omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Data efficiency. Data efficiency refers to efficiency of the many processes that can be applied to data such as storage, access, filtering, sharing, etc., and whether or not the processes lead to the desired outcome within resource constraints.

A management definition of data efficiency would be the measure of how data storage and usage across an enterprise or within a department or within a project - impacts the organization's costs and revenues.

On the broadest level:

DE = expected benefits from applying I.T. to a given task / cost of application of I.T.

On the technical side, in the development of computer hardware, software and systems, Data Efficiency can refer to many things such as packing bits on a physical medium1, or chip area usage on a silicon wafer2, or the use of data in programming so as to require less time and computation resources3.

Examples of these two categories of use for data efficiency (managerial and technical) can be found in process industries and computer chip research and development:

1.Traditional water/wastewater management procedures include travel to pump stations, reading and hand recording of meter numbers, transposition of log sheets, and other manual operations. This whole process can be said to have low data efficiency4.

2.In the design of today’s Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) computer chips, R&D optimizes parameters such as row and column access times, chip area usage, burst length and row granularity. Input/output times are measured in very small fractions of a second. The latest versions of these chips are said to have high data efficiency2.

Both these examples above show the application of different information technologies that process data to reach a defined outcome. Sometimes processes are within time, space and resource constraints, and sometimes they are not.

References
 Takashi Ishida, “High density phase-change type optical disk having a data efficiency of more than 80 percent” US Patent for Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. Ltd.. Issued October 12, 2004. http://www.patentgenius.com/patent/6804190.html
 Frederick A. Ware and Craig Hampel. “Improving Power and Data Efficiency with Threaded Memory Modules” ICCD Proceedings 2006 Oct 4, 2006 Austin, TX. http://www.iccd-conference.org/proceedings/2006/paper_133.pdf
 Bob Steigerwald, Rajshree Chabukswar, Karthik Krishnan, Jun De Vega: “Creating Energy-Efficient Software” Intel’s online journal: Software Community Published On: Thursday, September 13, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20080110211002/http://softwarecommunity.intel.com/articles/eng/1462.htm#dataefficiency.
 Keith Frazier “Data Efficiency” whitepaper for water wastewater industry. http://birdnest.com/assets/files/Data%20Efficiency.pdf

Computer data
Karl Probst. Karl Probst (October 20, 1883 – August 25, 1963) was an American freelance engineer and automotive pioneer, credited with drafting the design drawings of the first prototype of the Bantam Reconnaissance Car, also known as the World War II "jeep" in 1940.

Biography
He was born in Point Pleasant, West Virginia, to Charles and Eva (Knight) Probst. He studied engineering at Ohio State University and graduated in 1906.

Probst was recruited by American Bantam Car Company in 1940 to help it win a contract to provide the U.S. Army with a lightweight reconnaissance vehicle that could transport troops and equipment across rugged terrain. Bantam had provided the specifications to the Army, and Probst drafted the design for the Jeep in two days, commencing on June 17, 1940, Bantam's first hand-built prototype was complete and running by September 21, 1940, just meeting the forty-nine-day deadline and was delivered to the Army Quartermaster Corps for testing at Camp Holabird, MD.

He died in Dayton, Ohio, on August 25, 1963.

Legacy
The Port Authority of Allegheny County pays homage to Karl Probst by putting his name on one or more of the city buses.

Around 1990, a crescent-shaped street in Caen (France) was named after Karl Probst, both extremities of which open on another street named after Commodore John Hughes-Hallett, in a district close to the Mémorial pour la Paix museum, where a majority of streets commemorate personalities linked with the Second World War, the Résistance, and the subsequent making of the European Community.

References 

 WQED Pittsburgh: Pittsburghers of the Century: December 1999:
 Bantam employees invented the Jeep 
 Bantam jeep story
 Original WWII Jeep Photograph Archive
In August 2011, the VOA Special English service of the Voice of America broadcast a report on the Bantam Jeep as part of its American Mosaic series. A transcript and MP3 of the program, intended for English learners, can be found at The Jeep – One of the Most Famous Vehicles in the World – is Celebrated at its Birthplace.

People from Point Pleasant, West Virginia
1963 deaths
1883 births
People from Pittsburgh
Engineers from West Virginia
American automotive pioneers
20th-century American engineers
Engineers from Pennsylvania
Inventors from West Virginia
International Solar Electric Technology. International Solar Electric Technology, or ISET, was a company invested in copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) photovoltaics.  ISET's research 

over two decades had been largely funded by grants from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.  Members helped found or worked in many of the more well known CIGS companies, such as Nanosolar, Solopower, Showa, and Honda Soltec  Despite a lack of venture capital, ISET planned to launch a thin film, produced in a new Chatsworth plant with hundreds of megawatts per year capacity after the pilot plant is proven.  The company believed they will be able to at first achieve 10% efficient modules sold for $0.65 per watt, then 15% efficient for $0.50 per watt, and potentially ultimately as low as $0.40 per watt (a tenth of current prices).

See also 

 List of CIGS companies

References

External links
 ISET company website

Defunct engineering companies of the United States
Thin-film cell manufacturers
Companies based in California
Defunct technology companies based in California
2016 disestablishments in California
1985 establishments in California
ISET. Iset or ISET may refer to:

 Iset, an Ancient Egyptian name
 Isis, a goddess in Ancient Egyptian religious beliefs
 Iset (village), a village in Kachugsky District, Irkutsk Oblast, Russia
 Iset (river), a river in Russia rising in the Ural Mountains and flowing east into the Tobol River
 International Solar Electric Technology is a solar power company
 International School of Economics at Tbilisi State University, a graduate school of economics in Tbilisi
 International Symposium on Endovascular Therapy - trade conference
 Inner sphere electron transfer, a mechanism of electron transfer in inorganic chemistry
 Institut Supérieur des Études Technologiques, or Higher Institute of Technological Studies, a class of universities in Tunisia
 ISET Test, a diagnostic blood test that detects circulating tumor cells in a blood sample
Airplane Information Management System. The Airplane Information Management System (AIMS) is the "brains" of Boeing 777 aircraft. It uses four ARINC 629 buses to transfer information. There are 2 cabinets on each plane (left and right).

History
The Intel 80x86 processor was the first to be used for the system, in conjunction with a compiler and runtime system for the Ada programming language. 
Beginning in 1988 and continuing for a number of years, Honeywell Air Transport Systems worked together with consultants from DDC-I in collaboration to retarget and optimize the DDC-I Ada compiler to the AMD 29050 architecture for use in full scale development.   The Airplane Information Management System software would become arguably the best-known of any Ada project, civilian or military. Some 550 developers at Honeywell worked on the flight system.

Functions

Primary Functions

 Cockpit displays system
 Flight management system
 Thrust management system (Autothrottle)
 Aircraft condition monitoring system
 Data communication management (Datalink)
 Flight deck communication
 Central maintenance system
 Flight data acquisition system

Other Functions
 Flight Data Recorder System
 Aircraft Conditioning Monitoring System

See also
 Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA)
 Cockpit display system

References

External links
 Boeing 777 Airplane Information Management System

Avionics
AFS Trinity. AFS Trinity Power Corporation is an American corporation headquartered in Medina, WA with an engineering center in Livermore, CA that develops technology for plug-in hybrids. The company has developed PHEV technology that actively combines batteries with ultracapacitors. The company asserts that the combination of high-power ultracapacitors, which prefer to discharge and recharge quickly, and high-energy lithium-ion batteries, which prefer to discharge and recharge slowly, makes for a system with both long-life and high energy-density storage.

Prototype

AFS Trinity claims that this "Extreme Hybrid" technology makes it possible for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles to achieve the equivalent of , travel  per charge in all-electric mode and use gasoline for additional range (limited by gasoline tank size) in hybrid mode.  The company also reports that its prototype "XH-150S" modified Saturn Vue SUVs demonstrated 11.6 second 0-60 performance in electric-only mode and 6.9 second 0-60 performance in full hybrid mode, which would be comparable to a Porsche Cayenne.

History
AFS Trinity was formed on December 5, 2000, through the combination of two predecessor companies, American Flywheel Systems, Inc. (AFS), incorporated in 1991, and Trinity Flywheel Power (Trinity) which was incorporated in 1993.  Since 1991, AFS Trinity has conducted programs with private and government organizations including DARPA, NASA, the U.S. Navy, U.S. Army, U.S. DOT, California Energy Commission, Oak Ridge National Laboratories, Lawrence Livermore National Labs, Honeywell, Lockheed, and Ricardo plc.

On January 24, 2006, AFS Trinity and Ricardo signed a Technology Partnership Agreement for Ricardo to help integrate AFS Trinity's Extreme Hybrid drive train technology into passenger cars and SUVs. On January 27, 2008, the company unveiled two modified Saturn Vue SUVs (called XH-150 SUV) at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit.

On January 26, 2010, AFS Trinity demonstrated its prototypes for Delaware officials including Governor Jack Markell, suggesting that Delaware's idled factories and workforce could potentially mass-produce the vehicle.

Technology

The powertrain using two forms of energy storage is disclosed in US patent application 11/519,350.

The application describes a family of architectures where a battery is used in conjunction with a second energy storage device which may be an ultracapacitor, a flywheel, or a second battery.  The purpose of the second energy  storage device is to protect the battery from high current during high power operation.

References

External links
 

Plug-in hybrid vehicle industry
Microlith (catalytic reactor). Microlith is a brand of catalytic reactor invented by engineer William C. Pfefferle.

Technology

A catalyst is a substance that speeds a reaction but that itself is left in its original state after the reaction, so that it can assist in the reaction of a large quantity of material over a long period of time. A Microlith reactor is constructed with a very thin metal substrate coated with a variety of materials including catalysts to speed reactions, and adsorbent materials for use in filters. The substrate has short channels (0.001–0.020 in) which resemble screens or meshes. This results in a lower pressure drop than other reactors and allows for high cell density and low thermal mass. Mass and heat transfer are significantly increased, allowing faster reactor response to gas temperatures and improved rates of reactant contact with the surface. By passing an electric current through the metal substrate, the Microlith can be heated rapidly and efficiently. Over 12 Microlith related US patents have been issued.

Applications

 Fuel reforming
 Fuel processing
 Catalytic combustion
 Regenerable contaminant adsorbers
 Contaminant oxidizers
 Automotive catalytic converters
 Infrared generators for aerial targets

References

External links
Microlith Reactor Systems
Performance of Microlith Based Catalytic Reactors for an Isooctane Reforming System

Heating
Catalysts
ISO 14698. The ISO 14698 Standards features two International Standards on biocontamination control for cleanrooms. IEST, the Secretariat and Administrator of ISO Technical Committee 209, helped develop this series of ISO 14698 Standards.

ISO 14698-1, Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments—Biocontamination control, Part 1: General principles and methods
ISO 14698-2, Cleanrooms and associated controlled environments—Biocontamination control, Part 2: Evaluation and interpretation of biocontamination data

ISO 14698-1

ISO 14698-1 was first written in 2003. ISO 14698-1 describes the principles and basic methodology for a formal system to assess and control biocontamination, where cleanroom technology is applied, in order that biocontamination in zones at risk can be monitored in a reproducible way and appropriate control measures can be selected. In zones of low or negligible risk this standard may be used as a source of information.

ISO 14698-2

ISO 14698-2 became available to the public in October 2003. ISO 14698-2 gives guidance on basic principles and methodological requirements for all microbiological data evaluation, and the estimation of biocontamination data obtained from sampling for viable particles in zones at risk, as specified by the system selected. This is not intended for testing the performance of microbiological counting techniques of determining viable units.

See also
 Contamination control

References

External links
http://www.iest.org
http://www.iso.org
http://www.ansi.org

DateTime Report Generated: 19 February 2009 3:59:00 PM (CET)
 Cleanrooms in Ireland

14698
Cleanroom technology
Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering. Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the IOP Publishing eight times per year.

The journal covers computational materials science including properties, structure, and behavior of all classes of materials at scales from the atomic to the macroscopic. This includes electronic structure/properties of materials determined by ab initio and/or semi-empirical methods, atomic level properties of materials, microstructural level phenomena, continuum-level modelling pertaining to material behaviour, and modelling behaviour in service. Mechanical, microstructural, electronic, chemical, biological, and optical properties of materials are also of interest.

The editors-in-chief is Javier Llorca (Polytechnic University of Madrid & IMDEA Materials Institute, Spain).

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and indexed by:

See also
 Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter

External links
 

IOP Publishing academic journals
Materials science journals
Academic journals established in 1992
English-language journals
Computational modeling journals
Chinese wall (disambiguation). A Chinese wall is an information barrier protocol established within an organization to prohibit exchanges of information between persons whose interaction might produce conflicts of interest.  The term may also refer to:

In China
The Great Wall of China, massive series of fortifications in northern China built to defend against nomadic peoples living to the north of the wall.
Chinese city wall, defensive systems used to protect towns and cities in China in pre-modern times

In geography
Chinese Wall (Idaho), a peak in the White Cloud Mountains, Idaho
Chinese Wall (Montana), a 1,000 foot high, 15-mile long escarpment along the Continental Divide in the Bob Marshall Wilderness, Montana
Chinese Wall, a former stone viaduct and barrier on the site of the current Penn Center, Philadelphia

In media and entertainment
The Chinese Wall, a play by Max Frisch
Chinese Wall (album), the 1984 album by Philip Bailey
"Chinese Wall" (Mad Men), the eleventh episode of the fourth season of the television series Mad Men

In computing and security
 Brewer and Nash model, a multi-lateral computer security policy
 Golden Shield Project, also called National Public Security Work Informational Project, China's project for censorship and surveillance
 Great Firewall, a nickname for restrictions on internet access in China
 Chinese room, an argument for the existence of limitations on artificial intelligence systems

Other
Chinese architecture for walls in Chinese buildings
Chinese drywall, a building material known for causing health problems between 2001 and 2009
Wall (Chinese constellation), in Chinese astrology, one of the northern mansions of the Black Tortoise
A German tag game from the 19th century; see

See also
 Great Wall (disambiguation)
 Long Wall (disambiguation)
Applied Industrial Technologies. Applied Industrial Technologies, Inc. (AIT) is a public, global company based in the U.S. and focused on the distribution of bearings, power transmission products, engineered fluid power components and systems, specialty flow control products, and other industrial supplies. AIT provides engineering, design and system integration for industrial and fluid power applications, as well as customized mechanical, fabricated rubber, fluid power, and flow control shop services.

Company history
Joseph M. Bruening founded Applied Industrial Technologies, then called The Ohio Ball Bearing Company, in 1923. Over the next few decades, new branches opened and sales rose steadily.

The company's name was changed from The Ohio Ball Bearing Company to Bearings, Inc. in 1953 and was first publicly traded on the American Stock Exchange that same year. In 1997, the Company changed its name to Applied Industrial Technologies to more accurately reflect its diversified product lines, and is currently traded on the New York Stock Exchange with the symbol AIT.

From the 1950s through the early 1990s, the Company targeted U.S. expansion with small and mid-size acquisitions. In the mid-1990s, the Company increased the overall pace of acquisitions, expanding its fluid power operations in particular. Since 2000, Applied has also grown internationally with locations in Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand and Singapore.

See also
 List of S&P 400 companies

References

External links

Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
Companies based in Cleveland
American companies established in 1923
Manufacturing companies established in 1923
Technology companies established in 1923
Companies in the S&P 400
William Barton Worthington. William Barton Worthington (8 July 1854 – 29 December 1939) was a British civil engineer.

William Worthington was born in Lancaster to Samuel Barton Worthington, a railway engineer. He was educated at Owens College, Manchester, and then at the University of London. Following this he was apprenticed to his father. Upon completion of his apprenticeship he joined Blyth & Cunningham of Edinburgh working on projects for the Caledonian Railway.

In 1876 he became the resident engineer for the London and North Western Railway, working on the construction of Manchester Exchange Station. During this time he worked under the supervision of the Chief Engineer, William Baker. In 1890 he was appointed assistant engineer to the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, becoming their chief engineer in 1897. He became chief engineer at Midland Railway in 1905, remaining there until his retirement in 1915.

He then set up practice as a consultant engineer and served as president of the Institution of Civil Engineers between 1921 and 1922.

References 

        
        
        
        
        
        

British civil engineers
1854 births
1939 deaths
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
Alumni of the University of London
People from Lancaster, Lancashire
Integration of traffic data with navigation systems. Integration of traffic data with navigation systems enables navigation systems to use traffic and other related data to optimise routing and travel times by taking into account traffic conditions and other disruptions to traffic flows. The integration may occur in a number of ways. For example, integrated automobile navigation systems use an on-board navigation system and cellular telephone. The navigation system would use the global positioning system (GPS) to position the automobile with respect to streets in a map database, to determine a route to the destination and to update the location as the automobile moves. A cellular telephone in the automobile may then communicate with a traffic information server to obtain travel times for each street segment of the route, which would then be used to refine the planned route, or to offer to the driver as an alternative. The cellular telephone can also be used to provide dynamic travel time information to the traffic information server, with each automobile in the system periodically transferring travel times for each segment that is traversed. The traffic information server would then analyse travel times to update travel time data for each street segment, which is then available to other users when they next connect to the traffic server. Other integration models exist.

According to Consumer Reports, the data may be transmitted through Bluetooth, FM, or XM. 

In 2006, Clear Channel made a deal with BMW to supply traffic data for the carmaker's navigation units. 

According to GPS Review, the suppliers of traffic data to the navigation units get their own data from "road sensors, local departments of transportation, data collected from operators of large fleets of vehicles, and other manual sources such as traffic helicopters and listening to police scanners." 

Patents have been taken out for services that will collect movement data from GPS devices on the road to determine the current travel time between various points.

See also
 Waze

References

Road traffic management
Automotive navigation systems