Hi, we're Dr. Garry's graduate students from the Constitution Medicine at George Mason University, and we're here to talk about the Sidious Forest ecosystem. Temperate deciduous forests are found in three main separated areas. The Eastern United States, Eastern Asia, this includes parts of China, Korea, and Japan, and Western and Central Europe. Our focus, the North American Temperate deciduous forests, are typically second growth. However, these forests that surround us preserve the world's greatest diversity of temperate deciduous forests, flora, and fauna. Our local area is comprised of terrestrial plants that are adapted to neither exceptionally wet nor dry conditions, with oaks and conifers being the most widespread species. Temperate deciduous forests experience four changing seasons and receive adequate amounts of rainfall each year, ranking just behind rainforest biomes. The average year-round temperature is 50 degrees Fahrenheit. Summer temperatures fall around 70 degrees. Winter can bring snowfall in the more northern habitats, but amounts vary heavily. Alpha-sales, known as brown-foreso, is common in tempered deciduous forests. These soils are fertile to native plants, and is important in the production of food and fiber. Altasales or red clay soil are also present. The majority of mammals in the ecosystem live in the ecosystems northern region. Most are small rodents and insectivores, which could be vectors or hosts of zoonotic diseases. White-tailed deer, a spreader of lime disease, are considered to be one of the key species. Herp tiles are concentrated in the south and play a direct role in reducing the spread of zoonotic disease by consuming invertebrate vectors. 154 species of birds live in the eastern tempered deciduous forests. Migratory birds could bring diseases to novel areas via migratory roots, spreading diseases across natural and artificial borders. This has become a serious threat with increased interactions among humans and wildlife due to a change landscape that affects land usage and wildlife. Today, it is estimated that only 0.1% of land in the eastern United States has been undisturbed. Forests were cleared to extract resources and make space for agriculture in the 1800s and 1900s. Forests, water and wetlands of the eastern deciduous forest ecosystem are now surrounded by urban or agricultural areas. The threats to the forest ecosystem are thus exacerbated by human activities such as agricultural runoff, human waste and waste water, and secondary products of manufacturing, like air and water pollution. Additionally, human wildlife interactions are increasing as wildlife easily crosses over into suburban and urban environments and people use forests for recreation. In addition, people accidentally or intentionally bring invasive species and pathogens with them into existing forests. Another source of pathogen and species introductions is through the movement of goods both from other parts of the U.S. and imported goods, as well as through travelers and immigrants. Today, more than 65% of the vegetables and 80% of the fruit consumed in the eastern seaboard is produced and brought in from somewhere else. Produce, people and product may transfer pathogens, vectors and invasive species that affect disease ecology of the temperate forest ecosystem. In terms of disease ecology, ticks are what is known as vectors, but disease because they do not become ill themselves but they can transfer the disease to other organisms. Ticks usually acquire a limb disease from small mammals such as the white-broded mouse, but they can also catch it from birds. The animals are known as reservoirs for the disease. Birds are most likely to host texts with the travel-long distances and are able to move ticks in new locations spreading the disease. Lime disease is an illness caused by bacterial infection in the Iroxies ticks, known as deer checks in the East Coastal Temperate Ecosystems. It is found throughout the United States and in many other countries. The bacterium that causes Lyme disease is called Borrelia Borg-Defor. Because Lyme disease symptoms overlap with many other illnesses, it is difficult to accurately estimate the number of people affected. Many people think you will obtain a bullseye rash of a tick carrying lime bite zoo, but this is not always the case. Lyme disease can also affect other animals, including dogs. It is possible that increased urbanization and landscape fragmentation is increasing tick density and the risk to humans of Lyme disease. If deer can thrive in the landscape and there is sufficient underscoring to protect ticks from desiccation, the disease may be transmitted. Tick density is much lower and truly urban areas are deer or not found. Increased prevalence of Lyme disease in suburban areas may be because a possums eat ticks and force of areas. The possums are not hostages for this pathogen. Increased habitat fragmentation creates ecosystems that have many mice but fewer possums and other small mammals. This increases the prevalence of Lyme disease. West Nile virus is a vector of foreign disease carried by the Kuulux mosquitoes. Mosquitoes typically acquire this flavor virus from birds of high levels of virus in their blood. Once the virus incubates in the mid-gut of the mosquito and fades the salivary glands, the mosquito can then infect other susceptible birds through its bites. While birds are the main host, mosquitoes can also pass this disease onto other hosts including humans and horses. Humans and horses experience symptoms but they are considered incidental dead end hosts in the West Nile virus transmission cycle. West Nile virus has caused millions of bird deaths in North America and has a fatality rate of 33% in horses. One in five humans will develop new symptoms from infection and a small percentage can exhibit neurological symptoms such as encephalitis and meningitis. There is currently no vaccine for West Nile virus. West Nile virus was first observed in North America in 1999 and though once considered emerging disease, it quickly spread across the country in just four years. It is now considered an endemic disease, one that is present at a low but constant level in the community. Other emerging diseases to keep an eye out for an attempt at the Sidious Forest and the diseases carried by the 80s mosquito including Zika, Chikungunya, and Digae Vibra. This is a particular interest in light of climate change and increasing temperatures as the habitat range of 80s mosquitoes is growing and is invading the Eastern United States. While North syndrome is a disease that has been affecting a various species spreading across North America and alarming rate, driving some toward the brink of extinction. White North syndrome is caused by a fungus that pseudodiolysis de-stakten. The fungus was introduced to North America by spores on shoes of capers from Europe or China. Since the strength of fungus is common in those two regions but the European and Chinese bats are adapted to the fungus. In North America however, the fungus has a 70 to 90% mortality rate and have killed an estimated of 6.7 million vaccination wide between 2006 to 2012. The fungus drive in cooler environment of case and old mines used by bats to topper and it can infect any bats that comes into contact with the spores. By grading bats species and human becomes important carriers that cause the rapid spread of the fungus. White North syndrome invades and ingests the skin of bats creating white fast that is clearly visible in the winter and much harder to see in the summer. Making it difficult to monitor. The fungus causes irritation to the bats and topper, making them wake up more frequently than normal, wish to plead that energy leading to starvation in the winter. Distraction of wing tissue and material infection may also be the actual cause of death. Some bats do survive winter with rhinocindral but will subsequently succumb in the spring. When that immune system kicks in attacking the fangolin bearer along with that old tissue, bats eat thousands of insects per night. The decline in bat population will result in an increase in insect pests and vectors, damaging the forest, agriculture and public health. The notic diseases such as with my environment and Lyme disease will increase, following the increase in vector population. More pests lead to a higher usage of pesticides adding toxic runoff to the environment. The loss of bats could also disrupt KF ecosystem and put many rare and unique care fauna in jeopardy. Currently, there is no effective treatment for white North syndrome. Naturally occurring bacteria, rotocarpers, rotocross can kill the fungus but researchers on the effect of the bacteria on the KF ecosystem needs to be conducted before scientists can spread a KF with the bacteria. Despite preventive measures in place, the fungus continue to spread across the landscape. Increased landscape fragmentation brings humans closer to wildlife and wildlife diseases. Ravies is a deadly illness that affects mammals, while we're able to vaccinate our pets while animals can still expose humans to the set of virus. Most human cases without a clear-hat attribution are caused by bats. In conclusion, like many ecosystems across the globe, climate change and anthropogenic change are newly affecting multiple levels of ecological health in the temperate deciduous forest.