omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
IFPS. IFPS (Interactive Financial Planning System) was a financial modeling language created by professor Gerald R. Wagner and his students of the University of Texas at Austin in the late 1970s. IFPS was marketed by Execucom, an Austin-based company started by Wagner. The company was acquired by Comshare in 1991.

IFPS was available for a variety of platforms, including IBM mainframes (VM/CMS), DEC VAX, various flavors of Unix, DOS-based PCs and Macintosh Computers (named "Mindsight"- running on two floppies). There were a number of versions, from about 1985,  including optimization and a data area for storing data separately from models. IFPS seems to have been an important inspiration for the Javelin financial modeling application. Some parts of the IFPS approach were later used by Lotus's Improv- like the separation of model logic and data.
Difference to spreadsheet software (Lotus 1-2-3 and later Excel): Mainframe and PC/Mac versions of IFPS completely separated the logic model (connections between variables) and the data. Both were bound together by data placeholder (like "earnings in Year1" in the logic model - to easily run scenarios . (Spreadsheet) columns were represented by Name1, Name2, name3 etc. The model logic was written in lines with placeholder- oriented text ( "earnings=sales-costs" etc.). Comment lines on the model could be included anywhere with //. IFPS mainframe versions also allowed to simulate stochastic events by providing a range of probability distributions. The IFPS approach made it easy to communicate complex models even to laymen and managers.

IFPS was eventually out-competed by spreadsheets.

IFPS was an essential financial model-development tool for long range planning and strategic planning, popular business practices in the 1980s.  As an "English-like" language, IFPS made it very simple to express relationships among financial concepts without having to worry about sequential logic, as the program would figure out dependencies among variables.  This allowed for simple creation of both financial and managerial accounting statements.   I was fortunate to work with IFPS for over ten years as an analyst at Champlin Petroleum aka. Union Pacific Resources.  I also attended seminars and conferences put on by Gerald Wagner and his team at EXECUCOM.   I believe it was the rise of risk management in the commodity industries over "assumption-based" techniques like long range planning, rather than spreadsheets per se, which contributed to IFPS loss in popularity. [Edit by David Benepe]

References

Financial software
Joseph Philip Ronayne. Joseph Philip Ronayne (c. 1822 – 7 May 1876) was an Irish civil engineer notable for his role in the development of Irish railways. A member of the Home Rule League, he was a Member of Parliament (MP) for Cork City from 1872 to 1876.

Career 
Ronayne, youngest son of Edmond Ronayne, a glass-maker of Cork, was born at Cork in abourt 1822. After an education at Hamblin and Porter's Grammar School in Cork, and instruction from Mr. O'Neill in practical surveying, he entered the office of Sir John Benjamin McNeill, civil engineer of London and Glasgow. He was first engaged in the design and construction of the main arterial lines of railway in Ireland, and then on one half of the Cork and Bandon Railway. In 1853 he proposed furnishing Cork with water by the construction of a lake near Blarney, but this was not carried out. On 4 March 1856 he became a member of the Institution of Civil Engineers.

From 1854 to 1859 he was in California, where he superintended hydraulic works, bringing down the waters of the Sierra Nevada to the goldfields by means of canals and aqueducts. After returning to Ireland he became a contractor, and executed the Queenstown branch of the Cork and Youghal railway. On the completion of that work, he laid out the Cork and Macroon railway. He took payment in shares, and thus occupied the unusual position of engineer, contractor, and the largest proprietor. He subsequently suggested to the government the construction of a dock in a bay near Monkstown, but the Haulbowline site was finally adopted. On 10 December 1872 he was elected in a by-election to represent Cork City in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, after the death of John Francis Maguire. He was re-elected at the 1874 general election and retained the seat until his death.

He died at Rinn Ronain, Queenstown, on 7 May 1876, and was buried in Father Mathew's cemetery, Cork, on 11 May. He married, in 1859, Elizabeth, daughter of Edward Stace Wright, commander R.N.

References

Attribution

External links 
 

1820s births
1876 deaths
Engineers from County Cork
Irish civil engineers
Railway civil engineers
Irish people in rail transport
UK MPs 1868–1874
UK MPs 1874–1880
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Cork City
Home Rule League MPs
People educated at Hamblin and Porter's Grammar School
Battery–capacitor flash. A battery–capacitor flash (BC flash) is a  flash photography system used with flashbulbs.  Instead of relying directly on the current pulse ability of a photoflash battery to directly fire a flashbulb, a battery is used to charge a capacitor that is then discharged through the flashbulb.  BC flash units use 5.6 V, 15 V, or 22½ V batteries.

Advantages
A special high-current photoflash battery is not needed, and even an ageing battery can charge the capacitor, although recycling more slowly than a fresh one; the charged capacitor delivers a high-current pulse and reliably fires the bulb.

References

 Electronics for Photographers, by Marshall Lincoln, Copyright 1966 by Chilton Books, pp 43–54.
 Capacitors & Batteries, Boston University Physics Department

Flash photography
Photographic lighting
Wolfram Demonstrations Project. The Wolfram Demonstrations Project is an open-source collection of interactive programmes called Demonstrations. It is hosted by Wolfram Research. At its launch, it contained 1300 demonstrations but has grown to over 10,000. The site won a Parents' Choice Award in 2008.

Wolfram Research's staff organizes and edits the Demonstrations, which may be created by any user of Mathematica, then freely published and freely downloaded.

Technology
The Demonstrations run in Mathematica 6 or above and in Wolfram CDF Player, which is a free modified version of Wolfram Mathematica and available for Windows, Linux, and macOS and can operate as a web browser plugin. Demonstrations can also be embedded into a website. Each Demonstration page includes a snippet of JavaScript code in the Share section of the sidebar.

The Demonstrations typically consist of a direct user interface to a graphic or visualization that dynamically responds to user actions. Each Demonstration also has a description of the concept. The website is organized by topic, for example: science, art, and biology.

References

External links 
Official website

Mathematics websites
Mathematics literature
Mathematics education
Open educational resources
Physics education
Wolfram Research
Impact gardening. Impact gardening is the process by which impact events stir the outermost crusts of moons and other celestial objects with no atmospheres. In the particular case of the Moon, this is more often known as lunar gardening.  Planetary bodies lacking an atmosphere will generally also lack any erosional processes, with the possible exception of volcanism, and as a result impact debris accumulates at the object's surface as a rough "soil," commonly referred to as regolith. Subsequent impacts, especially by micrometeorites, stir and mix this soil. It had long been estimated that the top centimeter of the lunar surface is overturned every 10 million years. However, a 2016 analysis by the LRO satellite of impact ejecta coverage puts the figure closer to 80,000 years.

References

Further reading

Impact geology
William T. Schwendler. William T. Schwendler (April 1, 1904 - January 15, 1978 in Farmingdale, New York) was a founder, chief engineer, executive vice-president and Chairman of the Board of the Grumman Corporation.  He and other founders of Grumman had worked together at Loening Aeronautical Engineering until leaving to form their new company in a rented garage in December 1929.

The son of a German immigrant father, Schwendler was a 1924 graduate of New York University where he was one of the school's first students of aeronautical engineering. In 1956, Schwendler became a trustee of NYU. He was a member of Phi Kappa Tau fraternity at NYU and is a charter member of the fraternity's Hall of Fame.

He resided until his death on a  estate on Merritts Road in Farmingdale, New York, adjacent to the Bethpage State Park Golf Course.

References

External links
 Time magazine: Milestones, Jan. 30, 1978
 Brooklyn Genealogy Information Page
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers: Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark Paper

1904 births
1978 deaths
American people of German descent
Businesspeople in aviation
People from Farmingdale, New York
Polytechnic Institute of New York University alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
Colin R. McInnes. Colin Robert McInnes  is a Scottish engineer known for his work in solar sails. He is currently one of the leading figures in the field, being the author (or co-author) of over 50 solar sail papers since 2001. He also wrote a book on the subject, Solar Sailing: Technology, Dynamics and Mission Applications, which is commonly referenced in solar sail journal papers.

McInnes obtained a BSc (Hons) in Physics and Astronomy and PhD in Astrodynamics from the University of Glasgow in 1988 and 1991 respectively, during which he independently invented (in parallel with Robert Forward) the concept variously known as the solar sail halo orbit, the statite, the artificial Lagrange point and the non-Keplerian orbit. He was then appointed as a lecturer in the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Glasgow in October 1991 and was subsequently Reader (1996) and Professor (1999). During this time he was a visiting researcher at the Central Design Bureau for Unique Instrumentation, Moscow, and the Institute for Space and Astronautical Science, Tokyo. He joined the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Strathclyde in September 2004; in 2014 he moved back to the University of Glasgow.

His research interests centre on trajectory and mission analysis for solar sails (about which he has written an authoritative textbook), autonomous spacecraft control and space robotics. He is a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in July 2003.

He is currently the James Watt Chair, and Professor of Engineering Science (Systems Power and Energy) at the University of Glasgow.

He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to space research, science, and technology.

References

Bibliography
C. R. McInnes, Solar Sailing: Technology, Dynamics, and Mission Applications, Springer-Praxis Publishing Ltd, Chichester, UK, 1999,

External links
 Staff Profile - Prof Colin McInnes, University of Glasgow

Living people
Academics of the University of Strathclyde
Scottish engineers
Alumni of the University of Glasgow
Academics of the University of Glasgow
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Members of the Order of the British Empire
1968 births
New South Wales 85 class locomotive. The New South Wales 85 class were a class of 10 electric locomotives built by Comeng, Granville between May 1979 and July 1980 for the Public Transport Commission.

When introduced they were the most powerful locomotives in Australia with a rating of 2,880 kW. Based at Lithgow depot they were purchased principally to haul coal trains over the Blue Mountains line. They also hauled other freight trains and on occasions passenger services including the Indian Pacific.

Following the Illawarra line being electrified in 1986, 85s began to operate coal trains from Lithgow through to Port Kembla. They also occasionally hauled coal services from Glenlee Colliery on the Main South line to Port Kembla and Rozelle. They did not operate on the Main North line although in 1993 all were hauled to Taree for repainting at Landsdowne Engineering.

A combination of National Rail electing to use diesel locomotives on electrified lines and a move to an open access model in New South Wales resulting in electric traction being priced out of the market saw the need for electric traction drop. In April 1998, the 85 class were withdrawn and stored at Lithgow.

In July 2000, FreightCorp moved three of the class to Werris Creek. Two were sold for preservation, 8501 to the Sydney Electric Train Society and 8507 to the Dorrigo Steam Railway & Museum.  The remainder were sold in 2003 to Silverton Rail and scrapped at Broken Hill.

References

Co-Co locomotives
Commonwealth Engineering locomotives
Electric locomotives of New South Wales
Railway locomotives introduced in 1979
Standard gauge locomotives of Australia
1500 V DC locomotives
New South Wales 86 class locomotive. The 86 class is a class of electric locomotives built by Comeng, Granville for the State Rail Authority of New South Wales.

History
The 86 class initially hauled passenger and freight services to Lithgow on the Main Western line and Wyong on the Main Northern line. Their sphere of operation extended to Newcastle on the latter line in June 1984 and to Port Kembla in January 1986 when the Illawarra line was electrified.

With a one-hour rating of 4,400 horsepower (hp), the 86 class was the most powerful locomotive in Australia at the time. Although no longer in regular use, the class remains among the most powerful in the country. Despite their higher power rating, they were generally regarded as inferior to the Metropolitan-Vickers built 46 class, which dated from the late 1950s.

The last, 8650 was delivered as a Bo-Bo-Bo trial unit. It spent long periods out of traffic undergoing repair.

In 1994/95 all were repainted by A Goninan & Co, Taree into Freight Rail (later FreightCorp) blue. By October 1997 18 had been withdrawn from service with cracked frames. By this stage the amount of work requiring electrics was reducing. National Rail decided it would through haul its services and from March 1998 FreightCorp ceased operating them on Main Northern line services. The need for electrics continued to decline with their remaining duties mainly being hauling coal trains from Lithgow to Port Kembla. The last examples were withdrawn in June 2002.

In 2002, most were sold to Silverton Rail and taken to Broken Hill then sold again in February 2006 to Allco Finance Group with some on sold, but most scrapped. Four were leased back to RailCorp in 2004 (8601, 8609, 8622 and 8644) for use on infrastructure trains during construction of the Bondi Junction turnback.

Status

References

Further reading

External links

Bo-Bo-Bo locomotives
Co-Co locomotives
Commonwealth Engineering locomotives
Electric locomotives of New South Wales
Railway locomotives introduced in 1983
Standard gauge locomotives of Australia
1500 V DC locomotives
Åkermanite. Åkermanite (Ca2Mg[Si2O7]) is a melilite mineral of the sorosilicate group, containing calcium, magnesium, silicon, and oxygen. It is a product of contact metamorphism of siliceous limestones and dolomites, and rocks of sanidinite facies. Sanidinite facies represent the highest conditions of temperature of contact metamorphism and are characterized by the absence of hydrous minerals. It has a density of 2.944 g/cm3. Åkermanite ranks a 5 or 6 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, and can be found gray, green, brown, or colorless. It has a white streak and a vitreous or resinous luster. It has a tetragonal crystal system and a good, or distinct, cleavage. It is the end member in a solid solution series beginning with gehlenite (Ca2Al[AlSiO7]).

The mineral is named for Anders Richard Åkerman (Swedish page) (1837–1922), a Swedish metallurgist. It has been found at Monte Somma and Vesuvius, and Monte Cavalluccio near Rome. It was "grandfathered" in as a species of mineral because it was described prior to 1959, before the founding of the International Mineralogical Association.

References

Sorosilicates
Calcium minerals
Magnesium minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 113
Packet injection. Packet injection (also known as forging packets or spoofing packets) in computer networking, is the process of interfering with an established network connection by means of constructing packets to appear as if they are part of the normal communication stream. The packet injection process allows an unknown third party to disrupt or intercept packets from the consenting parties that are communicating, which can lead to degradation or blockage of users' ability to utilize certain network services or protocols. Packet injection is commonly used in man-in-the-middle attacks and denial-of-service attacks.

Capabilities 
By utilizing raw sockets, NDIS function calls, or direct access to a network adapter kernel mode driver, arbitrary packets can be constructed and injected into a computer network.  These arbitrary packets can be constructed from any type of packet protocol (ICMP, TCP, UDP, and others) since there is full control over the packet header while the packet is being assembled.

General procedure 
 Create a raw socket
 Create an Ethernet header in memory
 Create an IP header in memory
 Create a TCP header or UDP header in memory
 Create the injected data in memory
 Assemble (concatenate) the headers and data together to form an injection packet
 Compute the correct IP and TCP or UDP packet checksums
 Send the packet to the raw socket

Uses 
Packet injection has been used for:
 Disrupting certain services (file sharing or HTTP) by Internet service providers and wireless access points
 Compromising wireless access points and circumventing their security
 Exploiting certain functionality in online games
 Determining the presence of internet censorship
 Allows for custom packet designers to test their custom packets by directly placing them onto a computer network
 Simulation of specific network traffic and scenarios
 Testing of network firewalls and intrusion detection systems
 Computer network auditing and troubleshooting computer network related issues

Detecting packet injection 
Through the process of running a packet analyzer or packet sniffer on both network service access points trying to establish communication, the results can be compared.  If point A has no record of sending certain packets that show up in the log at point B, and vice versa, then the packet log inconsistencies show that those packets have been forged and injected by an intermediary access point.  Usually TCP resets are sent to both access points to disrupt communication.

Software 
 lorcon, part of Airpwn
 KisMAC
 pcap
 Winsock
 CommView for WiFi Packet Generator
 Scapy
 Preinstalled software on Kali Linux (BackTrack was the predecessor)
 NetHunter (Kali Linux for Android)
HexInject

See also 
 Packet capture
 Packet generation model
 Raw socket
 Packet crafting
 Packet sniffer

External links 
 Packet Injection using raw sockets

References 

Packets (information technology)
Packet generator. A packet generator or packet builder is a type of software that generates random packets or allows the user to construct detailed custom packets. Depending on the network medium and operating system, packet generators utilize raw sockets, NDIS function calls, or direct access to the network adapter kernel-mode driver.

This is useful for testing implementations of IP stacks for bugs and security vulnerabilities.

Comparison

General Information

See also 
Packet crafting
Packet analyzer
Packetsquare

Network analyzers
Packets (information technology)
Lawrence C. F. Horle. Lawrence Christopher Frank Horle (May 27, 1892 - October 29, 1950) was a noted American electrical engineer.

Horle was born in Newark, New Jersey, and in 1914 received his degree in mechanical engineering from the Stevens Institute of Technology, where he served as instructor until 1916. From 1916-1917 he was a design engineer of the Public Service Corporation, Newark, and 1917-1920 served as an Expert Radio Aide in the United States Navy, supervising the radio development laboratory at the Washington Navy Yard.

Horle was subsequently chief engineer of the de Forest Radio Telephone and Telegraph Company, New York; consultant, Department of Commerce Radio Laboratory, Bureau of Standards, Washington; chief engineer, Federal Telephone and Telegraph Company, New York; and vice-president, Federal Telephone Manufacturing Company, Buffalo. During World War II he served as civilian consultant to the Army Communications and Co-ordination Board of the Chief Signal Officer, United States Army.

Horle was active in standardization committees and the Institute of Radio Engineers, where he became a Fellow in 1925, served as president in 1940, and in 1948 he received the IRE Medal of Honor "for his contributions to the radio industry in standardization work, both in peace and war, particularly in the field of electron tubes, and for his guidance of a multiplicity of technical committees into effective action." He was also chief engineer of the Radio and Television Manufacturers' Association.

References 
 IEEE History Center biography
 Proceedings of the I.R.E., May 1944
 The Link, 1911 (Stevens Institute of Technology)

1892 births
1950 deaths
American electrical engineers
Radio pioneers
IEEE Medal of Honor recipients
Engineers from Newark, New Jersey
Stevens Institute of Technology alumni
Engineers from New Jersey
20th-century American engineers
XDNA (multi-graphics). The xDNA technology is a technology designed by Diamond Multimedia, allowing motherboards which are not certified for ATI CrossFire (for instance, nForce 500/600 series motherboards designed by Nvidia) to install multiple ATI Radeon video cards (up to four) as a CrossFire setup and operate in rendering modes which are exclusively made for CrossFire setups. Diamond Multimedia will provide optimized Catalyst drivers and middleware for the platform in a single package.

See also 
 SLI

References

External links 
Diamond Multimedia website

Graphics cards