omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Distributed architecture for mobile navigation. The Distributed architecture for mobile navigation (DAMN) is a mobile robot architecture developed by Julio K. Rosenblatt at Carnegie Mellon University. DAMN consists of a collection of independently operating behaviors such as "go-to-goal" and "avoid obstacle", and an arbiter. The arbiter generates a set of feasible action possibilities for the robot over a short time horizon, and the behaviours vote on (i.e. express utility for) these candidate actions. Votes may be weighted by a mode manager. The Pareto optimal action is then sent to the vehicle controller. One method of obtaining votes is for behaviours to asynchronously update a utility map over the configuration space of the robot. The arbiter then overlays paths resulting from action candidates onto the map, and samples utilities along the paths. This approach is known as utility fusion. In DAMN, the decision-making process is distributed and asynchronous, without the need for an hierarchical structure.

See also 
 Three-layer architecture
 Servo, subsumption, and symbolic (SSS) architecture
 ATLANTIS architecture
 Autonomous robot architecture (AuRA)

References

Robot architectures
Stall torque. Stall torque is the torque produced by a mechanical device whose output rotational speed is zero. It may also mean the torque load that causes the output rotational speed of a device to become zero, i.e., to cause stalling.  Electric motors, steam engines and hydrodynamic transmissions are all capable of developing torque when stalled.

Stall torque is often expressed in units of kg·cm.

Electric motors
Electric motors continue to provide torque when stalled.  However, electric motors left in a stalled condition are prone to overheating and possible damage since the current flowing is maximum under these conditions.

The maximum torque an electric motor can produce in the long term when stalled without causing damage is called the maximum continuous stall torque.

Hydrodynamic transmissions
A hydrodynamic torque multiplier (torque converter) produces stall torque when the load prevents the turbine (output stage) from rotating while the pump (input stage) is being driven.  In most cases, damage due to overheating occurs if the stall condition persists for any significant length of time.

Combustion engines
In the case of a petrol (gasoline) or Diesel engine, the stall torque may refer to the torque load that causes the engine to stall.  The actual amount of torque is dependent on engine RPM and throttle opening.

References

Mechanics
Machines
ATLANTIS architecture. The A Three-Layer Architecture for Navigating Through Intricate Situations (ATLANTIS) is a hybrid reactive/deliberative robot architecture developed by Erann Gat at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

See also 
 Three-layer architecture
 Servo, subsumption, and symbolic (SSS) architecture
 Distributed architecture for mobile navigation (DAMN)
 Autonomous robot architecture (AuRA)

References

Robot architectures
Three-layer architecture. The Three-Layer Architecture is a hybrid reactive/deliberative robot architecture developed by R. James Firby that consists of three layers: a reactive feedback control mechanism, a reactive plan execution mechanism, and a mechanism for performing time-consuming deliberative computations.

See also 

 ATLANTIS architecture
 Servo, subsumption, and symbolic (SSS) architecture
 Distributed architecture for mobile navigation (DAMN)
 Autonomous robot architecture (AuRA)

References 

Robot architectures
Balázs Győrffy. Balázs László Győrffy (4 May 1938 – 25 October 2012) was a Hungarian-American-British theoretical physicist. In his obituary, the Times Higher Education described him as "one of the dominant international figures in the development of the theory of condensed matter". Győrffy is thought to be the first person to use the term "electron glue" to describe the sea of electrons binding together the nuclei in materials.

One of Győrffy's main contributions was as one of the pioneers of the application of the Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker coherent potential approximation (KKR-CPA) for first-principle calculations of the electronic structure of alloys. He is also known for his involvement of the development of the disordered local moment (DLM) picture—for describing the electronic structure of magnetic materials above their Curie temperature—and for the Gaspari-Gyorffy method for obtaining the strength of electron-phonon coupling in transition metals superconductors.

Győrffy was born in Eger in 1938, but fled his native Hungary for the U.S. following the Russian invasion in 1956. He was a swimmer of Olympic standard, and this enabled him to secure a sports scholarship at  Yale University. Győrffy went on to receive a B.S. and Ph.D. from Yale University, where he studied under Nobel Prize winner Willis Lamb. Since 1970 he was associated with the University of Bristol, where he was a lecturer (1970–1980), reader (1980–1987) and professor (from 1987 onwards). He was an Emeritus professor in Physics at that university until his death in 2012.  He also held visiting positions at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Institut Laue-Langevin, the University of Toronto, and the Technical University of Vienna.

He was elected an external member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1995, Fellow of the Institute of Physics in 1998, was a co-recipient of the Gordon Bell Prize in 1998, and was given the 2001 William Hume-Rothery award by The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society.

He died of cancer on 25 October 2012, aged 74.

References

2012 deaths
Academics of the University of Bristol
Fellows of the Institute of Physics
Yale University alumni
1938 births
People from Eger
Rodolfo Campo Soto. Rodolfo Campo Soto (born August 15, 1942) is a Colombian politician and Mechanical engineer from the Pontifical Bolivarian University. Campo Soto became the first elected Mayor of Valledupar in 1992, and was reelected again for a second term in 1998.

References

1942 births
Colombian mechanical engineers
Mayors of places in Colombia
People from Valledupar
Living people
Colombian Conservative Party politicians
ACEC Cobra. The ACEC Cobra is a tracked armored personnel carrier with amphibious capabilities, similar in concept to the BTR-50.  It was developed by Ateliers de Constructions Electriques de Charleroi (ACEC) along with the Belgian Army.  The Cobra was the fifth vehicle prototype of an experimental project to create a vehicle with an electric transmission. The electric transmissions made the vehicle lighter and have more room than previous vehicles.  The vehicle was completed in October 1985, but never made it into active service because the Cold War ended in 1989/1990.
When the Cobra went through performance training in Detroit, the test drivers stated that the electric transmission gave the Cobra equal, if not better, performance and maneuverability than vehicles with mechanical transmissions.
The vehicle provided its passengers with protections from small arms fire, small armour piercing projectiles, and shell splinters.

Variants
Of the Cobra, several versions have been developed, using identical automotive components:

 Cobra APC: has a crew of two and carries up to 10 fully equipped infantrymen. Armed with a roof-mounted 12.7mm M2HB machine gun. Optionally, the .50cal machine gun could be replaced by cannons up to 90mm. Some versions had a bow-mounted 7.62mm machine gun MAG. This version could also be used as the basis for a mortar carrier.
 Cobra AFV: with a crew of three and fitted with a turret for cannons up to 90mm. One prototype was equipped with an AK 90 E two-man electrical turret, armed with Cockerill's KEnerga 90/46 gun and fitted with the OIP LRS-5 fire control system with ballistic computer, day/night sight and a laser rangefinder. Another version had the Cockerill C-25 two-man turret with Oerlikon KBB 25mm gun and 7.62mm coax machine gun.
It was also possible to fit the MILAN MBT turret.
 Cobra LAU97: with a FZ 70 mm multiple locket launcher, tested in 1985.
 Cobra 120:fitted with a Thomson-Brandt 120 mm mortar firing to the rear

External links
History and Development
Photo

Armoured personnel carriers of Belgium
Armoured personnel carriers of the Cold War
Military vehicles introduced in the 1980s
Tracked amphibious vehicles
Tracked armoured personnel carriers
Gotha G.VII. The Gotha G.VII was a bomber aircraft produced in Germany during the final months of World War I. With the strategic bombing campaign effectively over, it was intended to be a high-speed tactical bomber with a secondary reconnaissance capability.

Design and development
The G.VII was a conventional two-bay biplane design with tractor-mounted engines, and a conventional empennage with twin fins and rudders. The bombardier's position in the nose of the aircraft that had featured on earlier Gotha designs was removed, and the nose of the aircraft severely truncated and fitted with a streamlined nose-cone. This allowed the engines to be located further inboard than on previous designs, bringing them closer to the aircraft's centreline and therefore minimising the effects of asymmetric thrust in the event of an engine failure. The engine nacelles also featured careful streamlining.

The Idflieg ordered around 250 of these aircraft, 50 from Gotha and 50 from LVG, and 150 from Aviatik. At least some of the LVG and Aviatik machines had been completed before the Armistice, with some reaching operational service. One G.VII survived the war to see brief service with the Ukrainian Air Force before being impounded by Czechoslovakia and used by the Czechoslovakian air force for a short time.

Variants
 Gotha G.VII prototype - The original prototype with short nosed fuselage was intended for long-range photographic reconnaissance.

Operators

 Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops

 Czechoslovakian air force (one aircraft taken from Ukrainian Air Force)

 Luftstreitkrafte

 Ukrainian Air Force (one aircraft)

Specifications (Gotha G.VII production)

See also

References

External links

 Уголок неба

1910s German bomber aircraft
G.VII
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Twin-engined piston aircraft
Richard Clegg. Richard Clegg is former chief executive director of the Lloyd’s Register Foundation, the shareholder of the Lloyd's Register Group. It is one of largest charitable foundations in UK in terms of revenue, focused on engineering science, research and education.

Career 
Clegg has 30 years nuclear background in industry, government and academia in the civil and defence sectors. He was director of science at British Nuclear Fuels between 1997 and 2005. In 2002 he became an honorary professor at the University of Manchester. In 2003 he became the project manager of Project Dalton, which led to the creation of the Dalton Nuclear Institute, the nuclear research institute of the University of Manchester, in 2005. On its creation Clegg became the director of the institute.

After 10 years as chief executive of the foundation since it was established, Clegg announced his plan to retire in 2022.

External links 
 www.lrfoundation.org.uk

References

British nuclear physicists
British physicists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Gotha G.IX. The Gotha G.VIII, GL.VIII, and G.IX were a family of bomber aircraft produced in Germany during the final months of World War I. Based on the Gotha G.VII, they were intended as high-speed tactical bombers featuring advanced streamlining for their day.

G.VIII and G.IX
The G.VIII designation was applied to a single machine developed from the G.VII, with a wingspan extended to 21.73 m (71 ft 3 in) and a revised fuselage. A wing cellule was extended by adding an extra half-bay into it. While no further production ensued, the fuselage modifications were retained on the definitive G.IX. This latter design replaced the new half-bays in the wing cellule with full bays, now bringing the span to 25.26 m (82 ft 11 in). The Idflieg ordered 170 G.IXs from Luft Verkehrs Gesellschaft (LVG) to replace the Gotha G.Vs still in front-line service with Boghol 3. Probably around half of this number were completed before the end of the war, with at least some of them reaching operational status by that time. Following the war, captured examples served for a short time with the Belgian Air Force.

GL.VIII
The GL.VIII was a lightweight version of the G.VIII with a compound tail assembly and auxiliary struts supporting the upper mainplane wing-tips.

Specifications (G.IX)

References

 
 

1910s German bomber aircraft
G.XIX
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Twin-engined piston aircraft
Lycopene (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on lycopene.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions.

Structure and properties  
All-trans-lycopene with canonical numbering:

Spectral data  
To date, no X-ray crystal structure of lycopene has been reported.

References

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Gotha G.X. The Gotha G.X was an experimental bomber aircraft designed and built in Germany from 1917.

Development 
The Gotha G.X was an experimental bomber with a general arrangement similar to the Gotha G.V. This relatively small aircraft was powered by two 180 hp B.M.W. IIIa engines and had two-bay wings with auxiliary struts outboard of the engine nacelles.

See also

References

 Gray, Peter & Thetford, Owen. “German Aircraft of the First World War”. London, Putnam. 
 Taylor, Michael J.H. . “ Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions. London. 1989.  

1910s German bomber aircraft
G.X
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Gotha Go 146. The Gotha Go 146 was a twin-engine utility aircraft developed in Germany in the mid-1930s. It was a conventional low-wing cantilever monoplane with tailwheel undercarriage, the main units of which retracted into the engine nacelles on the wings. It was offered to the Luftwaffe as a high-speed courier aircraft, but the Siebel Fh 104 was selected instead. With Gotha unable to attract other customers, no serious production was undertaken and a small number of prototypes were the only examples built.

Specifications

References
 

 
 

1930s German civil utility aircraft
Go 146
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Pneumatic fracturing. Pneumatic fracturing is a method that has become very popular in the last ten years used to remediate contaminated sites. The method consists of injecting gas into a contaminated subsurface at a pressure higher than that of the gases that are present. By doing this fractures "spider-web" throughout the subsurface so that pumps may be placed in the ground to suck out the contaminated water through these cracks. Substrates may also be injected into the soil through the cracks to further the remediation of the soil and ground water. The clean-up technique was developed and patented through the research of various professors at the New Jersey Institute of Technology in 1996 with hopes of cleaning up various United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund sites which are some of the most heavily contaminated sites in the country. The patent is held by John R. Schuring, PhD and PE, professor of civil and environmental engineering at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, developed in conjunction with Thomas M. Boland, Trevor C. King, Sean T. McGonigal, David S. Kosson, Conan D. Fitzgerald, and Sankar Venkatraman. This method has been adopted by environmental contractors all over the country since it has been patented.

References

Pollution
Soil contamination
Gotha Go 149. The Gotha Go 149 was a military aircraft developed in Germany in the mid-1930s for training fighter pilots. It was a conventional low-wing cantilever monoplane with tailwheel undercarriage, the main units of which retracted inwards. The wing was wooden, while the monocoque fuselage was metal. Two prototypes were constructed, and an armed version was also proposed as a light home-defence fighter (Heimatschutzjäger) armed with two 7.92 mm (.312 in) MG 17 machine guns, but the Luftwaffe did not purchase either version of the design, and no further examples were built.

Specifications

References

 

 

1930s German military trainer aircraft
Go 149
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Minerotrophic. Minerotrophic refers to environments that receive nutrients primarily through groundwater that flows through mineral-rich soils or rock, or surface water flowing over land. Minerotrophic, “minerogenous”, and “geogenous” are now often used interchangeably, although the latter two terms refer primarily to hydrological systems, while the former refers to nutrient dynamics. The hydrologic process behind minerotrophic wetlands results in water that has acquired dissolved chemicals which raise the nutrient levels and reduce the acidity. This in turn affects vegetation assemblages and diversity in the wetland in question. If dissolved chemicals include chemical bases such as calcium or magnesium ions, the water is referred to as base-rich and is neutral or alkaline. In contrast to minerotrophic environments, ombrotrophic environments get their water mainly from precipitation, and so are very low in nutrients and more acidic. Of the various wetland types, fens and rich fens are often minerotrophic while poor fens and bogs are often ombrotrophic. Marshes and swamps may also be fed through groundwater sources to a degree.

Hydrology 

The hydrological setting of a wetland strongly influences its characteristics. Chemical ions are transported to wetlands via their hydrological system, and in turn affect pH, conductivity, and nutrient levels. Chemical and nutrient dynamics may differ depending on a minerotrophic wetland’s hydrological setting, which could include water discharge dominated, recharge dominated, or some combination of both. These characteristics also vary seasonally, as average groundwater levels increase and decrease at different times of the year. This seasonality can raise water below ground or above the surface to become free standing. Additional factors such as geological conditions, soil type, and surface morphology may also influence the characteristics of a wetland in tandem with hydrological setting.

Vegetation communities 
Stable water and nutrient availability via groundwater systems allows for a diverse array of plant species to grow in minerotrophic wetlands. This also allows for peat to accumulate provided the water does not flow too quickly. A minerotrophic wetland may be alkaline or weakly acidic, which also influences vegetation communities. Rich fens are often characterized by alkaline hydrologic conditions, allowing for more plant diversity. These areas may be dominated by brown mosses of the family Amblystegiaceae and sedges in the genus Carex. Acidic poor fens are often dominated by peat mosses of the genus Sphagnum which tend to further increase acidity.

Examples 
A notable example of a minerotrophic wetland is the Everglades, a large subtropical wetland located in Western Florida, USA.

See also
Calcicole
Calcifuge
Peat

References 

Pedology
Pierre Veltz. Pierre Veltz (born 1945) is a French academic.

Veltz holds an engineering degree from École Polytechnique and a PhD in social sciences from École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales'''. After beginning his career as an urban planner, he went into academic life and consulting. He founded and headed LATTS, an interdisciplinary research group, at the crossroads of technical and sociological research. From 1981 to 1991, he was the Dean of Research at the Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, one of the leading French Grandes écoles. From 1999 to 2004, he was the Director of this School. He also chaired ParisTech, which is a group of ten foremost engineering schools in Paris.

At present, he is Professor at the Ecole des Ponts and Associate Professor at Sciences Po Paris (Centre de sociologie des organisations). He is also the director of IHEDATE (Institut des Hautes Etudes pour le Développement et l’Aménagement des Territoires en Europe). His fields of research are: urban development and planning, economic geography, management and the transformations of organizational structures.

Published works
 Des territoires pour apprendre et innover, Editions de l'Aube / Editions Charles Léopold Mayer, 1994, ()
 Mondialisation, villes et territoires : une économie d'archipel, PUF, 1996 (nouvelle édition en poche, réactualisée, à paraître en avril 2005)
 Le nouveau monde industriel, Gallimard, avril 2000
 Des lieux et des liens. Politique du territoire à l'heure de la mondialisation, Ed. de l'Aube, 2002
 Le grand tournant : Nord-Pas-de-Calais 1975-2005'', avec L. Davezies, Ed. de L’Aube, 2005
 Faut-il sauver les grandes écoles ?, Presses de Sciences Po, 2007
 La grande transition , Seuil, 2008 (La France dans le monde qui vient)

External links
 Website of Pierre Veltz

1945 births
Living people
People from Phalsbourg
École Polytechnique alumni
École des Ponts ParisTech alumni
Academic staff of École des Ponts ParisTech
20th-century French non-fiction writers
Taipei Public Library Beitou Branch. Taipei Public Library Beitou Branch () is a public library in Beitou Park, located within Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan. It is Taiwan's first green library.

History
The library was opened in November 2006.

Architecture

It is a two-storey building and it is notable as being constructed to be an eco-friendly green building, in which the building was designed to curb water and electricity consumption. It was designed by Bio-Architecture Formosana. The building uses large windows to reduce the consumption of lighting electricity. The roof was designed to be partially covered with photovoltaic cells to generate electricity and also designed to capture rain water to be stored and used to flush toilets.

Transportation
The library is accessible within walking distance East from Xinbeitou Station of the Taipei Metro.

See also
 List of libraries in Taipei

References

2006 establishments in Taiwan
Library buildings completed in 2006
Libraries established in 2006
Libraries in Taipei
Public libraries in Taiwan
Sustainable buildings and structures