omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Canadian Association of Rocketry. The Canadian Association of Rocketry  - L'Association Canadienne De Fuséologie (CAR-ACF) is a  Canadian federal not for profit self-supporting association and governing body representing amateur/model rocketeers across Canada.  The history of amateur/ model rocketry in Canada goes back to 1965 with its approval by the Canadian Federal government with the assistance of the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute (CASI), the Royal Canadian Flying Clubs (RCFCA), the new Canadian Association of Rocketry (CAR), and then with the help of the Youth Aeronautic and Aerospace of Canada (YAAC).  CAR-ACF was incorporated in 2009 from the then existing Canadian Association of Rocketry - CAR.

Among its many duties, CAR-ACF is:

 to promote development of Amateur Aerospace as a recognized sport and worthwhile amateur activity. 
 the official national body for amateur aerospace in Canada. 
 a chartering organization for model rocket clubs across the country. 
 offers its chartered clubs contest sanction and assistance in getting and keeping flying sites. 
 the voice of its membership, providing liaison and certification programs with Transport Canada, Natural Resources Canada (Explosives Regulatory Division), and other government agencies
 also works with local governments, zoning boards and parks departments to promote the interests of local chartered clubs. 
 CAR-ACF is the principal stakeholder representing Non-military, Non-commercial aerospace on the Transport Canada Canadian Aviation Regulatory Advisory Council (CARAC) which is responsible for maintaining and developing the Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARS). 
 a Rocketry Association whose rules and regulations as formally acceptable to the Minister of Transport.

External links
 Canadian Association of Rocketry - L'Association Canadienne De Fuséologie

Clubs and societies in Canada
Model rocketry
Serviceability (structure). In civil engineering and structural engineering, serviceability refers to the conditions under which a building is still considered useful.  Should these limit states be exceeded, a structure that may still be structurally sound would nevertheless be considered unfit. It refers to conditions other than the building strength that render the buildings unusable. Serviceability limit state design of structures includes factors such as durability, overall stability, fire resistance, deflection, cracking and excessive vibration. 

For example, a skyscraper could sway severely and cause the occupants to be sick (much like sea-sickness), yet be perfectly sound structurally.  This building is in no danger of collapsing, yet since it is obviously no longer fit for human occupation, it is considered to have exceeded its serviceability limit state.

Serviceability limit
A serviceability limit defines the performance criterion for serviceability and corresponds to a conditions beyond which specified service requirements resulting from the planned use are no longer met. 
In limit state design, a structure fails its serviceability if the criteria of the serviceability limit state are not met during the specified service life and with the required reliability. Hence, the serviceability limit state identifies a civil engineering structure which fails to meet technical requirements for use even though it may be strong enough to remain standing.
A structure that fails serviceability has exceeded a defined limit for one of the following properties:
 Excessive deflection
 Vibration
 Local deformation (engineering)
Serviceability limits are not always defined by building code developer, government or regulatory agency. Building codes tend to be restricted to ultimate limits related to public and occupant safety. Global geopolitical variations are likely to exist.
Structural engineering
Building engineering
Elephant flow. In computer networking, an elephant flow is an extremely large (in total bytes) continuous flow set up by a TCP (or other protocol) flow measured over a network link. Elephant flows, though not numerous, can occupy a disproportionate share of the total bandwidth over a period of time. It is not clear who coined elephant flow but the term began occurring in published Internet network research in 2001 when the observations were made that a small number of flows carry the majority of Internet traffic and the remainder consists of a large number of flows that carry very little Internet traffic (mice flows).  For example, researchers Mori et al. studied the traffic flows on several Japanese universities and research networks. At the WIDE network they found elephant flows were only 4.7% of all flows but occupied 41.3% of all data transmitted during the time period.

The actual impact of elephant flows on Internet traffic is still an area of research and debate. Some research shows that elephant flows may be highly correlated with traffic spikes and other elephant flows (Lan & Heidemann and Mori et al.). Elephant flows have varying definitions proposed by researchers including flows that occupy greater than 1% of total traffic in a time period, measuring the duration of the flow, and looking at flows whose size is greater than the mean plus three standard deviations of traffic during the time period. One of the main goals of research into elephant flows is to develop more efficient bandwidth management tools and predictive models for the Internet. For example, researchers have focused on providing better quality of service to flows of small sizes (mice flows) by de-prioritizing elephant flows.

Elephant flows can also be viewed from the perspective of a network appliance such as an Intrusion Prevention System (IPS). In this context the number of bytes on the flow is less significant than the instantaneous processing load required to service the flow, where the processing load depends on the IPS configuration (how much work it is supposed to do) and the byte rate (flow throughput). An elephant flow could thus be defined as a flow that exceeds a given total service time within a particular time interval

For example, if just a single CPU core is used to process a flow, an elephant flow could be considered any flow for which the processing load exceeds the capacity of the CPU core. This in turn could be defined by dropped packets or an excess latency for any packet to transit the device. Obviously, lower thresholds can be applied and more cores could be used but the basic concept of required processing load relative to processing capacity holds.

To see how this differs from simply looking at the total bytes on a flow, consider two flows F1 and F2 with N1 and N2 total bytes respectively and where N2 = 1000*N1. It is possible that N1 is an elephant flow while N2 is not, if for example the required inspection of F1 is more complex than that of F2 and/or if the rate of F1 is much greater than the rate of F2.

See also 
 Pareto principle
 Mouse flow

Notes

References 

Network performance
Fountaineer. Fountaineer is a portmanteau of "Fountain" and "Engineer" – Hydraulic engineer.

Fountaineer describes one who designs, explores, or is passionate about fountains and their design, operation, and use. In addition, the Fontainiers made the water pipes from lead, the restoration of which, from the point of view of monument preservation, is the responsibility of today's fountain masters.

Fountaineers
Notable fountaineers include:
 André Le Nôtre: Gardens of Versailles; others.
 Lawrence Halprin: Keller Fountain Park; Freeway Park; Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial; others.
 Dan Euser: Dundas Square; proposed World Trade Center memorial fountains [world's largest human-made waterfall]
 Jeff Chapman: fountaineer-ing as subject.
 Jean Tinguely + Niki de Saint Phalle: Stravinsky Fountain; others..
 WET Design: Fountain of Nations; Salt Lake 2002 Olympic Cauldron Park; Fountains of Bellagio; others.

See also
Fountain (Duchamp)
Fountains in Paris
List of fountains in Rome
Category: Fountains
Category: Outdoor sculptures

References
Liz Clayton "Fountaineer-ing", Spacing, special issue on Water, Summer 2007, pp42–43
Jeff Chapman, The man behind YIP? and Infiltration zines, urban explorer, and fountaineer.

Fountains
Landscape and garden designers
Landscape architecture
Hydraulic engineers
De Havilland DH.37. The de Havilland DH.37 was a British three-seat sporting biplane of the 1920s designed and built by de Havilland for aviator Alan Samuel Butler.

Operational history
The first example was named Sylvia for the sister of Alan Samuel Butler. It flew extensively for five years before being converted to a single-seater and having its engine upgraded to a  A.D.C. Nimbus. It crashed in June 1927.

The second aircraft was sold to Australia, and was flown by the Controller of Civil Aviation. Sold to the Guinea Gold Company in New Guinea, it was the first aircraft flown in that country. After a forced landing at Wau aerodrome in December 1937 it was put out of commission.

Specifications (DH.37)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography
 
 

1920s British civil utility aircraft
Racing aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
DH.037
Aircraft first flown in 1922
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Ceramic tile cutter. Ceramic tile cutters are used to cut ceramic tiles to a required size or shape. They come in a number of different forms, from basic manual devices to complex attachments for power tools.

Hand tools

Beam score cutters, cutter boards

The ceramic tile cutter works by first scratching a straight line across the surface of the tile with a hardened metal wheel and then applying pressure directly below the line and on each side of the line on top. Snapping pressure varies widely, some mass-produced models exerting over 750 kg.

The cutting wheel and breaking jig are combined in a carriage that travels along one or two beams to keep the carriage angled correctly and the cut straight. The beam(s) may be height adjustable to handle different thicknesses of tiles.

The base of the tool may have adjustable fences for angled cuts and square cuts and fence stops for multiple cuts of exactly the same size.

The scoring wheel is easily replaceable.

History 
The first tile cutter was designed to facilitate the work and solve the problems that masons had when cutting a mosaic of encaustic tiles (a type of decorative tile with pigment, highly used in 1950s, due to the high strength needed because of the high hardness and thickness of these tiles).

Over the time the tool evolved, incorporating elements that made it more accurate and productive. The first cutter had an iron point to scratch the tiles. It was later replaced by the current tungsten carbide scratching wheel.

Another built-in device introduced in 1960 was the snapping element. It allowed users to snap the tiles easily and not with the bench, the cutter handle or hitting the tile with a knee as it was done before. This was a revolution in the cutting process of the ceramic world.

Tile nippers
Tile nippers are similar to small pairs of pincers, with part of the width of the tool removed so that they can be fit into small holes.  They can be used to break off small edges of tiles that have been scored or nibble out small chips enlarging holes etc.

Glass cutter

 A simple hand held glass cutter is capable of scoring smooth ceramic glaze surface allowing the tile to be snapped.

Power tools
The harder grades of ceramic tiles like fully vitrified porcelain tiles, stone tiles, and some clay tiles with textured surfaces have to be cut with a diamond blade. The diamond blades are mounted in:

Angle grinders

An angle grinder can be used for short, sometimes curved cuts.  It can also be used for L-shaped cuts and for making holes.  It can be used dry and, more rarely, wet.

Tile saws

 Dedicated tile saws are designed to be used with water as a coolant for the diamond blade.
 They are available in different sizes.
 Adjustable fences for angled cuts and square cuts.
 Fence stops for multiple cuts of exactly the same size.

Gallery

References

See also
 Hand tool
 Power tool
 Diamond tool
 Encaustic tile
 Porcelain tile
 Dimension stone
 Glass tiles
 Quarry tile

Mosaic
Mechanical hand tools
Hand-held power tools
Cutting tools
Grinding machines
Teijin Aramid. Teijin Aramid, formerly known as Teijin Twaron, is a company in The Netherlands that produces various high-strength fibers for industrial purposes, most notably their para-aramid, Twaron. Twaron finds applications in numerous markets, such as automotive (tires, hoses, belts), aerospace, civil engineering, construction, leisure goods (e.g. boats), protective clothing (bullet-, fire- and cut-resistant clothing), optical fiber cables, friction and sealing materials and more.  The company has been part of the Japanese Teijin Group since 2000, prior to this they were a division of Akzo Nobel, division Industrial Fibers.
Next to Twaron, the company markets Technora, Teijinconex as well.

History
Twaron is a heat-resistant and strong synthetic fiber, developed in early 1970s by the Dutch company AKZO, division Enka, later Akzo Nobel Industrial Fibers. The research name of the aramid was originally Fiber X, but soon called Arenka.

In 1973, Akzo decided to use sulphuric acid (H2SO4) as a solvent for spinning.

In 1976, a pilot plant was built.

In 1982, the name Twaron was introduced.

In 1985, commercial production was started on 3 locations and 9 plants.

In 1989, the aramid business of AKZO became an independent Business Unit called Twaron BV.

In 1995, the capacity was 11.000 tons/yr

Since 2000, Twaron BV is owned by the Teijin Group and now called Teijin Twaron BV. 
Teijin Twaron is based in Arnhem, The Netherlands and main production facilities for Twaron are in Emmen and Delfzijl.

In 2003, a major capacity increase to 18.500 tons/yr was completed.

In 2006, additional process improvements gave 24.000 tons/yr capacity.

In 2007, the name of Teijin Twaron BV was changed to Teijin Aramid BV.

Teijin projects an 8- to 10-percent increase in the worldwide aramid fibers market in future years, and is adding another 5- to 10-percent increase in capacity in 2007.

On July 13, 2017, Teijin Aramid announced it is going to expand its aramid production capacity for its Twaron super fiber. It will invest in new spinning technology at the Twaron facility in Emmen, the Netherlands, starting up in the first quarter of 2019.

On December 20, 2017, Teijin Aramid announced its second intention to increase the production capacity for its Twaron super fiber by more than 25%. This additional capacity will become available within the next five years. With this capacity expansion, Teijin Aramid will be able to meet future market demand and provide its customers with the material they need to excel in their markets. The total extra capacity is planned to be fully available in the year 2022.

References

External links
 Teijin Aramid Homepage
 Teijin Group business

Companies based in Gelderland
Chemical companies of the Netherlands
Organisations based in Arnhem
Derek Hitchins. Derek K. Hitchins (born 1935) is a British systems engineer and was professor in engineering management, in command & control and in systems science at Cranfield University at Cranfield, Bedfordshire, England.

Biography 
Hitchins joined the Royal Air Force in 1952 as an apprentice and retired as a wing commander in 1973 to join industry. From 1975 to 1976 he worked as the system design manager of the Tornado ADV aviation company and technical coordinator for UKAIR CCIS. From 1975 to 1979 he was head of Integrated sciences in a grammar school, teaching physics, integrated science, mathematics, electronics, biology and astronomy to advanced level, with music, gymnastics and athletics as additional subjects.

In 1980 he returned to industry and held posts at two leading systems engineering companies as Marketing Director, Business Development Director and Technical Director. He also worked as UK Technical Director for the NATO Air Command and Control System (ACCS) project in Brussels before becoming an academic in 1988.

In 1988 he became professor in Engineering Management at City University, London. From 1990 to 1994 he held the British Aerospace Chairs in Systems Science and in Command and Control, Cranfield University at RMCS Shrivenham. After his retirement in 1994 he continued as a part-time consultant, teacher, visiting professor and international lecturer.

He was the inaugural president of the UK chapter of INCOSE, and also the inaugural chairman of the Institution of Electrical Engineers’ (IEE’s) Professional Group on Systems Engineering. For many years he was an independent member of the UK Defence Scientific Advisory Board.

Work 
His current research is into system thinking, system requirements, social psychology & anthropology, Egyptology, command & control, system design and world-class systems engineering.

Publications 
Hitchins wrote several books and article. A selection:
 1990. Conceiving Systems. Thesis (Ph.D.) City University, 1990.
 1992. Draft Guide to the Practice of System Engineering. With John C. Boarder and Patrick D. R. Moore. Institution of Electrical Engineers.
 1993. Putting Systems to Work,
 2000. Getting to Grips with Complexity or... A Theory of Everything Else...
 2003, Advanced Systems Thinking, Engineering and Management, Norwood MA: Artech House.
 2003. The Pyramid Builder's Handbook
 2003. The Secret Diaries of Hemiunu 
 2007. Systems Engineering: A 21st Century Systems Methodology.

Articles, a selection:
 2003, Systems Methodology, paper. 
 2003, What’s in a System-of-Systems?, paper.

References

External links 
 Hitchins homepage.
 Derek Hitchins, INCOSE 2007.
 Hitchins CV, Feb 2005.

1935 births
Academics of City, University of London
Academics of Cranfield University
British non-fiction writers
Living people
Systems engineers
British systems scientists
British male writers
British male non-fiction writers
Entegris. Entegris, Inc. is a supplier of materials for the semiconductor and other high-tech industries. Entegris has approximately 8,000 employees throughout its global operations. It has manufacturing, customer service and/or research facilities in the United States, Canada, China, Germany, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. The company’s corporate headquarters are in Billerica, Massachusetts.

The company seeks to help manufacturers increase their yields by improving contamination control in several key processes, including photolithography, wet etch and clean, chemical-mechanical planarization, thin-film deposition, bulk chemical processing, wafer and reticle handling and shipping, and testing, assembly and packaging. Approximately 80% of the company's products are used in the semiconductor industry.

Products
Entegris products include: filtration products that purify process gases and fluids, as well as the ambient environment; liquid systems and components that dispense, control, or transport process fluids; high-performance materials and specialty gas management solutions; wafer carriers and shippers that protect the semiconductor wafer from contamination and breakage; and specialized graphite, silicon carbide, and coatings.

History
The company was incorporated in 1999 as the combined entity of Fluoroware, Inc., which began operating in 1966, and EMPAK, Inc. The company went public in 2000.

In August 2005, Entegris merged with Mykrolis Corporation, a publicly held supplier of filtration products to the semiconductor industry. Mykrolis was spun-out of Millipore Corporation in 2000.

In August 2008, Entegris acquired Poco Graphite, Inc., a Decatur, Texas supplier of specialized graphite and silicon carbide products for use in semiconductor, EDM, glass bottling, biomedical, aerospace, and alternative energy applications.

On April 30, 2014, Entegris acquired Danbury, Connecticut-based ATMI, a publicly held company providing critical materials and materials-handling solutions to the semiconductor industry, in a $1.1 billion transaction.

In Dec 2020, Entegris announced an investment of US$500 million, building a state-of-the-art facility in Taiwan. The project is expected to complete in three years in Kaohsiung Science Park.

In July 2022, Entegris acquired another US semiconductor chemicals company, CMC Materials Inc, for $5.7 billion. The acquisition, previously known as Cabot Microelectronics Corp, had 2,200 employees.

References

 Li1, S., Shih, S., Yen, S., Yang, J.: "Case Study of Microcontamination Control." Aerosol and Air Quality Research, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 432–442, 2007

Manufacturing companies based in Massachusetts
Manufacturing companies established in 1966
Equipment semiconductor companies
1966 establishments in Massachusetts
Companies listed on the Nasdaq
2000 initial public offerings
2005 mergers and acquisitions
1999 mergers and acquisitions
Wustrow (Fischland). Wustrow () is a municipality in the Vorpommern-Rügen district, in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.

The first industrial wind turbine, a Vestas V25-200 kW wind turbine with a nacelle height of 28.5 metres and a rotor diameter of 25 metres, is situated there .

Notable residents
 Klaus Praefcke (1933-2013), chemist
 Uwe Stock (* 1947), judoka

References

Seaside resorts in Germany
Cities and towns in Mecklenburg
Populated coastal places in Germany (Baltic Sea)
Weserflug We 271. The Weserflug We 271 was a German flying boat prototype, first flown just before World War II.

History

This amphibious flying boat was produced in 1938 by the German aviation company Weser Flugzeugbau GmbH. The aircraft was a twin engine, all-metal transport with a cantilever high wing. Its wheels retracted into wells in its outrigger floats, vertically braced under the engines.  Testing began in 1938 but the We 271 first flew, as a landplane on June 26, 1939 and as a flying boat two days later. In the spring of 1940 it was flown to the testing centre at Rechlin but the next year it was shot down by a Spitfire and was scrapped later in the war.

Specifications (We 271)

Notes

References

1930s German military utility aircraft
We 271
Amphibious aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Flying boats
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Mitsubishi Ki-83. The Mitsubishi Ki-83 (キ83) was a Japanese experimental, long-range heavy fighter designed near the end of World War II that did not reach production status.

Design and development
The Mitsubishi Ki-83 was designed as a long-range heavy fighter and built by a team, led by Tomio Kubo - designer of the highly successful Mitsubishi Ki-46. The design was a response to a 1943 specification for a new heavy fighter with great range. The first of four prototypes flew on 18 November 1944. The machines displayed remarkable maneuverability for aircraft of their size, being able to execute a 671 m (2,200 ft) diameter loop in just 31 seconds at a speed of over 644 km/h (400 mph). The Ki-83 carried a powerful armament of two 30 mm (1.18 in) and two 20 mm cannon in its nose.

Despite the bomb-ravaged Japanese manufacturing sector, plans for the Ki-83 to enter production were underway when Japan surrendered on 15 August 1945.

Both the existence and performance of the Ki-83 were little known during the War, even in Japan. It was completely unknown in Allied military aviation circles – as demonstrated by the fact that the Ki-83 had not been given a reporting name. Most early photographs of the type were taken during the post-war occupation of Japan, when the four prototypes were seized by the United States Army Air Forces and repainted with USAAF insignia. When they were evaluated by U.S. aeronautical engineers and other experts, a Ki-83, using high-octane fuel, reached a speed of 762 km/h (473 mph) at an altitude of 7,000 metres (23,000 ft).

Variants
 Ki-83 experimental long-range heavy fighter, four prototypes built.
 Ki-95 projected reconnaissance version, none built.
 Ki-103 projected development, none built.

Specifications (Ki-83)

See also

References

Bibliography

  (new edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, .)

External links

 Dave's Warbirds
 Warbirds Resource Group

Ki-083, Mitsubish
Ki-083
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1944
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear