omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
New Zealand Fighter Pilots Museum. The New Zealand Fighter Pilots Museum was an aerospace museum located at Wānaka Airport on New Zealand's South Island. It closed in  and was replaced in December 2011 by the Warbirds & Wheels museum of military aircraft as well as classic and vintage automobiles and motorcycles.

The museum was founded by Sir Tim Wallis and housed in a new building at the Wānaka Airport. It was opened in  by retired Group Captain Colin Gray. Its first curator was Ian Brodie. In 1996 museum became one of the first aerospace museums on the internet. The museum includes the Alpine Fighter Collection, dedicated to New Zealand's fighters during World War II. The museum was funded, in part, by grants from the Community Trust of Otago.

Alpine Fighter Collection
The Alpine Fighter Collection is a collection of vintage aircraft based at the New Zealand Fighter Pilots Museum at Wānaka established by helicopter and deer entrepreneur Sir Tim Wallis.

The collection was started in 1984 with the purchase of a North American P-51 Mustang from John Dilley of the US.  Painted in RNZAF colours, it attracted much media attention as the first flying Second World War fighter seen in New Zealand for some years and played a major part in the 1980s and 1990s expansion of the Warbird movement in New Zealand.

The collection undertook a pioneering effort in recovering and restoring Warbirds from the post-glasnost Commonwealth of Independent States.  It arranged and funded the first restorations to flying condition of Polikarpov I-16s (six restored) and Polikarpov I-153s (three restored). It also restored the first Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa to fly since the 1940s.

In 1988, the collection's core members organized the first Warbirds over Wanaka airshow to showcase the collection - it attracted 14,000 people. The collection continues to provides the basis of the biannual Warbirds over Wanaka Airshow which attracted over 100,000 visitors in 2006.

The collection was reduced by sales in the later years.  The sole airworthy component is a Hawker Hurricane Mk IIA, with a de Havilland Vampire FB5 and Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5a reproduction on static display.

Amongst the aircraft that were eventually transferred to the new Warbirds & Wheels museum were the Hawker Hurricane and the replica S.E.5a.

See also
 Warbirds and Wheels, Wānaka
 Royal New Zealand Air Force Museum

References

Bibliography

External links
 NZFPM website
 Warbirds Over Wanaka

Aerospace museums in New Zealand
Museums in Otago
Wānaka
Military and war museums in New Zealand
Bollard (disambiguation). A bollard is a short vertical post used in maritime contexts for mooring or towing craft, or on land for traffic control.

Bollard may also refer to:

 Bollard (surname), includes a list of people with the name
 The Bollard, a former alternative news publication in Portland, Maine now known as Mainer
 USCGC Bollard (WYTL-65614), a cutter ship operating in Long Island Sound and north to Narragansett Bay
 Bollard, snow or ice shaped to form an anchor point, in mountaineering
 Bollard pull, a measure of the pulling power of a watercraft
Fokker C.VII-W. The Fokker C.VII-W was a reconnaissance seaplane built in the Netherlands in the late 1920s. Sharing elements of the highly successful C.V design, the C.VII-W was a conventional, single-bay biplane with wings of unequal span braced with N-struts. The undercarriage consisted of a standard twin-pontoon arrangement, and the fin and rudder continued through to the ventral side of the fuselage, creating a cruciform tail. The pilot and observer sat in tandem, open cockpits. The wing structure was wooden with fabric and plywood covering, and the fuselage was of steel tube construction with fabric covering.

The first twelve of the thirty examples produced were sent to the Dutch East Indies, with the rest remaining in the Netherlands. The type was withdrawn from front-line service in 1940, but some machines remained active in the East Indies as trainers until the Japanese invasion in 1942.

Operators

Royal Netherlands Navy

Specifications (C.VII-W)

References

Bibliography

 
 

1920s Dutch military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
C 07
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Fokker C.VIII. The Fokker C.VIII was a reconnaissance aircraft built in the Netherlands in the late 1920s. Intended primarily for the photographic reconnaissance role, it was a larger machine than other Fokker reconnaissance types of the period, with space for a third crew member, who acted as camera operator. It was also Fokker's first aircraft of this type to be built as a monoplane, a parasol wing configuration. The construction, however, was in the familiar Fokker style with wooden wings covered with plywood and fabric, and a steel-tube fuselage, also fabric-covered.

A single prototype was built and after exhibition at the 1928 Paris Air Show was accepted into Royal Netherlands Army Aviation Group service, but no further orders for the type were placed. The following year, the Royal Netherlands Navy issued a requirement for a new reconnaissance seaplane, and Fokker submitted a revised version of the C.VIII. Slightly larger than its landplane counterpart, the C.VIII-W had a different engine, a new radiator arrangement, and twin pontoons as undercarriage, units similar to those used previously on the C.VII. The pontoon strutting incorporated a gap, allowing for the carriage of a torpedo under the fuselage for training purposes.

Nine aircraft were delivered to the Navy between June 1930 and July 1934, and all were still in service at the time of the German invasion in 1940. Four were lost to enemy action between 10 and 14 May, with the remaining five successfully evacuated to the UK on 30 May, whereupon they were scrapped.

Variants

C.VIII Landplane with Hispano-Suiza 12Lb engine (1 built)
C.VIII-W Seaplane with Lorraine 12E Courlis engine (9 built)

Operators

Royal Netherlands Navy

Specifications (C.VIII)

References

 
 
 
 

1920s Dutch military reconnaissance aircraft
C 08
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Tom Hurry Riches. Tom Hurry Riches (1846–1911) was a British engineer who became the Locomotive Superintendent of the Taff Vale Railway in October 1873, and held the post until his death on 4 September 1911. At the time of his appointment, he was the youngest locomotive superintendent in Britain.  Riches was elected as a Whitworth Exhibitioner in 1868.

Riches served as President of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers between 1907–1908.

His son, Charles T. Hurry Riches was Locomotive Superintendent of the Rhymney Railway from 1906 until 1922.

Locomotive designs
TVR H class 0-6-0T (1884)
TVR O1 class 0-6-2T (1894)
TVR U class 0-6-2T (1895)
TVR U1 class 0-6-2T (1896)
TVR O2 class 0-6-2T (1899)
TVR O3 class 0-6-2T (1904)
TVR O4 class 0-6-2T (1907)

References

1846 births
1911 deaths
Engineers from Cardiff
British mechanical engineers
Locomotive builders and designers
Taff Vale Railway
SJ Y3. Y3 was a series of diesel railcars operated by Statens Järnvägar (SJ) of Sweden. Six units were delivered by Linke-Hofmann of Germany in 1966–67, with electrical equipment supplied by ASEA. They remained in service until 1990, serving first on the unelectrified services Stockholm – Mora and Malmö – Karlskrona, later on Ystadbanan.

The Y3 served the same purpose as the electric X9-series. A variation of configurations was used, with the production consisting of six motor cars, two cab cars and eleven trailers. With motor cars on each end the Y3 could have six trailers between. Although considered to be the first double-decker train used in Sweden, only the first and last cars of a Y3 train were built to a design somewhat resembling a dome car, whereas the middle coaches were all single-decker (unlike in the X40 and Stadler DOSTO). The series was prone to fires, since the cooling system didn't work sufficiently for the extremely powerful Deutz diesel engines introduced in place of the slower and less powerful Rolls-Royce engines. This was solved through rebuilding the cooling system in the 1970s. Some of the bilevel rail cars were taken out of service in 1982 when the Y3 series was relegated to local traffic on the Malmö – Ystad – Tomelilla route, with the last Y3 coaches retired in 1990.

External links
Järnväg.net on Y3 

Y03
Y03
Double-decker rail vehicles
Train-related introductions in 1966
Stearman Cloudboy. The Stearman Model 6 Cloudboy was a 1930s American training biplane designed and built by the Stearman Aircraft Company of Wichita, Kansas.

History
The Cloudboy was designed as a commercial or military trainer. Due to economic pressure during the Great Depression, only a few aircraft were built.
Three civil models were built, followed by four similar aircraft for evaluation by the United States Army Air Corps. Designated YPT-9 by the Army, it failed to gain any orders. All models went through a number of engine changes (resulting in new designations for both the military and civil aircraft).

Variants

Model 6A Cloudboy
Initial civil production with a  Wright J-6 Whirlwind 5 engine, three built.
Model 6C Cloudboy
Re-engined with a  Wright J-6-9 Whirlwind (R-975-1), also designated YBT-3.
Model 6D Cloudboy
Re-engined with a  Pratt & Whitney Wasp Junior, also designated YBT-5
Model 6F Cloudboy
Re-engined with a  Continental A70 engine, also designated YBT-9A.
Model 6H Cloudboy
Re-engined with a  Kinner YR-720A engine, also designated YBT-9C.
Model 6L Cloudboy
Re-engined with a  Lycoming R-680-3 engine, also designated YBT-9B

Model 6P Cloudboy
One 6F re-engined with 1  Wright J-5 engine
YPT-9
Military production variant of the Model 6A with a  Wright J-6 Whirlwind 5 engine, four built (one converted to YPT-9A, one to YPT-9B, one to YBT-3 and one YBT-5).
YPT-9A
One YPT-9 re-engined with a  Continental A70 (YR-545-1) engine, later converted to YPT-9B.
YPT-9B
One YPT-9 and one YPT-9A re-engined with a  Lycoming R-680-3 engine.
YPT-9C
YBT-3 re-engined with a  Kinner YR-720A engine.
YBT-3
One YPT-9 re-engined with a  Wright J-6-9 Whirlwind, later converted to a YPT-9C.
YBT-5
One YPT-9 re-engined with a  Pratt & Whitney R-985-1 Wasp Junior engine.
XPT-943
A primary trainer derived from the 6A for evaluation at Wright Field. Formed the origins of the Stearman NS and PT-13 for the US Navy and USAAC respectively.
X-70
Alternative company designation for the XPT-943.

Operators

United States Army Air Corps

Surviving aircraft
 6002 – 6L airworthy at the Candler Field Museum in Williamson, Georgia.
 6003 – 6L airworthy at the Western Antique Aeroplane & Automobile Museum in Hood River, Oregon. It was previously owned by the Golden Wings Flying Museum.
 6004 – YPT-9B on display at the Yanks Air Museum in Chino, California. It was previously owned by the Boeing School of Aeronautics and was acquired by the museum in 1987.
 6010 – 6C airworthy with Robert Lock of Lakeland, Florida.

Specifications (YPT-9B)

See also

Notes

References

External links

 Aerofiles - Stearman
 Aerofiles - Cloudboy 6A photo
 San Diego Air & Space Museum Archives - Cloudboy 6C photo

Cloudboy
1930s United States military trainer aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Ken Demarest. Kenneth Llewellyn Demarest III is a computer game programmer, artist, and business person.

Early life and education

Career
Demarest worked on Wing Commander and developed 3D, texture-mapped characters in BioForge. As a Director of Technology at Origin Systems, Demarest developed the technical prototype for Ultima Online using Ultima VI as a code base. His later work resulted in the persistent-world real-time strategy game NetStorm: Islands At War, which as of March 2016 is being re-made in 3D as Disciples of the Storm, funded through KickStarter.

In social gaming, Demarest was part of the early work blending 3D multiplayer online games and social game play both stand-alone and on networks such as Facebook and MySpace.

Demarest was a founder of Appsoma, a platform as a service for scientific analysis.

As an artist for Shadow Garden he wrote 'Sand', the most popular and frequently sold work on the platform developed by Zack Simpson.  Sand is in the permanent collections of numerous museums worldwide including the Discovery Science Center and Sony Wonder Technology Lab. Demarest's later work supported technology that benefits humanity including MorSand, a 2006 Tech Award Laureate, and CellBazaar, a 2007 Laureate.

References

External links
Mine-Control Home Page
Ken Demarest profile on MobyGames
Sand Exhibit at the Discovery Science Center in Santa Ana, CA

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Origin Systems people
Video game artists
Video game programmers
Fokker C.XI-W. The Fokker C.XI-W was a reconnaissance seaplane designed to operate from warships that was produced in the Netherlands in the mid-1930s. It was the result of a Royal Netherlands Navy specification of 1935 requesting such an aircraft. Fokker's response was a conventional single-bay biplane with staggered wings of unequal span braced by N-struts. The pilot and observer sat in tandem, open cockpits, and the undercarriage consisted of twin pontoons. The wings were of wooden construction with plywood and fabric covering, and the fuselage was of steel tube, also covered with fabric.

The prototype first flew on 20 July 1935. After successful catapult trials, an order for a further 13 C.XI-Ws was placed, the aircraft being used to equip the cruisers HNLMS Tromp and HNLMS De Ruyter while operating in European waters; but most were sent to the Netherlands East Indies to equip the Navy there. Following the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940, the last surviving C.XI-W in Europe was successfully evacuated to the UK on 22 May.  From there, it was also shipped to the Netherlands East Indies. None seem to have survived past March 1942.

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography

 
  
 
 
 

C 11
1930s Dutch military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1935
Bonk Business. Bonk Business Inc. is a fictional corporation created by Finnish artist and sculptor Alvar Gullichsen. The "products of Bonk Business" are absurd machines, such as the paranormal cannon, that have no apparent use, and which are built by Gullichsen. The story is that Bonk machines are powered by anchovy oil. The works parody corporate and marketing cliches in a retrofuturistic style.

In Uusikaupunki, there is a Bonk museum, where Bonk machines are displayed.

See also
 Acme Corporation
 Bunab

References

Fictional companies
Retrofuturism
Finnish art
Fokker C.XIV. The Fokker CXIV-W was a reconnaissance seaplane produced in the Netherlands in the 1930s. It was a conventional, single-bay biplane with staggered wings of unequal span braced by N-struts. The pilot and observer sat in tandem, open cockpits, and the undercarriage consisted of twin pontoons. 11 of the 24 examples produced were stationed in the Dutch East Indies. These were later joined by 12 aircraft that had escaped to the UK following the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940. All C.XIVs were destroyed during the Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies.

Operators

Royal Netherlands Navy

Specifications

See also

References

 
 

C 14
1930s Dutch military reconnaissance aircraft
Floatplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Fokker D.XIV. The Fokker D.XIV was a fighter aircraft developed in the Netherlands in the mid-1920s but which was only produced as a single prototype. It was a low-wing, cantilever monoplane with fixed tailskid undercarriage, the basic concept of which was derived from the Fokker V.25 that had been developed during World War I. The pilot sat in an open cockpit aft of the wing's trailing edge. Flight testing revealed excellent performance, but development was ceased when the prototype crashed, killing the test pilot.

Specifications

References

 
 
 Уголок неба

1920s Dutch fighter aircraft
D 14
Aircraft first flown in 1925
Fokker D.XIII. The Fokker D.XIII was a fighter aircraft produced in the Netherlands in the mid-1920s. It was a development of the Fokker D.XI with a new powerplant and considerably refined aerodynamics, and had been designed to meet the requirements of the clandestine flying school operated by the German Army at Lipetsk in the Soviet Union. Like its predecessor, it was a conventional single-bay sesquiplane with staggered wings braced by V-struts. The pilot sat in an open cockpit and the undercarriage was of fixed, tailskid type. The wings were made of wood and skinned with plywood, and the fuselage was built up of welded steel tube with fabric covering.

On 16 July 1925, one of the early examples of a production aircraft was used to set four new world airspeed records: the airspeed record for carrying a 500 kg/1,102 lb payload (265.7 km/h or 165.7 mph), the record for carrying the same payload over a distance of 200 km (264.2 km/h or 164.7 mph), at the same time setting the same records for carrying a 250 kg (551 lb) payload.

Under the cover of a fictitious order from Argentina, the German Army purchased 50 aircraft and arranged to have them transported to Lipetsk via Stettin and Leningrad. There, they equipped the flying school throughout its existence until the German abandonment of the programme in 1933. At that point, the 30 remaining aircraft (including two that had been purchased separately from the original batch) were handed over to the Soviet Air Force.

Operators

Reichswehr
 Wissenschaftliche Versuchs- und Prüfanstalt für Luftfahrzeuge, Lipetsk

Soviet Air Force

Specifications

References

 
 
 
 
 

1920s Dutch fighter aircraft
D 13
Sesquiplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1924
Fokker D.XVI. The Fokker D.XVI (sometimes written as Fokker D.16) was a sesquiplane fighter aircraft developed in the Netherlands in the late 1920s.

Development

The Fokker D.XVI was a conventional, single-bay sesquiplane with staggered wings braced with V-struts. It featured an open cockpit and fixed undercarriage with a tailskid. The wings were made up of wood spars and ribs with a plywood covering, while the fuselage was of steel tube construction with a fabric covering. Power was provided by an Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar radial engine fitted with a Townend ring.

Operational history

The Royal Netherlands Army ordered 14 aircraft, which differed from the prototype in having divided main undercarriage units in place of the prototype's cross-axle. 
Hungary purchased four aircraft with Gnome et Rhône-built Bristol Jupiter engines in place of the Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar engines used on the Dutch machines. 
Evaluation aircraft were also provided to China, Italy, Roumania and the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army. 
The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army machine was powered by a Curtiss V-1570, which crashed in March 1931 at Schiphol. 
The D.XVI also won a competition organised by the government of Roumania to select a new fighter, but despite this, no orders were placed. One Dutch Army aircraft was given to Roumania.
In lieu of the radial-engined D.XVI, Fokker manufactured the similar Fokker D.XVII powered with an inline engine. 
One example was fitted with a three-bladed propeller and a full-chord NACA cowling.

Operators

 Republic of China Air Force (RoCAF) - evaluation only

 Royal Hungarian Air Force - two aircraft

 Regia Aeronautica - evaluation only

 Royal Netherlands Air Force
 Royal Netherlands East Indies Army - evaluation only

 Royal Romanian Air Force - evaluation only

Specifications

References

Citations

Bibliography
 
 
 

1920s Dutch fighter aircraft
D 16
Sesquiplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Fokker DC.I. The Fokker DC.I was an aircraft produced in the Netherlands in the early 1920s to fulfill a role of combined fighter and reconnaissance aircraft. The company designation chosen by Fokker, "DC" reflected this, with "D" being the Idflieg designation for a fighter during World War I, and "C" being an armed reconnaissance aircraft. The DC.I was a conventional single-bay biplane with staggered, unequal-span wings braced by N-struts and was derived from the Fokker C.IV design. The pilot and observer sat in tandem, open cockpits, and the undercarriage was of fixed, tailskid configuration, with the main units linked by a cross-axle. The wings were of wooden construction, and the fuselage was of welded steel tube covered in fabric.

Ten DC.Is were ordered by the Dutch East Indies Army Air Service, which flew them from 1925 to 1934.

Specifications

References
 
 

Aircraft of the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army
1920s Dutch fighter aircraft
1920s Dutch military reconnaissance aircraft
DC.I
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Soil (disambiguation). Soil is a naturally occurring granular covering on the surface of Earth, capable of supporting life.

Soil may also refer to:
Potting soil, a mixture of organic and mineral materials used as an alternative to soil when growing plants in containers
Lunar soil, a similar granular covering on the Moon (though without Earth soil's organic components)
Martian soil, the fine regolith found on the surface of Mars
Earth (wuxing), an element in Chinese philosophy
Unwanted substances that make something unclean, such as dirt

Books and films
Soil (manga), a manga by Atsushi Kaneko
The Soil (film), 1973 Iranian film

Music
Soil Stradivarius, a violin fabricated in 1714 by Antonio Stradivari
Soil (American band), an American metal band
Soil (British band), an indie pop group from Manchester
The Soil (band), South African group
soil (album), debut studio album by Serpentwithfeet
Soil (EP), debut EP of American band Soil
"Soil", a song by System of a Down from their album System of a Down

Other
SoIL, common abbreviation for Southern Illinois
Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods (SOIL), an American nonprofit developmental aid organization
Soil, an academic journal by EGU
Soils, another academic journal by MDPI
0-4-6T. An 0-4-6T, in the Whyte notation for the classification of steam locomotives by wheel arrangement, is a locomotive with no leading wheels, four driving wheels fixed in a rigid frame, and six trailing wheels (normally mounted in a trailing truck). Examples of this type of locomotive were built by Wilhelm von Engerth.

Equivalent classifications
Other equivalent classifications are:
UIC classification: B3 (also known as German classification and Italian classification)
French classification: 023

History
This wheel arrangement was used on Engerth articulated steam locomotives, widely used on Alpine railways.  One early example was Genf built by Maschinenfabrik Esslingen in 1858 for the Swiss Central Railway.

References

 
4,0-4-6T
Asinger reaction. The Asinger-reaction (sometimes referred to as the Asinger-4 component reaction or A-4CR for short) is a multicomponent reaction for the synthesis of 3-thiazolines and other related heterocycles. It is named after Friedrich Asinger who first reported it in 1956.

Process
An α-halogenated carbonyl-component reacts with sodium hydrosulfide (NaSH) and forms a Thiol in situ. The thiol reacts directly with another carbonyl component and ammonia to form a thiazoline. The reaction works also by using elemental sulphur, an α–substituted ketone, another carbonyl component and ammonia; in this case, a mixture of products is formed.

The formation of 3-thiazolines also occurs by using α-thioaldehyde or α-thioketone and ammonia.

A simplified route of the Asinger-reaction was developed at Degussa. An α-halogenated carbonyl compound reacts with sodium hydrosulfide (NaSH) and forms a thiol in situ which reacts directly with aldehydes or ketones and ammonia to 3-thiazolines. The chemical industry developed based on the Asinger-reaction multi stage processes for the production of pharmaceuticals like D-penicillamine and the aminoacid DL-cysteine.

References

Literature

Multiple component reactions
Name reactions
Sulfur heterocycle forming reactions
Nitrogen heterocycle forming reactions