omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Philip Rhodes. Philip Leonard Rhodes (1895–1974) was an American naval architect known for his diverse yacht designs.

Life
Rhodes designed a wide variety of vessels from 7' dinghies to 123' motor-sailors, from hydrofoil racers to America's Cup winners - his 12 Meter class Weatherly (USA-17) winning the 1962 defense. His work also included large motor yachts, commercial and military vessels such as minesweepers and police boats. His clients ranged from Rockefellers to Sears & Roebuck.

Rhodes was born in 1895 in Thurman, Ohio. He attended MIT, graduating in 1918 in naval architecture and marine engineering. He worked for the US Army Corps of Engineers during World War I. After the war he began work as a shipfitter in Lorain, Ohio. He later moved to New York where he opened a small office as a marine architect.

Rhodes joined the design firm of Cox & Stevens in 1934, becoming head naval architect there after the death of lead designer Bruno Tornroth in 1935. In 1946, the firm of Philip L. Rhodes succeeded Cox & Stevens Inc. It closed in 1974 following Rhodes's death.

Rhodes formed his own company,  Philip L. Rhodes, Naval Architects and Marine Engineers.

Rhodes was one of the pioneers in the transition to fiberglass construction. The Bounty II for Coleman Plastics and Aeromarine in 1956 became one of the earliest yachts built of fiberglass, and established the viability of the new material for larger production boats.

Designs
 Chesapeake 32
 Northern 25
 Mariner 19
 Meridian 25
 Rhodes 18
 Rhodes 19
 Rhodes 22
 Rhodes 33
 Rhodes Evergreen
 Rhodes 27 38 foot International Rule, racer cruiser
 Rhodes Seabreeze class, a 33-foot sloop sold by Seafarer Yachts
 Rhodes Meridian, a 24-foot sloop sold by Seafarer Yachts
 Pearson Vanguard, a 33-foot sloop built in Rhode Island by Pearson Yachts
 Aeromarine Bounty II - a 41ft sloop or yawl, built by Aeromarine in Sausalito California. Accredited as being the first glassfibre production yacht. 
 Pearson Rhodes 41 a 41-foot sloop based on the Bounty II, built in Rhode Island by Pearson Yachts
 Rhodes Reliant, a 41-foot sloop or yawl based on the Bounty II, built by Cheoy Lee Shipyard in Hong Kong
 Rhodes 77
 Cheoy Lee Offshore 40
 Rhodes Bantam, a 14-foot sloop (daysailer/racer)
 O'Day Tempest 23
 Seafarer Bahama 35 MS
 Seafarer 36C
 Seafarer 38/Rhodes 38
 Swiftsure 33
 Woodpussy
 Grumman Dinghy, an innovative aluminum dinghy designed to use Grumman Aircraft's post-war excess manufacturing capacity
 O'Day Widgeon, a 12-foot sailing dinghy
 O'Day Sprite, a 10-foot fiberglass sailing dinghy
 Outlaw 26
 International Penguin Class racing dinghy
 Dyer Dhow, one of the first production fiberglass boats
 Dyer Dink

References

Further reading

 Rhodes bequeathed his designs to the Mystic Seaport Museum Collection, which has a short biography.
Philip L. Rhodes Analytical Biography Temple University

 Stavis, Ben Philip L. Rhodes Analytical Biography and archive

External links
 Philip Rhodes Sail Boats

America's Cup yacht designers
American boat builders
United States Army Corps of Engineers personnel
United States Army personnel of World War I
1895 births
1974 deaths
American naval architects
Natural lines of drift. Natural lines of drift are those paths across terrain that are the most likely to be used when going from one place to another.  These paths are paths of least resistance: those that offer the greatest ease while taking into account obstacles (e.g. rivers, cliffs, dense unbroken woodland, etc.) and modes of transit (e.g. pedestrian, automobile, horses.).  Common endpoints or fixed points may include water sources, food sources, and obstacle passages such as fords or bridges.

Local paths may be derived from game trails or from artificial paths created by utility lines or political boundaries.  Property ownership and land use may also be factors in determining local variation.

Improved paths may also be partially defined by the logistics necessary to build roads or railways.

See also
Footpath
Trail

Sources 
Realistic Human Path Planning using Fluid Simulation

Human geography
Military geography
Cloudbuster. A cloudbuster is a device designed by Austrian psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957), which Reich claimed could produce rain by manipulating what he called "orgone energy" present in the atmosphere.

The cloudbuster was intended to be used in a way similar to a lightning rod: focusing it on a location in the sky and grounding it in some material that was presumed to absorb orgone—such as a body of water—would draw the orgone energy out of the atmosphere, causing the formation of clouds and rain. Reich conducted dozens of experiments with the cloudbuster, calling the research "Cosmic orgone engineering".

There have been no verified instances of a cloudbuster actually working and producing noticeable weather change, such as causing rain.  Orgone therapy is seen as pseudoscience.

A modern reinvention of cloudbuster is being sold under names of chembuster, orgone cannon or akasha pillar. It is marketed as a countermeasure against chemtrails (conspiracy theory relating to aircraft condensation trails).

Construction
A cloudbuster consists of an array of parallel hollow copper tubes which are connected at the rear to a series of flexible copper hoses which are equal or slightly smaller in diameter to the parallel tubes. Alternatively, the rear of the tubes are joined to a single large diameter pipe and flexible copper hose. The open end of these hoses are placed in water, which Reich believed to be a natural orgone absorber. The pipes can be aimed into areas of the sky to purportedly draw energy to the ground like a lightning rod. 

The remains of one of Reich's cloudbusters can be found in Rangeley, Maine at the Orgone Energy Observatory in the Reich Museum.

In popular culture 
Wilhelm Reich's cloudbuster at Orgonon can be seen in Dušan Makavejev's 1971 film W.R.: Mysteries of the Organism.

The cloudbuster was the inspiration for the 1985 song "Cloudbusting" by British singer/songwriter Kate Bush. The song describes Reich's arrest and incarceration through the eyes of his son, Peter, who later wrote the memoir A Book of Dreams (1973). A cloudbuster, bearing only a superficial resemblance to the genuine article, was designed and built for the video. The video, intended by Bush to be a short narrative film rather than a traditional music video, was conceived by Terry Gilliam and Kate Bush, and directed by Julian Doyle.
The video stars actor Donald Sutherland as Reich and Bush as his son, Peter.

Some chemtrail conspiracy theory believers have built cloudbusters filled with crystals and metal filings, which are pointed at the sky in an attempt to clear it of chemtrails.

See also
 Climate engineering
 Cloud seeding - a process for dispersing substances into existing clouds to affect precipitation patterns
 Negative air ionization therapy
 Rainmaking

References 

Orgonomy
Pseudoscience
Weather modification
Don Orlich. Don Orlich is an American academic. He is professor emeritus of the Science Mathematics Engineering Education Center at Washington State University.

WASL research 
He conducted an independent study of Washington's WASL standards based assessment, concluding, “The WASL is a disaster”. According to Orlich, the fifth grade science WASL exceeds the intellectual level of the majority of fifth graders, the seventh grade math WASL is more like a ninth grade test. Learning goals for the seventh grade is almost identical to many 10th grade goals.

Orlich published his findings in the book School Reform and the Great American Brain Robbery, in which he analyzed areas of the WASL using criteria from developmental psychology and the Scales of the National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP). Additionally, Orlich argues that areas of the Grade Level Expectations (GLEs), and thus the WASL test, are developmentally inappropriate.

Awards 
Olich won a national award from the Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development for a critical analysis he wrote on the fourth-grade WASL, although the OSPI disagrees with the analysis.

Publications 

 Teaching Strategies: A guide to Effective Teaching (2004, Houghton Mifflin); co-author

References

External links
   Orlich on the WASL

American educational reformers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Washington State University faculty
Place of birth missing (living people)
Instructograph. The Instructograph was a paper tape-based machine used for the study of Morse code.

The paper tape mechanism consisted of two reels which passed a paper tape across a reading device that actuated a set of contacts which changed state dependent on the presence or absence of hole punches in the tape. The contacts could operate an audio oscillator for the study of International Morse Code (used by radio), or a sounder for the study of American Morse Code (used by railroads), or a light bulb (Aldis Lamp - used by Navy ship to ship or by Heliograph).

The Instructograph was in production from about 1920 through 1983. The first US patent, No. 1,725,145, was granted to Otto Bernard Kirkpatrick, of Chicago, IL, on August 20, 1929.  Most of them would be wound by hand or be plugged into a wall outlet. Most plugin outlet based instructographs would have a set of knobs that can control the speed and volume. The latest version of the Instructograph was the model 500 which included a built in solid state oscillator.  This model was available to be purchased as new through at least 1986.

External links
Instructograph advertisement, ca. 1950
Model 500 Photograph

History of telecommunications
Morse code
AMC-18. AMC-18 is a geostationary Lockheed Martin A2100A communications satellite owned by SES Americom. It was launched on 8 December 2006 from Centre Spatial Guyanais aboard an Ariane 5 ECA launch vehicle and is situated at 83° West longitude, providing coverage of North America with twenty-four C-band transponders of 12–18 watts each. Future users in May 2007 include The CW Television Network, NASA TV and Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, among other services.

AMC-18 is used by thousands of terrestrial radio stations for network feeds using ground equipment from Starguide, X-Digital Systems, Wegener and International Datacasting. Major tenants are Cumulus Media Networks Satellite Services (which includes Citadel Media, Westwood One Networks, Talk Radio Network, WOR Radio Network and others), Skyview Networks (which includes ABC News, ABC Radio, California News Network, Arizona News Network, numerous Professional and Collegian Sports networks, and others), Orbital Media Networks (which includes United Stations Radio Networks, John Tesh, and others), Premiere Radio Networks, Dial Global, Westwood One, Learfield Communications, The Free Beer and Hot Wings Show, etc. 

The spacecraft can deliver and receive signals from 50 states of United States, the Caribbean and Mexico and has been designated as the third HD-PRIME satellite. Originally built as a ground spare to the AMC-10 and AMC-11 satellite program, AMC-18 is optimized for digital television distribution from the center of the U.S. orbital arc. The satellite has an expected lifetime of at least 15 years.

Transponder details

References

External links 
 
 
 SES

Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Satellite television
Spacecraft launched in 2006
SES satellites
Satellites using the A2100 bus
Torr Vale Mill. Torr Vale Mill is a Grade II* listed former cotton mill located in New Mills, Derbyshire, England, on a small rocky outcrop at the bottom of the Torrs gorge in a bend of the River Goyt.

The mill was built in the late 1780s by Daniel Strafford and was known as Strafford's Mill. It was powered by two waterwheels to spin and weave cotton. It was rebuilt in 1856 and a steam engine was added. It continued to be driven by steam and water till the 1940s when electricity took over. It was still in use producing towelling products until December 2000, the longest continuous period of cotton production in the UK. Since 1998 there have been various plans by the new owner, Chemquip Ltd., to renovate and develop the mill. This is now well underway and the new events floor has been used extensively by the community for a wide range of events. The Torr Vale Mill Preservation Trust in May 2001 and The Princes Regeneration Trust has also been seeking a solution.

In 2000 Torr Vale Mill was depicted on Royal Mail postage stamps to commemorate the Millennium Walkway in the Torrs Gorge. From this walkway, on the opposite side of the Gorge, dramatic views of the Mill may be had. In 2001 a fire destroyed one of the buildings of the mill. The mill remains in a lamentable state and, though now better secured, is at risk of further fire and vandalism. 
In 2010, Chad Bevan, a New Mills resident, won the Munro Trophy in the Derbyshire Open Arts Competition for his painting of the decaying Torr Vale Mill, the title being 'Lowes Mill'.

The Mill is on the English Heritage Heritage at Risk Register of Listed Buildings at risk through disuse and disrepair.
The local Heritage Centre Trust is actively engaged in trying to secure the future of this abandoned building.

References

Cotton mills in Derbyshire
History of the textile industry
Industrial Revolution in England
Textile mills completed in the 18th century
Grade II* listed buildings in Derbyshire
Grade II* listed industrial buildings
New Mills
ERCO IL-116. The ERCO IL-116 was an American inline aircraft engine designed and built in the late 1930s. The type was not placed into series production due to competition from cheaper engines.

Design and development
In late 1938, the Engineering and Research Corporation (ERCO) searched unsuccessfully for a suitable engine for its new "safe" airplane, the Ercoupe. ERCO hired Harold Morehouse, former engineer in charge of small engine design at Continental Motors, to design a new engine. He came up with the inverted, in-line IL-116, which provided good pilot visibility and enhanced aircraft streamlining.

ERCO installed the IL-116 in the prototype Ercoupe Model 310 in 1939. The engine performed well, but ERCO discontinued it when Continental introduced the Continental A65 engine in 1940, which generated comparable horsepower at half the cost. ERCO manufactured parts for six IL-116s but only three were built.

Engines on display
An ERCO IL-116, believed to be the last remaining engine, is on display at the National Air and Space Museum.

Specifications (IL-116)

See also

References

Notes

Air-cooled aircraft piston engines
1930s aircraft piston engines
Inverted aircraft piston engines
Wing Island. is a flight simulator video game for the Wii. The game was developed by CAProduction and published in Japan by Hudson Soft, Konami in North America, and in Europe and Australia by Nintendo.

Gameplay
It is played using the gesture system in the Wii Remote. The player tilts the remote horizontally to turn, vertically to go up or down, and flick the Wii controller two times to the side to do a barrel-roll. The aircraft is indestructible and even hard crash-landings will only cause a temporary loss of control.

In addition to flying a single plane, players are also able to fly a squadron of planes, which are controlled simultaneously, in many formations.

Challenges include balloon popping, fire fighting, and cargo delivery.

The game also includes multiplayer minigame elements.

Development
According to Hudson Soft, development on Wing Island was inspired by Nintendo's flight simulator Pilotwings, as the two share some distinct similarities.

Reception

The game received "generally unfavorable reviews" according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, Famitsu gave it a score of one five, two sixes, and one five for a total of 22 out of 40.

The game sold only 800 units on December 2, 2006, the day of the Wii launch in Japan.

Notes

References

External links
Official website 

2006 video games
CAProduction games
Flight simulation video games
Hudson Soft games
Konami games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Nintendo games
Video games about firefighting
Video games developed in Japan
Wii games
Wii-only games
Build automation. Build automation is the practice of building software systems in a relatively unattended fashion. The build is configured to run with minimized or no software developer interaction and without using a developer's personal computer. Build automation encompasses the act of configuring the build system as well the resulting system itself.

Build automation encompasses both sequencing build operations via non-interactive interface tools and running builds on a shared server.

Tools 

Build-automation tools
allow for sequencing the tasks of building software via a non-interactive interface. Existing tools such as Make can be used via custom configuration file or command-line parameters. Custom tools such as shell scripts can also be used.

Some tools, such as shell scripts, are task-oriented declarative programming. They encode sequences of commands to perform with usually minimal conditional logic.

Some tools, such as Make are product-oriented. They build a product, a.k.a. target, based on configured dependencies.

Servers 

A build server is a server setup to run builds. As opposed to a personal computer, a server allows for a more consistent and available build environment.

Traditionally, a build server was a local computer dedicated as a shared resource instead of used as a personal computer. Today, there are many cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS) web sites for building.

Without a build server, building generally depends on developers to use their personal computers which has many drawbacks, including but not limited to: The developers who know how to build may be on vacation. The developer's machine may have an issue that prevents building. The developer's machine may have other software installed that conflicts with building properly.

A continuous integration server is a build server that is setup to build in a relatively frequent way  often on each code commit. A build server may also be incorporated into an ARA tool or ALM tool.

Typical build triggering options include:

 On-demand: requested by a user
 Scheduled: such as a nightly build
 On-commit: building on every commit to a version control system

Continuous integration and continuous delivery 

Automating the build process is a required step for implementing continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD)  all of which considered best practice for software development.

Advantages 

Pluses of build automation include:

 Can save time and money in the long run
 Enables continuous integration, delivery and testing
 More consistent build process
 Can optimize the build process; reducing time and redundant tasks
 Reduces dependency on key personnel and their personal computers
 Can automate collection of build history

See also

References 

 
Types of tools used in software development
National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers. The National Organization for the Professional Advancement of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers or NOBCChE (pronounced No-be-shay) is a nonprofit, professional organization. NOBCChE's goal is to increase the number of minorities in science, technology, and engineering fields. The organization accomplishes this by creating bonds with professionals working at science-related companies and faculty at local school districts in order to get more minorities to pursue a career in science and engineering fields. NOBCChE focuses on establishing diversity programs for the professional development of young kids and to spread knowledge in science and engineering. NOBCChE chapters can be found nationwide.

History 
NOBCChE was co-founded in 1972 by a group of chemists and chemical engineers. Initially, the organization was financially aided by the Haas Community Fund and Drexel University. After receiving positive feedback and interest from other black chemists and chemical engineers, the founders decided to expand on their idea and set up a structured idea of what they wanted the society to emphasize. Two years later, the first national meeting was held in New Orleans. At the conference, black chemists and chemical engineers found that they could discuss career-related issues with others who were in similar fields. Today, the national conference features various workshops, research presentations, and high school science bowls. NOBCChE also presents the Percy L. Julian Award, given to African-American scientists who have made significant contributions to the areas of pure or applied research in science or engineering.

Founders of NOBCChE
Joseph N. Cannon, Chemical engineer and professor - Howard University
Lloyd Ferguson, Chemist and professor - California State University
William M. Jackson, Chemist and professor - Howard University
William Guillory, Chemist and professor - Drexel University
Henry C. McBay, Chemist and professor - Morehouse College
Charles Merideth, Chemist and chancellor of the Atlanta University Center, Inc.
James Porter, Chemical engineer and professor - MIT

Presidents 
The President has the overall responsibility for affecting the objectives of NOBCChE, oversees the day-to-day activities of the organization, and is the official representative of the organization. For over 45 years, professionals from industry, academia, and government have volunteered their time to lead the organization in the mission of encouraging education and careers in STEM for people of color. Each NOBCChE President develops his or her own set of goals with corresponding initiatives and events.

*Affiliation at the time of election

References

External links 
 NOBCChE: Welcome to NOBCChE
 NOBCChE Midwest Regional Homepage
 National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE)

Chemistry societies
African-American professional organizations
Mesoporous silicate. Mesoporous silicates are silicates with a special morphology.

Background
Porous inorganic solids have found great utility as catalysts and sorption media because of their large internal surface area, i.e. the presence of voids of controllable dimensions at the atomic, molecular, and nanometer scales.  With increasing environmental concerns worldwide, nanoporous materials have become more important and useful for the separation of polluting species and the recovery of useful ones. In recent years there has been great progress in applying environmentally friendly zeolites in heterogeneous reaction catalysis. The reason for their success is related to their specific features in converting molecules having kinetic diameter below 1 nm, but they become inadequate when reactants with sizes above the dimensions of the pores have to be processed. Research efforts to synthesize zeolites with larger pore diameter, high structural stability and catalytic activity have not given the expected results yet.

Characteristics
The discovery of a new family of mesoporous molecular sieves in the early 1990s by Kuroda et al., known as KSW-1 and FSM-16, and by ExxonMobil, called M41S, opened new possibilities to prepare catalysts for reactions of relatively large molecules. The silicate wall of the pores is amorphous. Mesoporous silicates, such as MCM-41 and SBA-15 (the most common mesoporous silicates), are porous silicates with huge surface areas (normally ≥1000 m2/g), large pore sizes (2 nm ≤ size ≤ 20 nm) and ordered arrays of cylindrical mesopores with very regular pore morphology. The large surface areas of these solids increase the probability that a reactant molecule in solution will come into contact with the catalyst surface and react. The large pore size and ordered pore morphology allow one to be sure that the reactant molecules are small enough to diffuse into the pores.

See also
High-performance liquid chromatography
Gas-liquid chromatography
Silica gel
Nanotechnology

References

Silicates
Catalysts
Silicate