omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Adamantine (veneer). Adamantine is a veneer developed by The Celluloid Manufacturing Company of New York City, covered by U.S. Patent number 232,037, dated September 7, 1880, for the process of cementing a celluloid veneer or coating to a substrate such as a wood case. Adamantine veneer was made in black and white, and in colored patterns that simulated wood grain, onyx and marble. 

Expensive French mantel clocks in slate, onyx or marble cases were popular in the United States in the 1860s. American clock manufacturers produced similar looking cases made of iron or wood, known as "Black Mantel Clocks", which were popular from 1880 to 1931.

Seth Thomas Clock Company purchased the right to use the adamantine veneer in 1881, which they called Marbaline.  Their "Adamantine" black mantel clocks were made starting in 1882.

References

Thermoplastics
Anatra D Anade. The Anatra D or Anade was a two-seat reconnaissance aircraft built in Odessa, Russian Empire and flown during World War I. It was a two-bay biplane of conventional configuration that seated the pilot and observer in tandem, open cockpits. Test flights revealed a number of design flaws, including weak wing structure that would later kill the company test pilot on 21 July 1917 and poor stability. Despite the problems, the aircraft was ordered into production by the Army, and deliveries commenced in May 1916 after revisions had been made to correct the aircraft's centre of gravity in the hope of addressing the worst handling problems. The type continued in limited service after the war, eventually being used as a trainer until about 1919.

Operators

Imperial Russian Air Service acquired 170 aircraft, initial deliveries began on 16 May 1916

Soviet Air Forces

Ukrainian People's Republic Air Fleet

Specifications

References

 
 Russian Aviation Museum 
 avia.ru

D
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1910s Russian military reconnaissance aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Rotary-engined aircraft
Anatra DS Anasal. The Anatra DS or Anasal was a two-seat reconnaissance aircraft developed from the Anatra D (Anade). It was built in the Anatra factory in Odessa in the Russian Empire and flown during World War I by both sides during the Russian Civil War.

The main difference from the previous model was the replacement of a 100 hp rotary engine with a much more powerful 150 hp Salmson radial engine, which improved performance. The engine was unusual, being one of the few water-cooled radial engines, hence the plane had a water radiator in front of the upper wing. This engine was license-built in Russia. The forward fuselage was similar to its predecessor, with a partial engine cowling, open at the bottom, with characteristic holes. The plane was also slightly larger and more heavily armed, adding a synchronised forward-firing machine gun for the pilot in addition to the observer's weapon.

The plane, named Anasal (short for Anatra Salmson) was first flown on 7 August 1916  (25 July 1916 old style). The first orders came only in 1917, and before the Soviet revolution in November 1917 some 60 to 70 had been manufactured, many others being in different stages of completion. Many details differed between individual aircraft.

In March 1918 Odessa was occupied by Austro-Hungarian forces, in accordance with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and in May the Austrian government ordered 200 Anasals, as the Anatra C.I, for training and observation. 114 were received by the Austrians by September 1918, some half being given to training units before the end of World War I. In October, the remainder of the order was cancelled.

The major postwar user of the Anasal was Czechoslovakia, with 23 former Austrian aircraft, used by the military, and later in civilian aviation. One of these has survived and is in the Prague Aviation Museum, Kbely. Eight Anasals were used by revolutionary forces in Hungary. Eight aircraft were acquired in March 1919 by the Polish 4th Rifle Division in Odessa, fighting in the Russian civil war on the White side, but only four were assembled and used until April. Another Anasal was captured and used by the Poles during the Polish-Soviet war in 1919–20.

A more advanced model was the Anatra DSS, with 160 hp Salmson engine, but few were made.

Variants
 DS - two-seat reconnaissance aircraft
 DSS - a small number of aircraft with a more powerful 160 hp Salmson radial engine for slightly higher speed
 Anatra Anadis - fighter aircraft based on the Anasal design

Operators

Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops

Czechoslovak Air Force Postwar, 23 aircraft.

Hungarian Air Force

Polish Air Force Postwar, five aircraft in 1919-1920 (further four not assembled)

Imperial Russian Air Service
White Movement (1917–1923)

Soviet Air Force

Specifications

References

Pictures, drawings and description (in Russian) at Ugolok Neba site
 
 Russian Aviation Museum 
 avia.ru

DS
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1910s Russian military reconnaissance aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Office Business Applications. Office Business Applications (OBA) is a term for software applications that use the Microsoft Office system (such as Outlook, Word, or Excel) as the user interface for an application.

Background
Applications and documents can be extended to add enterprise-specific features, and different line of business (LOB) systems can be integrated with Microsoft Office to make the LOB system more accessible.

OBAs employ a composite application architecture and link the 2007 Microsoft Office System applications running on the desktop to custom and off-the-shelf Line of Business (LOB) applications running on remote servers.

Development
OBAs can be developed to meet a multitude of customer needs. For example, a company may want to:

 Extend its LOB application to more users.
 Implement an application that consolidates multiple user interfaces into a 2007 Office system document or SharePoint Server Web page.
 Build a workflow application that helps users to regain control of critical documents.

Companies can buy OBAs from their application vendors, or they can build their OBAs. ISVs and integrators can build applications consistent with the OBA paradigm, and leverage the existing IT investments of their customers to deliver more end-user productivity.

Microsoft developed an OBA application, in cooperation with SAP, that is called Duet.

See also
Composite application
Service-oriented architecture
Web 2.0

References

Microsoft Office
ANBO I. 

The ANBO I was a single-seat aircraft developed in Lithuania, proposed as a trainer for the Lithuanian Army. It was a low-wing, braced monoplane of conventional tailwheel configuration. The fuselage structure was of fabric-covered welded steel tube, The wing had a wooden, two-spar structure and was fabric covered but the fuselage, also fabric covered, had a welded steel tube structure.

The first flight took place in 1925. Ten years later the aircraft was sold to the Lithuanian Aviation Museum in Kaunas where it is exhibited today.

Operators

Lithuanian Air Force

Specifications

References

Further reading
 

Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1920s Lithuanian military trainer aircraft
1
Aircraft first flown in 1925
1920s Lithuanian sport aircraft
VIZ-Stal. VIZ-Stal is a producer of cold-rolled electrical steels and the largest producer of grain-oriented electrical steel in Russia. Its share of global grain-oriented electrical steel production is almost 11 per cent. Over 80 per cent of its products are exported.

Geography and history
VIZ-Stal was established based on the production facilities of OJSC Verkh-Isetsk plant. The facilities are located in the city of Ekaterinburg (Urals Region), close to main transportation routes to Europe and South-East Asia as well as to ports with all-year-round navigation of the western and eastern coasts of Russia. In 2006, the company became a part of NLMK Group.

Products
Production facilities have an annual capacity to produce about 200,000 tonnes of electrical steel. In 2006, the company produced 180,000 tonnes of grain-oriented steel and 16,000 tonnes of non-grain-oriented steel.

Novolipetsk Steel (NLMK) is the major supplier of hot-rolled coils for further cold rolling at VIZ-Stal. The main customers of electrical steels are Russian companies in the electrical and electronic industry, manufacturers of household electrical and radio appliances, as well as electrical companies abroad.

Employment
At present the company employs nearly 2,300 people.

External links

Steel companies of Russia
Manufacturing companies based in Yekaterinburg
NLMK Group
ANBO II. 

The ANBO II was a parasol-wing monoplane aircraft built in Lithuania in 1927 as a pilot trainer for the Army. It was the first Lithuanian trainer aircraft of own design. It was eventually reequipped with more powerful engine for the Aero Club of Lithuania in 1931 before being written off after a crash in 1934.

The plane was not produced in series, yet it served as a prototype for latter trainers Anbo-III and Anbo-V/51, developed by Antanas Gustaitis.

Replica 
A full size flying replica was restored in 2012-2016 by Rolandas Kalinauskas and Arvydas Šabrinskas. Due to difficulties in obtaining original Walter engine, a Russian-made Shvetsov M-11 engine, having similar parameters, was used. Test flight of the restored Anbo II took place on 18 October 2016. The plane is based in Pociūnai airfield, Lithuania and is mostly used for air shows with both constructors dressing in Lithuanian Air Force uniforms of 1920s-1930s.

On August 8, 2021 after an engine failed during a climb at the altitude of 20-30 meters the aircraft crashed at Cesis Airfield, near Priekuļi, Latvia. The plane stalled resulting in a fatal crash for both the pilot Arvydas Šabrinskas, and the aircraft.

Operators

Lithuanian Air Force
Aero Club of Lithuania

Specifications

References

Bibliography 
 Ramoška, Gytis, Pirmasis lietuviškas mokomasis lėktuvas Anbo-II, Plieno sparnai, Nr. 5, 2008
 
 Lithuanian Aviation Museum

Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1920s Lithuanian military trainer aircraft
2
Aircraft first flown in 1927
Destan Entertainment. Destan Entertainment was a computer game developer from Poland established in 2003. It cooperated with Teyon, video games producer and online  publisher.

During its final years, it developed 3D and 2D render technology for both modern (Destan Engine 2.0) and older computers (Destan Engine 1.0). In addition to rendering technology, Destan focused on physics, sound, network and development tools.

It also worked with Teyon on a budget line of PC games. Destan Entertainment's games were published in Poland, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, UK, France, USA, Canada, Russia, Ukraine, India, Spain, Italy and other countries.

Games 
 2004 — Kids Games Line
 2005 — River Boat
 2005 — Frog Checkers
 2005 — Robot Rescue
 2005 — Robot Rescue 2
 2005 — Taxi Hawk
 2005 — Willy
 2005 — WR Rally
 2006 — Ball Fighter
 2006 — 1001 Minigolf Challenge
 2007 — Play Pets
 2007 — Burn
 2008 — Crystal Caverns
 2008 — Dynasty of Egypt
 2008 — Jewels of the Nile
 2008 — Battle Rage
 2009 — Hubert the Teddy Bear: Backyard Games
 2009 — Weekend Party: Fashion Show
 2009 — District Wars

External links
 Producer's official site
 Teyon Store site
 BURN official site
 

Defunct video game companies of Poland
Video game development companies
Video game companies established in 2003
Polish companies established in 2003
Companies based in Kraków
Altai-Koks. Open Joint-Stock Company Altai-Koks () is one of the largest Russian producers of coke and by-products. It produces coke and a wide range of chemical products. The company has a 13% share of overall Russian coke production.

Geography & History
The production site of OJSC Altai-Koks is located in Zarinsk, Altai Krai. The project to build the Altai coke and by-product plant was approved in 1971. In 1981, the first batch of coke was produced by coke battery No.1. Altai-Koks was incorporated as an Open Joint-Stock Company in 1993. In 2006 the Company became a part of Novolipetsk Steel.

Products
The Company processes coal extracted from the Kuznetsk Basin and has capacities to produce coke qualities for different applications and several kinds of chemical products. The main kinds of products are blast-furnace coke, foundry coke, coke nut and coke breeze. Chemicals production share in overall 2005 production results of the company was 8%. OJSC Altai-Koks supplies ammonium sulfate, coal-tar pitch, anthracene, naphthalene, absorbing and phenol fraction as well as crude benzole.

Production
In 2006 the fifth coke battery with annual coke production capacity of 1.14 million tonnes was commissioned. The new coke battery includes more powerful ovens producing coke of the highest quality. Upon commissioning of the fifth coke battery, the aggregate annual output reaches as much as 5 million tonnes of coke.

Owners and membership 
CEO - Valyas Vadim Ivanovich.

Founder - Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant.

Corporate responsibility
OJSC Altai-Koks is a town-forming company and one of the largest employers and taxpayers in the Altai region. The company employs approximately 5,500 people.

References

External links
 Official website

Chemical companies of Russia
Chemical companies established in 1971
Companies based in Altai Krai
NLMK Group
Chemical companies of the Soviet Union
1971 establishments in Russia
Bound (car). The Bound was a British 4 wheeled cyclecar made in 1920 by Bound Brothers of Southampton, England.

The car had single seat bodywork and was very narrow.  Power came from a single cylinder Precision engine rated at 3½ horsepower and drive was to the rear wheels via a friction transmission. Very few were made.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References 

Cyclecars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1920
Companies based in Southampton
BPD (car). The BPD was a British 4-wheeled cyclecar made in 1913 by Brown, Paine and Dowland Ltd of Shoreham-by-Sea, Sussex.

The car was powered by a JAP air-cooled, V twin engine rated at 8 hp and drive was to the rear wheels through a 2-speed gearbox and belts. It is not known if more than a prototype was made.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References 

Cyclecars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1913
Companies based in West Sussex
Bradwell (car). The Bradwell was a British four-wheeled cyclecar made in 1914 by Bradwell & Company in Folkestone, Kent.

The car had a lightweight single-seat body and was powered by a Precision, single-cylinder, 3 hp engine driving the rear wheels by  belts. It cost £65.

References

Cyclecars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1914
Defunct companies based in Kent
Cars introduced in 1914
Mumbai–Manmad Pipeline. The Mumbai Manmad Bijwasan Pipeline (MMBPL) was one of the most ambitious projects undertaken by BPCL [Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited]. The project commenced in mid-1998 and involved the laying of a 252 km long petroleum product pipeline from Mumbai on the Arabian sea coast to Manmad, near Nashik, located in North-Eastern Maharashtra. Subsequently, by March 2007, the pipeline was extended from Manmad to Bijwasan near New Delhi's Indira Gandhi International Airport. The total length of the MMPL pipeline, reaching from Mumbai to the outskirts of New Delhi, is approximately 1,500 km.

The details of pipeline sections are as under:

Mumbai - Manmad - 18" x 252 km (approx.) long - Externally Coal tar enamel coated

Manmad - Manglya  - 14" x 350 km (approx.) long - Externally coal tar enamel coated (Note-1)

Manmad - Piyala - Bijawasan - 18" / 8" - 750 km long - Externall 3 LPE coated.

Note-1: Only Pipeline section across Narmada River of approx. 1000 m long was provided with 3 Layer PE Coated.

In all the phases, M/s Engineers India Limited has been the Project Management Consultant responsible from concept to commissioning of the entire pipeline system.

The MMBPL department of Bharat Petroleum is currently headed by Mr. L. R. Jain (CGM, Pipelines), Mr. Sehgal (General Manager, Operations - Product Pipelines) and Mr. S.K Agarwal (General Manager, ROU & HSSE - Pipelines).
 
The MMBPL department has set high standards in the field of product pipelines. The experience in laying the Mumbai-Manmad-Bijwasan pipeline was utilised by Bharat Petroleum to lay a crude-oil pipeline from Vadinar on the West coast to Bina in Madhya Pradesh, where a new 6 million tonnes per year grassroot refinery was commissioned. The success achieved by the MMBPL department has made it almost certain that the pipeline department will become a "Strategic Business Unit" or SBU of Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited in the near future.

Online monitoring of the status of the product and pipeline has been made possible by the use of SCADA (Supervision Control and Data Acquisition) Software. Advanced techniques are also employed in pigging operations. The department also conducts studies in various aspects of pipeline management, like minimizing interface, cathodic protection etc.

References

Oil pipelines in India
Energy in Maharashtra
ANBO III. The ANBO III was a parasol-wing monoplane training and utility aircraft designed for the Lithuanian Army in 1929. It became the first aircraft of Lithuanian design to be built in series, with two batches of four aircraft produced in 1930 and 1931. The ANBO IIIs also saw service as reconnaissance machines.

Development & Production
Production aircraft began rolling off the line in the autumn of 1930, starting with Number 39 (39 is a designation, it was not the 39th production aircraft) in August, which passed tests on September 9, being flown by Gustaitis himself. Three more were completed by October, 1931. The second series, starting in the spring of 1931 incorporated the following changes: fuselage lengthened by 1/2 meter, larger fuel tanks installed, and turning rudders installed on all except Number 33 & Number 40. 

In early 1931 the ANBO III was flying with a  Walter Mars I, a nine-cylinder radial engine. The Czech-built engines started showing signs of failure after fewer than 200 hours, so British engines were procured. One Armstrong Siddeley Mongoose was ordered and tested on Number 48. This was the same weight as the Mars I and proved reliable so 4 more were ordered between 1934 and 1935. Six Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major were ordered for the ANBO V.

Operators

Lithuanian Air Force

Specifications (Walter Mars I engine)

References

Further reading

 

Parasol-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1920s Lithuanian military trainer aircraft
3
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Ripley machine gun. The Ripley Machine Gun was a volley gun, an early precursor of the machine gun, which was patented in 1861 by Ezra Ripley. Although it is likely that it was never actually produced, it demonstrated a number of basic concepts that were employed in the design of the Gatling Gun that was patented the following year.

Method of action
The design, as patented, consists of nine fixed barrels attached to a limbers and caissons.  The weapon was loaded with a cylinder containing nine rounds of ammunition, arranged so that the rounds lined up with the barrels of the weapon. A firing handle was then attached, which locked the cylinder into place. 

The weapon was fired by rotating the handle, with the barrels firing in sequence. By rotating the handle quickly a high rate of fire could be achieved, or slowly, single shots. Once the nine rounds of ammunition in the chamber were expended, the cylinder could be removed for reloading and a fresh cylinder could be inserted into the breech.

The weapon was probably never built, and was passed over in favor of volley guns like the Billinghurst Requa Battery.

Notes

References
 George M. Chinn, The Machine Gun, Volume I, 1951

Early machine guns
Machine guns of the United States
Multi-barrel machine guns
Trial and research firearms
Forced degradation. Forced degradation or accelerated degradation is a process whereby the natural degradation rate of a product or material is increased by the application of an additional stress.

Introduction 

Forced degradation studies are used to identify reactions which may occur to degrade a processed product.  Usually conducted before final formulation, forced degradation uses external stresses to rapidly screen material stabilities.

Longer-term storage tests are usually used to measure similar properties when final formulations are involved because of the stringent FDA regulations.  These tests are generally more expensive (because of the time involved) than forced degradation which is therefore used for rapid selection and elimination tests.

Common stresses 

There are a number of common stresses which are used to

 pH (acid/base)

Chemical processes are often catalysed by the presence of acids and bases.  The exposure of materials to these can therefore accelerate degradation reactions.

 Temperature

In accordance to arrhenius kinetics, increasing temperature increases the rate of any degradation process.  Temperature is often used in conjunction with other stresses to increase reaction rates.

 Oxidation 
 Concentration 
 Light

Methodologies 

Standard methodologies include:

 Wet chemistry methods
 Flow chemistry
 Calor

Application 

To demonstrate the specificity when developing stability indicating method.
To help to identify reactions that cause degradation of pharmaceutical product.
As a part of method development strategy.
Are designed to generate product related variants.

See also 

 Chemical decomposition
 Thermogravimetric analysis
 Total productive maintenance

External links
 Flow chemistry degradation by Syrris 

Chemical process engineering
Richard Unger. Richard W. Unger (born in Huntington, West Virginia, in 1942) is an emeritus professor of Medieval History at the University of British Columbia and a specialist in European maritime history in the medieval period. He served as Second Vice-President of the Medieval Academy of America in 2011, First Vice-President in 2012, and President in 2013.

Publications
 Dutch Ship Design in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries (1973)
 Dutch Shipbuilding before 1800: Ships and Guilds (1978)
 The Ship in the Medieval Economy, 600-1600 (1980)
 The Art of Medieval Technology: Images of Noah the Shipbuilder (1991)
 Ships and Shipping in the North Sea and Atlantic, 1400-1800 (1997)
 A History of Brewing in Holland, 900-1900 (2001)
 Beer in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance (2004)
 Ships on Maps: Pictures of Power in Renaissance Europe (2010)
 Shipping and Economic Growth, 1350-1850 (2011)

 with Robert Allen, Global Commodity Prices Database

References

American maritime historians
American medievalists
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia
Living people
1942 births
Historians of the Netherlands
Historians of the Dutch Republic
Fellows of the Medieval Academy of America
Cellular floor raceways. Cellular floor raceways are electrical wiring ducts or cells made from steel floor deck that serve as structural formwork for placement of concrete floor slabs and  also as wire and cable raceways within the concrete floor slab.

These raceway systems are generally used to create floor slabs on multi-story steel-framed buildings but can also be used in concrete framed structures and for on-grade applications.

References

Electrical wiring