Cost of movie Avengers Endgame was 2443 crore rupees and cost of Isra Chandrayan 2 is 978 crore rupees. How Isra Space Mission are so cost effective, we will come to know in this episode. On 20 July 1969, NASA's Apollo 11 landed on Moon and it was the first manmade mission to touch the Moon surface. Cost of Apollo 11 mission was 25.4 billion dollars equal to 165,000 crore rupees. On 50th anniversary of landing on Moon, on 22 July 2019, Isra Chandrayan 2 has been successfully launched towards the Moon. In this mission, lander named Vikram will land softly on the south pole of Moon. Roar named Pragyan will map the surface of Moon and will collect samples for experimentation. Cost of Chandrayan 2 mission is only 978 crore rupees. If we calculate today's cost of Apollo mission, it would be 994,500 crore rupees. It may seem that this huge cost difference between Isra and NASA missions is because of time gap between two missions and the cost difference of technology. But some other examples also can take them for analysis, like Mars Orbiter missions by Isra and NASA. Mars Orbiter mission also called Mangalian mission of Isra. Mangalian space probe is still orbiting Mars planet since 24 September, 2040. It was launched on 5 November, 2030 by Isra. Still, it was India's first Mars mission its total cost was 454 crore rupees. Mangalian is orbiting Mars in elliptical orbit 77,000 km by 422 km about the surface of Mars. Mars atmosphere and volatile evolution that is Maven is the NASA's 25th Mars mission. Maven launched on 18th November of 2013. On September 22, 2014, Maven reached Mars orbit and orbiting elliptically 6,200 km by 150 km about the Mars surface. Cost of NASA's Maven mission was 4361 crore rupees. Almost 3,900 crore rupees difference is there between American and Indian Mars mission executed at same time. After Mangalian and Maven, a collaborative mission of European space agency Isra and Russian space agency Roskosmos sent exo-Mars atmospheric research arbiter and Tehmur special lander to Mars in March 2016. Arbiter is orbiting Mars in circular orbit 400 km about the surface. Total cost of exo-Mars mission was 9,100 crores. Cost of Isra, Chennai and one mission was 386 crore rupees only, which was launched on 22nd October of 2008. Pats behind Isra cost effectiveness. First, the Isra follow foreign program for critical components and materials with Indian industry participation reduced dependence on import. Second, Indian industry is contributing significantly in the designing, manufacturing and testing of components and materials as well as subsystems as per Isra's requirement. Third one, reusing the same tried and tested PSLV for multiple missions. Fourth one, India's budget on space program is less than 7,800 crores per year. While in comparison, NASA had budget of more than 150,000 crores till last year. Fifth, in India, the cost of hiring talents are far less as compared to the West. Sixth, engineers in India cost much less than those in US. The approximate annual income of the Aeronautical Engineer in United States is just under $1,000,000. Whereas in India, the higher end of scale for engineers is less than $20,000. Seventh, scientists in foreign organizations are hired before a project begins. Whereas isro designates its permanent employees ahead of a project or a mission. These things make the entire mission much cheaper. That's all for this episode. I hope you found it to be informative. If you have anything to ask, please comment below. Thanks for watching.