omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Banshee (dinghy). The Banshee, sometimes called the Banshee 13, is an American sailing dinghy that was designed by Richard L. Reid as a one-design racer and first built in 1969.

Production
The design was initially built by the designer himself through his company Marine Plastics in Foster City, California, United States starting in 1969. As demand increased he subcontracted construction to other companies. Barrett Bruch formed Banshee International, Inc. in Santa Cruz, California in August 1974, with Reid as vice-president, to take over construction. Additional company production capacity was added in Scotts Valley, California in 1982. A total of 9,000 boats were built, but Banshee International is no longer in business and the boat is now out of production.

Abbott Boats in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada was licensed to construct 500 Banshees, but it is unknown if that number were actually completed.

Design

The boat was derived from the Flying Junior hull design and envisioned by Reid as a mass-market boat, with more appeal for racing than the contemporary Sunfish.

The Banshee is a recreational sailboat, built predominantly of fiberglass, with foam flotation, making the boat unsinkable. It has an unstayed catboat rig, with aluminum spars, including a non-rotating mast, a loose-footed, four-batten mainsail, a spooned raked stem, a vertical transom, a transom-hung, kick-up rudder controlled by a tiller and a retractable daggerboard. The hull alone displaces .

The boat has a draft of  with the daggerboard extended and  with it retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer or car roof rack.

For sailing the boat has a boom vang, a Cunningham and an adjustable outhaul. The mast can be pivoted fore and aft, normally raked aft when sailing to windward and adjusted forward when on a run downwind. The mainsail is mounted via a sleeve over the mast and so is not hoisted by a halyard. The daggerboard may be adjusted fore-and-aft to balance the mainsail, when the sail is reefed by rolling it around the mast.

Variants
Banshee
The base model has a sail of  and a Portsmouth Yardstick racing average handicap of 94.3.
Banshee T
This model has a reduced sail area of  to improve stability and has a Portsmouth Yardstick racing average handicap of 99.9.
Griffon (or Gryphon)
An experimental model built by Banshee International, with a slightly modified hull shape. It was made from carbon fiber with a hull weight of . A total of 15 were constructed.

Operational history
The class rules allow modifications to the running rigging, including the sail shape, but no changes to the hull, spars or the sail.

In a 1994 review Richard Sherwood wrote that the Banshee is "a high-performance boat designed for cartopping. Maximum capacity is two, or in a pinch, three."

In 1994 it was reported that 50 fleets in five countries were racing the design.

See also
List of sailing boat types

Similar sailboats
Laser (dinghy)
RS Aero

References

External links

Dinghies
1960s sailboat type designs
Sailboat type designs by Richard L. Reid
Sailboat types built by Marine Plastics
Sailboat types built by Banshee International
Sailboat types built by Abbott Boats
L10. L10 or L-10 may be:

Military
 Landsverk L-10, a Swedish tank
 HMS L10, a 1918 British L class submarine
 L10 Ranger Anti-Personnel mine, a British blast mine
 L 10, ASJA and Saab's internal designation for the Saab 17 1940s military aircraft
 L 10 Friedensengel, a variant of the World War II Blohm & Voss BV 950 torpedo
 USS L-10 (SS-50), an L-class submarine of the United States Navy

Transportation
 Cummins L10, a Cummins L Series diesel engine marketed from 1983 to 1997
 L.10 Electra, 1930s Lockheed airliner
 L10, development name for the 1930s Junkers Jumo 210 aircraft engine
 Scania-Vabis L10 (1944–1959), a series of trucks produced by Swedish automaker Scania-Vabis

Other uses
 Al Fajer L-10, a drone built by Start Aviation
 ISO/IEC 8859-16 (Latin-10), an 8-bit character encoding
 L10 life, the rate at which 10% of bearings are expected to fail
 Panasonic Lumix DMC-L10, a 2007 digital single-lens reflex camera

See also
 L10n
Magdeburger Startgerät, a missile, also known as the 10-L
Robert Blackburn (aviation pioneer). Robert Blackburn, OBE, FRAeS (26 March 1885 – 10 September 1955) was an English aviation pioneer and the founder of Blackburn Aircraft.

Early life and education 
Blackburn was born in Kirkstall, Leeds, Yorkshire, England to Kate (née Naylor) and George William Blackburn, an engineer and works manager of William Green & Sons, lawnmower and steamroller manufacturers. He was the eldest of three brothers and attended Leeds Modern School and graduated in engineering at the University of Leeds, and built his first aircraft, a monoplane, in 1909. He made his first short flight on the sandy beach between Saltburn and Marske in the spring of 1909. The aircraft was badly damaged in 1910 when he attempted to make a turn.

Career 
He moved to Filey and built a second monoplane which established his reputation as an aviation pioneer and in 1911 founded the Blackburn Aeroplane Company. In 1914 he married Tryphena Jessica Thompson, known as Jessy Blackburn and with her help and inheritance created the Blackburn Aeroplane & Motor Company, establishing it in a new factory at Brough, East Riding of Yorkshire in 1916.

He also opened a factory at Roundhay, Leeds in 1914, which was forced to shut down in 1920 after the closure of Roundhay Aerodrome. He introduced the first scheduled air service in Great Britain, offering half-hourly flights between Leeds and Bradford. In 1919 he set up the North Sea Aerial Navigation Company, using surplus World War I aeroplanes, which operated a regular passenger service between Leeds and Hounslow, London as well as cargo flights between cities, including Leeds and Amsterdam. In 1917 Blackburn and Jessy purchased Bowcliffe Hall at Bramham, near Wetherby as their home. Blackburn hoped to one day operate an airline that went from Cape Town, South Africa to Cairo, Egypt. In the 1930s he lived in Natal, South Africa and in the towns of Bulawayo and Victoria Falls in what has since become Zimbabwe. 

He was the founder of the Scarcroft golf club. In 1950 he retired, leaving Bowcliffe Hall and moving to Devon. On his death in Devon in 1955 the Blackburn company's production facilities became part of Hawker Siddeley.

Personal life 
Jessy and Robert Blackburn had three sons and two daughters. They divorced in 1936. He married Phyllis Margaret Kirton on 9 April 1936 and they had two daughters.

Commemoration 
The Robert Blackburn building at University of Hull commemorates him.

References

External links
 Biographical info and project to build a replica of the first Blackburn monoplane
 Humphrey Wynn, ‘Blackburn, Robert (1885–1955)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 21 September 2007  

1885 births
1955 deaths
People from Kirkstall
People educated at Leeds Modern School
British aviation pioneers
Alumni of the University of Leeds
English aerospace engineers
Fellows of the Royal Aeronautical Society
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Diaphragm (structural system). In structural engineering, a diaphragm is a structural element that transmits lateral loads to the vertical resisting elements of a structure (such as shear walls or frames).  Diaphragms are typically horizontal but can be sloped in a gable roof on a wood structure or concrete ramp in a parking garage.  The diaphragm forces tend to be transferred to the vertical resisting elements primarily through in-plane shear stress.  The most common lateral loads to be resisted are those resulting from wind and earthquake actions, but other lateral loads such as lateral earth pressure or hydrostatic pressure can also be resisted by diaphragm action.

The diaphragm of a structure often does double duty as the floor system or roof system in a building, or the deck of a bridge, which simultaneously supports gravity loads.

Parts of a diaphragm include:
the collector (or membrane), used as a shear panel to carry in-plane shear
The drag strut member, used to transfer the load to the shear walls or frames
the chord, used to resist the tension and compression forces that develop in the diaphragm since the collector is usually incapable of handling these loads alone
Diaphragms are usually constructed of plywood or oriented strand board in timber construction; metal deck or composite metal deck in steel construction; or a concrete slab in concrete construction.   

The two primary types of the diaphragm are flexible and rigid. Flexible diaphragms resist lateral forces depending on the tributary area, irrespective of the flexibility of the members to they are transferring force to.  On the other hand, rigid diaphragms transfer load to frames or shear walls depending on their flexibility and their location in the structure. Diaphragms that cannot be classified as either flexible or rigid are referred to as semirigid. The flexibility of a diaphragm affects the distribution of lateral forces to the vertical components of the lateral force-resisting elements in a structure.

References 

Structural system
Floors
IMAM Ro.63. The IMAM Ro.63 was an Italian STOL aircraft designed for short-range reconnaissance and light transport during World War II.

Development and design
Interest in a STOL aircraft was raised by the Fieseler Fi 156 Storch acquired from Germany, and in June 1939 the Regia Aeronautica asked Italian aircraft companies to design a similar machine (see below).

The IMAM Ro.63 was of mixed construction with wood, fabric and metal used for the fuselage and wings. It first flew in June 1940, just at the outbreak of World War II. It was put into competition with another Italian aircraft, but clearly proved superior.

It had STOL capabilities similar to the Fi.156, but the larger fuselage held up to four people, and the wings held more fuel. The  Hirth HM 508 engine and constant speed propeller helped to give it a maximum speed of  and almost  range. However, there was no defensive armament, as the Fi 156 had from the C version onwards.

The aircraft, designed by Giovanni Galasso, and tested by Aldo Ligabò, could have been a success, but although 150 were ordered, only six were produced from mid-1940 to 1941, due to the shortage of available engines, the Italian engine industry having failed to produce enough suitable Isotta Fraschini Beta engines.

The Ro.63 was a viable machine that was not put into production in significant numbers (practically only a pre-series production) despite the fact that development was completed pre-war. They were doomed by lack of Italian-built engines. The performance was better than the Fi 156, with a superior speed and endurance, and only slightly inferior STOL capabilities. This was due to the more powerful engine and the two-speed propeller.

Operational service

The aircraft was deployed in the North African Campaign, together with 30 Fieseler Fi 156 imported from Germany, even though this was insufficient to replace the IMAM Ro.37 and older reconnaissance aircraft. By 1943, after two years hard service, only one Ro.63 survived. In 1948 it was proposed to resume production, but lack of capacity and data about the aircraft meant that the project was eventually abandoned.

Other STOL aircraft
Other STOL aircraft in the same competition as the Ro.63 included the AVIS C.4 and Caproni GDL. The Avis C.4 had a good performance but suffered from poor flying characteristics.  The Caproni GDL, was not completed.

Operators

Regia Aeronautica

Specifications (Ro.63)

See also

References

 Lembo, Daniele Officine Meccaniche Meridionali, Aerei nella storia magazione, Delta editions, Parma, Oct–Nov 2003 
enricopezzi.it

Notes

Ro.63
1930s Italian military reconnaissance aircraft
1930s Italian military transport aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
STOL aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1940
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Rhoca-Gil. Rhoca-Gil is a type of industrial sealant produced by Rhône-Poulenc, used in the construction of tunnels to block the passage of groundwater inside. The sealant begins as a liquid, then is injected into cavities which need to be sealed, and polymerises, causing it to harden.

Process 
Rhoca-Gil consists of two fluids, that are mixed, thinned out with water and then sprayed into cracks in the bedrock. One of the fluids contains acrylamide (a toxic substance) and methylolacrylamide. The mixed solution becomes a viscous fluid that penetrates cracks and holes in the rock, where the fluid reacts—polymerizes—to a tight plastic substance. When it is completely polymerized it is stable.

Controversies 

In 1992 construction of the Hallandsås tunnel in Sweden began, with opening plans for 1995. Groundwater leaking into the tunnel was however a major problem, slowing the progress, and Rhoca-Gil was used. In 1997, fish and local cattle started dying as a result of Rhoca-Gil in its liquid form leaking into the water supply, contaminating it with acrylamide, a known carcinogen, mutagen and neurotoxin. Furthermore, the contamination of the area led to a ban on agricultural products from the area, as well as a ban on using water from the area affecting local residents. 

The main contractor, Skanska, along with Rhône-Poulenc and the Swedish Rail Administration had criminal charges brought against them. Some senior executives resigned. Construction was halted in late 1997. The main critique of the use of Rhoca-Gil was against Rhône-Poulenc for not pointing out the risks of using the sealant, as well as against Skanska for not informing local residents about the usage of Rhoca-Gil.

A similar incident occurred at the construction of Gardermobanen in Norway, leading to a ban of the substance in Norway in 1997.

References 

Moisture protection
Polymers
B.M.S. Institute of Technology and Management. B.M.S. Institute of Technology (Autonomous) is a private engineering college in Yelahanka, Bangalore, India. It was started in 2002 by Bhusanayana Mukundadas Sreenivasaiah Institute of Technology (BMSIT) and is run by the B.M.S. Educational Trust. It is affiliated with Visvesvaraya Technological University and became autonomous in 2020. It is partially funded by the Government of Karnataka.

Rankings 

B.M.S. Institute of Technology and Management was ranked in the 101-150 band by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) engineering ranking in 2023.

References

Engineering colleges in Bengaluru
All India Council for Technical Education
Affiliates of Visvesvaraya Technological University
AlphaWindows. AlphaWindows was a proposed industry standard from the Display Industry Association (an industry consortium in California) in the early 1990s that would allow a single CRT screen to implement multiple windows, each of which was to behave as a distinct computer terminal. Individual vendors offered products based on this in 1992 through the end of the 1990s.

These products were targeted at a low-end market.

The initial concept relied on custom (but low-cost) terminals which would support mouse interaction, (text) windowing support, and colored text. With that, plus special host software, the vendors proposed to support semi-graphical applications "transparently".

Organization 

The Display Industry Association was at the same location as Cumulus Technology (the same street address in Palo Alto, CA). Cumulus was a manufacturer of displays since 1986. Cumulus was heavily involved with development of the AlphaWindows standard. The members of the association in 1993 were:

 Terminal vendors
 AT&T / NCR / ADDS (partnership)
 Cumulus
 DEC
 Link / Wyse (partnership)
 Microvitec 
 Siemens / Nixdorf (partnership)
 TeleVideo

 Software vendors
 Cumulus
 JSB
 Nutec
 SSSI

Only Cumulus was proposing both to develop the terminals and the host software. However, Cumulus did not survive: it went bankrupt.

Software 

JSB Software Technologies produced MultiView Mascot. As noted in Unix Review:

, the product is owned by FutureSoft.

SSSI (Structured Software Solutions, Inc.) produced the FacetTerm session multiplexer.

References

See also 

 X terminal
 Twin

Text user interface
TheraSphere. TheraSphere is a radiotherapy treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that consists of millions of microscopic, radioactive glass microspheres (20–30 micrometres in diameter) being infused into the arteries that feed liver tumors. These microspheres then embolize, lodging themselves in the liver's capillaries and bathing the malignancy in high levels of yttrium-90 radiation. It is currently approved as a Humanitarian Device, meaning effectiveness has not been proven, for patients as a neoadjuvant to surgery or transplantation by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and is being used at a number of clinical centers in the United States.

Description
TheraSphere consists of insoluble glass microspheres where yttrium-90 is an integral constituent of the glass. Each milligram contains between 22,000 and 73,000 microspheres. Yttrium-90 is a pure beta emitter (physical half-life of 64.2 hours or 2.67 days) and decays to stable zirconium-90. The average energy of the beta emissions from yttrium-90 is 0.9367 MeV.

The Therasphere package insert contains a Black Box warning concerning 5 Pre-treatment high risk factors associated with serious adverse events resulting in 11/12 deaths.

Following embolization of the yttrium-90 glass microspheres in tumorous liver tissue, the beta radiation emitted provides a therapeutic effect. The microspheres are delivered into the liver tumor through a catheter placed into the hepatic artery that supplies blood to the tumor. This is usually performed in a hospital's radiology suite and patients remain conscious throughout the procedure. The microspheres are unable to pass through the vasculature of the liver due to arteriolar capillary blockade and are trapped in the tumor. There they exert a local radiotherapeutic effect with some damage to surrounding normal liver tissue.

Therasphere was issued a Class 2 Device Recall from the FDA in October 2016.

Efficacy
Low-risk patients with unresectable liver cancer appear to gain control over their malignancies for at least 2 years when treated with TheraSphere.  They survived a median of 800 days compared with a median of 258 days for high risk patients (P <.0001) in a study of 140 patients (106 male).  The patients underwent 238 administrations of the particles.  Approximately 34% of patients responded to the treatment according to evaluation by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST), meaning their overall tumor burden decreased by 50% or more.

In a separate study based on follow-up data from 43 treated patients, 20 patients (47%) had an objective tumor response based on percent reduction in tumor size and 34 patients (79%) had a tumor response when percent reduction and/or tumor necrosis were used as a composite measure of tumor response.

See also
SIR-Spheres
Sirtex

References

Radiation therapy procedures
IMAM Ro.51. The IMAM Ro.51 was an Italian fighter aircraft that first flew in 1937. It was designed for the 1936 new fighter contest for the Regia Aeronautica, with practically all the Italian aircraft builders involved.

Design
The aircraft, designed by the engineer Galasso, was a single-seat, monoplane fighter, of mixed construction (the wings were made of wood), and initially with a fixed undercarriage.

The engine was standard for this generation of fighters, an  Fiat A.74 RC 38 radial powering a three-blade propeller.

The fixed undercarriage limited the maximum speed to only 467 km/h. It was armed with two Breda-SAFAT 12.7 mm machine guns.

Development
In June 1938 the first prototype, initially fitted with a very small tail, was tested and found inferior to the Macchi C.200 and Fiat G.50. It was overall a poor aircraft. The trials to re-engineer the wing came too late and no orders were made.

The second prototype Ro.51/1, featured a retractable landing gear which boosted its top speed to 489 km/h. It was later converted into a fighter floatplane. Like the Ro.44 it had a large central float and two smaller ones under the wings. The maximum speed dropped to 430 km/h, but endurance was increased to 1,200 km.

Unfortunately during a trial one of the wings suddenly sank in the water. The rest of the aircraft swiftly followed, and the loss of this prototype meant the end of the program. Although performance was apparently fairly good, the project was overall a failure, especially in the early aspects, even if it was not too different from the Fokker D.XXI. But with so many other superior machines also involved, waiting for the problems the Ro.51 had to be fixed was not an option.

Operators

Regia Aeronautica

Specifications (Ro.51 second prototype)

See also

References

Further reading
Lembo, Daniele Officine Ferroviarie Meridionali IMAM, Aerei nella Storia magazine n.34 Nov–Dec 2003, Delta editions, Parma.

External links

Ro.51 in italiankits.it  
Drawings

Ro.51
1930s Italian fighter aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Italy
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Floatplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1937
IMAM Ro.57. The IMAM Ro.57 was an Italian twin-engined, single-seat monoplane fighter of the Regia Aeronautica. Based on a 1939 design by Giovanni Galasso the aircraft did not enter production until 1943.

Two hundred aircraft were ordered, but only 50–75 were produced in two versions, one flown as an interceptor, the other in the role of a ground attack aircraft.

Design and development 
The Ro.57 was preceded by another twin engine fighter design, the Ro.53, which never entered production. The Ro.57 consisted of an all-metal, semi-monocoque fuselage with a steel skeleton and Duralumin structure. The wings were also Duralumin. It was powered by two  Fiat A.74 radial engines giving a maximum speed of 516 km/h, which in 1939 was faster than that of the main Italian fighter, the Macchi C.200 (504 km/h).

After testing at Guidonia it was proposed by IMAM for use as a dive bomber. This transformation, which involved the addition of dive brakes, provision for 500 kg bombs and an improved forward firing armament (adding two 20 mm cannon), took time and delayed production. The resulting aircraft was designated the Ro.57bis. Performance dropped to 457 km/h maximum speed and to 350 km/h at cruise speed.  The Ro.57bis was ordered into production in 1942 and entered service with the 97° Gruppo in 1943.  About 50–60 aircraft were delivered.
 
It is said that the Ro.57 could have been the long range interceptor that Italy lacked throughout the war. It proved to be too costly for the limited weapons it carried and it never was assigned a clear role. A better-armed version with more powerful engines was developed as the Ro.58.

Variants
Ro.57 
Single-seat fighter with Fiat A.74 radial engines, and two 12.7 mm Breda-SAFAT machine guns
Ro.57bis
The dive bombing variant fitted with dive brakes, two 20 mm cannon in addition to the 12.7 mm guns and a crutch for bombs up to  under the fuselage

Operators
  Kingdom of Italy
 Regia Aeronautica

Specifications (Ro.57 Bis)

See also

References

Further reading
Lembo, Daniele Officine Ferroviarie Meridionali IMAM, Aerei nella Storia magazine n.34 Nov 2003, Delta editions, Parma.

External links

 Comando Supremo: IMAM Ro.57
  IMAM Ro.57 
 Italian Aircraft 1939–45

Ro.57
1930s Italian fighter aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear