omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Super black. Super black is a surface treatment developed at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in the United Kingdom. It absorbs approximately 99.6% of visible light at normal incidence, while conventional black paint absorbs about 97.5%. At other angles of incidence, super black is even more effective: at an angle of 45°, it absorbs 99.9% of light.

Technology
	
The technology to create super black involves chemically etching a nickel-phosphorus alloy.

Applications of super black are in specialist optical instruments for reducing unwanted reflections. The disadvantage of this material is its low optical thickness, as it is a surface treatment. As a result, infrared light of a wavelength longer than a few micrometers penetrates through the dark layer and has much higher reflectivity. The reported spectral dependence increases from about 1% at 3 μm to 50% at 20 μm.

In 2009, a competitor to the super black material, Vantablack, was developed based on carbon nanotubes. It has a relatively flat reflectance in a wide spectral range.

In 2011, NASA and the US Army began funding research in the use of nanotube-based super black coatings in sensitive optics.
Nanotube-based superblack arrays and coatings have recently become commercially available.

See also
 Vantablack
 Emissivity
 Black hole
 Black body

References

External links
 
 
 
 

Materials science
Optical materials
Shades of black
Edgar Bain. Edgar Collins Bain (September 14, 1891 – November 27, 1971) was an American metallurgist and member of the National Academy of Sciences, who worked for the US Steel Corporation of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  He worked on the alloying and heat treatment of steel; Bainite is named in his honor.

He was born near LaRue, Ohio to Milton Henry (of Scottish descent) and Alice Anne Collins Bain. He graduated with a B.S. from Ohio State University in 1912. He received his M.S. in 1916 and his Ph.D. in 1919 both from Ohio State. His written works include Functions of the Alloying Elements in Steel, published by ASM International. He died on November 27, 1971, in Edgeworth, Pennsylvania.

He was elected in 1923 a Fellow of the American Physical Society.

References

External links
National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir

American metallurgists
1891 births
1971 deaths
People from LaRue, Ohio
Ohio State University College of Engineering alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Fellows of the Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
20th-century American chemists
Adin Falkoff. Adin D. Falkoff (19 December 1921 
– 13 August 2010) was an engineer and computer systems and programming systems designer who was mostly known for his work on the programming language APL and systems for IBM.

Career 
Falkoff, born in New Jersey, received a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Ch.E.) from the City College of New York in 1941, and a Master's degree (M.A.) in Mathematics from Yale University in 1963.

He was a researcher and manager at IBM Research since 1955 for over forty years before retiring. He collaborated with Ken Iverson from 1960 to 1980 on the design, development, and use of the APL programming language and interactive environment.

Of special note is his landmark article, A Formal Description of System/360, describing the then new IBM System/360 computer system, formally, in APL programming notation.

Falkoff was a visiting member of the faculty of IBM's Systems Research Institute, and taught computer science at Yale University. He was one of the researchers who established and managed the IBM Philadelphia Scientific Center and received many awards for his work, especially with APL.

Representative publications
Adin D. Falkoff, "Algorithms for Parallel-Search Memories". Journal of the ACM 9:4:488-511 (1962)
Adin D. Falkoff, Kenneth E. Iverson, Edward H. Sussenguth Jr., "A Formal Description of System/360". IBM Systems Journal 3:3:198-262 (1964)
Falkoff, A.D., and K.E. Iverson, APL\360 User’s Manual, IBM Corporation, August 1968. full text in PDF
Falkoff, A.D., and K.E. Iverson, "The Design of APL", IBM Journal of Research and Development 17:4, July 1973. full text in PDF
Falkoff, A.D., and K.E. Iverson, "The Evolution of APL", ACM SIGPLAN Notices 13:8, August 1978. full text in PDF
Falkoff, A.D., and K.E. Iverson, A Source Book In APL, APL Press, 1981
Falkoff, A.D., "The IBM Family of APL Systems", IBM Systems Journal 30:4, December 1991. full text in PDF

Notes

IBM employees
APL implementers
City College of New York alumni
Yale University alumni
1921 births
Engineers from New Jersey
2010 deaths
People from Pleasantville, New York
Robot Rock (album). Robot Rock is the third full-length album by Joy Electric, released in 1997. It is the group's best-selling album.

Production
The album was recorded solely on analog synthesizers.

Critical reception
The album was reviewed favorably by critics. Heather Phares, writing for AllMusic, designated the album as an "Album Pick" from the group's discography, and praised its simplicity and vocalist Ronnie Martin's vocal performance. Trouser Press wrote that "had the album been released in 1981, songs like 'Sugar Rush' and 'Monosynth' would likely now be beloved new wave classics. Robot Rock is among the best of the neo-new wave albums, and deserves a spot on the shelf next to albums like the Human League’s Dare, Depeche Mode’s Speak and Spell and Soft Cell’s Non-Stop Erotic Cabaret. CMJ New Music Monthly called the album "synth-pop reduced to its [Gary] Numan-ian essence."

Track listing
(all songs written by Ronnie Martin)
"Sugar Rush" – 2:23
"Monosynth" – 3:19
"I'm Your Boy" – 2:59
"Joy Electric Land" – 2:53
"Storybook Love" – 3:05
"The Robot Beat (We're Back)" – 3:24
"Forever Is a Place" – 2:23
"The Berry Patch" – 2:57
"Strawberry Heart" – 3:34
"(We Are) Taking Over" – 3:53

Credits
Ronnie Martin – synthesizer, vocals
Jeff Cloud – synthesizer

References

Joy Electric albums
1997 albums
Tooth & Nail Records albums
Inland harbor. An inland harbor (or inland harbour) is a harbor that is distant from the ocean or sea, such as Berlin, Germany, Chicago, Illinois, or Paris, France. Inland harbors are connected to a large body of water by an important river or canal passing near the center of the city. 

The Danube in Europe, the Mississippi River in the United States, and the Yangtze River in the People's Republic of China are transportation routes for many cities in each case.

References 

Ports and harbours
Hot atom. In physical chemistry, a hot atom is an atom that has a high kinetic or internal energy.

When molecule AB adsorbs on a surface dissociatively,

 both A and B adsorb on the surface, or
 only A adsorbs on the surface, and B desorbs from the surface.

In case 2, B gains a high translational energy from the adsorption energy of A, and hot atom B is generated. For example, the hydrogen molecule, because of its light mass, gets a high translational energy. Such a hot atom does not fly into vacuum but is trapped on the surface, where it diffuses with high energy.

Hot atoms are expected to play important roles in catalytic reactions. For example, a reaction of a hydrogen atom with hydrogen atoms on a silicon surface and a reaction of an oxygen atom with oxygen molecules  on Pt(111) have been reported. Hot atoms can also be generated by degenerating molecules on a metal surface with UV light. It has been reported that the reactivity of an oxygen atom generated in such a way on a platinum surface is different from that of chemisorbed oxygen atoms. Elucidating the role of hot atoms on surfaces will lead to a deeper understanding of the mechanism of reactions.

References

See also
Nonthermal surface reaction

Physical chemistry
Boeing Phantom Works. Boeing Phantom Works is the advanced prototyping arm of the defense and security side of Boeing. Its primary focus is developing advanced military products and technologies, many of them highly classified.

Founded by McDonnell Douglas, the research and development group continued after Boeing acquired the company. Its logo is similar to one used for the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom fighter.

Scope and responsibility
Phantom Works' organization mirrors that of Boeing's Defense business units, with 'Advanced' versions of each unit (e.g. Advanced Boeing Military Aircraft). The underlying technology is provided by the Boeing Research and Technology (BR&T) organization, who develop new technologies (i.e. Technology Readiness Level 1–4) for use by Boeing's Commercial and Defense units.  Phantom Works responsibility is to grow those technologies into prototype (i.e. Technology Readiness Level 4–6) to then transition those prototypes to the business units to turn into products (i.e. Technology Readiness Level 7–9).

Locations
Headquartered in Washington D.C., Phantom Works has projects in most Boeing locations in the United States.

Additionally an international group does modelling and simulation work for various governments in the United States, Britain, Australia, and India.

Known projects

 Boeing MQ-28 Ghost Bat: Fighter-sized UAV intended to accompany crewed military aircraft 
 Boeing Phantom Eye: High Altitude Long Endurance reconnaissance drone
 XS-1: Reusable suborbital space plane
 Boeing Phantom Ray: Unmanned flying test bed for advanced air system technologies
 Boeing X-51 Waverider:  Hypersonic vehicle
 Boeing Condor: High Altitude Long Endurance concept drone
 McDonnell Douglas YF-23: Black Widow Advanced Fighter concept
 McDonnell Douglas A-12 Avenger II:  Advanced Navy Stealth Fighter concept
 McDonnell Douglas X-36
  Boeing X-32 Joint Strike Fighter
 Boeing Bird of Prey: Stealth fighter UAV demonstrator
 Boeing A160 Hummingbird: UAV helicopter
 Boeing X-40
  Boeing X-45 UCAV
  Boeing X-37 Advanced Technology Demonstrator
 Boeing Pelican ULTRA
 Boeing X-48 Blended Wing Body demonstrator
 X-53 Active Aeroelastic Wing
 Quad TiltRotor (with Bell Helicopter)
 F/A-XX: sixth generation fighter concept
 Echo Voyager, an autonomous underwater vehicle

See also
 Skunk Works, a similar division of Lockheed Martin
 NASA Eagleworks

References

External links
 Boeing Phantom Works

Boeing
Research organizations in the United States
Pentanitroaniline. Pentanitroaniline, sometimes called hexyl, is an explosive organic compound. It is a relatively sensitive explosive (much more so than TNT) that can be used as a base charge for detonators, although it is uncommon in this application.

Pentanitroaniline can be reacted with ammonia in benzene, dichloromethane or another similar solvent to produce triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB), an insensitive high explosive, used in nuclear bombs and other critical applications.

Pentanitroaniline is regulated by the United States Department of Transportation (DoT) as a "forbidden explosive" that is too dangerous to transport over public thoroughfares or by air.

References 

Nitrobenzene derivatives
Anilines
Sampled data system. In systems science, a  sampled-data system is a control system in which a continuous-time plant is controlled with a digital device. Under periodic sampling, the sampled-data system is time-varying but also periodic; thus, it may be modeled by a simplified discrete-time system obtained by discretizing the plant. However, this discrete model does not capture the inter-sample behavior of the real system, which may be critical in a number of applications.

The analysis of sampled-data systems incorporating full-time information leads to challenging control problems with a rich mathematical structure. Many of these problems have only been solved recently.

References

External links 

Digital control
Sampling (signal processing)
Discretization

Control theory
Control engineering
Systems engineering
Systems theory
Lustre (programming language). Lustre is a formally defined, declarative, and synchronous dataflow programming language for programming reactive systems. It began as a research project in the early 1980s. A formal presentation of the language can be found in the 1991 Proceedings of the IEEE. In 1993 it progressed to practical, industrial use in a commercial product as the core language of the industrial environment SCADE, developed by Esterel Technologies. It is now used for critical control software in aircraft, helicopters, and nuclear power plants.

Structure of Lustre programs
A Lustre program is a series of node definitions, written as:
node foo(a : bool) returns (b : bool);
let
  b = not a;
tel
Where foo is the name of the node, a is the name of the single input of this node and b is the name of the single output.
In this example the node foo returns the negation of its input a, which is the expected result.

Inner variables
Additional internal variables can be declared as follows: 
node Nand(X,Y: bool) returns (Z: bool);
  var U: bool;
let
  U = X and Y;
  Z = not U;
tel
Note: The equations order doesn't matter, the order of lines U = X and Y; and Z = not U; doesn't change the result.

Special operators

Examples

Edge detection
node Edge (X : bool) returns (E : bool);
let
  E = false -> X and not pre X;
tel

See also
Esterel
SIGNAL (another dataflow-oriented synchronous language)

References

External links
Synchrone Lab  Official website 
SCADE product page

Declarative programming languages
Synchronous programming languages
Hardware description languages
Formal methods
Software modeling language
Averest. Averest is a synchronous programming language and set of tools to specify, verify, and implement reactive systems. It includes a compiler for synchronous programs, a symbolic model checker, and a tool for hardware/software synthesis.

It can be used to model and verify finite and infinite state systems, at varied abstraction levels. It is useful for hardware design, modeling communication protocols, concurrent programs, software in embedded systems, and more.

Components: compiler to translate synchronous programs to transition systems, symbolic model checker, tool for hardware/software synthesis. These cover large parts of the design flow of reactive systems, from specifying to implementing. Though the tools are part of a common framework, they are mostly independent of each other, and can be used with 3rd-party tools.

See also
Synchronous programming language
Esterel

External links
Averest Toolbox Official home site
Embedded Systems Group Research group that develops the Averest Toolbox

Synchronous programming languages
Hardware description languages
Fire striker. A fire striker is a piece of carbon steel from which sparks are struck by the sharp edge of flint, chert or similar rock. It is a specific tool used in fire making.

History 
Before the invention of matches, percussion fire making was often used to start fires. Before the advent of steel, a variety of iron pyrite or marcasite was used with flint and other stones to produce a high-temperature spark that could be used to create fire. There are indications that the Iceman, also known as Ötzi, may have used iron pyrite to make fire.

From the Iron Age forward, until the invention of the friction match in the early 1800s by John Walker, the use of flint and steel was a common method of fire lighting. Percussion fire-starting was prevalent in Europe during ancient times, the Middle Ages and the Viking Age.

When flint and steel were used, the fire steel was often kept in a metal tinderbox together with flint and tinder. In Tibet and Mongolia, they were instead carried in a leather pouch called a chuckmuck.

In Japan, percussion fire making was performed using agate or even quartz. It was also used as a ritual to bring good luck or ward off evil. Ninjas used an Uchitake (打竹).

Uses 

The type and hardness of steel used is important. High carbon steels (1060, W1, tool steels, etc.) generate sparks easily. Iron and alloys (like stainless steel, 5160, etc.) are more difficult and generate fewer sparks. The steel must be hardened but softer than the flint-like material striking off the spark. Old files, leaf and coil springs, and rusty gardening tools are often repurposed as strikers.

Besides flint, other hard, non-porous rocks that can take a sharp edge can be used, such as chert, quartz, agate, jasper or chalcedony.

The sharp edge of the flint is used to violently strike the fire steel at an acute angle in order to cleave or shave off small particles of metal. The pyrophoricity of the steel results in the shavings oxidising in the air. The molten, oxidising sparks then ignite tinder. The tinder is best held next to the flint while the steel striker is quickly slid down against the flint, casting sparks into the tinder. Char cloth or amadou ("tinder fungus") is often used to catch the low-temperature sparks, which can then can be brought to other, heavier tinder and blown into flame.

See also
 Chuckmuck
 Coat of arms of Serbia (uses fire striker symbols as charges)
 Fire piston
 Ferrocerium
 Order of the Golden Fleece (whose collar consists of firesteels linked by flints)

References

External links
Viking Age Fire-Steels and Strike-A-Lights
Flint and Marcasite
Uchitake

Fire making
Heraldic charges
Ötzi
Inspissation. Inspissation is the process of increasing the viscosity of a fluid, or even of causing it to solidify, typically by dehydration or otherwise reducing its content of solvents. The term also has been applied to coagulation by heating of some substances such as albumens, or cooling some such as solutions of gelatin or agar. Some forms of inspissation may be reversed by re-introducing solvent, such as by adding water to molasses or gum arabic; in other forms, its resistance to flow may include cross-linking or mutual adhesion of its component particles or molecules, in ways that prevent their dissolving again, such as in the irreversible setting or gelling of some kinds of rubber latex, egg-white, adhesives, or coagulation of blood.

Intentional use
Inspissation is the process used when heating high-protein containing media; for example to enable recovery of bacteria for testing. Once inspissation has occurred, any stained bacteria, such as  Mycobacteria, can then be isolated.

A serum inspissation or fractional sterilization is a process of heating an article on 3 successive days as follows:

Pathologic inspissation
In cystic fibrosis, inspissation of secretions in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts is a major mechanism causing the disease.

References

Further reading
Textbook of Microbiology by Prof. C P Baveja, 
Textbook of Microbiology by Ananthanarayan and Panikar, 

Microbiology
Zoology
Test harness. In software testing, a test harness is a collection of stubs and drivers configured to assist with the testing of an application or component. It acts as imitation infrastructure for test environments or containers where the full infrastructure is either not available or not desired.

Test harnesses allow for the automation of tests. They can call functions with supplied parameters and print out and compare the results to the desired value. The test harness provides a hook for the developed code, which can be tested using an automation framework.

A test harness is used to facilitate testing where all or some of an application's production infrastructure is unavailable, this may be due to licensing costs, security concerns meaning test environments are air gapped, resource limitations, or simply to increase the execution speed of tests by providing pre-defined test data and smaller software components instead of calculated data from full applications.

These individual objectives may be fulfilled by unit test framework tools, stubs or drivers.

Example 
When attempting to build an application that needs to interface with an application on a mainframe computer, but no mainframe is available during development, a test harness may be built to use as a substitute this can mean that normally complex operations can be handled with a small amount of resources by providing pre-defined data and responses so the calculations performed by the mainframe are not needed.

A test harness may be part of a project deliverable. It may be kept separate from the application source code and may be reused on multiple projects. A test harness simulates application functionality; it has no knowledge of test suites, test cases or test reports. Those things are provided by a testing framework and associated automated testing tools.

A part of its job is to set up suitable test fixtures.

The test harness will generally be specific to a development environment such as Java. However, interoperability test harnesses have been developed for use in more complex systems.

References

Further reading
 Pekka Abrahamsson, Michele Marchesi, Frank Maurer, Agile Processes in Software Engineering and Extreme Programming, Springer, 1 January 2009

Harness
Jodel. Société Avions Jodel is a French aircraft company started in 1946 by Édouard Joly and his son-in-law Jean Délémontez.

History
Jodel designed a range of light aeroplanes shortly after the Second World War. Popular myth has it that the two industrialists, with no formal aerodynamics training, set about designing a single-seat aircraft with some spare plywood and a small engine, a Poinsard 25hp 2-cyl. The result was the 1948 D9 Bébé (Baby) model. In fact, the two had much experience of building and designing aircraft, Délémontez being a trained aeronautical engineer, and Joly having built an aircraft before the war.

The French government bought many of the aircraft, with more than 500 D9s being built during the next twenty years. Subsequently, the government expressed interest in a larger aircraft as a trainer and the two-seat D11 model followed in 1950.

Jodel aircraft are all-wood, usually made from Sitka spruce and plywood made out of okoume (also known as gaboon), a kind of West African hardwood. Most of the designs are recognisable by their distinctive wings, which have ‘cranked’ dihedral only on the outer third. The wings also incorporate washout, retaining aileron effectiveness at or just prior to the stall. From above or below, the wings are also distinctive as this cranked section of the wing tapers sharply towards the wingtip.

The designs are popular in France and in Southern Europe, UK, but are little known in the USA. In Australia, the design has been brought up to date somewhat by Frank Rogers who produced new drawings to standards suited to Australian amateur builders.

Production under licence
Apart from prototypes, Jodels were made by a variety of French aviation manufacturers, but all construction ceased during the 1960s.  Since then, the Jodel company has sold licences and detailed plans of its models to amateur builders of homebuilt aircraft.

The Jodel designs were later licensed to the following companies which produced derivative designs that retained the Jodel wing:
 Avions Robin, France
Aero Difusión, Spain
Falconar Avia, Canada

Aircraft
The first model was built in 1948. All Jodel planes have been low-wing monoplanes.
 Jodel D9 1948
 Jodel D91 1948
Jodel D93  1951
 Jodel D11 1950
Jodel D111  	1951
Jodel D112  	1952
Jodel D113  	1960
Jodel D114  1952
SAN Jodel D.150 Mascaret 1962
 Jodel D18 1984
 Jodel D19 1986
Jodel D-20 1990 
 Jodel DR1050 Excellence

References 

  

Aircraft manufacturers of France
Companies based in Occitania (administrative region)
French companies established in 1946