omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Capacitor discharge sintering. Capacitor discharge sintering (CDS)  is an electric current assisted sintering (ECAS) technique. The technique is based on storage of electrostatic energy in a high voltage capacitor bank, and discharge into the sintering apparatus at low voltage (<30 V) and high current through step-down transformers on a pre-compacted powder compact which is kept under pressure. The sintering mould and Electrodes are similar to those employed in field assisted sintering techniques (FAST) such as spark plasma sintering and single electromagnetic pulse sintering technologies.

The method, analogous to resistive sintering, is a direct evolution of a welding technology named Capacitor Discharge Welding (Kondensator-Impulsschweißen). CDS seems like an improvement of the less powerful capacitor discharge compaction patented by W.Knoess and M.Schlemmer (EP 0671232, US Patent 5529746).

Advantages of the technique are:
 short sintering time (less than one second)
 no need for a controlled atmosphere even during sintering of highly reactive materials such as titanium
 the ability to obtain metastable and nanocrystalline materials

Disambiguation
The technique has been studied by Element Six under the name of electro-discharge sintering. This name has been adopted by many authors in the past to describe a range of different technologies which typically adopt very high voltages and completely different machines. For this reason the technique which employs low voltages and high currents adapted from capacitor discharge welding has been named capacitor discharge sintering. Other authors also refer to this technology as spark plasma compaction (in reference to the well known spark plasma sintering with whom it has in common only the use of electric currents).

Developments
Capacitor discharge sintering is at an experimental/research stage of development in Germany at the Ruhr-Universität Bochum where a prototype machine is installed.

References

Industrial processes
Metalworking
Drawing Express. Drawing Express is a 2D and 3D CAD software application. The software is developed, sold and supported by the British company 'Trial Systems Ltd' based in Burton-upon-Trent, Staffordshire. The software was first released in 1994, developed by Peter Boyce & Steven Pearce with Anton Heymann.

A 3D model can be created while displaying it in rendered  mode in 'real time'. The 3D model is automatically created from the 2D plans including all walls, openings, and roof. Other information can be added to the model such as sky, landscaping, people and cars for detail. The model can be exported to POV-Ray and rendered off inside the raytracer software giving more resolution and detail.

Platforms and license types

Supported platforms

Drawing Express is Windows based software which runs on Windows 2000, XP, Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 10. The software works on 32-bit and 64-bit versions of the Windows operating system.

Drawing Express can be run on a Mac with Windows installed. This is possible on any Intel-based Mac running OS X 10.5, 10.6, 10.7 or 10.8 versions of the Mac OS X operating system, through the use of VMware Fusion or Parallels Desktop- virtual machine software. Drawing Express can also be installed on a Bootcamp partition.

Data interchange 

Drawing Express drawing files use a .EXP file extension. The software can import and export DWG and DXF files, among others. In version 2021, PDF files can be imported as drawings. Drawings can also be saved to PDF format using any available PDF converter. Images can be imported and exported. Importing works with most mainstream image file formats.

Version history 

 1994 - Drawing Express (DOS)
 1998 - Drawing Express for Windows
 2000 - Drawing Express 2010
 2001 - Drawing Express 2011
 2003 - Drawing Express 2012
 2004 - Drawing Express 2013
 2005 - Drawing Express 2014
 2007 - Drawing Express 2015
 2008 - Drawing Express 2016
 2009 - Drawing Express 2017
 2011 - Drawing Express 2018
 2013 - Drawing Express 2019
 2015 - Drawing Express 2020
 2017 - Drawing Express 2021
 2019 - Drawing Express 2022
 2021 - Drawing Express 2023

See also 
CAD
Comparison of CAD Software
Comparison of CAD editors for CAE

References

External links 
Drawing Express Webpage
Trial Systems Ltd
CAD Essence
William Sutherland Architect, CAD - a basic guide

Computer-aided design software
Computer-aided design software for Windows
3D graphics software
1994 software
Brodal queue. In computer science, the Brodal queue is a heap/priority queue structure with very low worst case time bounds:  for insertion, find-minimum, meld (merge two queues) and decrease-key and  for delete-minimum and general deletion.  They are the first heap variant to achieve these bounds without resorting to amortization of operational costs. Brodal queues are named after their inventor Gerth Stølting Brodal.

While having better asymptotic bounds than other priority queue structures, they are, in the words of Brodal himself, "quite complicated" and "[not] applicable in practice." Brodal and Okasaki describe a persistent (purely functional) version of Brodal queues.

Summary of running times

Gerth Stølting Brodal
Gerth Stølting Brodal is a professor at the University of Aarhus, Denmark. He is best known for the Brodal queue.

References

Heaps (data structures)
Peter MacDonald (computer programmer). Peter MacDonald is a Canadian software engineer, best known as the creator of Softlanding Linux System (SLS), widely regarded as the first complete Linux distribution. Some of his work served as a foundation of Wine. He also created the Tcl web browser BrowseX, and the PDQI suite of Tcl utilities.

Current projects include Jsish, an embeddable javascript interpreter with builtin type-checking.

Biography 

Peter Charles MacDonald was born in Victoria, British Columbia on June 28, 1957. He graduated from the Computer Science program of the University of Victoria with a BSc (1989) and MSc (1996, master's thesis: Decomposing the Linux Kernel into Dynamically Loadable Modules).

Softlanding Linux System 

MacDonald co-developed early features of the Linux kernel in the early 1990s, including shared libraries, pseudo terminals, the select call and virtual consoles. He announced Softlanding Linux System (SLS), the first standalone Linux install, for testing in August 1992 (on 15 floppy disks), and for general release in October 1992 (recommending at least 10 MB of disk space).

SLS became popular, but also drew criticism. MacDonald was criticized for trying to make money on free software, but defended by Linus Torvalds. Two of the early Linux distributions were made specifically in reaction to SLS, Ian Murdock's Debian to compensate for SLS's bugs, and Patrick Volkerding's Slackware to include installer patches which weren't added to SLS, and which MacDonald wouldn't allow Volkerding to distribute independently.

Other software 

The initial 1993 Wine Windows compatibility layer was based on Tcl/Tk windowing functions MacDonald wrote (though later rewritten as direct Xlib calls).

MacDonald founded BrowseX Systems in 1999, and put out version 1.0 of BrowseX, an open source Tcl-based cross-platform web browser, meant to be smaller and faster than Netscape. The last update of BrowseX was in 2003; the company was renamed to PDQ Interfaces Inc., and put out a set of various TCL based utilities.

Jsish: a javascript interpreter with builtin sqlite, json, websocket, and zvfs support.

References 

 Canadian software engineers
 People from Victoria, British Columbia
 People from British Columbia
1957 births
Living people
Linux people
Free software programmers
Amazon Silk. Amazon Silk is a web browser developed by Amazon. It was launched in November 2011 for Amazon Fire and Fire Phone, and a Fire TV version was launched in November 2017. The addition of Silk to the Echo Show was announced at an Amazon event in September 2018.

The browser uses a split architecture where some of the processing is performed on Amazon's servers to improve webpage loading performance. It is based on the open source Chromium project that uses the Blink and V8 engines.

Architecture
For each webpage, Silk decides which browser subsystems (networking, HTML or page rendering) to run locally on the device and which to run remotely on its own Amazon EC2 servers.

Silk uses Google's SPDY protocol to speed up loading of web pages. Silk gives SPDY performance improvements for non-SPDY optimized websites if the pages are sent through Amazon's servers. Some early reviewers found that cloud-based acceleration did not necessarily improve page loading speed, most notably on faster connections or for simpler web pages.

Some privacy organizations raised concerns with how Amazon passes Silk traffic via its servers, effectively operating as an Internet service provider for those using the browser. The Silk browser includes the option to turn off Amazon server-side processing. On July 26, 2016 it was reported that Silk prevents access to Google over HTTPS, but that bug has since been fixed.

Silk runs with the Amazon user account of the Amazon device running Silk. To access resources from another web account, external utility apps are available, e.g. to use Chrome bookmarks from a desktop or mobile web account.

Name
Amazon says "a thread of silk is an invisible yet incredibly strong connection between two different things", and thus calls the browser Amazon Silk as it is the connection between Kindle Fire and Amazon's EC2 servers.

See also
 History of web browsers
 List of web browsers
 Opera Mini 
 Opera Turbo
 MarioNet split web browser

References

Web browsers
Client/server split web browsers
Amazon (company)
2011 software
American Air Jet American. 

The American Air Jet American is an American homebuilt tip jet helicopter designed and built by American Air Jet of Woodland Park, Colorado for amateur construction from kits.

Design and development
The American is either a tandem two-seat or single seat helicopter first flown in July 1988. It has an aluminium alloy enclosed cockpit with a twin skid landing gear and non-moving tail surfaces. The American has a twin-blade single rotor made from glassfibre and no tail rotor, on the prototype a  Wankel rotary engine drives a centrifugal compressor that provides air to thrust jets on the tips of the blades.

Specifications (Prototype)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

1990s United States civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
1980s United States helicopters
Coser-Oonk CO-2. The Coser-Oonk CO-2  "Our Lady" is a single-place, open-cockpit, low-winged monoplane homebuilt aircraft design.

Design and development
The CO-2 was originally started as a mid-wing, but was changed to a low-wing for improved visibility.

The CO-2 is a single-place, strut-braced, low-wing conventional geared monoplane. The tail section is modified from a Luscombe fuselage. The wings were also sourced from a Luscombe, but strut braced from the top and shortened.

Operational history
Test flights were performed at Creve Coeur Airport in 1959.

Specifications (Coser-Oonk CO-2)

See also

References

External links
 Image of the CO-2

Homebuilt aircraft
Buethe Barracuda. 

The Buethe Barracuda is an American two-seat cabin monoplane designed by William Buethe and sold as plans or kits for amateur construction.

Design and development
The prototype Barracuda first flew on 29 June 1975, it is an all-wood, low-wing monoplane with a retractable tricycle landing gear. The enclosed cabin has side-by-side configuration seating for two with dual controls. The prototype was powered by a  Lycoming IO-540-C4B5 engine but it was designed to take engines between 150 and 300 hp (112-234 kW).

Specifications (Prototype)

References

Notes

Bibliography

1970s United States civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Barracuda
Aircraft first flown in 1975
Floating ecopolis. The Floating ecopolis, otherwise known as the Lilypad, is a model designed by Belgian architect Vincent Callebaut for future climatic refugees. He proposed this model as a long-term solution to rising water level as per the GIEC (Intergovernmental group on the evolution of the climate)  forecast. It is a self-sufficient amphibious city and satisfies the four challenges laid down by the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) in March 2008 namely, climate, biodiversity, water and health.

Architect 

Vincent Callebaut is a Belgian architect known for his eco-friendly projects. He has received many awards. Some of the recent ones include:

 First Prize Winner in Taipei, Taiwan, for his Luxurious Residential Tower (2010) 
 First Prize Winner in Royat, France for his Thermal Swimming Pool (2009)

Design 

The floating structure has a capacity to shelter 50,000 individuals. It consists of three marinas and three "mountains", which are meant for entertainment purposes, surrounding a centrally located artificial lagoon that performs the task of collecting and purifying water. The shape of this floating structure was inspired from the highly ribbed leaf of the Amazonia Victoria Regia water lily. The double skin of this structure would be made of polyester fibers covered by a layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2). The titanium oxide  reacts with ultraviolet rays and therefore, due to  photocatalytic effect, it absorbs atmospheric pollution in the process.

Energy 

By only using renewable energies, this design has zero carbon emission and it produces more energy than it consumes. Energy sources could include:

 Biomass
 Osmotic power
 Phytopurification
 Solar thermal
 Solar photovoltaic
 Tidal power
 Wind energy

See also 

 Seasteading
 Vertical farm

References

External links 

 
 
 
 

Planned communities
Seasteading
Belgian inventions
Robert Smolańczuk. Robert Smolańczuk (born in Olecko, Poland) is a Polish theoretical physicist.

He received his doctorate from the Soltan Institute for Nuclear Studies in 1996. He later visited Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) as a Fulbright Fellow between 1998 and 2000.

He predicted in late 1998 that a lead-and-krypton collision technique could produce the element oganesson, at that time considered impossible by most scientists involved in heavy-element research. This was experimentally attempted at LBNL in 1999 and appeared to have been successful, but an investigation determined that the data had been fabricated by Victor Ninov. It is now expected that this reaction is unlikely to succeed. Smolańczuk received the Nitchke Award in 2000 for developing a phenomenological model of synthesis of superheavy nuclei. He currently works at the National Centre for Nuclear Research in Otwock, Poland.

References

Polish nuclear physicists
21st-century Polish physicists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Bristol BX-200. 

The Bristol BX-200 is an American two-seat cross-country homebuilt monoplane designed and built by Uriel Bristol for amateur construction from plans or kits.

Design and development
The prototype registered N3UB first flew on 15 July 1986 and was a mid-wing monoplane with tubular steel fuselage and wooden wings. The prototype had a fixed conventional landing gear with a tailwheel and was powered by a  Lycoming O-360-A4A piston engine. The enclosed cockpit has two seats side-by-side and room for 50 lb (22.7 kg) of baggage. In general layout, it is similar to the Cassutt Special racer.

In the 1988 Sun 60 Air Race, N3UB was timed at a closed course speed of 219 mph, placing it second in its horsepower class (behind a Glasair RG at 227 mph) and fifth overall.

Specifications (Prototype)

References

1980s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
BX-200
Loughead S-1 Sport. The Loughead S-1 "Sport-1"  was an early single seat biplane made by the Loughead brothers, the forerunner to Lockheed.

Design and development
The S-1 was developed to produce aircraft with existing capacity and skill of Loughead workers after the end of World War I contracts. The aircraft specifications were to be STOL, affordable, as well as capable of being stored in a garage and towed by a car.

The S-1 was originally intended to be a two-seater, but was switched to a single place design to make production costs lower. The two cylinder engine was designed in-house by Anthony Stadlman. The fuselage was built using an all-wood, multi-layer monocoque laid up in concrete molds. The process would be later applied to the larger and more famous Lockheed Vega aircraft. The wings folded along the side of the aircraft for storage. Roll control was via a system that pivoted the entire lower wing surfaces. They also could be pivoted a full 90 degrees as a massive air brake.

Operational history
Only one prototype was built and test flown in 1920 by Gilbert G. Budwig. The S-1 was not marketable against the flood of surplus World War I aircraft on the market at the time. The company was liquidated soon afterward in 1921 and reformed again with the new Lockheed Vega based on the S-1 in 1926.

The prototype does not exist, the engine is currently in private ownership.

Specifications (S-1)

Notes
US Patent #1,425,113, 8, August 1922

References

External links
Image of an S-1

1920s United States civil utility aircraft
Sesquiplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1920
Sands Replica 1929 Primary Glider. The Sands Replica 1929 Primary Glider is an American high-wing, wire-braced single-seat, primary glider that was designed by Ron Sands Sr for amateur construction, with kits supplied by Wicks Aircraft Supply. The plans are now sold by Sands' son, Ron Sands Jr.

Design and development
Sands developed his replica 1929-style primary glider from the original designs of that era. He promotes it as "much safer than hang gliders or ultralights... [an] excellent project for school or clubs".

The aircraft is made from wood, tube and doped aircraft fabric. Its  span wing is cable-braced from a king post and employs a Clark Y airfoil. Like all primary gliders the cockpit is just a seat mounted on the keel with no windshield fitted. The landing gear is a fixed skid, fitted to the underside of the keel. The aircraft is designed to be bungee launched from a slope or auto-towed. The aircraft can be disassembled for storage or ground transportation.

Sands estimates that construction takes 200 hours. In 2011 plans cost US$40 and included two 24" by 36" (60 X 90 cm) sheets, a materials list and "Safety Tips". In 2015 the available Wicks five part kit totaled US$7644.14.

Variants
Plans for a steel tube fuselage version are also available.

Specifications (1929 Primary Glider)

See also

References

External links

Replica 1929 Primary Glider
1980s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Sorrell Guppy. The Sorrell SNS-2 Guppy is an American single-seat, negative stagger, cabin biplane designed for amateur construction that was produced in kit form by the Sorrell Aircraft Company of Tenino, Washington.  plans were available from Thunderbird Aviation  of Ray, Michigan.

Design
The SNS-2 Guppy is a wooden-built negative-stagger biplane with a fixed conventional landing gear with a tailwheel. Designed to use engines up to 36 hp (27 kW) the kit came with a  Rotax 377 engine.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

1960s United States sport aircraft
Biplanes with negative stagger
Homebuilt aircraft
Guppy
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1967
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Tetsunari Iida. Tetsunari Iida (, Iida Tetsunari; born 1959, Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan) is director of the Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies in Japan. Following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, he is calling for a decrease in Japan's reliance on nuclear power and an increase in renewable energy use.

Iida started his career as a nuclear engineer, but he quit in 1992, and went to study renewable energy in Sweden. In September 2011, Iida launched the Japan Renewable Energy Foundation, which is backed by ¥1 billion (US$13 million) from Japan's richest man, Masayoshi Son. 
 
Solar power in Japan has been expanding since the late 1990s. The country is a leading manufacturer of photovoltaics (PV) and a large installer of domestic PV systems with most of them grid connected.

Biography
Iida started his career as a nuclear engineer, but he quit in 1992, and went to study renewable energy in Sweden. When he returned to Japan in 1998, he formed the Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies. Since then he has set up several green mutual funds.

In September 2011, Iida launched the Japan Renewable Energy Foundation, which is backed by ¥1 billion (US$13 million) from Japan's richest man, Masayoshi Son. The foundation will bring together some 100 experts from around the world to analyse obstacles to implementing renewable energy, and offer policy recommendations to the new Japanese government.

See also
Eric Martinot
Amory Lovins
Renewable energy commercialization

References

External links
Institute for Sustainable Energy Policies Japanese & English

Living people
Japanese environmentalists
Energy engineers
People from Yamaguchi Prefecture
Renewable energy commercialization
1959 births
Solar power in Japan
GBA-DARPA Heliplane. The GBA-DARPA Heliplane was a proof-of-concept, long-range, VTOL aircraft intended to cruise at twice the speed of conventional helicopters. It was funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and designed by Groen Brothers Aviation (GBA), which has since been re-branded as Skyworks Global.

Development

DARPA's objective was to achieve performance with a rotary-wing aircraft comparable to that of a fixed-wing plane. The concept combined technical aspects of a gyroplane, which GBA had been working on since the late 1980s, with a fixed-wing business jet.

The work was part of a potential multi-year, US$40-million, four-phase program. GBA, along with Georgia Tech, Adams Aircraft Industries, and Williams International, worked on Phase 1 of that program, a 15-month effort funded at $6.4 million. Phase 1B of the program was managed by Georgia Tech, using GBA as a subcontractor. Phase 2 development was to include a "subscale wind tunnel demonstration in the high-speed, high-altitude wind tunnel at NASA Langley and the building of a full-scale tipjet nozzle. Phase 2  anticipated to be a substantially bigger undertaking (valued at $24-28 million)."

Due to issues with noise generated by the tipjets, the program was terminated by DARPA in 2008.

In 2012, Groen Brothers Aviation was acquired by investor Steve Stevanovich as it was collapsing and nearly bankrupt, and was renamed Skyworks Global in 2017. In July 2019, Skyworks partnered with Northrop Grumman-owned Scaled Composites to develop a VertiJet gyrocopter prototype, aiming for a 348kn (644 km/h) cruise and a 1,000nmi (1,850 km) range; it was projected that the aircraft would fly within 18–24 months. Intended to fulfil the US Marine Corps’ armed escort requirements disclosed in April 2019 for a rotorcraft that could  match the performance of the Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey; it was also projected that a commercial gyrocopter carrying four passengers could be built for less than $10 million.

See also 
 Fairey Rotodyne

References

DARPA projects
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States