omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
ChromaFlair. ChromaFlair is a pigment used in paint systems, primarily for automobiles.  When the paint is applied, it changes color depending on the light source and viewing angle.  It was created at Optical Coating Laboratory, Inc. (OCLI) [later JDS Uniphase and Viavi Solutions] in 1979 and is used by DuPont and PPG.

Names
The paint system (and competing versions made by other companies) are known by a wide variety of proprietary names, including ChromaLusion, ChromaPremier, ColourShift, Exclusive Line, Extreme Colors, Harlequin Color, IllusionColor, Maziora, MultiTones, MystiChrome, Ch(K)ameleon, Interference Fireglow and Paradis Spectrashine.

Effect
The ChromaFlair effect is achieved by interfering with the reflection and refraction of light from the painted object's surface. The paint contains tiny synthetic flakes about one micrometer thick. The flakes are constructed of aluminium coated with glass-like magnesium fluoride embedded in semi-translucent chromium. The aluminium and chrome give the paint a vibrant metallic sparkle, while the glass-like coating acts like a refracting prism, changing the apparent color of the surface as the observer moves.

ChromaFlair paints contain no conventional absorbing pigments; rather, the pigment is a light interference pigment. The color observed is created entirely by the refractive properties of the flakes, analogous to the perception of rainbow colors in oil slicks.

ChromaFlair paint has also been used as a substitute for optically variable ink in the use of counterfeiting the currency of the United States.  Counterfeiter Art Williams stamped green-silver ChromaFlair paint onto counterfeit bills to replicate the color-shifting ink on the 1996-issued $100 bill.

The ChromaFlair pigment is available in thousands of color variations. It is usually applied to items where visual appeal is important — such as motor vehicles, electric guitars and computer case mods.

In addition to paint, it can be applied as a coating, for example, on synthetic polyurethane leather, or dispersed in a resin for injection molding.

See also
Alumina effect pigment
Iridescence
Kinechromatic art
Luminous paint
Pearlescent coating

References

External links
ChromaFlair pigments site
Case Study: Mystichrome appearance package adds colorful flair to Ford's 2004 Cobra — Example of a ChromaFlair paint application from DuPont.
Background information on interference-pigments on pcimag

Visual arts materials
DuPont
Articles containing video clips
Health forecasting. Health forecasting is a new health care discipline initiated by the Met Office when Dr William Bird, a GP, became its first clinical director in 2002. It is currently the subject of an innovative project run jointly by the Met Office and the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom.

The natural environment affects human health. There are many cases in which the weather has a direct or indirect effect on the health of an individual. These include:
 Heat, which can cause up to a 30% increase in mortality amongst the elderly and very young. Prevention can save lives.
 Cold, which contributes to 30–40 thousand deaths each winter. Prevention consists of keeping active, eating well, dressing up appropriately, especially hat, gloves and coat when outside and keeping the indoor temperature at 21C.
 Thunderstorms, which can cause asthma epidemics if they occur during high levels of either pollen or fungal spores in the summer.
 Low boundary layers, which may increase the way viruses are transmitted by increasing the amount of stagnant air.

Health forecasts help professionals and patients know when and where there is a risk of illness. Through this understanding, preventative action can be taken and health care capacity (i.e. hospitals and doctors) managed to reduce illness and death.

The main strand of the health forecasting project is forecasting the risk of exacerbation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD health forecasts are used to drive the provision of anticipatory care to people with COPD, helping them achieve their potential for independence and wellbeing.  The service is being run in around 30 primary care trusts with over 20,000 patient registered to receive alerts.  In many areas alerts are provided by an automated interactive telephone.  Evidence from several evaluations of the service has shown around a 20% reduction in COPD related emergency admissions for practices using the service.

On 26 February 2007, the project won in the Innovative Service Award category at the Health and Social Care Awards 2006. The Health and Social Care Awards are run annually in partnership between the Department of Health and the NHS Institute for Innovation and Improvement and are the most important opportunity within the NHS and social care to identify, recognise and reward excellence in the provision of care at the front line. The specific award recognises an innovative, new or improved service that is benefiting the delivery of health care for patients, users and carers.

In 2011 the Shanghai Meteorological Service and Shanghai Municipal Public Health Bureau jointly launched a health meteorological service that includes health forecasting for conditions such as colds, asthma, COPD and a heat health warning service. This will be developed based on a considerable amount of research to provide a service to improve healthcare in Shanghai.

References

External links
 Met Office: Health

Public health in the United Kingdom
Elan Graphics. Elan Graphics is a computer graphics architecture for Silicon Graphics computer workstations. Elan Graphics was developed in 1991 and was available as a high-end graphics option on workstations released during the mid-1990s as part of the Express Graphics architectures family. Elan Graphics gives the workstation real-time 2D and 3D graphics rendering capability similar to that of even high-end PCs made over ten years after Elan's introduction, with the exception of texture mapping, which had to be performed in software.

The Silicon Graphics Indigo Elan option Graphics systems consist of four GE7 Geometry Engines capable of a combined 128 MFLOPS and one RE3 Raster Engine. Together, they are capable of rendering 180K Z-buffered, lit, Gouraud-shaded triangles per second. The framebuffer has 56 bits per pixel, causing 12-bits per pixel (dithered RGB 4/4/4) to be used for a double-buffered, depth buffered, RGB layout. When double-buffering isn't required, it is possible to run in full 24-bit color. Similarly, when Z-buffering is not required, a double-buffered 24-bit RGB framebuffer configuration is possible. The Elan Graphics system also implemented hardware stencil buffering by allocating 4 bits from the Z-buffer to produce a combined 20-bit Z, 4-bit stencil buffer.

Elan Graphics consists of five graphics subsystems: the HQ2 Command Engine, GE7 Geometry Subsystem, RE3 Raster Engine, VM2 framebuffer and VC1 Display Subsystem. Elan Graphics can produce resolutions up to 1280 x 1024 pixels with 24-bit color and can also process unencoded NTSC and PAL analog television signals. The Elan Graphics system is made up of five daughterboards that plug into the main workstation motherboard.

The Elan Graphics architecture was superseded by SGI's Extreme Graphics architecture on Indigo2 models and eventually by the IMPACT graphics architecture in 1995.

Features
 Subpixel positioning
 Advanced lighting models:
 Multiple colored light sources (up to 8)
 Ambient, diffuse, and specular lighting models
 Phong lighting
 Spotlights
 Local and infinite light source positioning
 Two-sided lighting 
 Anti-aliased lines and points
 Full scene anti-aliasing
 Atmospheric effects
 Sphere rendering
 Pixel-blending capabilities for transparency effects
 Soft shadows and depth-of-field
 Texture-mapping
 Multimode windowing environment
 X11 drawing primitives and pixel move operations
 Non-Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) surfaces

References

External links 
ElanTR - Elan Graphics Technical Report

Graphics chips
SGI graphics
Crowbar. A crowbar, also called a wrecking bar, pry bar or prybar, pinch-bar, or occasionally a prise bar or prisebar, colloquially  gooseneck, or pig bar, or in Australia a jemmy, is a lever consisting of a metal bar with a single curved end and flattened points, used to force two objects apart or gain mechanical advantage in lifting; often the curved end has a notch for removing nails.

The design can be used as any of the three lever classes. The curved end is usually used as a first-class lever, and the flat end as a second-class lever. 

Designs made from thick flat steel bar are often referred to as utility bars.

Materials and construction

A common hand tool, the crow bar is typically made of medium-carbon steel, possibly hardened on its ends.

Commonly crowbars are forged from long steel stock, either hexagonal or sometimes cylindrical. Alternative designs may be forged with a rounded I-shaped cross-section shaft. Versions using relatively wide flat steel bar are often referred to as "utility" or "flat bars".

Etymology and usage
The accepted etymology identifies the first component of the word crowbar with the bird-name "crow", perhaps due to the crowbar's resemblance to the feet or beak of a crow. The first use of the term is dated back to . It was also called simply a crow, or iron crow; William Shakespeare used the latter, as in Romeo and Juliet, Act 5, Scene 2: "Get me an iron crow and bring it straight unto my cell."

In Daniel Defoe's 1719 novel Robinson Crusoe, the protagonist lacks a pickaxe so uses a crowbar instead: "As for the pickaxe, I made use of the iron crows, which were proper enough, though heavy."

Types
Types of crowbar include:
Alignment pry bar, also referred to as Sleeve bar
Cat’s claw pry bar, more simply known as a cat's paw 
Digging pry bar
Flat pry bar
Gooseneck pry bar
Heavy-duty pry bar
Molding pry bar
Rolling head pry bar

See also
 Halligan bar
 Tire iron

References

Hand tools
Woodworking hand tools
Mechanical hand tools
IEEE Spectrum. IEEE Spectrum is a magazine edited by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

The first issue of IEEE Spectrum was published in January 1964 as a successor to Electrical Engineering.

In 2010, IEEE Spectrum was the recipient of Utne Reader magazine's Utne Independent Press Award for Science/Technology Coverage. In 2012, IEEE Spectrum was selected as the winner of the National Magazine Awards "General Excellence Among Thought Leader Magazines" category.

References

External links 
 

Monthly magazines published in the United States
Science and technology magazines published in the United States
Engineering magazines
Spectrum
Magazines established in 1964
Magazines published in New York City
Open access publications
Dependent ML. Dependent ML (DML) is an experimental, multi-paradigm, general-purpose, high-level, functional programming language proposed by Hongwei Xi  and Frank Pfenning. It is a dialect of the programming language ML. Dependent ML extends ML by a restricted notion of dependent types: types may be dependent on static indices of type Nat (natural numbers). Dependent ML employs a constraint theorem prover to decide a strong equational theory over the index expressions.

DML's types are not dependent on runtime values - there is still a phase distinction between compilation and execution of the program. By restricting the generality of full dependent types type checking remains decidable, but type inference becomes undecidable.

Dependent ML has been superseded by ATS and is no longer under active development.

References

Further reading 
 
 David Aspinall and  (2005). "Dependent Types". In Pierce, Benjamin C. (ed.) Advanced Topics in Types and Programming Languages. MIT Press.

External links 
, Hongwei Xi, ATS designer, maintainer
The home page of DML 

High-level programming languages
Declarative programming languages
Functional languages
Dependently typed languages
ML programming language family
Programming languages created in the 1990s
Discontinued programming languages
Extreme Graphics. Extreme Graphics is a computer graphics architecture for Silicon Graphics computer workstations. Extreme Graphics was developed in 1993 and was available as a high-end graphics option on workstations such as the Indigo2, released during the mid-1990s. Extreme Graphics gives the workstation real-time 2D and 3D graphics rendering capability similar to that of even high-end PCs made many years after Extreme's introduction, with the exception of texture rendering which is performed in software. Extreme Graphics systems consist of eight Geometry Engines and two Raster Engines, twice as many units as the Elan/XZ graphics used in the Indy, Indigo, and Indigo2. The eight geometry engines are rated at 256 MFLOPS maximum, far faster than the MIPS R4400 CPU used in the workstation.

Extreme Graphics consists of five graphics subsystems: the Command Engine, Geometry Subsystem, Raster Engine, framebuffer and Display Subsystem. Extreme Graphics can produce resolutions up to 1280 x 1024 pixels with 24-bit color and can also process unencoded NTSC and PAL analog television signals. It is reported by the PROM as GU1-Extreme.

The Extreme Graphics architecture was superseded by SGI's IMPACT graphics architecture in 1995.

References

External links
Indigo2 and POWER Indigo2 Technical Report 
2nd-hand Indigo2 Buyers' Guide 

Graphics chips
SGI graphics
Drink coaster. A coaster, drink coaster, beverage coaster, or beermat is an object used to rest drinks upon. Coasters protect the surface of a table, or any other surface where a user might place a cup, from condensation created by cold drinks. A coaster on top of a beverage can also be used to show that a drink is not finished or to prevent contamination (usually from insects). Coasters can also stop hot drinks from burning the table surface.

In a pub or bar, coasters are used to protect tables and bar surfaces. Coasters are typically made of paper, and sometimes are used to write on. Coasters are often branded with trademarks or alcohol advertising. Coasters are not to be confused with bar mats, which are larger pieces of rubber or absorbent material that are used to protect countertops or floors and to limit the spread of spilled drinks.

History

The first coasters were designed for decanters or wine bottles so that they could be slid (or "coasted") around the dinner table after the servants had retired. They were in common use after about 1760. Early coasters took the form of a shallow tray or dish made of wood, papier-mâché, silver, or silver plate.

In 1880, a German printing company, Friedrich Horn, introduced the first coaster made of cardboard. In 1892, Robert Sputh of Dresden manufactured the first coaster made of wood pulp. Watney's brewery introduced them to the United Kingdom in 1920 to advertise their pale ale. The packaging company Quarmby Promotions, established in 1872, began manufacturing coasters in Milnsbridge in 1931. After Quarmby Promotions was taken over by the Katz Group, it moved production to Brighouse and in 2006 to Morley, West Yorkshire, before closing its production in 2009.

Saucers are also long used in western culture for much the same purpose. When drinking tea, it is customary to use a cup and saucer set. By the mid-twentieth century, drink coasters made in many materials and styles were manufactured for domestic use. Today, they are common as everyday houseware pieces and are also used in restaurants.

Manufacturing

Coasters are often made from high grammage paperboard but may also be made from several layers of tissue paper. Drink coasters are also sometimes made from soapstone, metal, wood, and silicone. Important parameters for coasters are water absorbency, wet rub, and printability.

Some drink coasters are made to be recycled.

Coaster imprints
Coasters are often adorned with a customized image, usually mentioning or advertising a brand of beer. However, they can also promote a drinking establishment, sports franchise, businesses, or special events.

Tegestology
Some coasters are collectible items. Tegestology is a term coined from Latin ( "covering" or "mat", and ) defined as the practice of collecting coasters, with practitioners known as tegestologists. A 1960 British Pathé News short shows comedy duo Morecambe and Wise as tegestologists.

References

Bartending equipment
Beer advertising
Beer vessels and serving
Collecting
Domestic implements
Drinkware
Ephemera
Paper products
Serving and dining
BAE Systems Marine. BAE Systems Marine Limited was the shipbuilding subsidiary of BAE Systems, formed in 1999, which manufactured the full range of naval ships; nuclear submarines, frigates, destroyers, amphibious ships.

In 2003 BAE Systems Marine was split into separate submarine and surface ship units; BAE Systems Submarines and BAE Systems Naval Ships. The latter was merged into a BAE Systems/VT Group joint venture, BVT Surface Fleet in 2008, which subsequently became BAE Systems Surface Ships in 2009.

History
BAE Systems Marine was created following the merger of Marconi Electronic Systems (MES) and British Aerospace (BAe) to form BAE Systems in 1999. Like other parts of the business (e.g. Marconi Avionics) the former Marconi Marine was required to be "firewalled" within the new company.

Marconi Marine owned the major assets which made up BAE Systems Marine:
BAE Systems Marine (YSL)
BAE Systems Marine (VSEL)
BAE Systems Marine (Kvaerner Govan)

In 2003 the YSL and Govan shipyards were placed under the control of a new unit of BAE, BAE Systems Naval Ships. The shipyard at Barrow became part of BAE Systems Submarine Solutions. This reorganisation was, to quote the company, "to provide a focus on the UK and export surface warship building market."

See also
Marconi Scientists - Article about the 25+ defence employees who have died in mysterious circumstances since the early 1980s

References

BAE Systems subsidiaries and divisions
Defunct shipbuilding companies of Scotland
Manufacturing companies based in Glasgow
1999 establishments in Scotland
British companies established in 1999
2003 disestablishments in Scotland
British companies disestablished in 2003
British Shipbuilders
William Price Craighill. William Price Craighill (July 1, 1833 – January 18, 1909) was born in Charles Town, Virginia (now West Virginia), son of William Nathaniel Craighill & Sarah Elizabeth Brown. He was an author, Union Army officer in the American Civil War, and later served as Chief of Engineers.

Army Corps of Engineers
A classmate of Philip Sheridan, John Bell Hood, and James B. McPherson, Craighill ranked second in the United States Military Academy class of 1853 and was commissioned in the United States Army Corps of Engineers. After working on several Atlantic coast forts including Fort Delaware, he taught engineering at the Military Academy from 1859 to 1862.

Civil War
As a Virginian who stood for the Union Army, Craighill was division and department engineer during the American Civil War and worked on the defenses of Pittsburgh, Baltimore, San Francisco, and New York City.

Craighill wrote the 1862 Army Officer's Pocket Companion: A Manual for Staff Officers in the Field, one of the first Army field manuals.  He also translated Antoine-Henri Jomini's the Art of War from French, with George H. Mendell in 1862.

Post war
After the Civil War, Craighill superintended construction of defenses at Baltimore Harbor and Hampton Roads. He headed the Engineer Office in Baltimore from 1870 to 1895, overseeing river and harbor work in Maryland and parts of Virginia and North Carolina. When the Corps began to build locks and dams on the Kanawha River in West Virginia in 1875, Craighill assumed charge there as well. He completed the first of the moveable wicket dams built in the United States, after visiting France to study their use. He became the Corps' first Southeast Division Engineer.  He was a member of the Board of Engineers from 1886 to 1889. He was appointed Chief of Engineers by President Grover Cleveland in 1895.

He retired two years later and died in Charles Town, West Virginia.

References

This article contains public domain text from

External links
 
 
 Example of Movable Wicket Dam
 

1833 births
1909 deaths
19th-century American male writers
American military writers
Burials at Zion Episcopal Churchyard (Charles Town, West Virginia)
Engineers from West Virginia
Military personnel from Charles Town, West Virginia
People of West Virginia in the American Civil War
Union army officers
United States Army Corps of Engineers Chiefs of Engineers
United States Army generals
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Military Academy faculty
Writers from Charles Town, West Virginia
Rands. Rands is the pen name and alter ego of Michael Lopp (born 1970 in California), a blogger, software engineering manager, and webcomic author. Lopp originally used the name "Rands" as his chat room handle, and it is his persona when writing about software management. Rands is his wife's maiden name, though they were dating at the time he chose it. In 2010, he began working at Palantir after more than eight years at Apple.  In June 2014 after 4 years he left Palantir for Pinterest. He became Vice President of Engineering at Slack in May 2016, then left Slack in 2019 to return to Apple as Senior Director of Engineering in 2020.

Web publications 

Starting in 1996, Lopp wrote The BitSifter Digest, a website that published "the more interesting collections of bits which arrive at our desks" once a week, which increased in frequency and became daily by 2001. According to Steve Baldwin of disobey.com's Ghost Sites, it received recognition for its "pioneering use of borderless frames" and "topical, eclectic editorial content", and "was an important forerunner of the 'Blog.'" The BitSifter Digest stopped updating in 2001 and no longer exists at the domain name bitsifter.com.

Lopp co-created the webcomic Jerkcity (now BoneQuest), which started in 1998 and included a character named "Rands". As of November 2024, Netflix has optioned Lopp to produce a BoneQuest animated series based upon the webcomic. Lopp is represented by William Morris Agency (WMA) and is acting as executive consultant for the new series expected to begin streaming Q1 of 2026. 

In April 2002, Lopp started a blog titled Rands in Repose. It explains aspects of technological or corporate culture, with particular focus on techniques for improving management skills. For example, one post explains the nuances of an interesting application, and another identifies and names workplace stereotypes. Posts contain a level of observational humor, such as direct explanations of management jargon.

Print publications 

In June 2005, an essay by Lopp was published in the book The Best Software Writing I, edited by Joel Spolsky. The essay was the July 2004 post on Rands in Repose titled "What To Do When You're Screwed."

In June 2007, Lopp published a book titled Managing Humans: Biting and Humorous Tales of a Software Engineering Manager. A supporting website, Managing Humans, gives a brief pitch for the book.

In August 2010, Lopp published his second book titled Being Geek: A Software Developer's Career Handbook. A website, Being Geek, supports the publishing of the book and includes an original teaser video for the book.

References

External links
BoneQuest
 Rands In Repose

American webcomic creators
Living people
Writers from California
1970 births
American computer programmers