omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
EMD MP15AC. The EMD MP15AC is a  diesel road switcher locomotive built by General Motors' Electro-Motive Division between August 1975 and August 1984. A variant of the EMD MP15DC with an AC/DC transmission, 246 examples were built, including 25 for export to Mexico, and four built in Canada.

Development 
The MP15DC's standard Blomberg B trucks were capable of transition and road speeds up to , allowing use on road freights. Soon there was a demand for a model with an advanced AC drive system. The MP15AC replaced the MP15DC's DC generator with an alternator producing AC power which is converted to DC for the traction motors with a silicon rectifier. The MP15AC is  longer than an MP15DC, the extra space being needed for the rectifier equipment. The alternator-rectifier combination is more reliable than a generator, and this equipment became the standard for new diesel-electric locomotive designs.

The MP15AC is easily distinguished from the DC models. Instead of the front-mounted radiator intake and belt-driven fan used on all previous EMD switchers, these have intakes on the lower forward nose sides and electric fans. Side intakes allowed the unit to take in cooler air, and the electric fans improved a serious reliability issue found in its earlier DC sisters.

Engine 
The MP15 used a roots-blown 12-cylinder 645E engine. The engine is rated at . The 645 series, introduced in 1966, was EMD's standard engine through the 1980s.

Original owners 
 
The six largest buyers, Milwaukee (64), Southern Pacific (58), Seaboard Coast Line Railroad (45), Nacionales de México (25), Long Island (23), and Louisville & Nashville (10), were all buying road locomotives with AR10 alternators throughout the 1970s, so the similarly equipped MP15AC was easily kept in good repair. 36 more units were sold to 8 other customers.

See also 
List of GM-EMD locomotives
List of GMD Locomotives
 EMD MP15AC photos at rrpicturearchives.net

References

External links
 Sarberenyi, Robert. EMD MP15DC, MP15AC, and MP15T Original Owners

B-B locomotives
MP15AC
MP15AC
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1975
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Standard gauge locomotives of Canada
Standard gauge locomotives of Mexico
Diesel–electric locomotives of Canada
Diesel–electric locomotives of Mexico
Shunting locomotives
Abutment. An abutment is the substructure at the ends of a bridge span or dam supporting its superstructure. Single-span bridges have abutments at each end that provide vertical and lateral support for the span, as well as acting as retaining walls to resist lateral movement of the earthen fill of the bridge approach. Multi-span bridges require piers to support ends of spans unsupported by abutments. Dam abutments are generally the sides of a valley or gorge, but may be artificial in order to support arch dams such as Kurobe Dam in Japan.

The civil engineering term may also refer to the structure supporting one side of an arch, or masonry used to resist the lateral forces of a vault. The impost or abacus of a column in classical architecture may also serve as an abutment to an arch.

The word derives from the verb "abut", meaning to "touch by means of a mutual border".

Use 
An abutment may be used to transfer loads from a superstructure to its foundation, to resist or transfer self weight, lateral loads (such as the earth pressure) and wind loads, to support one end of an approach slab, or to balance vertical and horizontal forces in an arch bridge.

Types

Types of abutments include:
 Gravity abutment, resists horizontal earth pressure with its own dead weight
 U abutment, U-shaped gravity abutment
 Cantilever abutment, cantilever retaining wall designed for large vertical loads
 Full height abutment, cantilever abutment that extends from the underpass grade line to the grade line of the overpass roadway
 Stub abutment, short abutments at the top of an embankment or slope, usually supported on piles
 Semi-stub abutment, size between full height and stub abutment
 Counterfort abutment, similar to counterfort retaining walls
 Spill-through abutment, vertical buttresses with open spaces between them
 MSE systems, "Reinforced Earth" system: modular units with metallic reinforcement
 Pile bent abutment, similar to spill-through abutment

References

External links

Ohio Department of Transportation
 Earthen Dam

Bridges
Civil engineering
Dams
Foundations (buildings and structures)
Bridge components
Rebate plane. The rebate plane (British English) or rabbet plane (American English) is a hand plane designed for cutting rebates/rabbets in wood. It is a simple tool used in many Western countries with hundreds of years of history. It was in use in England at least as early as the 11th century.

Description
The rebate plane is one of a group of planes, including the shoulder plane, bullnose plane, and carriage makers plane, in which the blade protrudes by a very small amount—usually less than half a millimetre—from the sides of the plane body on both sides. It is a hand plane designed for cutting rebates/rabbets in wood. The blade is slightly wider than the body of the plane. The reason for the slight protrusion of the blade is so that the plane body does not bind on the side of the cut, which would result in the side wall of the rabbet not being perpendicular to the bottom.

The rebate plane commonly has a depth stop and a fence, which allows the width and depth of the rabbet to be gauged. They also are commonly equipped with a spur, which is designed to score the wood as the rabbet is cut, giving a cleaner corner. This is particularly valuable when working across the grain.

Use
Rebate planes are intended for long grain cutting and are generally set up to remove large amounts of material quickly. The mouth is set quite coarsely to allow large chips to be removed.

Variations
There are a few variations of this plane, including the duplex rebate plane, which has two locations for the blade: one in the middle of the body for normal cutting and one at the front to allow cutting into corners. In the latter mode, the duplex rebate plane is similar to a bullnose plane.

References

Planes
Kunihiko Iwadare. was a Japanese businessman. A graduate of the Imperial College of Engineering (Kobu Daigaku) in Tokyo, he worked as a telegraph engineer for the Japanese government.

Biography 
Iwadare left Japan in 1886 and traveled to New York. He was introduced to Charles Batchelor, an assistant of Thomas Edison. Iwadare was hired to work in an Edison facility in Manhattan at Goerck Street. Iwadare was transferred to Edison Machine Works in Schenectady, New York in January 1887.  

Iwadare returned to Japan, hoping to participate in building the electrical industry in Japan. He first joined Osaka Dento (Osaka Electric Lamp Company) as an electrical engineer, and after eight years resigned from his post to start his own business as a general sales agent in Japan for General Electric and Western Electric companies.  

In 1895, Western Electric wished to expand their telephone equipment sales business in Japan and proposed a limited partnership with Iwadare. Their representative was Walter Tenney Carleton.  Iwadare accepted the proposal and a new firm was created in August, 1898.  In 1899, changes to treaties between Japan and Western countries went into effect.  The limited partnership created in 1898 was restructured into the joint stock company, Nippon Electric Co. Ltd.  Western Electric held 54% of the stock. Iwadare was named managing director of what is now known as  NEC Corporation.  He became chairman of the board in 1926.

Footnotes

References
NEC Corporation, NEC Corporation, The First 80 Years, 1984, .
Mark Mason, Foreign Direct Investment and Japanese Economic Development, 1899-1931, BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC HISTORY, Second Series, Volume Sixteen, 1987.

External links
Kibataro Oki, Pioneer of Telecommunications Industry

Japanese businesspeople
NEC people
1857 births
1941 deaths
Altaite. Altaite, or lead telluride, is a yellowish white mineral with an isometric crystal structure. Altaite is in the galena group of minerals as it shares many of properties of galena. Altaite has an unusually high density for a light-colored mineral. Altaite and other rare tellurides are classified in the sulfide mineral class (Dana classification).

Altaite was discovered in 1845 in the Altai Mountains. Besides these mountains altaite can also be found in Zyryanovsk, Kazakhstan; the Ritchie Creek Deposit in Price County, Wisconsin; the Koch-Bulak gold deposit in Kazakhstan; Moctezuma, Mexico; and Coquimbo, Chile among other locations.

See also
List of minerals

References

Lead minerals
Telluride minerals
Galena group
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 225
Minerals described in 1845
Bentwood. Bentwood objects are made by wetting wood (either by soaking or by steaming), then bending it and letting it harden into curved shapes and patterns.

Furniture-makers often use this method in the production of rocking chairs, cafe chairs, and other light furniture. The iconic No. 14 chair (also known as the "Vienna chair"), developed in the 1850s in the Austrian Empire by Thonet, is a well-known design based on the technique. The process is in widespread use for making casual and informal furniture of all types, particularly seating and table forms. It is also a popular technique in the worldwide production of furniture with frames made of heavy cane, which is commonly imported into European and Western shops.

Bentwood boxes are a traditional item made by the First Nations people of the North American west coast including the Haida, Gitxsan, Tlingit, Tsimshian, Sugpiaq, Unangax, Yup'ik, Inupiaq and Coast Salish. These boxes are generally made out of one piece of wood that is steamed and bent to form a box. Traditional uses of the boxes varied - they included storage of food goods and of clothing, and for burial. They were often without decoration while others were decorated elaborately. Today many are made for collectors and can be purchased from museums, gift shops and online sites as well as directly commissioned from the artists.

The Aleut or Unangan people of Alaska made hunting visors, called chagudax, out of driftwood using the bentwood method. Hunters in kayaks used the visors - they are said to help keep sea spray off the face as well as to improve hearing. They were often decorated with paints, beads, sea-lion whiskers and ivory figurines. Andrew Gronholdt revived the art of chagudax in the 1980s. Present-day Unangan artists create chagudax for ceremonial purposes and offer them for sale to the public as well.

See also 
 Ercol
 Lucian Ercolani
 Twig work
 First Nations art
 Shaker-style pantry box
 Steam bending

References

External links

AllWoodwork.com – Methods of Bending Wood
FineWoodWorking.com – Skills and Techniques
Taylor's Classics – The History and Popularity of Bentwood Furniture
Thillmann Collection: The world's largest private collection of Thonet and bentwood furniture
Woodweb.com – Rx For Bending Wood: Dr. Gene Wengert offers advice on bending solid lumber in production applications

Decorative arts
Woodworking
Change management auditing. Change management auditing is the process by which companies can effectively manage change within their information technology systems. Changes to computer software must be monitored in order to reduce the risk of data loss, corruption, malware, errors, and security breaches.

Change risks
Proper change control auditing can lower the following risks:
 Security features of the network turn off.
 Harmful code is distributed to users.
 Sensitive data is lost or becomes insecure.
 Financial report errors occur.

Control procedure
The following features are commonly part of a change management auditing procedure:
Change management procedures are formally documented and controlled.
Changes are requested in a formal process.
 Requests are recorded and stored for reference.
The effect of the requested change is assessed.Each change is assessed based on its projected effect to the computer system and business operations. The assessment is documented with the request.
 Priority is based on urgency, potential benefits, and the ease with which changes can be corrected.
Controls are imposed on changes.Changes are limited by automated or manual controls. In particular, unauthorized changes are periodically searched for.
An emergency change process is in place.Policies clearly define emergency changes. Generally, these are errors that significantly impair system function and business operations, increase the system's vulnerability, or both. Emergency changes override some, but not all, controls. For instance, a proposed change might be documented, but not permitted without authorization.
Change documentation is periodically updated.
Maintenance tasks and changes are recorded.
Controls are applied to new software releases.For security, new software releases often require controls such as back ups, version control, and a secure implementation.
Software distribution is assessed for compliance.Software distribution is assessed for compliance with license agreements. Noncompliance can have disastrous financial and legal results.
Changes are submitted for approval.Proposed changes are submitted for approval after auditors have reviewed the required resources, other changes, the effect, urgency, and the system's stability.
Duties are separatedResponsibility for creation, approval, and application are assigned to different personnel to avoid undesired changes.
Changes are reviewed.Changes are monitored to assess the efficacy of change management policies.

See also
 Change management
 Information technology audit
 Information technology audit - operations

References

External links
 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
 Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA)

Information technology management
Marcel J. E. Golay. Marcel Jules Edouard Golay (; May 3, 1902 – April 27, 1989) was a Swiss mathematician, physicist, and information theorist, who applied mathematics to real-world military and industrial problems. He was born in Neuchâtel, Switzerland.

Career
Golay studied electrical engineering at the Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology) in Zürich.  He joined Bell laboratories in New York City in 1924, spending four years there. He received a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Chicago in 1931.

Golay then joined the US Army Signal Corps, eventually rising to the post of Chief Scientist. He was based mostly in Fort Monmouth, New Jersey. He developed an IR "radar" based on its Golay Detector, the SCR-268T specifically designed to the detection of vessels (S/S Normandie was detected at its inaugural crossing). The SCR-268 (using Barkausen vacuum tubes) and the SCR-268T were to work together. However the 268T, only used in the Pacific theater was abandoned before the end of the war.

Between 1955 and 1963, Golay was a consultant for Philco Corporation of Philadelphia, PA, and the Perkin-Elmer Corporation of Norwalk, Connecticut. In 1963, Golay joined the Perkin-Elmer company full-time as senior research scientist. Golay worked on many problems, including gas chromatography and optical spectroscopy. It was during this period when he patented an Analysis of Images, for two-dimensional parallel data processing, and worked to develop the idea, called Golay Logic for Optical Pattern Recognition along with Kendall Preston, Philip Norgren, David Dacava and Joseph Carvalko, Jr. He remained with Perkin-Elmer for the rest of his life.

Achievements
Discoverer of the famous binary and ternary Golay codes, which are perfect error-correcting codes that generalize the Hamming code. They were used in the Voyager probes, and led to advances in the theory of finite groups.
Co-author with Abraham Savitzky of the Savitzky–Golay filter. 
Inventor of the Golay cell, a type of infrared detector.
He introduced complementary sequences. Those are pairs of binary sequences whose autocorrelation functions add up to zero for all non-zero time shifts. Today they are used in various WiFi and 3G standards.
He introduced the theory of dispersion in open tubular columns (capillary columns) and demonstrated their efficacy at the Second International Symposium on Gas Chromatography at Amsterdam in 1958.

Significant bibliography

References

External links
 Bibliography of writings by and about Marcel Golay, including awards. Compiled by his daughter, Nona Golay Bloomer (2007). 
 Reprints of papers are in the Archives of the Science History Institute: 

1902 births
1989 deaths
Swiss mathematicians
20th-century American engineers
American information theorists
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
United States Army officers
20th-century American mathematicians
University of Chicago alumni
ETH Zurich alumni
Swiss emigrants to the United States
20th-century Swiss engineers
CodeWright. 

CodeWright is a Windows Programmers Editing System for software developers originally marketed by Premia Corp. (Beaverton, Oregon) and developed by Premia co-founders Eric Johnson and Don Kinzer, initially released in 1991. Premia was acquired in April 2000 by Starbase Corp. which was itself acquired in January 2003 by Borland.

CodeWright can be configured to work with other integrated development environment (IDE) systems, and synchronize with IDEs on the fly. Support for version control systems, compilers, error files is available. The editor can be extended via DLLs.

Overview
CodeWright was a crossover product at a critical time in the history of Windows. A popular editor for programmers at the time was Brief, a DOS-only product that was valuable due to its early-day EMACS-like features, especially split-screen and extensive macro capability.

Much as being Brief-like was an advantage in the DOS and early Windows era, by 2000 having "CodeWright editing features" was a marketing advantage. Since the makers of Brief were not moving to a Windows-based editor, that left it to other parties.

CodeWright was the first Windows editor that offered equivalent or better facilities as Brief, and would even emulate Brief. Additionally, CodeWright arrived at the same time as hardware graphics acceleration was arriving for Windows, removing at a stroke one of the biggest obstacles to the use of Windows, the slow redraw times that made quickly browsing through large code bases difficult or impossible in Windows.

Despite its wide initial popularity, CodeWright would be eclipsed rapidly by a growing number of IDEs available for Windows, which offered similar features as CodeWright, and typically were better integrated to the specific language at hand.

Features
CodeWright is project-based. Within projects one can define and load everything and also make use of Microsoft Visual Studio libraries (or .Net) and the Java Class Libraries. Features such as Syntax Highlighting and Code completion can be readily changed.

It also enables extending the IDE by writing CodeWright-specific API scripts, Visual Basic scripts and Perl scripts.

CodeWright Fusion
The company's Fusion product, introduced mid-1990s, existed as both 16- and 32-bit versions, in support of programmers doing C++ development.

Discontinuation
Borland is no longer renewing support contracts and is no longer engaging in new development.

CodeWright was acquired by Embarcadero Technologies as part CodeGear from Borland in 2008. CodeWright is currently sold by Embarcadero Technologies.

References

External links
 Archive copy of the Open Letter to CodeWright Customers
 CodeWrite extension repository

Integrated development environments
Amalgamated Engineering Union (Australia). The Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU), originally known as the Amalgamated Society of Engineers, was an Australian trade union which existed between 1852 and 1973. It represented engineers, as well as some other metal trades workers.

History
The first Australian branch of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers was formed in Sydney in 1852 by 27 members of the British union who had emigrated to Australia following a lockout in Britain. While the Australian section was the first overseas branch of the union to be formed, several others were established over the course of the 19th century, including in Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and the United States.

In 1890 a breakaway group formed the Australasian Society of Engineers, dissatisfied with the union being controlled from Britain. The ASE was to continue to operate in parallel to the AEU throughout its history, and the two organisations were bitter rivals in organising engineering workers.

In 1921, following the amalgamation of the parent ASE union with several smaller British engineering unions, the Society was renamed the Amalgamated Engineering Union. In February 1938 the Australian branch was deregistered, but was re-established later the same year, to be known as the Amalgamated Engineering Union (Australian Section). In 1969 the Australian branch separated from its British parent union, forming an autonomous union known simply as the Amalgamated Engineering Union (AEU). In 1972 the union began amalgamating with the Sheet Metal Working Industrial Union of Australia, the Boilermakers and Blacksmiths' Society of Australia and the Federated Jewellers, Watchmakers and Allied Trades Union of Australia. Between 1976 and 1983, this new union was called the Amalgamated Metal Workers & Shipwrights Union, before becoming the Amalgamated Metal Workers' Union (AMWU).

Constitutional Law
The ASE was famous for its involvement in the landmark 1920 High Court of Australia case, Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co. Ltd., more popularly known as the Engineers' case, which overturned the doctrine of implied intergovernmental immunities, significantly altering the balance of power in Australian federalism.

References

Engineering trade unions
Defunct trade unions of Australia
1852 establishments in Australia
1938 disestablishments in Australia
Trade unions established in 1852
Trade unions disestablished in 1938
Trade unions disestablished in 1972