omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Geotail. Geotail was a satellite that observed the Earth's magnetosphere.  It was developed by Japan's ISAS in association with the United States' NASA, and was launched by a Delta II rocket on 24 July 1992 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.

The primary purpose of the mission was to study the structure and dynamics of the tail region of the magnetosphere with a comprehensive set of scientific instruments. For this purpose, the orbit has been designed to cover the magnetotail over a wide range of distances:  to  from the Earth. This orbit also allowed it to study the boundary region of the magnetosphere as it skims the magnetopause at perigees. In the first two years the double lunar swing-by technique was used to keep apogees in the distant magnetotail. This involved 14 lunar flybys.

In 1993 the computer that controls the Low Energy Particles experiment locked up. Attempts to reset it failed. This problem was solved by changing the trajectory of the craft during a lunar flyby that took place on 26 September 1993 so that it passed through the shadow of the Moon. Power from the batteries was cut while this took place. When the craft left the shadow of the Moon, power returned and the computer started working again.

The apogee was lowered down to  in mid November 1994 and then to  in February 1995 in order to study substorm processes in the near-Earth tail region. The present orbit is  ×  with an inclination of -7° to the ecliptic plane."

Geotail instruments studied electric fields, magnetic fields, plasmas, energetic particles, and plasma waves.

In 1994 the principal investigator of the Plasma Wave Instrument (PWI),  the experiment complement, was Professor Hiroshi Matsumoto of Kyoto University, with co-investigators from NASA, the University of Iowa, and STX Corporation.
Geotail is an active mission . Geotail, WIND, Polar, SOHO, and Cluster were all part of the International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Science Initiative (ISTP) project.

In June 2022, the second and final of Geotail's two data recorders failed, jeopardizing science observation.  It was decided to terminate the operation, and the spacecraft was deactivated on 28 November 2022.

Discoveries

Geotail data has been used to show that flux transfer events move faster than the ambient medium through the Magnetosphere. Those within the Magnetosheath were shown to move both faster and slower than the ambient medium.

During the lunar flybys Geotail identified oxygen, silicon, sodium and aluminium in the lunar atmosphere.

See also 

 International Solar-Terrestrial Physics Science Initiative
 Tom Krimigis

References

External links 
JAXA | Magnetospheric Observation Satellite (GEOTAIL) 
GEOTAIL Magnetosphere Tail Observation Satellite | Spacecraft
NASA Polar, Wind, and Geotail Projects

Geospace monitoring satellites
Satellites of Japan
Satellites of the United States
Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets
Spacecraft launched in 1992
Spacecraft decommissioned in 2022
Shoichiro Irimajiri. and raised in Kobe is a Japanese engineer and businessman.

He earned an aeronautical engineering degree from the University of Tokyo and worked for Honda Motor Co., Ltd. for 20 years, overseeing the introduction of its CBX motorcycle, design of their F1 racing engines for the RA273 as well as being the president of Honda of America Inc. He resigned in 1992 due to a heart problem, and started a Chinese traditional treatment to restore his condition.

During this time, it was said that General Motors recruited Irimajiri for a senior executive position at the company, in light of his success at Honda. While he declined that position and accepted a spot as an outside director, if Irimajiri had accepted the offer, he would have been the first Japanese-born automotive executive of an American automobile manufacturer.

After his recovery, Hayao Nakayama, then president of Sega Enterprises, asked him to become vice president of the company. In 1996, he additionally became chairman and CEO of Sega of America. He became president of Sega in 1998, when he laid an ambitious plan using the Dreamcast to restore Sega's lost market share and prestige, which took a severe downfall following the flawed launches of the Sega Saturn and the Sega 32X. After Sega reported its third consecutive loss, Irimajiri resigned and Isao Okawa took his place.

While president of Sega he invested $5 million into Nvidia, after the tiny Silicon Valley startup had failed to deliver on its contract to create the graphics chip for the Dreamcast. Jensen Huang has publicly expressed his gratitude to Irimajiri for helping to keep Nvidia alive. Nvidia went public in 1999, and in 2000, after Irimajiri had left, Sega sold its Nvidia stock for $15 million. In 2017, Huang returned the favor by honoring a request from Irimajiri to speak to a small group of business leaders while visiting Japan.

Irimajiri's most recent position was as chairman of Asahi Tec, a Japanese manufacturer of aluminum parts and castings for automobiles, owned by Ripplewood Holdings.

References

1940 births
Living people
People from Kobe
Sega people
Honda people
Formula One engine engineers
Japanese video game businesspeople
Petya-class frigate. The Petya class was the NATO reporting name for a class of light frigates designed in the 1950s and built for the Soviet Navy in the 1960s. The Soviet designation was "Storozhevoi Korabl`" (Сторожевой Корабль - Sentry Ship) Project 159.

Design

They were the first gas turbine-powered ships in the Soviet Navy. The role of these ships was anti-submarine warfare in shallow waters and they were similar to the s. The specification (TTZ in Russian) was issued in 1955 and design approved in 1956. A three shaft machinery layout was chosen with the central shaft powered by diesel engines for economical cruising and the two wing shafts powered by gas turbines for speed. Gun armament was two twin AK-726  gun turrets in "A" and "Y" positions which were controlled by a single radar director. Anti-submarine armament consisted of four RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launchers and a launcher for  anti-submarine torpedoes. Some of the ships designed for export replaced the 406 mm torpedo tubes with anti-shipping  torpedo tubes. A comprehensive sonar suite including VDS was fitted.

Ships

A total of 54 ships were built in two shipyards: the Kaliningrad Yantar shipyard built 22 ships including exports and Khabarovsk yard built 32 ships including exports. All Soviet ships were decommissioned in 1989-1992, with other ships continuing service with export customers. As of 2023, Vietnam and Azerbaijan still operate the type, with Vietnam operating five ships and Azerbaijan operating a single ship.

Export sales
  Azerbaijani Navy - 1 ship
  Egyptian Navy - 4 ships acquired between 1965 and 1971, 1 sunk in combat in 1973, all decommissioned.
  Ethiopian Navy - 2 ships - sold for scrap in Djibouti following the independence of Eritrea
  Indian Navy - 11 ships designated s (all decommissioned). Classified as corvette due to smaller size and role of the ships. 1 ship ( INS Andaman ) lost at sea.
  Syrian Arab Navy - 2 ships were in service, in derelict condition at Tartus port. Probably retired in 2017 or 2018. 1 decommissioned Syrian frigate sunk by Russian air force (Probably by SU-34 with KH-35 air-launched missile) as a training target on 15 April 2018 off the coast of Syria. As of January 2022, the second frigate is no longer visible in Tartus, but may still be held as a hulk.
 Ukrainian Navy - 1 ship. The pro-Ukrainian crew of a frigate SKR-112 made an independent transition from the Black Sea Fleet controlled by Moscow on July 21, 1992. The ship was in the Ukraine's service until it was decommissioned in 1993.
 Vietnam People's Navy - 5 ships (still in service), being modernized with rebuilt stealthy superstructure and new combat suites.

See also
 List of ships of the Soviet Navy
 List of ships of Russia by project number

References

 Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1947-1995

External links

 page from FAS
 Page in Russian
  Russian Petya Class Frigates - Complete Ship List

 
Frigate classes
Ships of the Soviet Navy
Content format. A content format is an encoded format for converting a specific type of data to displayable information. Content formats are used in recording and transmission to prepare data for observation or interpretation. This includes both analog and digitized content. Content formats may be recorded and read by either natural or manufactured tools and mechanisms.

In addition to converting data to information, a content format may include the encryption and/or scrambling of that information. Multiple content formats may be contained within a single section of a storage medium (e.g. track, disk sector, computer file, document, page, column) or transmitted via a single channel (e.g. wire, carrier wave) of a transmission medium. With multimedia, multiple tracks containing multiple content formats are presented simultaneously. Content formats may either be recorded in secondary signal processing methods such as a software container format (e.g. digital audio, digital video) or recorded in the primary format (e.g. spectrogram, pictogram). 

Observable data is often known as raw data, or raw content. A primary raw content format may be directly observable (e.g. image, sound, motion, smell, sensation) or physical data which only requires hardware to display it, such as a phonographic needle and diaphragm or a projector lamp and magnifying glass.

There has been a countless number of content formats throughout history. The following are examples of some common content formats and content format categories (covering: sensory experience, model, and language used for encoding information):

See also
Communication
Representation (arts)
Content carrier signals
Content multiplexing format
Signal transmission
Wireless content transmission
Data storage device
Recording format
Data compression
Analog television: NTSC, PAL and SECAM

References

Computer-mediated communication
Mass media technology
Data management
Recording
Film and video technology
Sound production technology
Project Highwater. Project Highwater was an experiment carried out as part of two of the test flights of NASA's Saturn I launch vehicle (using battleship upper stages), successfully launched into a sub-orbital trajectory from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The Highwater experiment sought to determine the effect of a large volume of water suddenly released into the ionosphere. The project answered questions about the effect of the diffusion of propellants in the event that a rocket was destroyed at high altitude.

The first flight, SA-2, took place on April 25, 1962. After the flight test of the rocket was complete and first stage shutdown occurred, explosive charges on the dummy upper stages destroyed the rocket and released  of ballast water weighing  into the upper atmosphere at an altitude of , eventually reaching an apex of .

The second flight, SA-3, launched on November 16, 1962, and involved the same payload. The ballast water was explosively released at the flight's peak altitude of . For both of these experiments, the resulting ice clouds expanded to several miles in diameter and lightning-like radio disturbances were recorded.

See also 

High-altitude nuclear explosion - other high altitude explosive tests

References

Further reading
 

1962 in spaceflight
NASA programs
Military projects of the United States
Water and the environment
Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets
Saturn I
Paul Gray (information technology). Paul Gray (1930 – May 10, 2012) was an American information systems pioneer, and Professor Emeritus at Claremont Graduate University where he was the founding chair of The School of Information Systems and Technology. The School of Information Systems and Technology at Claremont Graduate University is the home of the Paul Gray PC Museum.

Biography 

Gray received a PhD in Operations Research from Stanford University in 1968.

He has been a member of the faculty at Stanford, Georgia Institute of Technology, University of Southern California, Southern Methodist University, University of California at Irvine, and Claremont Graduate University. Gray served as secretary  of The Institute of Management Sciences from 1975 to 1979, vice president at large  from 1983 to 1986, and president from 1992 to 1993.

Gray was the founding editor of CAIS, the Communications of the Association for Information Systems and served as editor-in-chief from 1999 to 2006. He is on the editorial board of CAIS and eight other journals.

In 1999, he was elected Fellow of the Association for Information Systems. In 2000, he was named Educator of the Year by EDSIG. In 2002, he was elected Fellow of the Institute for Operations Research and Management Science (INFORMS). In 2002, he received the LEO Award of the Association for Information Systems for Lifetime Achievement. In 2003, he received the INFORMS George E. Kimball Medal. In 2006, he received the Lifetime Achievement Award of SIGMIS.

Paul Gray, professor emeritus at Claremont Graduate University (CGU), died on May 10, 2012, from injuries suffered in a car crash. He was 81.

Selected publications
Gray is the author of 13 books and over 140 professional articles. Books, a selection:
 Gray, P., Watson, H. J., King, W. R., & McLean, E. R. (1997). Management of information systems. Dryden Press.
 Negash, Solomon, and Paul Gray. Business intelligence. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008.

Articles, a selection:
 Gray, Paul. "Group decision support systems." Decision Support Systems 3.3 (1987): 233-242.
 Gorgone, John, and Paul Gray. "MSIS 2000: model curriculum and guidelines for graduate degree programs in information." Communications of the AIS 3.1es (2000): 1.
 Ives, B., Valacich, J., Watson, R. T., Zmud, R., Alavi, M., Baskerville, R., ... & Whinston, A. B. (2002). What every business student needs to know about information systems. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 9(30), 1-18.
 Gorgone, J. T., Gray, P., Stohr, E. A., Valacich, J. S., & Wigand, R. T. (2006). "MSIS 2006: model curriculum and guidelines for graduate degree programs in information systems." ACM SIGCSE Bulletin, 38(2), 121-196.

References

External links
 Kimball Medal awarding
 CGU mourns the loss of emeritus professor Paul Gray
 Biography of Paul Gray from the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences

1930 births
2012 deaths
American operations researchers
Information systems researchers
Claremont Graduate University faculty
People from Orange County, California
Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences
Acoustic telegraphy. Acoustic telegraphy (also known as harmonic telegraphy) was a name for various methods of multiplexing (transmitting more than one) telegraph messages simultaneously over a single telegraph wire by using different audio frequencies or channels for each message.  A telegrapher used a conventional Morse key to tap out the message in Morse code.  The key pulses were transmitted as pulses of a specific audio frequency. At the receiving end a device tuned to the same frequency resonated to the pulses but not to others on the same wire.

Inventors who worked on the acoustic telegraph included Charles Bourseul, Thomas Edison, Elisha Gray, and Alexander Graham Bell.  Their efforts to develop acoustic telegraphy, in order to reduce the cost of telegraph service, led to the invention of the telephone.

Some of Thomas Edison's devices used multiple synchronized tuning forks tuned to selected audio frequencies and which opened and closed electrical circuits at the selected audio frequencies.  Acoustic telegraphy was similar in concept to present-day FDMA, or frequency-division multiple access, used with radio frequencies.

The word acoustic comes from the Greek akoustikos meaning hearing, as with hearing of sound waves in air.  Acoustic telegraphy devices were electromechanical and made musical or buzzing or humming sound waves in air for a few feet.  But the primary function of these devices was not to generate sound waves, but rather to generate alternating electrical currents at selected audio frequencies in wires which transmitted telegraphic messages electrically over long distances.

Patents 
  – Improvement in Transmitters and Receivers for Electric Telegraphs – Alexander Graham Bell, issued April 6, 1875
  – Electrical Telegraph for Transmitting Musical Tones – Elisha Gray, issued July 27, 1875; Reissue # 8559 Jan. 28, 1879
  – Improvement In Electro-Harmonic Telegraphs – Elisha Gray, issued February 15, 1876
  – Acoustic Telegraph – Thomas Edison, issued October 10, 1876
  – Improvement in electro-haronic multiplex telegraphs – Thomas Edison, issued December 19, 1876
  – Acoustic Electric Telegraphs – Thomas Edison, issued January 16, 1877
  – Acoustic Telegraphs – Thomas Edison, issued March 5, 1878
  – Circuits for Acoustic or Telephonic Telegraphs – Thomas Edison, issued April 30, 1878
  – Acoustic Telegraph – Thomas Edison, issued December 7, 1880

The five Edison patents were assigned to Western Union Telegraph Company of New York.

See also 
 Telegraph
 Invention of the telephone

References 

Notes

Bibliography
 Standage, Tom, The Victorian Internet, Berkley Books, New York (Penguin), 1998, 
 D. Robertson. The Great Telephone Mystery, IEEE Review, Feb. 2006, Volume: 52,  Issue: 2, pp. 44– 48, , INSPEC Accession Number: 8770451, Current Version Published: 2006-02-27.
 Brooke Clarke. Telephone Patents

Telegraphy
Multiplexing
De Wandre. The De Wandre was a Belgian automobile manufactured around 1923.  Called "the elegant spider", it was a wire-wheeled sports car using the chassis and running gear of the Model T Ford.

See also
Delecroix, first build in 1897, and commercialised in 1898

References
David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Automobile

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Belgium
Motor vehicle manufacturers of Belgium
Desberon. The Desberon was an American automobile manufactured from 1901 until 1904.  The company initially built steam trucks, and later branched out into making 4 hp gas-driven "pleasure carriages" built along "French lines".  Later still, 6·2 liter 12 hp models were produced.

References
David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Automobile

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
David & Bourgeois. The David & Bourgeois was a French automobile manufactured only in 1898.  A tiller-steered saloon, it featured a "square-four" engine developed by Paul Gautier.

References
David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Automobile

1890s cars
Cars introduced in 1898
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Veteran vehicles
Cars discontinued in 1898
PM-43 and PM-68 mine. The PM-43 (Putkimiina m/43) and PM-68 (Putkimiina m/68) are Finnish anti-personnel fragmentation mines.

The PM-43 has a long cylindrical steel body, with heavy fragmentation grooves. It has been used with variety of fuzes including the Model 43, VS-70, and US-65. Currently, it is used with the VS-86 tripwire fuze. The mine is normally mounted in a tree.

The PM-68 is similar but uses a body formed from a tightly coiled spring, and currently uses a VS-91 fuze, although it can be used with any of the fuzes used with the PM-43.

After Finland joined the Ottawa Treaty, the Finnish Defence Forces began a process to destroy the mines. The work was completed in 2015.

Specifications
 Diameter: 60 mm approx
 Length: 180 mm approx
 Weight: 2 kg
 Explosive content: 0.18 kg consisting of three 0.06 kg cylindrical blocks  of TNT

References
 Jane's Mines and Mine Clearance 2005–2006

Anti-personnel mines
Land mines of Finland
Dalifol. The Dalifol was a French automobile manufactured only in 1896.  It was a horizontal-engined gas-driven car built by a firm best known for producing steam motorcycles.

See also
Dalifol & Thomas, manufactured from 1896 until 1898

References
David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Automobile

1890s cars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of France
Cars introduced in 1896
Cars discontinued in 1896
National Polytechnic Institute College of Engineering and Physical-Mathematic Sciences. The College of Engineering and Physical-Mathematic Sciences of the National Polytechnic Institute is an institute of higher education in Mexico. The College was proposed in 1932 by Secretary of Public Education Narciso Bassols and was founded by integrating the already existent School of Mechanical and Electrical Sciences that dates back to the 19th century. The college is divided into six schools.

Schools 

  (ESCOM; Higher School of Computing)
  (ESFM; Higher School of Physics and Mathematics)
  (ESIA; Higher School of Engineering and Architecture)
 Units: Tecamachalco, Ticomán, Zacatenco
  (ESIME; Higher School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering)
 Units: Azcapotzalco, Culhuacán, Ticomán, Zacatenco
  (ESIQIE; Higher School of Chemical Engineering and Extractive Industries)
  (ESIT; Higher School of Textile Engineering)

References

Instituto Politécnico Nacional
ESIQIE. The Higher Education School of Chemical Engineering and Extractive Industries (in Spanish: Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Química e Industrias Extractivas or ESIQIE) was founded as part of the National Polytechnic Institute in 1948. It offers undergraduate studies in:

Undergraduate 
Industrial Chemical Engineering
Petrochemical Engineering
Metallurgical and Materials Engineering

with two different curricula:

Materials Engineering
Materials and Processing

Undergraduate studies in Petrochemical Engineering were first offered by the Institute in 1941 under the now defunct Superior School of Engineering and Architecture.  Undergraduate studies in Chemical Engineering were first offered in 1945 under the direction of Dean Guillermo Torres Prieto.

Postgraduate 

It offers postgraduate studies that are part of the National Register of Postgraduate Studies of the National Council of Science and Technology of Mexico, (CONACYT):

 Master in Science in Chemical Engineering.
 Master in Science in Metallurgical Engineering.
 Master in Engineering  in Hydrocarbon and its Associated Energetics.
 Doctorate in Science in Chemical Engineering.
 Doctorate in Science in Metallurgy and Materials.
 Doctorate in Nanoscience and Micro-Nanotechnology.

Sports

ESIQIE is well known for being represented by Águilas Blancas in college football. They are by far the most successful team within the Polytechnic, and one of the most prolific in entire country, having won 5 national championships since their inception.

Alumni
 José Roberto "Pepe" Espinosa, sports broadcaster for TV Azteca and Fox Sports Latin America.

References

External links 

 Official ESIQIE website 
 https://www.ipn.mx/

Instituto Politécnico Nacional