omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Flow to HDL. Flow to HDL tools and methods convert flow-based system design into a hardware description language (HDL) such as VHDL or Verilog.  Typically this is a method of creating designs for field-programmable gate array, application-specific integrated circuit prototyping and digital signal processing (DSP) design.  Flow-based system design is well-suited to field-programmable gate array design as it is easier to specify the innate parallelism of the architecture.

History
The use of flow-based design tools in engineering is a reasonably new trend. Unified Modeling Language is the most widely used example for software design.  The use of flow-based design tools allows for more holistic system design and faster development. C to HDL tools and flow have a similar aim, but with C or C-like programming languages.

Applications 
Most applications are ones which take too long with existing supercomputer architectures.  These include bioinformatics, CFD, financial processing and oil and gas survey data analysis.  Embedded applications that require high performance or real-time data processing are also an area of use.  System-on-a-chip design can also be done using this flow.

Examples 
Xilinx System Generator from Xilinx
StarBridge VIVA from defunct 
Nimbus from defunct Exsedia

External links 
 an overview of flows by Daresbury Labs.
 Xilinx's ESL initiative, some products listed and C to VHDL tools.

See also 
 Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC)
 C to HDL
 Comparison of Free EDA software
 Comparison of EDA Software
 Complex programmable logic device (CPLD)
 ELLA (programming language)
 Electronic design automation (EDA)
 Embedded C++
 Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)
 Hardware description language (HDL)
 Handel-C
 Icarus Verilog
 Lustre (programming language)
 MyHDL
 Open source software
 Register transfer notation
 Register transfer level (RTL)
 Ruby (hardware description language)
 SpecC
 SystemC
 SystemVerilog
 Systemverilog DPI
 VHDL
 VHDL-AMS
 Verilog
 Verilog-A
 Verilog-AMS

Hardware description languages
Lead(IV) sulfide. Lead(IV) sulfide is a chemical compound with the formula PbS2. This material is generated by the reaction of the more common lead(II) sulfide, PbS, with sulfur at >600 °C and at high pressures. PbS2, like the related tin(IV) sulfide SnS2, crystallises in the cadmium iodide motif, which indicates that Pb should be assigned the formal oxidation state of 4+.

Lead(IV) sulfide is a p-type semiconductor, and is also a thermoelectric material.

References

Lead(IV) compounds
Disulfides
Emergency management information system. An emergency management information system (EMIS) is a computer database for disaster response that provides graphical, real-time information to responders.

EMIS and emergencies
Four phases of an emergency are Readiness, Risk Mitigation, Response, and Replay. An EMIS shall enable emergency managers or any emergency stakeholder (affected civilians, police, fireman, Non Government Organizations (NGO), etc.)  make their required activities in any phase of an emergency in an easy and speedy way.

EMIS for Readiness
Preparation of contingency plans for different types of emergencies
Creating checklists that can be easily reached by any related emergency management stakeholder 
Resource management

EMIS for Risk Mitigation
Determine possible risk areas and/or risk types. Often supported by a geographical information system (GIS).

EMIS for Response
Executing and tracking the contingency plan

EMIS for Replay
Review the events of the emergency
Various kind of reports (supported by tables, graphs, etc.) 

An EMIS interacts with many other early alert systems and communicates with many legacy systems.

See also 
 Emergency management
 Emergency management software
 Emergency Communication System
 Logistics Support System
 Wireless Emergency Alerts

References

Applications of geographic information systems
Emergency management in the United States
Emergency management software
Plymouth Slingshot. The Plymouth Slingshot is a concept car produced in 1988 by Plymouth. The Slingshot was introduced at the 1988 Los Angeles Auto Show.

Design

The Slingshot was designed by Craig Durfey & Roger Zrimec, along with several design interns working in the Chrysler design studio. These interns were said to have made "direct and meaningful contributions" to the creation of the vehicle. The Slingshot was designed to be a "lifestyle-oriented vehicle purposely targeted at the young people of the 1990s." Slingshot was designed as part of a series of three sports cars from Chrysler—along with the "Big Shot" and "Hot Shot."

Specifications

Engine & Transmission

The Slingshot features a mid-mounted, 2.2L DOHC inline-four engine, with twin cams, 16 valves, and an intercooled turbocharger. The engine was rated at 225 HP and 225 lb/ft. of torque. The engine is located behind the canopy, in a semi-exposed module.

The transmission is a six-speed manual transmission, with a motorcycle-like ratchet shifter.

Body & Chassis

Slingshot is finished in charcoal, black, and pearl white paint. It features a canopy that swings upwards to open.

It has a light and rigid carbon fiber body and chassis, with adjustable four-wheel independent suspension. Flexible, impact-absorbing fenders are positioned right above the wheels to provide aerodynamic styling.

An interesting feature is the use of twin tires at both the front and rear. Slingshot is equipped with 125/70-15 and 125/85-16 tires at the front and rear, respectively. This was to provide an additional safety factor in the event of a blow-out.

The dimensions of the Slingshot are as follows:
 Wheelbase = 103.0 inches
 Length = 149.0 inches
 Width = 68.0 inches
 Height = 47.7 inches

Features

Exterior

 Aircraft-like pivoting canopy.
 Keyless credit card-like entry.
 Combined headlight & rear-view mirror pods.
 Exposed engine and suspension.
 Sliding canvas sunroof.

Interior

 Elevating seats.
 Sliding pedals, instrument panel & steering wheel.
 Electronic instrument panel.

Appearances & media

Slingshot won the 1988 Silver IDEA award for automotive design.

Slingshot was displayed as part of the Walter P. Chrysler Museum's exhibit on "Big Toys" from November 9, 2009, through January 11, 2010.

Slingshot made cameos in several episodes of the TV show "Viper" during the show's first season.

References

External links
 Video of the Plymouth Slingshot driving, from pilot episode of "Viper" TV show.

Slingshot
Plymouth Belmont. The Plymouth Belmont was a 1954 concept sports car built by Plymouth. It (and the 1954 DeSoto Adventurer concept car) were the first plastic-bodied cars by the Chrysler Corporation. The Belmont seated two and used a V8 engine, that produced up to . It was originally painted in a light blue metallic, it was painted red later. It was 191.5" long. Had it ever become a production model, its main competitors would have been the Chevrolet Corvette and the Ford Thunderbird.

There has been some disagreement as to who designed the Plymouth Belmont. Virgil Exner was originally identified as the designer. However, in Exner’s 2007 biography, he attributed the design to William “Bill” Robinson.

Exner wrote that Chrysler, “was not in a financial position where it could afford to create a car to match the Corvette or the up-and-coming Thunderbird.” Therefore, a “major stipulation was that Robinson had to use stock parts wherever possible, including bumpers and light bezels."

"Robinson said that Chrysler's K.T. Keller did indeed want a Corvette competitor and that he instructed Al Prance at Briggs Manufacturing Company to begin work on one. Prance turned to Robinson, who had been with Briggs as a designer for about five years at that time. 'At first, I was thinking they wanted a real concept car, so I had drawings with fins and that nature,' Robinson said. 'But as the project progressed, I figured that they were looking more for a true sports car than a concept car, so I grew more conservative in my designs.'"

Robinson remembers that shortly after its release, "Ex walked into the Plymouth studio where he was by then working, ‘Ex came up to me and said, Bill, would you mind if I took credit for the Plymouth Belmont?' He was really nice about it, and I replied, 'Man, you can have credit for that thing if you want it' because for years I wouldn’t even admit that I was responsible for it but I guess it stood the test of time and I feel proud of it."

References

External links
 http://www.allpar.com/cars/concepts/belmont.html
 https://www.autoblog.com/2020/01/01/1954-plymouth-belmont-concept-car-for-sale/, concept car up for sale.

Belmont
Edward Teshmaker Busk. Lieutenant Edward Teshmaker Busk, London Electrical Engineers. RE(T) (8 March 1886 – 5 November 1914) was an English pioneer of early aircraft design, and the designer of the first full-sized efficient inherently stable aeroplane.

He was the son of Thomas Teshmaker Busk (1852–1894) and Mary Busk née Acworth (1854–1935), of Hermongers, Rudgwick, Sussex. After attaining First Class Honours in Mechanical Sciences at Cambridge in June 1912 he became Assistant Engineer at the newly formed Royal Aircraft Factory, Farnborough, later the Royal Aircraft Establishment. Here he devoted much of his time to the mathematics and dynamics of stable flight.

In the early years of powered flight inherent stability in an aircraft was a most important quality. Busk took his theories into the air and tried them out in practice. In 1913 this work was used in the R.E.1 (Reconnaissance Experimental), claimed as the first inherently stable aeroplane, and resulted in the development of the B.E.2c.

The remarkable feature of this design was that there was no single device that was the cause of the stability. The stability resulted from detailed design of each part of the aircraft, with due regard to its relation to, and effect on, other parts in the air. Weights and areas were so arranged that under most conditions the machine would tend to right itself.

Busk was killed on 5 November 1914 while making an experimental flight in a B.E.2 which caught fire at Laffans Plain (now Farnborough Airfield), near Aldershot, burning him to death. He was buried at Aldershot Military Cemetery with full military honours.

Frederick Lanchester wrote in 1916:

Busk's genius and his courage were recognised by the posthumous award of the Gold Medal of the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain, and amongst the many letters of condolence received by his mother was one from King George V.

His youngest brother, Hans Acworth Busk (b. 1894), was reported missing on 6 January 1916, last seen flying a heavy bombing aeroplane against the Turks at Gallipoli. They were both survived by their mother Mary Busk (née Acworth, 1854-1935), author of a biography of her two sons lost while flying, by sister Mary Agnes Dorothea Morse (1888–1960) and by brother Henry Gould Busk (1890–1956).

Memorials 
 Busk Crescent, Farnborough.
 The Busk Memorial, R.A.E. Farnborough, a small lily pond and fountain with memorial plaque.
 Holy Trinity Church, Rudgwick.
 The Busk Studentship in Aeronautics at Cambridge University

References 

 Hunsaker, Jerome C. Dynamical Stability of Aeroplanes, U. S. Navy and Massachusetts Institute of Technology
 Cross & Cockade International, Volume 14 - 1983, Number 3. E. T. Busk, an Irreparable Loss : Marvin L Skelton

1886 births
1914 deaths
Royal Engineers officers
English aviators
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in England
Burials at Aldershot Military Cemetery
Accidental deaths in England
British Army personnel of World War I
Deaths from fire
People from Rudgwick
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1914
Riesenflugzeug. A Riesenflugzeug (plural Riesenflugzeuge, German for "giant aircraft"), sometimes colloquially referred to in English as an R-plane, was any member of a class of large World War I German bombers, possessing at least three aircraft engines, although usually four or more engines. These large multi-engine aircraft could fly several hours with larger bomb loads than the smaller  Grossflugzeug bombers such as the Gotha G.V.

Some of the earliest Riesenflugzeuge were given G-type designations before being redesignated, but a major distinction was that the requirements for the R-type specified that the engines had to be serviceable in flight. As a result, designs fell into two groups:
those with the engines mounted centrally inside the fuselage using gearboxes and driveshafts to transfer the power to propellers mounted between the wings, and
those with conventional powerplant installations mounted in large nacelles or the nose of the aircraft where engineers would be stationed for each group of engines.

The transmission of power from the centrally mounted engines to the remote, most often wing-mounted propellers proved troublesome in practice, and most operational examples of Riesenflugzeug-class aircraft were of the second type, as with the all-direct-drive Zeppelin-Staaken R.VI.

The Idflieg (Inspektion der Fliegertruppen (Inspection of the Air Force), the German Army department responsible for military aviation), assigned the letter R to this type of aircraft, which would then be followed by a period and a Roman numeral type number. Seaplanes were denoted by adding a lowercase "s" after the "R" in the designation.

The Riesenflugzeuge were the largest aircraft of World War I. In comparison, the largest equivalent Allied aircraft were the Sikorsky Ilya Muromets with a span of , the Caproni Ca.4 with a span of  , the one-off Felixstowe Fury flying boat with a span of  and the Handley Page V/1500 with a span of . The Riesenflugzeuge that bombed London during the First World War were larger than any of the German bombers in use during the Second World War. The largest built, the Siemens-Schuckert R.VIII of 1918, had a wingspan of . It was not until sixteen years later that an aircraft with a larger wingspan, the Soviet Tupolev Maksim Gorky eight-engined monoplane, was built with a  wingspan.

The Riesenflugzeuge were operational from 1915 to 1919 and most of them were built as "one-off" aircraft.

List of aircraft

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links
 Brief contemporary technical description of the Dornier Rs.III or Rs.IV, with rough diagrams.
"The Four-engine Giant" Notes on German Bombers in 1918 issue of Flight
"The Linke-Hofmann Giant Machines", p.2, p.3 & p.4 in 1919 issue of Flight
"The German D.F.W. Commercial Four-Engined Biplane", p.2, p.3, p.4 & p.5 in 1919 issue of Flight
1910s German bomber aircraft
Flyingmachines.ru's photo page of many WW I German R-class bombers
Wing Commander Arena. Wing Commander Arena is a space combat video game developed by independent software developer Gaia Industries for the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade service.  It is a spin-off of the popular Wing Commander series of games. The game was released on July 25, 2007.

Gameplay 
Players engage in dogfights that take place in one of nine environments, and they are able to choose from 18 ships, half being Terran, and the other half Kilrathi. There can be up to 16 players in a single match.

The game is separated into single-player and multiplayer modes. Multiplayer modes include eight-on-eight teamplay or 16 player free-for-all, capship battles allowing two teams to launch an organized assault on each other's ship while defending their own, "Satellite", which is a variation of capture the flag, and one-on-one duels. There is also a "Bearpit" where one-on-one duels can be watched from the sidelines by other players who can take potshots at the duelers.

Single player modes include Asteroids, Training Modes and Melees. Playing through the single player modes will unlock the various ship types.

Relation to previous Wing Commander games 
Arena'''s gameplay differs from previous Wing Commander installments. Rather than using a first-person perspective cockpit used throughout the series, Arena is played from a top-down perspective on a 2D plane with the third axis reserved for special maneuvers, using a control scheme that resembles a first-person shooter.

The producer, Sean Penney, is a longtime fan of the franchise. Early in development, Electronic Arts sought input from members of the original Wing Commander'' development team, such as Chris Roberts, and from the Wing Commander online community.

Reception

References

External links 
 Official website (Defunct)
 Gaia Industries on Internet Archive
 Wing Commander Arena on Mobygames

2007 video games
Science fiction video games
Space combat simulators
Video games developed in the United States
Wing Commander (franchise)
Xbox 360 games
Xbox 360 Live Arcade games
Xbox 360-only games
Two-pass verification. Two-pass verification, also called double data entry, is a data entry quality control method that was originally employed when data records were entered onto sequential 80-column Hollerith cards with a keypunch. In the first pass through a set of records, the data keystrokes were entered onto each card as the data entry operator typed them. On the second pass through the batch, an operator at a separate machine, called a verifier, entered the same data. The verifier compared the second operator's keystrokes with the contents of the original card. If there were no differences, a verification notch was punched on the right edge of the card.

The IBM 056 and 059 Card Verifiers were companion machines to the IBM 026 and 029 keypunches, respectively. The later IBM 129 keypunch also could operate as a verifier. In that mode, it read a completed card (record) and loaded the 80 keystrokes into a buffer. A data entry operator reentered the record and the keypunch compared the new keystrokes with those loaded into the buffer. If a discrepancy occurred the operator was given a chance to reenter that keystroke and ultimately overwrite the entry in the buffer. If all keystrokes matched the original card, it was passed through and received a verification punch. If corrections were required, then the operator was prompted to discard the original card and insert a fresh card on which corrected keystrokes were typed. The corrected record (card) was passed through and received a corrected verification punch.

Modern use
While this method of quality control clearly is not proof against systematic errors or operator misread entries from a source document, it is very useful in catching and correcting random miskeyed strokes which occur even with experienced data entry operators. However, it proved to be a fatally tragic flaw in the Therac 25 incident. This method has survived the keypunch and is available in some currently available data entry programs (e.g. PSPP/SPSS Data Entry). One study suggests that, at least in simulated circumstances, a single-pass data entry with range checks and  might not significantly alter the reliability of outcomes compared to studies using two-pass data entry; however, it is desirable to implement both systems in a data entry application.

References

Data quality
Punched card
Barium chlorate. Barium chlorate, Ba(ClO3)2, is the barium salt of chloric acid. It is a white crystalline solid, and like all soluble barium compounds, irritant and toxic. It is sometimes used in pyrotechnics to produce a green colour. It also finds use in the production of chloric acid.

Reactions

Synthesis

Barium chlorate can be produced through a double replacement reaction between solutions of barium chloride and sodium chlorate:

After concentrating and cooling the resulting mixture, barium chlorate precipitates. This is perhaps the most common preparation, exploiting the lower solubility of barium chlorate compared to sodium chlorate.

The above method does result in some sodium contamination, which is undesirable for pyrotechnic purposes, where the strong yellow colour of sodium can easily overpower the green of barium. Sodium-free barium chlorate can be produced directly through electrolysis:

It can also be produced by the reaction of barium carbonate with boiling ammonium chlorate solution:

The reaction initially produces barium chlorate and ammonium carbonate; boiling the solution decomposes the ammonium carbonate and drives off the resulting ammonia and carbon dioxide, leaving only barium chlorate in solution.

Decomposition
When exposed to heat, barium chlorate alone will decompose to barium chloride and oxygen:

Chloric acid
Barium chlorate is sometimes used to produce chloric acid.

Commercial uses
When barium chlorate is heated with a fuel, it burns to produce a vibrant green light, which is also a flame test for the presence of bariom ions. Because it is an oxidizer, a chlorine donor, and contains a metal ion, this compound produces a distinctive green colour. However, due to the instability of all chlorates to sulfur, acids, and ammonium ions, chlorates have been banned from use in class C fireworks in the United States. Therefore, more and more firework producers have begun to use more stable compounds such as barium nitrate and barium carbonate.

Environmental Hazard
Barium chlorate, like all oxidizing agents, is dangerous to human health and is also classed as toxic to the environment. It is very harmful to aquatic organisms if it is leached into bodies of water. Chemical spills of this compound, although not common, can pollute entire ecosystems and should be prevented. It is necessary to dispose of this compound as hazardous waste. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) lists barium chlorate as hazardous.

References

Barium compounds
Inorganic compounds
Chlorates
Pyrotechnic oxidizers
Pyrotechnic colorants
Oxidizing agents
Transuranic waste. Transuranic waste (TRU) is stated by U.S. regulations, and independent of state or origin, to be waste which has been contaminated with alpha emitting transuranic radionuclides possessing half-lives greater than 20 years and in concentrations greater than 100 nCi/g (3.7 MBq/kg).

Elements having atomic numbers greater than that of uranium are called transuranic. Elements within TRU are typically man-made and are known to contain americium-241 and several isotopes of plutonium. Because of the elements' longer half-lives, TRU is disposed of more cautiously than low level waste and intermediate level waste. In the U.S. it is a byproduct of weapons production, nuclear research and power production, and consists of protective gear, tools, residue, debris and other items contaminated with small amounts of radioactive elements (mainly plutonium).

Under U.S. law, TRU is further categorized into "contact-handled" (CH) and "remote-handled" (RH) on the basis of the radiation field measured on the waste container's surface. CH TRU has a surface dose rate not greater than 2 mSv per hour (200 mrem/h), whereas RH TRU has rates of 2 mSv/h or higher. CH TRU has neither the high radioactivity of high level waste, nor its high heat generation. In contrast, RH TRU can be highly radioactive, with surface dose rates up to 10 Sv/h (1000 rem/h).

The United States currently permanently disposes of TRU generated from defense nuclear activities at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant, a deep geologic repository.

Other countries do not include this category, favoring variations of High, Medium/Intermediate, and Low Level waste.

References

External links 
 Final Environmental Assessment for Actinide Chemistry and Repository Science Laboratory - Citing a DOE TRU Definition
 US Department of Energy's page on the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP)

Radioactive waste