omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Schleicher ASK 18. The Schleicher ASK 18 is a single-seat sailplane that was built by the German manufacturer Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co. It was designed to be a sturdy aircraft for inexperienced solo pilots and so uses a simple and rugged construction and has docile handling characteristics.

Design
The ASK 18 was designed by Rudolf Kaiser and was the last Schleicher glider to use the traditional construction method, at a time when contemporary aircraft of the same class, such as the Grob G102 Astir, were made of glass-fibre. The fuselage was derived from the Ka 8 and used welded steel tube and spruce longerons. It is covered in fabric. The wings are from the Ka 6E but with 16-metre span. They have a single wooden spar. The rear part of the wing is fabric-covered and the ailerons are plywood-covered. The tailplane came from the K 10; the fin and tailplane are plywood-covered and the rudder and elevators are fabric covered. A Flettner trim tab is fitted to the elevator. Only the nose cone is glass-fibre. The main-wheel is fixed and has a brake. There is a tail-skid but no nose-skid. The Schempp-Hirth airbrakes extend above and below the wing. First flight was in October 1974.

A variation was the ASK 18B which had a span reduced to 15m. At the end of production in 1977 38 K18s and 9 K18Bs had been built by Schleicher and one unknown variant built from a kit. A further 8 K18-ARs were produced in Argentina.

Specifications

See also

References
Gliders and Sailplanes of the World by Michael Hardy Ian Allan Ltd 1982

External links

Sailplane directory

1970s German sailplanes
Schleicher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1974
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Walter Pilkey. Walter Pilkey (1936–2007) was a professor of mechanical engineering at University of Virginia. He earned his PhD from Penn State.

Research 
His areas of professional interest included crash safety, shock and computational mechanics. He wrote or co-authored more than 30 books and 300 professional articles. He founded Shock and Vibration, a journal published in association with SAVIAC and the limited distribution journal Critical Technology in Shock and Vibration, also in association with SAVIAC. He was the editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Finite Elements in Analysis and Design.

Professor Pilkey was a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Selected publications

 Pilkey, Walter,Formulas for Stress, Strain, and Structural Matrices, Wiley, 2nd edition (November 11, 2004), , 
Pilkey, Walter, Pilkey, Deborah, Peterson's Stress Concentration Factors, Wiley, 3rd edition (January 14, 2008), , 
Pilkey, Walter, Analysis and Design of Elastic Beams: Computational Methods, Wiley, (June 3, 2002), ,

References

External links

University of Virginia faculty
American mechanical engineers
1936 births
2007 deaths
20th-century American engineers
Michael W. Foley. Michael W. Foley (born March 2, 1964) is an American electrical engineer, wireless expert and executive director of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group, a consortium of over 12,000 companies who come together to create and promote Bluetooth wireless technology.

Foley earned his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Arizona State University in 1992, a master's degree from Arizona State University in 1989 and a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering from the University of Iowa in 1985.

Foley joined the Bluetooth SIG in March 2004 as the executive director. He is responsible for guiding the qualification and interoperability programs, promotion of the technology, the specification publications, and the long-term road map of Bluetooth wireless technology.

Prior to joining the Bluetooth SIG, Foley worked with Bluetooth wireless technology and other wireless technologies as a senior wireless architect with Microsoft. While there, he played a pivotal role in the creation and development of the wireless desktop vision and 802.11. Foley also helped shape the Bluetooth standard from its inception, as a SIG Board Member, and later chairman of the board from 2002 to 2003.

Under Foley's direction, Bluetooth technology has experienced phenomenal growth and consumer acceptance. Since his arrival at the helm of the Bluetooth SIG, he has pushed through an ambitious roadmap, demanding substantial improvements in interoperability and security.  In the fall of 2007, Foley forged a merger with the Wibree Forum to bring Wibree technology under the Bluetooth umbrella to create the Bluetooth low energy specification, expected in late 2009. In April 2009, Foley brought to market Bluetooth 3.0, the high speed version of the technology utilizing 802.11 radios which will allow mobile devices to provide high speed transfer of entertainment data.

In 2010 along with Titan Industries and Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited he designed the 2010 Commonwealth Games Baton which had a LED and a GPS.

Awards and recognition
In 2006, Foley received the Special Recognition Award from wireless industry publication Wireless Week on behalf of the Bluetooth SIG in honor of its significant progress of Bluetooth technology in 2005.
In 2007, Foley was awarded the Telematics Leadership Award from Telematics Update for achievements and innovation in the telematics market with Bluetooth wireless technology.
In 2008, Foley was named a finalist in the Executive of the Year category of the EE Times ACE Awards.
In 2008, Foley was named to the RCR Wireless Movers and Shakers list highlighting those responsible for making things happen in the wireless industry.
In 2012, Foley was inducted into the Bluetooth SIG Hall of Fame.

References

1964 births
Living people
American electrical engineers
Arizona State University alumni
University of Iowa alumni
Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering alumni
SME Aero Tiga. 

The SME Aero Tiga, originally the Dätwyler MD-3 Swiss Trainer is a trainer aircraft developed in Switzerland through the 1960s and 70s, and which first flew in 1983.

History
In 1993, all rights to the design were acquired by SME Aerospace, who began to produce it as the Aero Tiga shortly thereafter, having received orders for 20 by the Royal Malaysian Air Force. The first two of these were delivered in 1995, and the order was increased to 60 aircraft the following year. SME Aerospace also received orders for 20 aircraft for the Indonesian government's flight training center at Curug, as part of a deal by the Malaysian government to acquire IPTN CN-235 transports.

Design and development
In configuration, the Swiss Trainer is a mid-wing, cantilever monoplane with fixed spatted tricycle undercarriage. Accommodation for the pilot and instructor was provided as side-by-side seats under an expansive bubble canopy.  The four-cylinder horizontally-opposed piston engine drove a fixed two-blade propeller.

While the layout of the aircraft was entirely orthodox, its construction was not, as the Swiss Trainer was designed to be as modular as possible to lower the cost and complexity of production and maintenance. To this end, as many parts were made interchangeable as possible. For example, all nine control surfaces (two ailerons, four flap segments, two elevators, and the rudder) are the same part that can be fitted to any of these locations with minimal modification. Both halves of the horizontal stabiliser and the fin can similarly be interchanged, and most of the left and right wings is common to both. The aircraft features an unusual exhaust that spans the entire length of the underside of the fuselage. Entry is through a forward sliding canopy that also includes the wing root fairing.

Operators

 Indonesian Civil Aviation Institute (id) – 20 in service

 Royal Malaysian Air Force – 20 (retired)

Specifications (MD3-160 AeroTiga)

See also

References

 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1980s Swiss civil trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Pebble automaton. In computer science, a pebble automaton is any variant of an  automaton which augments the original model with a finite number of "pebbles" that may be used to mark tape positions.

History

Pebble automata were introduced in 1986, when it was shown that in some cases, a  deterministic transducer augmented with a pebble could achieve logarithmic space savings over even a nondeterministic  log-space transducer (ie, compute in  tape cells functions for which the nondeterministic machine required  tape cells), with the implication that a pebble adds power to Turing machines whose functions require space between  and  Constructions were also shown to convert a hierarchy of increasingly powerful stack machine models into equivalent deterministic finite automata with up to 3 pebbles, showing additional pebbles further increased power.

Tree-walking automata with nested pebbles

A tree-walking automaton with nested pebbles is a tree-walking automaton with an additional finite set of fixed size containing pebbles, identified with . Besides ordinary actions, an automaton can put a pebble at a currently visited node, lift a pebble from the currently visited node and perform a test "is the i-th pebble present at the current node?". There is an important stack restriction on the order in which pebbles can be put or lifted - the i+1-th pebble can be put only if the pebbles from 1st to i-th are already on the tree, and the i+1-th pebble can be lifted only if pebbles from i+2-th to n-th are not on the tree. Without this restriction, the automaton has undecidable emptiness and expressive power beyond regular tree languages.

The class of languages recognized by deterministic (resp. nondeterministic) tree-walking automata with n pebbles is denoted  (resp. ). We also define  and likewise .

Properties

there exists a language recognized by a tree-walking automaton with 1 pebble, but not by any ordinary tree walking automaton; this implies that either  or these classes are incomparable, which is an open problem
, i.e. tree-walking automata augmented with pebbles are strictly weaker than branching automata
it is not known whether , i.e. whether tree-walking pebble automata can be determinized
it is not known whether tree-walking pebble automata are closed under complementation
the pebble hierarchy is strict for tree-walking automata, for every n  and

Automata and logic

Tree-walking pebble automata admit an interesting logical characterization. Let  denote the set of tree properties describable in transitive closure first-order logic, and  the same for positive transitive closure logic, i.e. a logic where the transitive closure operator is not used under the scope of negation. Then it can be proved that  and, in fact,  - the languages recognized by tree-walking pebble automata are exactly those expressible in positive transitive closure logic.

See also

Tree walking automata
Branching automata
Transitive closure logic
Pebble game

Trees (data structures)
Automata (computation)

References
Antimony regulus. Antimony regulus  or antimony metal is a partially purified form of the element antimony. In modern commerce, it typically contains 0.4% to 1.0% of impurities, which typically include primarily arsenic, and smaller amounts of sulfur, zinc and iron. Selenium as an impurity is rare, but for some purposes must be avoided; other problematic impurities for various applications include copper, nickel, and lead.

Typical commercial antimony is unsuitable for production of solid-state-electronics devices, and for these 99.95% pure material is typically demanded.

References

External links
 Chymistry of Isaac Newton project

Antimony
Dätwyler. MDC Max Dätwyler AG is a Swiss manufacturing company established at Dietlikon in 1943, and which relocated to Bleienbach in 1951. Originally, the firm undertook the manufacture and repair of tools and machinery. Aircraft maintenance became an area of specialty, and Dätwyler built two aircraft of its own in the 1960s (based on existing designs by other manufacturers) before developing its own design, the Swiss Trainer that flew in 1983 and has since entered mass production in Malaysia. Dätwyler's main business, however, became machinery for the printing industry, branching into electromechanical and laser engraving.

Aircraft
Datwyler Trailer
SME Aero Tiga

References
 
 Company website

Manufacturing companies of Switzerland
Aircraft manufacturers of Switzerland
Companies based in the canton of Bern
Hansa-Brandenburg W.19. The Hansa-Brandenburg W.19 was a German fighter-reconnaissance aircraft of World War I. It was a single-engined two-seat biplane floatplane, and was a larger development of the successful W.12. It served with the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial German Navy) during 1918.

Development and design

Operational experience with the W.12 showed that, while it was an extremely successful design - showing excellent performance and manoeuvrability - there was a requirement for a floatplane fighter with greater endurance. To meet this requirement, Ernst Heinkel, chief designer of the Hansa und Brandenburgische Flugzeug-Werke, designed the W.19.

The W.19 was of similar layout to the W.12, but considerably larger (i.e. with a 2.6 m/8.5 ft greater wingspan and a 1 m/3.3 ft greater length). It was a single-engined tractor biplane, with two bay wings. The aircraft was fitted with a similar inverted tailplane to the W.12 in order to give unobstructed fields of fire to the observer, who was seated in a rear cockpit, immediately behind the pilot. In order to compensate for the increased size and weight over the W.12, the W.19 was fitted with a more powerful Maybach Mb.IV engine.

Production aircraft were armed with one or two synchronised 7.92 mm (.312 in) LMG 08/15 machine guns firing forward and a single 7.92 mm (.312) LMG 08/15 machine gun for the observer. One aircraft was fitted with a 20 mm Becker cannon for tests.

Operational history
The W.19 entered service with the German Navy in January 1918, operating from bases at Borkum and Zeebrugge for operations over the North Sea. It was used in support of the smaller W.19 or W.29 fighters, often scouting ahead for targets while the smaller aircraft waited on the sea. Combats often occurred between the various Hansa-Brandenburg fighters and large British flying boats such as Felixstowe F.2s and Curtiss Americas.

The W.19 continued in service until the Armistice, 55 being produced. While it had been planned to supplement it with the W.33 monoplane, only a few had been delivered by the time the war ended.

Operators

Kaiserliche Marine

Specifications (W.19)

See also

References

Bibliography

Gray, Peter and Thetford, Owen. German Aircraft of the First World War. London: Putnam, 1962
Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark, 1994. .

1910s German fighter aircraft
W.19
Floatplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Saul Dushman. Saul Dushman (July 12, 1883 – July 7, 1954) was a Russian-American physical chemist.

Dushman was born on July 12, 1883, in Rostov, Russia; he immigrated to the United States in 1891.  He received a doctorate from the University of Toronto in 1912. That year, he joined the Research Laboratory of General Electric Company (GE).  He would work at GE for the rest of his career except for a 1922-1925 stint as the Research Division director at Edison Lamp Works. His main research interests were quantum mechanics, electromotive force, atomic structure, electron emission, unimolecular force, and high vacuum, and he authored several standard science textbooks.

His textbook "Scientific Foundations of Vacuum Technique" (1922 and 1949) is a classic covering vacuum design principles. This book and the later editions are still in use today.  It was completely revised in 1961 by his colleague James Lafferty.

His research on thermionic emission is remembered in the form of the Richardson-Dushman equation.

He died in Scotia, New York.

Notes

References
 http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9031599/Saul-Dushman
 http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8101.htm
 https://sova.si.edu/record/nmah.ac.0101

External links
Saul Dushman papers

Russian physical chemists
American physical chemists
1883 births
1954 deaths
Jewish Russian scientists
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to the United States
20th-century American chemists
Campbell-Napier-Railton Blue Bird. The Campbell-Napier-Railton Blue Bird was a land speed record car driven by Malcolm Campbell.

After Henry Segrave's Golden Arrow, clearly a more powerful engine was required for Blue Bird, with a chassis and transmission to handle it. A supercharged Napier Lion VIID was used, with over three times the power of the previous Blue Bird and a large premium over Golden Arrow's unsupercharged  Lion VIIA. This was not the first use of supercharging for Land Speed Record cars, but was the first combining supercharging with the large displacement aero engines that had previously been relied upon for their gross output.   Golden Arrow's innovative vertical aerodynamic stabilising fin was also used, a first for Campbell.

Campbell's nemesis Segrave was killed in an attempt on the water speed record while Campbell was scouting for new record courses in South Africa. On his return, Campbell set off for Daytona with the new Blue Bird, concerned at American challenges to the record. Segrave had, after all, at least been British. On 5 February 1931 he pushed the record to , to great popular acclaim. On his return he learned he was to be knighted as Sir Malcolm Campbell. A year later he returned and pushed through to . This record stood for another year, until he himself broke it with his next car, the next Rolls-Royce-engined 1933 Blue Bird.

References 

 
  Many rare period photos.

External links
 

Bluebird record-breaking vehicles
Bluebird, Campbell-Napier-Railton
Bluebird, Campbell-Napier-Railton
Bluebird, Campbell-Napier-Railton
Cars powered by aircraft engines
Panther (1986 video game). Panther is a Commodore 64 game designed and implemented by Peter Adams and published by Mastertronic in 1986. A version for Atari 8-bit computers followed in 1987, then a ZX Spectrum port in 1989. The player pilots a strange-looking aircraft, fighting off hordes of invading flying saucers and rescuing people by landing the craft and waiting for them to board. The game uses a diagonally scrolling isometric view, much like Zaxxon and Blue Max, using shadows to show the height of flying objects. Adams previously worked on ports of both of those games.

The Commodore 64 disk packaged Panther with L.A. SWAT, another Mastertronic game. The A-side of the disk contained the two programs for the C64/128, and the B-side contained Atari 8-bit family versions.

Gameplay

In Panther, the player must pilot their craft across the landscape, shoot up the invaders and rescue survivors. To do this, the player must land close to the bunkers when they appear on the screen and stay there until all the refugees reach the ship. At the end of each run, a capsule awaits to take refugees to safety. The aliens attack in waves, and the player's onboard computer indicates at the bottom of the screen the position of incoming units relative to the ship, as well as the number of shields remaining. The goal of the game is to achieve a high score by rescuing as many people as possible.

Reception
Panther received mostly positive reviews. Ruth James writing for Atari User enjoyed the game despite minor faults and concluded: "You must buy this game for your collection, it's well worth it". Zzap!64 review was also positive, with reviewers stating that the game provides several hours of entertainment as the player tries to collect and deliver all the survivors. Commodore User review was similar in tone and gave the game an overall rating of 7/10.

References

External links
 
 

1986 video games
Video games about alien invasions
Atari 8-bit computer games
Commodore 64 games
Sculptured Software games
ZX Spectrum games
Video games scored by David Whittaker
Video games set on fictional planets
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with isometric graphics
Mastertronic games
Leonard Atkinson. Major General Sir Leonard Henry Atkinson,  (4 December 1910 – 17 May 1990) was a British engineer and senior British Army officer. He served as Director of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering, and therefore head of the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers, from 1963 to 1966. In retirement, he served on the board of a number of engineering companies, and was Master of the Worshipful Company of Turners (1987–1988).

References

1910 births
1990 deaths
British military engineers
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers officers
British Army major generals
British Army personnel of World War II
Masters of the Worshipful Company of Turners
So Human an Animal. So Human an Animal: How We Are Shaped by Surroundings and Events, is a book written by René Dubos and published by Scribner in 1968. It won the 1969 Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction.

Themes 
In the book, Dubos, a microbiologist and pathologist, explores the thesis that technology is dehumanizing us and that science needs to be humanized. In his 1976 book The Existential Pleasures of Engineering, American engineer and writer Samuel C. Florman identifies this book as "an important feature of the antitechnology crusade".

References

External links

1968 non-fiction books
Pulitzer Prize for General Nonfiction–winning works
Charles Scribner's Sons books
VHD. VHD may refer to:

 Viral haemorrhagic disease (VHD), another name for rabbit haemorrhagic disease
 Valvular heart disease, involving one or more of the four valves of the heart
 VHD (file format), used by Microsoft for OS virtualization
 Video High Density, a videodisc format
 Volumetric haptic display, a device that presents a 3-dimensional touch-based image 
 Vehicle-hours of delay, a measure of traffic congestion
 Vampire Hunter D, an ongoing novel series since 1983.