omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Enfield 8000. The Enfield 8000 is a two-seater battery-electric city car, introduced in 1973 and developed in the United Kingdom by Isle of Wight company Enfield Automotive, owned by Greek millionaire Giannis Goulandris. The car was designed by a group of Greek and British engineers headed by Constantine Adraktas (Chairman and Managing Technical Director of Enfield) with John Ackroyd as project designer, who later went on to the Thrust 2 project. The prototypes and initial production were built at the Somerton Works in Northwood, near Cowes. 

Immediately after its introduction, production was moved to the Greek island of Syros. 120 cars were built in total, of which 65 were used by the Electricity Council and electricity boards in the south of England.

Powered by an  electric motor and lead-acid batteries, the car has a top speed of around  and a range of around . In Autocar's test in 1975 they found it had a usable range of . It could accelerate from 0 to  in 1.6 seconds,  in 4.7 seconds and  in 15.7 seconds. Brakes are by drums front and back.

It has a ladder-type square section tube chassis frame with aluminium alloy body panels stretched over steel frames. It uses suspension parts from the Hillman Imp, doors were adapted from the Mini and a rear axle derived from Reliant three-wheelers.

Neorion

The company had been incorporated into the Greek Neorion company, also owned by Goulandris, and production was transferred to Syros, the company having transformed into a new Greek company, Enfield-Neorion, headquartered in Piraeus. There have been many arguments regarding the reason why Mr. Goulandris decided to produce the car in Greece, including conspiracy theories. Thanos Lebesis, then General Manager of Enfield-Neorion, argues that Mr. Goulandris had thought that "the company was owned by Greeks, the car was designed by Greeks, so it should also be produced by Greeks". However, it could not be legally sold in Greece due to tax categorization issues connected with electric power, so production was exported to the United Kingdom. Enfield-Neorion developments included a "Jeep" version aiming at the rent-a-car market in the Greek islands, but none could be sold locally.

"Flux Capacitor"

A highly customised Enfield 8000 named "Jonny's Flux Capacitor" was converted by Jonny Smith into a street-legal electric drag racer. which for a time claimed to be the world's fastest street legal electric vehicle.

See also 
 List of modern production plug-in electric vehicles
 Scottish Aviation Scamp

References

External links 

Enfield 8000 is the first small electric car widely produced worldwide.
Video of an Enfield 8000 ECC with modern electronics
 A Tale of Two Isles (2014) Documentary https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3838966/

Electric cars
Syros
Cyclades
Cars introduced in 1973
Noweco. Noweco or Norwegian Welding Control AS is an industrial company based in Harstad and Hammerfest, Norway. It provides services related to the onshore and offshore industries. The company is owned by Norwegian Welding Company and its employees.

Services
It offers the following services:

Nondestructive testing
Consultancy on Welding technology, Quality Assurance and Inspection.
Technical and Financial Optimisation of Welding Processes.
Consultancy in connection with Tenders and Tender Conditions of Welding Work.
Accredited Certification of Welders.
Verification of Welding Procedures.

Approvals
Thickness measurement by DNV and Lloyd's Register amongst others.
Company approval in accordance with EN 729
Achilles

References
Some of the recent projects Noweco has been involved in:
Snøhvit
Ormen Lange

Engineering companies of Norway
Business services companies established in 1990
Companies based in Troms
Norwegian companies established in 1990
Franklin Leonard Pope. Franklin Leonard Pope (2 December 1840 – 13 October 1895) was an American engineer, explorer, and inventor.

Biography
He was born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts in December 1840, the son of Ebenezer Pope and Electra Wainwright. He was a telegrapher, electrical engineer, explorer, inventor, and patent attorney.

He was also a major contributor to the technological advances of the 19th century. He was one of the leaders of the explorations related to the Collins Overland Telegraph, otherwise known as the Russian American Telegraph.

After developing a system which tracked and printed the prices of gold and stocks, Pope partnered with Thomas Edison in 1869, forming the company Pope, Edison & Company Electrical Engineers, and invented a one-wire telegraph in 1870. This telegraph is now known as a stock ticker, and was widely used in large cities for exchange quotations.  Pope's partnership with Edison ended shortly after it was formed.

Pope was awarded several patents for his work in railroad semaphore lock signal systems, the most important of which was his 1872 invention for the rail circuit for automatic control of the electric-block signal system, which was widely used by the major U.S. railways. Pope was president of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers from 1886 to 1887.

Pope was an editor of the magazine Electrical Engineer, and edited the electrical section of The Engineering Magazine. Pope also worked as a patent attorney for Western Union Telegraph Company, and was retained as an expert in many important patent suits.

Pope married Sarah Amelia Dickinson on 6 August 1873; they had four children, two daughters and two sons. His youngest child, Seth Willard Pope, died a few weeks after birth.

Pope died at the age of 54 as a result of an accidental electrocution by 3000 volts in the basement of his home at 518 Main Street in Great Barrington. His home is now a Bed and Breakfast called the Wainwright Inn B&B.

Pope's publications 
 Modern Practice of the American Telegraph (1869)
 Modern Practice of the Electrical Telegraph (1871)
 The Life and Works of Joseph Henry (1879)

In Popular Culture

In the 2017 film The Current War,  Pope is portrayed by Stanley Townsend.

References

External links
 
 http://www.telegraph-history.org/pope/
 IEEE biography of Pope 

1840 births
1895 deaths
People from Great Barrington, Massachusetts
Engineers from Massachusetts
19th-century American explorers
19th-century American inventors
CAMEL Application Part. The CAMEL Application Part (CAP) is a signalling protocol used in the Intelligent Network (IN) architecture. CAP is a Remote Operations Service Element (ROSE) user protocol, and as such is layered on top of the Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) of the SS#7 protocol suite. CAP is based on a subset of the ETSI Core and allows for the implementation of carrier-grade, value added services such as unified messaging, prepaid, fraud control and Freephone in both the GSM voice and GPRS data networks. CAMEL is a means of adding intelligent applications to mobile (rather than fixed) networks. It builds upon established practices in the fixed line telephony business that are generally classed under the heading of (Intelligent Network Application Part) or INAP CS-2 protocol.

Protocol specification
The CAMEL Application Part (CAP) portable, software provides mechanisms to support operator services beyond the standard GSM services for subscribers roaming within or outside the Home PLMN (HPLMN). The CAP product extends the IN framework to GSM/3G networks for implementing IN-based services within GSM/3G networks.

CAMEL is used when the subscriber is roaming between networks, allowing the home network to monitor and control calls made by the subscriber. CAMEL provides services such as prepaid roaming services, fraud control, special numbers (e.g., 123 for voicemail that works everywhere) and closed user groups (e.g., office extension numbers that work everywhere).

As with CAMEL, CAP has been defined in four phases, each of which has an accompanying specification that builds upon the previous phase. Each CAP phase provides the message set and procedures needed to support the corresponding CAMEL phase requirements, as defined in 3GPP TS 22.078 (service aspects) and 3GPP TS 23.078 (technical realization).

The definition of the protocol may be considered to be split into three sections:
the definition of the Single Association Control Function (SACF)/Multiple Association Control Function (MACF) rules for the protocol, defined within the prose of the specification;
the definition of the operations transferred between entities, defined using Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1);
the definition of the actions taken at each entity, defined by the state transition diagrams.

References

Signaling System 7
Application layer protocols
Year of introduction missing
CHIPS (satellite). CHIPS (Cosmic Hot Interstellar Plasma Spectrometer, also Explorer 82 or UNEX-2) was a NASA Explorer program satellite. It was launched on 12 January 2003 from Vandenberg Air Force Base aboard a Delta II with the larger satellite ICESat, and had an intended mission duration of one year. CHIPS was the second of NASA's University Explorer (UNEX) mission class. It performed spectroscopy from 90 to 250 Angstrom (9 to 26-nm) extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light.

Mission 
The primary objective of the science team, led by principal investigator Mark Hurwitz, was to study the million-degree gas in the local interstellar medium. CHIPS was designed to capture the first spectra of the faint, extreme ultraviolet glow that is expected to be emitted by the hot interstellar gas within about 300 light-years of the Sun, a region often referred to as the Local Bubble. Surprisingly, these measurements produced a null result, with only very faint EUV emissions detected, despite theoretical expectations of much stronger emissions. It was the first U.S. mission to use TCP/IP for end-to-end satellite operations control.

Spacecraft 
The University of California, Berkeley's Space Sciences Laboratory (SSL) served as CHIP's primary ground station and manufactured the CHIPS spectrograph, designed to perform all-sky spectroscopy. Other ground network support was provided by ground stations at Wallops Flight Facility (WFF), Virginia and Adelaide, Australia. CHIPS's satellite bus was manufactured by SpaceDev.

Launch 
CHIPS (Cosmic Hot Interstellar Plasma Spectrometer) is a NASA astrophysics spacecraft that was launched by a Delta II launch vehicle from Vandenberg Air Force Base at 00:45:00 UTC on 13 January 2003. The , triaxially-stabilized spacecraft has a spectrograph covering the 9–26 nm wavelength band at a resolution of 0.1 nm, scanning the entire sky in chunks of 5° x 27° segments during each orbit. The targets are the hot and diffuse nebula at about a million degrees temperature. The band covers several strong emission lines.

Solar observatory 
In September 2005, the spacecraft was converted to a solar observatory. From 3 April 2006 to 5 April 2008, CHIPS performed 1458 observations of the Sun.

End of mission 
Satellite operations were terminated in 11 April 2008 due to budget constraints.

See also 
 Explorer program
 Extreme ultraviolet

References

External links 

 "Good-bye Mr. CHIPS" Chris Thompson, East Bay Express, 2 July 2008
 
 
 

Satellites orbiting Earth
Explorers Program
Satellite Internet access
Spacecraft launched in 2003
Space telescopes
Spacecraft launched by Delta II rockets
Extreme ultraviolet telescopes
Stretch fabric. Stretch fabric is a synthetic fabric that stretches. Stretch fabrics are either 2-way stretch or 4-way stretch. 

2-way stretch fabrics stretch in one direction, usually from selvedge to selvedge (but can be in other directions depending on the knit). 4-way stretch fabrics, such as spandex, stretches in both directions, crosswise and lengthwise.  It is distinct from elastic which is not a fabric but a  notion.

Stretch fabrics evolved from the scientific effort to make fibres using neoprene. From this research, in 1958, commercial stretch fabrics ("elastomerics") such as spandex or elastane (widely branded as "Lycra") were brought to the market.

Stretch fabrics simplify the construction of clothing. First used in swimsuits and women's bras, fashion designers began using them as early as the mid-1980s. They entered the mainstream market in the early 1990s and are widely used in sports clothing.

On a larger scale, the materials have also been adapted to many artistic and decorative purposes. Stretch fabric structures create contemporary-looking design elements that have many uses in corporate theatre and event production.

References 

Textiles
HyperACCESS. HyperACCESS (sometimes known as HyperTerminal) is a family of terminal emulation software by Hilgraeve. A version of HyperACCESS called HyperTerminal is included in some versions of Windows.

History 
It was the first software product from Hilgraeve, and it was initially designed to let 8-bit Heath computers communicate over a modem. In 1985, this same product was ported to IBM PCs and compatible systems, as well as Heath/Zenith's Z-100 non-PC-compatible MS-DOS computer. Over the years, the same version of this technology would be ported to other operating systems, including OS/2, Windows 95 and Windows NT. It has earned a total of five Editor's Choice awards from PC Magazine.

In 1995, Hilgraeve licensed a low-end version of HyperACCESS, known as HyperTerminal, to Microsoft for use in their set of communications utilities. It was bundled with Windows 95 through Windows XP, but is no longer bundled with Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, or later Windows.

The commercial products HyperTerminal Private Edition and HyperACCESS both support all versions of Windows up to and including Windows 11.

Protocols 
 Display: Minitel, Viewdata, VT100, VT52
 File transfer: ASCII, Kermit, XMODEM, YMODEM/YMODEM-G, and ZMODEM

See also 
 List of terminal emulators

External links 
 
 Configuring Hyper Terminal for Serial Communication

Communication software
Terminal emulators
DOS software
OS/2 software
Windows software
Discontinued Windows components
Donor number. In chemistry a donor number (DN) is a quantitative measure of Lewis basicity. A donor number is defined as the negative enthalpy value for the 1:1 adduct formation between a Lewis base and the standard Lewis acid SbCl5 (antimony pentachloride), in dilute solution in the noncoordinating solvent 1,2-dichloroethane with a zero DN. The units are kilocalories per mole for historical reasons. The donor number is a measure of the ability of a solvent to solvate cations and Lewis acids. The method was developed by V. Gutmann in 1976. Likewise Lewis acids are characterized by acceptor numbers (AN, see Gutmann–Beckett method).

Typical solvent values are:
 acetonitrile 14.1 kcal/mol (59.0 kJ/mol)
 acetone 17 kcal/mol (71 kJ/mol)
 methanol 19 kcal/mol (79 kJ/mol)
 tetrahydrofuran 20 kcal/mol (84 kJ/mol)
 dimethylformamide (DMF) 26.6 kcal/mol (111 kJ/mol)
 dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 29.8 kcal/mol (125 kJ/mol)
 ethanol 31.5 kcal/mol (132 kJ/mol)
 pyridine 33.1 kcal/mol (138 kJ/mol)
 triethylamine 61 kcal/mol (255 kJ/mol)

The donor number of a solvent can be measured via calorimetry, although it is frequently measured with nuclear magnetic resonance  (NMR) spectroscopy using assumptions on complexation. A critical review of the donor number concept has pointed out the serious limitations of this affinity scale. Furthermore, it has been shown that to define the order of Lewis base strength (or Lewis acid strength) at least two properties must be considered.  For Pearson qualitative HSAB theory, the two properties are hardness and strength, while for Drago's quantitative ECW model, the two properties are electrostatic and covalent.

References

Further reading 
 

Chemical bonding
High Power Electric Propulsion. High Power Electric Propulsion (HiPEP) is a variation of ion thruster for use in nuclear electric propulsion applications. It was ground-tested in 2003 by NASA and was intended for use on the Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter, which was canceled in 2005.

Theory 
The HiPEP thruster differs from earlier ion thrusters because the xenon ions are produced using a combination of microwave and magnetic fields. The ionization is achieved through a process called Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR). In ECR, the small number of free electrons present in the neutral gas gyrate around the static magnetic field lines. The injected microwaves' frequency is set to match this gyrofrequency and a resonance is established. Energy is transferred from the right-hand polarized portion of the microwave to the electrons. This energy is then transferred to the bulk gas/plasma via the rare - yet important - collisions between electrons and neutrals. During these collisions, electrons can be knocked free from the neutrals, forming ion-electron pairs. The process is a highly efficient means of creating a plasma in low density gases. Previously the electrons required were provided by a hollow cathode.

Specifications 
The thruster itself is in the 20-50 kW class, with a specific impulse of 6,000-9,000 seconds, and a propellant throughput capability exceeding 100 kg/kW. The goal of the project, as of June 2003, was to achieve a technology readiness level of 4-5 within 2 years.

The pre-prototype HiPEP produced 670  millinewton (mN) of thrust at a power level of 39.3 kW using 7.0 mg/s of fuel giving a specific impulse of 9620 s.  Downrated to 24.4 kW, the HiPEP used 5.6 mg/s of fuel giving a specific impulse of 8270 s and 460 mN of thrust.

Project and development history 

Phase 1 of HiPEP development concluded in early 2003. Conceptual Design of the thruster was completed, and individual component testing concluded. A full-scale laboratory thruster was constructed for Phase 2 of the HiPEP's development. However, with cancellation of the Jupiter Icy Moon Orbiter mission in 2005, HiPEP's development also came to a halt. Before cancellation, HiPEP completed a 2000 hour wear test.

See also
 Exploration of Jupiter
 List of spacecraft with electric propulsion
 Solar electric propulsion

References

External links 
 NASA GRC Media Packet on HiPEP.

Ion engines
Audi Avantissimo. The Audi Avantissimo was a concept car made by the German automobile manufacturer Audi. The car debuted at the 2001 Frankfurt Motor Show and also appeared at the 2002 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. Audi planned the car to be luxurious and distinguished, but also very fast. Many of its styling cues are visible on the 2002 Audi A8.

The Avantissimo had a 4.2-litre V8 engine equipped with twin turbochargers. This engine developed about  and  of torque. The car had a six-speed automatic transmission and quattro permanent four-wheel drive. It also featured an electrochromic roof.

This concept introduced much of the technology later available on the series production A8 D3, including Multi Media Interface, six-speed automatic transmission with shift paddles, a V8 biturbo engine (similar to the C5 RS6), self-levelling adaptive air suspension with continuously controlled damping, electric park brake, bi-xenon headlights with static Adaptive Front Lighting System (AFS) curve headlights, dashboard, and driver identification systems with fingerprint scanner.

References

External links
 Audi Corporate website

Audi concept vehicles
NDR. NDR may refer to:

Computing
 Non delivery report, a return email message to a sender indicating failed message delivery
 Network Data Representation, an implementation of the OSI model presentation layer
 Network detection and response, detection of abnormal system behaviors on network traffic data

Science and technology
 Negative differential resistance
 Naming and Design Rules in metadata
 Neighborhood deformation retract, a kind of topological subspace
 National Data Repository, a system to store data about a nation's natural resources
 Nonlinear dispersion relation, in plasma physics

Others
 Nador International Airport (IATA code name: NDR), airport in Morocco
 National Driver Register, United States
 Norddeutscher Rundfunk, a public radio and television broadcaster in northern Germany
 Norwich Northern Distributor Road or Broadland Northway, a major route around the north of Norwich, England
 Singapore National Day Rally, an annual address that the Prime Minister of Singapore makes to the nation
 Non-invasive disc rehabilitation, NDR Method
 Nash Dom Rossiya (Наш Дом Россия, Our Home – Russia), Russian political party
 North Diversion Road, which is a nickname to North Luzon Expressway and formerly its official name
MINTO. MINTO (Mixed Integer Optimizer) is an integer programming solver which uses branch and bound algorithm.

MINTO is a software system that solves mixed integer programming problem by a branch and bound algorithm with linear programming relaxations. It also provides automatic constraint classification, preprocessing, primal heuristics and constraint generation. It also has inbuilt cut generation and can create knapsack cuts, GUB cuts, clique cuts, implication cuts, flow cuts, mixed integer rounding and Gomory cuts. Moreover, the user can enrich the basic algorithm by providing a variety of specialized application routines that can customize MINTO to achieve higher efficiency for a problem class.

MINTO does not have a linear programming (LP) solver of its own. It can use most of the LP solvers, like CLP, CPLEX, XPRESS through the OSI interface of COIN-OR. MINTO can read files in MPS and can also be called as a solver from AMPL. It can run on both Linux and Windows operating system. MINTO is a non-commercial solver and the executables are available for free download from its home page at COR@L.

See also 
 COIN-OR (Computational Infrastructure for Operations Research)

References 
 J.T. Linderoth and T.K. Ralphs, Noncommercial Software for Mixed-Integer Linear Programming, Integer Programming: Theory and Practice, John Karlof (ed.), CRC Press Operations Research Series, 2005, 253–303. (Working Paper Version PDF)

External links
 MINTO Homepage

Mathematical optimization software
MIPS-X. MIPS-X is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor and instruction set architecture (ISA) developed as a follow-on project to the MIPS project at Stanford University by the same team that developed MIPS. The project was supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and began in 1984. Its final form was described in a set of papers released in 1986–87. Unlike its older cousin, MIPS-X was never commercialized as a workstation central processing unit (CPU), and has mainly been seen in embedded system designs based on chips designed by Integrated Information Technology (IIT) for use in digital video applications.

MIPS-X, while designed by the same team and architecturally very similar, is instruction-set incompatible with the mainline MIPS architecture R-series processors. The MIPS-X processor introduced the concept of a delayed branch, which includes two delay slots. An MIPS-X processor also includes a Processor Status Word (PSW) register. The PSW register contains some flags that enable interruptions, overflow exceptions and other status information. The MIPS-X processor is obscure enough that, as of November 20, 2005, support for it is provided only by specialist developers (such as Green Hills Software), and is notably missing from the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC).

MIPS-X has become important among DVD player firmware hackers, since many DVD players (especially low-end devices) use chips based on the IIT design (and produced by ESS Technology), as their central processor. Devices such as the ESS VideoDrive system on a chip (SoC) also include a digital signal processor (DSP) (coprocessor) for decoding MPEG audio and video streams.

References

External links
 The original MIPS-X paper from Stanford

Instruction set architectures
MIPS architecture
Stanford University
32-bit microprocessors