omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sunbeam Sikh. The Sunbeam Sikh was a large slow running V-12 piston engine, intended to power airships, under development at the time of the Armistice.

Design and development
At the end of the First World War there was an expectation that Britain would continue the development of airships to provide air travel throughout the British Empire. To power the expected airships Louis Coatalen designed the large Sikh V-12 engine delivering  at only 1,400 rpm, from 64.13 litre (3,913 in3) displacement in a 60-degree V12 configuration, with six valves per cylinder operated by rockers actuated by overhead camshafts.

Bench testing of this impressive engine began in 1919, passing Air Ministry acceptance tests in time for one to be displayed at the 1919 Paris Aero Salon and the 1920 Olympia Aero Show where it generated much interest, due to its size, but no production orders. Competition to power what little airship production there was came from the Rolls-Royce Condor and the Napier Cub. Development work continued till the engine produced  by 1923.

To power smaller airships or Blimps, Coatalen used one cylinder bank to create the Sikh II aka Semi-Sikh, a straight six-cylinder developing 400 to 425 hp (298 to 317 kW) @ 1,400 rpm. As with the Sikh, the market for airship engines dried up after the war, so no production Sikh II engines were built.

In the late 1920s large airships were in favour again, so Coatalen revised the Sikh and developed the Sunbeam Sikh III for the R100 and R101 airship families. Retaining the bore, stroke and displacement of the earlier engine, detail refinements included five valves per cylinder and enclosed valve-gear. The Sikh III was displayed at the 1929 Olympia Aero Show, generating interest due to its large size, weight and power. After the R101 disaster the large Empire airships were abandoned, and the airship market for Sunbeam engines disappeared for a second time, leaving the Sikh III with no orders.

No Sikh engines of any version were sold.

Variants
Sikh
The original 800 hp airship engine intended for use by airships to be developed after the war, which were cancelled.
Sikh II
Following his previous practise Coatalen developed a straight six version of the Sikh, using a single bank of cylinders. Also intended for airships to be developed after the war, the Sikh II was cancelled when the airships did not materialise.(32.1L / 1,957 in3)
Semi-Sikh
Alternative name for the Sikh II.
Sikh III
In the late 1920s, renewed interest in airships, which spawned the Empire Airship programme, also encouraged development of engines to power the airships with. The Sikh III was one of these; closely following the Sikh in construction, major differences included two inlet valves instead of three and enclosed valve-gear.

Specification (Sikh III)

References

Bibliography
 Brew, Alec. Sunbeam Aero-Engines. Airlife Publishing. Shrewsbury.

External links

 

Sikh
1920s aircraft piston engines
Airship engines
V12 aircraft engines
Enhanced permeability and retention effect. The enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect is a controversial concept by which molecules of certain sizes (typically liposomes, nanoparticles, and macromolecular drugs) tend to accumulate in tumor tissue much more than they do in normal tissues. The general explanation that is given for this phenomenon is that, in order for tumor cells to grow quickly, they must stimulate the production of blood vessels. VEGF and other growth factors are involved in cancer angiogenesis. Tumor cell aggregates as small as 150–200 μm, start to become dependent on blood supply carried out by neovasculature for their nutritional and oxygen supply. These newly formed tumor vessels are usually abnormal in form and architecture. They are poorly aligned defective endothelial cells with wide fenestrations, lacking a smooth muscle layer, or innervation with a wider lumen, and impaired functional receptors for angiotensin II. Furthermore, tumor tissues usually lack effective lymphatic drainage. All of these factors lead to abnormal molecular and fluid transport dynamics, especially for macromolecular drugs.  This phenomenon is referred to as the "enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect" of macromolecules and lipids in solid tumors. The EPR effect is further enhanced by many pathophysiological factors involved in enhancement of the extravasation of macromolecules in solid tumor tissues. For instance, bradykinin, nitric oxide / peroxynitrite, prostaglandins, vascular permeability factor (also known as vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF), tumor necrosis factor and others.  One factor that leads to the increased retention is the lack of lymphatics around the tumor region which would filter out such particles under normal conditions.

The EPR effect is usually employed to describe nanoparticle and liposome delivery to cancer tissue. One of many examples is the work regarding thermal ablation with gold nanoparticles.  Halas, West and coworkers have shown a possible complement to radiation and chemotherapy in cancer therapy, wherein once nanoparticles are at the cancer site they can be heated up in response to a skin penetrating near IR laser (Photothermal effect). This therapy has shown to work best in conjunction with chemotherapeutics or other cancer therapies. Although the EPR effect has been postulated to carry the nanoparticles and spread inside the cancer tissue, only a small percentage (0.7% median) of the total administered nanoparticle dose is usually able to reach a solid tumor.

See also
Hiroshi Maeda (chemist)

References

Oncology
1-Octadecene. 1-Octadecene is a long-chain hydrocarbon and an alkene with the molecular formula CH2=CH(CH2)15CH3.  It is one of many isomers of octadecene.  Classified as an alpha-olefin, 1-octadecene is the longest alkene that is liquid at room temperature.

Hydrosilation
Treatment of 1-octadecene with trichlorosilane in the presence of platinum catalysts gives octadecyltrichlorosilane.  Octadecene adds to hydrogen-terminated bulk silicon.

See also
 C18H36

References

Alkenes
Hydrocarbon solvents
Silver(I) selenide. Silver selenide (Ag2Se) is the reaction product formed when selenium toning analog silver gelatine photo papers in photographic print toning. The selenium toner contains sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) as one of its active ingredients, which is the source of the selenide (Se2−) anion combining with the silver in the toning process.

It is found in nature as the mineral naumannite, a comparatively rare silver mineral which has nevertheless become recognized as important silver compound in some low-sulfur silver ores from mines in Nevada and Idaho.

Structure
Silver selenide has two crystal phases on the bulk phase diagram. At lower temperatures, it has an orthorhombic structure, β-Ag2Se. This orthorhombic phase, stable at room temperature, is a narrow-gap semiconductor, with space group P212121. The exact size of the band gap has been given variously from 0.02 eV to 0.22 eV.

There is also a high temperature cubic phase, α-Ag2Se., which it transforms into at temperatures above 130 °C. This high temperature phase has space group Imm, No. 229, Pearson symbol cI20. The phase transition increases ionic conductivity by 10,000 times to about 2 S/cm.

A third metastable phase with a monoclinic structure and space group P21/n is known to form for colloidal AgSe nanocrystals. The crystal structure of this polymorph is highly related to the acanthite phase of silver sulfide. For AgSe, this polymorph is increasingly unstable for larger crystallites, which explains its absence on the bulk phase diagram. It is thought that the influence of the surface energy plays a role stabilizing this phase on the nanoscale, thus allowing its experimental isolation. Electronic structure calculations for this polymorph of AgSe suggest that it is a narrow-gap semiconductor, which is supported by experimental evidence as well. Prior to 2021, the crystal structure of this polymorph was unknown, and this material was informally referred to as a "tetragonal" or "pseudo-tetragonal" polymorph of AgSe. This terminology, while not technically correct, is prevalent in the literature pertaining to this metastable phase of AgSe.

References

Silver compounds
Selenides
Photographic chemicals
Silver subfluoride. Silver subfluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula Ag2F. This is an unusual example of a compound where the oxidation state of silver is fractional. The compound is produced by the reaction of silver and silver(I) fluoride:

Ag  +  AgF   →   Ag2F

It forms small crystals with a bronze reflex and is a good conductor of electricity. On contact with water almost instant hydrolysis occurs with the precipitation of silver (Ag) powder.

Crystal structure 
Ag2F adopts the anti-CdI2 crystal structure, i.e. the same structure as cadmium iodide, CdI2, but with "Ag½+" centres in the I− positions and F− in the Cd2+ positions. The shortest distance between silver atoms is 299.6 pm  (compared to  289 pm in the  metal).

References

Metal halides
Fluorides
Silver compounds
Silver azide. Silver azide is the chemical compound with the formula . It is a silver(I) salt of hydrazoic acid. It forms a colorless crystals. Like most azides, it is a primary explosive.

Structure and chemistry
Silver azide can be prepared by treating an aqueous solution of silver nitrate with sodium azide. The silver azide precipitates as a white solid, leaving sodium nitrate in solution.

X-ray crystallography shows that  is a coordination polymer with square planar  coordinated by four azide ligands. Correspondingly, each end of each azide ligand is connected to a pair of  centers. The structure consists of two-dimensional  layers stacked one on top of the other, with weaker Ag–N bonds between layers. The coordination of  can alternatively be described as highly distorted 4 + 2 octahedral, the two more distant nitrogen atoms being part of the layers above and below.

In its most characteristic reaction, the solid decomposes explosively, releasing nitrogen gas:

The first step in this decomposition is the production of free electrons and azide radicals; thus the reaction rate is increased by the addition of semiconducting oxides. Pure silver azide explodes at 340 °C, but the presence of impurities lowers this down to 270 °C. This reaction has a lower activation energy and initial delay than the corresponding decomposition of lead azide.

Safety

, like most heavy metal azides, is a dangerous primary explosive. Decomposition can be triggered by exposure to ultraviolet light or by impact. Ceric ammonium nitrate  is used as an oxidising agent to destroy  in spills.

See also
Silver nitride

References

Silver compounds
Azides
Explosive chemicals
Silver chlorate. Silver chlorate (AgClO3) forms white, tetragonal crystals.  Like all chlorates, it is water-soluble and an oxidizing agent. As a simple metal salt, it is a common chemical in basic inorganic chemistry experiments. It is light-sensitive, so it must be stored in tightly closed dark-coloured containers.

The substance exhibits blasting properties, therefore it is sometimes used as a primary explosive.

Silver(I) means silver is in its normal +1 oxidation state.

Production
Silver chlorate is produced by the reaction of silver nitrate with sodium chlorate to produce both silver chlorate and sodium nitrate.

Alternatively, it may be produced by the transmission of chlorine through a suspension of silver oxide.

See also

Silver chloride
Silver(I) fluoride
Silver(II) fluoride
Silver(I) nitrate

References

Chlorates
Silver compounds
Oxidizing agents
Silver iodate. Silver iodate (AgIO3) is a light-sensitive, white crystal composed of silver, iodine and oxygen. Unlike most metal iodates, it is practically insoluble in water.

Production
Silver iodate can be obtained by reacting silver nitrate (AgNO3) with sodium iodate or potassium iodate. The by-product of the reaction is sodium nitrate.

Alternatively, it can be created by the action of iodine in a solution of silver oxide.

Uses
Silver iodate is used to detect traces of chlorides in blood.

References

Iodates
Silver compounds
Oxidizing agents
Borland Enterprise Server. Borland Enterprise Server, also known as Borland Application Server or Borland Enterprise Satanas, was Borland's Java EE Application Server. The product was developed in 1999 within the team of former Visigenic company that was acquired by Borland in 1997. Borland's Java Studio was supposed to have BES and JBuilder tightly integrated, but in reality this integration never happened. BES suffered compatibility problems even with Borland's own products (JDataStore, OptimizeIt). The appearance of free commercial grade (and more mature) application servers, like JBoss, made BES unattractive and unable to really compete with the former.

References

Further reading
 

Borland software
Java enterprise platform
1999 software
Haskell-Baker Wetlands. The Haskell-Baker Wetlands (also known as the Baker Wetlands) is a nature preserve and artificially sustained wetland, spanning approximately  south of Lawrence, Kansas, United States. It is associated with the Wakarusa River and sustained by levees and flood controls built in the 1990s.

Baker University owns 573 acres, the major portion of the site; Haskell Indian Nations University holds 27 acres, and the Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks, and the University of Kansas hold 20 acres each. Baker University received its portion by a transfer from the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) in 1968. This area was formerly used for farming by settlers and later was purchased by Haskell to teach farming to its students and be self sustaining. When the school's functions changed, the Department of Interior transferred the property to the HEW, which declared it surplus. It was transferred via the General Services Administration and regular process to Baker University.

In 1969, the National Park Service declared the wetlands a National Natural Landmark. The wetlands support 413 documented species of vascular plant, 265 species of bird, and 61 additional vertebrate species.

Mitigation replacement and trail 
A proposal for completion of the South Lawrence Trafficway (SLT)—an extension of state highway K-10—through part of the Baker University campus affected part of the wetlands.

The plan to mitigate for lost wetlands, loss of pedestrian access, and highway noise was approved by the US Army Corps of Engineers, Kansas Department of Transportation, and Federal Highway Administration. Approximately 380 acres of man-made wetlands were developed adjacent to the site to fulfill this mitigation plan. The southern stretch of the Lawrence Loop, a 22-mile, multi-use, paved trail that encircles the City of Lawrence, was also constructed alongside the SLT as part of the mitigation plan.

See also 
 Kansas River
 Wakarusa River

References

External links 
 

Landforms of Douglas County, Kansas
Landmarks in Kansas
Lawrence, Kansas
Protected areas of Douglas County, Kansas
National Natural Landmarks in Kansas
Wetlands of Kansas
Tourist attractions in Lawrence, Kansas
Daniel Flickinger. Daniel N. Flickinger was an audio engineer in the late 1960s and 1970s, who designed and manufactured some of the era's most important music recording consoles.  He designed recording consoles for Sly Stone, Curtis Mayfield, The Association, Ike Turner's Bolic Sound,  Johnny Cash, and Funkadelic, Muscle Shoals Sound Studio, Cinderella Records, and United Sound Systems among many others.

Flickinger revolutionized recorded music through the sweepable EQ, an original equalization scheme. Many credit Flickinger with the first design of a working sweepable EQ, while others contend he was one of many who did important work in early EQ innovations. Either way, Flickinger's design of these EQ's would influence his circuit design, and the work of others worldwide.

Flickinger innovations
invention of the Parametric EQ.
invention of the first recording consoles with Parametric EQ in every channel.
development of the 'audio control surface' concept now in wide use in digital audio consoles.
invention of remote-controlled gain devices:  Remote-Gain Preamp.
development of modular bar graph illuminated metering, known as Level Lites.  Ubiquitous in consumer audio now in LED form.
invention of the first in-line recording console 
advancement of assorted equalization schemes.

Flickinger's work has since become highly esteemed among recording professionals; Steve Albini wrote "I will go to my deathbed claiming Flickinger consoles are the best sounding mixing desks ever made. Period."

Recording studios using Flickinger consoles
Studio Black Box (Noyant-la-Gravoyère, France)
Key Club Recording Company (Benton Harbor, Michigan)
Sonic Pharmacy  The Sonic Pharmacy acquired the Flickinger M32B console from Rock City Studios on Sept 6, 2014. (Houston, Texas)
Montrose Recording (Richmond, Virginia)
Cinderella Sound (Wayne Moss) (Madison, Tennessee)
Glaser Sound Studios (Nashville Tennessee)
Yuchen Studio (TAIPEI TAIWAN)
Paramount Studios (Chicago, Illinois)
Huron Street Studio (Chicago, Illinois)

References

Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Audio electrical engineers
Payne effect. The Payne effect is a particular feature of the stress–strain behaviour of rubber, especially rubber compounds containing fillers such as carbon black. It is named after the British rubber scientist A. R. Payne, who made extensive studies of the effect (e.g., Payne 1962). The effect is sometimes also known as the Fletcher-Gent effect, after the authors of the first study of the phenomenon (Fletcher & Gent 1953).

The effect is observed under cyclic loading conditions with small strain amplitudes, and is manifest as a dependence of the viscoelastic storage modulus on the amplitude of the applied strain. Above approximately 0.1% strain amplitude, the storage modulus decreases rapidly with increasing amplitude. At sufficiently large strain amplitudes (roughly 20%), the storage modulus approaches a lower bound. In that region where the storage modulus decreases the loss modulus shows a maximum. The Payne effect depends on the filler content of the material and vanishes for unfilled elastomers.

Physically, the Payne effect can be attributed to deformation-induced changes in the material's microstructure, i.e., to breakage and recovery of weak physical bonds linking adjacent filler clusters. Since the Payne effect is essential for the frequency and amplitude-dependent dynamic stiffness and damping behaviour of rubber bushings, automotive tires and other products, constitutive models to represent it have been developed in the past (e.g., Lion et al. 2003). Similar to the Payne effect under small deformations is the Mullins effect that is observed under large deformations.

See also
 Mullins effect

References

Rubber properties
Softsoap. Softsoap (marketed as Softsoap Brand) is the trade name of Colgate-Palmolive's liquid hand soap and body wash. The company is noted for its soap dispensers' former aquarium theme, where the dispenser would be styled to make it look like an aquarium with tropical fish printed inside the plastic.

William Sheppard of New York was granted patent number 49,561 for his "Improved Liquid Soap" on August 22, 1865, for his discovery that a small amount of conventional soap could be mixed with large amounts of spirits of ammonia (or hartshorn, as it was known at the time) to create a soap with a consistency similar to that of molasses. His invention became common in public areas but was not generally available for use in homes.

In 1980, entrepreneur Robert R. Taylor began selling pump soap under "Softsoap" through his company, The Minnetonka Corporation, located in Chaska, Minnesota. Within six months, he had sold $25 million worth of Softsoap before selling the brand to Colgate-Palmolive in 1987.

See also 
 Soft soap (disambiguation)

References

External links
 
 About.com blurb
 Source/Inc.

Colgate-Palmolive brands
Products introduced in 1980
Soap brands
S. "Sundi" Sundaresh. Subramanian "Sundi" Sundaresh is an engineering executive.

Education
Sundaresh holds a B'Tech degree in electrical engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, a MS degree in electrical engineering from Cornell University, and an MBA from The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania.

Career
S. "Sundi" Sundaresh held various positions at Hyundai Electronics, Hewlett-Packard, and National Semiconductor. 
He spent a number of years at Adaptec over two separate periods. Initially Sundaresh served in a number of positions at Adaptec, including corporate vice-president and general manager for the Personal I/O division and corporate vice president of worldwide marketing.

Sundaresh was president and CEO of Jetstream Communications in  July 1998 which pioneered voice over Internet Protocol technology. Jetstream ceased operations and assets were sold to Paradyne Networks in April 2002.  He became the president and CEO of Candera Inc. (formerly Confluence Networks) in September 2002, which marketed a network storage controller. Candera went out of business by December 2004.

Sundaresh returned to Adaptec as the company's executive vice president of product development and worldwide marketing. In May 2005, he moved to the position of president of Adaptec, and in November 2005 became its CEO. He left the CEO position on 4 January 2010, but stayed on as one of Adaptec's consultants to help sell its operations.

Sundaresh was named to the board of directors of SandForce in June 2010.

He  joined GridGain Systems, as its board of directors. in October 2013. S. 'Sundi' Sundaresh was also appointed as president and chief executive officer of Xangati  in November 2013.

References

Cornell University alumni
Living people
IIT Madras alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Cotton module builder. The cotton module builder is a machine used in the harvest and processing of cotton.  The module builder has helped to solve a logistical bottleneck by allowing cotton to be harvested quickly and compressed into large modules which are then covered and temporarily stored at the edge of the field.  The modules are later loaded onto trucks and transported to a cotton gin for processing.

History
In 1971 the first experimental cotton module builder was designed and built by a team led by Professor Lambert H. Wilkes at Texas A&M University in cooperation with Cotton Incorporated. Cotton module builders have been in use since 1972.  In the US today more than 90% of harvested cotton is compacted with module builders. Module builders are also widely used in other countries where cotton is mechanically harvested.

In 2002 the ASABE (American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers) dedicated the cotton module builder as an historic landmark of agricultural engineering, naming it "one of the top three inventions in mechanized cotton production."

Module Building
Though many varieties of module builders and even combined module builder pickers exist, a typical module builder is a large trailer that is moved by a tractor and remains stationary when used. The wheels are often hydraulically retracted when the module builder is operational. A module builder is about 9 meters (30 ft.) long, 4 meters (12 ft.) high and 3 meters (10 ft.) wide. It works similarly to a garbage truck. When loading the cotton from the cotton picker into the module builder it should be distributed as evenly as possible. After loading the cotton into the module builder, a hydraulic compactor moves up and down along the length of the machine. This process is repeated every time that a cotton picker is unloaded into the module builder until a module is built up and discharged through the tailgate of the machine. The module is stored on the field and the module builder is moved into a new position to build up another module. The weight of one module is about 10 metric tons.

References

External links

 Cotton Module Builder to be Designated a Historical Landmark

Agricultural machinery