omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Persistence (discontinuity). Persistence determines the possibilities of relative movement along a discontinuity in a soil or rock mass in geotechnical engineering. Discontinuities are usually differentiated in persistent, non-persistent, and abutting discontinuities (figure).

Persistent discontinuity

A persistent discontinuity is a continuous plane in a soil or rock mass. Shear displacement takes place if the shear stress along the discontinuity plane exceeds the shear strength of the discontinuity plane.

Non-persistent discontinuity

A non-persistent discontinuity ends in intact soil or rock. Before movement of the material on both sides of a non-persistent discontinuity is possible, the discontinuity has to extend and break through intact material. As intact material has virtually always far higher shear strength than the discontinuity, a non-persistent discontinuity will have larger shear strength than a persistent discontinuity.

Abutting discontinuity

An abutting discontinuity abuts against another discontinuity. Abutting discontinuities might continue at the other side of the intersecting discontinuity, however, with a displacement to give so-called ‘stepped planes’. Shear displacement along the discontinuity can take place if the shear strength along the discontinuity plane is exceeded, and the blocks of material against which the discontinuity abuts can move or break.

Anisotropic persistence
A discontinuity might be persistent in dip direction but be not persistent perpendicular to the dip direction or vice versa.

See also
 Discontinuity (geotechnical engineering)
 Rock mechanics
 Shear strength (discontinuity)

References

Soil mechanics
Rock mass classification
Thuringian Forest Nature Park. Thuringian Forest Nature Park () is one of two nature parks in the state of Thuringia, Germany.

Founded in 1990, and expanded in 2018, the nature park now covers and area of more than . It extends around the Rennsteig and comprises almost the entire Thuringian Forest and the Thuringian Highlands with Eisenach in northwest and Sonneberg in the south. The nature park protection includes the   biosphere reservation, and a number of dams such as Tambach-Dietharz Dam, Schmalwasser Dam, Ohra Dam, Lütsche Dam and the Leibis-Lichte Dam.

The highest mountains in the park are the Großer Beerberg () and the Schneekopf ().

Biosphere Reserve 

The nature park is an expansion of an older protection; the "UNESCO Biosphere Reserve Thuringian Forest" established in 1979 as the first UNESCO biosphere reserve in Germany. The biosphere protection is located in the Thuringian-Franconian low mountains, and after expansions in 1990 and 2018 it now covers an area of 337 km².

See also 
 List of nature parks in Germany
 List of mountain and hill ranges in Germany

References

External links 
 

Thuringian Forest
Nature parks in Thuringia
South Thuringia
Kurdyumov Institute of Metal Physics. The G. V. Kurdyumov Institute for Metal Physics (IMP) of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine () – scientific institution, the largest in Ukraine and Europe center of basic research in the field of metal physics, is one of the oldest research institutions of physical science within the Academy. It is named after Georgy Kurdyumov, a Soviet metallurgist and physicist.

Currently, the Institute employs more than 250 researchers (together with several Full Members and Corresponding Members of the NASU) and around 150 peoples of supporting personnel. It has more than 20 scientific units (including the state-of-the-art hardware) which are grouped around several research programs.

Traditionally, the Institute is focused on fundamental research. At the same time, applied research on metals, their alloys, and related nanotechnologies strengthen the Institute's activities.

The IMP is consistently ranked at the top of national academic institutions ranking. Besides, international reputation of IOP is growing constantly as prominent scientists from the Institute expand their activity to leading foreign research centers and universities.

History
History of the Kurdyumov Institute of Metal Physics of Ukraine began in 1945, when on the basis of the Department of Metal Physics of the Institute of Ferrous Metallurgy of the USSR Academy of Sciences was established Laboratory of Metal Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences, reorganized in 1955 into the Institute of Metal Physics.

Publishings

The institute publishes scientific journals "Metal Physics and the latest technologies", "Successes of metal physics" and a collection of scientific papers "Nanosystems, nanomaterials, nanotechnologies".

Directors
 1945 – 1951 Georgii Kurdyumov
 1951 – 1954 Vitaliy Danylov
 1955 Adrian Smirnov
 1955 – 1985 Vitaliy Gridnev
 1985 – 1989 Viktor Bariakhtar
 1989 – 2002 Volodymyr Nemoshkalenko
 2002 – 2011 Anatoliy Shpak
 2011 – 2019 Orest Ivasyshyn
 2019 —      Valentyn Tatarenko

External links

References

Science and technology in Ukraine
Scientific organizations based in Ukraine
Research institutes in the Soviet Union
Institutes of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
NASU department of physics and astronomy
Research institutes in Kyiv
Physics research institutes
Research institutes established in 1945
1945 establishments in the Soviet Union
Ryson ST-100 Cloudster. The Ryson ST-100 Cloudster is a tandem two-seat, low-wing, conventional landing gear motor glider that was designed by T. Claude Ryan first flown in 1976 and certified in 1983. The aircraft was intended to be used as both a motor glider and a light aircraft and was type certified in both categories.

Design and development
T. Claude Ryan had a long and illustrious career as an aerospace engineer, starting many storied companies, including Ryan Aeronautical Corporation and the Ryan Aeronautical Company. Late in his career, in 1969 he sold Ryan Aeronautical to Teledyne and it became Teledyne-Ryan, with Ryan remaining as chairman emeritus. He started yet another company Ryson Aviation with his son, Jerome Ryan and designed a new aircraft designated the ST-100 and named the Cloudster in honour of the Douglas Cloudster that he had purchased in 1925 and renamed the Ryan Cloudster at that time. Ladislao Pazmany is credited with contributions to the aircraft's design, as well.

The ST-100 was intended to be first and foremost a motor glider and second a light aircraft to be flown cross country under power. The aircraft is made with all-metal construction and features a  wingspan. The wing has flaps with a range of -12 to +60° and a flap-aileron interconnect. The landing gear is conventional and features wheel pants. Power is supplied by a  Continental O-200-A mounted in tractor configuration. The ST-100 has two batteries to ensure that the engine can be restarted in flight.

The prototype, registered N2RY, serial number 001, was completed in 1976. The type was certified on 29 July 1983 under separate type certificates for both FAR Part 23 and Part 26 as a light aircraft and also as a powered glider, for day visual flight rules flight only. The aircraft is also certified for aerobatics. Production was planned, but the elder Ryan died on 11 September 1982 at age 84 and no aircraft beyond the one prototype were produced. In March 2011 the prototype ST-100 was still owned by Ryson Aviation of San Diego.

Specifications (ST-100)

See also

References

External links
Photo of the ST-100
ST-100 in flight
"Cloudster—a challenge to Europe?"

1970s United States sailplanes
ST-100
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1976
Motor gliders
Liquid Impact Forming. Liquid Impact Forming is a metalworking process in which the combined use of a stamping press and a liquid medium forms the desired shape on the workpiece. This technique is a synthesis of two metalworking processes; stamping (metalworking) and hydroforming. It is especially suited for the cold forming of tubular structural parts in automotive, railroad and aerospace industries.

The process is based on a patent by Stanley Ash from the Greenville Tool & Die Company in Greenville, Michigan.

Process
Liquid impact forming uses the principles of hydroforming process with conventional stamping equipment. Even though hydroforming offers great advantages over conventional tube stamping through the reduction of manufacturing steps and the reduction of variation in workpieces, it still requires expensive mechanical equipment such as dies to withstand extreme pressures and pressurizing equipment such as pumps and intensifiers. As an alternative to this, the liquid impact forming utilizes the increase in the internal pressure of the liquid inside of a tube during the stamping process, eliminating the need for the use of above mentioned equipment.

The process includes the following stages:

1. A metal tube is filled with a liquid, preferably water and placed between lower and upper die sections of stamping dies.

2. The ends of the liquid-filled tube are sealed to confine the liquid within the tube at approximately atmospheric pressure.
 
3. The liquid-filled sealed tube is stamped in a conventional die to form the tube into a desired configuration, such as a box-shaped structural member. The compressive forces produced as the die closes to form stamped tube also compress the liquid within the interior of the sealed tube as it changes shape. Thus, the pressure of the liquid increases as the die closes. As the liquid resists compression, it forces the tube walls outwardly toward the interior surface of the die cavity. Once die sections are fully closed around the sealed tube, the tube walls take the shape of the die cavity.

4. The remaining liquid is drained from the formed tube.

Applications and Variations
The liquid impact forming process is especially advantageous for the cold forming of tubular structural parts in automotive, railroad and aerospace industries. It may be used in the cold forming of cylindrical or non-cylindrical parts. It is limited for the applications requiring extensive metal flow or bulging because of the absence of external pressure utilization as in hydroforming.

One further variation of the liquid impact forming comprises the use of a change-of-state material in liquid state in order to prevent the tube wall from buckling or wrinkling during piercing. The change-of-state material can be water or a metallic lead-bismuth alloy. The liquid can be frozen before the stamping phase. After stamping, the liquid can be melted and drained from the shaped tube. Other applications of the process would be the piercing or bulging of tubes, which could also include the use of the change-of-state material.

References

External links
Thefabricator.com

Metal forming
Automation Centre. Founded in 1993, Automation Centre LLC is a privately held independent software vendor located in Tucson, Arizona, in the United States of America.

Their first product, Tracker Suite, was released in 1994.  Tracker Suite is a groupware solution for the Lotus Notes/Domino messaging platform. The first release of Tracker Suite provided functions for time reporting.

As development continued, new components were incorporated into Tracker Suite, including modules for project management, HR, help desk services and others.  In 2001, Automation Centre released a similar groupware product for the Microsoft Outlook / Exchange messaging platform, called TrackerOffice. In 2006, Automation Centre released TrackerSuite.Net, a purely Web based suite of integrated business applications similar to Tracker Suite, but with cloud computing capabilities.

Automation Centre collectively brands these solution sets as Tracker.

References

 Penington, A. (2002, August). Building Character: Art Imitates Business Life for this Entrepreneur. Entrepreneur. Retrieved March 16, 2011 from Findarticles.com
 Sodoma, B. (1998). Automation Centre: Founder Trades Tennis Nets for Internet. Inside Tucson Business. p. 6.

External links 
 

Software companies based in Arizona
Companies established in 1993
Companies based in Tucson, Arizona
Software companies of the United States
Powerhouse Science Center. Powerhouse Science Center, formerly The Durango Discovery Museum, is an interactive science center located in Durango, Colorado. The museum opened on February 23, 2011 in what was once a power plant.

The museum is located in the Durango Light and Power Company building, built in 1892. The plant was a very early alternating current power plant, the power we use today, meaning the town of Durango had AC powered street lights before many large cities in the East. In honor of its past, the museum focuses on energy-related themes throughout its exhibit spaces and in its outreach programs. The renovated Mission-style powerhouse is a state and national historic place. Today, the original boiler room remains intact and serves as the science center's theater. 

Located on the bank of the Animas River, along the Animas River Trail, the museum is part of the City of Durango's initiative to revitalize the riverfront to improve Colorado tourism. The Museum is located at 1333 Camino Del Rio, Durango, Colorado.

Events and Activities 
The Four Corners FIRST LEGO League, a regional Lego Robotics competition, was coordinated by the museum in 2014.

Reboot 
The Durango Discovery Museum closed in May 2015 due to financial troubles.  Community organizations then began reorganizing and reopened the museum as the Powerhouse Science Center.
As part of the reboot, they also dedicated a small building on the property as a maker lab and hackerspace. The main focus was to offer the community a tinkerspace and provide opportunities for interesting workshops.

Media 
Hacking at Leaves is a documentary film by Johannes Grenzfurthner that chronicles the community efforts at the Powerhouse MakerLab during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. The lab played a pivotal role in the global response by producing medical equipment for the Four Corners region, focusing specifically on the hard-hit Navajo Nation.

References

External links
 Powerhouse Science Center - official site
  - Open Letter to the community, explaining closure on May 9, 2015

Museums in La Plata County, Colorado
Museums established in 2011
Science museums in Colorado
Durango, Colorado
EMC Atmos. EMC Atmos is a cloud storage services platform developed by EMC Corporation. Atmos can be deployed as either a hardware appliance or as software in a virtual environment. The Atmos technology uses an object storage architecture designed to manage petabytes of information and billions of objects across multiple geographic locations as a single system.

History
Atmos was developed by EMC Corporation and made generally available in November 2008.
The project used the internal code name "Maui".
At least one of the researchers on a project called OceanStore at the University of California, Berkeley had also worked on Atmos, using an architecture now known as object storage.
A second major release in February 2010 added a "GeoProtect" distributed data protection feature, faster processors and denser hard drives.

During EMC World in May 2011, EMC announced the 2.0 version of Atmos with better performance, more efficient "GeoParity" data protection and expanded access with Windows client software (Atmos GeoDrive) and an Atmos SDK with Centera/XAM and Apple iOS compatibility.

Atmos can be used as data storage for custom or packaged applications using either a REST or SOAP data API, or more traditional storage interfaces like Network File System (NFS) and Server Message Block (SMB). It presents a single unified namespace or object-space, stores information as objects (files and metadata), and manages information by user or administrator-defined policies.

References

External links
 Official Atmos Product Page 
 Building EMC Atmos

Cloud storage
British Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co Ltd v Underground Electric Rlys Co of London Ltd. British Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co Ltd v Underground Electric Railways Co of London Ltd [1912] AC 673 is an English contract law case, concerning the duty to mitigate one's loss after a breach of contract.

Facts
The defendants (British Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Co Ltd) supplied the plaintiffs (Underground Electric Railways Co of London Ltd) with turbines which, in breach of contract, were deficient in power. The plaintiffs accepted and used the turbines but reserved their right to claim damages. Later they replaced the turbines with others which were far more efficient than those supplied by the defendants would have been, even if they had complied with the contract. The plaintiffs claimed to recover the cost of the substitute turbines as damages.

Judgment
The House of Lords held that in assessing the damages for the breach any loss sustained by the plaintiffs had to be balanced against any gain to them arising directly out of the steps they had taken to lessen the consequences of the breach. Although the plaintiffs had not been bound to buy the new machines, having done so the consequential gain in profits and saved expenses had to be brought into account. The savings exceeded the cost of the machines and so the plaintiffs recovered nothing under this head.

Giving the leading judgment, Viscount Haldane LC, 688–9, ‘the quantum of damage is a question of fact’. He set out the principles for determining the measure of damages.

The duty to mitigate is not to ‘take any step which a reasonable and prudent man would not ordinarily take in the course of his business.’ Only reasonable steps.

See also

English contract law

English contract case law
High Court of Justice cases
1912 in British law
1912 in case law
1912 in rail transport
Railway case law
Ruxley Electronics and Construction Ltd v Forsyth. Ruxley Electronics and Construction Ltd v Forsyth [1995] UKHL 8 is an English contract law case, concerning the choice between an award of damages for the cost of curing a defect in a building contract or (when that is unreasonable) for awarding damages for loss of "amenity".

Facts
Ruxley agreed to build a swimming pool in Forsyth's garden. The contract specified that the pool would have a diving area seven feet, six inches deep. When constructed, the diving area was only six feet deep. This was still a safe depth for diving and one which did not affect value of the pool. Forsyth was not happy, however, and he brought an action for breach of contract claiming the cost of having a pool demolished and rebuilt (the cost of cure), a sum of £21,540.

At first instance the judge rejected the claim for 'cost of cure' damages on the ground that it was an unreasonable claim in the circumstances, but awarded Forsyth 'loss of amenity damages' of £2500. This award was reversed by the Court of Appeal which held that damages should be awarded at the amount required to place Forsyth in the same position as he would have been in had the contract been performed, which in the circumstances was the cost of rebuilding the pool. Ruxley appealed to the House of Lords.

Judgment
The House of Lords allowed the appeal and upheld the judge's award of £2500 for loss of amenity. Lord Mustill said ‘the law must cater for those occasions where the value of the promise to the promisee exceeds the financial enhancement of his position which full performance will secure.’ So ‘consumer surplus’ was recognised in an award for breach of contract. To award them nothing would be to say the promise was illusory, and that was unsatisfactory. But correcting was too expensive, and too much for the loss of Mr Forsyth. It would be contrary to ‘common sense’ and unreasonable. So we must look to ‘the loss truly suffered by the promisee’.

Lord Lloyd said that though courts do not care what damages will be used for, the intention of the innocent party for what he does with them may be relevant to the issue of reasonableness in awarding damages.

See also

English contract law
Addis v Gramophone Co Ltd [1909] AC 488
Jarvis v Swans Tours Ltd [1973] QB 233, [1973] 1 All ER 71, where purpose of contract to obtain some mental satisfaction
Jackson v Horizon Holidays Ltd, [1975] 3 All ER 92
Johnson v Gore Wood & Co [2002] 2 AC 1, 49, (a case actually concerning "reflective loss" in UK company law) it was said contract breaking is an ‘incident of commercial life which players in the game are expected to meet with mental fortitude’
Peevyhouse v. Garland Coal & Mining Co., 382 P.2d 109 (Okl. 1962)
Tito v Waddell (No 2) [1977] Ch 106

Notes

References
 Harris, Ogus and Phillips, ‘Contract Remedies and the Consumer Surplus’ (1979) 95 LQR 581

English remedy case law
House of Lords cases
1995 in United Kingdom case law
TusPark (Shanghai). The Tuspark Shanghai () or Shanghai Multimedia Valley (SMV), Tsinghua University Science Park is a Chinese high-tech company which builds business parks. It is located in Zhabei District of Shanghai, among Gonghe New Road, Pengyuepu River, Guangzhong West Road and Lingshi Road. The SMV was established in the August 2002.

See also
 Silicon Valley
 Light Valley
 Pharmaceutics Valley
 Nanometer Valley

References

External links
 - Shanghai Multimedia Valley's official website (English)
 - official website (Chinese)
 - webpage about Shanghai Multimedia Valley (English)

Information technology places
List of Pakistani inventions and discoveries. This article lists inventions and discoveries made by scientists with Pakistani nationality within Pakistan and outside the country, post the independence of Pakistan in 1947.

Chemistry 
 Development of the world's first workable plastic magnet at room temperature by organic chemist and polymer scientist Naveed Zaidi.

Physics 

 Discovery of electroweak interaction by Abdus Salam, along with two Americans Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg. The discovery led them to receive the Nobel Prize in Physics.
Abdus Salam who along with Steven Weinberg independently predicted the existence of a subatomic particle now called the Higgs boson, Named after a British physicist who theorized that it endowed other particles with mass.
The development of the Standard Model of particle physics by Sheldon Glashow's discovery in 1960 of a way to combine the electromagnetic and weak interactions.  In 1967 Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam incorporated the Higgs mechanism into Glashow's electroweak theory, giving it its modern form.

Nuclear energy 

 Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood a Pakistani nuclear engineer developed a device to detect heavy water leaks in nuclear steam cylinders while working at Knapp nuclear power reactor near Karachi in 1972. The device is patent in his name under his initials SBM probe and is widely used in nuclear power plants to date.

Medicine 

 The Ommaya reservoir - a system for the delivery of drugs (e.g. chemotherapy) into the cerebrospinal fluid for treatment of patients with brain tumours - was developed by Ayub K. Ommaya, a Pakistani neurosurgeon.
A non-invasive technology for monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP) - developed by Faisal Kashif.

Computing 

 A boot sector computer virus dubbed (c)Brain, one of the first computer viruses in history, was created in 1986 by the Farooq Alvi Brothers in Lahore, Pakistan, reportedly to deter unauthorized copying of the software they had written.
 Neurochip by Pakistani-Canadian inventor Naweed Syed.

Music 
 The Sagar veena, a string instrument designed for use in classical music, was developed entirely in Pakistan over the last 40 years at the Sanjannagar Institute in Lahore by Raza Kazim.

Economics 

 The Human Development Index was devised by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq in 1990 and had the explicit purpose "to shift the focus of development economics from national income accounting to people centered policies".

See also 
 :Category:Pakistani inventors
 Science and technology in Pakistan
 List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization, of the Bronze Age culture that flourished from 3300 to 1300 BCE in what is now Pakistan and India
 List of Indian inventions and discoveries, covers inventions made in the Indian subcontinent

References

External links
 applications: Can we invent more than herbal crack cream?, The Express Tribune

 
Lists of inventions or discoveries
Inventions
Inventions and discoveries