omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Libslack. Libslack is a library of general utilities designed to make UNIX/C programming a bit easier on the eye. It is a seemingly random collection of modules and functions.  It was originally implemented as part of the "daemon" program (although some of the code dates back much further).

It's a small library with much functionality, accurately documented and thoroughly tested. Good library naming conventions are not rigorously observed on the principle that common operations should always be easy to write and code should always be easy to read.

Libslack comprises the following modules covering various topics:

Libslack is freely available under the GNU General Public License, Version 2 or later.

See also

glibc

References

External links
libslack homepage

C (programming language) libraries
Free computer libraries
WGL (API). WGL or Wiggle is an API between OpenGL and the windowing system interface of Windows.  WGL is analogous to EGL, which is an interface between rendering APIs such as OpenCL, OpenGL, OpenGL ES or OpenVG and the native platform, as well as to CGL, which is the OS X interface to OpenGL.

See also
CGL – the equivalent OS X interface to OpenGL
GLX – the equivalent X11 interface to OpenGL
EGL – a similar interface between to OpenGL ES and OpenVG and a windowing system; used by Wayland
GLUT – a higher level interface that hides the differences between WGL, GLX, etc.

External links
WGL functions
Tutorial
Technical resources about Windows OpenGL implementation on OpenGL website

3D graphics software
Application programming interfaces
OpenGL
Cranfield Institute. The Cranfield Institute for Safety, Risk, and Reliability, commonly referred as The Cranfield Institute, is a part of Cranfield University in Cranfield, Bedfordshire, England, UK. It is primarily a teaching and research facility, but also offers safety-related consultancy to businesses.

Facilities 
The Cranfield Institute has several simulators designed for risk and hazard assessment and research. They have two aircraft cabin simulators (the Large Cabin Evacuation Simulator and Boeing 737 Cabin Simulator). They also have a driving simulator and the Cranfield Impact Centre Laboratories, which provides both static and dynamic impact testing.

Cranfield and the aviation industry
Following the Kegworth Air Disaster the United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) commissioned the Cranfield Institute to research a best brace position for passengers in an air crash. This research was conducted by the Cranfield Impact Centre Laboratories using both their impact sled and computer modelling.

Cranfield also conducted research on behalf of the CAA after the Manchester Air Disaster to assess why so many passengers were unable to make it to the emergency exits safely. This research prompted changes to cabin layouts in the UK, including making overwing exits more accessible in an emergency by improving seat layout, forcing the installation of emergency floor lighting to assist in a smoke-filled cabin and widening of bulkhead passageways to prevent bottle-necking of evacuating passengers.

References

External links
  The Cranfield Institute for Safety, Risk and Reliability
  Cranfield Impact Centre Laboratories

Institute, Cranfield
SIS (motorbikes). SIS was an important Portuguese motorbike and moped manufacturer, based in Anadia. In addition to motorbikes it produced light three-wheeler pickup trucks (a type of vehicle once very popular, especially in Southern European countries). Its products used Sachs engines and were quite successful in the local market, especially in the 1970s. SIS Sachs exported to USA, Germany, Austria, Greece, Morocco, Angola and Mozambique. The most iconic model was the SIS Sachs V5 produced from 1965 until the 1980s with several upgrades and different versions.

Due to the growing competition of manufacturers from Asia, SIS had to close business in September 1995.

References

Robert M. Croucher, "The Observer Book of Motorcycles", Warne, London (1980)
More informations: SIS Sachs on the Portuguese Motorcycle Database

Defunct manufacturing companies of Portugal
Motorcycle manufacturers of Portugal
Anadia, Portugal
Defunct truck manufacturers
Defunct motorcycle manufacturers
Cohesion (geology). Cohesion is the component of shear strength of a rock or soil that is independent of interparticle friction.

In soils, true cohesion is caused by following:
 Electrostatic forces in stiff overconsolidated clays (which may be lost through weathering)
 Cementing by Fe2O3, Ca CO3, Na Cl, etc.

There can also be apparent cohesion. This is caused by:
 Negative capillary pressure (which is lost upon wetting)
 Pore pressure response during undrained loading (which is lost through time)
 Root cohesion (which may be lost through logging or fire of the contributing plants, or through solution)

Typical values of cohesion 
Cohesion (alternatively called the cohesive strength) is typically measured on the basis of Mohr–Coulomb theory.  Some values for rocks and some common soils are listed in the table below.

Apparent cohesion of soil
During critical state flow of soil, the undrained cohesion results from effective stress and critical state friction, not chemical bonds between soil particles. All that small clay mineral particles and chemicals do during steady plastic deformation of soft soil is to cause a pore water suction, which can be measured. When we remould soft soil in a classification test, its strength is [(suction) x (friction)], it remains ductile plastic material with constant "apparent cohesion" while it flows at constant volume, because it is at a constant effective stress, and critical state friction is constant. Critical state soil mechanics analyses the bearing capacity of soft clay on the wet side of critical state in terms of a perfectly plastic material with rapid undrained "apparent" cohesion.

References

 Collins internet-linked dictionary of Geology

See also
 Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion

Shear strength
Soil mechanics
Canoma. Canoma was a 3D-modelling application for Windows and Macintosh which is now no longer supported by its company.

Released by MetaCreations Corp. in 1999, this application allowed users to create 3D models based on one or more photographs taken from various angles. This process is known as photogrammetry. The user "pinned" the corners of wireframe primitives over real world shapes such as buildings, boxes, cylinders and other geometric shapes (it could not really handle organic shapes), the application then dynamically extrapolated the perspective, angles and shapes and produced a 3D realization, applying the textures from the photograph(s) onto the models. Sides of the models unseen in the original photograph could be "mirrored" from the visible sides. The results could be animated and exported as a QuickTime movie or exported in the interactive browser-based MetaStream format (now known as Viewpoint).
This remarkably easy to use application is now defunct, having been acquired by Adobe Systems in 2000 shortly after its inception. Parts of the technology were apparent in Adobe Atmosphere and now in Adobe Photoshop CS Extended.

References

External links
 http://www.canoma.com

Photogrammetry software
3D graphics software
Computer-aided design software
Industrial oven. Industrial ovens are heated chambers used for a variety of industrial applications, including drying, curing, or baking components, parts or final products.  Industrial ovens can be used for large or small volume applications, in batches or continuously with a conveyor line, and a variety of temperature ranges, sizes and configurations.

Such ovens are used in many different applications, including chemical processing, food production, and even in the electronics industry, where circuit boards are run through a conveyor oven to attach surface mount components.

Some common types of industrial ovens include:

Curing ovens – Designed to cause a chemical reaction in a substance once a specific temperature is reached. Powder coating is one common curing oven use.
Drying ovens – Designed to remove moisture.  Typical applications are pre-treating and painting. Such ovens are also sometimes known as kilns, though they do not reach the same high temperatures as are used in ceramic kilns. 
Baking ovens – Combines the function of curing and drying ovens.
Reflow Ovens – A reflow oven is a machine used primarily for reflow soldering of surface mount electronic components to printed circuit boards (PCB).    The oven contains multiple zones, which can be individually controlled for temperature. Generally, there are several heating zones followed by one or more cooling zones. The PCB moves through the oven on a conveyor belt, and is therefore subjected to a controlled time-temperature profile. 
Batch ovens – Also called cabinet or Walk-in/Truck-in ovens, batch ovens allow for curing, drying or baking in small batches using wheeled racks, carts or trucks. Ovens such as this are often found in large-volume bakeries in places such as supermarkets.
Conveyor or Continuous Ovens – Typically part of an automated conveyor processing line, conveyor ovens allow for higher volume processing.  Heat tunnels are an example.
Clean room ovens – Designed for applications requiring a cleanroom, such as a semiconductor manufacturing or biotechnology processes.

See also
 List of ovens
 Gradient oven tester
 Chandley Ovens

References

Industrial ovens
DSS (NMR standard). Sodium trimethylsilylpropanesulfonate (DSS) is the organosilicon compound with the formula (CH3)3SiCH2CH2CH2SO3−Na+.  It is the sodium salt of trimethylsilylpropanesulfonic acid.  A white, water-soluble solid, it is used as a chemical shift standard for proton NMR spectroscopy of aqueous solutions.  The chemical shift, specifically the signal for the trimethylsilyl group, is relatively insensitive to pH.

The proton spectrum of DSS also exhibits resonances at 2.91 ppm (m), 1.75 ppm (m), and 0.63 ppm (m) at an intensity of 22% of the reference resonance at 0 ppm.

Alternatives
Sodium trimethylsilyl propionate (TSP) is a related compound used as an NMR standard. It uses a carboxylic acid instead of the sulfonic acid found in DSS to confer water solubility. As a weak acid, TSP is more sensitive to changes in pH.

4,4-Dimethyl-4-silapentane-1-ammonium trifluoroacetate (DSA) has also been proposed as an alternative, to overcome certain drawbacks of DSS.

References

Sulfonic acids
Trimethylsilyl compounds
Organic sodium salts
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Joint (building). A building joint is a junction where building elements meet without applying a static load from one element to another. When one or more of these vertical or horizontal elements that meet are required by the local building code to have a fire-resistance rating, the resulting opening that makes up the joint must be firestopped in order to restore the required compartmentalisation.

Qualification requirements

Such joints are often subject to movement. Firestops must be able to demonstrate the ability to withstand operational movement prior to fire testing. Firestops for such building joints can be qualified to UL 2079 -- Tests for Fire Resistance of Building Joint Systems.

The joint design must consider the anticipated operational movement of each joint. Timing is also important, as freshly poured concrete shrinks  particularly during the first few months of a new building, potentially causing joint size changes.

Head-of-Wall (HOW)
Where vertical fire-resistance rated wall assemblies meet the underside of the floor slab above, a movement joint results, which can be subject to compression, as the freshly placed concrete cures and shrinks all over a new building. This joint must be firestopped in a flexible manner.

See also

Concrete
Penetration (firestop)
Sealant
Firestop
Curtain wall
Passive fire protection
Active fire protection
Mineral wool
Packing (firestopping)
Fire sprinkler
Articulation

References

External links

UL2079 Scope: Tests for Fire Resistance of Building Joint Systems
UL treatise on building joints
UL HW-S-0055: A common condition

Building engineering
Passive fire protection
Firestops
Pardis Technology Park. Pardis Technology Park (PTP) () is under the auspices of the Vice-Presidency for Science and Technology. 
PTP is being directed by a board of trustees which has 14 members. Head of the board is first Vice President of Iran and includes legal members from ministries, science centers, and academies.

It is located in an area measuring 58 hectares (expandable to 1000 hectares) and is situated 20 km north east of Tehran.
	Innovation Paradise (phase No. 1), 
	Knowledge Paradise (phase No. 2),
	and Entrepreneurship Paradise (phase No. 3)

are three main existing phases in the Park. Other phases constitute the future stages in the expansion plan of the park which will eventually measure up to 1000 hectares. By being situated within the 97 km neighborhood of Imam Khomeini Int'l Airport (IKIA), it is located alongside the main north–south and east–west passages to Europe, central Asia, ECO countries, Persian Gulf, and CIS countries.
In addition to, technology Park is placed alongside the north–south fiber optics network and close neighborhood to scientific, research and academic centers and also four industrial zones, i.e. Khorram-dasht and Firouzkouh industrial zones.

Objectives
The park describes its objectives as:
 To intensify high-tech industries development.
 To promote cooperation between industries academic institutions and research centers.
 To create synergy between private and state sectors.
 To commercialize know-how and innovations generated by research centers.
 To promote research and development activities in private sector.

Services
 Information & Communication technology Services
 Training and education
 Consulting, investing and marketing
 Banking, financing and insurance
 Laboratory and workshop
 Exhibition
 Housing and recreation
 Public welfare and environmental protection

Establishment types for technology bodies at PTP
 Technology Incubator Building: For start up companies, university graduates and entrepreneurs with specific ideas, and lack of financial resources and work experience.
 Multi-Tenant Building (MTB): For those companies that have already started their businesses but, have restricted financial abilities and personnel.
 Land plots: For those companies with relatively long commercial experience in the field of high technologies and, have their own laboratories, workshops, expertise and are enough able to invest and develop their commercial activities.

Development phases

Existing Phases:
 Phase #1 – Innovation Pardis is located in a 20 hectares area
 Phase #2 – Knowledge Pardis

Upcoming/in-development Phases:
 Synergy Pardis
 Creativity Pardis
 Evolution Pardis
 Development Pardis
 Entrepreneurship Pardis
 Productivity Pardis

Data center
Pars Online has established its first large-scale internet private data center in Iran, at Pardis Technology Park.

See also
Communications and ICT in Iran
Science and technology in Iran
Venture capital in Iran

References

External links
Pardis Official Site
Pardis Facebook Group

Communications in Iran
Open Solutions Alliance. The Open Solutions Alliance (OSA) is a trade association. The OSA works with  ISVs, system integrators, and the broader open source software community to improve interoperability among software products by publishing best practices, promoting technical standards, and making tools and application programming interfaces available.

History
In early November 2006, a group of application developers got together to form an alliance dedicated to improving interoperability and awareness of their products. Open source development had proven itself at the operating system and middleware layers but had yet to make a significant impact at the application level. Founders identified three important areas where collective action could be successful in lowering barriers to adoption of open solutions by business users:

 Define and promote guidelines and best practices for interoperability between applications.
 Foster a multivendor metacommunity of users, developers, and systems integrators.
 Drive awareness and advocacy 

All of those present agreed that none of these challenges could be readily addressed by any one vendor in isolation. Issues of awareness, interoperability and community are inherently collective in nature, such that collective action is needed to address them. This led to the decision to create a trade association. The result was the OSA.

In December 2006, The Open Solutions Alliance was incorporated as a 501c6 in the State of California, and the initial founding members officially joined during January 2007.

Members
Notable members of OSA include Palamida, CSC, Concursive Corporation, Essentia Corporation, Ingres Corporation, IONA, Jaspersoft, Openbravo, SourceForge.net, and Unisys.

References

External links

Free and open-source software organizations
Technology consortia
American Airmotive NA-75. 

The American Airmotive NA-75 was an agricultural aircraft marketed in the United States in the 1960s, created by remanufacturing military surplus Boeing Stearman trainers.  The aircraft were fitted with completely new, high-lift wings, and one of the cockpits was replaced by a chemical hopper. As of 1980, over 200 Stearmans had been modified in this way, either by American Airmotive directly, or via conversion kits that the company sold.

Specifications

References

 
 

Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1950s United States agricultural aircraft
NA-75
Recycling codes. Recycling codes are used to identify the materials out of which the item is made, to facilitate easier recycling process. The presence on an item of a recycling code, a chasing arrows logo, or a resin code, is not an automatic indicator that a material is recyclable; it is an explanation of what the item is made of. Codes have been developed for batteries, biomatter/organic material, glass, metals, paper, and plastics. Various countries have adopted different codes. For example, the table below shows the polymer resin (plastic) codes. In the United States there are fewer, because ABS is placed with "others" in group 7.

A number of countries have a finer-grained system with more recycling codes. For example, China's polymer identification system has seven different classifications of plastic, five different symbols for post-consumer paths, and 140 identification codes. The lack of a code system in some countries has encouraged those who fabricate their own plastic products, such as RepRap and other prosumer 3-D printer users, to adopt a voluntary recycling code based on the more comprehensive Chinese system.

Resin identification codes and codes defined by the European Commission

Chinese codes for plastics products 

The Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China (SAC) has defined material codes for different types of plastics in the document GB 16288-2008. The numbers are consistent with RIC up to #6.

Alternative recycling labels
The following recycling label projects are designed with the consumer in mind while SPI or Resin Identification Codes are designed to be recognized by waste sorting facilities. They provide an alternative that eliminates confusion as people often mistake any resin code to be recyclable, but this is not necessarily true. The recyclability of the numbers depends on the abilities of the facilities in the community. Thus, they are not all automatically recyclable.

How2Recycle is a project that started in 2008. The label provides information about the packaging material and clearly indicates whether it is recyclable, partially or totally.  If it is not recyclable at all, it is shown by a diagonal line going through the recycling label.

OPRL is a not-for-profit organisation that provides simple, consistent 'recycle' & 'refill' labels for retailer & brand packaging in the UK market. The labels clearly state whether the packaging is recyclable or not, helping consumers recycle better, more often.

See also
Resin identification code
Japanese recycling symbols
Waste hierarchy
Waste management
Food safe symbol
Bag It (documentary)

References

External links
Packaging Material Codes  Includes lists of material codes in Germany.

Recycling
Environmental standards
Waste management concepts
Recycling Codes
Recycling Codes
Recycling Codes
Consumer symbols
AEGIS: Guardian of the Fleet. Aegis: Guardian of the Fleet is a video game for MS-DOS compatible operating systems published in 1994 by Time Warner Interactive.

Gameplay
It simulates command of a US Navy Ticonderoga class cruiser using the Aegis combat system, a US Navy radar and computer system which operates intelligence and missile guidance functions. It was developed by Microplay Software, and published by Time Warner Interactive.

Players are given the ability to operate this ship in real-time, either from the bridge, or by viewing ship operations on radar, via the Tactical Plot System. Players can also command several ships at once.

Players can play single mission games, or play a full campaign. The game depicts missions in the Middle East against a variety of targets, and with several different mission objectives.

Reception
Computer Gaming World in July 1994 rated AEGIS: Guardian of the Flet 3.5 stars out of five. While criticizing the documentation and bugs, the magazine approved of the more than 100 missions, and predicted that like Falcon 3.0 consumers would upgrade computers to play it.

References

External links

Game review at ibiblio.org
 Issue 120, page 88, Computer Gaming World Magazine, July 1994.

1994 video games
DOS games
DOS-only games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Naval video games
Ship simulation games
Video games developed in the United States
Video decoder. A video decoder is an electronic circuit, often contained within a single integrated circuit chip, that converts base-band analog video signals to digital video. Video decoders commonly allow programmable control over video characteristics such as hue, contrast, and saturation. A video decoder performs the inverse function of a video encoder, which converts raw (uncompressed) digital video to analog video. Video decoders are commonly used in video capture devices and frame grabbers.

Signals

The input signal to a video decoder is analog video that conforms to a standard format. For example, a standard definition (SD) decoder accepts (composite or S-Video) that conforms to SD formats such as NTSC or PAL. High definition (HD) decoders accept analog HD formats such as AHD, HD-TVI, or HD-CVI.

The output digital video may be formatted in various ways, such as 8-bit or 16-bit 4:2:2, 12-bit 4:1:1, BT.656 (SD) or BT.1120 (HD). Usually, in addition to the digital video output bus, a video decoder will also generate a clock signal and other signals such as:

 Sync — indicates the beginning of a video frame
 Blanking — indicates video blanking interval
 Field — indicates whether the current video field is even or odd (applies to interlaced formats)
 Lock — indicates the decoder has detected and is locked (synchronized) to a valid analog input video signal

Functional blocks

The main functional blocks of a video decoder typically include these:

 Analog processors
 Y/C (luminance/chrominance) separation
 Chrominance processor
 Luminance processor
 Clock/timing processor
 A/D converters for Y/C
 Output formatter
 Host communication interface

Process
Video decoding involves several processing steps. First the analog signal is digitized by an analog-to-digital converter to produce a raw, digital data stream. In the case of composite video, the luminance and chrominance are then separated; this is not necessary for S-Video sources. Next, the chrominance is demodulated to produce color difference video data. At this point, the data may be modified so as to adjust brightness, contrast, saturation and hue. Finally, the data is transformed by a color space converter to generate data in conformance with any of several color space standards, such as RGB and YCbCr. Together, these steps constitute video decoding because they "decode" an analog video format such as NTSC or PAL.

References

Electronic circuits