omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SuperPaint. SuperPaint was a pioneering graphics program and framebuffer computer system developed by Richard Shoup at Xerox PARC. The system was first conceptualized in late 1972 and produced its first stable image in April 1973.  SuperPaint was among the earliest uses of computer technology for creative artworks, video editing, and computer animation, all of which would become major areas within the entertainment industry and major components of industrial design.

SuperPaint had the ability to capture images from standard video input or combine them with preexisting digital data. SuperPaint was also the first program to use now-ubiquitous features in common computer graphics programs such as changing hue, saturation and value of graphical data, choosing from a preset color palette, custom polygons and lines, virtual paintbrushes and pencils, and auto-filling of images. SuperPaint was also one of the first graphics programs to use a graphical user interface and was one of the earliest to feature anti-aliasing.

SuperPaint was used in the mid-1970s to make custom television graphics for KQED-TV in San Francisco, and later to make technical graphics and animations for the NASA Pioneer Venus project mission in 1978. Due to differences with management at PARC, Shoup left Xerox in 1979 to found graphics company Aurora Systems, while colleague Alvy Ray Smith went to work at New York Institute of Technology. In 1980, Smith and others joined Industrial Light & Magic, George Lucas's movie special effects firm, and this group later founded Pixar. Shoup won an Emmy Award in 1983, and an Academy Scientific Engineering Award shared with Smith and Thomas Porter in 1998, for his development of SuperPaint.

Hardware
The SuperPaint system was a custom computer system built around a Data General Nova 800 minicomputer CPU and a hand-wired shift register framebuffer. This system had 311,040 bytes (303.75 KB) of memory and was capable of storing 640 by 480 pixels of data with 8 bits of color depth. The memory was scattered across 16 circuit boards, each loaded with multiple 2-kilobit shift register chips. While workable, this design required that the total framebuffer be implemented as a 307,200 byte shift register that shifted in synchronization with the television output signal. The primary drawback to this scheme was that memory was not random access. Rather, a given position could be accessed only when the desired scan-line and pixel time rolled around. This gave the system a maximum latency of 33 ms for writing to the framebuffer.

Also included in the SuperPaint configuration was an 8-bit video digitizer, and direct conversion to standard NTSC video.

The system is now in the permanent collection of the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California.

References

See also
 Line Drawing System-1

External links
Richard Shoup personal website - The SuperPaint System (1973-1979) 
Lowendmac.com - The Pixar Story: Dick Shoup, Alex Schure, George Lucas, Steve Jobs, and Disney
Annals of the History of Computing - SuperPaint: An Early Frame Buffer Graphics System 

1973 software
Raster graphics editors
Discontinued software
QuickC. Microsoft QuickC is a discontinued commercial integrated development environment (IDE) product engineered by Microsoft for the C programming language, superseded by Visual C++ Standard Edition. Its main competitor was Borland Turbo C.

QuickC is one of three Microsoft programming languages with IDEs of this type marketed in the same period, the other two being QuickBasic and QuickPascal. QuickBasic later gave rise to Visual Basic as well as being included without a linker as QBasic in later versions of MS-DOS, replacing GW-BASIC. QuickC is a lineal ancestor of Visual C++. The three Quick language implementations were designed for power users (as opposed to professional developers, whom Microsoft supplied with programming languages in the form of expensive and more comprehensive implementations for the three languages in question as well as C++, Fortran, and Cobol) and educational use; in all three cases their major competitor was Borland with its Turbo compiler series. Microsoft Macro Assembler also competes with Borland's Turbo Assembler 

QuickC was a real mode target only compiler, with the exception of QuickC for Windows 1.0 which also allowed to compile protected mode programs, but only for Windows.

Version history

 QuickC 1.0, released in October 1987. It implements the ANSI C standard and is Microsoft C 5.0 compatible. CodeView is also supported. The release had known compatibility issues with WD HDD controllers.
 QuickC 1.01
 QuickC 2.0, released in January 1989. New features included: incremental compiling and linking, improved compilation speed, built-in assembler and support for all memory models. It was Microsoft C 5.1 compatible.
 QuickC 2.01, released in June 1989. Quick Assembler was included in this release. It was Microsoft Source Profiler compatible.
 QuickC 2.50, released in May 1990.

 QuickC 2.51, released in December 1990 (Only available with the bundled Assembler) 
 QuickC for Windows 1.0, released in September 1991. It was the first integrated development environment (IDE) for C on Windows and was also available in a bundle with Microsoft C 6.0 and Windows SDK. The IDE made use of some undocumented Windows API calls. It was still possible to target DOS with this version, but these DOS programs were limited to real mode programs.

See also
 QuickBASIC - similar development environment for BASIC programming

References

1987 software
Integrated development environments
C (programming language) compilers
DOS software
Discontinued Microsoft development tools
Sogitec 4X. The Sogitec 4X was a digital audio workstation developed by Giuseppe di Giugno at IRCAM (Paris) in the 1980s.  It was the last large hardware processor before the development of the ISPW. Later solutions combined control and audio processing in the same computer like Max/MSP. 4X built on the achievements of the earlier Halaphone, capable of timbre alteration and sound localization.

Nicolas Schöffer was one of the first users to build his composition method with this computer.

Sources

External links
 

Computer music
Digital signal processing
Stoddard-Hamilton Glasair I. The Glasair I, originally built as the prototype Glasair TD taildragger, is a high-performance homebuilt aircraft built of fiberglass. Created by Tom Hamilton as a fast, two-seat kitplane, the Glasair TD was derived from the earlier Tom Hamilton Glasair and first flew in 1979. Hamilton formed Stoddard-Hamilton Aircraft that year to produce and market the kit, which was the first pre-molded composite aircraft available to builders. It was introduced to the public at the 1980 EAA Convention in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, winning Hamilton the 1985 EAA August Raspet Award for "significant advancements in the field of light aircraft design".

Specifications (Glasair 1 )

References

Homebuilt aircraft
Glasair I
Glasair I
Aircraft first flown in 1979
1970s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Macroelectronics. Macroelectronics are flexible electronics that cover a large area. The most visible example of macroelectronics is flat-panel displays. Other emerging applications include rollable display, printable thin film solar cell and electronic skin. Flat-panel displays fabricated on glass substrates are fragile so fabricating directly on flexible substrates, such as polymers is being explored. Displays made on thin polymer substrates can be more rugged than glass. In September 2005, Philips Polymer Vision revealed the world's first prototype of a rollable electronic reader, which can unfold to a 5-inch display and roll back into a pocket-size (100×60×20 mm) device. Thin-film devices on flexible polymer substrates can lend themselves to low-cost fabrication process (i.e., roll-to-roll printing), resulting in lightweight, rugged and flexible macroelectronic products.

References

Electronics
Mylonas rifle. The Mylonas Rifle, usually referred as the Greek Mylonas M1872 is a Greek-designed falling-block black powder rifle. It was designed and developed in 1872 by Greek Artillery Major Efstathios Mylonas (Ευστάθιος Μυλωνάς), while working in the Athens technical facility of the Greek Military Material Authority ("Eforeia Ylikou Polemou", EYP). The 11-mm caliber rifle was a modification of the M1870 Belgian Comblain but with a larger protruding hammer and uniquely styled actuating lever. It was adopted by the Greek Army and, as there was no facility in the country able to produce quantities with the required rate, its construction was ordered to Emile et Leon Nagant of Liège, Belgium. Thus, only the prototype was built in Greece. The Mylonas was shortly replaced by the M1874 French Gras rifle considered superior by the Greek Army. The Gras used the same chambering as the Mylonas, though it was introduced two years later, leading to speculation that the Gras's cartridge was based on the Mylonas's. The Mylonas rifle was used during the Thessaly campaign of 1878 and as a reserve in later conflicts, while some equipped police units. Due to its early replacement, a total of only approximately 8500 were built. Today Mylonas rifles are considered collectible items.

Gallery

Mylonas Weapons

References

Christos Sazanidis, "Ta opla ton Ellinon (The weapons of the Greeks)", Maiandros, Thessaloniki, 1995.

External links

Military Rifles - Mylonas

Falling-block rifles
Early rifles
Rifles of Greece
NOAA's Environmental Real-time Observation Network. The NOAA Environmental Real-time Observation Network (NERON) is a project to establish a nationwide network of high quality near real-time weather monitoring stations across the United States. A 20-mile by 20-mile grid has been established, with the hopes of having one observation system within each grid cell. Effort is being put forth by local National Weather Service (NWS) offices and other state climate groups to ensure that sites in the network meet important criteria. The network will be composed of existing, and in some cases upgraded, sites (ASOS, Cooperative Observer, etc.) as well as new sites being established for other local and state efforts. Many stations in New England and New York have already been installed.

See also
 Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP)
 Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network (CoCoRaHS)
 Mesonet

References

 Improved Accuracy in Measuring Precipitation with the NERON Network in New England

Meteorological data and networks
Impact driver. An impact driver is a tool that delivers a strong, sudden rotational force and forward thrust. The force can be delivered either by striking with a hammer in the case of manual impact drivers, or mechanically in the case of powered impact drivers.

It is often used by mechanics to loosen larger screws, bolts and nuts that are corrosively "frozen" or over-torqued. The direction can also be reversed for situations where screws have to be tightened with torque greater than a screwdriver can reasonably provide.

Manual impact drivers 

Manual impact drivers consist of a heavy outer sleeve that surrounds an inner core that is splined to it. The spline is curved so that when the user strikes the outer sleeve with a hammer, its downward force works on the spline to produce turning force on the core and any socket or work bit attached to it. The tool translates the heavy rotational inertia of the sleeve to the lighter core to generate large amounts of torque. At the same time, the striking blow from the hammer forces the impact driver forward into the screw reducing or eliminating cam out. This attribute is beneficial for Phillips screws which are prone to cam out. It is also excellent for use with the Robertson square socket head screws that are in common use in Canada.

Powered impact drivers 

Typical battery-powered impact drivers are similar to electric drills when used to drive screws or bolts, but additionally have a spring-driven mechanism that applies rotational striking blows once the torque required becomes too great for the motor alone. This should not be confused with the hammer mechanism found on hammer drills, which is a longitudinal blow. Most impact drivers have a handle to make it easier to hold onto. An impact driver is more appropriate than a drill for tightening bolts.

Comparison to an impact wrench 
An electric impact driver typically delivers less torque and accepts smaller tool bits than an impact wrench. This makes the impact driver more suitable for driving smaller screws in (for example) construction work, while an impact wrench is preferred in situations requiring more torque to drive larger bolts and nuts (such as lug nuts).

References

Mechanical hand tools
FxCop. FxCop is a free static code analysis tool from Microsoft that checks .NET managed code assemblies for conformance to Microsoft's .NET Framework Design Guidelines.

Overview
Unlike StyleCop, or the Lint programming tool, for the C programming language, FxCop analyzes the compiled object code, not the original source code. It uses CIL parsing and callgraph analysis to inspect assemblies for more than 200 different possible coding standards violations in the following areas:
COM (Interoperability) – rules that detect COM Interop issues.
Design – rules that detect potential design flaws. These coding errors typically do not affect the execution of your code.
Globalization – rules that detect missing or incorrect usage of information related to globalization and localization.
Naming – rules that detect incorrect casing, cross language keyword collisions, and other issues related to the names of types, members, parameters, namespaces, and assemblies.
Performance – rules that detect elements in your assemblies that will degrade performance.
Security – rules that detect programming elements that leave your assemblies vulnerable to malicious users or code.
Usage – rules that detect potential flaws in your assemblies that can affect code execution.
Maintainability – rules that detect maintenance issues.
Portability – rules that detect portability issues.
Reliability – rules that detect correct memory and thread usage.

FxCop includes both GUI and command line versions of the tool. Microsoft Visual Studio 2005 and Visual Studio 2008 Team System Development Editions both include a "Code Analysis" feature based on FxCop. For Visual Studio 2010 the corresponding, and slightly enhanced, static code analysis features are included in the Premium and Ultimate editions. FxCop 10.0 is included in the Microsoft Windows SDK for Windows 7.

FxCop provides a tool to help developers to follow their company's coding standards. FxCop does code analysis to check whether the new code is compliant with the coding standards and naming conventions followed by the company. FxCop will ensure that the specified rules are used in the source code.

See also
 List of tools for static code analysis
 StyleCop

References

External links
FxCop 2.0 home page
FxCop blog
FxCop: Policing Code Correctness - Addison-Wesley
FxCop v1.36 no longer available for download
FxCop: Downloading the most recent version

.NET programming tools
Static program analysis tools
Microsoft development tools
Dynamic Kernel Module Support. Dynamic Kernel Module Support (DKMS) is a program/framework that enables generating Linux kernel modules whose sources generally reside outside the kernel source tree.  The concept is to have DKMS modules automatically rebuilt when a new kernel is installed.

Framework
An essential feature of DKMS is that it automatically recompiles all DKMS modules if a new kernel version is installed. This allows drivers and devices outside of the mainline kernel to continue working after a Linux kernel upgrade.

Another benefit of DKMS is that it allows the installation of a new driver on an existing system, running an arbitrary kernel version, without any need for manual compilation or precompiled packages provided by the vendor.

DKMS was written by the Linux Engineering Team at Dell in 2003. It is included in many distributions, such as Ubuntu, Debian, Fedora, SUSE, Mageia and Arch. DKMS is free software released under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) v2 or later.

DKMS supports both the rpm and deb package formats out of the box.

See also
 Binary blob

References

External links
 
 Building a kernel module using Dynamic Kernel Module Support (DKMS) on CentOS Wiki
 Dynamic Kernel Module Support on ArchWiki

Dell
Linux kernel
Linux drivers
Lattice-based access control. In computer security, lattice-based access control (LBAC) is a complex access control model based on the interaction between any combination of objects (such as resources, computers, and applications) and subjects (such as individuals, groups or organizations).  

In this type of label-based mandatory access control model, a lattice is used to define the levels of security that an object may have and that a subject may have access to.  The subject is only allowed to access an object if the security level of the subject is greater than or equal to that of the object.  

Mathematically, the security level access may also be expressed in terms of the lattice (a partial order set) where each object and subject have a greatest lower bound (meet) and least upper bound (join) of access rights.  For example, if two subjects A and B need access to an object, the security level is defined as the meet of the levels of A and B.  In another example, if two objects X and Y are combined, they form another object Z, which is assigned the security level formed by the join of the levels of X and Y. 

LBAC is also known as a label-based access control (or rule-based access control) restriction as opposed to role-based access control (RBAC).

Lattice based access control models were first formally defined by Denning (1976); see also Sandhu (1993).

See also

References 

Computer security models
Lattice theory
 Access control
Thames Measurement. Thames Measurement, also known as Thames Tonnage, is a system for measuring ships and boats.  It was created in 1855 as a variation of Builder's Old Measurement by the Royal Thames Yacht Club, and was designed for small vessels, such as yachts.  It was originally used for calculating the port dues for yachts; the formula was also used in some early handicapping systems for yacht racing.

The calculation of Thames Tonnage uses the following formula:

 

where:
length is the length, in feet, from the stempost to sternpost;
beam is the maximum beam, in feet.

This can be simplified as:

See also

Tonnage

References

Handicap (sailing)
Ship measurements
Maurice Lemaître (mechanical engineer). Maurice Lemaître (Maurice Édouard Jean Joseph Ghislain Lemaître; born Charleroi, 6 July 1898; died Etterbeek 25 December 1974) was a Belgian mechanical engineer who developed a steam locomotive exhaust system first used by the Nord-Belge railway company, a subsidiary of the French-owned Chemins de Fer du Nord.

The Lemaître exhaust (échappement Lemaître) – which featured a blastpipe with five nozzles in a circular pattern exhausting up a large-diameter chimney, plus a variable-area nozzle exhausting up the centre – produced an efficiency gain of around 10%.

The design was later improved by the Argentine engineer Livio Dante Porta, who devised the Lempor (a portmanteau of Lemaître and Porta) and later the Lemprex exhaust systems.

References

External links
The ultimate steam page – Steam Locomotive Exhaust Drawings
Lempor Exhaust

20th-century Belgian engineers
Belgian mechanical engineers
Belgian people in rail transport
Locomotive builders and designers
1974 deaths
1898 births
Gauge factor. Gauge factor (GF) or strain factor of a strain gauge is the ratio of relative change in electrical resistance R, to the mechanical strain ε. The gauge factor is defined as:

 

where
 ε = strain = 
 = absolute change in length
  = original length
 ν = Poisson's ratio
 ρ = resistivity
 ΔR = change in strain gauge resistance due axial strain and lateral strain
 R  = unstrained resistance of strain gauge

Piezoresistive effect
It is a common misconception that the change in resistance of a strain gauge is based solely, or most heavily, on the geometric terms. This is true for some materials (), and the gauge factor is simply:

However, most commercial strain gauges utilise resistors made from materials that demonstrate a strong piezoresistive effect. The resistivity of these materials changes with strain, accounting for the  term of the defining equation above. In constantan strain gauges (the most commercially popular), the effect accounts for 20% of the gauge factor, but in silicon gauges, the contribution of the piezoresistive term is much larger than the geometric terms. This can be seen in the general examples of strain gauges below:

Effect of temperature

The definition of the gauge factor does not rely on temperature, however the gauge factor only relates resistance to strain if there are no temperature effects. In practice, where changes in temperature or temperature gradients exist, the equation to derive resistance will have a temperature term. The total effect is:

where
 α = temperature coefficient 
 θ = temperature change

References

Equations
Sener Aeronáutica. Sener Aeronáutica is the aerospace arm of the Spanish company Grupo SENER. Since its formation in 1956, the group has developed expertise a number of fields including Marine, Power Systems, and Space. The group has links with a number of Spanish universities.

Sener Aeronáutica has a major shareholding in Industria de Turbo Propulsores (ITP), which is helping to develop the Europrop TP400 engine for the Airbus A400M military transport.  It is also involved in the Eurojet EJ200 military turbofan which powers the Eurofighter Typhoon fighter.

Sener is also involved in the engineering of major solar power projects within Spain, such as the Andasol Solar Power Station and the Gemasolar Thermosolar Plant.

External links

Manufacturing companies of Spain
Aerospace companies of Spain