omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Black Diamond Express. The 22387 / 22388 Black Diamond Express is a daily superfast passenger train that connects the city of Dhanbad in Jharkhand to the capital of West Bengal, Kolkata. It acts as a sister train / twin train to the Howrah – Dhanbad Coalfield Express. Initially, the train was inaugurated as 13317 / 13318 Howrah – Dhanbad Black Diamond Express. However, with the upgrading of this train to the superfast category, the train numbering was changed to 22387 / 22388.

History 
Due to the proximity of Dhanbad, the coal capital of India, to key coal and industrial regions in West Bengal (Asansol, Raniganj, Andal, Waria, Durgapur) and its closeness to Kolkata, a large number of passengers travel this route daily. However, with population growth and industrial expansion, the sole superfast connection, the Howrah–Dhanbad Coalfield Express, couldn't meet rising demand. As a result, a new train was truly needed.

In response, in 1964, the Howrah–Asansol Fast Passenger (inaugurated around 1954) was extended to Dhanbad and renamed the Dhanbad Express, later becoming the Black Diamond Express around 1970.

The Black Diamond Express serves as a counterpart to the Coalfield Express but is operated by East Central Railway, while the Coalfield Express is managed by Eastern Railway. The Black Diamond Express runs on the Howrah – Barddhaman Main line, unlike the Coalfield Express, which uses the Howrah – Barddhaman Chord line. Additionally, the Black Diamond Express operates in the morning, complementing the evening Coalfield Express.

Service 
The 22387 (HWH – DHN) departs Howrah at 06:15 and arrives in Dhanbad at 11:18, while the 22388 (DHN – HWH) departs Dhanbad at 16:20 and arrives in Howrah at 21:20, thereby traversing a distance of 271 km in around 5 hours, with an average speed of  and maximum permissible speed of .

Enroute, the train stops at:

 Seoraphuli Jn
 Bandel Jn
 Barddhaman Jn
 Mankar
 Panagarh
 Durgapur
 Waria
 Andal Jn
 Raniganj
 Asansol Jn
 Sitarampur Jn
 Kulti
 Barakar
 Kumardubi

Coach Composition 
The train is equipped with 22 ICF coaches as of now. The coach composition includes:

 Two air-conditioned chair car coaches (C1 – C2)
 Four non-air-conditioned chair car coaches (D1 – D4)
 Thirteen unreserved general coaches (GS / UR)
 One unreserved ladies coach (LDS / UR)
 Two seating cum luggage cars (SLR)
The train will be converted into LHB rake, from DHN w.e.f 25.03.2025 and from HWH w.e.f 26.03.2025. New coach composition would be:

 SLR – 1
 GS – 6
 2S – 6
 CC – 2
 EOG – 1

(Total = 16 LHB coaches)

Traction 
The train is hauled by a Howrah-based WAP-4 or WAP-7 electric locomotive from end to end.

References

Rail transport in Howrah
Transport in Dhanbad
Express trains in India
Rail transport in Jharkhand
Named passenger trains of India
Railway services introduced in 1964
SAB-SEMA 10. The SAB-SEMA 10 was a single-engine advanced trainer, designed and built in France as the SEMA 10, in the 1930s.  It failed to win a French production contract and only one was built. Re-engined, modified and redesignated SAB-SEMA 12, it served with the Spanish Republican Air Force at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.

Design and development

The SAB-SEMA 10 was designed by the Societé d'Etudes de Materiel d'Aviation (SEMA) and built by the Société Aérienne Bordelaise (SAB) to compete for a 1933 French government contract for an intermediate and advanced military trainer.  It was a conventional biplane, metal framed and fabric covered, powered by a 240 hp (180 kW) Lorraine 7Mc Mizar seven-cylinder radial engine. Instructor and pupil occupied open tandem cockpits.

The SAB-SEMA 10 failed to gain a production contract when the competition was won by the Romano R.82. It was then re-engined with a more powerful 300 hp (224 kW) Lorraine 9Na Algol nine-cylinder radial with a Townend ring cowling.  At the same time wing and tail modifications were made and the aircraft redesignated the SAB-SEMA 12. This was a single-bay biplane with N-form interplane struts.  The lower wing had a smaller chord than the upper one but both carried ailerons, externally connected. The fuselage was flat sided and the tailplane was mounted on top of it.  The fin was tall and the rudder extended to the bottom of the fuselage, moving between separate elevators. It had a conventional undercarriage with mainwheels in spats.

Operational history
In October 1936 the SAB-SEMA 12 was sold to the Spanish Republican Air Force for use as a trainer for military pilots in the Spanish Civil War. It was based at the Los Alcázares flying school in Murcia.

Variants
SAB-SEMA 10
Competitor for trainer contract, with Lorraine 7M Mizar engine.
SAB-SEMA 12
Modified SAB-SEMA 10 with Lorraine 9Na Algol engine and wing and tail modifications.

Operators

Spanish Republican Air Force

Specifications (SAB-SEMA-12)

See also

References

1930s French military trainer aircraft
Société Aérienne Bordelaise
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933
RAVeL network. RAVeL or in  (in autonomous network of slow ways) is a Walloon initiative aimed at creating a network of itineraries reserved for pedestrians, cyclists, horse riders and people with reduced mobility, initiated at the end of the 1980s and connecting major cities and secondary municipalities of Wallonia through over  of pathways.

The network makes use of towpaths on river banks and disused railway or vicinal tramway lines. Old railway lines have been leased by the Government of Wallonia to the project under agreement to provide preventative maintenance when required. Where necessary, new paths are created to link independent parts of the network together.

History

Before World War II, Belgium had the world's densest railway network, with around  of railway and vicinal tramway tracks. Large parts of this network were disused after the war, with the development of road infrastructure and the preference for private cars. Concurrently, towing paths along rivers were made obsolete by new, motorized boats.

In 1977, the Belgian Ministry of Public Works bought a large section of former SNCB line 142 between Hoegaarden and Eghezée, and converted a first section (in Jodoigne) into a pedestrian/cyclist path in 1985.

During the same period, other similar conversions of old railway lines are carried out in various parts of Belgium. The RAVeL project was initiated in 1995 and the first section opened in 1996, between Rochefort and Villers-sur-Lesse. The project has the benefit of coordinating the various conversions to form a coherent, Wallonia wide network.

A 4 December 1997 ministerial order, aimed at classifying Walloon public roads into functional categories, provides an official status to the RAVeL network. At the end of 2004, the network spans on  of paths, and more than  at the end of 2008. By 2022 there were over 45 marked local routes extending to more than .

Characteristics

Asphalt or concrete paths wherever possible
Renovation of bridges, tunnels and other infrastructure along the paths
Creation of access points such as stairs and ramps
Creation of rest areas along the paths
Secure road crossings
Specific signage

Network structure

The RAVeL network is divided into:

 A backbone of five long distance itineraries (), numbered from 1 to 5.
 A set of local, shorter sections (), generally named after the number of the former railway line they follow.

Additionally, sections earmarked for RAVeL conversion, with basic equipment but not yet to RAVeL standard, are labelled Pré-RAVeL.

The RAVeL is connected to similar networks in adjacent regions (Flanders and Brussels) and countries (France, Luxembourg, Germany and Netherlands).

References

Related articles 

 Voie verte

External links
Official site (French)
Official map (French)

Tourist attractions in Wallonia
National cycling route networks
Melo HVDC Back-to-back station. The Melo HVDC Back-to-back station is the central part of the EHV-interconnection between Uruguay and Brazil, which is only possible by means of a frequency converter, as the frequency of the power grid in Uruguay is 50 Hz and that in Brazil is 60 Hz. The station, which is situated east of Melo, Uruguay, is interconnected by the San Carlos substation with a 283 kilometres long 500 kV line. It is capable of transferring 500 MW, and was built by AREVA in 31 months from 2009 to 2011.

From the Melo station a 128 kilometres long 525 kV powerline, of which 65 km are situated in Uruguay, runs to a newly built 525 kV/230 kV substation close to the Candiota power station, which contains some harmonic filters.

See also 

 Rivera HVDC Back-to-back station

References

Electric power infrastructure in Uruguay
Electric power infrastructure in Brazil
Melo, Uruguay
Rivera HVDC Back-to-back station. Rivera HVDC Back-to-back station is the first HVDC Back-to-back station situated south of Rivera, Uruguay at . It was built by Areva and inaugurated in 2000. Rivera HVDC Back-to-back station whose function is to perform a conversion of 50 Hz power from the power grid of Uruguay into 60 Hz for the power grid of Brazil, operates with a DC voltage of 20 kV. The transmission rate is 70 MW.
Rivera HVDC Back-to-back station is connected with the power grid of Uruguay by a short single-circuit 150 kV line to Rivera substation situated at .
The connection to the power grid of Brazil is done by a single-circuit 230 kV AC line, which crosses the border between Uruguay and Brazil at  and ends at Livramento Substation .
As this interconnection does not fit today's requirement, a second interconnection over Melo HVDC Back-to-back station was built.

See also

 Back-to-back connection

External links 
 AREVA T&D - Power Electronics – HVDC & FACTS (MsPowerPoint)

Electric power infrastructure in Uruguay
Electric power infrastructure in Brazil
Rivera Department
Edward Spurr. Edward Spurr (1907–1998) was an English engineer. He was born in Eccleshill, Bradford, England. He was a pupil of Hanson Boys High School.

Often described as "Bradford's Forgotten Inventor", he worked on an impressive range of projects. Not only did he design a powerboat engine with T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia), but also worked on the Dambusters' bouncing bomb and Frank Whittle's jet engine.
Spurr also designed various parts and other engines, for boats and planes, cars, motorcycles, and washing machines, his other inventions include pick-ups for record players and an automatic toaster.

References 

1907 births
1998 deaths
People from Eccleshill, West Yorkshire
20th-century British inventors
Weapons Systems Evaluation Group. The Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (abbreviated WSEG) was formed in 1949 to carry out Operational Research work for the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the United States Army and the United States Secretary of Defense. The group oversaw the appraisal of weapons used during the Korean War. The group collaborated with Israel in evaluating the effectiveness of Soviet weapons during the Cold War.

History
The first Research Director was Philip M. Morse, who served a year and a half before returning to MIT in the summer of 1950. From 1957 until 1960 John H. Sides was director of WSEG. Lt. Gen. Harvey T. Alness was director from Sept. 1, 1962 until March 1, 1964.

Hugh Everett III worked at the WSEG from 1956 until 1964. Much of his works remains classified. During his time with the WSEG Everett worked on various studies of the Minuteman missile project, which was then starting. Together with George E. Pugh he wrote an influential study The Distribution and Effects of Fallout in Large Nuclear Weapon Campaigns.

References

United States Department of Defense agencies
Wong–Sandler mixing rule. The Wong–Sandler mixing rule is a thermodynamic mixing rule used for vapor–liquid equilibrium and liquid-liquid equilibrium calculations.


Summary

The first boundary condition is

which constrains the sum of a and b. The second equation is

with the notable limit as  (and  ) of

The mixing rules become

The cross term still must be specified by a combining rule, either

or

See also
Vapor–liquid equilibrium
Equation of state

References

Engineering thermodynamics
Thermodynamics
Equilibrium chemistry
Okhotnik. Okhotnik () may refer to:
The Hunter (2011 Russian film)
Aero-Astra Okhotnik, a Russian autogyro 
Vladimir Okhotnik (born 1950), French chess grandmaster
Okhotnik class, a Russian destroyer class
Rubin-class patrol boat, a Russian patrol boat class
Sukhoi S-70 Okhotnik, a Russian stealth unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV)

See also
Godey Lime Kilns. The Godey Lime Kilns, also known as Washington Lime Kilns, are an historical industrial building ruin, located beside the interchange of Rock Creek Parkway and Whitehurst Freeway, near the western end of L Street, Northwest, Washington, D.C., in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood.

History

Located on the east bank of Rock Creek, at the terminus of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, the kilns produced lime for construction of the city of Washington, D.C. Built in 1864, by William H. Godey, the site originally included four wood-fired ovens that were used to make lime and plaster, from limestone. The business was operational until 1907, when all of the wooden structures at the site were removed.

Two of the four kilns were removed to make way for ramps between Rock Creek Parkway and Whitehurst Freeway. A partial restoration of the remaining kilns was completed by January 1, 1967. The remains were added to the National Register of Historic Places, on May 22, 1973.

References

External links

https://www.flickr.com/photos/mvjantzen/3736424373/

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.
Lime kilns in the United States
Industrial buildings completed in 1864
1864 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Fournier RF-47. 

The Fournier RF-47 is a 1990s French two-seat light aircraft designed and built by Avions Fournier.  First flown 9 April 1993, it is a low-wing tricycle landing gear monoplane.  The prototype was powered by a  Sauer modified Volkswagen air-cooled engine but it was intended that production aircraft would be fitted with a  Limbach L2400 engine with the Sauer engine as an option.  The RF-47 has an enclosed cockpit with side-by-side configuration seating for two under a single piece canopy, the canopy hinges at the rear.

Specifications (utility)

References

Bibliography

 

1990s French civil utility aircraft
Fournier aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1993
Mitsubishi RP-1. 

The Mitsubishi RP-1 is an Experimental Japanese twin-engined helicopter developed as part of a secret company research programme. The RP-1 was first revealed in April 1994 just before it started hover trials leading to a first flight on 14 September 1994.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

RP-1
1990s Japanese experimental aircraft
1990s Japanese helicopters
Twin-turbine helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1994
Huanglongtan Dam. The Huanglongtan Dam is a concrete gravity dam located on the Du River, a tributary of the Han River. It is located  west of Shiyan in Hubei Province, China. The main purpose of the dam is hydroelectric power generation but it also provides for flood control. It was constructed between 1969 and 1976 and support a 510 MW power station.

Background
The Huanglongtan Dam and two other projects on the river (Songshuling and Pankou Dams) were surveyed in 1954 and final designs were prepared in 1964. Construction on Huanglongtan, the first of the projects to be implemented, began in April 1969. The original 85 MW generators were commissioned in 1974 and the dam was complete in 1976. The entire project was accepted by the state in 1978. In 1980, the dam experienced a 50-year flood with river flow peaking at . The flood inundated the power station as the dam was not prepared for the inflow. This was due to mis-communication within the basin and a lack of a proper hydrological forecast system. In May 2003 the dam's power plant underwent an expansion which included the installation of two new 170 MW Francis turbines along with a new power house and water delivery system. The first of the two generators was operational at the end of 2004 and the project complete in 2005.

Design
The concrete gravity dam is  tall,  long and has a structural volume of . The dam's crest is  wide and sits at an elevation of  above sea level. Sitting at the head of a  catchment area, the dam withholds a reservoir of  of which  is reserved for flood storage. Normal reservoir elevation is . The dam's spillway consists of six  high and  wide sluice gates and has a maximum discharge capacity of . The dam's original power station is located just downstream on the left bank of the river and contains 2 x 85 MW Francis turbine-generators. The expansion power plant is located  away from the original and contains 2 x 170 MW Francis turbine-generators.

See also

 Pankou Dam – located upstream
List of dams and reservoirs in China
List of major power stations in Hubei

References

Dams in China
Hydroelectric power stations in Hubei
Gravity dams
Dams completed in 1976
Energy infrastructure completed in 1974
List of colleges in the Nilgiris district. This article lists all the colleges in, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India.
 The Tamilnad State Rural Communities College -Gudalur
 Nilgiri College of Arts and Science, Thaloor, Erumad, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, India #1 India's First AI-Enabled Campus
 DP Labs DP School of Banking and TNPSC, Gudalur
 CSI College of Engineering, Ketti, Ooty
 Government Arts College, Stone House Hill, Ooty
Suverna International Institute of Management Studies, Bluemountain School Road, Ooty
 JSS College of Pharmacy, Rocklands, Ooty
 J.S.S. Institute of Naturopathy and Yogic Science, Rocklands, Ooty
 Bethlehem Teacher Training Institute, Ooty
 Merit Swiss Asian School of Hotel Management, Havelock Road
 Emerald Heights College for Women, Finger Post, Ooty
 Monarch International College of Hotel Management, Forest Gate, Pudumund, Ooty
 Government Polytechnic, Finger Post, Ooty
 St. Josephs Industrial School, Finger Post, Ooty
 Tribal research Centre Tamil University, M.Palada, Ooty
 Sacred Heart Technical Institute, Charing Cross, Ooty
 St. Joseph's College of Education, St. Mary's Hill, Ooty.
 Oxford Teacher Training Institute, Blackwood Cottage, Ooty
 Providence College for Women, Bandishola Spring Field, Coonoor
 Riga College of Hotel Management, Coonoor
 Govt. Industrial Training Institute, Coonoor
 M R S Technical Institute, Coonoor
 Rural Development Institute Gudalur
 Bharathiar University Arts and Science College, Gudalur
 Plantation Workers Industrial (ITI), Mica Mount, Gudalur
 McGan Ooty School of Architecture, Gudalur
 Kapeeyes College of Arts and Science, Kotagiri
 District Institute of Education and Training, Kotagiri
 NPA Centenary Polytechnic College, Kotagiri
 House of joy Vocational Training Centre for the Blind, Kotagiri
 Annai Madhammal Institute of Hotel Management College, Ooty

References 

Education in Nilgiris district
Ooty
Ronalds. Ronalds is a surname and a given name. Notable people with the name include:

Surname
Albert Francis Ronalds, Australian civil engineer
Alfred Ronalds, fly fishing author, artist and Australian pioneer
Andrew Ronalds, Australian politician and company director
Edmund Ronalds (1819–1889), English chemist
Emily Ronalds (1795–1889), English social reformer
Fanny Ronalds, Mary Frances "Fanny" Ronalds (1839–1916), American socialite and amateur singer
Sir Francis Ronalds (1788–1873), English scientist and inventor who built the first working electric telegraph
Hugh Ronalds (1760–1833), British nurseryman, horticulturalist and author

Given name
This name is the Latvian equivalent of Ronald. See Latvian name for explanation.

Ronalds Arājs (born 29 November 1987), Latvian athlete
Ronalds Cinks (born 11 March 1990), Latvian professional ice-hockey player
Ronalds Ķēniņš (born February 28, 1991), Latvian professional ice hockey forward
Ronalds Žagars (born 1950), Latvian football goalkeeper
Ronalds Zaķis (born 1987), Latvian basketball player
Howard Wright 1910 Monoplane. The Howard Wright 1910 Monoplane was an early British aircraft. It was one of a series of similar designs built by Wright, then one of Englands foremost aircraft engineers,
between 1909 and 1910. Three of these were on display at the 1910 Aero show at Olympia. The noted English pioneer aviator and aircraft designer Thomas Sopwith learnt to fly in an example.

Development

The Howard Wright 1910 monoplane was  one of a series of similar aircraft designed by W.O. Manning for Howard T. Wright during 1909 and 1910. The 1910 monoplane was built for Wright's brother Warwick and was shown at the 1910 Aero Exhibition in London, where two other similar aircraft designed by  Manning for Wright were also on display.

In common with the other aircraft the 1910 Monoplane was a tractor monoplane with an uncovered wire-braced wood fuselage. It was powered by 40 hp (30 kW) E.N.V. water-cooled engine. The fabric-covered wooden wings were mounted on the upper longerons of the fuselage, which tapered to a horizontal knife-edge at the tail, carrying a rectangular rudder and a fixed horizontal stabiliser with tip elevators at each end. In order to reduce drag, the wing bracing used flat steel ribbons rather than wires, the struts of the undercarriage were of streamline section, and a polished aluminium spinner was fitted to the wooden propeller. The twin radiators were positioned over the inner end of each wing, being curved to follow the wing section.
The aircraft was exhibited at the 1910 Aero Exhibition at Olympia, after which it was taken to the Royal Aero Club's flying field at Eastchurch for testing, where it first flew on 3 April piloted by Warwick Wright.

Operational history
The prototype was wrecked when Warwick Wright swerved to avoid spectators while landing at Brooklands and ran into a boulder at the edge of the airfield, tearing the undercarriage off: the fuselage, wings and pilot continuing onwards, coming to rest in the adjoining sewage farm.

At the same time a second example was being flown by G. Ll. Hinds Howell, who was employed by Warwick Wright's car business. This differed slightly in having a full-span elevator and a block radiator below the engine. This aircraft was first flown on 26 March 1910 

In October 1910 a third aircraft was bought, and immediately damaged, by Thomas Sopwith, who upon delivery of the aircraft to Brooklands made brief taxying trials and then stalled on  his first attempted takeoff. Sopwith was unhurt and the aircraft suffered only minor damage. Sopwith managed considerably better on his next attempt a few days later, but a cylinder head burst on 4 November and Sopwith sold the aircraft, buying a biplane which was also manufactured by Wright.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

Penrose, Harald British Aviation: The Pioneer Years. London: Putnam, 1967
Ransom, S and Fairclough, R English Electric Aircraft and their predecessors. London: Putnam, 1987 

1910s British experimental aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1910
Shober Willie II. 

The Shober Willie II is an American two-seat sporting or aerobatic aircraft designed and built by Shober Aircraft Enterprises. The aircraft was designed to be sold as plans for amateur construction.

Design
The Willie II is a braced single-bay biplane with a fabric covered welded steel fuselage. The two-spar wooden wings are fabric covered with wide-span ailerons on the lower wing and a fabric covered wired-braced welded steel tail unit. The prototype is powered by a  Lycoming O-360-A3A four-cylinder piston engine. It has two open cockpits in tandem and a fixed conventional landing gear with a tailwheel.

Specifications (Prototype)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

1970s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Willie II
Aerobatic aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1971