omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Crescograph. A crescograph is a device for measuring growth in plants. It was invented in the early 20th century  by Jagadish Chandra Bose.

The Bose crescograph uses a series of clockwork gears and a smoked glass plate to record the movement of the tip of a plant (or its roots). It was able to record at magnifications of up to 10,000 times through the use of two different levers. One lever records at 100 times magnification while the other lever takes that image and records at another 100 times magnification. Marks are made on the plate at intervals of a few seconds, demonstrating how the rate of growth varies under varying stimuli. Bose experimented with temperature, chemicals, gases, and electricity.

The electronic crescograph plant movement detector is capable of measurements as small as 1/1,000,000 of an inch. However, its normal operating range is from 1/1000 to 1/10,000 of an inch. The component which actually measures the movement is a differential transformer along with a movable core hinged between two points. A micrometer is used to adjust and calibrate the system. It can record plant growth, magnifying a small movement as much as 10,000,000 times. This machine is highly sensitive; Bose padded the legs of the table on which the Crescograph is being used with India-rubber sponges. This negated any vibration which could affect results.

References

Botany
Indian inventions
Bangladeshi inventions
Dimensional instruments
Alweg. Alweg was a transportation company based in Germany known for pioneering straddle-beam monorails.

History
Alweg was founded by Swedish industrial magnate Dr. Axel Lennart Wenner-Gren in January 1953 as Alweg-Forschung, GmbH (Alweg Research Corporation), based in Fühlingen, a suburb of Cologne, Germany.  The company was an outgrowth of the Verkehrsbahn-Studiengesellschaft (Transit Railway Study Group), which had already presented its first monorail designs and prototypes in the previous year. The Alweg name is an acronym derived from Dr. Wenner-Gren's full name.

Alweg is best remembered for their role in building the original Disneyland Monorail System at Disneyland, which opened in 1959, and the Seattle Center Monorail, which opened for the 1962 Century 21 Exposition. Both systems remain operational, with the Seattle Center Monorail still using the original Alweg trains which have traveled over one million miles. A third system, built in Turin for the Italia 61 exposition remained unused a few months after the exposition closed and was destroyed by a fire in the late 1970s, most probably set by vandals. The remnants of the system were scrapped in 1981, with the north station repurposed as an office building.

In 1963, Alweg put forward a proposal to the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors for a monorail system that would be designed, built, operated and maintained within Los Angeles County, California by Alweg. Alweg promised to take all financial risk for the construction with the cost of the system to be recovered through fares collected. The supervisors voted down the proposal, mostly due to political pressures from Standard Oil of California and General Motors, which were strong advocates for automobile dependency. This move was greatly resented by famed author Ray Bradbury who supported the monorail project and resented the later move to build a subway in Los Angeles.

Alweg's technology was licensed in 1960 by Hitachi Monorail, which continues to construct monorails based on Alweg technology around the world.  What was for decades the world's busiest monorail line, the Tokyo Monorail, was completed in 1964 by what was then the Hitachi-Alweg division of Hitachi, and today's busiest monorail system, Chongqing Rail Transit, is also based on Alweg and Hitachi technology.

After Alweg ran into financial difficulties, Alweg's German operations were taken over by Krupp. Krupp wound up all Alweg operations by 1964.

In the 1960s there was a plan to build an Alweg monorail in the High Tatras in Slovakia.

See also

List of monorail systems

References

External links

 Los Angeles monorail proposal (The Monorail Society)

 ALWEG
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1953
Manufacturing companies based in Cologne
Defunct companies of Germany
Monorail companies
Science and technology in Sweden
1953 establishments in West Germany
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1964
1964 disestablishments in West Germany
AD Navyplane. The AD Navyplane was designed by the British Admiralty's Air Department as a reconnaissance aircraft for use during World War I.  Performance of the prototype was so disappointing that plans to produce it were cancelled almost immediately.

The Navyplane was designed by the Admiralty's Harold Bolas with the assistance of R.J. Mitchell of Supermarine.  It was a pusher floatplane biplane with the pilot and observer being seated ahead of the wings in a streamlined lightweight nacelle mounted in the gap between the upper and lower sets of wings.  A Smith Static radial engine and a pusher propeller were installed behind them.

Two examples were ordered in 1916 for the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS).  Serial numbers were allocated for seven Navyplanes (9095-'96, N.1070-'74) but just one prototype (9095) was completed.  Tests of this Supermarine-built prototype commenced in August 1916 (flown by Lieutenant-Commander John Seddon) but proved seriously underpowered and unsatisfactory.  The engine was replaced with an AR.1 rotary engine (which was later redesignated the BR.1 for Bentley Rotary 1) and retested in May 1917.  However, even without a military load and observer, the Navyplane's performance still proved to be poor, and the design was abandoned on 27 August 1917, with no second prototype being produced.

Supermarine attempted to design an improved version to replace the Short 184, the design, the Supermarine Patrol Seaplane, being powered by a 200 hp (149 kW) Sunbeam engine. While contracts for six aircraft were placed, work was abandoned before a prototype was built, the Short 184 proving adequate in the patrol role.

Specifications (AD Navyplane)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography
Andrews, C. F., and Morgan, E. B. Supermarine Aircraft since 1914. London:Putnam, 1987, .
Bruce, J.M . British Aeroplanes 1914-18. London:Putnam, 1957.
Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber since 1914. London:Putnam, 1994. .

Navyplane
1910s British military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Flying boats
Supermarine aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Rotary-engined aircraft
AD Scout. The AD Scout (also known as the Sparrow) was designed by Harris Booth of the British Admiralty's Air Department as a fighter aircraft to defend Britain from Zeppelin bombers during World War I.

Design and development
The Scout was a very unconventional aircraft – a biplane with a fuselage pod mounted on the upper wing. A twin-rudder tail was attached by four booms, and it was provided with an extremely narrow-track undercarriage. The primary armament was intended to be a 2-pounder recoilless Davis Gun, but this was never fitted. Four prototypes were ordered in 1915, and two each were built by Hewlett & Blondeau and the Blackburn Aeroplane & Motor Company.

Operational history
Trials flown by pilots of the Royal Naval Air Service at Chingford proved the aircraft to be seriously overweight, fragile, sluggish, and difficult to handle, even on the ground. The project was abandoned, and all four prototypes were scrapped.

Operators

Royal Naval Air Service

Specifications (AD Scout)

References
Notes

Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United Kingdom
Scout
Blackburn aircraft
1910s British fighter aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Rotary-engined aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
AD Seaplane Type 1000. The AD Seaplane Type 1000 also known as the Admiralty Type 1000 and the AD.1 (from Air Department) was a British seaplane of the First World War designed to attack German warships.  When it first flew, it was the largest British aircraft yet to take to the air.

Development
The design of the AD.1 was by Harris Booth of the Admiralty's Air Department just prior to World War I.  It was the world's first aircraft designed from scratch as a torpedo bomber, one of the three planned versions of the design.  The other two were a bomber and an aircraft armed with a recoilless Davis 12-pounder gun (approximately 76 mm calibre).

The aircraft was a float-equipped biplane of pod-and-boom design, with engines mounted at the front of both booms, as well as at the rear of the crew pod. Development began in 1915; it was completed and flown for the first time during the summer of 1916.  It was found that the Davis gun would project a blast rearwards so the weapon was changed for a conventional 12-pounder 'Naval Landing Gun' though in practice a gun was never installed in the AD.1.

Service
Seven aircraft were ordered from J. Samuel White, but when the first one delivered was tested, it was found that its weight was higher than expected, its performance was unexpectedly poor and its undercarriage was not robust enough: based on these findings, the contract for the remaining six aircraft was cancelled. The sole example is known to have survived until 1916, probably at the Royal Naval Air Service's Seaplane Experimental Station, Felixstowe base.

Specifications (AD Seaplane Type 1000)

References
Notes

Bibliography

Goodall, Mike. "Wight Elephants: Murray Sueter's Quest for a Large Military Aircraft". Air Enthusiast, No. 73, January/February 1998. Stamford, Lincs, UK:Key Publishing. . pp. 14–19.
Mason, Francis K. The British Bomber since 1914. London:Putnam, 1994. .

Type 1000
1910s British bomber aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United Kingdom
Rotary-engined aircraft
Floatplanes
Three-engined push-pull aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Twin-tail aircraft
Three-engined piston aircraft
Bronze wool. Bronze wool is a bundle of very fine bronze filaments , used in finishing and repair work to polish wood  or metal objects. Bronze wool is similar to steel wool, but is used in its place to avoid some problems associated with broken filaments: steel rusts quickly, especially in a marine environment.  Furthermore, steel is magnetic and can affect the operation of marine equipment, such as a compass. Steel can also discolor some materials, such as oak. This discoloration results from a reaction between the tannates in the oak and the iron in the steel, forming iron tannate, a black compound.

Bronze wool also has uses for filter elements, again when rusting would be a problem.

The main US retail supplier of bronze wool is Homax Group, under their Rhodes American brand.

Bronze wool has largely been replaced for cost reasons, by plastic mesh abrasives from makers such as Webrax and 3M Scotch-Brite. These use grains of aluminium oxide or silicon carbide, bonded to a non-woven web of nylon fibres. Like bronze wool, they avoid rust problems.

References

Abrasives
Cleaning products
Bronze objects
Adamoli-Cattani fighter. The Adamoli-Cattani fighter was a prototype fighter aircraft designed as a private venture by two Italian aircraft builders in 1918.

Design and development
The Adamoli-Cattani was intended to be the smallest practical biplane around the most powerful engine available to them, a  le Rhône M.  The result was a reasonably conventional design, other than that the wings featured hinged leading edges in place of conventional ailerons.  The Farina Coach Building factory in Turin began construction of the prototype; the Officine Moncenisio in Condove completed it.

Operational history
Upon completion, ground testing revealed that the engine as installed could only deliver some 80% of its rated power, thus leaving the aircraft significantly underpowered. Limited tests continued until the end of World War I, when the Armistice made further development superfluous.

Specifications (estimated performance with 200hp engine)

See also
Comparable aircraft:
 Nieuport-Delage Ni-D 29

References

Single-engined tractor aircraft
1910s Italian fighter aircraft
Rotary-engined aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Biplanes
NLGI consistency number. The NLGI consistency number  or NLGI grade expresses a measure of the relative hardness of a grease used for lubrication, as specified by the standard classification of lubricating grease established by the National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI). Reproduced in standards 
 (“standard classification and specification of automotive service greases”) and  (“automotive lubricating greases”), NLGI's classification is widely used. The NLGI consistency number is also a component of the code specified in standard  “lubricants, industrial oils and related products (class L) — classification — part 9: family X (greases)”.

The NLGI consistency number alone is not sufficient for specifying the grease required by a particular application. However, it complements other classifications (such as  and ). Besides consistency, other properties (such as structural and mechanical stability, apparent viscosity, resistance to oxidation, etc.) can be tested to determine the suitability of a grease to a specific application.

Test method

NLGI's classification defines nine grades, each associated to a range of ASTM worked penetration values, measured using the test defined by standard  “cone penetration of lubricating grease”. This involves two test apparatus. The first apparatus consists of a closed container and a piston-like plunger. The face of the plunger is perforated to allow grease to flow from one side of the plunger to another as the plunger is worked up and down. The test grease is inserted into the container and the plunger is stroked  while the test apparatus and grease are maintained at a temperature of .

Once worked, the grease is placed in a penetration test apparatus. This apparatus consists of a container, a specially-configured cone and a dial indicator. The container is filled with the grease and the top surface of the grease is smoothed over. The cone is placed so that its tip just touches the grease surface and the dial indicator is set to zero at this position. When the test starts, the weight of the cone will cause it to penetrate into the grease. After a specific time interval the depth of penetration is measured.

Classification

The following table shows the NLGI classification and compares each grade with household products of similar consistency. 

Common greases are in the range 1 through 3. Those with a NLGI No. of 000 to 1 are used in low viscosity applications. Examples include enclosed gear drives operating at low speeds and open gearing. Grades 0, 1 and 2 are used in highly loaded gearing. Grades 1 through 4 are often used in rolling contact bearings. Greases with a higher number are firmer, tend to stay in place and are a good choice when leakage is a concern.

References

Lubricants
Tribology
ASTM standards
Automotive standards
Grace Murray Hopper Award. The Grace Murray Hopper Award (named for computer pioneer RADM Grace Hopper) has been awarded by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) since 1971. The award goes to a computer professional who makes a single, significant technical or service contribution at or before age 35.



Recipients
 1971 Donald Knuth
 1972 Paul H. Dirksen
 1972 Paul H. Cress
 1973 Lawrence M. Breed
 1973 Richard H. Lathwell
 1973 Roger Moore
 1974 George N. Baird
 1975 Allan L. Scherr
 1976 Edward H. Shortliffe
 1977 no award
 1978 Ray Kurzweil
 1979 Steve Wozniak
 1980 Robert M. Metcalfe
 1981 Daniel S. Bricklin
 1982 Brian K. Reid
 1983 no award
 1984 Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.
 1985 Cordell Green
 1986 William Nelson "Bill" Joy
 1987 John Ousterhout
 1988 Guy L. Steele Jr.
 1989 W. Daniel Hillis
 1990 Richard Stallman
 1991 Feng-hsiung Hsu
 1992 no award
 1993 Bjarne Stroustrup
 1994–1995 no award
 1996 Shafrira Goldwasser
 1997–1998 no award
 1999 Wen-mei Hwu
 2000 Lydia Kavraki
 2001 George Necula
 2002 Ramakrishnan Srikant
 2003 Stephen W. Keckler
 2004 Jennifer Rexford
 2005 Omer Reingold
 2006 Dan Klein
 2007 Vern Paxson
 2008 Dawson Engler
 2009 Tim Roughgarden
 2010  Craig Gentry
 2011 Luis von Ahn
 2012 Martin Casado and Dina Katabi
 2013 Pedro Felipe Felzenszwalb
 2014 Sylvia Ratnasamy
 2015 Brent Waters
 2016 Jeffrey Heer
 2017 Amanda Randles
 2018 Constantinos Daskalakis and Michael J. Freedman
 2019 Maria-Florina Balcan
 2020 Shyam Gollakota
 2021 Raluca Ada Popa
 2022 Mohammad Alizadeh
 2023 Prateek Mittal

See also

 List of computer-related awards
 List of computer science awards

References

External links

 The ACM homepage for the Grace Murray Hopper Award

Awards of the Association for Computing Machinery
Computer science awards
Computer-related awards
Awards established in 1971
AAG (1900 automobile). AAG was the brand name of a German automobile company which offered only one car, a 5 hp (4 kW) voiturette designed by one Professor Klingenberg and manufactured between 1900 and 1901.  The company factory was bought by the politician Emil Rathenau, also the head of the AEG Group.  He renamed it to the Neue Automobil Gesellschaft (NAG for short), and the company produced cars until 1934.

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
1900 introductions
Abbott-Detroit. The Abbott-Detroit was an American luxury automobile manufactured between 1909 and 1919. It was designed by John G. Utz, designer of the Chalmers, who had previously worked for Olds Motor Works and the Autocar Company. Considered powerful and well-designed, the Abbott sported a Continental engine. The cars were guaranteed for life by 1913, when electric lighting and starting had been standardized.

Total production for the 1911 model year was expected to be 3000 cars. By 1916, production of these cars had reached 15 to 20 units a day, so the company moved from Detroit to a larger facility in Cleveland. This proved too stressful on the company's finances, and they declared bankruptcy in April 1918.

Dealerships
The company opened a dealership in Kansas City, Missouri around June 1910. The newly constructed building was located at 321 Admiral Boulevard, on the southeast corner of Admiral Boulevard and McGee Street. H. F. Worth was the sales manager at the time. His goal was to "place five hundred cars in Kansas, Missouri and Oklahoma."

Models
Models that Abbott-Detroit offered included:

34/45 hp (25/30 kW) Fore Door Roadster
Limousine (1913 model)
44/40 hp (33/37 kW) Battleship Roadster
34 hp (25 kW) Model F
31 hp (24 kW) Model L
22 hp (20 kW) Model K
30 hp Fore Door Roadster ($1500 in 1910)
30 hp Fore Door Demi Tonneau ($1650 in 1910)

Prices ranged from US$1700 for the Fore Door to US$3050 for the Limousine.

See also
 Brass Era car
 List of defunct automobile manufacturers

References

Car brands
Veteran vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Detroit
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Ohio
American companies established in 1909
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1909
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1919
1909 establishments in Michigan
1916 establishments in Ohio
1919 disestablishments in Ohio
ABC (1906 automobile). ABC was an American high wheeler automobile built by Albert Bledsoe Cole in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, from 1905 to 1910.

Known as the Autobuggy from 1906 to 1908, it was sold as "the cheapest high-grade car in America", and was available with  two-cylinder and  four-cylinder engines, friction drive, and pneumatic or solid tires. The drive system used a cone and two bevel wheels, one for forward and the other for reverse. This allowed it to reach its  top speed in either direction. A larger engine was fitted in 1908, and the wheelbase grew from  to . Its high ground clearance made it popular in rural areas.

Later models were more conventional with two- or four-cylinder engines, but the market for high wheelers was disappearing and the company folded in 1910.

Notes

References

 Georgano, G.N., "A.B.C.," in G.N. Georgano, ed., "The Complete Encyclopedia of Motorcars 1885-1968" (Arkansas E.P. Dutton and Co., 1974), pp. 23.

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Cars introduced in 1905
Highwheeler
Cars discontinued in 1910
Aston Martin VH platform. The British carmaker Aston Martin developed the vertical–horizontal (VH) vehicle platform to serve as the basis of most of the mass-produced vehicles in its lineup manufactured between 2003 and 2016, comprising the DB9, followed by the Vantage, DBS, Rapide and Vanquish. The limited-production Virage, DB10 and Lagonda Taraf also used this platform.

Ulrich Bez was appointed chief executive officer and chairman of Aston Martin in July 2000. At that time, the company had made significant investments in the V12 Vanquish's structural platform and determined that developing a separate platform for a single model would not be a prudent use of resources. In 2001, Bez initiated the development of a new versatile architecture intended to accompany automobiles of various sizes; most of the developments were done within that year. Aston Martin implemented modifications to enhance assembly efficiency, aiming for thirty minutes per unit, compared to the four hours required for the V12 Vanquish. The VH platform was developed to be flexible. Every vehicle that uses it incorporates bonded and riveted aluminium to reduce weight. The term "vertical" indicates that the platform can accommodate various applications and can be adjusted in size to meet the requirements of future models. The term "horizontal" signifies that components of the platform can be used across different models within the Aston Martin lineup.

The first vehicle to use the VH platform was the DB9, which constituted the platform's first generation. The Vantage, introduced in 2005, used the second generation of the platform, along with the DBS and DB10, introduced in 2007 and 2014, respectively. The third generation of the platform was used by the Virage in 2011, the 2012 facelift of the DB9 and the 2012 Vanquish. The Rapide and Lagonda Taraf used the fourth generation, an extended version of the platform. The cars have since been discontinued. The Virage and DBS both ended production in 2012, followed by the DB10 in 2015. The DB9 and Taraf were discontinued in 2016, while the Vantage and Vanquish ended production in 2018. Production of the Rapide ended in 2020.

Vehicles

Notes

References

Bibliography 

 

VH platform
VH
Abingdon (1902 automobile). The Abingdon, built in 1902 and 1903, is an English automobile made by John Child Meredith of Birmingham, who normally manufactured ignition equipment and accessories.

The range consisted of a  hp single-cylinder-engined two-seater with two-speed gearbox and chain drive.  There was also the Meredith model with a 2-cylinder 9 hp engine and a 4-seater tonneau body.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

Further reading

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Veteran vehicles
Defunct companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands

Cars introduced in 1902
Cars discontinued in 1903
Abingdon (1922 automobile). The Abingdon was an English assembled car built in small numbers in 1922 and 1923 in a factory in Tyseley, Birmingham.  It used an 11-9hp 1490 cc 4-cylinder Dorman engine and a 3-speed gearbox. Only 12 were made. Production was hampered by financial difficulties for the Wrigley company, who supplied key components such as the steering gear and three-speed gearbox.

The company also produced Abingdon Motorcycles until 1925. In 1905 and 1906, it had produced the 5 hp (4 kW) AKD tricar.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

Vintage vehicles
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Defunct companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands
Cars discontinued in 1923
Cars introduced in 1922