omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CPLEX. IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio (often informally referred to simply as CPLEX) is an optimization software package.

History 
The CPLEX Optimizer was named after the simplex method implemented in the C programming language. However, today it also supports other types of mathematical optimization and offers interfaces other than C.  It was originally developed by Robert E. Bixby and sold commercially in 1988 by CPLEX Optimization Inc. This was acquired by ILOG in 1997 and ILOG was subsequently acquired by IBM in January 2009.  CPLEX continues to be actively developed by IBM.

Features 
The IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimizer solves integer programming problems, very large linear programming problems using either primal or dual variants of the simplex method or the barrier interior point method, convex and non-convex quadratic programming problems, and convex quadratically constrained problems (solved via second-order cone programming, or SOCP).

The CPLEX Optimizer has a modeling layer called Concert that provides interfaces to the C++, C#, and Java languages.  There is a Python language interface based on the C interface.  Finally, a stand-alone Interactive Optimizer executable is provided for debugging and other purposes.

The CPLEX Optimizer is accessible through independent modeling systems such as AIMMS, AMPL, GAMS, OptimJ and TOMLAB. In addition to that AMPL provides an interface to the CPLEX CP Optimizer.

The full IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio consists of the CPLEX Optimizer for mathematical programming, the CP Optimizer for constraint programming, the Optimization Programming Language (OPL), and a tightly integrated IDE.

Release history 
Prior to IBM acquiring ILOG, the CPLEX team published a release history of CPLEX.

See also 
 FICO Xpress
 GLPK
 Gurobi Optimizer
 SCIP

References

External links

 
 
 
 Free preview edition of IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio
 IBM ILOG Optimization Forums

Mathematical optimization software
IBM software
Perihelion Software. Perihelion Software Limited was a United Kingdom company founded in 1986 by Dr. Tim King along with a number of colleagues who had all worked together at MetaComCo on AmigaOS and written compilers for both the Amiga and the Atari ST.

Perihelion Software produced an operating system for the INMOS Transputer called HeliOS. This was a system that looked like Unix but which could pass messages to processes running on either the same processor or another one. This was used in the Atari Transputer Workstation, among other places.

Later HeliOS was ported to other processors including the ARM architecture.

Perihelion Software also produced an in-memory database system called Polyhedra. The group responsible for this product was set up as a subsidiary, Perihelion Technology Limited (PTL), which did a management buyout in 1994. PTL later changed its name to Polyhedra plc in 1995, and in 2001 was acquired by a Swedish company called ENEA.

References

External links 

 Dr. Tim King's Homepage

Software companies of the United Kingdom
Bell X-16. The Bell X-16 was a high altitude aerial reconnaissance jet aircraft designed in the United States in the 1950s. The designation of X-16 was a cover to try to hide the true nature of the aircraft mission from the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

Development
During the second half of 1953, Fairchild, Bell, and Martin Aircraft conducted high altitude reconnaissance aircraft design studies for the United States Air Force under project MX-2147. All three designs used Pratt & Whitney J57-19 turbojets. The Bell and Martin (B-57D) designs were chosen for further development. The Bell Model 67 design was designated the X-16. A full-scale mock-up was completed and one aircraft was partially completed. It was designed as a high altitude long-range reconnaissance aircraft.

The X-16 design was breaking new ground with its design. Its wing was long  with a high (11.9) aspect ratio. The structure was significantly lighter and more flexible than usual for jet aircraft wings. The entire aircraft was made as light as possible to achieve its intended 3,000-mile unrefueled range at .

A total of 28 aircraft were ordered, but none were completed. The first X-16 was about 80 percent complete when the program was cancelled by the Air Force in favor of the Martin RB-57 in 1956. Although no X-16 was ever completed, it made contributions to aircraft design with its lightweight design. It was also a driving force behind the development of the high-altitude versions of the J57 that would later power the Lockheed U-2 and other aircraft.

Specifications (X-16, as designed)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Jenkins, Dennis R., Tony Landis and Jay Miller. American X-Vehicles: An Inventory – X-1 to X-50 (Monographs in Aerospace History No. 31: Centennial of Flight Edition). Washington, D.C.: NASA SP-2003-4531, June 2003. Retrieved: 26 July 2009.
 Miller, Jay. Lockheed Martin's Skunk Works: The Official History.  Leicester, UK: Aerofax, an imprint of Midland Publishing, 1995 (revised edition). .
 Polmar, Martin. Spyplane: The U-2 History. St. Paul, Minnesota: Zenith Press, 2001. .

External links
 X-16 at globalsecurity.org

X-16, Bell
X-16
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Twinjets
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Unflown aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Canton Lake (Oklahoma). Canton Lake is a lake in Blaine and Dewey Counties in Oklahoma, near Longdale and Canton. Its main source of water is the North Canadian River. It is about an hour away from Enid. The lake serves as a municipal water supply reservoir for Oklahoma City, which pays to have water released from the lake for water-supply purposes.

Canton Dam was a 1948 project of the Southwestern Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers.  The earthen structure is  high and  long at its crest, with a maximum storage capacity of 383,000 acre-feet.  The lake has a shoreline of . Canton is owned and operated by the Army Corps of Engineers but Oklahoma City retains the storage rights.

The lake is home to several species of fish, including largemouth bass, white bass, channel catfish, crappie, and walleye. Canton has become the primary source of walleye eggs for incubation and stocking of other state lakes. Since 1968, community leaders and local merchants have promoted an annual Walleye Rodeo.  The four-day event offers visitors the chance to win cash and other prizes that total over $30,000.

Facilities at the lake include boat ramps, picnic areas, RV and tent campsites, drinking water, group shelters, restrooms, showers, a swimming beach, concession services, and a nature trail.

In early 2013, Oklahoma City officials diverted 30,000 acre-ft of water from Canton Lake to Lake Hefner, to replenish the city's water supply. Later, spring rains replenished the level of that lake, which had to dump water into the North Canadian River to prevent the lake from overflowing.  However, the effect was to leave Canton Lake  below its normal level. This has contributed to an algae bloom.

In April 2016, the lake finally replenished from the 2013 water diversion Oklahoma City made.

In August 2022, Oklahoma City officials have requested a water release from Canton Lake to replenish Lake Hefner.  The release is planned to lower lake Canton by about  and raise Lake Hefner by an equal amount

References

External links
 Canton Lake information and photos on TravelOK.com Official Oklahoma Tourism & Recreation Department website
 Canton Lake information and data on usace.army.mil Official U.S. Army Corps of Engineers website for Canton Lake
 Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory

Bodies of water of Blaine County, Oklahoma
Bodies of water of Dewey County, Oklahoma
Lakes of Oklahoma
Tourist attractions in Blaine County, Oklahoma
Tourist attractions in Dewey County, Oklahoma
Monkey and banana problem. The monkey and banana problem is a famous toy problem in artificial intelligence, particularly in logic programming and planning.

Formulation of the problem
A monkey is in a room. Suspended from the ceiling is a bunch of bananas, beyond the monkey's reach. However, in the room there are also a chair and a stick. The ceiling is just the right height so that a monkey standing on a chair could knock the bananas down with the stick. The monkey knows how to move around, carry other things around, reach for the bananas, and wave a stick in the air. What is the best sequence of actions for the monkey?

Purpose of the problem
The problem seeks to answer the question of whether monkeys are intelligent. Both humans and monkeys have the ability to use mental maps to remember things like where to go to find shelter, or how to avoid danger. They can also remember where to go to gather food and water, as well as how to communicate with each other. Monkeys have the ability not only to remember how to hunt and gather but to learn new things, as is the case with the monkey and the bananas: despite the fact that the monkey may never have been in an identical situation, with the same artifacts at hand, a monkey is capable of concluding that it needs to make a ladder, position it below the bananas, and climb up to reach for them.

The degree to which such abilities should be ascribed to instinct or learning is a matter of debate.

In 1984, a pigeon was observed as having the capacity to solve a problem.

Software solutions
The problem is used as a toy problem for computer science. It can be solved with an expert system such as CLIPS. The example set of rules that CLIPS provides is somewhat fragile in that naive changes to the rulebase that might seem to a human of average intelligence to make common sense can cause the engine to fail to get the monkey to reach the banana.

Other examples exist using Rules Based System (RBS) a project implemented in Python.

See also
Tool use by animals

References

Logic puzzles
Locomotive Software. Locomotive Software was a small British software house that did most of its development for Amstrad's home and small business computers of the 1980s. It was founded by Richard Clayton and Chris Hall on 14 February 1983.

It wrote or contributed significantly to the ROMs of the Amstrad CPC 464, Amstrad CPC 664 and Amstrad CPC 6128 home computers, the Amstrad PCW wordprocessor and the later Amstrad-manufactured ZX Spectrum +2A, +2B and +3 machines, amongst others. Its Locomotive BASIC for the CPC range was a fast and highly featured implementation of BASIC for the time and later led to the development of Mallard BASIC for Amstrad's CP/M+ machines. Locomotive was also responsible for the ports of the CP/M operating system to Amstrad machines — initially 2.2 for the CPC 464 and CPC 664 and later CP/M 3.0 ("CP/M+") for the CPC 6128, PCW range and Spectrum +3.

A later Locomotive BASIC was BASIC2 for Digital Research's GEM graphical user interface, as supplied with the Amstrad PC1512 and PC1640 range of PC clones.

The company also developed the LocoScript word processor for the PCW, which was a complete bootable environment in its own right with no separate underlying operating system. The company later produced a PC version of this software, but it was not very successful, partly because it was a DOS application, just as the PC market was moving to Microsoft Windows, but also because the program compared poorly to incumbents like WordPerfect in the more competitive environment of PC word processors.

The same team later went on to develop the Turnpike Internet client for Windows, which was for many years distributed as the standard access software by pioneering dial-up Internet access provider Demon Internet. Demon Internet later acquired Locomotive Software.

References 

Amstrad CPC
Pillow block bearing. A pillow block bearing (or plummer block) is a mounting used to support a rotating shaft with the use of bearings and various accessories. The assembly consists of a mounting block which houses a bearing. The block is mounted to a foundation, and a shaft is inserted, allowing the inner part of the bearing/shaft to rotate. The inside of the bearing is typically  larger diameter than the shaft to ensure a tight fit. Set screws, locking collars, or set collars are commonly used to secure the shaft. Housing material for a pillow block is typically made of cast iron or cast steel.

Types
A pillow block usually refers to a housing with an included anti-friction bearing, wherein the mounted shaft is in a parallel plane to the mounting surface and perpendicular to the center line of the mounting holes, as contrasted with various types of flange blocks or flange units.

Bearing types 
A pillow block may contain a bearing with one of several types of rolling elements, including ball, cylindrical roller, spherical roller, tapered roller, or metallic or synthetic bushing. The type of rolling element defines the type of pillow block.

Plummer blocks 
Pillow blocks differ from "plummer blocks" which are bearing housings supplied without any bearings and are usually meant for higher load ratings and a separately installed bearing. Plummer block bearings are designed for more corrosive environments. The fundamental application of both types is the same, which is to mount a bearing safely enabling its outer ring to be stationary while allowing rotation of the inner ring. The housing is bolted to a foundation through the holes in the base.

Construction 
Bearing housings may be either split type or solid type. Split type housings are usually two-piece housings where the cap and base may be detached, while solid are single-piece housings.

Dust and water protection 
Various sealing arrangements may be provided to prevent dust and other contaminants from entering the housing. Thus, the housing provides a clean environment for the environmentally sensitive bearing to rotate free from contaminants while retaining lubrication, either oil or grease, increasing its performance and duty cycle.

Materials 
Bearing housings are usually made of grey cast iron. However, various grades of metals can be used to manufacture the same, including ductile iron, steel, stainless steel, and various types of thermoplastics and polyethylene-based plastics.

The bearing element may be manufactured from 52100 chromium steel alloy (the most common), stainless steel, plastic, or bushing materials such as SAE660 cast bronze, SAE841 oil impregnated sintered bronze, or synthetic materials.

Standards 
ISO 113 specifies internationally accepted dimensions for plummer blocks.

See also 
 Bearing surface
 Plain bearing

References

Bearings (mechanical)
LSC. LSC may refer to:

Astronomy
 Local Supercluster
 Virgo Supercluster

Science and technology
 Lanthanum strontium cobaltate, see lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite
 Luzon Science Consortium
 Shaped charge#Linear shaped charges
 LIGO Scientific Collaboration
  Message Sequence Chart#Live Sequence Charts
 Luminescent solar concentrator
 Lichen simplex chronicus
 LDAP Synchronization Connector, an open source software to synchronize an LDAP directory with any other data source.
 Landing Support Craft, a British WWII landing craft, US called Landing Craft Assault
 Landing Ship, Carrier (Derrick-Hoisting) a US WW2 landing craft with a crane.

Places
 Lafayette School Corporation, Indiana, US
 Lake Superior College, Duluth, Minnesota, US
 La Salle College, Hong Kong
 Lyndon State College, Vermont, US
 London School of Commerce, London, UK
LSC, the IATA code for La Florida Airport, serving La Serena, Chile

Other
 LStar Capital, also known as LSC Film Corporation, a film production company that works with Sony Pictures
 Learning and Skills Council, former UK body
 Legal Services Commission, England, replaced by Legal Aid Agency
 Legal Services Corporation, US corporation providing legal aid
 Legend SuperCup, a legends car racing series since 2014
 Lengua de Señas Colombiana, the Colombian sign language
 Llengua de Signes Catalana, the Catalan sign language
 Local School Councils, Chicago, US
 Local Swimming Committee, a subdivision of USA Swimming
 London Society of Compositors, former British trade union
 London Symphony Chorus, UK
 Lone Star Conference, an athletic conference affiliated in the Division II ranks of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
 LSC, a coupe model of the Continental Mark VII and Lincoln Mark VII
Skid. 
Skid or Skids may refer to:

 Skid, a type of pallet
 Glossary of bowling#Skid, the first phase of bowling ball motion, preceding the hook and roll phases
 Skid (aerodynamics), an outward side-slip in an aircraft turn
 Skid (automobile), an automobile handling condition where one or more tires are slipping relative to the road
 Skid, a sled runner
 Skids, vehicles with continuous track
 Skids, or skid loaders, a vehicle
 Skids, a nautical term for slipway
 Modular process skid, an engineered frame for equipment
 Skid, alias for script kiddie

Comics, games and amusements
 Skids (comics), characters in Marvel-published comics
 Skids (Transformers), several fictional robot superhero characters in the Transformers robot superhero franchise.
 Skid, a type of amusement ride

Music
 Skid (album), 1970, by Skid Row
 Skids (band), a Scottish band
 Skids (EP) a 1977 EP by the Scottish band

See also
 Skidder, a vehicle used in a logging operation for pulling cut trees out of a forest in a process called "skidding"
 Skidding (forestry)
Full scale. In electronics and signal processing, full scale represents the maximum amplitude a system can represent.

In digital systems, a signal is said to be at digital full scale when its magnitude has reached the maximum representable value. Once a signal has reached digital full scale, all headroom has been utilized, and any further increase in amplitude will result in an error known as clipping. The amplitude of a digital signal can be represented in percent; full scale; or decibels, full scale (dBFS).

In analog systems, full scale may be defined by the maximum voltage available, or the maximum deflection (full scale deflection or FSD) or indication of an analog instrument such as a moving coil meter or galvanometer.

Binary representation
Since binary integer representation range is asymmetrical, full scale is defined using the maximum positive value that can be represented.  For example, 16-bit PCM audio is centered on the value 0, and can contain values from −32,768 to +32,767.  A signal is at full-scale if it reaches from −32,767 to +32,767.  (This means that −32,768, the lowest possible value, slightly exceeds full-scale.)

Signal processing in digital audio workstations often uses floating-point arithmetic, which can include values past full-scale, to avoid clipping in intermediate processing stages.  In a floating-point representation, a full-scale signal is typically defined to reach from −1.0 to +1.0.

Processing
The signal passes through an anti-aliasing, resampling, or reconstruction filter, which may increase peak amplitude slightly due to ringing. 

It is possible for the analog signal represented by the digital data to exceed digital full scale even if the digital data does not, and vice versa. Converting to the analog domain, there is no clipping problem as long as the analog circuitry in the digital-to-analog converter is well designed.

If a full-scale analog signal is converted to digital with sufficient sampling frequency, and then reconstructed, the Nyquist theorem guarantees that there will be no problem in the analog domain due to "peak" issues because the restored analog signal will be an exact copy of the original analog signal. (However, if the signal is normalized in the digital domain, it may contain "intersample peaks" which exceed full scale after analog reconstruction.)

References

Digital signal processing
Digital audio
Gerstenslager. The Gerstenslager Company was a maker of past model body panels for several major auto makers. In the 1950s the company was best known for making large custom vehicles such as bookmobiles, canteens and mobile television units.

History
The company started in 1860 as a carriage factory known as the Wehe Company in Marshallville, Ohio. In 1882 blacksmith George Gerstenslager went to work for the company, and by 1904 was the owner and eponym. In 1907, the company moved to Wooster, Ohio. In the early 1920s, Gerstenslager changed from production of buggies, surreys and wagons to van bodies and special truck bodies.

After World War II, Gerstenslager began producing custom-built mobile units such as Bookmobiles, fire rescue vehicles, dental units, canteens, mobile X-ray units, mobile hospitals, as well as mobile television units used by the major networks. The company also built vehicles for the United States Postal Service. In the early 1950s, Gerstenslager designed five Wienermobiles for the Oscar Mayer hot dog producer. In the 1960s, the company expanded to make parts for the automotive, truck and agricultural industries.

After expanding their sheet metal stamping capabilities in support of the custom truck division, the stamping division continued to grow through partnerships with most major automotive manufacturers to make aftermarket parts.  In later years the stamping division became the larger part of the company and the custom truck division was shut down in 1986 so the company could focus all resources to the stamping division.

In 1997, Gerstenslager was acquired by Worthington Industries of Columbus, Ohio. In 2011, Worthington merged Gerstenslager into International Tooling Solutions to form ArtiFlex Manufacturing; Worthington remains a part-owner of ArtiFlex.

External links

Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Ohio
Companies based in Ohio
Run-time infrastructure (simulation). In simulation, run-time infrastructure (RTI) is a middleware that is required when implementing the High Level Architecture (HLA). RTI
is the fundamental component of HLA. It provides a set of software services that are necessary to support federates to coordinate their operations and data exchange during a runtime execution. In other sense, it is the implementation of the HLA interface specification but is not itself part of specification. Modern RTI implementations conform to the IEEE 1516 and/or HLA 1.3 API specifications. These specifications do not include a network protocol for RTI.  It is up to the implementors of an RTI to create a specification.  Due to this, interoperability between RTI products and often, RTI versions, should not be assumed unless the vendor specifies interoperability with other products or versions.

Known implementations

Middleware
Simulation software
Web modeling. Web modeling (aka model-driven Web development) is a branch of Web engineering that addresses the specific issues related to design and development of large-scale Web applications. In particular, it focuses on the design notations and visual languages that can be used for the realization of robust, well-structured, usable and maintainable Web applications.

Models
Designing a data-intensive website amounts to specifying its characteristics in terms of various orthogonal abstractions. The main models that are involved in complex Web application design are: data structure, content composition, navigation paths, and presentation model. Several languages and notations have been devised for Web application modeling. Among them:

 RMM 
 OOHDM
 ARANEUS  
 STRUDEL   
 TIRAMISU  
 HDM — W2000
 the Interaction Flow Modeling Language (IFML), adopted by the Object Management Group (OMG) in March 2013
 WebML
 Hera
 UML Web Application Extension
 UML-based Web Engineering (UWE)  
 ACE  
 WebArchitect  
 OO-H

One of the main discussion venues for this discipline is the Model-Driven Web Engineering Workshop (MDWE) held yearly in conjunction with the International Conference on Web Engineering (ICWE) conference.

References

External links
Most Common Website Performance Issues
ADA Website Compliance & Web Accessibility

Web design