omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Walter Chalmers. Walter Chalmers (27 February 1873 – 10 August 1957) was a British engineer. He followed his father into the North British Railway, starting as an apprentice at Cowlairs railway works. In 1904 he became Chief Draughtsman and, from 1920 to 1922, he was Chief Mechanical Engineer.

Chalmers was born in Leeds, to a Scottish father, Robert Chalmers from Paisley, Renfrewshire, and English mother, Sarah Jane Glendening, from Yorkshire. Robert had held the title Assistant Locomotive Superintendent and Chief Draughtsman. Walter Chalmers succeeded his father in the same role, but the title was abbreviated to Chief Draughtsman. In 1920, he succeeded William Paton Reid who had held the role of Locomotive Superintendent, but in line with other railway companies of the era, the title of the post was changed to Chief Mechanical Engineer. His own successor in the deputy position was J P Grassick, whose job title was also changed from Chief Draughtsman to Locomotive Running Superintendent.

Locomotives
Because Grouping was imminent, Chalmers had little opportunity to develop new steam locomotive types but he did supervise the rebuilding of the last eighteen locomotives of NBR Class M 4-4-0 (later LNER Class D31). He also designed a three-cylinder 2-8-0 mineral engine but this never got beyond the drawing board.

Dimensions of LNER Class D31 (as rebuilt) 
 Weights:
 Locomotive, 46 tons 8 cwt
 Tender, 33 tons 9 cwt
 Boiler pressure, 175 psi
 Superheater, no
 Cylinders, 18" x 26"
 Driving wheel diameter, 6' 6"
 Tractive effort, 16,515 lbf

Seven D31s passed into British Railways ownership in 1948 but three of these were quickly withdrawn leaving BR numbers 62059, 62060, 62065 and 62072. The last D31 was withdrawn in 1952 and none was preserved.

Post-grouping
Chalmers continued to work for the London and North Eastern Railway after the 1923 Grouping but retired in June 1924.

References

Locomotive builders and designers
Scottish engineers
1957 deaths
1873 births
20th-century British engineers
British Standard Fine. British Standard Fine (BSF) is a screw thread form, as a fine-pitch alternative to British Standard Whitworth (BSW) thread.
It was used for steel bolts and nuts on and in much of Britain's machinery, including cars, prior to adoption of Unified, and later Metric, standards. For highly stressed conditions, especially in motorcycles, a finer thread, British Standard Cycle (BSC), was used as well.

BSF was developed by R. E. B. Crompton, and his assistant George Field. BSF threads use the 55 degree Whitworth thread form. It was introduced by the British Engineering Standards Association in 1908.

The table provides BSF sizes, the threads per inch and spanner jaw sizes. The BSC column indicates where BSF and BSC threads match. The table shows suitable tapping drill sizes. Uncommon sizes are shown in italics.

Table 

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=3 | Diameter
!             Thread density
! rowspan=2 | As BSC?
! colspan=2 | Nut, approximate
! rowspan=2 | Tap drill
|-
! colspan=2 | (in)
!           | (mm)
!             (in−1)
!           | (mm)
!           | (in)
|-
| 
| 
| 32
| 
|  6pt  
|  in
|-
| 
| 
| 28
| 
| colspan=2 |
| 4.6 mm
|-
| 
| 
| 26
| 
| 11.30
|
| 5.3 mm
|-
| 
| 
| 22
| rowspan=13 
|  
|  in
|-
| 
| 
| 20 
|  
| 8.2 mm
|-
| 
| 
| 18 
| 
| 9.7 mm
|-
| 
| 
| 16 
| 
|  in
|-
| 
| 
| 16 
| 
|  in
|-
| 
| 
| 14 
|  6pt 
| 14 mm
|-
| 
| 
| 14 
|  6pt  
| 15.5 mm
|-
| 
| 
| 12 
|  6pt  
| 16.75 mm
|-
| 
| 
| 11 
|  
|  in
|-
| 1
| 
| 10 
| 
| 22.75 mm
|-
| 
| 
| 9 
| 
| 26.50 mm
|-
| 
| 
| 9 
|  
| 28.75 mm
|-
| 
| 
| 8  
| 
| 34.50 mm
|}

References

Bibliography

External links
 
 Jaw sizes for sockets and spanners/wrenches
 Spanner size chart

Thread standards
Screws
1908 introductions
Standards of the United Kingdom
Scientific Advisory Group. The Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force, later renamed the Scientific Advisory Board, was established in 1944, when General Henry H. Arnold asked Dr. Theodore von Kármán to establish a group of scientists to review the techniques and research trends in aeronautics. The group was asked to evaluate the aeronautical research and development programs and facilities of the Axis powers of World War II, and to provide recommendations for future United States Air Force research and development programs.

Von Kármán picked the following scientists for initial members of the group: Hugh Dryden, Frank Wattendorf, Hsue-shen Tsien, T. F. Walkowicz, George S. Schairer, G.E. Valley, Ivan A. Getting, Edward Mills Purcell, Vladimir K. Zworykin, Lee DuBridge, and Norman Ramsey.

Under von Kármán the group put together several reports for General Arnold, including, "Where We Stand" and "Toward New Horizons." General Arnold's vision and Dr. von Kármán's reports led to American airpower dominance and the establishment of the Air Engineering Development Center later renamed and dedicated as the Arnold Engineering Development Center (AEDC) in 1951.

See also
 USAF Scientific Advisory Board

References

United States Air Force organization
Klemm Kl 151. The Klemm Kl 151 was a German prototype light passenger aircraft designed by Dr. Hanns Klemm and chief engineer Carl Bucher during World War II. Only one model was built.

Development
In 1940 Klemm received a request from the Reich Air Ministry (RLM) chief Ernst Udet to begin work on a version of the Messerschmitt Bf 108 Taifun using wood rather than aluminium for the airframe, since the metal was then in short supply.

One of the conditions was that the design of the Bf 108 would be used for the new aircraft. This created substantial difficulties. To speed up the project both the wings and the fuselage were based on already-built Kl 107 components. Since the fuselage was too short, Bucher extended it at the tail with a welded tubular steel framework covered with sheet metal, which also housed the tail landing gear. The wings were widened at the root and moved forward in order to accommodate additional fuel tanks, which replaced the two rear seats.

Flight tests
The prototype Kl 151 V1, designated with the Stammkennzeichen radio code of TB+QK, made its first flight at Böblingen on 10 September 1942, with Klemm's chief pilot Karl Voy at the controls. The aircraft was powered by a 240 Pferdestärke (PS) (236 horsepower, 176 kW) Argus As 10P inverted V8 engine. The planned model Kl 151-B, fitted with a 355 PS (350 hp, 261 kW) Argus As 410 inverted V12 engine was not built.

On 19 February 1943 the V1 prototype was transferred to the Deutsche Versuchsanstalt für Luftfahrt ("German Experimental Institute for Aviation") at Adlershof for testing, which was successfully completed on 1 March 1943.

The fixed undercarriage was a concern to the Luftwaffe, as the Bf 108 had suffered on the rough landing fields of the eastern front. Therefore, the requirement now demanded a robust as well as a retractable undercarriage. In place of the fixed tricycle undercarriage, now the V1 received one in a Y-configuration, with two steel half-shells
welded together for the guidance of the shock absorbers on each side.

Further testing continued. Klemm used the aircraft as a personal transport until July 1944, when it was destroyed in an Allied air raid. The Air Ministry transferred the incomplete V2 prototype, and responsibility for further development and production, over to the Czech company Zlin. The problems caused by the demand for a retractable landing gear were finally solved, but the aircraft was never completed, nor put into full production.

After the war a revival of the project was considered, however Klemm instead decided on the Kl 107A.

Specifications (Kl 151 V1)

Notes and references

See also

1940s German military utility aircraft
Kl 151
Aircraft first flown in 1942
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Vigor Gaming. Vigor Gaming was a privately held manufacturer of enthusiast level personal computers based in City of Industry, California.  The company was founded in 2004 by several former employees and the former owner of competing company. Vigor Gaming Computers were designed specifically for gaming enthusiasts, and are broken down into various models with varying capabilities. Vigor offered several different models of desktop computers and laptop computers with prices ranging from sub $1,000 all the way up to $15,000 for a fully configured gaming PC. Vigor gaming also produced enthusiast grade components, including their Monsoon II Thermoelectric cooling solution designed to aid in overclocking.

Bankruptcy 

In March 2010, news broke that Vigor Gaming had become bankrupt and defunct. During the month Vigor's customer support became unreachable by phone or e-mail. All customer orders pending were left unfulfilled.

Industry recognition 
Vigor Gaming PCs have received a lot of attention in various print magazines such as PC Magazine, Maximum PC, and Computer Shopper, but their most publicized product has been the Monsoon II thermoelectric cooling solution. This device, which incorporates active TEC technology with a powerful air-cooler, received much acclaim on enthusiast hardware review sites, such as Tom's Hardware, GotFrag Hardware, TweakTown, PC Perspective, and AnandTech.

See also
 List of Computer System Manufacturers

References

External links
Vigor Gaming Website
Desktop review at PC Magazine
Desktop review at Computer Shopper

2004 establishments in California
2010 disestablishments in California
American companies established in 2004
American companies disestablished in 2010
Companies based in the City of Industry, California
Computer companies established in 2004
Computer companies disestablished in 2010
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct computer systems companies
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee College of Engineering and Applied Science. The College of Engineering and Applied Science is a college within the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee. It offers bachelor, master and doctoral degrees in civil engineering, electrical engineering, industrial engineering, materials engineering, mechanical engineering, and computer science.

Based on the statistical analysis by H.J. Newton, Professor of Statistics at Texas A&M University in 1997 on the National Research Council report issued in 1995, the school was  ranked 73rd nationally in the National Research Council (NRC) rankings, with its Civil Engineering program 69th, Electronic Engineering 96th, Industrial Engineering 34th, Materials science 60th,  and Mechanical Engineering 87th. The school ranks 129th nationally by U.S. News & World Report, with its computer science program ranked 110th in 2011.

Departments
Civil Engineering & Mechanics
Computer Science
Electrical Engineering
Industrial & Manufacturing Engineering
Materials Science
Mechanical Engineering

Research centers
Center for Alternative Fuels Research Programs
Center for By-Products Utilization
Center for Composite Materials
Center for Cryptography, Computer, & Network Security
Center for Ergonomics
Center for Urban Transportation Studies
Center for Energy Analysis & Diagnostics
Southeastern Wisconsin Energy Technology Research Center

Notable people
 Satya Nadella ('90 MS Computer Science), Microsoft CEO. 
 Michael Dhuey, electrical and computer engineer, co-inventor of the Macintosh II and the iPod.
 Luther Graef ('61 MS Structural Engineering), Founder of Graef Anhalt Schloemer & Associates Inc., and former President of ASCE.
 Phil Katz ('84, BS Computer Science), a computer programmer best known as the author of PKZIP.
 Pradeep Rohatgi, Wisconsin Distinguished Professor of Engineering
 Cheng Xu, aerodynamic design engineer, American Society of Mechanical Engineers Fellow
 Y. Austin Chang, material engineering researcher and educator
 Scott Yanoff ('93 BS Computer Science), Internet pioneer.
 Alan Kulwicki ('77 BS Mechanical Engineering), 1992 NASCAR Cup Series champion driver and team owner

See also
 Jantar-Mantar

References

External links
College of Engineering and Applied Science
University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee

University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee
Engineering schools and colleges in the United States
Engineering universities and colleges in Wisconsin
Rex Wailes. Reginald "Rex" Wailes OBE, FSA, F I Mech E (6 March 1901 – 7 January 1986) was an English engineer and historian who published widely on aspects of engineering history and industrial archaeology, particularly on windmills and watermills.

Wailes was born at Hadley Wood on 6 March 1901, the son of Reginald and Florence Wailes; his father was a mechanical engineer. He was educated at Oundle School before becoming an engineering apprentice at Robey's of Lincoln. In 1924 following his apprenticeship he joined the family firm of George Wailes & Company.
 
In 1923, while serving his apprenticeship with Robey, an engineering firm in Lincoln, he was asked by the then president of the Newcomen Society to record windmills in Lincolnshire. At the time English windmills were rapidly falling into disuse and being demolished, and it was felt that some attempt should be made to record this vanishing aspect of the English countryside. In 1929 he was appointed technical adviser to the newly formed Windmill Section (now the Mills Section) of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings. In this post he visited numerous mills in England and developed a reputation as the leading British authority on them, presenting more than thirty papers to the Newcomen Society on mill-related subjects. He was also invited to report on mills overseas, notably in the United States, presenting a paper on the windmills of Long Island for the Society for the Preservation of New England Antiquities in 1935. He was also the consultant for the construction of Robertson's post mill at Colonial Williamsburg in the 1950s.

Books followed, the most notable of which were Windmills in England (1948) and The English Windmill (1954), the latter in particular being considered the classic work on the subject.

From 1963 to 1971 he was the lead consultant to the Industrial Monuments Survey then being undertaken by the Ministry of Works in an effort to identify historic industrial sites which were worthy of preservation under the Town and Country Planning Acts. In 1965 he represented United Kingdom at the first International Symposium of Molinology in Portugal. In 1971 he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for his work.

He served as president of the Newcomen Society, 1953 to 1955, and was elected as an honorary member in 1977.

References 

  
 Major, J. Kenneth (1990). Rex Wailes: An Appreciation of His Work, First Rex Wailes Memorial Lecture, presented at the Science Museum, London, 10 May 1989. London: Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings.

1901 births
1986 deaths
People educated at Oundle School
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
20th-century English historians
20th-century British engineers
Industrial archaeology
Robert Cornog. Robert Alden Cornog (July 7, 1912 – July 17, 1998) was an American physicist and engineer who helped develop the atomic bomb and missile systems, and made significant discoveries regarding isotopes of hydrogen and helium.

A native of Portland, Oregon, who grew up in Iowa City, Cornog earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering at the University of Iowa. After working for the United States Bureau of Reclamation on the Boulder Dam design, he studied at UC Berkeley for his doctorate in physics.

His graduate student research led to the co-discovery, with Luis Alvarez, that hydrogen of atomic mass 3 (tritium) was radioactive, and that helium of mass 3 (helium-3) occurs in nature. He also assisted Emilio Segrè in the discovery of element 85, astatine.

During World War II, Cornog designed magnetic equipment for ships and went to work on the Manhattan Project, successively at UC Berkeley, Princeton University and in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Cornog became chief engineer of the ordnance division of the atomic bomb development team and was involved in the development of the bomb's trigger mechanism.

Following World War II, he focused on aerodynamics, nuclear energy, and rocket engineering. He worked on missile systems for several Southern California companies, including Northrop, Space Technology Laboratories and Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation, which became TRW. Also an expert on vacuum technology, Cornog headed Vacuum Enterprises from 1967 to 1974 and managed product development for Torr Vacuum Products until 1984. He held several patents and served as a technical advisor on the film Fat Man and Little Boy, about the atomic bomb.

Envisioning peaceful uses for nuclear and space technology, Cornog in 1959 foresaw a world in 40 to 50 years with worldwide color television broadcasts, satellites assembled in space and accurate weather prediction.

Cornog was a close associate of rocket pioneer and occultist Jack Parsons. Science fiction author Robert A. Heinlein, a friend, dedicated his 1961 novel Stranger in a Strange Land to Cornog. Donald Kingsbury dedicated his 1986 novel The Moon Goddess and the Son to several people including "Robert Cornog for discussing the economics of the leoport."

References

Further reading

External links
 Robert Cornog interview video
 

1912 births
1998 deaths
20th-century American physicists
20th-century American engineers
Manhattan Project people
University of Iowa alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Polarity symbols. Polarity symbols are a notation for electrical polarity, found on devices that use direct current (DC) power, when this is or may be provided from an alternating current (AC) source via an AC adapter.  The adapter typically supplies power to the device through a thin electrical cord which terminates in a coaxial power connector often referred to as a "barrel plug" (so-named because of its cylindrical shape). The polarity of the adapter cord and plug must match the polarity of the device, meaning that the positive contact of the plug must mate with the positive contact in the receptacle, and the negative plug contact must mate with the negative receptacle contact.  Since there is no standardization of these plugs, a polarity symbol is typically printed on the case indicating which type of plug is needed. 

The commonly used symbol denoting the polarity of a device or adapter consists of a black dot with a line leading to the right and a broken circle (like the letter "C") surrounding the dot and with a line leading to the left. At the ends of the lines leading right and left are found a plus sign (+), meaning positive, also sometimes referred to as "hot", and a minus sign (−), meaning negative, also sometimes referred to as "neutral".

The symbol connected to the dot (usually the symbol found to the right) denotes the polarity of the center/tip, whereas the symbol connected to the broken circle denotes the polarity of the barrel/ring.  When a device or adapter is described simply as having "positive polarity" or "negative polarity", this denotes the polarity of the center/tip.

External links 
 
 Electric Current Symbols
 Polarity Symbols.

Electrical engineering
Hands-On Electronics. Hands-On Electronics was an electronics hobbyist magazine published by Gernsback Publications in the United States from 1980 to 1989.

History and profile
The magazine started as Radio-Electronics Special Projects in 1980. This was nominally a quarterly supplement to Radio-Electronics that had 10 issues from a single 1980 issue to the Spring 1984 issue. The Summer 1984 issue was renamed Hands-On Electronics. It became bi-monthly in January 1986 and monthly in November 1986. The title was changed to Popular Electronics in February 1989 and was published until December 1999. The longtime Radio Electronics editor, Larry Steckler, was the publisher and owner. (Having purchased Gernsback Publications from the Gernsback family.) Julian S. Martin was the editor.
 
The early issues were just a collection of construction projects. By 1984 there were monthly columns on shortwave listening, amateur radio, and computers. After Ziff-Davis changed Popular Electronics to Computers & Electronics, Hands-On Electronics attracted those hobbyist readers. In April 1985 Ziff-Davis stopped publishing Computers & Electronics and Hands-On Electronics purchased the title in June 1988. The magazine became monthly and added the Popular Electronics logo to the cover in November 1988. In February 1989 the magazine was published with the name Popular Electronics.

References

External links
Archived Hands On Electronics magazines on the Internet Archive

Digitized Hands On Electronics magazines on World Radio 
Bimonthly magazines published in the United States
Defunct hobby magazines published in the United States
Magazines established in 1980
Magazines disestablished in 1989  
Science and technology magazines published in the United States
Hobby electronics magazines
Phototendering. Phototendering is the process by which organic fibres and textiles lose strength and flexibility due to exposure to sunlight. The ultraviolet component of the sun's spectrum affects fibres, causing chain degradation and, hence, loss of strength. Colour fade is a common problem in phototendering.

UV Degradation
The rate of deterioration is also affected by pigments and dyes present in the textiles. Pigments can also be affected, generally fading after UVA and UVB radiation exposure. Great care is needed to preserve museum artefacts from the harmful effects of UV light, which can also be present in fluorescent lamps, such as ancient textiles. Paintings such as watercolours need protection from sunlight to preserve the original colours. 

Many synthetic polymers are also degraded by UV light, and polypropylene is especially susceptible. As a result, UV stabilisers are added to many thermoplastics. Carbon black is also effective in protecting products against UV degradation.

See also
 Polymer degradation
 Textiles
 Ultraviolet
 UV degradation
 UV Stabilizers in plastics

External links
 Survival of Old Textiles
 Patent for Protection of Fibres from Phototendering

Mechanical failure
Direct Graphics Access. Direct Graphics Access is a plug-in for the X display servers that allows client programs direct access to the frame buffer. 

Graphics hardware communicates via a chunk of memory called a frame buffer. This is an array of values that represent pixel color values on the screen. Writing the appropriate values into the frame buffer therefore allows a program to paint areas of the screen.

However, as with any shared resource, problems occur when multiple programs attempt to access the same resource, as they tend to write over each other's work. In the X Window System, this is solved by having a central display server that mediates between programs that want to draw on the screen. The display server also used to perform a lot of the drawing work, allowing programs to say Draw me a circle of this radius filled with this pattern or draw this text in this font. The X server does all this work, freeing programmers from having to write their own drawing code. Another advantage of the X architecture is that it works over a network, allowing programs on one machine to display output on the screen of another.

Direct Graphics Access allows direct access to the frame buffer and the X-server hands over control of the frame buffer to the client program and waits for the client to hand it back. This means that the client program has control of the whole screen, and so it is mostly used for full-screen video/games.

See also 
 GLX – OpenGL over the X protocol
 Direct Rendering Infrastructure

External links 
 XFree86 server 4.x Design (DRAFT) : DGA Extension
 XDGA man page

Image processing
X Window extensions