omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Have Dash. Have Dash was a program conducted by the United States Air Force for the development of a stealthy air-to-air missile. Although the Have Dash II missile appears to have been flight tested, the results of the project remain classified, and no mass production is known to have been undertaken.

Have Dash I
Have Dash I was a classified project to develop an air-to-air missile for use by stealth aircraft. The concept, developed by the USAF Armament Laboratory between 1985 and 1988, was extensively studied but failed to produce any flying hardware.

Have Dash II
Have Dash II, initiated in 1990, was a renewed effort to develop a stealthy air-to-air missile, intended to be used by the Advanced Tactical Fighter – the YF-22 and YF-23 – and to replace the AIM-120 AMRAAM in service.

Have Dash II was designed with a composite body, trapezoidal in shape.  This was intended both to reduce the missile's radar-cross-section and to resist heat at hypersonic speeds, as the missile was intended to operate at Mach 5. The body shape also allowed flush external carriage aboard the launching aircraft, and provided aerodynamic lift, making the missile more maneuverable.

The prototype Have Dash II missiles were recoverable, and utilised Rocketdyne Mk 58 solid-fueled rocket motors of the same type used by the AIM-7 Sparrow. Production missiles were expected to be powered by a ramjet engine, and would use inertial navigation during the cruise phase of flight, with a dual-mode infrared/active radar seeker head for terminal guidance.

Flight testing of the prototype Have Dash II missiles was expected to begin in 1992; it appears that the testing was conducted, with the missile being considered for further testing of advanced air-to-air missile concepts.  However, no results of the test firings have been declassified, and no subsequent developments to the program have been reported.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Air-to-air missiles of the United States
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
Hopi (missile). The Hopi was an air-to-surface missile developed by the United States Navy's Naval Ordnance Test Station. Intended to provide a medium-range nuclear capability for carrier aircraft, the missile reached the flight test stage during 1958, but the project was cancelled following testing and no production was undertaken.

Design and development
Developed by the Naval Ordnance Test Station (NOTS) at China Lake, California during the mid-to-late 1950s, the Hopi missile was an improved development of the earlier BOAR (Bombardment Aircraft Rocket). BOAR had been developed at China Lake as an unguided, nuclear-armed rocket for use by carrier-based aircraft, seeing limited service in the fleet between 1957 and 1963.

In its essentials simply an enlarged version of BOAR, which it was intended to replace in service, Hopi was designed as a medium-range weapon capable of being carried by a wide variety of carrier-based fighter and attack aircraft. The rocket-powered missile was capable of being fitted with a W50 nuclear warhead capable of producing a yield between 60 and 400 kilotons; however, no details of the planned guidance system for the missile, or if there even was intended to be guidance at all, have survived.

Operational history
Following its development, the Hopi missile was flight-tested on the China Lake weapons range during 1958. The missile was test-fired from a variety of aircraft, including the North American FJ-4 Fury, Douglas AD Skyraider, Douglas A3D Skywarrior and Douglas A4D Skyhawk. However, no details of the tests are known to have survived, and the Hopi project was cancelled shortly thereafter.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Unguided nuclear rockets of the United States
Nuclear missiles of the United States
Air-to-surface missiles of the United States
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
Man from Frisco. Man from Frisco (1944) is a United States feature-length spy and war film by Republic Pictures directed by Robert Florey and starring Michael O'Shea (1906–1973) and Anne Shirley.

Plot

Matt Braddock is a civil engineer during the Second World War who has new ideas for shipbuilding. Braddock tries to establish yards for building prefabricated ships on the West Coast, but he is hindered by the former superintendent of the shipyard, Joel Kennedy.

A disappointed lover fails to deliver an important message on welds and it leads to the collapse of a new ship's superstructure and the death of a boy.

The subject of the film shows some degree of wartime propaganda.  The lead character is said to be based on the real-life Henry J. Kaiser, and the film is set in the Kaiser Shipyards.  Like the later Betrayal from the East (1945), Man from Frisco included actual radio reports of the negotiations with the Japanese before their attack on Pearl Harbor of December 7, 1941.

Cast

Michael O'Shea – Matt Braddock  
Anne Shirley – Diana Kennedy  
Gene Lockhart – Joel Kennedy  
Dan Duryea – Jim Benson  
Stephanie Bachelor – Ruth Warnecke  
Ray Walker – Johnny Rogers  
Tommy Bond – Russ Kennedy  
Robert Warwick – Bruce McRae  
Olin Howland – Eben Whelock (as Olin Howlin)  
Ann Shoemaker – Martha Kennedy  
Russell Simpson – Dr Hershey  
Stanley Andrews – Chief Campbell  
Forbes Murray – Maritime Commissioner  
Erville Alderson – Judge McLain

Notes

External links
Man from Frisco at imdb.com

1944 films
1940s English-language films
American black-and-white films
American spy films
World War II spy films
American World War II films
Republic Pictures films
Films directed by Robert Florey
American war films
1940s war films
1940s American films
English-language war films
Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilisers & Chemicals. Gujarat Narmada Valley Fertilizers & Chemicals (GNFC) is an Indian manufacturer of fertilizers and chemicals. GNFC was founded in 1976, jointly promoted by the Government of Gujarat and the Gujarat State Fertilizers and Chemicals (GSFC).

Located in the industrial belt of Bharuch, GNFC is a major producer of urea and nitrophosphate fertilizers, neem-based products, and industrial chemicals such as methanol, formic acid, nitric acid and acetic acid. As of fiscal year 2021–22, fertilizers generated 29% of the company's revenue, while chemicals segment contributed 70%.

(n)Code 
(n)Code Solutions, a subsidiary of GNFC, produces digital certificates for the Government of India (including the digital Aadhaar card for over 1 billion Indians). The solution was the result of a partnership with Entrust.

References

External links
 

Fertilizer companies of India
Chemical companies of India
Companies based in Gujarat
Agriculture companies established in 1976
Chemical companies established in 1976
Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange
Indian companies established in 1976
1976 establishments in Gujarat
Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India
Engineering apprentice. An engineering apprenticeship in the United Kingdom is an apprenticeship in mechanical engineering or electrical engineering or aeronautical engineering to train craftsmen, technicians, senior technicians, Incorporated Engineers and Chartered Engineer for vocational oriented work and professional practice. Chartered Engineers are usually formed through a university degree programme at the Masters Engineering level and may undertake a short form of post graduate apprenticeship. A typical example is the apprenticeships formerly available at the British Thomson-Houston and English Electric companies at Rugby in England. Subjects covered included mathematics, engineering sciences, limits and fits, metallurgy, foundry technology, engineering drawing, design, materials science for engineering materials, metalworking by hand, operating machine tools, and basic features of engineering design. Also refer to apprenticeship and the UK and German section. Elite technical apprenticeships (4-6 years long) have been a decades long tradition at UK companies such as BAE Systems, Rolls-Royce Holdings, Bombardier Aerospace (Short Brothers), and Babcock International.

References

Vocational education
Apprenticeship
Engineering education
Limits and fits. In mechanical engineering, limits and fits are a set of rules regarding the dimensions and tolerances of mating machined parts if they are to achieve the desired ease of assembly, and security after assembly - sliding fit, interference fit, rotating fit, non-sliding fit, loose fit, etc.

Tolerances are typically specified in thousandths of an inch or hundredths of a millimetre.

See also
Engineering tolerance
Engineering fit

References

External links
http://mechanical-design-handbook.blogspot.co.uk/2009/10/standards-of-limits-and-fits-for-mating.html

Mechanical engineering
James Anthony Gaffney. James Anthony "Tony" Gaffney (1928–2016) was a British civil engineer.

Gaffney was born in the Rhymney Valley, South Wales in 1928 and holds BSc and DSc degrees.

He was the County Engineer for the West Riding of Yorkshire at the time of the construction of Scammonden Reservoir and M62 in the late 1960s. He was elected president of the Chartered Institution of Highways and Transportation for the 1978-79 session and elected president of the Institution of Civil Engineers for the 1983-84 session. 

As part of the 1984 Queen's Birthday Honours Gaffney was, on 16 June, appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire, in the civil division. At one point he was Director of Engineering Services at the West Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council.

He died on 2 March 2016 at the age of 87.

References

Bibliography 

        
        
        
        
        
        

1928 births
2016 deaths
Welsh civil engineers
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
Date of birth missing
Welsh people of Irish descent
People from Monmouthshire
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Scapy. Scapy is a packet manipulation tool for computer networks, originally written in Python by Philippe Biondi. It can forge or decode packets, send them on the wire, capture them, and match requests and replies. It can also handle tasks like scanning, tracerouting, probing, unit tests, attacks, and network discovery.

Scapy provides a Python interface into libpcap or native raw sockets, in a similar way to that in which Wireshark provides a view and capture GUI. It differs by supporting packet injection, custom packet formats and scripting. While it is a command-line only tool, it can still interface with a number of other programs to provide visualisation including Wireshark, GnuPlot for providing graphs, graphviz or VPython for interactive displaying, etc.

Starting with 2.4.0, Scapy supports Python 2.7 and 3.4+. It must not be confused with "scapy3k" (now renamed Kamene), which is an outdated independent and unmaintained fork.

References

External links 

Free network-related software
Free software programmed in Python
Computer security software
Protocol Builder. Protocol Builder is a tool in programming languages to generate code to build protocols in a fast and reliable way. Network programming for all kinds of protocols (such as TCP, UDP, and SNMP) includes converting data to be transferred to raw bytes in the sending side and parsing these bytes in the receiving side. Protocol builders facilitate this stage, usually by automatically generating the code.

Protocol Programming has many components to be developed, these are: server listener, server connection, client connection, packets, and loggers. Most protocol builders implement these components automatically so developers save time and money.

Currently, there are two Protocol Builders in the market, one for C++ from UpRedSun which is for TCP and UDP protocols. The second one is for .Net languages which generates the code in C# for TCP Protocols, this tool is called .Net Protocol Builder.

References

External links 
  http://www.protocol-builder.com/
  http://www.upredsun.com/

Programming tools
IAR 826. The IAR-826 was an agricultural aircraft built in Romania in the 1970s. Based on the IAR-822, it was a conventional low-wing monoplane with fixed, tailwheel undercarriage and differed from its predecessor mainly being a design for an all-metal version of the 822.

Development
The IAR-826 is an agricultural crop sprayer and duster. It is the direct descendant of the IAR-822. The design was completed under the leadership of engineer Radu Manicatide in 1973, at IMFCA Bucharest (Institutul de Mecanica Fluidelor și Cercetări Aerospațiale — Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerospace Research).

Since the wooden structure technique was obsolete, the team led by Manicatide produced a design for an all-metal version of the 822. The IAR-826s were built at IAR Brasov in smaller numbers than the 822.

A low-wing monoplane, the fuselage skin was entirely made of aluminium and the controls and trimmer were electrically actuated. The all-metal structure, although much more stiffer, lowered even more the already weak thrust to weight ratio.

It was built at IRMA (Intreprinderea de Reparații Material Aeronautic — Enterprise for Aeronautical Material Repairement), in Bucharest.

Operational history
Designated IAR-826, it first flew on 9 May 1973. Three weeks later the IAR-826 prototype, YR-MDA was displayed at Le Bourget.

IAR 826 were in use until the early 80's, with an average on 400 flight hours / year / airframe; being used mostly as agricultural planes, but sometimes also for the aerial surveillance of the pipe lines and power lines.

Variants
IAR-826 13 examples built by IAR Brașov in 1973-74, registered in the YR-MDA to YR-MDM range.

Operators
Romanian Utilitary Aviation — the only operator of the IAR-826

Specifications (IAR-826)

See also

References

 
 
 
 
 Уголок неба

External links
 IAR 822 pdf brochure

1970s Romanian agricultural aircraft
826
Aircraft first flown in 1973
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Predicative programming. Predicative programming is the original name of a formal method for program specification and refinement, more recently called a Practical Theory of Programming, invented by Eric Hehner. The central idea is that each specification is a binary (boolean) expression that is true of acceptable computer behaviors and false of unacceptable behaviors. It follows that refinement is just implication. This is the simplest formal method, and the most general, applying to sequential, parallel, stand-alone, communicating, terminating, nonterminating, natural-time, real-time, deterministic, and probabilistic programs, and includes time and space bounds.

Commands in a programming language are considered to be a special case of specification—those specifications that are compilable. For example, if the program variables are , , and , the command := +1 is equivalent to the specification (binary expression) =+1 ∧ = ∧ = in which , , and  represent the values of the program variables before the assignment, and  , , and  represent the values of the program variables after the assignment. If the specification is >, we easily prove (:= +1) ⇒ (>), which says that := +1 implies, or refines, or implements >.

Loop proofs are greatly simplified. For example, if  is an integer variable, to prove that

	while >0 do := –1 od

refines, or implements the specification ≥0 ⇒ =0, prove

	if >0 then := –1; (≥0 ⇒ =0) else  fi  ⇒  (≥0 ⇒ =0)

where    =  (=) is the empty, or do-nothing command. There is no need for a loop invariant or least fixed point. Loops with multiple intermediate shallow and deep exits work the same way. This simplified form of proof is possible because program commands and specifications can be mixed together meaningfully.

Execution time (upper bounds, lower bounds, exact time) can be proven the same way, just by introducing a time variable. To prove termination, prove the execution time is finite. To prove nontermination, prove the execution time is infinite. For example, if the time variable is , and time is measured by counting iterations, then to prove that execution of the previous while-loop takes time  when  is initially nonnegative, and takes forever when  is initially negative, prove

	     if >0 then := –1; := +1; (≥0 ⇒ =+) ∧ (<0 ⇒ =∞) else  fi
	⇒  (≥0 ⇒ =+) ∧ (<0 ⇒ =∞)

where    =   (= ∧ =).

References

 E.C.R. Hehner, a Practical Theory of Programming, Springer-Verlag 1993. Most recent edition online at a Practical Theory of Programming.

External links 

 Publications by Eric Hehner.

Formal methods
Formal specification languages
Logical calculi
Kanguera. Kanguera is a robot hand developed by the University of São Paulo. It runs the VxWorks operating system. The goal of this research project is to model the kinematic properties of a human hand so that better anthropomorphic robotic grippers or manipulators can be developed. The name, Kanguera, is an ancient indigenous word for "bones outside the body".

Objectives
According to the university's project page, some of the objectives of the Kanguera project are to develop strategies for dexterous robotic manipulation and to create new designs for robotic hands which are biologically inspired. These new designs and strategies will be used for user friendly human machine interface and for upper limb rehabilitation technologies.

System Description
The hand has an anthropomorphic shape, and is the size of a large human hand. It has 4 fingers, and a simplified thumb, each one with four degrees of freedom (DOF).  Each finger is treated as an individual robot, giving the overall system, from the wrist on, 20 DOF in total. The fingers are constructed from a special resin, and the joints are designed to mimic human joints - they are not physically joined, but in close contact, using the resin's friction and cables to work together. The motion of each DOF driven through a servo,  and a cable transmission system. This transmission system is more accurate than the ones uses by previous robotic hands, and is thus more suitable for the implementation of complex trajectory algorithms, such as adduction and abduction capacity for both the fingers and the thumb.

The computational hardware is based on a GE FANUC microcontroller with a G4 processor, mounted on a standard compact PCI bus. The operating system used to run the simulations is VxWorks 6.7, and the simulation environment is handled with GraspIt! software, where a model of the hand was developed in order to visualize it.

Development
The hand was developed by the Mechatronics Laboratory at the School of Engineering of São Carlos, University of São Paulo as a successor to the Like its predecessor, the BRAHMA hand. It is now in its 4th generation. It utilizes Hardware-in-the-loop simulation techniques to reduce the development times.

References

Robot hands
Robots of Brazil
Brazilian inventions
2000s robots
University of São Paulo
List of pilots awarded an Aviator's Certificate by the Aéro-Club de France in 1909. The Aéro-Club de France issued Aviators Certificates from 1 January 1910 on.  These were internationally recognised under the authority of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.

Following a suggestion by Georges Besançon, the secretary of the Ae.C.F., the first eight French aviator's licences were awarded retrospectively dated on 7 January 1909 to Louis Blériot, Leon Delagrange, Robert Esnault-Pelterie, Henry Farman, Alberto Santos-Dumont, Captain Ferdinand Ferber and Orville and Wilbur Wright.
These aviation pioneers had amply demonstrated their abilities and they were therefore not required to pass a test in order to receive a licence.  Further licences were awarded on 17 August to Hubert Latham and Louis Paulhan, on 16 September to Paul Tissandier, on 7 October 1909 to Jean Gobron, Charles de Lambert and Glenn Curtiss, and on 18 November to Maurice Farman and Henri Rougier.

The first sixteen licences were retrospectively numbered in alphabetical order, with Blériot receiving licence No. 1 and Wilbur Wright receiving No. 15 (No. 13 was not awarded, and numbers 5 and 10 were duplicated)

List
Legend

See also
Early Birds of Aviation

Notes

References

Bibliography
Eighty-Six Certified Flight PilotsFlight,28 May 1910 p. 408.

Aviation pioneers
Aéro-Club de France
1909 in aviation
1909 in France
Aviat
Pilots
Aéro-Club de France
Wagtail (missile). The Wagtail missile, also known as "Wag Tail", was a short-range nuclear missile developed in the late 1950s by Minneapolis-Honeywell under a contract awarded by the United States Air Force. Intended for use as an auxiliary weapon by bomber aircraft, the missile was successfully test fired in 1958, but the program was cancelled in the early 1960s.

Design and development
The Wagtail project was initiated in 1956, with Minneapolis-Honeywell being contracted to develop a short-range, solid-rocket-powered missile. The missile would be armed with a low-yield nuclear warhead, and was intended for use as a tactical support missile by supersonic aircraft engaged in low-level attacks.

The Wagtail missile was intended to be fitted with a guidance system that utilised an inertial navigation system and a terrain-following radar, which allowed the missile to be fired from and navigate at extremely low altitudes. The missile was equipped with small retrorockets that retarded the missile following release, allowing the launching aircraft the opportunity to escape the blast wave from the missile's warhead.

Operational history
By 1958, the Wagtail project had progressed to the point of live-fire flight testing; the missile was planned to be fitted to the B-58 Hustler bomber in operational service, while an alternative configuration was proposed as a bomber defense missile, which would be fired rearwards from the carrier aircraft. However, in the early 1960s (prior to fiscal year 1962), despite the missiles' flight testing having proved successful, the Wagtail project was canceled.

See also
 AGM-69 SRAM
 Pye Wacket

References

Notes

Bibliography

Cold War air-to-surface missiles of the United States
Nuclear missiles of the United States
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
Air-to-surface missiles of the United States
Honeywell