Pipe network analysis is the analysis of the /uniFB02uid /uniFB02ow through a network that containing several in- terconnected branches of pipes and their components. The common analysis of pipe network often demonstrates to determine the /uniFB02ow rates and pressure drops in the individual components of the pipe network. Water utilities typically use specialized software to solve these issues automatically. Municipal water systems frequently route water through a water supply network to reach a large number of users. In this paper we aim to demonstrate the use of WaterCAD software to solve hydraulic design parameter of an example pipe network problem. /one.pnum Introduction Networks can be found in both natural and man-made environments. The study of networks is fundamental to network theory. Engineers frequently use networks to develop models of real-world systems in order to tackle a variety of complex challenges. Graph theory is a mathematical term for the study of networks. In graph theory, a network is referred to as a graph in formal mathematics, and graph theory is the branch of mathematics that explores these objects. When we think of networks, we think of social networks and the Internet in particular, but network usage is extremely prevalent in the context of water supply and distribution. Drainage/channel networks have long been a research topic for natural water distribution networks Sarker and Singh (/two.pnum/zero.pnum/one.pnum/seven.pnum); Sarker et al. (/two.pnum/zero.pnum/one.pnum/eight.pnum, /two.pnum/zero.pnum/one.pnum/nine.pnuma,b); Sarker (/two.pnum/zero.pnum/two.pnum/one.pnumb). In this study, a simple man- made pipe network example is analyzed with the help of Software. /two.pnum Network analysis This network generates a unique set of hydraulic design issues, with pipe network analysis as a common solution strategy. /two.pnum./one.pnum Deterministic network analysis Based on the pipe friction factors, one can explore the network’s hydraulic parameter such as /uniFB02ow rates and head losses Reza et al. (/two.pnum/zero.pnum/one.pnum/four.pnum); Sarker (/two.pnum/zero.pnum/two.pnum/one.pnumc,a) deterministic way. In this case the solution is sought for the steady-state /uniFB02ows on the network which based on the two following assumptions. /one.pnum. The total /uniFB02ow into a junction/node is equals to the total /uniFB02ow out of that junction (conservation of mass, or continuity equation) /two.pnum. The head loss in any closed loop within the the network must vanish (conservation of energy). The Hardy Cross method is a traditional method for solving these networks. Initial conditions are used in this method to generate guess values for the network’s /uniFB02ows. The loop’s /uniFB02ows are then adjusted by an amount calculated by the head loss formula (i.e. hL=KQn) until loop-wise balance is achieved. This technique assumes a network /uniFB02ow distribution that satis/uniFB01es the continuity principle at each junction. After that, an adjustment to these assumed /uniFB02ows is calculated for each pipe loop in the network, until the correction is minimized to a tolerable level. The adjustment dis provided by if Qais the assumed /uniFB02ow and 1 Qis the actual /uniFB02ow in the pipe (i.e. Q=Qa+d). Then the head loss ( HL) can be expressed as hL= K(Qa+d)n, neglecting higher terms head loss will be hL=K(Qn a+dnQn1 a). The sum of head losses around a closed loop must now be zero. As a result, hL= 0, therefore,PK(Qn a+dnQn1 a) = 0 )d=PKQn aPKnQn1 a. The value of nis1:85for Hazen-Williams and 2for Darcy–Weisbach. Figure /one.pnum: Layout of a sample problem Sarker (/two.pnum/zero.pnum/two.pnum/one.pnuma) /two.pnum./two.pnum Probabilistic network analysis On the other hand, the number of known variables such as /uniFB02ow rates, head losses required to get a de- terministic solution in many practical water distribution networks in large cities will be very enormous. Because many of these variables would be unknown, to account this, a probabilistic method for pipe net- work analysis has been developed recently. /two.pnum./three.pnum Analysis with software Water utilities typically use sophisticated software to tackle engineering issues automatically. /three.pnum WaterCAD software WaterCAD is a water distribution system hydraulic and water quality modeling application that is simple to use. It can be a decision-support tool for water infrastructure that is dependable, resource-saving, and easy to use. It is able to help in study, design, and optimize water distribution systems, from /uniFB01re /uniFB02ow and water quality studies to energy cost management and pump modeling. /three.pnum./one.pnum Example problem de/uniFB01nition The layout presented in /uniFB01gure /one.pnumis a proposed youth educational camp, part of which will receive its water supply from an overhead tank. We are presenting this example to design the water distribution system for the subdivision to the left of the layout shown in /uniFB01gure /one.pnum, using WaterCad. The tank from which the subdivision will be fed has bottom and top elevations of /seven.pnum/zero.pnum/zero.pnum ftand /seven.pnum/three.pnum/zero.pnum ftrespectively. This is based on an average daily demand of /four.pnum/zero.pnum gpm . /two.pnum /three.pnum./two.pnum Program Execution To begin, click on the WaterCad V/eight.pnum icon and select Create New Project from the pop-up menu. Then, under the Tools tab, choose Options, then Project. Pipe lengths can be rounded o/uniFB00 to the closest foot if necessary. Select schematic drawing mode and adjust annotation multipliers such as symbol size and text height from the Drawing tab (set multiplier to /five.pnum). One can select the US system and adjust the Unit system from units. Then, to proceed, click OK and close the Options window. Prototypes can be selected from the View Tab to begin building the model. This will activate the Prototype Manager, which allows you to give general properties to the model’s elements. We can solve this issue by right-clicking pipe and creating a new prototype for the pipe components. We can also click on properties: enter /six.pnum-in diameter, select PVC material, associated with a friction factor of Hazen-Williams Sarker (/two.pnum/zero.pnum/two.pnum/one.pnumc) of /one.pnum/five.pnum/zero.pnum from the build-in materials library. Under the user-de/uniFB01ned length for pipes, we can select “True” and close the window. In addition to pipe prototypes, junction prototypes can be created by clicking on it. Select the required demand Collection, then right-click on the base /uniFB02ow column’s header and select Global Edit. Then, select operation as Set, and type in the value of /four.pnum/zero.pnum as a global demand assigned to all junctions. If necessary, click on the demand column’s heading again, select Units and Formatting, and modify the global /uniFB02ow’s units to gal=min (gpm ). Finally, close the window and the Prototype Manager. To schematize the model, go to the bottom left column and click on Background Layers: NewFile. Look for the layout depicted in the /uniFB01gure /one.pnum. To preserve the project’s default properties and save it to a speci/uniFB01ed directory, click OK. To see the background layer, you may need to zoom-extents.Increase the transparency to lighten the image if it appears to be too dark. According to the diagram, build a pipe distribution system for the given subdivision. Create a tank, pipes, and junctions using the Element toolbar. To make a bend in a pipe, right-click on it, choose bend, add bends, and snap on the required spot. Make sure that all element labeling is clicked under the element symbology, and that the labels match the one on the diagram. Because you didn’t precisely locate the tank and give the pipes their exact lengths, go to FlexTables, Pipe Table, and give pipe /one.pnum a user-de/uniFB01ned length of /four.pnum/one.pnum/zero.pnum feet. Change the lengths of all pipes in your system to those listed in the table /one.pnum. Pipe Length (ft) P-/one.pnum /four.pnum/one.pnum/zero.pnum P-/two.pnum /five.pnum/six.pnum/zero.pnum P-/three.pnum /three.pnum/zero.pnum/zero.pnum P-/four.pnum /five.pnum/four.pnum/five.pnum P-/five.pnum /five.pnum/six.pnum/zero.pnum P-/six.pnum /six.pnum/zero.pnum/zero.pnum P-/seven.pnum /two.pnum/eight.pnum/zero.pnum P-/eight.pnum /five.pnum/six.pnum/zero.pnum P-/nine.pnum /two.pnum/eight.pnum/zero.pnum P-/one.pnum/zero.pnum /five.pnum/four.pnum/five.pnum Table /one.pnum: Pipe Table. Then, from FlexTables, select Junction Table and enter the elevations for each node from the table /two.pnum. Double-click on the tank, select the Physical heading and give the circular section a diameter of /six.pnum/zero.pnumft. Then, select the Operating range heading and give minimum, initial and maximum elevations of /six.pnum/eight.pnum/zero.pnum, /seven.pnum/one.pnum/five.pnum and /seven.pnum/three.pnum/zero.pnum ft respectively. Now you are ready to run the model. Click on Validate icon to make sure the data is ok; if you have no errors you will get the “no problems were found” message box. Click on the Compute (green !) icon to start running the model. When the run is complete, look at the status log and then close the status log box. Select FlexTables, Junction Table, and examine the pressure and HGL Sarker (/two.pnum/zero.pnum/two.pnum/one.pnumc,a). Examine the pipe properties similarly by selecting FlexTables, Pipe Table, and recording the necessary data for design. Save /three.pnum Junction Elevation (ft) J-/one.pnum /six.pnum/two.pnum/zero.pnum J-/two.pnum /five.pnum/six.pnum/zero.pnum J-/three.pnum /five.pnum/six.pnum/zero.pnum J-/four.pnum /five.pnum/two.pnum/five.pnum J-/five.pnum /five.pnum/eight.pnum/zero.pnum J-/six.pnum /six.pnum/one.pnum/eight.pnum J-/seven.pnum /five.pnum/six.pnum/zero.pnum J-/eight.pnum /five.pnum/two.pnum/five.pnum Table /two.pnum: Junction Table. your work for DESIGN if necessary. /three.pnum./three.pnum WaterCAD step by step The above /uniFB02ow chart /uniFB01gure /two.pnum depicts the step-by-step approach of building model in WaterCAD. The Ap- pendix section contains details about each step. Figure /two.pnum: Flow chart depicts the step-by-step approach of WaterCAD. /three.pnum./four.pnum Resultant Pipe Network Layout WaterCAD will automatically display the /uniFB01nal network based on /uniFB02ow direction after validation and execu- tion. The resulting layout for our example is shown in /uniFB01gure /three.pnum. /four.pnum Figure /three.pnum: Resulting pipe network layout.