omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Brofiscin Quarry. Brofiscin Quarry is a disused limestone quarry in Groes-faen, near Llantrisant in South Wales. It was used for about seven years for the dumping of toxic waste including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and was capped in 2011. Some 72,000m3 / 80,000 tonnes of material was dumped here. Prior to its remediation, The Guardian described the site as "one of the most contaminated places in Britain." The level of pollution is such that it featured in an international conference discussing remediation of contaminated land. These events were described by The Ecologist magazine as "one of the biggest environmental crimes to have occurred in the UK". and the key witness at an Environmental Agency inquiry on 2006 ended up needing to live under police protection. The company using this disposal site also used the nearby Maendy Quarry.

Pollution
Brofiscin Quarry is privately owned and was leased to waste contractors for use as a landfill, as is common with spent quarries.  It was used as a waste site from about 1965 to 1972  and accepted waste from BP, Veolia, and Monsanto.  A 2005 report by Environmental Agency Wales found that the quarry contained up to 75 toxic substances, including heavy metals, Agent Orange, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).  Prior to its remediation, The Guardian described the site as "one of the most contaminated places in Britain."

The legislative frameworks prior to 1972  were not designed to deal with hazardous waste and were inadequate. This meant that the local planning department was ill-equipped when a request for planning permission was made in the late 1960s and consent was given.  The Poisonous Waste Act 1972 was implemented due to other far smaller occurrences of dumping at other places in the UK.

Remediation and costs
In February 2011 The Ecologist and The Guardian reported that Monsanto had agreed to help with the costs of remediation, but did not accept responsibility for the pollution.  A webpage at the Environmental Agency site put up at around that time states:

In 2011 Environment Agency Wales and the Rhondda Cynon Taf council announced that they had decided to place an engineered cap over the waste mass in the quarry and stated that the cost would be £1.5 million; previous estimates discussed in the media had been as high as £100 million, which Environment Agency Wales had dismissed. The site was cleared of vegetation and engineering work began in October 2011, and was completed in 2012.

On 14 July 2015, it was reported that Monsanto, BP, and Veolia had agreed to pay to contribute to the cleanup of the site, although they continue to deny liability.

The clean-up is an incomplete containment, with a chemical smell still evident in boundary ditches and strong concerns remaining about neighbouring fields.

Geology 
It has been designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest due to the exposed Early Carboniferous geological formations on the site.

See also
List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Mid & South Glamorgan

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Rhondda Cynon Taf
Monsanto
Landfills in the United Kingdom
Junqua Ibis. The Junqua Ibis RJ03 is a wooden tandem seat pusher canard light aircraft, designed in France in the early 1990s for building at home. Eleven have flown and others remain under construction.

Design and development

The first canard aircraft designed and built by Roger Junqua was the one-off Volucelle RJ02, first flown by the designer's son Jean-Claude in 1985. This, the first modern French canard, was used as a development vehicle to refine the final Ibis design.  The Ibis first flew in 1991 and retains much in common with the Volucelle both in general layout and in some detail, though it has a more powerful Volkswagen engine. It is designed to be homebuilt from plans, not from a kit; its structure is entirely constructed from spruce or similar wood, covered with birch and Gaboon mahogany plywood.

The Ibis is a single engine pusher canard, with swept mainplanes carrying swept endplate fins and rudders. These rear wings have constant chord, so all the plywood ribs are identical for ease of construction, and are built around a constant cross section box spar.  They are then filled with styrodur foam before the plywood skin is applied.  There is no dihedral or washout. Full span flaperons provide roll control.  The vertical surfaces are made in a similar way and extend both above and below the wing, incorporating rudders for yaw control.  The canard fore wing is again similarly made but is unswept; it has constant chord with rounded tips and has no dihedral or washout.  It carries slotted elevators for pitch control.

The fuselage of the Ibis is built around four wooden longerons and plywood covered, with single curvature sides and bottom.  Pilot and passenger are seated in tandem under a long, single-piece, Junqua-supplied canopy, with the rear seat at the leading edge root of the mainplane; there is storage space behind the passenger's seat. The pusher engine is close to the trailing edge, driving a two blade propeller.  A variety of ungeared flat four engines in the 45-60 kW (60-80 hp) can be used; Ibis have flown with Volkswagen 1835 and 1870 cc, Limbach L2000 and Jabiru 2200 motors. The Ibis has a fixed tricycle undercarriage with mainwheels, which may be spatted, mounted from the fuselage on laminated plywood legs.  The nosewheel has a rocker type rubber shock absorber and is steerable via the rudder pedals.

Operational history
Eleven Ibis had been built and flown by 2012, eight in France and one each in the Netherlands, Slovenia and the USA.  41 others remain under construction worldwide, six of which appear on the French civil aircraft register.

Variants
Junqua Volucelle RJ-02
A proof of concept and development vehicle for the Junqua Ibis RJ-03. Very similar in layout and construction to the Ibis, differing primarily in power-plant.
Junqua Ibis RJ-03
The home-built aircraft developed from the Volucelle RJ-02, fitted with a  Volkswagen air-cooled engine or an  Jabiru 2200.

Specifications (60 hp Volkswagen engine)

References

External links

Official website (archived)
PH-ISI building site

1990s French sport aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Canard aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1991
JS Enshu. JS Enshu is a Hiuchi Class Auxiliary Multi-purpose Support (AMS) ship of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF).

The ship was built by Universal in Keihin and commissioned into service on 20 February 2008.  The primary mission of the Enshu is to support training exercises of other ships, including shooting practice and torpedo launching practice.

Notes

References
 Werth, Eric. (2007). Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems.  Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ;

External links
 JMSDF,  AMS-4302 えんしゅう Enshu
 Global Security.com,  AMS Hiuchi Class, ship list

Hiuchi-class support ships
2007 ships
BS 8888. BS 8888 is the British standard developed by the BSI Group for technical product documentation, geometric product specification, geometric tolerance specification and engineering drawings.

History

2008 update
A significant change in the 2008 revision is that there is no longer a requirement

1984
This updated version of the standard has been restructured to be more aligned to the workflow of designers and engineers to assist throughout the design process. The standard now references 3D geometry, not only as drawings  but also allowing a 3D surface to be used as a datum feature.

Purpose
BS 8888 performs three fundamental tasks :
Unifying all the ISO standards applicable to technical specification;
Giving an index of ISO standards involved with different principles of technical product specification (TPS);
Providing BSI with a platform for further explanatory commentary where necessary.

References 

http://www.g-tol.co.uk/in1.htm (Iain McLeod Associates)
http://www.roymech.co.uk/Useful_Tables/Drawing/Drawing.html

08888
Technical drawing
Camera stabilizer. A camera stabilizer, or camera-stabilizing mount, is a device designed to hold a camera in a manner that prevents or compensates for unwanted camera movement, such as "camera shake".

For small hand-held cameras, a harness or contoured frame steadies the camera against the photographer's body. In some models, the camera mount is on an arm that protrudes in front of the photographer; beneath the camera is a handle grip. Another variation positions the camera atop a fulcrum brace against the photographer's chest or abdomen.

To compensate for camera instability caused by the movement of the operator's body, camera operator Garrett Brown invented the Steadicam, a body-mounted stabilization apparatus for motion picture cameras, which uses springs as shock absorbers.

In 1991, Martin Philip Stevens invented a hand-held camera stabilizer for motion-picture and video cameras, called the Glidecam. 

Some camera stabilization machines use gyroscopes to sense disruptive motion.  The Artemis Trinity system from Arri combines a mechanical and electronic stabilization.

Since approx. 2015, it is common to stabilize moving cameras with remote controlled camera heads. The camera and lens are mounted in a remote controlled camera holder which is then mounted on a moving dolly, such as rail systems, cable suspended dollys, cars or helicopters. For example the Newton stabilized remote head is broadly used to stabilize moving TV cameras at live broadcast of sports and events.

Although a tripod can hold a camera stably, stationary platforms are not regarded as camera stabilizers.

Camera shoulder brace
A camera shoulder brace stabilizes by shifting the weight of the camera to the operator's shoulder. This allows for smoother shots than might be obtainable by handheld operation. Camera shoulder braces are typically padded for comfort and allow the attachment of zoom controllers, transmitters, and other devices.

The operator generally holds two handles while a third brace rests on the shoulder. A remote LANC zoom controller is usually placed on one of the handles.

Most braces are made of PVC, carbon fiber or light-weight metals to keep the weight down.  If the brace were too heavy it would defeat the purpose of using it, reduced camera shake and fluidity of movement.

For low shots, most braces can be used as a mini-tripod by setting the brace on flat surface.

Shoulder braces also reduce stress on the arms which reduces tiredness and muscle cramps during filming.

See also
 Image stabilization
 Gimbal

Notes

References

 

Cinematography
Film and video technology
Photography equipment
Articles containing video clips
Image stabilization
JS Genkai. JS Genkai is a Hiuchi Class Auxiliary Multi-purpose Support (AMS) ship of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF).

The ship was built by Universal in Keihin and commissioned into service on 20 Feb 2008.

The primary mission of the Genkai is to support training exercises of other ships, including shooting practice and torpedo launching practice.

Notes

References
 Werth, Eric. (2007). Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World: Their Ships, Aircraft, and Systems.  Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.

External links
 JMSDF,  AMS-4304  げんかい Genkai
 Global Security.com,  AMS Hiuchi Class, ship list

Hiuchi-class support ships
2007 ships
Stellar Project. Stellar Project is a space technology startup manufacturing laser communication equipment and providing optical satellite communication equipment.

History
In 2016, Stellar Project was founded as a spin-off of the University of Padua, Italy where their first proprietary and patented technology started to take shape. 

In 2021 Stellar Project launched for the first time LaserCube, laser communication terminal, in space aboard SpaceX’s Falcon 9 Transporter-2 mission

Products
Stellar Project developed LaserCube through a proprietary and patented technology.

LaserCube is an optical communication terminal conceived for nano and microsatellites starting from the 6U form factor. The terminal is peculiar due to two distinctive features: 

• dedicated coarse pointing system with 50 μrad RMS accuracy, which relieves the satellite ADCS to perform ultra-accurate pointing; 

• in its Inter-satellite Link version, LaserCube can transmit and receive data through laser links at the same optical wavelength; this way, any identical LaserCube units can communicate bidirectionally. 

The technology developed by Stellar Project enables business opportunities in the growing NewSpace Economy related to the employment of CubeSats, including Earth imagery, weather forecasting, global telecommunications and internet services, Internet of things(IoT), and Machine to Machine (M2M).

Activities
The company works in consortium with the H2020 program on Quantum Communication and started to expand its own activities on data analytics both for terrestrial applications and the space environment providing tools for Space Debris Analysis and monitoring.

See also
 Laser communication in space
 NewSpace
 Satellite constellation
 Quantum key distribution
 Space Debris

References

Aerospace companies of Europe
Satellite_Internet_access
Secure end node. A Secure End Node is a trusted, individual computer that temporarily becomes part of a trusted, sensitive, well-managed network and later connects to many other (un)trusted networks/clouds.  SEN's cannot communicate good or evil data between the various networks (e.g. exfiltrate sensitive information, ingest malware, etc.).  SENs often connect through an untrusted medium (e.g. the Internet) and thus require a secure connection and strong authentication (of the device, software, user, environment, etc.). The amount of trust required (and thus operational, physical, personnel, network, and system security applied) is commensurate with the risk of piracy, tampering, and reverse engineering (within a given threat environment).  An essential characteristic of SENs is they cannot persist information as they change between networks (or domains).

The remote, private, and secure network might be organization's in-house network or a cloud service.   A Secure End Node typically involves authentication of (i.e. establishing trust in) the remote computer's hardware, firmware, software, and/or user.  In the future, the device-user's environment (location, activity, other people, etc.) as communicated by means of its (or the network's) trusted sensors (camera, microphone, GPS, radio, etc.) could provide another factor of authentication.

A Secure End Node solves/mitigates end node problem.

The common, but expensive, technique to deploy SENs is for the network owner to issue known, trusted, unchangeable hardware to users.  For example, and assuming apriori access, a laptop's TPM chip can authenticate the hardware (likewise a user's smartcard authenticates the user).  A different example is the DoD Software Protection Initiative's Cross Fabric Internet Browsing System that provides browser-only, immutable, anti-tamper thin clients to users Internet browsing.  Another example is a non-persistent, remote client that boots over the network.

A less secure but very low cost approach is to trust any hardware (corporate, government, personal, or public) but restrict user and network access to a known kernel (computing) and higher software.  An implementation of this is a Linux Live CD that creates a stateless, non-persistent client, for example Lightweight Portable Security.  A similar system could boot a computer from a flashdrive or be an immutable operating system within a smartphone or tablet.

See also 
 Host (network)
 Node (networking)

References

Computer networking

de:Netzwerkknoten
Xianren Bridge. Xianren Bridge () is a natural arch created by flowing water that has the world's longest recorded span. Carved of limestone karst, the formation bridges Buliu River in the northern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. Because of its remote location, accessible only by a three-hour rafting trip, it was not discovered until 2009 and remains relatively obscure. An expedition in October 2010 by the Natural Arch and Bridge Society first measured the bridge's span and found it to be  in length.

See also
 List of longest natural arches

References

External links
 Drone footage

Natural arches of China
Landforms of Guangxi
Rock formations of China
Model steam engine. A model steam engine is a small steam engine not built for serious use. Often they are built as an educational toy for children, in which case it is also called a toy steam engine, or for live steam enthusiasts. Between the 18th and early 20th centuries, demonstration models were also in use at universities and engineering schools, frequently designed and built by students as part of their curriculum.

Model steam engines have been made in many forms by a number of manufacturers, but building model steam engines from scratch is popular among adult steam enthusiasts, although this generally requires access to a lathe and/or milling machine. Those without a lathe can alternatively purchase prefabricated parts.

History

In the late 19th century, manufacturers such as German toy company Bing introduced the two main types of model/toy steam engines, namely stationary engines with accessories that were supposed to mimic a 19th-century factory, and mobile engines such as steam locomotives and boats. Later, especially in the early 20th century, steam rollers, fire engines, traction engines and steam wagons began to appear. At the peak of their popularity, around the mid 20th century, there were hundreds of companies making steam toys and models. Today, companies such as Wilesco (Germany), Mamod (UK), and Jensen (US) continue to produce model/toy steam engines.

Design features

Toy steam engines will commonly have fewer features (such as mechanical lubricators or governors), and operate at lower pressures, while model steam engines will place more emphasis on similarity to life-sized engines. Manufacturers such as Wilesco sell both simple toy engines for beginners (e.g. the D3) and more intricate model engines that are meant to be used to drive things like workshops or boats.

Model steam engines typically use hexamine fuel tablets, methylated spirits (aka meths or denatured alcohol), butane gas, or electricity to heat the boiler. Cylinders are either oscillating (single-acting or double-acting) or fixed cylinder using slide-valves,  piston valves  or poppet valves (normally double-acting). Spring safety valves and steam whistles are other common features of model steam engines. Some stationary engines also have feedwater pumps to replenish boiler water, allowing them to run indefinitely as long as sufficient fuel is available.

Gallery

See also

 Live steam
 Model engineering

Notes

References and further reading
 Stan Bray: Making Simple Model Steam Engines, 192 pp, 
 Tubal Cain: Building Simple Model Steam Engines, 112 pp, 
 Paul Hasluck: The Model Engineer's Handybook: A Practical Manual on Model Steam Engines. Archive.org e-book
 Bob Gordon: Toy Steam Engines, 
 Bob Gordon: Model Steam Engines, 
 :Category:Toy steam engine manufacturers

Steam engines
Educational toys
Live steam
Steam
Powered toys
Scale modeling
Articles containing video clips
Miller Tern. The Miller Tern is an American single-seat, high wing glider that was designed by William Terrance Miller and offered as plans for amateur construction.

Design and development
Named for the bird, the Tern was the product of Miller's desire to design a sailplane specifically for homebuilding, providing ease of construction and good performance for its day. The first Tern was completed in 1965 and at least 36 more were completed in the US, Canada and other countries. Plans are no longer available.

The Tern is constructed from a combination of wood and fiberglass. It has a fixed monowheel landing gear, dive brakes and an optional tail-mounted drag chute. The cantilever wing uses a Wortmann 61 series airfoil. The basic Tern has a  wingspan that gives a glide ratio of 34:1 at , while the longer span Tern II, with its  wingspan, has a glide ratio several points higher.

Operational history
In March 2011 there were 14 Terns on the Federal Aviation Administration register, including 4 Tern IIs and one Tern 17M. All Terns are registered in the US as Experimental - Amateur-built

In March 2011 there were two Terns registered with Transport Canada, both amateur-builts.

Variants
Tern
Initial version with a  wingspan and a glide ratio of 34:1 at 
Tern II
Improved version with a  wingspan, retractable landing gear, trailing edge airbrakes, and a reported 40:1 glide ratio.  Gross weight of 852 lbs.  Modifications designed and built by John and William Ree, who also collaborated with Miller on the Cherokee RM. First flown in 1968.  Destroyed in unrecoverable spin in 1970.
Tern 17M
Version with a  wingspan, one built

Aircraft on display
National Soaring Museum - 1

Specifications (Tern)

See also

References

External links
Photo of a Tern

1960s United States sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1965
Hall Ibex. The Hall Ibex is an experimental, American, gull winged, single seat glider that was designed by Stan Hall and first flown in 1968.

Design & Development 

The Ibex was designed by Hall to investigate the reduced wetted area of the pod and boom configuration, hands off spiral stability of a gull wing, and the low speed performance of wide NACA slotted flaps.  It also features a V tail,  of water ballast and a  wingspan to comply with FAI Standard Class rules. On one of its first flights the Ibex showed significant tail flutter.  Initially Hall considered replacing the tail with a conventional empennage and tail but ended up moving the ruddervator counterweights from the tips to the roots which eliminated the problem.

Operational history
The Ibex was still flying in 1980 and was eventually donated to the National Soaring Museum.

Aircraft on display
National Soaring Museum - 1 in storage

Specifications (Hall Ibex)

See also

References

External links
The IBEX - designed by Stan Hall 

1960s United States sailplanes
Stan Hall gliders
Aircraft first flown in 1968
Gull-wing aircraft
V-tail aircraft
François-Xavier Berlinguet. François-Xavier Berlinguet (4 December 1830 – 3 August 1916) was a Canadian wood-carver, engineer, and architect.

François-Xavier Berlinguet had studied wood-carving and its architectural applications with his father while growing up in the Quebec City area. His father had trained with Louis Quévillon. He studied architecture with Thomas Baillairgé and also Charles Baillairgé.

Berlinguet's engineering importance became recognized when, in 1870, he began building a large section of the Intercolonial Railway.

François-Xavier's career in construction covered nearly sixty years. In architectural pursuits his design work was important, varied and substantial.

See also 
List of Quebec architects
Architecture of Canada

References

External links
 
 Historic Places of Canada

Canadian architects
Canadian ecclesiastical architects
1830 births
1916 deaths