omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
British industrial narrow-gauge railways. British industrial narrow-gauge railways are narrow-gauge railways in the United Kingdom and the Isle of Man that were primarily built to serve one or more industries. Some offered passenger services for employees or workmen, but they did not run public passenger trains. They are categorized by the primary industry they served.

Quarrying and mining

Heavy industry

Engineering works

Power generation 

Power stations were some of the last regular users of industrial steam locomotives in the United Kingdom, although most of these were standard gauge. However, several power generation facilities used narrow-gauge railways.

Refineries

Steel works

Zinc smelting

Construction industry

Contractor depots 

Many construction contractors maintained depots that included narrow-gauge equipment in store and under repair. While some of these were temporary locations and often unrecorded, others were long term yards with extensive stock and facilities.

Tunnelling 
Many narrow-gauge lines were employed for short-term tunnelling contracts. Most of these are unrecorded, so this list represents only a few of the many such lines.

City construction 

During the garden city construction boom, several new towns and cities were built using narrow-gauge railways

Land reclamation and river maintenance 

Temporary and semi-permanent narrow-gauge railways were often used during land reclamation schemes

Reservoir construction 

Many reservoirs constructed before the Second World War employed narrow-gauge railways to move equipment and materials.

Power station construction

Road construction

Other construction

General

Water treatment and sewage works

Gas works

General freight

Forestry

Railway works

Other industries

See also 

 British military narrow-gauge railways
 British narrow-gauge railways
 British quarrying and mining narrow-gauge railways
 British narrow-gauge slate railways
 Decauville
 Industrial railway
 Minimum gauge railway
 Tramway (industrial)

References

Bibliography 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Narrow Gauge News, the journal of the Narrow Gauge Railway Society

External links 
 Narrow Gauge Railway Society
 Industrial Railway Society

 
Industrial railways in the United Kingdom
Barak 1. Barak (, lightning) is an Israeli surface-to-air missile (SAM) designed to be used as a ship-borne point-defense missile system against aircraft, anti-ship missiles, and UAVs.

Design
The Barak SAM system is designed to replace or complement gun-based CIWS platforms, such as the Phalanx CIWS, with a more flexible and longer-range SAM. The missiles are mounted in an eight cell container (which requires little maintenance) and are launched straight up. The Barak SAM system's launcher uses a compact vertical launching system, with an 8-cell module weighing . Fire control is provided by an equally compact C3I system that weighs , which can either operate independently or in conjunction with other on-board sensors. Its C3I radar system provides 360-degree coverage and the missiles can take down an incoming missile as close as  away from the ship. Each Barak system (missile container, radar, computers and installation) costs about $24 million. 

The system is designed to defend against aircraft and anti-ship missiles, including sea-skimming missiles.

Flight test
The missile was tested on 24 March 2017 by the Indian Navy from  during Operation Readiness Inspection in the Arabian Sea.

Operators

  - Chilean frigate Almirante Williams  
  - 
 : Total 15 warships of which 11 are operational, includes:
  (Aircraft Carrier)
  (Aircraft Carrier) -- decommissioned
 Delhi-class destroyer
 Rajput-class destroyer -- INS Ranvir, INS Ranvijay
 Shivalik-class frigate
 Brahmaputra-class frigate
 Godavari-class frigate (decommissioned)

Indian Barak Missile scandal 

On 23 October 2000, contracts were signed between the Government of India to procure seven Barak 1 systems for a $199.50 million and 200 missiles for $69.13 million reportedly over the objections of various groups, including A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, the head of the Defence Research and Development Organisation. While some objections were of a procedural nature, Indian Navy chief Admiral Sushil Kumar was investigated for why the objections that the deal was overpriced and processed on a single-tender basis were not considered.

On 24 December 2013, after investigating for more than seven years, the Central Bureau of Investigation closed the case and filed a report in court that it did not find any evidence on the allegations. A day before, on 23 December, Minister of Defence A. K. Antony approved the procurement of an additional 262 Barak 1 missiles for .

See also
 Tor missile system
 Sea Wolf (missile)
 Barak 8
 VL-SRSAM

References

External links

Barak 1 on IAI website
Barak 1 on Rafael website
Barak 1 brochure on Rafael website

Surface-to-air missiles of Israel
Naval surface-to-air missiles
Israel Aerospace Industries missiles
Close-in weapon systems
21st-century surface-to-air missiles
MLM products
Disulfur decafluoride. Disulfur decafluoride is a chemical compound with the formula . It was discovered in 1934 by Denbigh and Whytlaw-Gray. Each sulfur atom of the  molecule is octahedral, and surrounded by five fluorine atoms and one sulfur atom. The two sulfur atoms are connected by a single bond. In the  molecule, the oxidation state of each sulfur atoms is +5, but their valency is 6 (they are hexavalent).  is highly toxic, with toxicity four times that of phosgene. 

It is a colorless liquid with a burnt match smell similar to sulfur dioxide.

Production
Disulfur decafluoride is produced by photolysis of :

Disulfur decafluoride arises by the decomposition of sulfur hexafluoride. It is produced by the electrical decomposition of sulfur hexafluoride ()—an essentially inert insulator used in high voltage systems such as transmission lines, substations and switchgear.  is also made during the production of .

Properties
The S-S bond dissociation energy is 305 ± 21 kJ/mol, about 80 kJ/mol stronger than the S-S bond in diphenyldisulfide.

At temperatures above 150 °C,  decomposes slowly (disproportionation) into  and :
S2F10 → SF6 + SF4

 reacts with  to give . It reacts with  to form  in the presence of ultraviolet radiation.

  +  → 2 

In the presence of excess chlorine gas,  reacts to form sulfur chloride pentafluoride ():

  +  → 2 

The analogous reaction with bromine is reversible and yields . The reversibility of this reaction can be used to synthesize  from .

Ammonia is oxidised by  into .

Toxicity
 was considered a potential chemical warfare pulmonary agent in World War II because it does not produce lacrimation or skin irritation, thus providing little warning of exposure. 
Disulfur decafluoride is a colorless gas or liquid with a SO2-like odor. It is about four times as poisonous as phosgene. Its toxicity is thought to be caused by its disproportionation in the lungs into , which is inert, and , which reacts with moisture to form sulfurous acid and hydrofluoric acid.

See also
Phosgene
Perfluoroisobutene
Bis(trifluoromethyl) disulfide

References

External links
 

Pulmonary agents
Sulfur fluorides
Hypervalent molecules
Institution of Mining and Metallurgy. The Institution of Mining and Metallurgy (IMM) was a British research institution, founded in 1892. Members of the Institution used the post-nominals MIMM.

In 2002, it merged with The Institute of Materials (IOM) to form the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining (IOM3 or IMMM)

References

Mining organizations
Mining in the United Kingdom
Defunct professional associations based in the United Kingdom
Geology organizations
1892 establishments in the United Kingdom

External links 
 Obituaries of Members 1892-1968 Northern Mine Research Society
Fluid Phase Equilibria. Fluid Phase Equilibria is a peer-reviewed scientific journal on physical chemistry and thermodynamics that is published by Elsevier. The articles deal with experimental, theoretical and applied research related to properties of pure components and mixtures, especially phase equilibria, caloric and transport properties of fluid and solid phases. It has an impact factor of 2.8 (2024).

Editors 
The current editors are: 
 Clare McCabe - Editor in Chief. Vanderbilt University Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
 Ioannis Economou  - Texas A&M University at Qatar, Education City, PO Box 23874, Doha, Qatar
 Yoshio Iwai - Kyushu University Faculty of Engineering Graduate School of Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering, 744, Motooka, 819-0395, Fukuoka, Japan
 Georgios Kontogeorgis - Technical University of Denmark Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DK-2800, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
 Ana Soto - University of Santiago de Compostela School of Engineering, Rúa Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Availability 
Fluid Phase Equilibria can be obtained in print or in electronic form.

External links 
 Elsevier Publisher
 Fluid Phase Equilibria Homepage

Chemistry journals
Supplemental type certificate. A supplemental type certificate (STC) is a civil aviation authority-approved major modification or repair to an existing type certified aircraft, engine or propeller. As it adds to the existing type certificate, it is deemed "supplemental".  In the United States issuance of such certificates is under the purview of the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). 

The determination of whether a proposed change in design, power, thrust, or weight to an existing type certified aircraft, engine, or propeller is acceptable under a STC is proposed by the design holder, and subjected to the approval of the local civil aviation authority. In the case of the USA, for example, that authority is the FAA, and if the FAA finds that the proposed changes are too substantial, a new type certificate will be required under 14 CFR 21.19. In this case, a substantially complete investigation of compliance with the applicable regulations will be required.

Advantages
Some civil aviation authorities also issue Limited or LSTCs that are only applicable to a single aircraft or small number of specific serial numbers.

Regulation
The United States regulations for STCs are found at 14 CFR 21.111.

The European Union regulations for STCs are found Commission Regulation (EU) No 748/2012 of 3 August 2012 as amended, Part-21, Subpart E et seq.

In 2010 at the US/Europe International Aviation Safety Conference, Eurocopter discussed concerns about potential risks with, and incompatibilities in, STCs.  In response the Modification and Replacement Parts Association  (MARPA) highlighted the success that the Parts Manufacturer Approval (PMA) industry had experienced in implementing Continued Operational Safety (COS) programs for the prediction and proactive addressing of hazards.

References

External links
 []

Aviation licenses and certifications
Federal Aviation Administration
Trade Empires. Trade Empires is a pausable real-time strategy game developed by Frog City Software in San Francisco and published by Take-Two Interactive and Eidos Interactive. In the game, players build transportation and trade networks that evolve over the course of centuries as technology develops. It was released on October 20, 2001, for Microsoft Windows. During development its working title was The Silk Road; however, this was changed by Take-Two and Eidos as they were concerned about the title being too highbrow.

Gameplay
The game features 19 campaign scenarios based on historical trading periods in human history. A step-by-step walkthrough is playable by users on the Learn to Play mode for the Shang dynasty of China (1700–1100 BC). The game imitates the historical period through the supply and demand process of that time. Goods such as rice, millet, silk cloth and jade idols are traded during the campaign. The Tang and Song era (AD 615–1280) of China is also depicted, although not as a Learn to Play option.

Other Asian trading periods include First Civilization (2500–2310 BC); based around the regions of the Indus Valley, Afghanistan, Zagros, Mesopotamia and Assyria.

Reception

According to review aggregator website Metacritic, Trade Empires holds a score of 69, indicating "mixed or average" reviews, based on nine reviews.

References

External links

2001 video games
Business simulation games
Eidos Interactive games
Trade simulation games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
Take-Two Interactive games
IGD. IGD may stand for:
 Internet Gateway Device Protocol as defined in UPnP
 İlerici Gençler Derneği, Progressive Young Association of Turkey
 Immunoglobulin D, an antibody protein involved in the maturation of B cells
 Integrated Graphics Device, a graphics processing unit integrated directly into the motherboard of a PC
 Islamic Community of Germany, a religious organization in Germany
 It's Going Down (website), a media collective publishing from an anarchist perspective
Darnall engine shed. Darnall DMU Depot was a traction maintenance depot in Darnall, Sheffield, England. It was built by the London and North Eastern Railway to serve the Sheffield area, passenger trains originating or changing at Sheffield Victoria and goods and pilot workings. The shed was built adjacent to the main line immediately west of Darnall station. British Railways initially allocated the shed code 39B to Darnall, and later 41A, both within the Eastern Region code sequence.

History
Knowing that facilities at Neepsend were too cramped to operate efficiently the L.N.E.R. set about finding a suitable site for new facilities with easy access to their system in Sheffield. A site at Darnall was chosen and planning for the new engine shed commenced in 1936. Opening did not take place until 1943 with much machinery, due to wartime restrictions on new purchase, being brought from Neepsend. Photographs published in the "LNER Journal" showed the new facilities but, due to information restrictions at the time, it was captioned as being "somewhere in the north of England".

Layout
The building was a 10 track straight through brick shed, with a large coaling plant and turntable.  After the electrification of the local railways, an electric locomotive shed was also built and, in 1958, a , 3-road, brick and glass diesel depot was added to service 60 new diesel multiple units.

Closure
It closed on 4 October 1965 when Tinsley Marshalling Yard and its depot opened.  The depot buildings were then used as a wagon-repair depot until the late 1980s.

Locomotives
Locomotive classes allocated to Darnall in 1952 included:
 LNER Thompson Class B1
 LNER Class O4
 LNER Class J11
 LNER Class J39
 LNER Class N4 0-6-2T

References

Railway depots in Yorkshire
Rail transport in Sheffield
KL-51. The KL-51 is an off-line keyboard encryption system that read and punched paper tape for use with teleprinters. In NATO it was called RACE (Rapid Automatic Cryptographic Equipment).

It was developed in the 1970s by a Norwegian company, Standard Telefon og Kabelfabrik (STK). It used digital electronics for encryption instead of rotors, and it may have been the first machine to use software based crypto algorithms. KL-51 is a very robust machine made to military specifications.

U.S. National Security Agency bought it in the 1980s to replace the earlier KL-7. As of 2006, the U.S. Navy was developing plans to replace KL-51 units still in use with a unit based on a more modern Universal Crypto Device.

References

Sources
NSA museum caption shown in photo.
Crypto Machines - KL-51/RACE
http://www.knobstick.ca/pdf_files/race1.pdf

National Security Agency encryption devices
Intel LANSpool. LANSPool was network printer administration software developed by Intel. The package was designed  specifically  for the Novell NetWare network operating system. The software allowed users to share printers and faxes and for administrators to modify LAN printing operations. The software takes its name from the acronym for local area network (LAN) and the spooling technique by which computers send information to slow peripherals such as printers.

In March 1992, Intel announced that users of version 3.01 of the software might be at risk from the Michelangelo virus as the manufacturer had found the virus on master copies of the 5¼-inch floppy disks.

External links
 retroSoftware - LANSPool
 LANSpool and Michelangelo virus

LANSpool
LANSpool
LANSpool
CarGoTram. The CarGoTram was a freight tram in Dresden, Germany that operated between 2001 and 2020. It supplied Volkswagen's "Transparent Factory" with parts for car assembly.

History 

The idea of building a "transparent factory" for Volkswagen automobile production in Dresden arose in 1997. In March 2000, Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe AG (DVB AG, Dresden Public Transport Co.) and Volkswagen Automobil-Manufaktur Dresden GmbH signed a contract for the CarGoTram. Car parts were to be transported from the logistics centre in Friedrichstadt, Dresden to the new factory, using infrastructure normally used for passenger trams. Since the  long route from the logistics centre to the factory ran through Dresden's inner city of Dresden, the tram caused less traffic congestion than trucks.

Two CarGoTrams were built by Schalker Eisenhütte Maschinenfabrik GmbH Gelsenkirchen, at a cost of 6.5 million Deutsche Mark (3.3 million euro) each.  

The tram was officially introduced in Dresden on 16 November 2000 and had its first test run on 3 January 2001.

Production of the VW Phaeton in Dresden ended in March 2016, when the service was suspended. It restarted for production of the VW e-Golf in March 2017.

Volkswagen announced in October 2020 that the CarGoTram would stay in service only until late December 2020, when production of the VW e-Golf would end and a new logistics concept would start for VW ID.3 production. The last service was planned for 23 December 2020. 

On 10 December 2020, a van crashed into one of the CarGoTrams as it was turning right to the entrance to the Gläserne Manufaktur ("Transparent Factory" of Volkswagen). According to Falk Lösch, spokesman of DVB AG, the van probably passed a red traffic light. Both vehicles were damaged. As the other CarGoTram was not in service at that time, the accident ended the service.

, both trams were still parked in the tram depot.

Route
CarGoTram ran every hour. If necessary, it could run every 40 minutes. Several different routes were used. The main route went from the logistics center in Friedrichstadt via Postplatz and Grunaer Straße to Straßburger Platz and finally on to the factory. If there was heavy traffic, the tram could also take route via the main station or other routes.

Technology
The CarGoTram is a bidirectional vehicle consisting of 5 segments in a standard formation of three all-freight units and two combination freight-and-control units. The control cars have less capacity () than the middle cars () because of space devoted to the driver’s cab. Total capacity is the equivalent of three trucks ().  

The running gear was recycled from out-of-service Tatra trams, mostly Tatra T4. The bodies were newly built. All axles were driven.

See also
 Cargo trams, trams for freight in general
 Trams in Dresden

References

External links

Tram vehicles of Germany
Non-passenger multiple units
Transport in Dresden
Dresdner Verkehrsbetriebe
Elefsis Shipyards. Elefsis Shipyards is a Greek shipbuilding company, also involved in other industrial constructions. Founded in 1968, it has constructed many types of ships, including the largest bulk carriers built in Greece, as well as military ships. The latter include the Jason-class tank landing ships (LST) developed by Elefsis Shipyards (first launched in 1987), a series of Fast Attack Crafts, and the largest ship of the Greek Navy, support ship , on Italian designs.

Its latest constructions include an advanced high-speed ferry type, of which two have been so far delivered (in 2005 and 2007). Other company divisions and activities include ship repair and conversions, and industrial constructions. The latter has undertaken specialized metal and mechanical structures for the Greek industry, port cranes, huge mining equipment, as well as rolling stock, especially freight rail wagons. The company, like others in its field, has been hard hit by the crisis in the European shipbuilding sector and the intense competition from Southeast Asian companies. After its 1997 acquisition by Neorion shipyards things  temporarily improved, but problems persist and there are talks for a necessary further consolidation of the Greek shipbuilding industry.

References and external links
Company website
 L.S. Skartsis, "Greek Vehicle & Machine Manufacturers 1800 to present: A Pictorial History", Marathon (2012)  (eBook)
Jason class tank landing ships
"Delta Berenike" self propelled special purpose vessel for the deployment of the components of the Cubic kilometer Neutrino Telescope, built by Elefsis Shipyards

Shipbuilding companies of Greece
Defence companies of Greece
Greek brands
Intel Hub Architecture. Intel Hub Architecture (IHA), also known as Accelerated Hub Architecture (AHA) was Intel's architecture for the 8xx family of chipsets, starting in 1999 with the Intel 810. It uses a memory controller hub (MCH) that is connected to an I/O controller hub (ICH) via a 266 MB/s bus. The MCH chip supports memory and AGP (replaced by PCI Express in 9xx series chipsets), while the ICH chip provides connectivity for PCI (revision 2.2 before ICH5 series and revision 2.3 since ICH5 series), USB (version 1.1 before ICH4 series and version 2.0 since ICH4 series), sound (originally AC'97, Azalia added in ICH6 series), IDE hard disks (supplemented by Serial ATA since ICH5 series, fully replaced IDE since ICH8 series for desktops and ICH9 series for notebooks) and LAN (uncommonly activated on desktop motherboards and notebooks, usually independent LAN controller were placed instead of PHY chip).

Intel claimed that, because of the high-speed channel between the sections, the IHA was faster than the earlier northbridge/southbridge design, which hooked all low-speed ports to the PCI bus. The IHA also optimized data transfer based on data type.

Next generation
Intel Hub Interface 2.0 was employed in Intel's line of E7xxx server chipsets. This new revision allowed for dedicated data paths for transferring greater than 1.0 GB/s of data to and from the MCH, which support I/O segments with greater reliability and faster access to high-speed networks.

Current status
IHA is now considered obsolete and no longer used, being superseded by the Direct Media Interface architecture. The Platform Controller Hub (PCH) providing most of the features previously seen in ICH chips while moving memory, graphics and PCI Express controllers to the CPU, introduced with the Intel 5 Series chipsets in 2009. This chipset architecture is still used in desktops, in some notebooks it is going to be replaced by SoC processor designs.

References

External links
First Intel chipset to use IHA

Hub Architecture
Computer buses
Dicarbon monoxide. Dicarbon monoxide () is a molecule that contains two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. It is a linear molecule that, because of its simplicity, is of interest in a variety of areas.  It is, however, so extremely reactive that it is not encountered in everyday life.  It is classified as a carbene, cumulene and an oxocarbon.

Occurrence
Dicarbon monoxide is a product of the photolysis of carbon suboxide:

C3O2  → CO  + C2O

It is stable enough to observe reactions with NO and NO2.

Called ketenylidene in organometallic chemistry, it is a ligand observed in metal carbonyl clusters, e.g. [OC2Co3(CO)9]+.  Ketenylidenes are proposed as intermediates in the chain growth mechanism of the Fischer-Tropsch Process, which converts carbon monoxide and hydrogen to hydrocarbon fuels.

The organophosphorus compound (C6H5)3PCCO (CAS# 15596-07-3) contains the C2O functionality.  Sometimes called Bestmann's Ylide, it is a yellow solid.

References

Carbenes
Oxocarbons