Now we're going to look at the phonetic alphabet. We did a little bit of this with the vowels, and now we're going to look at the consonant sounds in English, the consonant sounds. Now remember with the phonetic alphabet these are the representations or the symbols for the sounds, right? In many cases you'll notice that the letter and the sound or the symbol are the same, but in some of these other ones they are not. So it's really good to learn these symbols because it will help you when you need to know how to pronounce something, okay? So the first one we have here is the p-p- sound, p-p-y, p-p-y, right? So we have two of them in the same word here, p-p-y. Now notice when I'm making the sound, my lips come together, p-p- and only air is coming out, okay? Puppy, puppy, okay? I'm exaggerating the sound for you at this point, but if you compare that to this sound, b-p- it's almost the same sound. We call this a minimal pair, right? So b- is the same form in my mouth, my mouth looks exactly the same, b- but I have vibration here, if I put my hand here, b- I can feel vibration in my vocal cords, okay? P-p- no vibration, b- there is vibration, okay?