omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Roboquad. Referred to as "The first true robotic arthropod," Roboquad is one of the 5 robots that WowWee announced at CES in January 2007. It is a 4-legged robot that somewhat resembles a spider and a dog. Also designed by Mark Tilden, the Roboquad, like other WowWee robots, has multiple personalities, awareness of its surroundings, some autonomous behaviour and can be controlled via a remote.

Features 
Five Scanning Sequences
Smart Scan: examines its surroundings and reacts to changes
Scan Left and Right: turns and faces any nearby object
Approach Nearest Object: moves towards the closest object it detects
Escape Walk: moves towards the largest open space it finds
Flinch Response: reacts to rapidly approaching objects
Five Usage Modes:
Direct Control: user controlled movement
Autonomous Mode: self-directed interaction with its environment
Guard Mode: similar to Guard Mode on other WowWee bots, Roboquad reacts to noises and movement with sound effects.
Sleep: falls asleep after 5 minutes and powers down after 24 hours.
Demo: features a dance routine
Edge Detection
Remote Control: for controlling movement, programming, and adjusting personalities
72 Preprogrammed functions
40 programmable moves
Demo Mode

Hardware 
4x leg motors
4x leg motor position sensors
2x head and neck motors (its head can swivel around completely)
2x lens-focused, face-mounted deep Infrared vision (13 ft range)
1x microphone
1x light sensor
1x Infrared remote control
 Requires 4 x C and 3 x AAA size batteries

Personalities 
Like other WowWee robots, the Roboquad has multiple 'personalities' which are dubbed 'States'. Those states are State of Awareness, State of Aggression and State of Activity, and they can each be set to low, medium or high. In the Awareness state, it spends more time scanning its surroundings. When its Aggression state is increased, its behaviour simulates anger and aggression and finally the higher the Activity state, the further and faster the Roboquad will wander.

With its light, sound and IR sensors, Roboquad is pre-programmed to simulate reactions to external stimuli and acts accordingly.

Movement and Autonomy 

The Roboquad's legs all swivel around and so it is able to walk forward, backwards and sideways at about the same rate and mobility. Its head is also able to swivel around completely, so it is able to scan its surroundings without turning its body. 

In addition to its adjustable personalities (States), Roboquad's 5 different scanning sequences (described above in Features) are modulated according to how the personalities are tuned. 

The documentation states that Roboquad's infrared sensors are sensitive enough to allow it to navigate doorways.

References

External links 

Toy brands
Robotic spiders
Entertainment robots
Robotic dogs
WowWee
2007 robots
Inertial supercharging effect. The inertial supercharging effect is the increase of volumetric efficiency in the cylinder of an engine.

Background
The internal combustion engine is the most common engine found in mechanical devices across the world.  The engine is powered by an air/gasoline mixture and the physics principles of heat and pressure.

Overview 
Inertial supercharging effect is the result of incoming fuel/air charge developing momentum greater than intake stroke would generate alone. It is achieved by the  
careful design of the shape of the piston head, the valves and cam profile/valve timing which creates a vacuum that pulls more exhaust gases (and some of the intake gasses) out of the engine. This is immediately followed by a reflected pressure wave timed to force the extra intake gasses back into the cylinder, thus achieving a greater mass of air/fuel mix in the combustion chamber than possible with conventional methods. Expansion chambers only work well at a narrow engine speed range which is why two stroke engines are referred to as having a "powerband". Since the early 1980s exhaust power valves have been developed which have the effect of altering the timing and/or volume of the expansion chamber, greatly improving the spread of power of high output two stroke engines.

The idea behind this effect is that if more pressure is created within the cylinder, the faster the piston will be able to move.  The volumetric efficiency is maximized to increase the amount of air/fuel mixture in the cylinder during each cycle.  In turn, a greater air/fuel mixture in a cylinder will create a greater pressure therefore exerting a greater force on the piston.  This increased force on each individual piston increases the potential horsepower of the entire engine. The timing of the opening and closing of the valves is essential to ensure the air in the cylinder is maximized to create the most power in each cycle.

See also 

 Exhaust pulse pressure charging
 Kadenacy effect
 Pressure wave supercharger
 Supercharger

References 

 “Timing Is Everything .” Magnaflux Inspection - Aircraft Engine Overhaul, Victor Aviation Services, www.victor-aviation.com/Inertia_Supercharging_AirFlow_Optimization.ph
 Brain, Marshall, and Kristen Hall Geisler. “How Car Engines Work.” HowStuffWorks, 5 Apr. 2000, auto.howstuffworks.com/engine1.htm
 P.W. Performance Exhaust 
 Bohacz, Ray T. “Forced Induction .” Hemmings.com, May 2015, www.hemmings.com/magazine/hcc/2015/05/Forced-Induction/3748512.html.
 Hu, Bo, et al. “Observations on and Potential Trends for Mechanically Supercharging a Downsized Passenger Car Engine:a Review.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 6 Apr. 2016, journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0954407016636971.
 Kertes, Rick. “Valve Timing Events and the Order of Importance.” Engine Builder Magazine, 19 Apr. 2017, www.enginebuildermag.com/2016/04/valve-timing-events-and-the-order-of-importance/.

Two-stroke engine technology
Supercharging
Aerodynamic Park. The Aerodynamic Park () of the Humboldt University in Berlin-Adlershof was once part of the German Johannisthal Air Field.

Laboratories, motor test beds, wind tunnels and hangars, erected in the 20s and 30s, are historical landmarks of the Aerodynamic Park today. On the grassy areas of the park is the site-specific sound art "Air Borne" (Stefan Krüskemper with the collaboration of Karlheinz Essl) located,  in a loose spatial relation to the monuments of the German Experimental Institute for Aviation and the exceptional university buildings (Architects: Volker Staab with Alfred Nieuwenhuizen, Georg Augustin and Ute Frank, a.o.). The park is the green center of the Campus Berlin-Adlershof.

References

External links 
 Air Borne Soundscape and history of the Aerodynamic Park (German and English)

Aviation history of Berlin
Buildings and structures in Berlin
Landmarks in Germany
Carbon shifting. Carbon shifting is the tendency for an individual to increase carbon dioxide emissions in one area of their lifestyle as a result of reducing emissions elsewhere. Carbon shifting might more accurately be termed "domestic carbon shifting" to distinguish it from carbon leakage, which has occasionally also been called carbon shifting.

Many attempts to encourage people to change aspects of their lifestyle and so reduce their carbon dioxide emissions make a virtue of financial savings. In the United Kingdom, the Energy Saving Trust lists various ways of saving energy, e.g., "Energy-saving light bulbs last up to twelve times longer than ordinary lightbulbs and can save you £9 per year in electricity (and 38 kilograms of ) or £100 over the bulbs lifetime." However, whether or not carbon dioxide emissions are ultimately reduced will depend on how that saved money is spent. If the amount of money saved through walking to work is eventually spent on an extra city break involving air travel, the net emissions may well increase.

The problem of carbon shifting may undermine many voluntary piecemeal attempts at reducing carbon dioxide emissions. However, carbon shifting is not inherently negative. If a person can be persuaded to avoid activities that produce a high level of emissions for a given financial outlay, then they may shift to activities that produce lower emissions for that same amount of money. Positive carbon shifting might be encouraged through the use of a carbon tax or the implementation of a personal carbon trading scheme.

The phenomenon of carbon shifting also suggests that for some comparative purposes, the most appropriate measure of emissions would be emissions per unit of currency rather than total emissions. An activity that produces slightly lower emissions at a significantly lower cost may not necessarily be the best activity to promote as it leaves the individual with more money to spend on other emitting activities. Similarly, if two passengers are traveling on the same aircraft, they might be deemed to be emitting the same total amount of carbon dioxide. However, if one of them paid a lower fare, then by this measure, they would be deemed to be damaging the environment more.

See also 

 Carbon offset
 Carbon credit
 Greenwash
 Low-carbon economy
 Rebound effect (conservation)

Notes 

Climate change policy
Curtiss Shrike. Curtiss Shrike may refer to any of the following aircraft
Curtiss A-8, a low-wing monoplane ground-attack aircraft, first flight June 1931
Curtiss YA-10 Shrike, a test and development version of the A-8 with a radial engine, first flight 1932
Curtiss A-12 Shrike, a variant of the A-8 and YA-10 with a radial engine, introduced 1933
Curtiss XA-14, a twin engine ground-attack aircraft prototype, first flight September 1935
Curtiss A-18 Shrike, the operational version of the XA-14 with more powerful engines
Curtiss SB2C Helldiver, known as the Curtiss A-25 Shrike; a dive bomber first flown in December 1940
Blériot-SPAD S.56. The Blériot-SPAD S.56 was a family of French airliners developed in the 1920s as various refinements of the S.33 design.  All S.56 versions shared two new features: the first was a newly designed, all-metal wing, replacing the wooden wing of earlier related designs and the second was a redesigned passenger cabin, replacing the S.33's four single seats in a row with two rows of double seats. A second access door was also added.

Variants
S.56/1basic version with  Salmson CM.9 radial engine and later a  Gnome & Rhône 9Aa. 1 built.

S.56/2similar to the S.56/1, with a  Gnome & Rhône 9Ab engine. 1 built.

S.56/3similar to S.56/2 with improved landing gear and  Gnome & Rhône 9Aa engine. 8 built.

S.56/4major fuselage revision; cockpit relocated between engine and passenger cabin (in all previous S.33 derivatives, it had been aft of the cabin) and an extra double seat added to the cabin, increasing internal passenger capacity to six. Powered by  Gnome & Rhône 9Ady engines. 8 built, plus 2 modified from S.56/3s.

S.56/5revised passenger cabin with four seats located in one compartment, and two in a second compartment that could be quickly converted to a freight hold. 2 built, plus 6 modified from S.56/3s and 2 from S.56/4s.

S.56/6similar to S.56/3 but customised for banner towing for the Air Publicité company, powered by a  Gnome & Rhône 9Ab engine. 2 built; one ended up as a transport in the Spanish Republican Air Force during the Spanish Civil War.

Operators

Air Union (S.56/3, S.56/4)
CIDNA (S.56/1, S.56/3, S.56/4, S.56/5)

Spanish Republican Air Force (S.56/6)

Specifications (S.56/4)

See also

References

Further reading

External links
Aviastar

1920s French airliners
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Blériot aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Ray William Clough. Ray William Clough, (July 23, 1920 – October 8, 2016), was Byron L. and Elvira E. Nishkian Professor of structural engineering in the department of civil engineering at the University of California, Berkeley and one of the founders of the finite element method (FEM). His article in 1956 was one of the first applications of this computational method. He coined the term "finite elements" in an article in 1960. He was born in Seattle.

In the Fall, 2008 Clough was recognized as a "Legend of Earthquake Engineering" at the World Conference of Earthquake Engineering in China. Clough was known for his work in the field of earthquake engineering, and credited with the development and application of a mathematical method, finite element analysis, that has revolutionized numerical modeling of the physical world. Dr. Clough extended the method to enable dynamic analysis of complex structures and co-authored the definitive text on structural dynamics. Three decades later, this text is still in wide use. He also transformed the field through the development of fundamental theories, computational techniques, and experimental methods. During his almost 40 years at Berkeley he taught, advised, and mentored numerous students.

Clough was professor emeritus of civil and environmental engineering at the University of California, Berkeley. He is credited with developing the Earthquake Engineering Research Center at Berkeley, a hub for analytical engineering research, information resources, and public service programs. Dr. Clough's many honors include the Prince Philip Medal from the Royal Academy of Engineering in London. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Royal Norwegian Scientists Society, and the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He was awarded A. Cemal Eringen Medal in 1992. In 1994, President Clinton presented Clough with a National Medal of Science and in 2006 he received the Benjamin Franklin Medal in Civil Engineering from The Franklin Institute. He died on October 8, 2016, aged 96.

References

1920 births
2016 deaths
American structural engineers
National Medal of Science laureates
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Engineering
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Benjamin Franklin Medal (Franklin Institute) laureates
Johnson's rule. In operations research, Johnson's rule is a method of scheduling jobs in two work centers. Its primary objective is to find an optimal sequence of jobs to reduce makespan (the total amount of time it takes to complete all jobs). It also reduces the amount of idle time between the two work centers.
The method minimizes the makespan in the case of two work centers. Furthermore, the method finds the shortest makespan in the case of three work centers if additional constraints are met.

Algorithm 
The technique requires several preconditions:

 The time for each job must be invariant with respect to when it is done.
 Job times must be independent of the job sequence.
 All jobs must be processed in the first work center before going through the second work center.
 All jobs are equally prioritised.

Johnson's rule is as follows: 
 List the jobs and their times at each work center.
 Select the job with the shortest activity time. If that activity time is for the first work center, then schedule the job first. If that activity time is for the second work center then schedule the job last. Break ties arbitrarily.
 Eliminate the shortest job from further consideration.
 Repeat steps 2 and 3, working towards the center of the job schedule until all jobs have been scheduled.

Given significant idle time at the second work center (from waiting for the job to be finished at the first work center), job splitting may be used.

If there are three work centers, Johnson's rules can still be applied if the minimum processing time in the first (and/or the third) work center is not less than the maximum processing time in the second work center. If so, one can create two virtual work center then apply Johnson's rules like for the two work center case.

Example

Each of five jobs needs to go through work center A and B. Find the optimum sequence of jobs using Johnson's rule.

So, the jobs must be processed in the order C → A → D → E → B, and must be processed in the same order on both work centers.

Notes

References
 j

Further reading
William J Stevenson, Operations Management 9th Edition, McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2007

Production planning
Operations research
Zinc aluminium. Zinc-aluminium (ZA) alloys are alloys whose main constituents are zinc and aluminium. Other alloying elements include magnesium and copper. This type of alloy was originally developed for gravity casting. Noranda, New Jersey Zinc Co. Ltd., St. Joe Mineral Co. and the International Lead Zinc Research Organization (ILZRO) were the main companies that pioneered the ZA alloys between the 1950s and the 1970s. They were designed to compete with bronze, cast iron and aluminium using sand and permanent mold casting methods. Distinguishing features of ZA alloys include high as-cast strength, excellent bearing properties, as well as low energy requirements (for melting).

ZA alloys make good bearings because their final composition includes hard eutectic zinc-aluminium-copper particles embedded in a softer zinc-aluminium matrix. The hard particles provide a low-friction bearing surface, while the softer material wears back to provide space for lubricant to flow, similar to Babbitt metal.

The numbers associated with the name represent the amount of aluminium in the alloy (i.e. ZA8 has 8% aluminium).

See also
 ZAMAK
 Zincalume

References

External links 
Article on ZA12 and the Permanent Graphite Mold Process
Vendor page of material description

Zinc alloys
Aluminium alloys
BMW CS Concept. The BMW CS Concept is a concept car was first displayed by the German car manufacturer BMW in 2007 at the Shanghai Auto Show. BMW claimed that CS Concept could be produced, following positive initial comments in 2007 by BMW dealers. This was followed up in 2008 by an announcement by BMW that the concept would be put into production in the form of the BMW Gran Turismo. BMW later cancelled plans for production in November 2008 because of financial reasons amidst a global economic crisis.

Design and features 

Based on the 7 Series (E65) platform, the CS Concept features future design cues on BMW automobiles. The front fascia features the BMW trademark split-kidney grille, which is larger than previous BMW models and now integrated with the bumper. There are also turning indicators on the side. The headlights contain an "eyebrow". At the rear, the vehicle has rectangular tailpipes integrated in the bumper. The CS features a modified version of the BMW S85 V10 engine with two more cylinders and an enlarged displacement of 6.0-litres.

The CS Concept is a fastback sedan that features many new innovations for BMW, such as door handles that only come out when sensors detect motion. It has dimensions slightly bigger than the BMW 7 Series (E65).

Influences 
The design cues from the BMW CS Concept can be found on the 2009 BMW 7 Series (F01) sedan, the 2010 BMW 5 Series Gran Turismo (F07) fastback, 2011  BMW 5 Series (F10) sedan, and the 2012 BMW 6 Series (F12/13/F06) Coupe/Convertible and Gran Coupe (a four-door coupe). The 2012 BMW 3 Series (F30) also have these exterior features as well.

References

External links 
CARversation On BMW CS

CS Concept
Cars introduced in 2007
Sports sedans
National Integrated Ballistic Information Network. The National Integrated Ballistic Information Network or NIBIN is a specialized computer network in the United States. It contains digital images of recovered pieces of ballistic evidence.

Running on the Integrated Ballistic Identification System or IBIS platform, NIBIN enables U.S. law enforcers to rapidly determine if a piece of recovered ballistic evidence came from a firearm that has been previously used in a crime.

There are certain criteria that must be met prior to entering information into the NIBIN database.  For instance, cartridge cases from a .22 caliber firearm or a revolver are normally not entered. 

Using NIBIN, law enforcement staff can identify firearms in new cases that were used in prior incidents.  A series of seventeen different Washington state crime scenes involving seven firearms, and three different agencies in two counties, was identified using information provided by IBIS/NIBIN.

Organizational purpose
In 1999, the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) established and began administration of the National Integrated Ballistic Information Network. In this program, ATF administers automated ballistic imaging technology for law enforcement, forensic science, and attorney agencies in the United States that have entered into a formal agreement with ATF to enter ballistic information into NIBIN. Partners use Integrated Ballistic Identification Systems to acquire digital images of the markings made on spent ammunition recovered from a crime scene or a crime gun test fire and then compare those images against earlier entries via electronic image comparison. If a high-confidence candidate for a match emerges, firearms examiners compare the original evidence with a microscope to confirm the match.

See also 
 Automated firearms identification
 Integrated Ballistic Identification System

References

1999 establishments in the United States
Crime in the United States
Forensic databases
Forensic software
X22. X22 may refer to:

 X22 (New York City bus)
 Bell X-22, an American experimental aircraft
 Kh-22 (), a Soviet anti-ship missile
 Paul Magriel (1946–2018), American professional backgammon and poker player
 TGOJ X22, a Swedish electric multiple unit
 ThinkPad X22, a notebook computer
 \x22, the quotation mark (Unicode codepoint hex &x22;)

See also
 General Aircraft Hotspur X.22/40; military glider
Application Lifecycle Framework. Application Lifecycle Framework (ALF) was an Eclipse Foundation project to develop an open framework for system integration and interoperability for application lifecycle management tools. The project failed to gain the support of significant vendors and was terminated in 2008.

See also

 ISO/IEC 12207, this is an international standard for software lifecycle processes

References

External links
 About Application lifecycle framework
 Application lifecycle framework FAQ
 Eclipse Application Lifecycle Framework (ALF) project, Project Archival Review, November 12, 2008
 A new approach for (product) lifecycle development based on ALF, 2021

Eclipse (software)
Programming tools
Management frameworks
EG LNG. EG LNG (also known as Punta Europa LNG) is a liquefied natural gas (LNG) company that operates an LNG terminal and plant at Malabo, the capital city of Equatorial Guinea located on Bioko Island. The LNG plant began operation in 2007 and the first cargo of LNG was delivered on 24 May 2007.

LNG plant

The plant's train (liquefaction and purification facility) 1 has a capacity of 3.4 million metric tonnes per annum. Several systems are in places such as feed gas metering, liquefaction, refrigeration, ethylene storage, boil off gas compression, product transfer to storage and LNG product metering.  The EG LNG plant utilizes the ConocoPhillips Optimized Cascade (SM) Process.

A planned second train will produce 4.4 million metric tonnes of LNG per annum. In addition to the construction of the second train, the US$3 billion project includes construction of three gas pipelines to connect Nigeria, Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea gas fields with the LNG plant. In addition to the shareholders of the Train 1, Unión Fenosa Gas, a joint venture of Unión Fenosa, Eni, and E.ON will also participate in this project.
As a result, Train 2's ownership structure will be Sonagas 40%, Marathon 35%, Mitsui  8.5%, Marubeni  6.5%, Galp Energia 5% and Gas Natural Fenosa 5%.  Bechtel was awarded the FEED contract for the second train in August 2006.

Shareholders
The shareholders in EG LNG Co are: 
Marathon Oil (60%); 
Sonagas, the National Gas Company of Equatorial Guinea (25%); 
Mitsui & Co., Ltd. (8.5%); 
Marubeni Corporation (6.5%).

See also

 Energy in Equatorial Guinea

References

External links
Equatorial Oil's EG LNG page

Oil and gas companies of Equatorial Guinea
Energy infrastructure in Equatorial Guinea
Liquefied natural gas plants
Bioko
Marubeni
Non-renewable resource companies established in 2007
2007 establishments in Equatorial Guinea