omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Adaptive autonomy. Adaptive autonomy refers to a suggestion for the definition of the notation 'autonomy' in mobile robotics.

Human-automation interaction 
The extremist idea of "eliminate the human from the field" rendered the ironies of automation to the extent that the researchers in the related fields shifted the paradigm to the idea of "best-fit autonomy for the computers", to provide more humane automation solutions.

One of the first human-machine function-allocation methods was presented by P. M. Fitts in 1951, which was used in automation systems design.  Nevertheless, the function allocation concept remains problematic after half a century, and the basic validity of formal function allocation methods has been challenged repeatedly.

Clarifications 
The peripheral situations affect the performance of cybernetic systems; therefore, though one-shot human-centered automation (HCA) designs might provide better results than the systems designed based on the "automate it as possible" philosophy; however, these designs fail to maintain the advantages of the HCA designs, when the peripheral situations change.

Consequently, the automation solutions should be smart enough to adapt the level of automation (LOA) to the changes in peripheral situations. This concept is known as adaptive automation  or adjustable autonomy; however, the term "adaptive autonomy" (AA) is widely considered more appropriate to prevent confusion with the phrases like adaptive control and adaptive automation in systems control terminology.

See also

References

Autonomy
Distributed computing architecture
Human communication
Human–computer interaction
Human–machine interaction
Gold(III) fluoride. Gold(III) fluoride, , is an orange solid that sublimes at 300 °C. It is a powerful fluorinating agent. It is very sensitive to moisture, yielding gold(III) hydroxide and hydrofluoric acid.

Preparation 
AuF3 can be prepared by reacting AuCl3 with F2 or BrF3.

Structure 
The crystal structure of AuF3 consists of spirals of square-planar AuF4 units.

References

External links

Fluorides
Metal halides
Gold(III) compounds
Fluorinating agents
Gold–halogen compounds
Brokaw Bullet. 

The BJ-520 or "Bullet" was a two-seat sports airplane designed in the United States for amateur construction.

Development
Dr. Bergon Brokaw, having flown fighter aircraft in the United States Navy in the 1940s and 1950s, set out to create an aircraft with fighter-like performance and a rear seat to carry his wife "Buddy".  With the help of Ernie Jones, they created a low-wing single-engine high-speed aircraft which was also stressed for aerobatic flight.  After six years of development and construction, it first flew in October 1972  and was considered the fastest homebuilt aircraft extant.  Its tricycle undercarriage is retractable.

The Bullet originally flew with a Continental TSIO-520B turbocharged six-cylinder piston engine rated at .  With that engine its top speed is listed as  at sea level and  at . The name and the aircraft's registration number (N520BJ) came from the first letters of Brokaw and Jones and the  displacement of the engine.

The engine was later changed for a Lycoming TSIO-541-E1A4 turbocharged six-cylinder piston engine rated at .

Its final engine configuration was a Garrett TPE331-25AA turboprop, rated at .  It is displayed with that engine at the Sun 'n Fun Museum as of 2008.

During the 1970s and 1980s, Brokaw marketed the plans to other homebuilders.

The prototype aircraft is preserved and displayed at the Sun 'n Fun air museum at Lakeland, Florida.

Only one plans-built Brokaw Bullet has been completed by builder Gene Underland. There are a few projects still in the process of being completed, but builder support is dubious since Brokaw died on 27 August 2004.

Specifications (original BJ-520)

References

 
 
 Sun 'n Fun Air Museum website 

1970s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Bullet
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1972
Brügger Colibri. 

The Brügger MB-1, MB-2 and MB-3 Colibri is a family of small sports aircraft designed in Switzerland in the 1960s and 1970s for amateur construction.

Design and development
The Colibri family are single-seat, low-wing cantilever monoplanes with fixed tailwheel undercarriage powered by a four-cylinder horizontally opposed Volkswagen air-cooled engine automotive conversion.

The MB-1 Colibri first flew in 1965 and served as a development aircraft for the definitive MB-2 Colibri 2 that flew in 1970. These aircraft had all-wooden framework with fabric-covered wings and plywood-covered fuselages. The pilot's seat was enclosed by an expansive bubble canopy. In 1976-77, Brügger built and flew an all-metal version as the MB-3. Many examples are actively flying in 2012.

The MB-2 is noted for its handling qualities.

Specifications (MB-2)

References

 
 
 

1960s Swiss sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Colibri
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1965
Lazy linear hybrid automaton. Lazy linear hybrid automata model the discrete time behavior of control systems containing finite-precision sensors and actuators interacting with their environment under bounded inertial delays. The model permits only linear flow constraints but the invariants and guards can be any computable function.

This computational model was proposed by Manindra Agrawal and P. S. Thiagarajan. This model is more realistic and also computationally amenable than the currently popular modeling paradigm of linear hybrid automaton.

External links
  Formalization and theory behind the model
Reachability Analysis of Lazy Linear Hybrid Automata Research

Automata (computation)
Models of computation
Difference in the depth of modulation. The difference in the depth of modulation (DDM) is used by instrument landing systems in conjunction with the associated airborne receiving equipment to define a position in airspace. DDM is usually expressed in percentage but may also be expressed in microamperes. The two individual audio modulation frequencies and their associated sidebands are 90 and 150 Hz. The DDM for a localizer at the outer extremity of the course sector is 15.5% or an electric current equivalent of 150 microamperes full scale deflection.

Method
A modulation depth comparison navigational aid (MDCNA), also known as an Instrument landing System, uses the concept of space modulation to provide guidance to aircraft when on final approach.

A carrier and sideband (CSB), and sideband only (SBO) signal, transmitted from localizer and glide path antennas produce a space-modulated signal resulting from the vectorial addition of two or more audio signals that vary according to position of the receiving aircraft.
The difference between the two modulation depths produce an error current signal in the airborne receiver. When an aircraft follows the course line, the difference in the depths of the modulation between the two frequencies is zero.
This difference is conventionally displayed by the deflection of a moving coil indicator or needle on an instrument known as a horizontal situation indicator (HSI).

See also
 Amplitude modulation
 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
 Radio navigation

References

Radio navigation
Applied Energetics. Applied Energetics, Inc. (formerly Ionatron) is an American arms manufacturer. It develops directed-energy weapons, mainly electrolasers with a range of tens of meters.

Applied Energetics stock is publicly traded on the NASDAQ exchange. When still named Ionatron, it traded under the ticker symbol IOTN. In February 2008, the company name was changed to Applied Energetics with ticker symbol AERG.

References

Defense companies of the United States
Morin transition. The Morin transition (also known as a spin-flop transition) is a magnetic phase transition in α-Fe2O3 hematite where the antiferromagnetic ordering is reorganized from being aligned perpendicular to the c-axis to be aligned parallel to the c-axis below TM.

TM = 260K for Fe3+ in α-Fe2O3.

A change in magnetic properties takes place at the Morin transition temperature.

See also

References

 

Magnetic ordering
Phase transitions
TXGA. TXGA, or Tesselar eXtended Graphics Array is a computer graphics resolution of 1920 x 1400 pixels, with an aspect ratio of 7:5, first defined by UK based Equipe Simulation in 2007 and demonstrated at the ITEC conference in April of the same year. TXGA was created explicitly to meet the demands of modern simulation, offering higher resolution than UXGA (1600 x 1200) while remaining computationally less expensive than QXGA (2048 x 1536). TXGA was further defined within a white paper presented at the World Aviation Training Conference and Tradeshow (WATS) held annually. The first commercial implementation of TXGA, the Contour 600 digital projector, is now available.

References

Computer display standards
Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited. Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited (IPCL) was a petrochemicals company in India. At the time of its disinvestment to Reliance Industries Limited, its turnover for the financial year 2005-06 had crossed the US $2 billion mark.

History 
IPCL was established on 22 March 1969, as a Government of India undertaking, with the objective of promoting the development of the petrochemical industry in India. Prime Minister Smt. Indira Gandhi, invited Shri Jayant Jyotendra Mehta (who had built the National Rayon plant at Kalyan) to head the IPCL project. Jayant J. Mehta was the founder Chairman and Managing Director of IPCL. The Company began construction of its first petrochemicals complex at Vadodara in 1970. Commercial production at the complex commenced in 1973. The Company’s second petrochemicals complex in Nagothana was commissioned in 1992 and its third complex at Gandhar was commissioned in 1996. In August 1992, the Company’s shares were listed on all the major stock exchanges in India including Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange of India.

Consolidation 
On 1 April 2005, the six polyester companies namely Appollo Fibres Limited (AFL), Central India Polyesters Limited (CIPL), India Polyfibres Limited (IPL), Orissa Polyfibres Limited (OPL), Recron Synthetics Limited (RSL) and Silvassa Industries Private Limited (SIPL) have been amalgamated with IPCL. This marks the entry of the Company in the polyester sector. The polyester units are based in Hoshiarpur (Punjab), Nagpur (Maharashtra), Barabanki (Uttar Pradesh), Baulpur (Orissa), Allahabad (Uttar Pradesh) and Silvassa (Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu).

Disinvestment 
In June 2002, the Government of India as a part of its disinvestment programme divested 26% of its equity shares in favour of Reliance Petroinvestments Limited (RPIL), a Reliance Group Company. RPIL acquired an additional 20% equity shares through a cash offer in terms of SEBI (Takeover Regulations) and held 46% of Company's equity shares. IPCL merged with Reliance Industries Ltd. in 2007.

References

Pharmaceutical industry of Gujarat
 
Formerly government-owned companies of India
Petrochemical companies of India
Companies based in Vadodara
Chemical companies established in 1969
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1969
Indian companies established in 1969
1969 establishments in Gujarat
Superose. Superose is a trade name for a collection of FPLC columns which are used in the automated separation of biological molecules. The different columns provided can separate a variety of macromolecules, ranging from small peptides and polysaccharides to DNA strands and entire viruses. The material inside the column is agarose based, meaning that it consists of sugars that are crosslinked to form a gel-like mass. The pores in this material have different sizes, and if a molecule is too big, it does not fit into the pores, meaning that it follows a shorter way to the end of the column.

The columns are placed in a holder, and a computerized pumping system pumps a watery solution, often a buffer through the column. A special injection loop allows the injection of the desired sample.

See also
 Size exclusion
 Sepharose
 Sephadex

References

Chromatography
Biochemistry
Path computation element. In computer networks, a path computation element (PCE) is a system component, application, or network node that is capable of determining and finding a suitable route for conveying data between a source and a destination.

Description
Routing can be subject to a set of constraints, such as quality of service (QoS), policy, or price. Constraint-based path computation is a strategic component of traffic engineering in MPLS, GMPLS and Segment Routing networks. It is used to determine the path through the network that traffic should follow, and provides the route for each label-switched path (LSP) that is set up.

Path computation has previously been performed either in a management system or at the head end of each LSP. But path computation in large, multi-domain networks may be very complex and may require more computational power and network information than is typically available at a network element, yet may still need to be more dynamic than can be provided by a management system.

Thus, a PCE is an entity capable of computing paths for a single or set of services. A PCE might be a network node, network management station, or dedicated computational platform that is resource-aware and has the ability to consider multiple constraints for sophisticated path computation. PCE applications compute label-switched paths for MPLS and GMPLS traffic engineering. The various components of the PCE architecture are in the process of being standardized by the IETF's PCE Working Group.

PCE represents a vision of networks that separates route computations from the signaling of end-to-end connections and from actual packet forwarding. There is a basic tutorial on PCE as presented at ISOCORE's MPLS2008 conference and a tutorial on advanced PCE as presented at ISOCORE's SDN/MPLS 2014 conference.

Since the early days, the PCE architecture has evolved considerably to encompass more sophisticated concepts and allow application to more complicated network scenarios. This evolution includes Hierarchical PCE (H-PCE) and both Stateful and Active PCE.

A potential deployment of PCE separates the computation element from the client (the PCC) that request computation services. Communications between the PCE and PCC are achieved using the Path Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP) which runs over the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

As the architecture has evolved, new protocol extensions have been developed to add functionality to support new applications and the new architectural elements. These developments are tracked by the PACE project which is funded by the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no. 619712.

The PACE project has developed a primer for those interested in PCE. It can be downloaded without charge from the PACE website.

PCE extensions 
There are several PCE extensions to achieve different goals. For example:

 Interdomain PCE discovering extensions

References

Specifications
 

Computer networking
Sodium nitride. Sodium nitride is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula Na3N.  In contrast to lithium nitride and some other nitrides, sodium nitride is an extremely unstable alkali metal nitride. It can be generated by combining atomic beams of sodium and nitrogen deposited onto a low-temperature sapphire substrate.
It readily decomposes into its elements:

Synthesis
Sodium nitride can be synthesized in two different ways:  by the thermal decomposition of NaNH2 or by the direct reaction of the elements.  The most common way to successfully synthesize sodium nitride has been done by Dieter Fischer & Martin Jansen and Grigori Vajenine using the latter method.  The first way is to introduce desired ratios of Na and N2 in gas phase separately and depositing them in a vacuum chamber on a cooled substrate, which is then heated to room temperate (298 K) to crystallize. 
The second method is to react elemental sodium with plasma activated nitrogen on a metal surface.  This synthesis can be further facilitated by introducing liquid Na-K alloy to the compound with the excess liquid removed and washed with fresh alloy.  The solid is then separated from the liquid using a centrifuge.  However Vajenine’s method is very air-sensitive and can decompose and combust rapidly, unless exposed to a pure oxygen (O2) environment.

Characteristics
Sodium nitride can be of reddish brown or dark blue color depending on the synthesis of the compound due to intrinsic properties.  It shows no signs of decomposition after several weeks when at room temperature.  The compound does not have a melting point as it decomposes back into its elemental forms as demonstrated using mass spectrometry around 360 K.  The estimated enthalpy of formation for the compound is +64 kJ/mol.

Structure
Sodium nitride seems to be about 90% ionic at room temperature, but has the band gap typical for a semiconductor. It adopts the anti-ReO3 structure with a simple lattice made up of NNa6 octahedra. The compound has N­−Na bond lengths of 236.6 pm. This structure has been confirmed through X-ray diffraction and more recently neutron diffraction on powder and single crystals.

References

Sodium compounds
Nitrides
Gregory R. Bryant. Gregory Russell Bryant, Sr. (born November 1950) is a retired U.S. Navy Rear Admiral.

Navy career
Bryant enlisted in the Navy in 1970 and was selected for the Naval Enlisted Scientific Education Program (NESEP). Through NESEP, he attended the University of New Mexico earning a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering magna cum laude with distinction and was commissioned as an Ensign.  His first commissioned tour was serving on the engineering staff of Admiral Hyman G. Rickover at the Division of Naval Reactors (Naval Sea Systems Command 08) in Washington, D.C. During this tour, he was selected to join the Engineering Duty Community.

In 1982, Bryant was assigned to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard where he served as a Senior Nuclear Ship Superintendent, a Non-Nuclear Ship Superintendent and Assistant Nuclear Repair Officer. After transferring to Naval Postgraduate School in 1986, he earned a Master of Science degree in Computer Science with distinction. Upon graduation, he received the Monterey Peninsula Council Navy League Award for Highest Academic Achievement and the Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association Honor Award.

In 1988, Bryant reported to Mare Island Naval Shipyard where he served as Type Desk Officer, Planning and Estimating Superintendent, Nuclear Repair Officer and Nuclear Production Manager. During this tour, he completed his Submarine Engineering Duty qualifications. He then reported to USS Holland (AS-32) then home ported in Apra Harbor, Guam, and served as Repair Officer.

Bryant transferred to Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard in 1994 where he served as the Engineering and Planning Officer and Operations Officer. In 1998, he commanded the Engineering Duty Officer School in Port Hueneme, California.

Bryant assumed command of Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in July 1999 where, in May 2002, he was selected for promotion to flag officer.

RADM Bryant transferred from Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in September 2002 and reported to the office of the Chief of Naval Operations as Deputy Director Fleet Readiness Division (N43B). He subsequently served as the Deputy Chief of Staff for Fleet Maintenance, U.S. Pacific Fleet and retired from this position in October 2005 after 35 years of Naval service.

Awards
RADM Bryant's awards include the Legion of Merit, the Meritorious Service Medal (four awards), the Navy Good Conduct Medal, the Navy E Ribbon, the National Defense Service Medal (three awards), and the Sea Service Ribbon.

References

1950 births
Living people
University of New Mexico alumni
Military personnel from Seattle
Naval Postgraduate School alumni
United States Navy rear admirals
Recipients of the Legion of Merit
Nogent Nuclear Power Plant. The Nogent Nuclear Power Plant is located in the French commune of Nogent-sur-Seine, on the right bank of the Seine, in the west of the Aube department. It is located  to the west of Troyes and  south-east of Paris.

The plant houses two reactors each of 1300 MWe and the site has a total area of 100 hectares.  Each reactor has its own cooling tower  high.

It produces about a third of the yearly electricity consumption of Île-de-France and employs around 700 regular workers.

Events
A fire drill on 2 October 2001 by the Nuclear Safety Authority of France confirmed that it took about 50 minutes between the time of the drill the time the second team responded.
On 30 September 2005, water was accidentally sprayed on electrical cabinets; the reactor was automatically stopped. Nobody was injured and there were no radiation releases. It was classified as level 1 on the INES scale.

On 5 December 2011, nine Greenpeace anti-nuclear activists cut through a fence at the Nogent Nuclear Power Plant. They scaled the roof of the domed reactor building and unfurled a "Safe Nuclear Doesn't Exist" banner before attracting the attention of security guards. Two activists remained at large for four hours.

References

Nuclear power stations in France
Buildings and structures in Aube
Brennilis Nuclear Power Plant. The Brennilis Nuclear Power Plant (EL-4) is a decommissioned site located in the Monts d'Arrée in the commune of Brennilis in Finistère, France.

History

The Commissariat à l'énergie atomique began construction of this experimental reactor moderated with heavy water and cooled with carbon dioxide (HWGCR) in 1962. The reactor had a planned output power of 70 MWe. The plant achieved criticality in December, 1966.

In 1971, however, the French government elected to use pressurized water reactor technology developed in the United States as their model design.

On August 15, 1975, two explosions slightly damaged a turbine and destroyed a telephone circuit.  The Liberation Front of Brittany claimed responsibility. In 1979 the group destroyed electrical lines going from the plant to the grid, and with there being no grid to supply power to, the plant shut down. This was the only time in history that a terrorist group successfully stopped operation of a nuclear power plant.

In 1985 the reactor was shut down permanently. The cost of decommissioning is estimated to be 482 million euros, much greater than initial estimates.

Decommissioning experience
This nuclear plant marks the first decommissioning of a complete nuclear power station in France.  EDF and CEA announced their intention to make this a transparent process so that it can be used as a model for future decommissioning operations at other plants.

The process is divided into 3 stages.

Stage 1
This stage began in 1985, and is similar to a refueling outage; the fuel is moved to the spent fuel pool, but new fuel is not loaded, and the fuel on site is eventually transported elsewhere.  It consists of:

 final shut-down
 discharge of the nuclear fuel
 draining of cooling circuits

Stage 2
In 1995, a public inquiry was held. In 1996, it was decided that a feasibility study for the "greening" of the site would be submitted by the end of 1999. Stage 2 began in 1997, consisting of:

 decontamination and disassembling of the buildings except for the reactor itself
 evacuation of the nuclear waste
 containment of the reactor pressure vessel

On December 13, 2000, a rise in the ground water level caused a flood in the chemical processing building.  In January 2001, a fire broke out in the joint inner building. In 2005, stage 2 was officially complete.

Stage 3
Stage 3 consists mostly of containing the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and is underway. The full decommission is planned to be finally totally complete in year 2040.

 dismantling of the steam generators
 dismantling of the reactor pressure vessel
 demolition of the containment building

See also
Plogoff nuclear power plant project

References

Former nuclear power stations in France