omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Blue dwarf (red-dwarf stage). A blue dwarf is a hypothetical class of star that develops from a red dwarf after it has exhausted much of its hydrogen fuel supply. Because red dwarfs fuse their hydrogen slowly and are fully convective (allowing their entire hydrogen supply to be fused, instead of merely that in the core), they are predicted to have lifespans of trillions of years; the Universe is currently not old enough for any blue dwarfs to have formed yet. Their future existence is predicted based on theoretical models.

Hypothetical scenario
Stars increase in luminosity as they age, and a more luminous star must radiate energy more quickly to maintain equilibrium. For stars more massive than red dwarfs, the resulting internal pressure increases their size, causing them to become red giants with larger surface areas. However, it is predicted that red dwarfs with less than 0.25 solar masses, rather than expanding, will increase radiative rate through an increase in surface temperature, hence emitting more blue and less red light. This is because the surface layers of red dwarfs do not become significantly more opaque with increasing temperature, so higher-energy photons from the interior of the star can escape, rather than being absorbed and re-radiated at lower temperatures as occurs in larger stars.

Despite their name, blue dwarfs would not necessarily increase in temperature enough to become blue stars. Simulations have been conducted on the future evolution of red dwarfs with stellar mass between 0.06  and 0.25 .
Of the masses simulated, the bluest of the blue dwarf stars at the end of the simulation had begun as a 0.14  red dwarf, and ended with surface temperature approximately , making it a type A blue-white star.

End of stellar life
Blue dwarfs are believed to eventually completely exhaust their store of hydrogen fuel, and their interior pressures are insufficient to fuse any other fuel. Once fusion ends, they are no longer main-sequence "dwarf" stars and become so-called white dwarfs – which, despite the name, are not main-sequence "dwarfs" and are not stars, but rather stellar remnants.

Once the former "blue"-dwarf stars have become degenerate, non-stellar white dwarfs, they cool, losing the remnant heat left over from their final hydrogen-fusing stage. The cooling process also requires enormous periods of time – much longer than the age of the universe at present – similar to the immense time previously required for them to change from their original red dwarf stage to their final blue dwarf stage. The stellar remnant white dwarf will eventually cool to become a black dwarf. (The universe is not old enough for any stellar remnants to have cooled to "black", so black dwarfs are also a well-founded, but still hypothetical object.)

It is also theoretically possible for these dwarfs at any stage of their lives to merge and become larger stars, such as helium stars. Such stars should ultimately also become white dwarfs, which like the others, will cool down to black dwarfs.

See also
Lists of stars

References
 

Hypothetical stars
Stellar evolution
Access register. In IBM terminology, an Access Register (AR) is a hardware register in ESA/370 and later mainframe instruction set architectures. Access registers work in conjunction with the general purpose registers, giving a program transparent access to up to sixteen 2 GB address spaces simultaneously. ARs were introduced with ESA/370 in 1988, and supported by the MVS/ESA operating system.

In IBM System/360 architecture all instructions address memory by specifying a 12-bit offset (4096 bytes) from a value in a "base register" with optional indexing. Originally addresses occupied the low-order 24 bits of a base register, allowing a program to access up to 16 MB. System/370-XA extended the architecture to allow 31-bit addressing and address spaces of up to 2 GB.

Enterprise Systems Architecture/370 further expanded addressing capabilities with access registers. Sixteen 32-bit access registers "shadow" the sixteen general-purpose registers. In a processor mode called access-register mode the access register corresponding to the specified base register designates the operand address space to be accessed. The contents of an access register is called an "Access-list entry token" (ALET), which contains an index into a system table identifying the address space.

See also 
 Address register

References

IBM mainframe operating systems
Crossite. Crossite is an inosilicate double chain sodic amphibole and is a rare silicate mineral belonging to the riebeckite group. It is considered an intermediate between the amphiboles glaucophane and magnesioriebeckite, which form a series. IMA status: discredited 1997.

Crossite is named after Charles Whitman Cross, an American USGS petrologist.

References

External links
Crossite on Mindat
Crossite on Webmineral

Sodium minerals
Iron(II,III) minerals
Magnesium minerals
Amphibole group
Fatty acid ester. Fatty acid esters (FAEs) are a type of ester that result from the combination of a fatty acid with an alcohol.  When the alcohol component is glycerol, the fatty acid esters produced can be monoglycerides, diglycerides, or triglycerides. Dietary fats are chemically triglycerides.

Esters of fatty acids are colorless, although degraded samples are sometime appear to be yellow or even brown. The triglycerides are powders, flakes, coarse powders, or granular or waxy lumps, oils or liquids. They are almost odorless.

Biodiesels are typically fatty acid esters made by the transesterification of vegetable fats and oils. In this process the glycerol component is replaced with a different alcohol. The most commonly used alcohol is methanol, producing fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). When ethanol is used fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) are created. Other alcohols used for the production of biodiesel include butanol and isopropanol.

Fatty acid ethyl esters are biomarkers for the consumption of ethanol (alcoholic beverages).

See also 
 Fatty acid amide
 Omega-3-acid ethyl esters

References
M3UA. M3UA is a communication protocol of the SIGTRAN family, used in telephone networks to carry signaling over Internet Protocol (IP).  M3UA enables the SS7 protocol's User Parts (e.g. ISUP, SCCP and TUP) to run over virtually any network technology breaking its limitation to telephony equipment like T-carrier, E-carrier or Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), which highly improves scalability of the signaling networks.

M3UA stands for MTP Level 3 (MTP3) User Adaptation Layer as defined by the IETF SIGTRAN working group in  (which replaces and supersedes ).  Like other adaptation protocols, M3UA uses SCTP to transmit messages between its network elements.

Implementation scheme

Typical scheme 
                   _                __ 
|      |                   |       |                |     MGC|
|  SP  |<----------------->|  SGW  |<---------------|-->(AS) |
|__|   SS7 network     |___|   IP network   ||
  MTP3
point-code                         common point-code
   PC1                                    PC2

Use SGW as STP
Several AS owns PC itself and uses SGW as STP (transit pointcode).
                 _               ___ 
|      |                 |    SGW    |               |      MGC|
|      |                 |           | /-------------|-->(AS)  | point-code PC3
|  SP  |<----------------|-->(STP)<--|-              |         |
|      |                 |           | \-------------|-->(AS)  | point-code PC4
|__|  SS7 network    |___|   IP network  |_|
  MTP3                    point-code
point-code                   PC2                         
   PC1

Protocol 
M3UA uses a complex state machine to manage and indicate states it's running. Several M3UA messages are mandatory to make an M3UA association or peering fully functional (ASP UP, ASP UP Acknowledge, ASP Active, ASP Active Acknowledge), some others are recommended (Notify, Destination Audits (DAUD)).

Additional info 

An open implementation of the M3UA standard can be found at OpenSS7's web site.

Wireshark is shipped with a dissector for M3UA, sample packets can be found in Wireshark's wiki page, which shows ISUP Packet samples (including M3UA).

References

Internet protocols
Internet Standards
Signaling System 7
Empirical software engineering. Empirical software engineering (ESE) is a subfield of software engineering (SE) research that uses empirical research methods to study and evaluate an SE phenomenon of interest. The phenomenon may refer to software development tools/technology, practices, processes, policies, or other human and organizational aspects.

ESE has roots in experimental software engineering, but as the field has matured the need and acceptance for both quantitative and qualitative research has grown. Today, common research methods used in ESE for primary and secondary research are the following:

Primary research (experimentation, case study research, survey research, simulations in particular software Process simulation)
Secondary research methods (Systematic reviews, Systematic mapping studies, rapid reviews, tertiary review)

Teaching empirical software engineering 
Some comprehensive books for students, professionals and researchers interested in ESE are available.

Research community 
Journals, conferences, and communities devoted specifically to ESE:

 Empirical Software Engineering: An International Journal
 International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement
 International Software Engineering Research Network (ISERN)

References 

Software engineering
Lineshaft roller conveyor. A lineshaft roller conveyor or line-shaft conveyor is, as its name suggests, powered by a shaft beneath rollers. These conveyors are suitable for light applications up to 50 kg such as cardboard boxes and tote boxes.

A single shaft runs below the rollers running the length of the conveyor. On the shaft are a series of spools, one spool for each roller. An elastic polyurethane o-ring belt runs from a spool on the powered shaft to each roller. When the shaft is powered, the o-ring belt acts as a chain between the spool and the roller making the roller rotate. The rotation of the rollers pushes the product along the conveyor. The shaft is usually driven by an electrical motor that is generally controlled by an electronic PLC (programmable logic controller). The PLC electronically controls how specific sections of the conveyor system interact with the products being conveyed. 

Advantages of this conveyor are quiet operation, easy installation, moderate maintenance and low expense.  Line-shaft conveyors are also extremely safe for people to work around because the elastic belts can stretch and not injure fingers should any get caught underneath them.  Moreover, the spools will slip and allow the rollers to stop moving if clothing, hands or hair gets caught in them. In addition, since the spools are slightly loose on the shaft, they act like clutches that slip when products are required to accumulate (stop moving and bump up against each other. i.e. queue up). With the exception of soft bottomed containers like cement bags, these conveyors can be utilized for almost all applications. 

A disadvantage of the roller lineshaft conveyor is that it can only be used to convey products that span at least three rollers, but rollers can be as small as 17mm in diameter and as close together as 18.5mm. For items shorter than 74mm, the conveyor belt system is generally used as an alternative option.

See also
 Conveyor systems
 Conveyor belt
 Chain conveyor
 Line shaft

External links

Freight transport
Mechanical power transmission
Packaging machinery
List of countries by aluminium production. This is a list of countries by primary aluminium production in 2023. Primary aluminium is produced from aluminium oxide which is obtained from bauxite and excludes recycled aluminium. Only countries with a minimum production of 100,000 tonnes are listed.

See also
 List of countries by aluminium oxide production
 List of aluminium smelters

References

	

Aluminium
Lists of countries by mineral production
Reversing: Secrets of Reverse Engineering. Reversing: Secrets of Reverse Engineering is a textbook written by Eldad Eilam on the subject of reverse engineering software, mainly within a Microsoft Windows environment. It covers the use of debuggers and other low-level tools for working with binaries. Of particular interest is that it uses OllyDbg in examples, and is therefore one of the few practical, modern books on the subject that uses popular, real-world tools to facilitate learning. The book is designed for independent study and does not contain problem sets, but it is also used as a course book in some university classes.

The book covers several different aspects of reverse engineering, and demonstrates what can be accomplished:
How copy protection and DRM technologies can be defeated, and how they can be made stronger.
How malicious software such as worms can be analyzed and neutralized.
How to obfuscate code so that it becomes more difficult to reverse engineer.
The book also includes a detailed discussion of the legal aspects of reverse engineering, and examines some famous court cases and rulings that were related to reverse engineering.

Considering its relatively narrow subject matter, Reversing is a bestseller that has remained on Amazon.com's list of top 100 software books for several years, since its initial release.

Chapter Outline
Part I: Reversing 101.
Chapter 1: Foundations.
Chapter 2: Low-Level Software.
Chapter 3: Windows Fundamentals.
Chapter 4: Reversing Tools.
Part II: Applied Reversing.
Chapter 5: Beyond the Documentation.
Chapter 6: Deciphering File Formats.
Chapter 7: Auditing Program Binaries.
Chapter 8: Reversing Malware.
Part III: Cracking.
Chapter 9: Piracy and Copy Protection.
Chapter 10: Antireversing Techniques.
Chapter 11: Breaking Protections.
Part IV: Beyond Disassembly.
Chapter 12: Reversing .NET.
Chapter 13: Decompilation.
Appendix A: Deciphering Code Structures.
Appendix B: Understanding Compiled Arithmetic.
Appendix C: Deciphering Program Data.

Editions
Reversing: Secrets of Reverse Engineering, English, 2005. 595pp. 
Reversing: 逆向工程揭密, Simplified Chinese, 2007. 598pp.

References

Software engineering books
Vocabulary OneSource. OneSource is an evolving data analysis tool used internally by the Air Combat Command (ACC) Vocabulary Services Team, and made available to general data management community. It is used by the greater US Department of Defense (DoD) and NATO community for controlled vocabulary management and exploration. It provides its users with a consistent view of syntactical, lexical, and semantic data vocabularies through a community-driven web environment. It was created with the intention of directly supporting the DoD Net-centric Data Strategy of visible, understandable, and accessible data assets.

OneSource serves developers, integrators, managers, and community of interest (COI) participants as a focus point for searching, navigating, annotating, semantic matching, and mapping data terms extracted from military standards, COI vocabularies, programs of record, and other schemas and data sources.

OneSource is based upon a United States Air Force researched and developed triplestore knowledge base architecture, which allows XML Schema, Web Ontology Language, relational database, spreadsheet, and even custom data models to be handled and presented in the same manner. Initial capability was released in 2006. Version 2 was released in 2008 with the previously disjoint matching and mapping capabilities fully integrated for use in a web browser.

A brief newsfeed of recent changes in the Namespace dataset is available to the general public.

See also
 Air Force Command and Control Integration Center
 Controlled vocabulary
 Data dictionary
 Data element
 Folksonomy
 Metadata
 Ontology (computer science)

External links
 https://onesource.acca589.org

References

 
 

Controlled vocabularies
Folksonomy
Semantic Web
United States Air Force
Computer-aided architectural engineering. Computer-aided architectural engineering (CAAE) is the use of information technology for architectural engineering, in tasks such as the analysis, simulation, design, manufacture, planning, diagnosis and repair of architectural structures. CAAE is a subclass of computer-aided engineering. The first Computer-aided architectural design was written by the 1960s. It helped architectures very much that they do not need to draw blueprints. Computer-aided design also known as CAD was the first type of program to help architectures but since it did not have all the features, Computer-aided architectural engineering created as a specific software with all the tools for design.

Overview

All CAAD and CAAE systems use a set of data with geometric and other aspects of an abject; they all use information technology to assembling design from standard or non-standard pieces. For example software like computer animation is what is made in CAAE field. All the blue prints around us is made  by CAAE or CAAD software.

Degree

Getting a degree in computer-aided architectural engineering can qualify one for higher-level positions. This specialization is for students interested in having careers in architectural engineering and drafting.a CAAE can have jobs in many areas such as Expeditor, Construction Estimator, Project Manager, project architecture and many other fields related to these.

Advantages
An advantages to CAAE is to develop the two-way mapping software of subject. The two dimension mapping are set to be between the surface structure (TM1) and the deep structure (TM2). In designing the systems, system designers usually pay attention to TM1. The important statement here is a one-to-one mapping, which is to create a computer functionality that maps as close as possible into a resulted manual design project. 
An engineer's works mostly involves visually observe data and represent them. Problems are usually outlined and dealt with in graphical result. Therefore, the designer should have a lot control over the processes happens within the design.

See also
Architectural design optimization
Comparison of CAD software
Design computing

References
 Computer-aided architectural design
  Kalay, Y. (2005). Architecture's New Media. MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts

Architectural design
Nanoeconomics. Nanoeconomics is defined as the economic theory of single transactions. The term was proposed by Kenneth J. Arrow in 1987. The term has also been used to describe a level of analysis below traditional microeconomics, which is equivalent to the first definition and to describe the economics of nanotechnology.

See also 

Agential realism
Information economics
Postpositivism
Quantum pseudo-telepathy
Quantum social science

References

Microeconomics
Sticking coefficient. Sticking coefficient is the term used in surface physics to describe the ratio of the number of adsorbate atoms (or molecules) that adsorb, or "stick", to a surface to the total number of atoms that impinge upon that surface during the same period of time.  Sometimes the symbol Sc is used to denote this coefficient, and its value is between 1 (all impinging atoms stick) and 0 (no atoms stick). The coefficient is a function of surface temperature, surface coverage (θ) and structural details as well as the kinetic energy of the impinging particles.  The original formulation was for molecules adsorbing from the gas phase and the equation was later extended to adsorption from the liquid phase by comparison with molecular dynamics simulations. For use in adsorption from liquids the equation is expressed based on solute density (molecules per volume) rather than the pressure.

Derivation
When arriving at a site of a surface, an adatom has three options. There is a probability that it will adsorb to the surface (), a probability that it will migrate to another site on the surface (), and a probability that it will desorb from the surface and return to the bulk gas (). For an empty site (θ=0) the sum of these three options is unity.

For a site already occupied by an adatom (θ>0), there is no probability of adsorbing, and so the probabilities sum as:

For the first site visited, the P of migrating overall is the P of migrating if the site is filled plus the P of migrating if the site is empty. The same is true for the P of desorption. The P of adsorption, however, does not exist for an already filled site.

The P of migrating from the second site is the P of migrating from the first site and then migrating from the second site, and so we multiply the two values.

Thus the sticking probability () is the P of sticking of the first site, plus the P of migrating from the first site and then sticking to the second site, plus the P of migrating from the second site and then sticking at the third site etc.

There is an identity we can make use of.

The sticking coefficient when the coverage is zero  can be obtained by simply setting . We also remember that  

If we just look at the P of migration at the first site, we see that it is certainty minus all other possibilities.

Using this result, and rearranging, we find:

References

King-Ning Tu, James W. Mayer, and Leonard C. Feldman, in Electronic Thin Film Science for Electrical Engineers and Materials Scientists, Macmillan, New York, 1992, pp. 101–102.

Surface science
Materials science
Dimensionless numbers of physics