omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Goma-2. Goma-2 was a type of high explosive manufactured for industrial use (chiefly mining) by Unión Española de Explosivos S.A.

It was a gelatinous, nitroglycol-based explosive widely used within Spain and exported abroad.
It was used by ETA in the 1980s and 1990s.

There were two variants of Goma-2: Goma-2 EC and Goma-2 ECO. As of 2017, the manufacturer MAXAM Corp. S. L. has reformulated the Goma-type ammonia gelatine dynamites which are marketed worldwide under the new Riodin trade name.

Properties
Goma-2 explosive was a mixture of several chemicals:
Ammonium nitrate - 60–70%
Nitroglycol - 26–34%
Nitrocellulose - 0.5–2%
Dibutyl phthalate - 1–3%
Fuels - 1–3%

As with other commercial blasting explosives, detonators were needed to initiate a detonation (usually a blasting cap # 8).

Terrorist use
Goma-2 ECO was the explosive that was used in the 2004 Madrid train bombings. Terrorist Jamal Ahmidan, also known as El Chino, bought the explosive illegally from a mine in northern Spain. It was also planned by the same cell that carried out the Madrid bombings to use the explosive to derail a high-speed train. In 1973, about 80 kilograms of the explosive was used by ETA in Operation Ogro to assassinate Luis Carrero Blanco. The explosion was so powerful it threw Blanco's car over a five story building.

References

External links 
 MAXAM
 Content of Goma-2 ECO
 NordNorsk Goma-2 ECO fact sheet

Explosives
Pioneer Award. Pioneer Award  may refer to:

EFF Pioneer Award, presented by the Electronic Frontier Foundation
SFRA Pioneer Award, presented by the Science Fiction Research Association
NIH Director's Pioneer Award, presented by the National Institutes of Health
GLAAD Pioneer Award, presented by the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation
INCOSE Pioneer Award, presented by the International Council on Systems Engineering
 The Pioneer Award by the International Game Developers Association
Pioneer Award, presented by the Rhythm and Blues Foundation
Pioneer Award in Nanotechnology
Pioneer Award (Aviation), presented by the IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Society.
Signal transmission. In telecommunications, transmission (sometimes abbreviated as "TX") is the process of sending or propagating an analog or digital signal via a medium that is wired, wireless, or fiber-optic.

Transmission system technologies typically refer to physical layer protocol duties such as modulation, demodulation, line coding, equalization, error control, bit synchronization and multiplexing, but it may also involve higher-layer protocol duties, for example, digitizing an analog signal, and data compression.

Transmission of a digital message, or of a digitized analog signal, is known as data transmission.

Examples of transmission are the sending of signals with limited duration, for example, a block or packet of data, a phone call, or an email.

See also
Radio transmitter

References

Telecommunications engineering
Filler. In general, a filler is something that is used to fill gaps. Specialized meanings include:

Materials
 Filler (animal food), dietary fiber and other ingredients added to pet foods to provide bulk
 Filler (materials), particles added to a matrix material, usually to improve its properties
 Filler (packaging), a machine designed to fill packaging, usually occurs in food packaging
 Filler metal, metal added in the making of a joint through welding, brazing, or soldering
 Grain filler, a product that is used to achieve a smooth-textured wood finish
 Injectable filler, a soft tissue filler injected into the skin to help fill in facial wrinkles
 Star filler, a plastic insert in computer cables which separates wires

Media and entertainment
 Filler (media), in television and other media, material that exists outside the story arc to pad out other material
 "Filler", song by hardcore punk band Minor Threat, from their debut E.P.

Other uses
 Filler (linguistics), a sound spoken to fill up gaps in utterances
 Filler (surname)
 Seat filler, a person who fills an empty seat during an event

See also 
 fillér, name of various small change coins throughout Hungarian history, and one hundredth of a Hungarian forint
 Filer (disambiguation)
 Placeholder (disambiguation)
Uniface. In archaeology, a uniface is a specific type of stone tool that has been flaked on one surface only. There are two general classes of uniface tools: modified flakes and formalized tools, which display deliberate, systematic modification of the marginal edges, evidently formed for a specific purpose.

Modified flakes 
While many worked stone tools can be technically designated as "modified flakes," for lithic analysis purposes a modified flake is usually defined as a lithic flake with one or more edges that were altered either through opportunistic use or through nonsystematic retouching; it is often difficult to identify the process that produced the observed edge. Opportunistic use occurs when a sharp flake is used as-is, without edge-modification. Nonsystematic retouching occurs when pressure flaking is used to remove a few trimming flakes from the edge, in no discernible or extensive pattern.

Formalized uniface tools 
Some unifaces are characterized by systematic edge retouch, which was used to thin, straighten, sharpen, and smooth an artifact's edge, and were usually created with a specific purpose in mind. These formalized unifaces were often intended for woodworking, cutting, chopping, or hide-working purposes, and generally fall into easily classifiable types. While the following discussion does not cover some specialized types of unifaces, it does include the most common types.

Scrapers are unifacial tools that were used either for hideworking or woodworking. Whereas this term is often used for any unifacially flaked tool that defies classification, most lithic analysts maintain that the only true scrapers are defined on the base of use-wear, and are usually worked at their distal ends—i.e., "end scrapers." Other scrapers include the so-called "side scrapers." Most scrapers are either oval or blade-like in shape. The working edges of scrapers tend to be convex, and many have trimmed and dulled lateral edges to facilitate hafting. One important variety of scraper is the thumbnail scraper, a scraper shaped much like its namesake. This scraper type is common at Paleo-Indian sites.

Gouges (or adzes) may be either bifacial or unifacial, and are defined as tools with chisel-like working edges that were used for woodworking purposes; they may also have been used to remove marrow from bones. Gouges are generally triangular in shape, with the working edge—characteristically steep-angled—appearing at the wide base of the triangle. The opposite edge, at the point of the triangle, was the hafted end; the tool itself was generally hafted at right angles to the handle.

Denticulate tools display edges that are worked into a multiply notched shape, much like the toothed edge of a saw. Indeed, these tools might have been used as saws, more likely for meat processing than for wood. It is possible, however, that some or all of these notches were used for smoothing wooden shafts or for similar purposes.

References 

Lithics
CVT. CVT may refer to:

Science and technology
 Capacitor voltage transformer, an electrical transformer commonly used in high-voltage transmission line applications
 Centroidal Voronoi tessellation, a geometric object
 Chemical vapor transport, a method for growing crystals
 Constant voltage transformer, a type of saturating transformer as an alternating current voltage stabilizer
 Coordinated Video Timings, specified by VESA
 Cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting, an autophagy-related pathway in yeast
 Compound Value Type, a type within Freebase which is used to represent data where each entry consists of multiple fields
 Cardiovascular thoracic surgery (see cardiothoracic surgery), a field of medicine involved in surgical treatment of diseases affecting organs inside the thorax (the chest)—generally treatment of conditions of the heart (heart disease) and lungs (lung disease)
 Cerebral venous thrombosis or cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.
 Drill chucks.

Organizations
 Center for Victims of Torture, a non-profit organisation that provides counseling and social services to victims of politically motivated torture.
 Centro di Volo a Vela del Politecnico di Torino, the gliding section of the Turin Polytechnic; see List of gliders
 Creative Vision Technologies, see Northgate Computers

Transportation and military
 Continuously variable transmission, a vehicle transmission providing an infinite number of possible gear ratios
 Coventry Airport (IATA airport code), United Kingdom
 Peran (ICAO airline designator), Kazakhstan; see Airline codes-P
 Aircraft Carrier, Training (former hull classification symbol), a training aircraft carrier in the United States Navy

Other uses
 Cape Verde Time, a time zone used in Cape Verde
 Certified Veterinary Technician
 Cognitive valence theory, a theoretical framework that describes and explains the process of intimacy exchange within a dyad relationship
 Complete Vocal Technique, a singing method developed by Cathrine Sadolin
Foto. Foto may refer to:
Fotö, an island and locality in Öckerö municipality, Västra Götaland county, Sweden
Foto language, a Bantu language of the Democratic Republic of Congo
Foto Strakosha (born 1965), an Albanian retired football goalkeeper
Foto Çami (born 1925), a former Albanian politician
To Lua Foto (died 614), Abbot of Clonmacnoise
Fot, sometimes known as Foto, a runemaster in mid-11th century Sweden
Forecasting Of Traffic Objects (FOTO), software tool for Three-phase traffic theory

See also
Photograph or photo, an image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface
Fotos, a German indie rock band
TOA Corporation. is a Japanese electronics company, specializing in public address systems, intercom systems, microphones, array speakers and megaphones. The company's products are used in a variety of settings, among them Brompton Oratory, a large neo-classical Roman Catholic church in Knightsbridge, London.

Early history
The company was founded in 1934 by Tsunetaro Nakatani as the TOA Electric Manufacturing Company.

References

External links

TOA Corporation  
 TOA Corporation 
 TOA partner at Vietnam 
 Phân phối âm thanh TOA chính hãng 

Audio equipment manufacturers of Japan
Companies based in Hyōgo Prefecture
Loudspeaker manufacturers
Microphone manufacturers
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Electronics companies established in 1949
Japanese companies established in 1949
Japanese brands
Felsite. Felsite is a very fine-grained  volcanic rock that may or may not contain larger crystals. Felsite is a field term for a light-colored rock that typically requires petrographic examination or chemical analysis for more precise definition. Color is generally white through light gray, or red to tan and may include any color except dark gray, green or black (the colors of trap rock). The mass of the rock consists of a fine-grained matrix of felsic materials, particularly quartz, plagioclase and potassium feldspar, and may be termed a quartz felsite or quartz porphyry if the quartz phenocrysts are present.  This rock is typically of extrusive origin, formed by compaction of fine volcanic ash, and may be found in association with obsidian and rhyolite.  In some cases, it is sufficiently fine-grained for use in making stone tools. Its fine texture and felsic components allow for good knapped pieces, much like working chert, producing conchoidal fracture.  

Dendritic manganese oxides such as pyrolusite or iron oxides such as limonite may precipitate along rock crevices, giving some rock chunk surfaces multicolored or arborescent patterned textures.

References

Igneous petrology
Volcanic rocks
List of test pilot schools. There are several test pilot schools around the world, formed after the example of the original Empire Test Pilots' School in the UK with mission to train already experienced pilots and engineers to test new and experimental aircraft (listed below by years of foundation):

Government-sponsored schools 
Empire Test Pilots' School, British school based at Boscombe Down, England (founded 1943)
U.S. Air Force Test Pilot School, Edwards Air Force Base, California (founded 1944)
United States Naval Test Pilot School, Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland (founded 1945)
École du Personnel Navigant d'Essais et de Réception (EPNER), Istres, France (founded 1946)
Fedotov Test Pilot School, Russian aviation industry school based at the Gromov Flight Research Institute, Zhukovsky  (founded 1947)
Indian Air Force Test Pilot School, Bangalore, India (founded 1973)
 Soviet and Russian Air Force Test Pilots Training Centre — division of the Chkalov 929th State Flight Test Centre of the Russian Ministry of Defence, Akhtubinsk, Russia (founded 1973)
Divisão de Formação em Ensaios em Voo (EFEV — Brazilian Air force Test Pilot school), São José dos Campos, Brazil (founded 1986)

Privately funded schools 
National Test Pilot School, Mojave, California (founded 1981)
International Test Pilots School, London International Airport, London, Ontario (founded 1986 in Cranfield, UK)
Test Flying Academy of South Africa, Oudtshoorn (founded 1998 as National Test Pilot School of South Africa - NTPS SA)
Neo Energy Aviation Academy
Euro Flight Test

University-associated schools 
 Linköping University Flight Test School, Linköping, Sweden
Escuela Española de Ensayos en Vuelo y Aeronavegabilidad (E4A), Madrid, Spain (founded 2016, as the Technical University of Madrid school)

See also
List of aerospace flight test centres

References 

Test pilot schools
Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility. The Norbert Wiener Award for Social and Professional Responsibility was established in 1987 in honor of Norbert Wiener to recognize contributions by computer professionals to socially responsible use of computers. It was awarded annually by CPSR, Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility, until that organization disbanded in 2013. The award is now managed by the IEEE Society for the Social Implications of Technology.

Winners 
 1987: David Parnas
 1988: Joseph Weizenbaum
 1989: Daniel McCracken
 1990: Kristen Nygaard
 1991: Severo Ornstein and Laura Gould
 1992: Barbara Simons
 1993: Institute for Global Communications
 1994: Antonia Stone
 1995: Tom Grundner
 1996: Phil Zimmermann
 1997: Peter Neumann
 1998: Internet Engineering Task Force
 1999: The Free Software & Open Source Movements
 2000: Marc Rotenberg
 2001: Nira Schwartz and Theodore Postol
 2002: Karl Auerbach
 2003: Mitch Kapor
 2004: Barry Steinhardt
 2005: Douglas Engelbart
 2008: Bruce Schneier
 2013:  Gary Chapman

See also
 Norbert Wiener Prize in Applied Mathematics
 List of computer-related awards
 Prizes named after people

External links 
 
 List of winners
 Speech introducing the award
 Documentary film about Norbert Wiener Award winner, Joseph Weizenbaum  ( "Weizenbaum. Rebel at Work." ) 
 IEEE Society for the Social Implications of Technology

Awards established in 1987
Computer-related awards

ja:社会的責任を考えるコンピュータ専門家の会#ノーバート・ウィーナー賞
Yield. Yield may refer to:

Measures of output/function

Computer science
 Yield (multithreading) is an action that occurs in a computer program during multithreading
 See generator (computer programming)

Physics/chemistry
 Yield (chemistry), the amount of product obtained in a chemical reaction
 The arrow symbol in a chemical equation
 Yield (engineering), yield strength of a material as defined in engineering and material science
 Fission product yield
 Nuclear weapon yield

Earth science
 Crop yield, measurement of the amount of a crop harvested, or animal products such as wool, meat or milk produced, per unit area of land
 Yield (wine), the amount of grapes or wine that is produced per unit surface of vineyard
 Ecological yield, the harvestable population growth of an ecosystem, most commonly measured in forestry and fishery
 Specific yield, a measure of aquifer capacity
 Yield (hydrology), the volume of water escaping from a spring

Production/manufacturing
 Yield (casting)
 Throughput yield, a manufacturing evaluation method
 A measure of functioning devices in semiconductor testing, see 
 The number of servings provided by a recipe and hulk

Finance
 Yield (finance), a rate of return for a security
 Dividend yield and earnings yield, measures of dividends paid on stock

Other uses
 Yield (college admissions), a statistic describing what percent of applicants choose to enroll
 Yield (album), by Pearl Jam
 Yield sign, a traffic sign
 The Yield, a 2019 novel by Tara June Winch
 In cooking, yield is how many a recipe creates.
 Yield, a feature of a coroutine in computer programming.
 Yield, an element of the TV series The Amazing Race
Robotnik. Robotnik (Polish, 'worker', and Czech/Slovak: robotník, 'worker') may refer to:

 Robotnik (1894–1939), a newspaper published by the Polish Socialist Party.
 Robotnik (1983–1990), a newspaper published during the period of martial law in Poland.
 Doctor Eggman or Doctor Ivo Robotnik, the primary antagonist of the Sonic the Hedgehog video game series.
 Gerald Robotnik, grandfather of Doctor Ivo Robotnik.
 Maria Robotnik, granddaughter of Gerald Robotnik and cousin of Doctor Ivo Robotnik.
 Robotnik Automation, a Spanish robotics company.

See also

Robotnikinin
Worker (disambiguation)
Robot (disambiguation)
Knowledge level. In artificial intelligence, knowledge-based agents draw on a pool of logical sentences to infer conclusions about the world.  At the knowledge level, we only need to specify what the agent knows and what its goals are; a logical abstraction separate from details of implementation.

This notion of knowledge level was first introduced by Allen Newell in the 1980s, to have a way to rationalize an agent's behavior.  The agent takes actions based on knowledge it possesses, in an attempt to reach specific goals.  It chooses actions according to the principle of rationality.

Beneath the knowledge level resides the symbol level.  Whereas the knowledge level is world oriented, namely that it concerns the environment in which the agent operates, the symbol level is system oriented, in that it includes the mechanisms the agent has available to operate.  The knowledge level rationalizes the agent's behavior, while the symbol level mechanizes the agent's behavior.

For example, in a computer program, the knowledge level consists of the information contained in its data structures that it uses to perform certain actions.  The symbol level consists of the program's algorithms, the data structures themselves, and so on.

See also

Knowledge level modeling
Knowledge relativity

References

T. Menzies. Applications of Abduction: Knowledge-Level Modeling. November 1996.
A. Newell. The Knowledge Level.  Artificial Intelligence, 18(1):87-127, 1982.

Artificial intelligence
Knowledge level modeling. Knowledge level modeling is the process of theorizing over observations about a world and, to some extent, explaining the behavior of an agent as it interacts with its environment.

Crucial to the understanding of knowledge level modeling are Allen Newell's notions of the knowledge level, operators, and an agent's goal state.

The knowledge level refers to the knowledge an agent has about its world.
Operators are what can be applied to an agent to affect its state.
An agent's goal state is the status reached after the appropriate operators have been applied to transition from a previous, non-goal state.

Essentially, knowledge level modeling involves evaluating an agent's knowledge of the world and all possible states and with that information constructing a model that depicts the interrelations and pathways between the various states.  With this model, various problem solving methods (i.e. prediction, classification, explanation, tutoring, qualitative reasoning, planning, etc.) can be viewed in a uniform fashion. This modeling aspect is crucial in cognitive architectures for intelligent agents.

In "Applications of Abduction: Knowledge-Level Modeling", Menzies proposes a new knowledge level modeling approach, called KLB, which specifies that "a knowledge base should be divided into domain-specific facts and domain-independent abstract problem solving inference procedures."  In his method, abductive reasoning is used to find assumptions which, when combined with theories, achieve the desired goals of the system.

Lack of Knowledge-Level in sports coaches might be dangerous and increase risk of injuries.

For a good example of abductive reasoning, look at logical reasoning.

See also
Knowledge level
Knowledge engineering

References

Knowledge engineering
Tarnish. Tarnish is a thin layer of corrosion that forms over copper, brass, aluminum, magnesium, neodymium and other similar metals as their outermost layer undergoes a chemical reaction. Tarnish does not always result from the sole effects of oxygen in the air. For example, silver needs hydrogen sulfide to tarnish, although it may tarnish with oxygen over time. It often appears as a dull, gray or black film or coating over metal. Tarnish is a surface phenomenon that is self-limiting, unlike rust. Only the top few layers of the metal react. The  layer of tarnish seals and protects the underlying layers from reacting.

Tarnish preserves the underlying metal in outdoor use, and in this form is called chemical patina. Unlike wear patina necessary in applications such as copper roofing, outdoor copper, bronze, and brass statues and fittings, chemical patina is considered a lot more uneven and undesirable. Patina is the name given to tarnish on copper-based metals, while toning is a term for the type of tarnish which forms on coins.

Chemistry
Tarnish is a product of a chemical reaction between a metal and a nonmetal compound, especially oxygen and sulfur dioxide. It is usually a metal oxide, the product of oxidation; sometimes it is a metal sulfide. The metal oxide sometimes reacts with water to make the hydroxide, or with carbon dioxide to make the carbonate. It is a chemical change. There are various methods to prevent metals from tarnishing.

Prevention and removal
Using a thin coat of polish can prevent tarnish from forming over these metals. Tarnish can be removed by using steel wool, sandpaper, emery paper, baking soda or a file to rub or polish the metal's dull surface.  Fine objects (such as silverware) may have the tarnish electrochemically reversed (non-destructively) by resting the objects on a piece of aluminium foil in a pot of boiling water with a small amount of salt or baking soda, or it may be removed with a special polishing compound and a soft cloth. Gentler abrasives, such as calcium carbonate, are often used by museums to clean tarnished silver as they cannot damage or scratch the silver and will not leave unwanted residues.

References

Chemical reactions
Metals
Metalworking terminology
Corrosion