetic resources, as a means of conserving animal genetic material, including... This is brought to you by the Pretorian on both YouTube and Facebook. We thank you for your participation. If you enjoyed, please like, subscribe, share, make comments. We love feedback. You