omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
614th Space Intelligence Squadron. The United States Air Force's 614th Space Intelligence Squadron was a unit located at Vandenberg AFB, California. It was inactivated on 18 June 2007 when the 614th Space Operations Group was redesignated the 614 Air and Space Operations Center. The 614th Space Intelligence Squadron was formed on November 22, 2003 and assigned to Vandenberg Air Force Base. The purpose of this squadron was to defend navigation, weather, communications and missile warning satellites from enemy attacks in space and on the ground.

Mission
The 614th Space Intelligence Squadron is the first squadron in the USAF that has been designed to protect satellites belonging to the military. This squadron is stationed at Vandenberg Air Force Base.

Before the second invasion of Iraq, the space shuttle Endeavour used its radar to make a map of Iraq; this map was used to make targets for the invasion.

The 614th Space Intelligence Squadron has somewhere between 20 and 88 members. They are located in an existing headquarters building.

Location
Vandenberg Air Force Base is located between San Francisco and Los Angeles on the "Central Coast". It is located on a  site. The base is operated by Air Force Space Command's 30th Space Wing and has a spaceport. A spaceport is an installation for testing and launching spacecraft. The base, originally named Camp Cooke, was renamed Vandenberg Air Force Base in 1957 when the US Air Force took control of the site. Some of the duties upheld at the base include: responding to global contingencies, operating the Western Range and conducting and supporting missile and space launches.

References
 http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/agency/614sops-doi-flt.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20090131050804/http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/library/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=4687
 http://www.globalsecurity.org/org/news/2003/030423-space-war01.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20030802033216/http://www.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?fsID=118	
 https://web.archive.org/web/20150409015951/https://fas.org/spp/military/program/warning/dsp.htm

Military units and formations in California
Space Intelligence 614
Intelligence squadrons of the United States Air Force
2003 establishments in California
Military units and formations established in 2003
Planishing. Planishing (from the Latin planus, "flat") is a metalworking technique that involves finishing the surface of sheet metal by finely shaping and smoothing it.

Process
A metal surface is finished by hammering it with a planishing panel hammer or slapper file against a shaped surface called a planishing stake that is held in a vise or a mounting hole in a blacksmith's beak anvil, or against hand-held, shaped, metal tools that are known as dollies or anvils. The shape of the stake or dolly has to match the desired work piece contour, and so they come in a variety of complex shapes. Alternatively, planishing may be done by the use of an English wheel. After approximately forming a metal object, by stretching with techniques such as sinking and raising, and then shaping and smoothing an object, metal workers use planishing for surface finishing. Planishing is a hand-driven process used in auto body repair and sheet metal craft work such as medieval armour production.

Tools
Common tools used for planishing include panel beating hammers, slappers, and neck hammers. Heavy rawhide or hardwood hammers are often used. It is more difficult to make mistakes with heavy rawhide or wood mallets, but they are less effective for large imperfections. A worker, using repeated, relatively soft glancing blows, smooths the metal toward the curvature of the stake. If the metal begins to look dimpled, the worker is using too much force in individual hammer blows.

Features
Since planishing hammers are generally in contact with the outside surface of the piece, they are flat, have rounded edges and are polished to avoid marring the work. Pneumatic (air powered) planishing hammers strike hundreds of blows per minute.

Care must be taken not to allow sheet metal to harden and become brittle during planishing. If it does, it must be annealed.

References 
Notes

Bibliography
 
 

Metal forming
WestGrid. WestGrid is a government-funded infrastructure program started in 2003, mainly in Western Canada, that provides institutional research faculty and students access to high performance computing and distributed data storage, using a combination of grid, networking, and collaboration tools. WestGrid is one of four partners within the umbrella organization, Compute Canada.

Principal participants
WestGrid has 14 partner institutions across four provinces - British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba. The participating institutions include:

 Simon Fraser University
 University of British Columbia
 University of Victoria
 University of Northern British Columbia
 The Banff Centre
 University of Alberta
 University of Calgary
 University of Lethbridge
 Athabasca University
 University of Saskatchewan
 University of Regina
 University of Manitoba
 University of Winnipeg
 Brandon University

WestGrid also works in partnership with each province's Optical Regional Advanced Network. WestGrid's network partners include: 
 BCNET
 Cybera
 SRnet
 MRnet
 CANARIE

References

External links
Official website

Grid computing
Ted Dangelmayer. Ted Dangelmayer (born May 18, 1947, Cambridge, MA), who writes under the name 'G. Theodore Dangelmayer' has written two editions of a book entitled ESD PROGRAM MANAGEMENT: A Realistic Approach to Continuous Measurable Improvement in Static Control.

Biography
Ted Dangelmayer is president and CEO of Dangelmayer Associates, L.L.C. and has been developing ESD programs since 1978 for large global corporations as well as individual proprietorships.

He is a NARTE Certified Engineer and holds 3 US Patents.  He earned his B.S.E.E. from the University of Maine. He is published in several trade magazines and the EOS/ESD Symposium and is a recipient of the Outstanding Contributor Award.   Past responsibilities with the Association include President in 1988 and 1989, Standards Chairman in 1986 and 1987, General Chairman of the 1990 EOS/ESD Symposium and Chairman of the 1991 Symposium Board of Directors.

Ted retired from Lucent Technologies in 2001 as a Consulting Member of the Technical Staff. Under Ted's leadership, Lucent Technologies - North Andover, MA, was the first site in the USA to become S20.20 certified. At the time, the Lucent site had  of floor space and 12,000 employees.

He then became Director of Technology and Program Design for the Professional Services Division of Ion Systems in Berkeley, CA from 2001 - 2002. Ted Dangelmayer has held leadership positions such as Chairman of the Lucent Global ESD Leadership Team, President of the International ESD Association, Chairman of the ANSI/ESDA Standards Committee, and General Chairman of the EOS/ESD Symposium.

Ted has completed the ESD Association ANSI/ESDA S20.20 Course for Program Managers and Consultants. He has published magazine articles, technical papers and two books, ESD PROGRAM MANAGEMENT.

He is currently President of the Northeast Chapter of the ESD Association and a member of the ESD Association International Council of Education, 2003 Technical Program Committee, human resource committee and is the chairman of the ESDA Corporate Sponsorship Programs.

Published works
 ESD Program Management: A Realistic Approach to Continuous Measurable Improvement in Static Control, by Danglemayer, G. Theodore, Hardcover, 356 p,  or , Publisher: Kluwer Academic Print on Demand, Published Date: 11/01/1990 with  and 1996 with 
 ESD Program Management: A Realistic Approach to Continuous Measurable Improvement in Static Control, by Danglemayer, G. Theodore, Series: The International Series in Engineering and Computer Science, Vol. 489,  2nd ed., 1999, 512 p., Hardcover, , Publisher: Kluwer Academic Pub, Published Date: 01/01/1999 
 Strategic and Economic Benefits of an ESD Program, by Ted Dangelmayer, Compliance Engineering , 2004
 ESD Packaging Considerations, by Ted Dangelmayer, Compliance Engineering, , 2004
 Critical Factors in ESD Program Management, by Ted Dangelmayer, Compliance Engineering, September/October 2002 
 ESD: See It! Believe It! Control It! Video instructional material, Automated Learning,

References 

American technology writers
1947 births
Living people
Dennis E. Stowell. Dennis E. Stowell (June 18, 1944 – April 17, 2011) was an American politician and chemical engineer from Utah. A Republican, he was a member of the Utah State Senate, representing the state's 28th senate district in Beaver, Garfield, Iron, Kane, Millard, and Washington Counties.

Stowell earned bachelor's and master's degrees in chemical engineering from Brigham Young University. He also served as Mayor of Parowan, Utah.

References
 

1944 births
2011 deaths
American Latter Day Saints
Brigham Young University alumni
Mayors of places in Utah
Republican Party Utah state senators
American chemical engineers
People from Parowan, Utah
Politicians from Ogden, Utah
21st-century members of the Utah Legislature
Source term. Source term can refer to:

 A measure of radioactive contamination
 One of the terms in a linear differential equation, especially a wave equation
 The release parameters (e.g. magnitude, rate, duration, orientation, temperature) that are the initial conditions for determining the consequences of the loss event for a hazardous material and/or energy release to the surroundings. For vapor dispersion modeling, it is the estimation, based on the release specification, of the actual cloud conditions of temperature, aerosol content, density, size, velocity and mass to be input into the dispersion model.
Nios. Nios or NIOS may refer to:

Places
 Ios or Nios, a Greek island

Computing
 Network I/O System, Digital Research's NIOS component in CP/NET in the 1980s
 NetWare I/O Subsystem, Novell's NIOS component in the 32-bit network clients in the mid-1990s
 Nios embedded processor, Altera 16-bit embedded processor
 Nios II, Altera 32-bit embedded processor

Other uses
 National Institute of Open Schooling, the board of education in India
 Hyundai Grand i10 Nios, a 2019–present Korean-Indian city car

See also
 NetBIOS
 Lake Nyos, a crater lake in Cameroon
 NIO (disambiguation), for the singular of NIOs
Biofuel policy of Malaysia. The biofuel policy of Malaysia is documented in Malaysia's National Biofuel Policy document.

Partnerships
Yanmar, a Japan-based global manufacturer of diesel engines planned to build a research facility in Malaysia to conduct research on the development of palm oil biodiesel. It plans to develop and test biodiesel for the industrial diesels it develops for its machines and generators. The research facility will be set up in Kota Kinabalu.

Introduction of biodiesel blends in petrol stations in Malaysia 

In 2014, after many delays Malaysia began the introduction in the sale of B5 biodiesel in most petrol stations around the country.  This would be eventually replaced by B7 in late 2015.

References 

Ministry of Primary Industries (Malaysia)
Biofuel in Malaysia
Energy policy of Malaysia
Palm oil production in Malaysia
Public policy in Malaysia
2006 establishments in Malaysia
Wave equation analysis. Wave equation analysis is a numerical method of analysis for the behavior of driven foundation piles.  It predicts the pile capacity versus blow count relationship (bearing graph) and pile driving stress. The model mathematically represents the pile driving hammer and all its accessories (ram, cap, and cap block), as well as the pile, as a series of lumped masses and springs in a one-dimensional analysis. The soil response for each pile segment is modeled as viscoelastic-plastic.  The method was first developed in the 1950s by E.A. Smith of the Raymond Pile Driving Company.

Wave equation analysis of piles has seen many improvements since the 1950s such as including a thermodynamic diesel hammer model and residual stress.  Commercial software packages (such as AllWave-PDP and GRLWEAP) are now available to perform the analysis.

One of the principal uses of this method is the performance of a driveability analysis to select the parameters for safe pile installation, including recommendations on cushion stiffness, hammer stroke and other driving system parameters that optimize blow counts and pile stresses during pile driving. For example, when a soft or hard layer causes excessive stresses or unacceptable blow counts.

References
 Smith, E.A.L. (1960) Pile-Driving Analysis by the Wave Equation. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Vol. 86, No. EM 4, August.

External links
 The Wave Equation Page for Piling

Deep foundations
Soil mechanics
Engineering research. Engineering research - as a branch of science, it stands primarily for research that is oriented towards achieving a specific goal that would be useful, while seeking to employ the powerful tools already developed in Engineering as well as in non-Engineering sciences such as Physics, Mathematics, Computer science, Chemistry, Biology, etc. Often, some of the knowledge required to develop such tools is nonexistent or is simply not good enough, and the engineering research takes the form of a non-engineering science. Since engineering is extensive, it comprises specialised areas such as bioengineering, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, electrical and computer engineering, civil and environmental engineering, agricultural engineering, etc.

The largest professional organisation is the IEEE that today includes much more than the original Electrical and Electronic Engineering.

Major contributors to engineering research around the world include governments, private business,
and academia.

The results of engineering research can emerge in journal articles, at academic conferences, and in the form of new products on the market.

Much engineering research in the United States of America takes place under the aegis of the Department of Defense.

Military-related research into science and technology has led to "dual-use" applications, with the adaptation of weaponry, communications and other defense systems for the military and other applications for civilian use. Programmable digital computers and the Internet which connects them, the GPS satellite network, fiber-optic cable, radar and lasers provide examples.

See also
 List of engineering schools
 Engineer's degree
 Engineering studies
 Engineering education research

References

Research by field
Engineering disciplines
Missile turret. A missile turret is a device used to aim missiles towards their targets before launch. Similarly to gun turrets they have been used on warships and vehicles on the ground. In most roles articulated missile launching systems on warships have been replaced by vertical launching systems. Ship-based missile systems often have centralised guidance systems which eliminate the need for targeting sensors on the turrets themselves.

The systems found on warships, especially those from the Cold War, may be termed as arm-launchers, either single- or twin-arm launchers, based on the amount of ready-to-fire missiles that they can hold.

Examples 
Aboard ships:
Close-in weapon system
Rolling Airframe Missile 
Crotale missile systems.
Mk 10 GMLS for the RIM-67 Standard or RIM-2 Terrier missile
Mk 12 GMLS for the RIM-8 Talos missile
Mk 13 missile launcher
Mk 26 launcher for the RIM-66 Standard or RIM-24 Tartar missile
On land:
Air Defense Anti-Tank System
MIM-72/M48 Chaparral
Roland (air defence)
Kub missile system
Buk missile system

Combined type 
These are some weapon system that use a single turret for mounting a combination of guns and missiles:
CADS-N-1 Kashtan, a Russian naval air defense system
Tunguska-M1 Russia anti-air vehicle

See also
List of United States Navy Guided Missile Launching Systems
Transporter erector launcher

External links 
Information on some launch systems, turreted and otherwise

Weapon turrets
Rocket launchers
Missile launchers
Crosshole sonic logging. Crosshole sonic logging (CSL) is a method to determine the structural integrity of drilled shafts and other concrete piles.

The CSL method is considered to be more accurate than sonic echo testing in the determination of structural soundness of concrete within the drilled shaft inside of the rebar cage.  This method provides little indication of concrete soundness outside the cage.

Also known as Crosshole Acoustical Testing, CSL normally requires steel (preferred) or PVC access tubes installed in the drilled shaft and tied to the rebar cage.  Before the rebar cage is placed in the hole, the CSL access tubes are attached to the interior of the rebar cage.  The cage is then lowered into the hole and the concrete is placed.  Steel CSL tubes are preferred over PVC tubes because studies have shown that PVC tubes tend to debond from the concrete due to the heat of hydration process of concrete, resulting in erratic CSL test results.

The tubes are filled with water as an intermediate medium. After curing for 3–7 days, a sound source and receiver are lowered, maintaining a consistent elevation between source and sensor.  A signal generator generates a sonic pulse from the emitter which is recorded by the sensor.  Relative energy, waveform and differential time are recorded, and logged. This procedure is repeated at regular intervals throughout the pile and then mapped.  Areas of signal loss or wave speed reduction greater than 10 percent represent potential physical anomalies and can be targeted for further exploration. Measurements of relative energy or amplitude loss can be indicative of poor curing conditions or concrete heterogeneity including improper mixing of admixtures or retention of concrete laitance within the drilled shaft.  By comparing the graphs from the various combinations of access tubes, a qualitative idea of the structural soundness of the concrete throughout the pile can be gleaned.

A more advanced, higher-end analysis that creates a mock 3-dimensional graphical display of the concrete soundness throughout the pile is known as Crosshole Sonic Tomography.

See also

 CSL paper from the 2003 symposium for Nondestructive Testing in Civil Engineering
 CROSSHOLE SONIC LOGGING OF SECANT PILE WALLS

References

 Farouz, E., Landers, P., Webster, S., November, 2005. Case History: Foundation Evacuation for the Virginia Highway 288 Project. GEO3 Construction Quality Assurance/Quality Control Technical Conference: Dallas/Ft. Worth, TX; 49-60.
 Beim, J.W., Debas, L.F., Kormann, A.C.M., Martinati, L.R., Neto, L.A., November, 2005. Tomography: A New Technology for Quality Control of Deep Foundations. GEO3 Construction Quality Assurance/Quality Control Technical Conference: Dallas/Ft. Worth, TX; 323-328.

External links 
 Sonitec CSL Access Tubes
 ASTM D6760-14 Standard Test Method for Integrity Testing of Concrete Deep Foundations by Ultrasonic Crosshole Testing

In situ foundation tests
79 Railway Squadron RLC. The modern-day 79 Railway Squadron was part of the 17 Port and Maritime Regiment, The Royal Logistic Corps, of the British Army. They were responsible for maintaining and providing the British Army with its railway transportation requirements.

Originally, the Railway Squadron started life in the Royal Engineers at Longmoor Military Camp in Hampshire.  They were known as the Longmoor Military Railway and operated steam locomotives.  The squadron eventually moved to Mönchengladbach in West Germany and in the fullness of time became 79 Railway Squadron, Royal Corps of Transport.  The locomotives were all diesel and for a while the future of the squadron seemed uncertain until 1983, when a multimillion-pound makeover was begun.  New locomotives started to arrive, and the operating yard at Mönchengladbach got a makeover.

The squadron was relocated to Marchwood, near Southampton, in 1999.  It was taken under command of 17 Port & Maritime Regiment RLC, and renamed 79 Port Enabling Squadron, with the addition of a troop of Vehicle Support Specialist (VSS) personnel.

The squadron was disbanded at Marchwood on 13 May 2012.  The Vehicle Support Specialists were resubordinated elsewhere in the regiment, and the Military Railways capability ultimately lost on the disbandment of the remaining Territorial Army unit, 275 Railway Troop, in 2014.

References

Squadrons of the Royal Logistic Corps
Military units and formations disestablished in 2012
2012 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Ehndorf transmitter. Ehndorf transmitter was a mediumwave radio transmission mast located at Ehndorf, a village west of Neumünster in Schleswig-Holstein, Federal Republic of Germany.  Owned by Deutsche Telekom, until 1978 the facility broadcast Deutschlandfunk on 1269 kHz (1268 kHz). It went into service in November 1967 at a power of 600 kW (then one of the highest powered transmitters in Europe), reduced to 300 kW in 1995. On 31 December 2015 all mediumwave transmissions of the Deutschlandfunk ceased at 2350 CET.

The Ehndorf antenna has 2 masts to allow directional radiation at night (the same frequency is used by a station in Novi Sad, Serbia). Both masts are groundfed  tall lattice steel constructions guyed in one level.

Cold War programming
During the daytime, Ehndorf aired Deutschlandfunk's German language programming for listeners in East Germany. In the evening, it aired programmes in Danish, Dutch, English, Norwegian and Swedish, for listeners in the free countries of northwest Europe. Deutschlandfunk's European Department was transferred to Deutsche Welle from 1 June 1993, which first replaced the distinctive productions for British and Irish listeners, and finally dropped transmissions from Ehndorf entirely. From 1 January 1994, Deutschlandfunk's German programmes became a speech service for all domestic listeners.

Maritime programming

Because of its good coverage of the North Sea and Baltic Sea, Ehndorf had been used to transmit maritime meteorological reports at certain times, which are important for amateur sailors.

References

External links
 
 Entry of Mast 1 at Skyscraperpage
 Entry of Mast 2 at Skyscraperpage
 Ehndorf transmitter on Google Maps

Former radio masts and towers
Radio masts and towers in Germany
1967 establishments in West Germany
Towers completed in 1967
Buildings and structures in Rendsburg-Eckernförde