omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
National Rivers Authority. The National Rivers Authority (NRA) was one of the forerunners of the Environment Agency of England and Wales, existing between 1989 and 1996.

Before 1989 the regulation of the aquatic environment had largely been carried out by the ten regional water authorities (RWAs). The RWAs were responsible for the supply and distribution of drinking water, sewerage and sewage disposal, land drainage and flood risk management, fisheries, water quality management, pollution prevention, water resource management and many aspects of the management of aquatic ecology and some aspects of recreation. With the passing of the Water Act 1989, the ten water authorities in England and Wales were privatised by flotation on the stock market. They took the water supply, sewerage and sewage disposal activities into the privatised companies. The remaining duties remained with the newly created National Rivers Authority.

The assets and the staff of the RWAs were divided up at privatisation between the new water companies and the NRA. However, all the assets relating to water supply reservoirs were transferred to the newly created private water companies, even in those cases where there were strong recreational and fisheries interests in the reservoirs. Complex charging arrangements were also put in place whereby the newly created companies paid abstraction charges to the NRA for water removed from surface and ground waters but the NRA then had to pay to have such waters released into rivers. In circumstances where reservoirs had been built to control river flow and thus independently support drinking water abstractions, this could entail the NRA paying out more to have the water released than it had charged for its abstraction.  It also meant that some releases of water from reservoirs, which in the past had been made principally for ecological or recreational interests, were now made with economic interests as the principal driver.

The logo of the NRA was a stylised image of a salmon in a circle of water, sometimes frivolously referred to by the staff of the NRA as the washing machine.

The chair of the NRA throughout its existence was Lord Crickhowell.

In 1996, the NRA ceased to exist when it was subsumed into the Environment Agency, together with HMIP Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Pollution (HMIP) and the local authority waste regulation functions. Its duties in Wales passed to Natural Resources Wales in 2013.

References

Water management authorities in the United Kingdom
Environmental organisations based in the United Kingdom
Water supply and sanitation in England and Wales
1989 establishments in the United Kingdom
1996 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Government agencies established in 1989
Government agencies disestablished in 1996
Manindra Agrawal. Manindra Agrawal (born 20 May 1966) is an Indian computer scientist and director of Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. He is also a professor at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur. He was the recipient of the first Infosys Prize for Mathematics, the Godel Prize in 2006; and the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Mathematical Sciences in 2003. He has been honoured with Padma Shri, India's 4th highest civilian award, in 2013.

Career
He created the AKS primality test with Neeraj Kayal and Nitin Saxena, for which he and his co-authors won the 2006 Fulkerson Prize, and the 2006 Gödel Prize. He was also awarded 2002 Clay Research Award for this work. The test is the first unconditional deterministic algorithm to test an n-digit number for primality in a time that has been proven to be polynomial in n.

In September 2008, Agrawal was chosen for the first Infosys Mathematics Prize for outstanding contributions in the broad field of mathematics. He also served on the Mathematical Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize in 2014 and 2015. He was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in 2003-04.

Agarwal served as the Deputy Director of IIT Kanpur from 2017 to 2021. 

On, 19 April 2024 he was appointed as the Director of IIT Kanpur.

Awards and honors

 Clay Research Award (2002) 
 S S Bhatnagar Prize in Mathematical Sciences (2003)
 ICTP Prize (2003) 
 Fulkerson Prize (2006) 
 Gödel Prize (2006)
 Infosys Prize (2008)
 G.D. Birla Award for Scientific Research (2009)
 TWAS Prize in Mathematics (2010)
 Padma Shri (2013)
 Goyal Prize (2017)

References

External links
 Homepage
 Blog report

Living people
1966 births
Clay Research Award recipients
Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India
Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy
Gödel Prize laureates
Indian computer scientists
IIT Kanpur alumni
Academic staff of IIT Kanpur
Institute for Advanced Study visiting scholars
Indian number theorists
People from Kanpur
Recipients of the Padma Shri in science & engineering
21st-century Indian mathematicians
20th-century Indian mathematicians
TWAS laureates
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Mathematical Science
Theoretical computer scientists
Texture memory. Texture memory is a type of digital storage that makes texture data readily available to video rendering processors (also known as GPUs), typically 3D graphics hardware. It was sometimes implemented as specialized RAM (TRAM) that is designed for rapid reading and writing, enabling the graphics hardware increased performance in rendering 3D imagery. Modern GPUs have one kind of RAM for all kinds of buffers, although textures might still have a dedicated cache.

Larger amounts of texture memory allow for more detailed scenes.

Computer memory
AIM-26 Falcon. The AIM-26 Falcon was a larger, more powerful version of the AIM-4 Falcon air-to-air missile built by Hughes. It is the only guided American air-to-air missile with a nuclear warhead to be produced; the unguided AIR-2 Genie rocket was also nuclear-armed.

Development 
Starting in 1956 Hughes Electronics began the development of an enlarged version of the GAR-1D Falcon that would carry a nuclear warhead. It was intended to provide a sure kill in attacks on Soviet heavy bomber aircraft, at a time when guided missiles were not accurate enough to produce high-probability kills with small conventional warheads. The original development was for semi-active radar homing and heat-seeking versions based on the conventional GAR-1/GAR-2 weapons, under the designations GAR-5 and GAR-6, respectively. The original program was cancelled.

The program was revived in 1959, now under the name GAR-11. It entered service in 1961, carried by Air Defense Command F-102 Delta Dagger interceptors. It used a radar proximity fuze and semi-active radar homing. The GAR-11 used a sub-kiloton (250 ton) yield W54 warhead shared with the "Davy Crockett" M388 recoilless rifle projectile, rather than the larger W25 warhead of the AIR-2 Genie.

Out of concern for the problems inherent in using nuclear weapons over friendly territory, a conventional version, the GAR-11A, was developed, using a  explosive warhead.

Conventional warhead 
As part of a wider Army/Navy/Air Force renaming project, in 1963 the weapon was redesignated AIM-26. The nuclear version became the AIM-26A, the conventional model the AIM-26B. From 1970 to 1972 the nuclear warheads of the AIM-26A weapons were rebuilt for the nuclear version of the AGM-62 Walleye TV guided bomb.

The AIM-26 saw little widespread use in American service, retiring in 1972. The conventional AIM-26B was exported to Switzerland as the HM-55, where it was used on Swiss Mirage IIIS fighters. The AIM-26B was produced under license (and modified) in Sweden as the Rb 27, arming Saab Draken J-35F and 35J fighters. It was retired in 1998. When Finland bought Drakens, the license-manufactured Swedish Falcons were included.

Specifications (GAR-11/AIM-26A) 
 Length: 
 Wingspan: 
 Diameter: 
 Weight: 
 Speed: Mach 2
 Range: 
 Guidance: semi-active radar homing
 Warhead: W54 nuclear, explosive yield 250 t TNT equivalent

Surviving Examples 

Below is an incomplete list of museums which have an AIM-26 in their collection:
Museum of Aviation, Warner Robins, Georgia (AIM-26 A)
National Museum of Naval Aviation, Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida (AIM-26 A)
DVHAA Historical Aircraft Museum, Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Willow Grove, Pennsylvania (AIM-26 A)
 Suomen ilmavoimamuseo / Finnish Air Force Museum, Finland (AIM-26 B / RB 27)
 Robotmuseum / Robot Museum Arboga, Sweden (AIM-26 B / RB 27)
 Västerås Flygmuseum / Västerås Aviation Museum Västerås, Sweden (AIM-26 B / RB 27)

See also 
 W54 Warhead
 List of missiles
 Related Development
 AIM-4 Falcon
 GAR-9 / AIM-47 Falcon
 AIM-54 Phoenix

References 

Nuclear anti-aircraft weapons
AIM-026
Military equipment introduced in the 1960s
Swedish Air Force
General Motors Hy-wire. The Hy-wire (Hydrogen drive-by-wire) is a concept car from General Motors originally introduced in January 2002. The car runs on hydrogen fuel cells and uses a drive-by-wire system, meaning that the car is controlled electronically. GM asked school children to name the car, and one of them suggested "Hy-wire".

In 2003, General Motors stated that it was confident that it could produce a commercially viable model by 2010.

Design 
Due to hydrogen fuel cell drive system used by the Hy-wire, the conventional car layout has been revamped.  Without the need for a conventional engine block and transmission system coupled to the steering column and pedals through mechanical linkage, the car's power system and single electric motor are built into a flat skateboard configuration.  This serves to lower the car's center of gravity, but more importantly to standardize vehicle drive train systems.  Because all propulsion and energy storage systems are housed in the skateboard, designers are free to arrange the passenger compartment however they see fit.  This allows for highly flexible modular vehicle configurations such as a 4-door sedan, mini van, or even a small bus to be placed on the same drive system, with the only difference being the shape of the car's upper body and the location of seats.  The skateboard itself contains crumple zones similar to those in conventional automobiles.

Driver interface 
The car's drive-by-wire system coupled with cameras instead of mirrors and multiple LCD displays for feedback to the driver theoretically allows the driver's seat to be located anywhere; however, most current designs still favor the driver in front of or beside the other passengers for maximum visibility. The coupling of the controls to the drive system means neither the driver's seat nor the steering and throttle controls must be fixed in place.  For example, the 2003 concept model has a single control interface that can be operated from either the right or left front seats, and the 2004 concept design places the two front seats on a rotating platform which allows the driver and passenger seats to be swapped or the driver to sit in front of the passenger for greater flexibility.

Powerplant
The Hy-wire is powered by a fuel cell capable of producing 94 kilowatts of power continuously and up to 129 kilowatts for short periods.  The fuel cell itself is supplied with hydrogen from 3 tanks of compressed hydrogen located in the chassis.  With its three-phase electric motor the 1,814 kg (4,000 lb) vehicle has a top speed of 160 km/h (100 mph).

See also 
 General Motors Sequel
 List of fuel cell vehicles
 Zero-emissions vehicle
 Video of Hy-wire in operation by Top Gear

References

Hydrogen cars
Fuel cell vehicles
Hy-wire
AeroVironment RQ-14 Dragon Eye. The AeroVironment RQ-14 Dragon Eye is a small reconnaissance miniature UAV developed by the Naval Research Laboratory and the Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory for use by the United States Marine Corps. It was designed to provide reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA) for the USMC company, platoon, and squad levels. It can provide this to around  in its vicinity.

Design and development

It is a tailless design with a rectangular wing and twin props. It is designed to fit into a backpack, with a weight of  and a span of . It can be launched by hand or using a store-bought bungee cord. It also uses a break-apart system to increase durability—parts of the plane break apart instead of shattering and can be reattached later or replaced with new parts. It has a GPS-INS-based waypoint navigation system.

The operator monitors Dragon Eye operation through "video goggles" connected to a laptop computer. The control system weighs about .

The Dragon Eye aircraft is used primarily for scouting urban areas, and is especially useful in urban assaults. Its camera, when used with a trained Marine, can be used to spot enemies without alerting them to the UAV's presence.

The production contract for Dragon Eye was awarded to AeroVironment in 2003, and over 1000 aircraft were built before the Marines switched over to another UCAV of AeroVironment (RQ-11 Raven B) for the remainder of the Dragon Eye production contract.

The Dragon Eye has been used in Iraq, post-invasion, from 2003–present.

General characteristics

References

External links

 AeroVironment Dragon Eye 
 Project description - from U.S. Joint Forces Command.
 Dragoneye Update
 Mini and Micro UAVs
 AeroVironment, Inc.

Q-14R
Airborne military robots
2000s United States military reconnaissance aircraft
Unmanned military aircraft of the United States
Aircraft first flown in 2001
High-wing aircraft
Electric aircraft
Twin-engined tractor aircraft
Schmutzdecke. Schmutzdecke (German, "dirt cover" or dirty skin, sometimes wrongly spelled schmutzedecke) is a hypogeal biological layer formed on the surface of a slow sand filter and a form of periphyton. The schmutzdecke is the layer that provides the effective purification in potable water treatment, the underlying sand providing the support medium for this biological treatment layer.

The composition of any particular schmutzdecke varies, but will typically consist of a gelatinous biofilm matrix of bacteria, fungi, protozoa, rotifera and a range of aquatic insect larvae. As a schmutzdecke ages, more algae tend to develop, and larger aquatic organisms may be present including some bryozoa, snails and annelid worms.

References

Environmental soil science
Mycology
Water treatment
German words and phrases
Glide. Glide may refer to:
 Gliding flight, to fly without thrust

Computing
Glide API, a 3D graphics interface
Glide OS, a web desktop
Glide (software), an instant video messenger
 Glide (docking), a molecular docking software by Schrödinger

Flight and movement
 A measure used by Innova Discs, to evaluate flying disc performance
 Bacterial gliding, a form of motility in biology

Music
 Glide (album), a 2008 album by Jerry Douglas
 Glide, stage name of guitarist Will Sergeant
 "Glide", a song by the jam band Phish from their 1992 album A Picture of Nectar
 "Glide", a song by Stone Temple Pilots from their album No. 4
 Glide (music synthesis), a musical synthesizer parameter equivalent to portamento

Organizations
 Glide FM, independent local radio station broadcasting from Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
 Glide Memorial Church, San Francisco, California, United States
 Glide Foundation, a charitable foundation of Glide Memorial Church

Products
 Glide (automobile) (1902–1920), manufactured by the Bartholomew Company
 Oral-B Glide, a dental floss that before its acquisition by Procter & Gamble was known simply as "Glide Floss"
 Glide, a Pillow Pal dolphin made by Ty, Inc.

Other uses
 Glide, in linguistics, a synonym for semivowel
 Glide (Martian crater)
 Glide, Oregon, census-designated place in the United States
 Glide High School, Glide, Oregon, United States
 Glide reflection, a geometrical transformation
 USS Glide

See also
 Glider (disambiguation)
 Gliding (disambiguation)
 The Glide (disambiguation)
Dragon Runner. Dragon Runner is a military robot built for urban combat.  At 20 pounds (9 kg) it is light enough to be carried and thrown. The original project was funded by the United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory in conjunction with Carnegie Mellon University.  It was designed at Carnegie Mellon University while the electronics and thermoplastic shell is developed and made by QinetiQ, Inc.  Early development was conducted by the United States Naval Research Laboratory, including initial design, production and field-testing.

Technical details 
The robot has four wheels, is 15 inches (38 cm) long, less than a foot wide, and 5 inches (13 cm) in height. The robot is very rugged, and can be thrown over fences, up or down stairwells, from a moving vehicle at 45 miles per hour (70 km/h), or even from a third-story window. It does not matter how it lands because neither side is the right side up. However, it was not designed to drive up or down stairs on its own. Instead, Dragon Runner was designed so that it could be carried up the stairway.

In January 2010, under a contract worth £12m with QinetiQ, around 100 Dragon Runners were ordered by the British army to improve the ability of bomb disposal experts to find and deactivate improvised explosive devices on the front line in Afghanistan. The first in use were then already proving its worth against the threat of roadside bombs.

Use
Dragon Runner is designed for areas that are too dangerous for or inaccessible by human soldiers, particularly urban terrain.  Dragon Runner's front-mounted, tilting camera provides a video feed that is relayed back to its master controller by a wireless modem.  It provides soldiers with a view around corners and other obstructions that prevent them from seeing hidden enemies.

Dragon Runner can be operated in three different modes:    
Drive Mode: The robot drives around, transmitting images back to the operator.
Sentry Mode: Dragon Runner remains stationary, using a microphone and sensors that can detect motion up to  away. If it detects something, it will alert the operator.
Watch Mode: The robot remains motionless and relays images back to the operator.
Modifications include flippers that enable it to climb stairs and treads that can all be snapped on quickly and easily in the field by a soldier with no tools.

References

External links

 Dragon Runner at QinetiQ North America Website
 Legacy Automatika Website
 CMU's snooping robot going to Iraq 
 Dragon Runner at Global Security Website
 Dragon Runner at Defense Review Website
 2005 US Navy Press Release including Dragon Runner 

Unmanned ground combat vehicles
Robots of the United States
Four-wheeled robots
2000s robots
British Army equipment
China Airlines Flight 358. China Airlines Flight 358 was a Boeing 747-2R7F/SCD freighter that crashed on December 29, 1991, shortly after takeoff from Chiang Kai-shek International Airport near Taipei, Taiwan.  All five crew members were killed.

Aircraft 
The aircraft was a Boeing 747-2R7F/SCD, built in September 1980 for Cargolux as the City of Esch-sur-Alzette, registration LX-ECV, MSN 22390. It was acquired by China Airlines in June 1985 was given its registration of B-198. It had been in service for 11 years, 3 months. The aircraft had clocked a total of 45,868 hours of flight time during its time in service. The last A-check maintenance had occurred on 21 December 1991, and the aircraft had accumulated 74 hours of flight time since that point.

The aircraft was the same one involved in the China Airlines Flight 334 hijacking on 3 May 1986.

Accident 
Several minutes after takeoff, the crew reported problems with the #2 engine, prompting Taipei air traffic control (ATC) to vector the flight into a left turn to return to the airport. Approximately two minutes later, the crew reported that they were unable to turn left, and ATC approved a right-hand turn instead. This was the last radio contact made by the crew. The crew lost control of the aircraft and it struck a hill, right wing first, near Wanli, Taipei. The crash occurred at approximately 3:05 p.m, at an altitude of . All five crew members died in the crash, and there were no injuries on the ground.

Investigation 
The subsequent investigation revealed that the number 3 engine and its pylon had separated from the aircraft and struck the number 4 engine, breaking it off the wing as well. A more detailed investigation revealed that the pylon midspar fittings, which attach the pylon to the lower portion of the wing front spar, had failed.  The search for the number 3 engine and its pylon, which landed in the sea, took several months.

Information from the investigation of this crash and the nearly identical crash of El Al Flight 1862 ten months later resulted in Boeing ordering pylon modifications to every 747 in use.

See also
 American Airlines Flight 191 – another accident that also crashed due to engine detachment caused by maintenance error
 China Airlines Flight 611 – another 747-200 that also crashed shortly after take off from Taipei in 2002

References

Airliner accidents and incidents caused by in-flight structural failure
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by mechanical failure
Airliner accidents and incidents caused by maintenance errors
Accidents and incidents involving cargo aircraft
Accidents and incidents involving the Boeing 747
Aviation accidents and incidents in 1991
Aviation accidents and incidents in Taiwan
358
December 1991 events in Asia
1991 in Taiwan
Airliner accidents and incidents involving in-flight engine separations
1991 disasters in Taiwan
NaviDrive. The NaviDrive system is a voice-activated radio, CD player, telephone, and navigation system (GPS) all in one unit, assembled in Citroën (Citroën C8, C6, C5, C4 and C3) and Peugeots vehicles. It includes a special function for reading back incoming text messages and dedicated buttons for dialling up the emergency or recovery services (to whom it can indicate the car position).

Functions
Its main functions and characteristics are:

- monochrome or 7" color screen

- Complete GPS Navigation system

- Radio, CD player with MP3 and CD changer for 6 CDs

- Integrated GSM dual band handsfree telephone

- Text-to-speech (reading of SMS messages)

- Voice recognition ("guide to John",...)

- Real-time traffic information (RDS-TMC)

Incident response
In certain countries (France, Germany, Spain, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg), in the case of an accident (by pressing a button or automatically when an airbag deploys), this system sends a text message containing the exact GPS position of the vehicle followed by a voice call to a special telephonic assistance platform which receives the position and the voice call. This platform determines the kind of urgency (medical, accident, fire,...) by asking a few questions and sends the appropriate emergency services to the exact location of the vehicle.

See also
 Citroën
 On-Star

Navigational equipment
Global Positioning System