omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
David S. Lee. David S. Lee (李信麟; pinyin: Lǐ Xìnlín) is a Chinese-American business executive and entrepreneur. His roles include serving as CEO, president and chairman of the board of eOn Communications Corporation, a telecom services company, between 1991 and 2014.

Early life
Lee was born in China around 1938.  He received a B.S. in mechanical engineering from Montana State University in 1960.  He obtained an M.S. in the same field from North Dakota State University.  He has received an honorary doctorate from Montana State University in 1993.

Career
Lee served as the CEO of eOn Communications Corporation from 2003 and was the chairman of the board of that company from 1991. In 2008, eOn bought Cortelco, a maker of customer-premises equipment based at Corinth, Mississippi. Lee had bought Cortelco from ITT Industries, Inc. in 1990, and was the chairman and controlling shareholder of Cortelco. In 2014, eOn was merged into Inventergy, Inc., an intellectual property acquisition and licensing company.

From 1985 to 1988, Lee was President and Chairman of Data Technology Corporation, a computer peripheral company. Prior to 1985, he was group executive and chairman of the Business Information Systems Group of ITT.  He was also president of ITT subsidiary ITT Qume, formerly Qume Corporation, a computer systems peripherals company which Lee co-founded in 1973 prior to its acquisition by ITT Corporation in 1978.

Lee has also served on the corporate boards of ESS Technology, Inc., Linear Technology, iBassis and Daily Wellness Company.

Public service
Lee was appointed to the board of the Regents of the University of California in 1994 and served his full term which ended 2006.  He has also been a member of the Board of Governors for California Community Colleges.

He was an advisor to Presidents Bush and Clinton on the Advisory Committee on Trade Policy and Negotiation (Office of the U.S. Trade Representative/Executive Office of the President) and to Governor Wilson through the California Economic Development Corporation and the council on California Competitiveness. From around 2002, Lee was a member of the President's Council on the 21st Century Workforce, appointed by President George W. Bush.

References

Further reading

External links
UC Board of Regents bio, archived in 2006
eOn Communications bio, archived in 2006

Montana State University alumni
American people of Chinese descent
American chief executives
University of California regents
Members of Committee of 100
1930s births
Living people
Chlorfenapyr. Chlorfenapyr is an insecticde, and specifically a pro-insecticide (meaning it is metabolized into an active insecticide after entering the host). It is derived from a class of microbially produced compounds known as halogenated pyrroles.

History and Applications

Chlorfenapyr was developed by American Cyanamid from the natural product dioxapyrrolomycin, which was isolated from Streptomyces fumanus.

The United States Environmental Protection Agency initially denied registration in 2000 for use on cotton primarily because of concerns that the insecticide was toxic to birds and because effective alternatives were available. However, it was registered by the EPA in January, 2001 for use on non-food crops in greenhouses. In 2005, the EPA established a tolerance for residues of chlorfenapyr in or on all food commodities.  

Chlorfenapyr is also used as a wool insect-proofing agent, and was introduced as an alternative to synthetic pyrethroids due to a lower toxicity to mammalian and aquatic life.

In April 2016, in Pakistan, 31 people died when their food was spiked with chlorfenapyr.

Mode of Action

Chlorfenapyr works by disrupting the production of adenosine triphosphate, specifically, "Oxidative removal of the N-ethoxymethyl group of chlorfenapyr by mixed function oxidases forms the compound CL 303268. CL 303268 uncouples oxidative phosphorylation at the mitochondria, resulting in disruption of production of ATP, cellular death, and ultimately organism mortality." It is in IRAC group 13.

Notes

External links
 Effects of Chlorfenapyr on Adult Birds
 Chlorfenapyr; Pesticide Tolerance
 Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority

Insecticides
Nitriles
Pyrroles
Bromoarenes
4-Chlorophenyl compounds
Trifluoromethyl compounds
Ethers
Knowledge value chain. A knowledge value chain is a sequence of intellectual tasks by which knowledge workers build their employer's unique competitive advantage  and/or social and environmental benefit. As an example, the components of a research and development project form a knowledge value chain.

Productivity improvements in a knowledge value chain may come from knowledge integration in its original sense of data systems consolidation. Improvements also flow from the knowledge integration that occurs when knowledge management techniques are applied to the continuous improvement of a business process or processes.

The term first started coming into common use around 1999, appearing in management-related talks and papers. It was registered as a trademark in 2004 by TW Powell Co., a Manhattan company.

Knowledge value chain processes
Knowledge acquisition
Knowledge storage
Knowledge dissemination
Knowledge application

References

Knowledge representation
Jabiru 3300. The Jabiru 3300 is a lightweight four-stroke, horizontally opposed "flat-six" air-cooled aircraft engine produced by Jabiru Aircraft. The engines are direct drive and  fitted with alternators, silencers, vacuum pump drives and dual ignition systems as standard. The engine is used to power homebuilt and ultralight aircraft.

History

Jabiru Aircraft began as a builder of small two-seater aircraft in Bundaberg, Australia. It turned to producing its own engines when supplies of the Italian-sourced engines previously used dried up. Jabiru engines were designed to be manufactured in small batch quantities, so the firm used CNC machines to mill major engine parts such as cylinder blocks and heads, rather than using cast items. For the fourth generation of the design, more cast and forged components (including cast cylinder heads and forged connecting rods) replace components which were previously machined from billet. The 3300 is a modular development of Jabiru's flat-four 2200 engine.

In November 2014, the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority proposed restricting all Jabiru-powered aircraft to day-visual flight rules only, without passengers or solo students and within gliding distance of a safe place to land due to the engine line's safety record. This was in response to 46 reports of engine failure in flight. In-flight failure modes included, but were not limited to: fuel starvation; valve/port collapse & breakage of critical bolts. Both the manufacturer and Recreational Aviation Australia opposed the restrictions as unnecessary and unwarranted. The final rule adopted somewhat softened the restrictions, allowing the carriage of passengers and students, but requiring them to sign an acknowledgement of risk before flying and restricting equipped aircraft to day VFR flight and within gliding distance of a safe place to land.

A subsequent tear-down of one engine by CASA resulted in recommendations in June 2016 for further easing of the restrictions.

Applications

Specifications

See also
 Jabiru 2200
 CAMit 3300
 List of aircraft engines
Comparable engines:
 Continental O-200
 D-Motor LF39
 Lycoming IO-233
 Sauer S 2100 ULT
 ULPower UL390i

References

 Jabiru Aircraft: 6 Cylinder Engine
 JABIRU 3300cc AIRCRAFT ENGINE

Boxer engines
1990s aircraft piston engines
Jabiru aircraft engines
Soil quality. Soil quality refers to the condition of soil based on its capacity to perform ecosystem services that meet the needs of human and non-human life.

Soil quality reflects how well a soil performs the functions of maintaining biodiversity and productivity, partitioning water and solute flow, filtering and buffering, nutrient cycling, and providing support for plants and other structures. Soil management has a major impact on soil quality.

Soil quality relates to soil functions. Unlike water or air, for which established standards have been set, soil quality is difficult to define or quantify.

Indicators of soil quality 
Soil quality can be evaluated using the Soil Management Assessment Framework. Soil quality in agricultural terms is measured on a scale of soil value (Bodenwertzahl) in Germany.

Soil quality is primarily measured by chemical, physical, and biological indicators because soil function cannot easily be measured directly. Each of these categories comprises several indicators that provide insight into overall soil quality. There are very few soil quality monitoring systems that can provide near real-time information on these indicators but almost all of these systems are currently reported only to the research level.

Physical 
The physical category of soil quality indicators consists of tests that measure soil texture, bulk density, porosity, water content at saturation, aggregate stability, penetration resistance, and more.  These measures provide hydrological information, such the level of water infiltration and water availability to plants.

Chemical 
Chemical indicators include pH and nutrient levels. A typical soil test only evaluates chemical soil properties.

Biological 
Biological measures include diversity of soil organisms and fungi.

The movement and biological functions of soil organisms (including earthworms, millipedes, centipedes, ants, and spiders) impact soil processes such as the regulation of soil structure, degradation of contaminants, and nutrient cycling.

References

Agronomy
Environmental science
Pedology
Allylamine. Allylamine is an organic compound with the formula C3H5NH2.  This colorless liquid is the simplest stable unsaturated amine.

Production and reactions
All three allylamines, mono-, di-, and triallylamine, are produced by the treating allyl chloride with ammonia followed by distillation. Or by the reaction of allyl chloride with hexamine. Pure samples can be prepared by hydrolysis of allyl isothiocyanate.  It behaves as a typical amine.

Polymerization can be used to prepare the homopolymer (polyallylamine) or copolymers.  The polymers are promising membranes for use in reverse osmosis.

Other allylamines
Diallylamine is a precursor to industrial products.  Functionalized allylamines have pharmaceutical applications. Pharmaceutically important allylamines include flunarizine and naftifine; the latter spurred the development of Petasis' borono-Mannich reaction. Flunarizine aids in the relief of migraines while naftifine acts to fight common fungus causing infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, and ringworm.

Safety
Allylamine, like other allyl derivatives is a lachrymator and skin irritant.  Its oral  is 106 mg/kg for rats.

References

External links
  at National Center for Biotechnology Information

Allylamines
Sodium methoxide. Sodium methoxide is the simplest sodium alkoxide.  With the formula , it is a white solid, which is formed by the deprotonation of methanol.  It is a widely used reagent in industry and the laboratory.  It is also a dangerously caustic base.

Preparation and structure 
Sodium methoxide is prepared by treating methanol with sodium:

The reaction is so exothermic that ignition is possible.  The resulting solution, which is colorless, is often used as a source of sodium methoxide, but the pure material can be isolated by evaporation followed by heating to remove residual methanol.

As a solid, sodium methoxide is polymeric, with sheet-like arrays of  centers, each bonded to four oxygen centers.

The structure, and hence the basicity, of sodium methoxide in solution depends on the solvent.  It is a significantly stronger base in DMSO where it is more fully ionized and free of hydrogen bonding.

Applications

Organic synthesis
Sodium methoxide is a routinely used base in organic chemistry, applicable to the synthesis of numerous compounds ranging from pharmaceuticals to agrichemicals.  As a base, it is employed in dehydrohalogenations and various condensations.  It is also a nucleophile for the production of methyl ethers.

Industrial applications
Sodium methoxide is used as an initiator of anionic addition polymerization with ethylene oxide, forming a polyether with high molecular weight.  Biodiesel is prepared from vegetable oils and animal fats (fatty acid triglycerides) by transesterification with methanol to give fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Sodium methoxide acts as a catalyst for this reaction, but will combine with any free fatty acids present in the oil/fat feedstock to form soap byproducts.

Stability
The solid hydrolyzes in water to give methanol and sodium hydroxide.  Indeed, samples of sodium methoxide are often contaminated with sodium hydroxide, which is difficult to detect.  The compound absorbs carbon dioxide from the air to form methanol and sodium carbonate, thus diminishing the alkalinity of the base.

Commercial batches of sodium methoxide show variable levels of degradation, and were a major source of irreproducibility when used in Suzuki reactions.

Safety
Sodium methoxide is highly caustic and reacts with water to give methanol, which is toxic and volatile.

NFPA 704
The ratings for this substance vary widely.

See also
 Methoxide
 Biodiesel production
 Sodium ethoxide

References

Alkoxides
Organic sodium salts
Organic compounds with 1 carbon atom
911th Engineer Company. The 911th Technical Rescue Engineer Company, formerly the MDW (Military District of Washington) Engineer Company, is a unit of the United States Army that specialises in technical rescue, particularly urban search and rescue (US&R). It is one of the only technical rescue companies in the United States Department of Defense. The 911th Technical Rescue Engineer Company is stationed at Fort Belvoir, Virginia. The company was originally founded in July 1989.

The 911th Technical Rescue Engineer Company is assigned to the 12th Aviation Battalion, Army Air Operations Group, Military District of Washington. The company is modeled after a Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Urban Search and Rescue Heavy Task Force. The company is certified in mine rescue and technical rescue, and specializes in trench, structural collapse, ropes, and confined space disciplines. It regularly trains with local, state, and federal first responders. 

In 2001, the company responded immediately to the September 11 attacks on the Pentagon. The first sergeant and company commander moved the company to the disaster site without waiting for orders and spent 10 days engaged in search and rescue operations. The unit was re-designated as the 911th United States Army Technical Rescue Engineer Company on 11 September 2006, in memory of its historic role in the subsequent recovery effort.

The company was on standby during the first inauguration of Barack Obama in 2009, and since then has been prepared for numerous other events within the National Capital Region. In 2012 the company was equipped with heavy transport and dump trucks.

References

External links
 911 heritage day

Engineering units and formations of the United States Army
Military in Washington, D.C.
Engineer 911
Engineer companies
Flexibility (engineering). Flexibility is used as an attribute of various types of systems. In the field of engineering systems design, it refers to designs that can adapt when external changes occur. Flexibility has been defined differently in many fields of engineering, architecture, biology, economics, etc. In the context of engineering design one can define flexibility as the ability of a system to respond to potential internal or external changes affecting its value delivery, in a timely and cost-effective manner. Thus, flexibility for an engineering system is the ease with which the system can respond to uncertainty in a manner to sustain or increase its value delivery. Uncertainty is a key element in the definition of flexibility. Uncertainty can create both risks and opportunities in a system, and it is with the existence of uncertainty that flexibility becomes valuable.

Flexible Manufacturing System 
Flexibility has been especially thoroughly studied for manufacturing systems. For manufacturing science eleven different classes of flexibility have been identified [Browne, 1984], [Sethi and Sethi, 1990]:

 Machine flexibility - The different operation types that a machine can perform.
 Material handling flexibility - The ability to move the products within a manufacturing facility.
 Operation flexibility - The ability to produce a product in different ways.
 Process flexibility - The set of products that the system can produce.
 Product flexibility - The ability to add new products in the system.
 Routing flexibility - The different routes (through machines and workshops) that can be used to produce a product in the system.
 Volume flexibility - The ease to profitably increase or decrease the output of an existing system. At firm level, it is the ability of a firm to operate profitably at different output levels. Firms often use volume flexibility as a benchmark to assess their performance vis-à-vis their competitors.
 Expansion flexibility - The ability to build out the capacity of a system.
 Program flexibility - The ability to run a system automatically.
 Production flexibility - The number of products a system currently can produce.
 Market flexibility - The ability of the system to adapt to market demands.

These definitions yield under current conditions of the system and that no major setups are conducted or investments are made (except expansion flexibility). Many of the flexibility types are linked to each other; increasing one flexibility type also increases another. But in some cases tradeoffs between two flexibility types are needed.

Bibliography 
 Browne, J. et al. "Classification of flexible manufacturing systems", The FMS Magazine 1984 April, 114–117.
 Sethi, A.K. and Sethi, S.P. "Flexibility in Manufacturing: A survey", The International Journal of Flexible Manufacturing Systems 1990 2, 289–328.

References

Structural engineering
Software quality
Offshore installation manager. The offshore installation manager (OIM) is the most senior manager of an offshore platform operating on the UKCS.

Many offshore operators have adopted this UK offshore management model and title and applied it to their operations in all global regions irrespective of the local regulations in force.

In the United Kingdom, the individual must be officially registered as an OIM with the Offshore Safety Division of the Health and Safety Executive and the OIM is responsible for the health, welfare and safety of the personnel on board the installation, whether a drilling rig, production platform or a support vessel (e.g. a flotel).

The OIM position had arisen in part from the Inquiry into the 1965 Sea Gem disaster, in which the Sea Gem drilling rig collapsed and sank in the southern sector of the North Sea with a loss of 13 lives. The Inquiry recommended that " ... there ought to be a 'master' or unquestioned authority on these rigs" and that " ... there ought to be the equivalent of a shipmaster's daily round when the 'master' could question those responsible for different aspects of the day-to-day management of the whole." The recommendations from the Sea Gem Inquiry were formalised in the Mineral Workings (Offshore Installations) Act 1971 which requires a registered OIM to be in charge of each installation. 

Training and selection of OIMs has been the subject of research projects and specialist training.

See also 

 Mineral Workings (Offshore Installations) Act 1971
 Offshore Safety Act 1992

References

Resource extraction occupations
Petroleum production
Derrickhand. A derrickhand or derrickman is the person who sits atop the derrick on a drilling rig. Though the exact duties vary from rig to rig, they almost always report directly to the driller. Their job is to guide the stands of the drill pipe into the fingers at the top of the derrick. Other duties might include monitoring pH and calcium levels, viscosity and the mud weight (density), adding chemicals and oil based fluids, and being responsible for the shale shakers and mud pump.

Details
The name derrickhand comes from the position they typically occupy, which is at the top of the derrick. From this position they guide the stands of drill pipe, typically  long, into the fingers at the top of the derrick while tripping (removing the drill string) out of the hole. When tripping into the hole (or "running in") they will pull the pipe out of the fingers and guide it into the elevators suspended from the top drive. Traditionally, the derrickhand also works closely with the mud engineer (see drilling fluid) when not tripping pipe since they are not needed in the derrick. In this capacity it is their responsibility to monitor pH and calcium levels, viscosity and the mud weight (density), adding sacks of chemicals (25-100 lb each) to the mud or oil to maintain the desired properties, and monitor the mud level in the mud pits to aid well control. They are also responsible for the shale shakers and mud pumps (making sure they run well and fixing them as needed). The derrickhand is also responsible for the transfer of additional fluids or chemicals (e.g.: Barite, Bentonite or oil-based fluids) from bulk silos or tanks (tank farm) to the mud system.

References 

Resource extraction occupations
Petroleum production
Oilfield terminology
Drill floor. The drill floor is the heart of any drilling rig. This is the area where the drill string begins its trip into the earth. It is traditionally where joints of pipe are assembled, as well as the BHA (bottom hole assembly), drilling bit, and various other tools. This is the primary work location for roughnecks and the driller. The drill floor is located directly under the derrick.

The floor is a relatively small work area in which the rig crew conducts operations, usually adding or removing drillpipe to, or from the drillstring. The rig floor is the most dangerous location on the rig because heavy iron is moved around there. Drill string connections are made or broken on the drill floor, and the driller's console for controlling the major components of the rig are located there. Attached to the rig floor is a small metal room, the doghouse, where the rig crew can meet, take breaks, and take refuge from the elements during idle times.

External links
 Schlumberger Oilfield Glossary
 The History of the Oil Industry 
 "Black Gold" Popular Mechanics, January 1930 - large photo article on oil drilling in the 1920s and 1930s
 "World's Deepest Well" Popular Science, August 1938, article on the late 1930s technology of drilling oil wells
 

Oilfield terminology
Oil platforms
Mining equipment
Tetramethylethylenediamine (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on tetramethylethylenediamine.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source  such as SIRI, and follow its directions.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Spectral data

References

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup