omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cementation (metallurgy). Cementation is a type of precipitation, a heterogeneous process in which ions are reduced to zero valence at a solid metallic interface. The process is often used to refine leach solutions.

Cementation of copper is a common example.  Copper ions in solution, often from an ore leaching process, are precipitated out of solution in the presence of solid iron.  The iron oxidizes, and the copper ions are reduced through the transfer of electrons.  The reaction is spontaneous because copper is higher on the galvanic series than iron.

  Cu2+(aq) + Fe(s) → Cu(s) + Fe2+(aq)

This was a historically useful process for the production of copper, where the precipitated solid copper metal was recovered as flakes or powder on the surface of scrap iron.

Cementation is used industrially to recover a variety of heavy metals including cadmium, and the cementation of gold by zinc in the Merrill-Crowe process accounts for a substantial fraction of world gold production.

See also

 Bessemer process
  Methods of crucible steel production
  Open-hearth furnace process

References

Metallurgical processes
North Pickens Airport. North Pickens Airport  is a county-owned public-use airport in Pickens County, Alabama, United States. It is located  north of the central business district of Reform, Alabama. The airport is included in the FAA's National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2011–2015, which categorized it as a general aviation facility.

Facilities and aircraft 
North Pickens Airport covers an area of  at an elevation of  above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 1/19 with an asphalt surface measuring .

For the 12-month period ending November 2, 2009, the airport had 3,466 general aviation aircraft operations, an average of 288 per month. At that time there were 11 aircraft based at this airport: 64% single-engine, 18% multi-engine and 18% jet.

See also
 List of airports in Alabama

References

External links 
 

Airports in Alabama
Transportation buildings and structures in Pickens County, Alabama
Hanriot HD.17. The Hanriot HD.17 was a French trainer seaplane of the 1920s. It was essentially a floatplane version of the ubiquitous HD.14 with a revised tail and a more powerful engine. Over 50 examples were operated by the Aéronautique Maritime, of which seven were converted to landplanes. A small number of HD.17s were exported to Estonia and Latvia. Further development resulted in the HD.41H.

Variants
HD.17
Floatplane trainer derived from the Hanriot HD.14
HD.41H
Further development of the HD.17 as a floatlane trainer.

Operators

French Navy

Latvian Navy

Specifications (HD.17)

See also

References

Further reading
 
 

1920s French military trainer aircraft
Floatplanes
Hanriot aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Rotary-engined aircraft
Hanriot H.41. The Hanriot H.41 was a military trainer aircraft produced in France in the 1920s. It was a further development in the family of aircraft that had commenced with the HD.14 in 1920, and incorporated a number of design features that had been developed for other members of that family. Like those other aircraft, however, it was a conventional, two-bay biplane with unstaggered wings of equal span.

The H.41 used the modern engine and mixed construction developed for the HD.40 air ambulance and used them in a new design for a military trainer. The design did not prove a success, however, and only eleven were built, with three different engine types. A floatplane variant based on the HD.17 was slightly more successful, with twelve examples exported to Greece and Portugal.

Variants

H.41Two-seat training aircraft.
H.410version with Lorraine 5Pa engine (5 built)
H.411version with Salmson 7Ac engine (2 built)
LH.412version with Lorraine 5Pb engine (4 built, plus 3 converted from H.410)
HD.41H:(Hydro) - floatplane with Salmson 9Ac engine (12 built)+ (10 built in Yugoslav Aircraft factory "Zmaj" Zemun)

Operators

Portuguese Navy

Yugoslav Royal Navy

Hellenic Navy
Hellenic Air Force

Specifications (variant)

References

Further reading

H.041
1920s French military trainer aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1925
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Muntzing. Muntzing is the practice and technique of reducing the components inside an electronic appliance to the minimum required for it to sufficiently function in most operating conditions, reducing design margins above minimum requirements toward zero. The term is named after the man who invented it, Earl "Madman" Muntz, a car and electronics salesman, who was not formally educated or trained in any science or engineering discipline.

In the 1940s and 1950s, television receivers were relatively new to the consumer market, and were more complex pieces of equipment than the radios which were then in popular use. TVs often contained upwards of 30 vacuum tubes, as well as transformers, rheostats, and other electronics. The consequence of high cost was high sales pricing, limiting potential for high-volume sales. Muntz expressed suspicion of complexity in circuit designs, and determined through simple trial and error that he could remove a significant number of electronic components from a circuit design and still end up with a monochrome TV that worked sufficiently well in urban areas, close to transmission towers where the broadcast signal was strong. He carried a pair of wire clippers, and when he felt that one of his builders was overengineering a circuit, he would begin snipping out some of the electronics components. When the TV stopped functioning, he would have the technician reinsert the last removed part. He would repeat the snipping in other portions of the circuit until he was satisfied in his simplification efforts, and then leave the TV as it was without further testing in more adverse conditions for signal reception.

As a result, he reduced his costs and increased his profits at the expense of poorer performance at locations more distant from urban centers. He reasoned that population density was higher in and near the urban centers where the TVs would work, and lower further out where the TVs would not work, so the Muntz TVs were adequate for a very large fraction of his customers. And for those further out, where the Muntz TVs did not work, those could be returned at the customer's additional effort and expense, and not Muntz's. He focused less resources in the product, intentionally accepting bare minimum performance quality, and focused more resources on advertising and sales promotions.

See also

References 

Electronics optimization
Keston Windmill. Keston Windmill  is a grade I listed Post mill in Keston, formerly in Kent and now in the London Borough of Bromley. The mill was built in 1716 and is conserved with its machinery intact but not in working order.

History
Keston Windmill was built in 1716. William Ashby, the Westerham millwright fitted new sails and repaired the breast of the mill in December 1836. The mill was working by wind until either 1878 or 1900. In 1955, Kent County Council placed a preservation order on the mill. The mill was built to grind corn into flour. The mill is privately owned and preserved with its machinery intact, but not in working order. It is not generally open to the public.

Description

Keston Mill has a three-storey body on a single-storey roundhouse. The roundhouse enclosed the trestle and the date 1716 is carved on the main post. It had four double Patent sails carried on a cast-iron windshaft. The mill is winded by a tailpole. The wooden brake wheel drives a cast-iron wallower, which drives a cast-iron great spur wheel with wooden cogs. This drives two pairs of underdrift millstones in the breast of the mill. The mill also has a flour dresser (bolter). The bolter in Keston mill has been used as the model for a reconstructed bolter in Lowfield Heath Windmill, Charlwood, Surrey.

Millers

 John Ellis 1838
 Thomas Ellis 1845
 Martin J Hoath 1845
 B Hoadley 1862

References for above:-

References

External links

Windmill World page on the mill.

Windmills in London
Grinding mills in the United Kingdom
Post mills in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures completed in 1716
Windmills completed in the 18th century
Grade I listed buildings in the London Borough of Bromley
Grade I listed windmills
1716 establishments in England
Insitu. Insitu Inc. is an American company that designs, develops and manufactures unmanned aerial systems (UAS). The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of The Boeing Company, and has several offices in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia. Its unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) platforms—ScanEagle, Integrator, Integrator Extended Range (ER), ScanEagle 3, and RQ-21A Blackjack, have logged 1.3 million operational flight hours .

History
Insitu was founded in 1994 by engineers interested in creating miniature robotic aircraft. It went on to develop the Aerosonde concept for long-range weather reconnaissance.  The company derives its name from the process of measuring the atmosphere in situ (in place), as opposed to remotely, by satellite.  At the end of the 1990s the company transitioned to the SeaScan concept for imaging reconnaissance from tuna seiners.  With the onset of the Iraq War in 2003, SeaScan turned into ScanEagle, and Insitu focused their efforts on military applications. Insitu was acquired by long-time partner Boeing in 2008.

In 2015, it acquired the 2d3 company.
In addition to its defense business, the company announced the establishment of its commercial business unit, Insitu Commercial, in 2016.

Insitu was sanctioned by the Chinese government on December 27, 2024 due to arm sales to Taiwan.

Products
Insitu, with the U.S. Navy, developed the RQ-21A Blackjack to fill the requirement for a small tactical UAS capable of operating from both land and sea. The Integrator is the standard variant of the RQ-21A. Insitu's UAVs are launched via a pneumatic catapult launcher and are recovered using the SkyHook recovery system. Insitu also provides services and training for its UAVs.

Insitu customer documentation is written to the ASD-STE100 standard.

Gallery

References

External links

Aerospace companies of the United States
American entities subject to Chinese sanctions
Defense companies of the United States
Companies based in Washington (state)
Boeing mergers and acquisitions
Hanriot HD.28. 

The Hanriot HD.28 was a military trainer aircraft developed in France in the 1920s as a modernised version of the HD.14 for export markets. The principal difference between the types was that while the HD.14 had an entirely wooden structure, the HD.28's structure was almost entirely metal. The landing gear was also of more conventional design, with only one wheel on each main unit, plus small anti-noseover skids. The two tandem cockpits of the HD.14 were replaced by a single, long cockpit in which both pilot and instructor sat.

The aircraft designated as Hanriot H-28 was in fact a Polish-built (at Samolot and CWL), slightly modified version of the wooden-construction Hanriot HD.14.

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography

 
 

1920s French military trainer aircraft
Hanriot aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1928
COW 37 mm gun. The COW 37 mm gun was a British automatic cannon that was developed during First World War as a large-calibre aircraft weapon. It was tested in several installations and specified for the Westland C.O.W. Gun Fighter for attacking bombers. The tests did not yield satisfactory results and the weapon did not enter general service except on a few flying boats. The design was later adapted as the basis of the Vickers S, which saw some service during the Second World War as an anti-armour weapon.

Design and development
Coventry Ordnance Works had been set up in 1905 by a consortium of British shipbuilding firms (John Brown, Cammell Laird and Fairfield) to compete with the duopoly of Vickers and Armstrong-Whitworth in producing naval guns. Besides the larger naval gun, COW worked at the smaller end on anti-aircraft guns. There was a demand for a weapon that could be mounted on an aircraft. Their first attempt at an automatic gun was a "1-pounder" (the nominal weight of the shell) from a rimless 37x94 cartridge. This developed into a 1½-pounder using a longer 37x190 cartridge in a five-round clip. The gun was ready to produce only as the First World War came to an end and was only in service briefly, having been fitted to a pair of Airco DH4s.

After the war it was used in a number of different aircraft, mostly flying boats such as the Blackburn Perth, where it was seen as being effective against small vessels. The Air Ministry also requested fighter designs based around the weapon, such as the Westland C.O.W. Gun Fighter, the Vickers Type 161 and the unsuccessful Bristol Bagshot heavy fighter.

After Vickers acquired the Coventry Ordnance Works, the COW 37 mm was used for the development of the 40 mm Vickers S gun which was used by Hawker Hurricanes as an anti-tank weapon. In the Second World War, COW guns were used as the armament for the Mk III version of the Armadillo armoured fighting vehicle, the COW gun with its shield mounted on the rear part of the flatbed. The vehicle was used by the RAF Regiment and later by the Home Guard.

Use

Specification 4/24
 Westland Westbury - One in trainable mount, one fixed mounting
 Bristol Bagshot - Two in trainable mountings

Specification F9/27
 Westland C.O.W. Gun Fighter One in fixed mounting
 Vickers Type 161 - One in fixed mounting

Flying boats
 Armstrong Whitworth Sinaia
 Short Cromarty
 Vickers Valentia - tested
 Blackburn Iris
 Short Sarafand
 Blackburn Perth - fitted
 Short Sunderland - planned but not fitted

See also
 QF 1 pounder pom-pom

Notes

References
 I.V. Hogg & L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons & Ammunition 1914–1918. London: Ian Allan, 1972
 "Armament" Flight 28 June 1934 p640

External links
 "THE CANNON PIONEERS", by Anthony G Williams 
 "Fighter Armament", 24 August 1950, Flight magazine page 218
 "Flying Battleships" Popular Science, December 1934, page 36 & page 37 show COW 37mm cannon
 "C.O.W. 37mm cannon fitted to Blackburn Perth flying boat" YouTube, shown being fired while moored on water

Aircraft guns
Autocannon
Coventry Ordnance Works
37 mm artillery
Edmond Coignet. Edmond Coignet (4 July 1856 – 1915)  was a French engineer and entrepreneur. He has been instrumental in the theory of reinforced concrete.

Life and achievements 

Coignet was the son of industrialist François Coignet (1814–1888) and educated at the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures (École Centrale Paris). He was the inventor of the agglomerated concrete to strengthen the cement with metal inserts. He permanently reoriented the family business to construction. In 1892 he applied his innovative construction methods on the aqueduct of Achères in Paris. Coignet was the first to use reinforced concrete piles and built with the architect Jacques Hermant some of the first Parisian buildings in this material.

References 

 L'art de l'ingénieur, sous la dir. de Antoine Picon, éd. du Moniteur, 600 p. ()

1856 births
1915 deaths
Concrete pioneers
French civil engineers
École Centrale Paris alumni
Structural engineers
Martin P. Blomberg. Martin Petrus Frederik Blomberg (December 11, 1888, in Östervåla, Sweden — March 29, 1966, in Winter Park, Florida) was an American engineer of Swedish origin.  He became well known for the development of the truck frame for the diesel-electric locomotives of the Electro Motive Division (EMD).

Early life 
Blomberg grew up as a son of a teacher and minister.  He graduated from the technical institute in Örebro, and in 1910 went to the university at Uppsala.  In this time, he was very active and trained for the Olympic Games of 1912 in Sweden. However, he immigrated to Canada in the same year.  From 1912 to 1914, he worked in Trois-Rivières, Quebec in a paper mill, and studied technical drawing and mechanical construction in an evening school. From 1915, he worked then National Steel Car Ltd Hamilton, Ontario. He later traveled for a year by canoeing 900 miles from the Albany River to the Hudson Bay.

In 1916, he went to the US and enlisted with the US Army during World War I. After he returned, he married Laura Van Buskirk. His son Richard Nelson Blomberg was born on October 21, 1924.

Pullman-Standard 
From 1925 to 1935, Blomberg worked for the Pullman Company, where he was responsible for the construction of railroad truck frames and passenger car bodies. Among his designs he assisted at Pullman were the Union Pacific M-10000 in 1934 (), and the Brooklyn Rapid Transit "Green Hornet", lightweight MS Multi-section car (New York City Subway car) for use on the BRT elevated transit lines in Brooklyn, New York.

Electro-Motive 
On September 1, 1935, he accepted a position in the Electro-Motive Corporation (from 1941, it was renamed to Electro-Motive Division of General Motors). There Blomberg was given responsibility for the construction of locomotive bodies, frames and truck frames. The EMC E4 diesel-electric locomotive was mostly his design, including the three-axle (A1A) truck. In 1939 he designed the four-wheel flexible truck frame from the three-axle version for the new diesel-electric freight locomotive called the EMD FT.  This four-wheel truck frame and its derivations were incorporated in more than 15,000 locomotives. Unofficially, but generally accepted, the two-axle trucks, Blomberg B and Blomberg M, are named after him. The two-axle AAR Type A switcher truck is also a Blomberg design.

Blomberg registered over 100 patents with the US Patent and Trademark Office during his 32 years with EMD.  In 1947, he became lead engineer after the chief engineer of EMD.

Retirement 
On 1 June 1949, he retired.  He died on March 29, 1966, at the age of 77 in Winter Park, Florida.

References

20th-century Swedish engineers
1888 births
1966 deaths
American railroad mechanical engineers
Swedish emigrants to the United States
TechniGraphics. TechniGraphics, Inc. was a multi-national company with its headquarters in Wooster, Ohio, USA. It was involved in geospatial and engineering services. In November 2010, the company was acquired by CACI International Inc.

History 
TechniGraphics started out as Technicolor Graphic Services (TGS), a division of the "Color by Technicolor" company. The company began working with early GIS systems like GRASS and MOSS in 1982, progressing with the maturing industry to ESRI's ArcInfo in 1989, and most recently to the object-based GIS embodied in ArcGIS 9.0. The company abbreviated its name to TechniGraphics, Inc. in 2005.

The company was acquired by Dee and Mary Vaidya in 1993 and turned around with the help of the former Rubbermaid CEO, Donald E. Noble, who became a shareholder when he purchased the shares of an earlier partner of the Vaidya's. The Fort Collins, Colorado, company was a federal contractor and produced digital maps for the United States Geological Survey and the Defense Mapping Agency.

In 2002, to win additional volume of work for the same kind of digital maps it had produced since inception, TechniGraphics again applied to be a prime contractor, this time to the United States Department of Defense, and in 2003 was awarded a 10-year, $200 million Prime Contract that led to explosive growth for the organization.

In 2006, the company purchased the $10 million per year Product Lifecycle Management business of MSC Software and another $5 million per year company, Axiom Systems. These purchases added six offices, almost 100 people and expanded the company into Europe.  TechniGraphics acquired another similar company, CUTit, in Germany in 2007, which firmly established it in the engineering services field.

In 2010, TechniGraphics' Geospatial activity was purchased by CACI. The engineering services activity was spun off to form a new company, Noble Technologies, d.b.a NobleTek.

On May 21, 2013, CACI closed its operations in Wooster.

Locations 
Fort Collins, Colorado
St. Louis, Missouri

Further reading 
 WKYC.com - What Works: Slice of Silicon Valley growing in Wooster

References

External links 
 TechniGraphics website (no longer valid)
 Noble Technologies Corp. dba NobleTek

Companies established in 1993
Companies based in Wooster, Ohio
Armstrong Siddeley Snarler. The Armstrong Siddeley Snarler was a small rocket engine used for mixed-power experiments with an early turbojet engine. and was the first British liquid-fuelled rocket engine to fly.

Design and development
Unlike other British rocket engine projects that used hydrogen peroxide as an oxidiser, Armstrong Siddeley's used liquid oxygen. The rocket engine is described as having a dry weight of  thrust of  and a specific fuel consumption of 20 (lb/h)/lbf thrust. Work began in 1947 and the final configuration was first tested on 29 March 1950.

The prototype of the Hawker P.1040 Sea Hawk, VP 401, had a Snarler rocket of 2,000 lbf thrust added in its tail. The Rolls-Royce Nene turbojet, of 5,200 lbf thrust, had a split tailpipe which exhausted either side of the fuselage. The combination was termed the Hawker P.1072.

This gave approximately 50% greater thrust, although with twenty times the fuel consumption. It was first used in flight on 20 November 1950, by Hawker's test pilot Trevor "Wimpy" Wade. Half a dozen flights were made using the rocket motor before a minor explosion damaged the aircraft. Although methanol was used in the P.1072, jet fuel could be used for the Snarler. It was decided that reheat was a more practical proposition for boosting jet thrust than rockets.

An unusual feature of the engine was that the fuel/oxidiser pump was externally driven, by a drive from the gearbox of the P.1072's turbojet engine. This feature continued into the first versions of the subsequent Screamer engine, but was later replaced with a turbine-driven turbopump.

Variants
ASSn.1 SnarlerThe prototype and test engines, (Ministry of Supply designation ASSn.).

Applications
 Hawker P.1072

Specifications
{{rocketspecs

|ref=Aircraft engines of the World 1953, Flight:6 August 1954:Armstrong Siddeley Snarler
|type=rocket engine booster
|length= (overall length);  (combustion chamber length)
|diameter= (nozzle diameter)
|weight=
|fueltype=65% methanol, 35% water
|oxidiser=liquid oxygen
|capacity= fuel;  oxidiser
|pumps=externally driven accessory gearbox mounted centrifugal pumps with de-aerators
|thrust= at  (dependent on main engine speed)</li>
Part thrust:  at  (dependent on main engine speed)
|thrust/weight=– (part thrust: –)
Specific impulse: 
Burn time: 2 minutes 45 seconds (Hawker P.1072 installation)
|fuelcon=
|specfuelcon=
}}

See also

References

Snarler
Aircraft rocket engines
Rocket engines using alcohol propellant
BMA process. The BMA process or Degussa process is a chemical process developed by the German chemical company Degussa for the production of hydrogen cyanide from methane and ammonia in presence of a platinum catalyst. Hydrogen cyanide is used in the chemical industry for the production of intermediate chemicals like acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate, and adiponitrile.

The name is abbreviated from Blausäure (hydrogen cyanide) from Methan (methane) and  Ammoniak (ammonia) in German.

The reaction equation is analog to the steam methane reforming (SMR) reaction of methane and water:

CH4 + NH3 → HCN + 3 H2, ΔHR = 251 kJ / mol

The reaction is extremely endothermic. The reactants react in a Platinum-covered pipe at approximately 1400 °C. The reaction mixture contains around 23 Vol.-% HCN and 72 Vol.-% H2 as well as minor quantities of ammonia, nitrogen, and unreacted methane.

The gaseous mixture is introduced in a scrubber and treated with an ammonia solution (producing ammonium cyanide) allowing the other gaseous components: H2, CH4, and N2 to pass through. In a second step the HCN is released by acidification of the solution, followed by a final distillation of the hydrogen cyanide. Because of the highly endothermic reaction, the BMA process is of lower importance for the production of HCN compared to the Andrussow process.

References

External links 
Process description

Chemical processes
Catalysis