omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Change of gauge (aviation). In air transport, a change of gauge for a passenger or cargo flight is a change of aircraft that retains the same flight number. The term is borrowed from the rail transport practice of gauge change. When a feeder flight connects to a flight on a larger aircraft, this is sometimes called a funnel flight.  An example of a change of gauge flight from a larger aircraft to a smaller aircraft during the early 1970s can be found in the Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) April 29, 1973 system timetable with Pan Am flight 295 from New York John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) nonstop to San Juan, Puerto Rico (SJU) being operated with a Boeing 747 with the continuation of Pan Am flight 295 from San Juan nonstop to Port of Spain (POS) being operated with a Boeing 727 with through passengers from New York City to Port of Spain being required to change aircraft in San Juan.  

A Y-type change of gauge is one a given flight being transferred into two other flights with different destinations and has two flight numbers. For example, flight number 100 may fly Boston-Paris-Athens, and flight number 200 may fly Boston–Paris–Rome, with the Boston–Paris leg being on the same aircraft in both cases.

Some passengers, such as persons with disabilities or who otherwise are not disposed to make a connection, prefer to book on flights without a change of aircraft. However, passengers could incorrectly assume that if they are traveling on a single flight number they will not be required to change planes. Single flight numbers are typically used for an originating domestic to international destination or the return (e.g., San Francisco to Chicago to Paris).

United States
, six U.S. based airlines, being American Airlines, Continental Airlines,
Delta Air Lines, Northwest Airlines, US Airways, and United Airlines, had flights that featured a change of gauge. Title 14 CFR Part 258, "Disclosure of Change of Gauge Services," requires air carriers to disclose to passengers, travelling on a single flight number, if they will be required to change planes during the flight. Part 258 requires the air carriers to inform the consumer that there is a change of gauge in the itinerary before the reservation is made.

See also
Direct flight
Codeshare agreement

References

Aviation law
Airline tickets
DHS Explosives Division. The Explosives Division (EXD) is a division of the Science and Technology Directorate of the United States Department of Homeland Security. Within the Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency, EXD develops technologies needed to detect, interdict, and lessen the effect of non-nuclear explosives used by terrorists against mass transit, civil aviation, and critical infrastructure.

Overview
The 2007 High Priority Technical Needs Brochure, an article published by Homeland Security, defines critical focus areas for explosives research:
 Standoff detection on persons (portable solutions)
 System solution for detection in baggage (checked & carried)
 Capability to detect VBIED (Vehicle Borne Improvised Explosive Devices) of large threat mass (container, trailer, ship, vessel, car, rail)
 Capability to detect homemade and novel explosives
 Capability to assess, render safe, and neutralize explosive threats
 Optimize canine explosive detection capability

References

Explosives Division
Akbot. Akbot was a computer virus that infected an estimated 1.3 million computers and added them to a botnet. It was created by an 18-year-old named Owen Walker, who was charged but unconvicted in 2008.

Infection
Akbot is an IRC controlled backdoor program. It allows an outside user to take control of the infected computer. Akbot operates by joining IRC servers and the waiting for further instructions. Once installed, Akbot can be used to gather data, kill processes, or perform DDOS attacks.

Sources
The author, 18-year-old New Zealand based bot master, Owen Walker ("AKILL"), was caught during an international investigation, Operation: Bot Roast, during which his home was raided by New Zealand police and an FBI agent. He was charged in April 2008, but not convicted because the court did not believe his motives to be criminal.

References 

Botnets
DHS Chemical and Biological Defense Division. The Chemical and Biological Defense Division (CBD) is a division of the Science and Technology Directorate of the United States Department of Homeland Security. Within the Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency, CBD develops technologies to increase the United States's preparedness and protect key national infrastructure against chemical, biological, and agricultural threats and disasters through improved threat awareness and advanced surveillance, detection, and protective countermeasures.

Overview
The 2007 High Priority Technical Needs brochure published by Homeland Security defines critical focus areas for chemical and biological research, falling primarily under the category of "chemical/biological weapons defense":

 Tools to detect and mitigate animal disease breakouts
 Policy net assessments to provide fresh perspectives on fundamental elements of the national biodefense strategy
 Improved tools for integrated CBRN Risk Assessment
 Incident characterization capability for response & restoration
 Improved ChemBio Forensic Analysis capability
 National-scale detection architectures and strategies to address outdoor, indoor (e.g., highly trafficked transportation hubs) and critical infrastructure
 Consequence assessments of attacks on chemical facilities and Chem Bio attacks on other critical infrastructure
 Integrated CBRNE Sensor Reporting capability
 Handheld rapid biological and chemical detection systems
 Detection paradigms and systems for enhanced, emerging and novel biological threats

See also

 Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards

References

External links
 Directorate for Science and Technology Chemical and Biological Division

Water transportation in the United States
Border and Maritime Security Division
DHS Science and Technology Command, Control, and Interoperability Division. According to the DHS S&T website , the Command, Control, and Interoperability Division was a unit of the DHS Science and Technology Directorate which "develops interoperable communication standards and protocols for emergency responders, cyber security tools for protecting the integrity of the Internet, and automated capabilities to recognize and analyze potential threats."

The division is currently led by Dr. David Boyd.  It is supervised by the Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Science and Technology, currently being Jay M. Cohen.

The 2007 High Priority Technical Needs Brochure  published by Homeland Security defines critical focus areas for Command, Control, and Interoperability research, falling primarily under the category of "cyber security":

 Secure internet protocols including standard security methods
 Improved capability to model the effects of cyber attacks and understanding of internet topography
 Comprehensive next-generation network models
 Composable and scalable secure systems
 Technologies and standards for managing identities, rights and authorities used in an organization's networks
 Information system insider threat detection models and mitigation technologies
 Analytical techniques for security across the IT system engineering lifecycle
 Process Control Systems (PCS) security

"information sharing":

 Data fusion from multiple sensors into Common Operating Picture (COP)
 Improved real-time data sharing of law enforcement information
 Management of user identities, rights and authorities
 Distribution of Intelligence Products
 Information sharing within/across sectors on terrorist threats
 Automated, dynamic, real-time data processing and visualization capability
 Analytic capabilities for structured, unstructured, and streaming data
 Situational awareness between US Coast Guard and partners
 Sensor fusion between Law Enforcement and Intelligence Partners

"border security":

 Ability to access ICE databases in which voice information is entered;provide analytical, reporting, and automated case deconfliction; classify, identify voice samples

"infrastructure protection":

 Advanced, automated and affordable monitoring and surveillance technologies

and "interoperability":

 Development and evaluation of Internet Protocol (IP) enabled backbones
 Test and evaluation of emergent wireless broadband data systems
 Acceleration of development and testing of P25 IP-based interfaces
 Identification and development of message interface standards
 Transition of Land Mobile Radios communication architectures to cellular based architectures
 Evaluation of access technologies
 Development of the complementary test procedures

Science And Technology Command
Water transportation in the United States
DHS Infrastructure Protection and Disaster Management Division. The Infrastructure Protection and Disaster Management Division (IDD) is a division of the Science and Technology Directorate of the United States Department of Homeland Security. Within the Homeland Security Advanced Research Projects Agency, IDD develops technologies to improve and increase the United States' strategic preparedness response to natural and man-made threats through situational awareness, emergency response capabilities, and critical infrastructure protection.

Overview
The 2007 High Priority Technical Needs Brochure published by Homeland Security defines critical focus areas for Infrastructure and Geophysical research, falling primarily under the categories of "incident management":

 Integrated Modeling, Mapping and Simulation
 Personnel Monitoring (Emergency Responder Locator System)
 Personnel Monitoring (Physiological Monitoring of Firefighters)
 Incident Management Enterprise System
 Logistics Management
 Analytical tools to quantify interdependencies and cascading consequences as disruptions occur across critical infrastructure sectors
 Effective and affordable blast analysis and protection for critical infrastructure; improved understanding of blast failure mechanisms and protection measures for the most vital critical infrastructure

Notes

External links
DHS Infrastructure Protection and Disaster Management Division official website

Infrastructure Protection and Disaster Management Division
Conny Palm. Conrad "Conny" Rudolf Agaton Palm (May 31, 1907 – December 27, 1951) was a Swedish electrical engineer and statistician, known for several contributions to teletraffic engineering and queueing theory.

Education and career 
Palm enrolled at the School of Electrical Engineering at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm in 1925, being awarded his M.Sc. (1940) and Ph.D (1943) on a dissertation entitled Intensitätsschwankungen im Fernsprechverkehr (Intensity Fluctuations in Telephone Traffic). Palm's work was also joint with L. M. Ericsson, cooperating with Christian Jacobæus. He attended Harald Cramér's queueing theory group, met William Feller (1937).
Later, Palm was in the Swedish Board for Computing Machinery (Matematikmaskinnämnden), where he led the project that developed the first Swedish computer, the BARK (1947–51), informally referred to as CONIAC (Conny [Palm] Integrator And Calculator). He was adjunct professor in telecommunications at Royal Institute of Technology as well.

Professor Håkan Sterky, who was Palm's thesis advisor, has characterised Palm as a bohemian and a brilliant statistician. He had started his research before he graduated, which seemed to be due to a lack of interest for some undergraduate courses rather than the level of difficulty of the courses. To apply pressure on him, it was finally agreed that his monthly salary from Ericsson would only be paid out if he had passed one of his remaining undergraduate exam that month. Sterky related how Palm would typically show up a few days before pay day wishing to sit for an oral exam.

Books
 Book edition of Ph.D. thesis of 1943, translated from German to English by Christian Jacobæus.

See also
 Palm calculus
 Palm–Khintchine theorem

References

Swedish electrical engineers
Swedish mathematicians
Queueing theorists
Ericsson people
Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
1907 births
1951 deaths
Swedish statisticians
20th-century American mathematicians
People from Stockholm
Swedish engineers
PRODML. PRODML is a family of XML and Web Services based upstream oil and natural gas industry standards from Energistics and its PRODML Special Interest Group (PRODML SIG). 

PRODML Standards support automated production data acquisition, operations monitoring, optimization, reporting, and configuration management business processes. PRODML-based interactions are used by production software components, including field data historians, surveillance applications, model analysis and management applications, optimization applications, simulation applications, etc. 

The PRODML initiative was started in 2005 by five energy companies: BP, Chevron, ExxonMobil, Shell, and Statoil, joined by eight supplier companies: Halliburton, Invensys, Kongsberg Gruppen, OSIsoft, Petroleum Experts, Schlumberger, Tieto, and Weatherford as well as Energistics.

PRODML Standards evolved from the Energistics family of standards for drilling, completions and interventions, WITSML, initiated in 2000.

EnergyML

EnergyML is the foundation for consistency and interoperability among all Energistics data transfer families of standards, including besides the PRODML Standards, WITSML for drilling, completions, and interventions and RESQML(tm) for reservoir characterization.

See also
 Energistics
 WITSML

External links
 Energistics Web site
 PRODML Standards Web site

Petroleum production
Industry-specific XML-based standards
Standards
Open standards
Acre-class destroyer. The Acre-class destroyers were a class of six destroyers built during World War II for the Brazilian Navy. None were completed before the end of the war. They are also referred to in some sources as the Amazonas class.

Design 
Built in Brazil to a modified British design along with some U.S. equipment, they were built to replace six H-class destroyers (or Jurua class) ordered from Britain but purchased by Britain for use in the war. Due to design complications, the ships took a long time to complete, having been finished from 1949 to 1951.

The ships received a refit in the early 1960s with new electronics and gun no. 2 being replaced by a 40mm Bofors mounting.  Two ships were decommissioned in 1964 and the remaining four from 1973 to 1974.

Ships 

The six ships were:

See also

List of ship classes of the Second World War

Citations

References 

 Whitley M.J. Destroyers of World War Two: An International Encyclopedia. London: Cassell Publishing, 2000. 

Destroyer classes
Edward C. Molina. Edward Charles Dixon Molina (December 13, 1877 – April 19, 1964) was an American engineer, known for his contributions to teletraffic engineering.

Biography
Edward Molina was born on December 13, 1877.
After completing high school, he went to work, and was self-taught in mathematics.  He began working for the Western Electric Company in 1898 at the age of 21 and entered the AT&T research department (later Bell Labs) in 1901.  His invention of relay translators in 1906 resulted in the panel dial systems.  In his studies of telephone traffic, Molina independently rediscovered the Poisson distribution in 1908.  It was briefly named in his honor among American telephone engineers until the prior art was recovered. In 1928 he was an Invited Speaker at the ICM in Bologna. Molina pioneered the use of throwdowns, which in essence were Monte Carlo simulations of telephone traffic to find optimal capacity assignments for trunk lines to central offices (Molina, 1922). 
Molina taught mathematics at the Newark College of Engineering from the time of his retirement in 1944 until his death. He was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1952.  He died on April 19, 1964.

Publications
 "Computation Formula for the Probability of an Event Happening at Least C Times in N Trials", The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 20, No. 6 (Jun., 1913), pp. 190–193. .
 "The Theory of Probabilities Applied to Telephone Trunking Problems", Bell System Technical Journal, 1922, p. 69-81.
 "Application of the Theory of Probability to Telephone Trunking", Bell Labs Technical Journal, No 6, pp. 461–495, 1927
"Bayes' Theorem: An Expository Presentation", Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 2(1):23–37, 1931
An expansion for Laplacian integrals in terms of incomplete gamma functions, and some applications (1932)
Poisson's exponential Binominal limit (D. Van Nostrand, Co.Inc., 1943).
"Some Fundamental Curves for the Solution of Sampling Problems", Annals of Mathematical Statistics, 17(3):325–335, 1946
"Some antecedents of quality control", in Quality Engineering 10(4):693–695, 1998. (Notes for a talk given January 17, 1950.) .
 A letter in reply to "Mathematical Allusions in Poe", The Scientific Monthly, Vol. 64 (1), 1947, p. 89. .

References

American engineers
Queueing theorists
Scientists at Bell Labs
1877 births
1964 deaths
Fellows of the American Statistical Association
Martin K. Solomon. Martin K. Solomon is a professor of Computer Science at Florida Atlantic University since 1981, and is currently Assistant Chair for the Computer Science and Engineering Department. He authored two books on Oracle8i and one on Oracle9i that were published by McGraw-Hill. Dr. Solomon is also a noted scholar on Kurt Gödel, the Austrian logician and philosopher.

Notes

External links
 
 
 

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Siegfried K. Wiedmann. Siegfried K. Wiedmann (born in 1938) is a German electrical engineer noted for his contributions to semiconductor technologies for integrated circuits.

Wiedmann was born in Plochingen, Germany. He received the Diplom-Ingenieur (1963) and Doctor-Ingenieur (1967) degrees in electrical engineering from the University of Applied Sciences Stuttgart, then worked at the IBM Laboratories in Böblingen, Germany and in the United States, ultimately becoming an IBM Fellow. Together with Horst H. Berger, Wiedmann received the 1977 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award "for the invention and exploration of the Merged Transistor Logic, MTL".

Selected works
 H. H. Berger and S. K. Wiedmann, "Merged-Transistor Logic (MTL) - A Low-Cost Bipolar Logic Concept",  IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. SC-7, No. 5, Oct. 1972, pp. 340–346.

References
High-Speed Split-Emitter 12L/MTL Memory Cell

1938 births
Living people
People from Esslingen (district)
German electrical engineers
IBM Fellows
Engineers from Baden-Württemberg
Academic staff of Technische Universität Berlin
United States Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratory. The United States Army Engineer Research and Development Laboratory (ERDL) was a United States Army Corps of Engineers research facility located at Fort Belvoir, Virginia.

History
The ERDL was formed in 1947 when the Army's Engineer Board was redesignated as the U.S. Engineer Research and Development Laboratory, or ERDL.

Army Equipment Development milestones 
Among other things, the ERDL was responsible for the creation of the ERDLator water treatment device in World War II, the ERDL woodland camouflage pattern in 1948, and the updated M1950 lensatic compass. 

The ERDL also established the first U.S. Army research group dedicated to night vision systems in 1954, called the Research and Photometric Section.

Sources

Fairfax County, Virginia
Research installations of the United States Army
Military installations in Virginia
Air-cushioned landing craft. An air-cushioned landing craft, also called an LCAC (landing craft, air cushioned), is a modern variation on the amphibious landing boat. The majority of these craft are small- to mid-sized multi-purpose hovercraft, also known as "over the beach" ("OTB") craft. This allows troops and material to access more than 70 percent of the world's coastline, while only approximately 15 percent of that coastline is available to conventional boat-type landing craft.  Typical barriers to conventional landing craft are soft sandy beaches, marshes, swampland, and loose surfaces. Air cushion technology has vastly increased the landing capability of the craft, providing greater speed and flexibility over traditional landing craft.

Like the mechanized landing craft, they are usually equipped with mounted machine guns; they also support grenade launchers and heavy weapons.

Types

 Aist-class LCAC (Soviet tank-carrying hovercraft)
 Griffon-GRSE 8000 TD-Class Hovercraft
 Gus class LCAC
 Jinsha II-class LCAC
 Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC)
 LCAC(L)
 Ship-to-Shore Connector (LCAC-100 class)
 Tsaplya-class LCAC
 Type 724 LCAC
 Type 726 LCAC
 Solgae-class LCAC
 Zubr-class LCAC

See also
 Engin de débarquement amphibie rapide

References

External links

 http://www.navy.mil/navydata/fact_display.asp?cid=4200&tid=1500&ct=4
 http://www.hazegray.org/features/nato/us/lcac/
 http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/lcac-specs.htm
 https://fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/lcac.htm

Military hovercraft
Landing craft
Spaceflight (magazine). Spaceflight is the monthly magazine of the British Interplanetary Society (BIS), reporting on space exploration topics. It was first published in 1956.

In 2008, the magazine – edited by Clive Simpson – was the winner of the Sir Arthur Clarke Award in the category of Best Space Reporting.

External links
 BIS Publications
 British Interplanetary Society

1956 establishments in the United Kingdom
Monthly magazines published in the United Kingdom
Science and technology magazines published in the United Kingdom
Magazines established in 1956
magazine
Astronomy magazines
Real Time Rome. Real Time Rome is a 2006 exhibit by the MIT Senseable City Lab, directed by professor Richard Burdett. The project used anonymized cell-phone data from sponsor Telecom Italia's Lochness platform about telecom traffic and signal strength, as well as GPS data from buses and taxis, to analyze and visualize the movement of people through Rome in real time.

Prior to Real Time Rome's debut, MIT had produced a similar project in Graz, Austria.   City Lab director Carlo Ratti said at the time that the City Lab planned to expand to cities including Florence and Zaragoza. 

The project debuted on September 8, 2006, at the Venice Biennale, an exhibition of fine arts and urban studies technology projects. During the demo, MIT projected several animations on Plexiglass screens, with data collected about five minutes before being shown. Brighter colors on the projections indicated areas of higher traffic, and visualizations of traffic spikes in the city. These included surges in cell-phone use during Madonna's controversial 2006 performance in Rome and Italy's victory in the World Cup.

The exhibition ran until November 19. MIT later built on the exhibit with WikiCity Rome, a similar project, in 2007.

References

External links
Real Time Rome site

Video art
William Woodnut Griscom. William Woodnut Griscom (c. 1851–1897) was an American inventor, credited with introducing electric motors for the purpose of marine propulsion. He also founded the Electro-Dynamic Company in 1880, based in Philadelphia, and had around 40 patents to his name. In 1881 The Franklin Institute awarded him what was then their highest honor, the Elliott Cresson Medal, for a combination motor and battery that powered a sewing machine. In 1892, Isaac Rice bailed Electro-Dynamic out following a bankruptcy and became a co-owner. Two years after Griscom died in an 1897 hunting accident, his company was acquired by Rice's new Electric Boat Company. He is buried at the Church of the Redeemer Cemetery in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania.

References

Sources 

 Electric Boat Corporation, James S. Reyburn
 General Dynamics Electric Boat Division official history site

1850s births
1897 deaths
19th-century American inventors
Hunting accident deaths