omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
PZL Bielsko SZD-50 Puchacz. The PZL Bielsko SZD-50 Puchacz (Polish: "eagle owl") is a Polish two-place training and aerobatic sailplane.

Development
The Puchacz was designed by Dipl-Ing Adam Meus based on the prototype SZD-50-1 Dromader. It was intended to serve as the successor to the popular Bocian for training. Its first flight was April 13, 1979.

Being a moderately-priced, versatile, modern two-seater with good handling qualities on the ground and in the air, the Puchacz has become a very popular two-seater sailplane in many countries both for ab-initio and aerobatic instruction.

A large number of fatal accidents involving spins have occurred with the Puchacz. Investigations have failed to uncover a common design flaw, but the type's reputation has nevertheless been tainted. Its supporters point out that it was designed to obey faithfully all control inputs - including foolish ones. Partial failures at the rudder bar and control sticks have been known to occur, but Airworthiness Directives have been issued for modifications.

Description
The Puchacz is a construction protected by polyurethane paint rather than the more usual gelcoat finish. Although it is mainly glassfibre, the fuselage has two wooden frames as the connection point for the wings and undercarriage. Assembly entails inserting a single main pin to secure the wings in place and a spring-loaded locking pin for the tailplane. The air brakes open above and below the wings and are extremely efficient in comparison with other gliders, allowing very steep flight.

It has a tandem seating arrangement for the two occupants with the front seat used for solo flights. The front rudder pedals and the rear seat shell are adjustable. The front instruments are arranged so that they can be easily viewed from the rear seat; a rear instruments panel is also available as an option.

The Puchacz meets both OSTIV and JAR-22 Utility Category certification requirements and is approved for extended aerobatics including inverted flight and rolling manoeuvres.

Variants
SZD-50-1 Dromader The initial design and prototype of the Puchacz series, first flown on 21 December 1976; two built.
SZD-50-2 Puchacz Initial production variant first flown on 13 April 1979.
SZD-50-3 Puchacz Later production standard with fin mounted  higher, enlarged rudder and main-wheel fairing.

Specifications (SZD-50-3)

See also

References

External links

 Geelong Club website
 Richard Johnson, A FTE of the SZD-50-3 Puchacz 2-Place Sailplane, Soaring, April 1994
Sailplane Directory
 Type Certificate EASA 

1970s Polish sailplanes
SZD50
Cruciform tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1979
SZD aircraft
Forward-swept-wing aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft
AIRMET. An AIRMET, or Airmen's Meteorological Information, is a concise description of weather phenomena that are occurring or may occur (forecast) along an air route that may affect aircraft safety. Compared to SIGMETs, AIRMETs cover less severe weather: moderate turbulence and icing, sustained surface winds of 30 knots or more, or widespread restricted visibility. Today, according to the advancement of technology in civil aviation, the AIRMET is sent as IWXXM model.

Types 

AIRMETs are broadcast on the ATIS at ATC facilities, and are referred to as Weather Advisories.  AIRMETs are valid for six hours.  NOTE: The definition has changed and no longer says "light aircraft";  AIRMETs are intended for all aircraft.

There are three types of AIRMET, all identified by a phonetic letter: S (Sierra), T (Tango), and Z (Zulu).

 AIRMET SIERRA (Mountain obscuration or IFR) ceilings less than 1000 feet and/or visibility less than 3 miles affecting over 50% of the area at one time; extensive mountain obscuration
AIRMET TANGO (Turbulence) moderate turbulence, sustained surface winds of 30 knots or greater, and/or non convective low−level wind shear.
AIRMET ZULU (Icing) Moderate icing and provides freezing level heights.

For an authority to issue an AIRMET, applicable conditions must be widespread.  "Widespread" means that the applicable area covers at least 3000 square miles.  Because conditions across the forecast period can move across the area, it is possible that only a small portion of the area is affected at any time.  AIRMETs are routinely issued for six-hour periods beginning at 0145Z during Daylight Saving Time and at 0245Z during Standard Time. AIRMETS are also amended as necessary due to changing weather conditions or issuance/cancellation of a SIGMET.

Dissemination and structure 

Most AIRMET dissemination is done in the XML-based Graphical AIRMET (G-AIRMET) format, but some computer systems use the legacy text-based Traditional Alphanumerical Code (TAC). This is identical in structure to a SIGMET, with the only difference being that the SIGMET identifier in the First Line is replaced by the three type identifiers listed above.

The TAC AIRMET is being retired, and only G-AIRMETs will be disseminated for the continental US starting on or about January 27, 2025.

See also
SIGMET
PIREP

References

External links
 
 
 
 Graphical representation of AIRMETs can be found at: AWC - Aviation Weather Center.  Select the G-AIRMET checkbox for "Graphical AIRMET".

Aviation meteorology
Weather warnings and advisories
Aviation publications
Glentanner Aerodrome. Glentanner Aerodrome  is an aerodrome located at the north west end of Lake Pukaki in New Zealand. 
From 1987 onwards to their demise Newmans Air operated Dash-7 aircraft into Glentanner from Christchurch and Queenstown.

Formerly used as a standby airport for Mount Cook Airlines if the Mount Cook Airport was closed due to inclement weather. Paved and capable of handling aircraft up to Hawker Siddeley HS748 size. A small bus transfer terminal with a couple of baggage trolleys were based at the strip.

Air Safaris operates sightseeing flights at this aerodrome.

Dawn Aerospace uses Glentanner for test flights of their Aurora suborbital spaceplane with flights beginning in 2021.

Operational information 
Circuit 
RWY 15 Left hand
RWY 33 Right hand
Stock graze occasionally, pilots check status.
Severe turbulence may be encountered in strong winds
VFR operations may be subject to special procedures.

References

Sources 
NZAIP Volume 4 AD

Airports in New Zealand
Transport in the Canterbury Region
Transport buildings and structures in the Canterbury Region
Software analyst. In a software development team, a software analyst  is the person who monitors the software development process, performs configuration management, identifies safety, performance, and compliance issues, and prepares software requirements and specification (Software Requirements Specification) documents. The software analyst is the seam between the software users and the software developers. They convey the demands of software users to the developers.

See also
Systems analyst
Application analyst

References

People in information technology
Software requirements
Computer occupations
Development kit. A development kit is a collection of software or hardware tools for aiding computer programmers in developing new software. The term often refers specifically to a software development kit (SDK), which is a collection of software development tools in one installable package.

Development kit may also refer to:
 Game development kit, a set of hardware and software for developing video games for game consoles
 Microprocessor development board, a printed circuit board containing a microprocessor and support circuitry for development purposes
 Intel system development kit, a series of microprocessor development kits made by Intel
 Java Development Kit, a distribution of the Java programming language and environment from Oracle
 Windows Driver Kit, a software toolset from Microsoft that supports developing device drivers for Microsoft Windows

See also
BROACH warhead. The Bomb Royal Ordnance Augmented Charge (BROACH) is a multi-stage warhead developed by BAE Systems Global Combat Systems Munitions, Thales Missile Electronics and QinetiQ.

Development of BROACH began in 1991 when Team BROACH consisted of British Aerospace Royal Ordnance Defence, Thomson-Thorn Missile Electronics and the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA). The two stage warhead is made up from an initial shaped charge, which cuts a passage through armour, concrete, earth, etc., allowing a larger following warhead to penetrate inside the target. The weapon is designed to allow a cruise missile to achieve the degree of hard-target penetration formerly only possible by the use of laser-guided gravity bombs.

Applications
 Storm Shadow/SCALP EG
 AGM-154 Joint Standoff Weapon unitary variant (JSOW-C)
 BROACH was evaluated as a possible warhead for the AGM-86 ALCM cruise missile but was ultimately not selected.

References

BAE Systems weapons systems
Explosive weapons
Military equipment introduced in the 1990s
Mohawk Innovative Technology. Mohawk Innovative Technology, Inc. is an American product and research and development technology company that develops oil-free foil bearings, magnetic bearings and non-contacting foil seals for high-speed rotating machinery, such as gas turbine engines, turbochargers, compressors, cryogenic pumps, variable high-speed motors/generators and machines.

History

The company  was formed in November 1994, by Hooshang Heshmat with James F. Walton II, Melissa D. Heshmat and Michael J. Tomaszewski, to develop oil-free, high-speed rotating machinery.  Oil-free air or process gases are used in pharmaceutical, food and beverage processing, in medical equipment or devices, and other industrial processes.  The company initially conducted research and development programs for the United States Department of Defense (DoD), NASA, the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) to assist in commercializing its technologies in the areas of tribology, foil bearings, magnetic bearings, auxiliary or backup bearings and advanced seals.

Mohawk Innovative has applied its technologies to rotating machinery systems with both domestic aerospace and major international companies.  Developed oil-free systems have included motor driven air compressors for industrial use, cryogenic turboexpanders for generation of liquid oxygen and liquid nitrogen, motor driven air blowers for automotive fuel cells, motor driven blowers for use in the food and beverage industries, small gas turbine engines for UAVs and microturbine generators for distributed electricity generation using either natural gas or renewable energy sources.  While conducting these research programs and working to apply the technology to product, alternative bearing coatings and test machine products have resulted.  New high temperature, long life and low friction coefficient coatings were developed to support the bearing product.  Also, a new tribometer was developed to evaluate the friction, wear lubrication characteristics and life of solid lubricant coatings, shaft coatings and bearing performance under realistic operating conditions of high speed, high load and high temperature conditions.

Medical applications of the company's products are marketed through the MiTiHeart Corporation, a spin-off company.

See also
 Tribology

Selected patents
 Multi-plane Balancing Process and Apparatus Using Powder Metal for Controlled Material Addition - Sept. 1992
Stator Controlled Magnetic Bearing - Feb. 2001
Hybrid Foil Magnetic Bearing - Mar. 2002
Hybrid Foil Magnetic Bearing with Improved Load Sharing - Aug. 2004

References

External links
Company website
MiTiHeart

Bearings (mechanical)
Engineering companies of the United States
Render output unit. In computer graphics, the render output unit (ROP) or raster operations pipeline is a hardware component in modern graphics processing units (GPUs) and one of the final steps in the rendering process of modern graphics cards. The pixel pipelines take pixel (each pixel is a dimensionless point) and texel information and process it, via specific matrix and vector operations, into a final pixel or depth value; this process is called rasterization. Thus, ROPs control antialiasing, when more than one sample is merged into one pixel. The ROPs perform the transactions between the relevant buffers in the local memory – this includes writing or reading values, as well as blending them together.
Dedicated antialiasing hardware used to perform hardware-based antialiasing methods like MSAA is contained in ROPs.

All data rendered has to travel through the ROP in order to be written to the framebuffer, from there it can be transmitted to the display.

Therefore, the ROP is where the GPU's output is assembled into a bitmapped image ready for display.

Historically the number of ROPs, texture mapping units (TMUs), and shader processing units/stream processors have been equal. However, from 2004, several GPUs have decoupled these areas to allow optimum transistor allocation for application workload and available memory performance. As the trend continues, it is expected that graphics processors will continue to decouple the various parts of their architectures to enhance their adaptability to future graphics applications. This design also allows chip makers to build a modular line-up, where the top-end GPUs are essentially using the same logic as the low-end products.

The terminology for ROPs can vary between manufacturers. For instance, while NVIDIA refers to them as ROPs, AMD uses the term "Render Backend" (RB).

See also
Graphics pipeline
Rendering (computer graphics)
Execution unit
Bit blit

References

3D rendering
Graphics hardware
General Electric CJ610. The General Electric CJ610 is a non-afterburning turbojet engine derived from the military J85, and is used on a number of civilian business jets. The model has logged over 16.5 million hours of operation. Civilian versions have powered business jets such as the Learjet 23 and the Hamburger Flugzeugbau HFB 320 Hansa Jet. The engines are also used in the flyable Messerschmitt Me 262 reproductions built by the Me 262 Project in the United States.

A development, the CF700, added a rear-mounted fan mounted directly on the free-running low-pressure turbine.

Variants
CJ610-1 thrust
CJ610-2B thrust
CJ610-4 thrust
CJ610-6 thrust
CJ610-8A thrust
CJ610-9 thrust

Applications

 Aero Commander 1121 Jet Commander
 Boom XB-1
 HFB 320 Hansa Jet
 Learjet 23
 Learjet 24
 Learjet 25
 Learjet 28
 Margański & Mysłowski EM-10 Bielik
 Messerschmitt Me 262 replicas A-1c and B-1c.
 Transall C-160 (APU)
 Viper Aircraft Viperjet MKII

Other
 Screaming Sasquatch Jet Waco Biplane
 Yak 110

Specifications (CJ610-9)

See also

References

Bibliography

External links
 GE CJ610 web page

1960s turbojet engines
CJ610
Schleicher ASW 19. The ASW 19 is a single-seat glider built by Alexander Schleicher GmbH & Co, first flying in 1975. It was originally designed as a Standard Class glider, but now mainly competes in the Club Class. The ASW 19 is known for its pleasant handling and some clubs use it as a training glider. It was succeeded by the all-new Schleicher ASW 24.

Design
The wings are from the ASW 15 with upper-surface Schempp-Hirth metal air brakes added. Later models received modified brakes with an additional panel to improve effectiveness.

The all-new fibreglass fuselage was built without the honeycombs that were used on the ASW 15 and ASW 17. It has a winch hook, which is covered by the main wheel doors, and an aerotow hook situated approximately  from the nose.

The wings are held in place with two main pins. Up to  of water ballast can be carried. The tail unit is also of glassfibre/foam sandwich, and the horizontal tailplane has a fixed stabilizer.

Variants
With the ASW 19b version, the maximum allowed amount of water ballast increased and the take-off weight can be raised to 454 kg. Later ASW 19B were delivered with an instrument panel that lifts with the canopy. This feature can be retrofitted to older models.

The ASW 19 Club is a version with a fixed unsprung monowheel and no water ballast carried. Only five were built for the Royal Air Force, where they were known as the Valiant TX.1.

At the Delft University of Technology a single ASW 19 was fitted with a new wing profile featuring turbulator blow holes. This ASW 19X showed improved gliding capabilities with a best glide ratio of about 41:1.

Operators

Royal Air Force
University College London Gliding Club

3 French Air Force ("F05" n°276, "F06" n°277,"F07" n°323)

 Greater Boston Soaring Club

Specifications (ASW 19b)

See also

References

External links

Schleicher web site
Geelong Gliding Club web site
Sailplane Directory
ASW 19 production list
Johnson R, A Flight Test Evaluation of the ASW-19, Soaring, August 1977

1970s German sailplanes
Schleicher aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1975
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Black Diamond Railroad. The Black Diamond Railroad was an attempt in the late 1890s by Albert E. Boone to build a railroad from the Ohio River Valley through the Rabun Gap to the Atlantic Coast.  It isn't clear if any track was actually laid by this company or if it was just an attempt to restart the Blue Ridge Railroad of South Carolina, which had originally started the route in the 1850s, but was interrupted by the Civil War.

References 

Defunct Georgia (U.S. state) railroads
Firescale. Firestain is a layer of oxides that is visible on the surface of objects made of metal alloys containing copper when the object is heated, as by a jeweler heating a ring to apply solder during a repair. On copper-containing alloys of gold or of silver (such as sterling silver), it presents as a red or purple stain. This is because at high temperatures, oxygen mixes with the copper to form cuprous oxide and then cupric oxide, both of which disrupt the bright polished surface of the finished piece. There are various methods used to either prevent or repair firestain.

Preventative methods
Firestain can be largely prevented by heating the object in an atmosphere in which the oxygen has been replaced with another combustive gas such as hydrogen or ammonia. Chemical agents called fluxes can reduce firestain when applied to metals before heating. Flux is usually made out of borax but other chemical compounds also have applications as fluxes.

Curative methods
Techniques such as polishing, sanding, grinding, filing, and wire brushing can be used to cure existing firestain. As the layer of firestain is often not very deep, this approach, with sufficient effort and time, may be able to remove it.  However, this inevitably results in a loss of material to the piece, and will cause any fine details to the piece to be lost.  However, it does not involve the use of any special gasses or changes to the heating atmosphere around the piece.

As another cure, objects can also be "bombed" or electrostripped.  This involves placing them in a bath of a usually cyanide-based solution (sometimes other solutions such as nitric acid may be used instead) and applying a high-density electric current arranged so that the work piece functions as an anode.  Other approaches include electroplating the object with a layer of the principal metal of the alloy, as well as, for sterling and similar grades of silver, depletion silvering the piece, and for gold-copper alloys, a sodium dichromate pickle solution with a low percentage of sulfuric acid has been occasionally found effective.  These approaches, however, are temporary fixes in that all they do is cover up the firestain: over time, it will almost always reemerge through the thin layer of overlying metal deposit.  The only long-term techniques to prevent the appearance of firestain are through its time-consuming physical removal or preventing its formation in the first place, by using an oxygen-free environment (which is often expensive and requires specialized equipment), or by using an alloy which is resistant to firestain such as argentium.

See also
 Mill scale

References

Jewellery making
Silversmithing
Chernobyl Shelter Fund. The Chernobyl Shelter Fund (CSF) was set up in December 1997 with the purpose of funding the Shelter Implementation Plan (SIP). The aim of the fund is to create conditions for the dismantling and decomposition of the radiation contaminated structures. At the end of the eight- to nine-year project, estimated to cost US$768 million, the Shelter will be transformed into a stable and environmentally safe system for an estimated 100 years. The most visible aspect of this transformation is the construction of the New Safe Confinement. The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) was entrusted with managing the CSF.

Foundation and Members
The initiative for the establishment of the CSF has been led by G7 governments, the European Commission and Ukraine and was announced at the 1997 G7 summit in Denver. The following countries are contributors to CSF: Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Spain, Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom and United States.

Besides member countries, the following countries made donations: Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Croatia, Estonia, Hungary, Iceland, India, Israel, South Korea, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Portugal, Romania, Slovak Republic, Slovenia and Turkey.

See also

List of Chernobyl-related charities
List of Chernobyl-related articles

References

External links
Chernobyl Shelter Fund

Aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster
Pontiki. is a construction toy for building models of unusual creatures (which are also referred to as pontiki). Pontiki are constructed from colourful plastic components of two different types: a hollow shape dotted with holes, for representing the creatures' bodies, and smaller parts which fit into the holes, for representing features such as eyes and limbs.

The body parts come in four standard shapes, a cube, a cylinder, a cone and an egg. They can be divided into sections and combined with the body parts of other pontiki. In addition to the standard pontiki, there is a pontiki with a pull-back car for a body, called Chovica, and a six-legged moving pontiki, called Pootiki.

Pontikis may also have three kinds of rare mini pontikis called parasites. One of the most common is Parapara, a dog-like mini pontiki. The others are a human-like mini pontiki called Eric and the rarest another one armed human-like mini pontiki called Tabcuo.

See also
 Mr. Potato Head

External links
 Official Pontiki Site

Construction toys
2000s toys
Sorptivity. In 1957 John Philip introduced the term sorptivity and defined it as a measure of the capacity of the medium to absorb or desorb liquid by capillarity.

According to C Hall and W D Hoff, the sorptivity expresses the tendency of a material to absorb and transmit water and other liquids by capillarity.

The sorptivity is widely used in characterizing soils and porous construction materials such as brick, stone and concrete.

Calculation of the true sorptivity required numerical iterative procedures dependent on soil water content and diffusivity.
John R. Philip (1969) showed that sorptivity can be determined from horizontal infiltration where water flow is mostly controlled by capillary absorption:

where S is sorptivity and I is the cumulative infiltration (i.e. distance) at time t. Its associated SI unit is m⋅s−1/2.

For vertical infiltration, Philip's solution is adapted using a parameter A1. This results in the following equations, which are valid for short times:
 cumulative: 
 rate: 

where the sorptivity S is defined (when a sharp wetting front Lf exists) as:

References

Soil physics