omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Metrifonate. Metrifonate (INN) or trichlorfon (USAN) is an irreversible organophosphate acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. It is a prodrug which is activated non-enzymatically into the active agent dichlorvos.

It is used as an insecticide.
According to the US Environmental Protection Agency trichlorfon has been used on golf course turf, home lawns, non-food contact areas of food and meat processing plants, ornamental shrubs and plants, and ornamental and baitfish ponds.  Used to control caterpillars, white grubs, mole crickets, cattle lice, sod webworms, leaf miners, stink bugs, flies, ants, cockroaches, earwigs, crickets, diving beetle, water scavenger beetle, water boatman backswimmer, water scorpions, giant water bugs and pillbugs. After reregistration, a number of its uses were voluntarily restricted, and currently, it is used in nonfood areas to control flies, roaches, and ants among other pests.  Outdoors it is used on ornamental plants, golf courses, and lawn grass to treat lepidopteran larvae pests, it is also used to treat flies in animal husbandry in areas that are not accessible to animals, it also used to control harvester ants.

It can be used to treat schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma haematobium, but is no longer commercially available.

It has been proposed for use in treatment of Alzheimer's disease, but use for that purpose is not currently recommended.

Bans and restrictions
In the United States, trichlorfon/metrifonate may only be used on nonfood and nonfeed sites.

Trichlorfon/metrifonate was banned in the EU in 2008  (Regulation (EC) 689/2008) and in Brazil in 2010.

Trichlorfon/metrifonate was banned in Argentina in 2018, noting that trichlorvon converts to dichlorvos by metabolism in plants, as well as by biodegradation of the soil.

Trichlorfon/metrifonate was banned in New Zealand in 2011.

Trichlorfon/metrifonate was banned in India from 2020.

References 

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Insecticides
Antiparasitic agents
Organophosphate insecticides
Phosphonate esters
Trichloromethyl compounds
Prodrugs
Hardmask. A hardmask is a material used in semiconductor processing as an etch mask instead of a polymer or other organic "soft" resist material.

Hardmasks are necessary when the material being etched is itself an organic polymer.  Anything used to etch this material will also etch the photoresist being used to define its patterning since that is also an organic polymer.  This arises, for instance, in the patterning of low-κ dielectric insulation layers used in VLSI fabrication.  Polymers tend to be etched easily by oxygen, fluorine, chlorine and other reactive gases used in plasma etching. 

Use of a hardmask involves an additional deposition process, and hence additional cost.  First, the hardmask material is deposited and etched into the required pattern using a standard photoresist process.  Following that the underlying material can be etched through the hardmask.  Finally the hardmask is removed with a further etching process.

Hardmask materials can be metal or dielectric.  Silicon based masks such as silicon dioxide or silicon carbide are usually used for etching low-κ dielectrics.  However, SiOCH (carbon doped hydrogenated silicon oxide), a material used to insulate copper interconnects, requires an etchant that attacks silicon compounds.  For this material, metal or amorphous carbon hardmasks are used.  The most common metal for hardmasks is titanium nitride, but tantalum nitride has also been used.

References

Bibliography 
 Shi, Hualing; Shamiryan, Denis; de Marneffe, Jean-François; Huang, Huai; Ho, Paul S.; Baklanov, Mikhail R., "Plasma processing of low-κ dielectrics", ch. 3 in, Baklanov, Mikhail; Ho, Paul S.; Zschech, Ehrenfried (eds), Advanced Interconnects for ULSI Technology, John Wiley & Sons, 2012 .
 Wong, T.; Ligatchev, V.; Rusli, R., "Structural properties and defect characterisation of plasma deposited carbon doped silicon oxide low-k dielectric films", pp. 133–141 in, Mathad, G.S. (ed); Baker, B.C.; Reidesma-Simpson, C.; Rathore, H.S.; Ritzdorf, T.L. (asst. eds), Copper Interconnects, New Contact Metallurgies, Structures, and Low-k Interlevel Dielectrics: Proceedings of the International Symposium, The Electrochemical Society, 2003 

Semiconductor device fabrication
Frog Island, London. Frog Island is a peninsula on the north bank of the River Thames in Rainham, London at . It is used for vehicle storage in Ferry Lane Industrial Estate and for the mechanical biological treatment works building of the East London Waste Authority.

History
The area since before 1900 has nothing more than a non-raised culverted small ditch invisibly separating it from the rest of the industrial estate to the east and forms a slight depression relative to the bank at only 2m AOD however was a more well-defined island at high tide at the mouth of the River Ingrebourne, that rises in Essex as the Weald Brook.

Uses
The mechanical biological treatment works of the East London Waste Authority, sited here, turns 50% of processed waste into refuse-derived fuel, and recovers metals and glass.

Phoenix Wharf on the island has safeguarded wharf status.

Geography
Frog Island is located at the mouth of Rainham Creek where the River Ingrebourne discharges into the River Thames through a culvert and tidal sluice.

See also
Islands in the River Thames section: former islands

References

Mechanical biological treatment
Islands of the River Thames
Geography of the London Borough of Havering
Waste management in London
Islands of London
Uninhabited islands of England
Mullion wall. A mullion wall is a structural system in which the load of the floor slab is taken by prefabricated panels around the perimeter. Visually, the effect is similar to the stone-mullioned windows of Perpendicular Gothic or Elizabethan architecture.

The technology was devised by George Grenfell Baines and the engineer Felix Samuely in order to cope with material shortages at the Thomas Linacre School, Wigan (1952) and refined at the Shell Offices, Stanlow (1956), the Derby Colleges of Technology and Art (1956–64) and Manchester University Humanities Building (1961–67).

A similar concept to the mullion wall was adopted by Eero Saarinen at the US Embassy, London (1955–60) and by Minoru Yamasaki at the World Trade Center, New York (1966–73).

See also
 Curtain wall

References

Structural system
Types of wall
Rope caulk. Rope caulk or caulking cord is a type of pliable putty or caulking formed into a rope-like shape. It is typically off-white in color, relatively odorless, and stays pliable for an extended period of time.

Rope caulk can be used as caulking or weatherstripping around conventional windows installed in conventional wooden or metal frames (see glazing). It is also used as a form for epoxy work, since epoxy does not adhere to this material.

Rope caulk has also been applied to the metallic structure supporting the magnet for a dynamic speaker to cut unwanted resonance of the metal structure, leading to improved speaker performance. It has also been used as a sonic damping material in sensitive phonograph components.

History

Mortite brand rope caulk was introduced by the J.W. Mortell Co. of Kankakee, Illinois in the 1940s, and called "pliable plastic tape". The trademark application was filed in March, 1943. It was later marketed as "caulking cord". The company was later acquired by Thermwell Products.

Mortite

Mortite putty is a brand of rope caulk marketed under the Frost King brand. Its primary ingredient is titanium dioxide; it has a specific gravity of 1.34.
It is listed by the state of California as containing ingredients known to the state to cause cancer or adversely affect reproductive health (a "P65 Warning").

Notes

Plastics
Building engineering
Susan Roaf. Susan Roaf (born 28 October 1952) is a British architect, scholar and Professor of Architectural Engineering at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh since 2005. She is best known for her work on "adapting buildings and cities for climate change."

Biography 
Born in Malaysia, Roaf obtained her first degree in architecture in 1975 at the Manchester University, followed by her diploma in architecture at the Architectural Association in London in 1978. In 1989 she obtained her PhD at Oxford Brookes University with a thesis on the Windcatchers of Yazd in Iran.  After graduating Roaf lectured in Technology and Design at Oxford Brookes but moved to the Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh in 2005 where she was appointed Professor of Architectural Engineering.  She is also visiting professor at the Open University and Arizona State University.

She has practiced for a number of years on the design of housing, schools, hospitals and town planning.

In 1995, Roaf built the Oxford Ecohouse, a house in Oxford designed to maximise energy efficiency. It is equipped with the first photovoltaic cell roof installed in Britain. A six-bedroom family home, it produces only 130 kg /annum per metre square, in contrast to comparable UK houses that produce 5000 kg /annum m2. It has 4 kW peak of photovoltaic output, 5 m2 of solar hot water panels and additional heating from a passive solar sun space. It was designed using low-energy construction techniques, high thermal mass and a wood-burning stove to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by over 95%. The house has featured in a number of architecture books and is used as a research source in sustainable design.

Roaf served in Oxford City Council from 2001 until 2008, serving for the Liberal Democrats.

Selected publications 
 Beamon, Sylvia P., and Susan Roaf. The ice-houses of Britain. Routledge, 1990.
 Susan Roaf and Mary Hancock (eds.) Energy Efficient Building: A Design Guide, Halsted Press (1992)  
 Susan Roaf. Ecohouse 2, Architectural Press 2nd Edition (31 Jul 2003)  
 Roaf, Susan, David Crichton, and Fergus Nicol. Adapting buildings and cities for climate change: a 21st century survival guide. Routledge, 2009.

Articles, a selection:
 Nicol, Fergus, and Susan Roaf. "Pioneering new indoor temperature standards: the Pakistan project." Energy and Buildings 23.3 (1996): 169–174.

References

External links 
 Susan Roaf at Research Gateway.

1958 births
Living people
Sustainability advocates
Malaysian women writers
Councillors in Oxfordshire
Liberal Democrats (UK) councillors
Farabi International Award recipients
Women councillors in England
Izyaslav-class destroyer. The Izyaslav class () were a class of destroyers built for the Baltic Fleet of the Imperial Russian Navy. They were modified versions of the  built in Russia with the assistance of the French company Augustin Normand. These ships fought in World War I, the Russian Civil War, the Estonian War of Independence, and World War II.

Design
The ships were an enlarged version of previous designs with a longer raised forecastle, and Frahm-type anti-rolling tanks. An extra  gun was added and the number of torpedo tubes reduced.

Ships
These ships were built by Bocker and Lange in Reval, Estonia. The ships were delayed due to ordering machinery from Switzerland which was embargoed on the outbreak of World War I. New machinery was ordered from Britain.

Bibliography

External links

Destroyer classes
Crane tank locomotive. A crane tank locomotive (CT) is a steam locomotive fitted with a crane for working in railway workshops, docksides, or other industrial environments. The crane may be fitted at the front, centre or rear.  

The 'tank' in its name refers to water tanks mounted either side of the boiler, as cranes were usually constructed on tank locomotives (as opposed to tender locomotives) for greater mobility in the confined locations where they were normally used.
There is also a crane engine in the museum of Scottish railways

Preserved examples 

Shelton Iron & Steel Works No. 4101, an  built by Dübs & Company built in 1901, entering preservation on the East Somerset Railway in 1970, working 1977-1986 and later sold to the Foxfield Railway, where it entered service in 2010.
Millfield, an  built by Robert Stephenson & Hawthorns in 1942 (works no.7070), preserved at Bressingham Steam & Gardens.

See also
 Crane (rail)
 NLR crane tank
 Shelton Iron & Steel Works No. 4101
 Three GWR engines constructed as crane tanks based on 850 class

Further reading 
 Crane Tank Locomotives in Australia - Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, June 1985, pp123-139

References

External links

 Barclay crane tank no.2127 of 1942
 Dübs crane tank no. 4101
 RSH crane tank

Steam locomotive types
Cranes (machines)
Briggs-Detroiter. The Briggs-Detroiter (or more commonly, just Detroiter) was an American automobile manufactured in Detroit, Michigan, by the Briggs-Detroiter Motor Car Company from 1912 to 1917. It was planned to be a bigger and better version of the Brush Runabout.

Early models were built with a 32 hp L-head engine. A five-seater touring car was sold in 1915 for $1,295 and featured a V8 engine of 3.3L capacity. The car had radiators with curved cross-sections.

References
 
 

Cars introduced in 1912
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Defunct companies based in Michigan
Isak Gustaf Clason. Isak Gustaf Clason (30 July 1856 Falun – 19 July 1930 Rättvik) was a Swedish architect.

Biography 
Clason studied engineering and later architecture at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, where he was a student of  Albert Theodor Gellerstedt (1836-1914), and later at the architectural school of the Royal Swedish Academy of Arts, at the time headed by Fredrik Wilhelm Scholander (1816-1881). He received the royal medal in 1881 and studied abroad 1883-1886. He was elected member of the Academy of Arts in 1889, appointed professor of architecture at the Royal Institute of Technology in 1889 and became first surveyor in the Chief Surveyor's Office in 1904. He became vice president of the Art Academy in 1902 and president in 1918. He was also elected member of the Royal Academy of Sciences in 1907.

Work 
His first major work was the Bünsow building (1886–1888) at Strandvägen in Stockholm, commissioned by the sawmill baron Friedrich Bünsow and influenced by French Renaissance architecture. It broke new ground in its use of natural material throughout (limestone and bricks) rather than the plaster that had been dominant in Swedish architecture until that point. It also broke against conventions through its avoidance of complete symmetry.

During most of the 1880s, Clason ran an architectural firm in Stockholm together with architect Kasper Erik Salin  (1856–1919). He designed the house at 14 Österlånggatan (1888-1889) and Adelsvärd House (Adelswärdska huset) at Norrström in Stockholm (1889). They also designed  Östermalmshallen  (1889), the indoor market at Östermalmstorg in Stockholm.

His largest commission was the Nordic Museum on Djurgården, in North European Renaissance style, which he began in collaboration with architect Magnus Isæus (1841-1890) but continued alone after Isaeus's death in 1890. The building was partly finished for the Stockholm Exhibition in 1897, and completed a few years later.

Other designs include the Hallwyl Palace, also in Stockholm, the Rosen house at Strandvägen, and the building for Ständernas allmänna brandförsäkring, an insurance company, at Skeppsbron in the Old Town of Stockholm. Clason also is responsible for the façade of Norrlands nation in Uppsala.

References

Other sources 
 
 

19th-century Swedish architects
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
1856 births
1930 deaths
Burials at Norra begravningsplatsen
20th-century Swedish architects
People from Falun
LWD Zuch. The Zuch was a Polish aerobatics and trainer aircraft, built in 1948 in the LWD bureau and produced in a small series.

Design and development
The aircraft was a development of a military and civilian trainer plane LWD Junak-1, meant as a civilian aerobatics and trainer plane for the Polish Aero Club. It was designed in the Lotnicze Warsztaty Doświadczalne (LWD - Aircraft Experimental Workshops), a main designer was Tadeusz Sołtyk. The design was similar to Junak-1, the main difference was en engine. Unlike Junak, its fixed landing gear, in massive covers, was lacking struts. It was also fitted with split flaps and had slightly enlarged rudder (similar improvements were later adapted in Junak-2).

Description
Mixed construction (steel and wood) low-wing monoplane, conventional in layout. Fuselage of a steel frame, covered with canvas, in front with metal sheet. Two-spar wings of wooden construction and trapezoid shape, canvas and plywood covered, fitted with split flaps. Cockpit with two seats in tandem, under a multi-part closed canopy. Conventional fixed landing gear with a tail wheel, main gear in massive covers. Engine in front: Zuch-1: 6-cylinder inline engine Walter Minor 6-III (118 kW / 160 hp), Zuch-2: 7-cylinder radial engine Bramo Sh 14 (118 kW / 160 hp) with a ring cover with individual cowls for cylinders. Two-blade wooden propeller.

The first variant Zuch-1 was powered by the Czechoslovak 160 hp Walter Minor 6-III inline engine in a long, slant nose. The prototype flew first on September 1, 1948. The design was quite successful and fit to aerobatics, but it did not enter production because of decision not to produce Walter Minor engines in Poland. The prototype served in aero clubs from 1950 until end of 1955, with markings SP-BAD.

The second prototype Zuch-2 was fitted with a radial engine Bramo Sh 14. It was flown on April 1, 1949 and carried markings SP-BAG. Because of increased drag, maximum speed was lower - 222 km/h comparing to 244 km/h of Zuch-1. Because there were several Sh 14 engines available, left in the country by retreating Germans, the LWD next built a short series of 5 Zuch-2s in 1950. They carried markings SP-BAL - SP-BAP and served in aero clubs until 1955, except SP-BAM, which served until 1963.

Operators

Aeroklub Polski

Survivors
Zuch-1 (SP-BAD)
Preserved in the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków (damaged and disassembled).
Zuch-2 (SP-BAM)
Preserved in the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków (disassembled).
Zuch-2 (SP-BAO)
Preserved in the Polish Aviation Museum in Kraków (incomplete and disassembled).

Specifications (Zuch 2)

See also

References

Kempski, Benedykt, Samolot szkolno-treningowy Junak, Typy Broni i Uzbrojenia #110, Wydawnictwo MON, Warsaw 1986,

External links

Photos at Ugolok Neba site

Zuch
1940s Polish civil trainer aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
English Electric Wren. The English Electric Wren was a 1920s British ultralight monoplane built by the English Electric Company Limited at Lytham St Annes, Lancashire.

History

The Wren, designed by W. O. Manning, was a lightweight motor-glider.  Manning was a designer of flying boats and decided to try a simpler project. The Wren was a single-engined high-wing monoplane with an empty weight of only 232 lb (105 kg). The first aircraft (Serial Number J6973) was built in 1921 for the Air Ministry. Interest in building very light aircraft was encouraged at the time by a £500 prize offered by the Duke of Sutherland (who was the Under-Secretary of State for Air). The entrants had to build the most economical light single-seat aircraft. Another incentive was a £1,000 prize offered by the Daily Mail for the longest flight by a motor-glider with an engine of not more than 750 cc. Two aircraft were built for the 1923 Lympne light aircraft trials in October 1923. The Wren shared the first prize with the ANEC I when it covered 87.5 miles (140.8 km) on one Imperial gallon (4.5 litres) of fuel.

In 1957 the third aircraft was rebuilt using parts of the second aircraft.  It is still airworthy and is on public display at the Shuttleworth Collection at Old Warden Aerodrome in Bedfordshire.

Specifications (Wren)

Notes

References

External links

 The Shuttleworth Collection, English Electric Wren

Wren
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
1920s British civil utility aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1921
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
1,3-Dichloropropene. 1,3-Dichloropropene, sold under diverse trade names, is an organochlorine compound with the formula . It is a colorless liquid with a sweet smell. It is feebly soluble in water and evaporates easily. It is used mainly in farming as a pesticide, specifically as a preplant fumigant and nematicide. It acts non-specifically and is in IRAC class 8A. It is widely used in the US and other countries, but is banned in 34 countries (including the European Union).

Production, chemical properties, biodegradation
It is a byproduct in the chlorination of propene to make allyl chloride.

It is usually obtained as a mixture of the geometric isomers, called (Z)-1,3-dichloropropene, and (E)-1,3-dichloropropene.  Although it was first applied in agriculture in the 1950s, at least two biodegradation pathways have evolved.  One pathway degrades the chlorocarbon to acetaldehyde via chloroacrylic acid.

Safety
The TLV-TWA for 1,3-dichloropropene (DCP) is 1 ppm. It is a contact irritant. A wide range of complications have been reported.

Carcinogenicity
Evidence for the carcinogenicity of 1,3-dichloropropene in humans is inadequate, but results from several cancer bioassays provide adequate evidence of carcinogenicity in animals. In the US, the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) has determined that 1,3-dichloropropene may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. In California, the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment has determined that 1,3-dichloropropene is a carcinogen, and in 2022 established a No Significant Risk Level (NSRL) of 3.7 micrograms/day. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has determined that 1,3-dichloropropene is possibly carcinogenic to humans. The EPA has classified 1,3-dichloropropene as a probable human carcinogen.

Use
1,3-Dichloropropene is used as a pesticide in the following crops:

Contamination
The ATSDR has extensive contamination information available.

Market history
Under the brand name Telone, 1,3-D was one of Dow AgroSciences's products until the merger into DowDuPont. Then it was spun off with Corteva, and  has been licensed to Telos Ag Solutions and is no longer a Corteva product.

References

ATSDR ToxFAQs: Dichloropropenes
USGS Pesticide National Synthesis Project – Crop & Compound

Further reading
ATSDR Toxicological Profile (9.2 MB)
CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Pesticides
Chloroalkenes
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Fumigants
Sweet-smelling chemicals