omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Adam Wiśniewski-Snerg. Adam Wiśniewski-Snerg (1 January 1937 – 30 August 1995) was a Polish science fiction author, born in Płock, Poland.

Although unpopular during his life, after his suicide he became recognized as one of the most significant authors of Polish SF.

His novel Robot was first published in English in 2021 in a translation by Tomasz Mirkowicz, who died in 2003. He was the prototype of Sneer, the main character of Limes inferior, one of the novels by Janusz A. Zajdel.

Publications 

 Robot ("Robot") (1973)
 Według łotra ("According, to the Thief") (Wydawnictwo Literackie, Kraków 1978)
 Nagi cel ("The Naked Target") (1980)
 Arka ("The Ark") (Czytelnik, Warszawa 1989)
 Jednolita teoria czasoprzestrzeni ("The Uniform Theory of the Spacetime") (1990)
A non-science fiction book, in which the author presents his vision of the "General Theory of Everything", i.e., the unifying theory for  all physical aspects of the universe. This theory was not taken seriously by physicists.

Posthumous

 "ORO" ("ORO") (Amber, Warszawa 1997)
 "Trzecia cywilizacja" ("The Third Civilization") (C&T, Toruń 1998)

References

External links
 

1937 births
1995 deaths
Polish science fiction writers
Writers from Płock
1995 suicides
Suicides in Poland
Stored energy printer. A stored energy printer is a computer printer that uses the energy stored in a spring or magnetic field to push a hammer through a ribbon to print a dot. As compared to dot matrix printers that print a single column of dots at a time, this printer generally creates an entire line of dots at a time. Therefore, it is also known as a line matrix printer. This technology produces premium impact printers that print for millions to billions of dots per hammer. The advantage of this technology is that it has the lowest known cost of ownership: ink is transferred by conventional typewriter-style ribbons.

Technology and use
The most common printer to use this technology was the line-matrix printer made by Printronix and its licensees. In this type, the hammers are arranged as a "hammerbank"; a type of comb that oscillate horizontally to produce a line of dots.

A character matrix printer has also been produced. In this printer, the hammers are machined from an oval of magnetically permeable stainless steel, and the hammer-tips form vertical rows.

The original technology, patented by Printronix in 1974, has the top of a stiff leaf spring held back by a magnetic pole-piece. A tungsten carbide hammer is brazed to the center-top of the leaf spring. When it produces a dot, a coil (electromagnet) wrapped around the pole-piece neutralizes the magnetic field. The leaf spring snaps the hammer away from the pole-piece, pushing the hammer out against a ribbon and placing an image of a dot onto the paper.

Recent designs have performed complex optimizations in the magnetic circuit, and eliminated unwanted resonances in the spring. The result was a near-doubling of speed. Other improvements include the use of electrical discharge machining to produce complex, three-dimensional hammers that trade-off the magnetic circuit, mechanical resonances, and printing speed.

Normal wear usually occurs when the spring rubs against the pole-piece as it returns. This causes the pole-piece to wear, eventually requiring the pole pieces to be reground and recertified.

Hexavalent chrome plating on the pole-piece, combined with careful design, more than doubles speeds and improves life-span. It produces approximately a billion impressions per hammer.

References

Computer peripherals
Computer printers
Impact printers
USS Hawes. USS Hawes (FFG-53) is a later model  guided missile frigate. She is named for Rear admiral Richard E. Hawes (1894–1968) who was twice decorated with the Navy Cross for submarine salvage operations.

Construction

The contract to build Hawes was awarded to Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine, 22 May 1981, and her keel was laid 26 August 1983.  She was launched 18 February 1984; sponsored by Mrs. Ruth H. Watson, widow of the late Rear Adm. Hawes; delivered 1 February 1985, and commissioned 9 February 1985.

Service history

On 12 October 2000, Hawes was involved, along with , in providing repair and logistics support to , shortly after she was attacked in Aden, Yemen. Two al-Qaeda terrorists brought an inflatable Zodiac-type speedboat that carried a bomb alongside guided missile destroyer Cole, while the ship refueled, and detonated their lethal cargo, killing 17 sailors and wounding 42 more. The crewmember's heroic damage control efforts saved Cole. Hawes, Cmdr. J. Scott Jones in command, joined (13 October – October) other ships that took part in Operation Determined Response to assist Cole including: amphibious assault ship ; dock landing ship ; amphibious transport dock ; guided missile destroyer Donald Cook; and the Military Sealift Command-operated tug ; along with British frigates  and . The Navy subsequently enhanced global force protection training during crucial transits, and sailors qualified to fire M60 and Browning .50 caliber M2 machine guns to defend against assaults by low-slow flying aircraft and small boats.

Hawes, with Helicopter Antisubmarine Squadron (Light) HSL-48 Detachment 10 embarked, returned from a counter-narcotics deployment to the Caribbean and Western Atlantic to Naval Station Norfolk, Virginia, on 7 October 2009. The ship's operations resulted in the seizure of 200 barrels of cocaine.

In July 2010, Hawes docked for five days at Pier 4 of the Charlestown Navy Yard, participating in a Navy Week coordinated alongside Boston's Harborfest.

Hawes, operating with Destroyer Squadron 26 out of Norfolk, was decommissioned on 10 December 2010. She is moored, pending disposal, at the Naval Sea Systems Command (NavSea) Inactive Ships On-Site Maintenance Office, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

References

External links 

 

 navysite.de: USS Hawes
Boothbay Register story, 24 June 1999
MaritimeQuest USS Hawes FFG-53 pages
USS Hawes Decommissioning story 12/11/2010 

1984 ships
Gulf War ships of the United States
Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates of the United States Navy
Ships built in Bath, Maine
Guided rat. A remotely guided rat, popularly called a ratbot or robo-rat, is a rat with electrodes implanted in the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) and sensorimotor cortex of its brain. They were developed in 2002 by Sanjiv Talwar and John Chapin at the State University of New York Downstate Medical Center.  The rats wear a small electronics backpack containing a radio receiver and electrical stimulator.  The rat receives remote stimulation in the sensorimotor cortex via its backpack that causes the rat to feel a sensation in its left or right whiskers, and stimulation in the MFB that is interpreted as a reward or pleasure.

After a period of training and conditioning using MFB stimulation as a reward, the rats can be remotely directed to move left, right, and forward in response to whisker stimulation signals. It is possible to roughly guide the animal along an obstacle course, jumping small gaps and scaling obstacles.

Ethics
Concerns have been raised by animal rights groups about the use of animals in this context, particularly due to a concern about the removal of autonomy from an independent creature. For example, a spokesman of the Dr Hadwen Trust, a group funding alternatives to animal research in medicine, has said that the experiments are an "appalling example of how the human species instrumentalizes other species."

Researchers tend to liken the training mechanism of the robo-rat to standard operant conditioning techniques. Talwar himself has acknowledged the ethical issues apparent in the development of the robo-rat, but points out that the research meets standards for animal treatment laid down by the National Institute of Health. Moreover, the researchers emphasize that the animals are trained, not coerced, into particular behaviors. Because the rats are encouraged to act via the reward of pleasure, not muscularly compelled to behave in a particular manner, their behavior under MFB stimulation is likened to a carrot-and-stick model of encouraged behavior versus a system of mind control. It seems unlikely that the rats could be persuaded to knowingly risk their lives even with this stimulation. "Our animals were completely happy and treated well," Talwar stated.

The technology is reminiscent of experiments performed in 1965 by Dr. Jose Delgado, a controversial scientist who was able to pacify a charging bull via electrodes fitted in its brain.  He was also said to control cats and monkeys like "electronic toys." Doctor Robert Galbraith Heath also placed electrodes deep into the brains of patients and wrote hundreds of medical papers on his work.

See also

Remote control animal

References

External links
 News announcement: 
 
 Nature article: 
 

Biocybernetics
Cyborgs
Rats
Conventional superconductor. Conventional superconductors are materials that display superconductivity as described by BCS theory or its extensions. This is in contrast to unconventional superconductors, which do not. Conventional superconductors can be either type-I or type-II.

Most elemental superconductors are conventional. Niobium and vanadium are type-II, while most other elemental superconductors are type-I. Critical temperatures of some elemental superconductors:

Most compound and alloy superconductors are type-II materials. The most commonly used conventional superconductor in applications is a niobium-titanium alloy - this is a type-II superconductor with a superconducting critical temperature of 11 K. The highest critical temperature so far achieved in a conventional superconductor was 39 K (-234 °C) in magnesium diboride.

BKBO
Ba0.6K0.4BiO3 is an unusual superconductor (a non-cuprate oxide) - but considered 'conventional' in the sense that the BCS theory applies.

See also 

 Matthias rules

References

Superconductors
Hydraulic fill. Hydraulic fill is a means of selectively emplacing soil or other materials using a stream of water.  It is also a term used to describe the materials thus emplaced. Gravity, coupled with velocity control, is used to effect the selected deposition of the material.

Borrow pits containing suitable material are accessible at an elevation such that the earth can be sluiced to the fill after being washed from the bank by high-pressure nozzles. Hydraulic fill is likely to be the most economic method of construction. Even when the source material lacks sufficient elevation, it can be elevated to the sluice by a dredge pump. 

In the construction of a hydraulic fill dam, the edges of the dam are defined by low embankments or dykes which are built upward as the fill progresses. The sluices are carried parallel to, and just inside of, these dykes. The sluices discharge their water-earth mixture at intervals, the water fanning out and flowing towards the central pool which is maintained at the desired level by discharge control. While flowing from the sluices, coarse material is deposited first and then finer material is deposited (fine material has a slower terminal velocity thus takes longer to settle, see Stokes' Law) as the flow velocity is reduced towards the center of the dam. This fine material forms an impervious core to the dam. The water flow must be well controlled at all times, otherwise the central section may be bridged by tongues of coarse material which would facilitate seepage through the dam later.

Hydraulic fill dams can be dangerous in areas of seismic activity due to the high susceptibility of the uncompacted, cohesion-less soils in them to liquefaction. The Lower San Fernando Dam  is an example of a hydraulic fill dam that failed during an earthquake.   In these situations, a dam built of compacted soil may be a better choice. 

Poorly built hydraulic fill dams pose a risk of catastrophic failure. The Fort Peck Dam is an example of a hydraulic fill dam that failed during construction where the hydraulic filling process may have contributed to the failure.

Hydraulic fill is also a term used in hard rock mining and describes the placement of finely ground mining wastes into underground stopes in a slurry by boreholes and pipes to stabilize the voids.

References

Hydraulic engineering
Dichroism. In optics, a dichroic material is either one which causes visible light to be split up into distinct beams of different wavelengths (colours) (not to be confused with dispersion), or one in which light rays having different polarizations are absorbed by different amounts.

In beam splitters

The original meaning of dichroic, from the Greek dikhroos, two-coloured, refers to any optical device which can split a beam of light into two beams with differing wavelengths. Such devices include mirrors and filters, usually treated with optical coatings, which are designed to reflect light over a certain range of wavelengths and transmit light which is outside that range. An example is the dichroic prism, used in some camcorders, which uses several coatings to split light into red, green and blue components for recording on separate CCD arrays, however it is now more common to have a Bayer filter to filter individual pixels on a single CCD array. This kind of dichroic device does not usually depend on the polarization of the light. The term dichromatic is also used in this sense.

With polarized light

The second meaning of dichroic refers to the property of a material, in which light in different polarization states traveling through it experiences a different absorption coefficient; this is also known as diattenuation. When the polarization states in question are right and left-handed circular polarization, it is then known as circular dichroism (CD). Most materials exhibiting CD are chiral, although non-chiral materials showing CD have been recently observed. Since the left- and right-handed circular polarizations represent two spin angular momentum (SAM) states, in this case for a photon, this dichroism can also be thought of as spin angular momentum dichroism and could be modelled using quantum mechanics.

In some crystals,, such as tourmaline, the strength of the dichroic effect varies strongly with the wavelength of the light, making them appear to have different colours when viewed with light having differing polarizations. This is more generally referred to as pleochroism, and the technique can be used in mineralogy to identify minerals. In some materials, such as herapathite (iodoquinine sulfate) or Polaroid sheets, the effect is not strongly dependent on wavelength.

In liquid crystals
Dichroism, in the second meaning above, occurs in liquid crystals due to either the optical anisotropy of the molecular structure or the presence of impurities or the presence of dichroic dyes. The latter is also called a guest–host effect.

See also
 Birefringence
 Dichromatism
 Lycurgus Cup
 Pleochroism

References

Polarization (waves)
Nuclear explosive. A nuclear explosive is an explosive device that derives its energy from nuclear reactions. Almost all nuclear explosive devices that have been designed and produced are nuclear weapons intended for warfare.

Other, non-warfare, applications for nuclear explosives have occasionally been proposed. For example, nuclear pulse propulsion is a form of spacecraft propulsion that would use nuclear explosives to provide impulse to a spacecraft. A similar application is the proposal to use nuclear explosives for asteroid deflection. From 1958 to 1965 the United States government ran a project to design a nuclear explosive powered nuclear pulse rocket called Project Orion. Never built, this vessel would use repeated nuclear explosions to propel itself and was considered surprisingly practical. It is thought to be a feasible design for interstellar travel.

Nuclear explosives were once considered for use in large-scale excavation. A nuclear explosion could be used to create a harbor, or a mountain pass, or possibly large underground cavities for use as storage space. It was thought that detonating a nuclear explosive in oil-rich rock could make it possible to extract more from the deposit, e.g. note the Canadian Project Oilsand. From 1958 to 1973 the U.S. government exploded 28 nuclear test-shots in a project called Operation Plowshare. The purpose of the operation was to use peaceful nuclear explosions for moving and lifting enormous amounts of earth and rock during construction projects such as building reservoirs. The Soviet Union conducted a much more vigorous program of 122 nuclear tests, some with multiple devices, between 1965 and 1989 under the auspices of Program No. 7 – Nuclear Explosions for the National Economy.

As controlled nuclear fusion has proven difficult to use as an energy source, an alternate proposal for producing fusion power has been to detonate nuclear fusion explosives inside very large underground chambers and then using the heat produced, which would be absorbed by a molten salt coolant which would also absorb neutrons.  The 1970s PACER (fusion) project investigated fusion detonation as a power source.

Failure to meet objectives, along with the realization of the dangers of nuclear fallout and other residual radioactivity, and with the enactment of various agreements such as the Partial Test Ban Treaty and the Outer Space Treaty, has led to the termination of most of these programs.

References

External links
Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions
https://www.nti.org/education-center/treaties-and-regimes/treaty-banning-nuclear-test-atmosphere-outer-space-and-under-water-partial-test-ban-treaty-ptbt/

 
Nuclear physics
RFC. RFC may refer to:

Computing
 Request for Comments, a memorandum on Internet standards
 Request for change, change management
 Remote Function Call, in SAP computer systems
 Rhye's and Fall of Civilization, a modification for Sid Meier's Civilization IV

Science and technology
 Regenerative fuel cell
 Replication factor C, a protein complex
 Radio frequency choke, a type of choke

Organisations

Governmental
 Reconstruction Finance Corporation of the US government, 1932-1957
 Royal Flying Corps, precursor to the UK Royal Air Force
 River Forecast Center of the US National Weather Service

Non-profit
 Rosenberg Fund for Children, a charity

Sports
 sports club for rugby football, a rugby football club (R.F.C.)
 Randers FC, a Danish professional football club
 Rangers F.C., a Scottish professional football club
 Ratchaburi F.C., a Thai association football club
 Reading F.C., an English professional football club
 Richmond F.C., an English rugby union club
 Richmond Football Club, a team in the AFL, the top-level Australian rules football league
 Romulus F.C., an English semi-professional football club

Other uses
 Federal Taxpayer Registry (Spanish: Registro Federal de Contribuyentes), Mexican tax identification number

See also
Diesel. Diesel may refer to:

 Diesel engine, an internal combustion engine where ignition is caused by compression 
 Diesel fuel, a liquid fuel used in diesel engines
 Diesel locomotive, a railway locomotive in which the prime mover is a diesel engine

Arts and entertainment
 Diesel (band), a Dutch pop/rock group
 Diesel (1942 film), a German film about Rudolf Diesel
 Diesel (game engine), a computer gaming technology
 Diesel, a former name of Brazilian rock band Udora

People

Surname 
 Nathanael Diesel (1692–1745), Danish composer, violinist and lutenist
 Rudolf Diesel (1858–1913), German inventor and mechanical engineer
 Vin Diesel (Mark Sinclair, born 1967), American actor, producer and director

Nickname or ring name
 Diesel (musician) (Mark Lizotte, born 1966), American-Australian rock singer-songwriter
 Zach Banner (born 1993), once known as The Diesel, American football player
 Diesel Dahl (born 1959), drummer of TNT
 Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician) famously known as Diesel or Maulana Diesel
Noah Davis (baseball) (nicknamed Diesel; born 1997), American baseball player
 Kane (wrestler) (Glenn Jacobs, born 1967), American wrestler, former ring name fake "Diesel", imitating Kevin Nash's gimmick
 David S. LaForce or Diesel, American artist
 Kevin Nash (born 1959) ring name and gimmick for American professional wrestler Kevin Nash while performing in the WWF/E
 Shaquille O'Neal (born 1972), American basketball player, now music producer and DJ known as DIESEL
 John Riggins (born 1949), or The Diesel, American football player
 Joe Riggs (born 1982), or Diesel, American mixed martial artist
 Greg Williams (Australian footballer), or Diesel, Australian-rules footballer

Other uses 
 Diesel (brand), an Italian clothing company
 Diesel (dog), a French police dog killed in 2015
 Diesel (donkey), a wild donkey in California
 10093 Diesel, an asteroid named after Rudolf Diesel
 Operation Diesel, a 2009 British military operation in Afghanistan
 Diesel, brand of A. J. Fernandez Cigars
 Diesel, a variety of Snakebite (drink)

See also

 Dießl,or Diessl, a surname
DARPA Agent Markup Language. The DARPA Agent Markup Language (DAML) was the name of a US funding program at the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) started in 1999 by then-Program Manager James Hendler, and later run by Murray Burke,  Mark Greaves and Michael Pagels. The program focused on the creation of machine-readable representations for the Web. 

One of the Investigators working on the program was Tim Berners-Lee. Working with the program managers and other participants, Tim helped shape the effort to create technologies and demonstrations for what is now called the Semantic Web, leading in turn to the growth of knowledge graph technology.

A primary outcome of the DAML program was the DAML language, an  agent markup language based on  RDF.  This language was followed by an extension entitled DAML+OIL which included researchers outside of the DARPA program in the design. The 2002 submission of the DAML+OIL language to the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) captures the work done by DAML contractors and the EU/U.S. ad hoc Joint Committee on Agent Markup Languages.  This submission was the starting point for the language (later called OWL) to be developed by W3C's web ontology working group, WebOnt.

DAML+OIL was a syntax, layered on RDF and XML, that could be used to describe sets of facts making up an ontology.

DAML+OIL had its roots in three main languages - DAML, as described above,  OIL (Ontology Inference Layer) and  SHOE, an earlier US research project.

A major innovation of the languages was to use RDF and XML for a basis, and to use RDF namespaces to organize and assist with the integration of arbitrarily many different and incompatible ontologies.

Articulation ontologies can link these competing ontologies through codification of analogous subsets in a neutral point of view, as is done in the Wikipedia.

Current ontology research derived in part from DAML is leading toward the expression of ontologies and rules for reasoning and action. 

Much of the work in DAML has now been incorporated into RDF Schema, the OWL and their successor languages and technologies including schema.org

See also 
 Artificial intelligence
 Case-based reasoning
 Expert systems
 AeroText

External links 
About DAML
W3C Web Ontology (WebOnt) Working Group (OWL) (Closed)
Submission request to the World Wide Web Consortium: DAML+OIL Web Ontology Language

Markup languages
Knowledge representation languages
Semantic Web