omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Molecular shuttle. A   molecular shuttle in supramolecular chemistry is a special type of molecular machine capable of shuttling molecules or ions from one location to another. This field is of relevance to nanotechnology in its quest for nanoscale electronic components and also to biology where many biochemical functions are based on molecular shuttles. Academic interest also exists for synthetic molecular shuttles, the first prototype reported in 1991 based on a rotaxane.

This device is based on a molecular thread composed of an ethyleneglycol chain interrupted by two arene groups acting as so-called stations. The terminal units (or stoppers) on this wire are bulky triisopropylsilyl groups. The bead is a tetracationic cyclophane based on two bipyridine groups and two para-phenylene groups. The bead is locked to one of the stations by pi-pi interactions but since the activation energy for migration from one station to the other station is only 13 kcal/mol (54 kJ/mol) the bead shuttles between them. The stoppers prevent the bead from slipping from the thread. Chemical synthesis of this device is based on molecular self-assembly from a preformed thread and two bead fragments (32% chemical yield). 

In certain molecular switches the two stations are non-degenerate.

References

Supramolecular chemistry
Molecular machines
Cunningham-Hall Aircraft Corporation. The Cunningham-Hall Aircraft Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer from its formation in 1928 to its closure in 1948.

History
The company was formed in 1928 at Rochester, New York.  It was a combination of Randolph F. Hall, as vice president, some former employees of Thomas-Morse Aircraft Corporation and James Cunningham, Son and Company who manufactured motor cars. Francis E. Cunningham was President.  The company built five different aircraft designs, most were only built in single numbers or no more than prototypes. The last design appeared in 1937 and the company concentrated on sub-contract component production before it was dissolved in 1948.

Aircraft designs

Cunningham-Hall PT-6
Cunningham-Hall X-89 "Mystery Ship" Biplane, with small-chord upper wing.
Cunningham-Hall X-90
Cunningham-Hall GA-21M

Cunningham-Hall GA-36
Cunningham-Hall PT-6F

See also
 Cunningham automobile

References

 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985). London: Orbis Publishing.

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies established in 1928
1928 establishments in New York (state)
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1948
1948 disestablishments in New York (state)
98.6. 98.6 may refer to:

 98.6°F, a historical value for the average normal human body temperature
 "98.6" (song), a song by Keith
 98.6, a novel by Ronald Sukenick
 98.6 ZHFM, a Classic Hits FM radio station in New Zealand
 DRG Class 98.6, a steam locomotive which has been renamed as Bavarian D VIII
 98.6 Degrees: The Art of Keeping Your Ass Alive, a survival book by Cody Lundin
 , a German radio station from Nuremberg
WS-Federation Passive Requestor Profile. WS-Federation Passive Requestor Profile is a Web Services specification - intended to work with the WS-Federation specification - which defines how identity, authentication and authorization mechanisms work across trust realms.  The specification deals specifically with how applications, such as web browsers, make requests using these mechanisms.  In this context, the web-browser is known as a "passive requestor."  By way of contrast, WS-Federation Active Requestor Profile deals with "active requestors" such as SOAP-enabled applications.  WS-Federation Passive Requestor Profile was created by IBM, BEA Systems, Microsoft, VeriSign, and RSA Security.

See also
 List of Web service specifications

References

External links
 WS-Federation: Passive Requestor Profile specification

Security
Web Services Security Kerberos Binding. Web Services Security Kerberos Binding is a Web Services specification, authored by IBM and Microsoft, which details how to integrate the Kerberos authentication mechanism with the Web Services Security model.  The most recent draft of the specification was released in 2003 and is identified as being for "review and evaluation only."

See also
 List of Web service specifications
 WS-Federation

References

External links
 Web Services Security Kerberos Binding specification

Security
Flood Control Act of 1941. The Flood Control Act of 1941 was an Act of the United States Congress signed into law by US President Franklin Roosevelt that authorized civil engineering projects such as dams, levees, dikes, and other flood control measures through the United States Army Corps of Engineers and other Federal agencies. It is one of a number of Flood Control Acts that is passed nearly annually by the US Congress.

Projects

Dams
 Kinzua Dam (begun in 1960, completed in 1965)
 Fort Gibson Dam (begun in 1941, completed in 1949)
 Allatoona Dam (begun in 1946, completed in 1950)

Stormwater control
 Construction of mandatory storm drains and flood control channels throughout the city of Los Angeles in the wake of the Los Angeles Flood of 1938.

See also
Water Resources Development Act
Rivers and Harbors Act 
for related legislation which sometime also implement flood control provisions.

1941 in the environment
1941 in American law
1941
Sikorsky S-60. The Sikorsky S-60 helicopter, a prototype "flying crane", was derived from the S-56 in 1958. Proving to be underpowered, the development of the S-60 led to the larger, turbine-engined Sikorsky CH-54 Tarhe military transport helicopter, and its civil S-64 Skycrane variant, which were already on the drawing board by the time the sole example of the S-60 crashed on 3 April 1961.

Like the S-56/H-37 it was powered by two Wasp radial piston engines, but it had a radically different fuselage; rather than a fixed cabin it only had a cockpit and an open area in which pods with different tasks could be carried. Although it did not enter service, it was evaluated by the U.S. Army and Navy, and lead further development of this concept.

Design and development

In 1958, Sikorsky began designing the S-60 as a prototype "flying crane" helicopter. The S-60 utilized the transmission, rotor system and piston engines from the CH-37/S-56.

The fuselage of the S-60 was a simple "pod-and-boom" design with the engines mounted in side pods and long tailwheel-style landing gear that allowed it to straddle cargoes. The crew cabin was mounted in the nose, with aft-mounted controls for the co-pilot to use during loading and unloading operations. The S-60 had an automatic stabilization system to allow it to hover precisely, using inputs from a sidestick controller. Up to  of outsized cargo such as vehicles could be slung beneath the boom, while passengers and other cargo could be carried in a large interchangeable pod that attached to the fuselage.

Operational history

The S-60  (registered N807) first flew on March 25, 1959. The helicopter accumulated 333 hours of flight in its two-year flight career, and was evaluated by the US Navy, with demonstrations also flown for the US Army. While effective in its designed role, the helicopter proved to be underpowered. Sikorsky was already working on an enlarged, turboshaft-powered successor, the Model S-64, which was ordered into production for the US Army as the Sikorsky CH-54 Tarhe.

Igor Sikorsky was fully involved in the development of the prototype S-60, from the initial design through flight testing. It was one of the last aircraft to have this distinction. The prototype crashed in April 1961.

Survivor
The wreckage of the S-60 was transferred to the New England Air Museum in the 1970s, and is currently being restored by its new owners, the Connecticut Air and Space Center, in Stratford, Connecticut.

Specifications (S-60)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Donald, David, ed. The Complete Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1997. .
 Harding, Stephen. U.S. Army Aircraft Since 1947: An Illustrated History. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing Ltd., 1997, First edition 1990. .

External links

 Greg Goebel's Vectorsite: Sikorsky Giant Helicopters: S-64, S-65 and S-80
 CH-54 Skycrane/Tarhe on Global Security.org
 HELIS.com Sikorsky S-60 Database

United States military helicopters
1950s United States military transport aircraft
S-060
1950s United States helicopters
Twin-engined piston helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1959
Avidyne Corporation. Avidyne Corporation is an avionics company based in Melbourne, Florida. Avidyne is developer of Integrated Avionics Systems, multi-function displays, and traffic advisory systems for light general aviation (GA) aircraft. Headquartered in Melbourne, Florida, the company has facilities in Melbourne, as well as Concord, Massachusetts; Columbus, Ohio; and Boulder, Colorado.

History
President and CEO Daniel J. Schwinn founded Avidyne in 1994. Avidyne pioneered the standalone MFD market when they certified their first Flight Situation Display system in 1997.  Avidyne's FlightMax Entegra line was first released in 2003 in the Cirrus SR22—the first big-glass flight deck system for light general aviation aircraft. On November 3, 2005, Avidyne Corporation and Ryan International Company announced a merger of the two companies. Ryan International was founded in 1981 by CEO Paul Ryan, inventor of the Stormscope weather system.

Avidyne was recognized as Avionics Magazine's "Small Manufacturer of the Year" and was inducted into the Avionics Magazine Hall of Fame in 1999.  Avidyne received the NASA 2001 Commitment to Excellence Award for their work on the AGATE HITS program for their work on “Highway in the Sky” (HITS) display technology, as part of NASA's AGATE (Advanced General Aviation Transport Experiments) Alliance. Avidyne successfully demonstrated HITS technology at EAA AirVenture 2001 in Oshkosh, Wisconsin.  In 2017, Avidyne Corporation certified Synthetic Vision capability for all of its IFD-Series GPS-based Flight Management Systems.

Products

 Helios Flight Management System for Helicopters
Atlas Flight Management System
Entegra & Entegra Release 9 Integrated Flight Deck Systems
 IFD550 FMS/GPS/NAV/COM
 IFD540 FMS/GPS/NAV/COM
 IFD440 FMS/GPS/NAV/COM
 AMX240 Audio Panel
 AXP340 Mode S Transponder w/ADS-B OUT
 AXP322 Mode S Remote Transponder w/ADS-B OUT
 EX600 MultiFunction Display (MFD)
 SkyTrax100 ADS-B IN Receiver
 TWX670 Color Tactical Lightning Detection System
 CMax Electronic Approach Charts & Airport Diagrams
 TAS600 Series Traffic Advisory Systems
 DFC90 Autopilot

See also
L-3 Communications
Garmin

References

External links
 www.avidyne.com

Aerospace companies of the United States
Avionics companies
Technology companies established in 1994
Manufacturing companies established in 1994
Companies based in Brevard County, Florida
Manufacturing companies based in Florida
Melbourne, Florida
Spectrum Aeronautical. Spectrum Aeronautical was a business jet developer based in Carlsbad, California, with its development center located in Spanish Fork, Utah. The company went out of business in January 2021. 

An engine failure while flying a single-engine Stinson Voyager over the jungles of Honduras in 1958 nearly killed Spectrum CEO Linden Blue. After this incident he started to design aircraft that had multiple engines.

Since approximately 2006, the company has been involved in the development of two very light jets, the Spectrum S-33 "Independence" and the S-40 "Freedom", which are to be constructed making extensive use of composite materials. The twin-engined single pilot aircraft are supposed to carry between five and nine passengers over distances between circa 3000 and 4000 kilometres, using about 40% less fuel than conventionally built planes. The certification dates of both planes have been postponed on several occasions, even more so after a setback in 2006, when the company's only prototype - a S-33 - crashed, causing the death of two pilots. Further to that, the Great Recession reduced demand for business jets.

The S-33, with an envisaged selling price of just under US-$ 4m, is scheduled to be certified 12 months after the S-40, which is to sell for below US-$ 7m. In recent years Spectrum has sought finance through banks, investors and joint ventures with other aircraft manufacturers. In May 2011 Spectrum president Austin Blue is quoted: "We are still trying to get the programmes advancing, but it is not easy".

Advertised claims 
Spectrum has taken part in the development of composite aircraft which includes the MQ-1 Predator, LearAvia Lear Fan, Beechcraft Starship, Scaled Composites Proteus, Bell Eagle Eye and Williams V-Jet II. 

It gained experience in advanced aerodynamic design, manufacturing process controls, financial management, FAA certification, interior design, marketing, computer based design, quality assurance, distribution and maintenance systems. During these aforementioned projects.
.

Products 
The company is developing two jets:
 Spectrum S-40 Freedom
 Spectrum S-33 Independence

References 

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Spanish Fork, Utah
Carlsbad, California
Etox. Etox is the first Turkish automobile manufacturer dedicated exclusively to building sports cars. The company is based in Ankara, Turkey. Its first model, the Etox Zafer, is the second Turkish sports car after the Anadol STC-16, which was produced from 1973 to 1975.

Prototype
Designing the Etox Zafer took 6 months after testing and surveying among hundreds of prototypes. The latest prototype was created by 46 Turkish engineers in 2 years. The 100,000 kilometer quality tests of the Etox Zafer were completed in 2007.

Mass production
The license for mass production of the Etox Zafer was granted by the Turkish Government in 2007. The Zafer is to be assembled in Turkey, with engines built by French, German and Swedish auto manufacturers, though Etox plans to develop its own engines in the near future. The 1.5 liter diesel engine which produces  is a Renault engine with slight ECU modifications; the 3.0 liter diesel engine which produces  is a BMW engine; while the 3.0 liter gasoline engine which produces  is a Volvo engine. Apart from the three standard engines, a  engine is also available for special orders.

The Etox Zafer costs between 85,000 and 150,000 TL (10,000 and 18,000 USD) depending on the model and engine type.

Official introduction of Etox Zafer

The first official introduction of Etox Zafer took place on 30 August 2007. August the 30th is the Zafer Bayramı (Victory Day) in Turkey (the word Zafer means Victory in Turkish).

Technical specifications

Dimensions
 Length: 4215 mm
 Width: 1980 mm
 Height: 1290 mm
 Axle distance: 2575 mm
 Front trace gap: 1700 mm
 Rear trace gap: 1698 mm

Engines

Etox Zafer is powered by 3 standard engines, and 1 optional engine:

 1.5 litre,  diesel engine (standard production)
 3.0 litre,  diesel engine (standard production)
 3.0 litre V6,  gasoline engine (standard production)
  engine (optional)

References

External links
 Official website of Etox

Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 2006
Manufacturing companies based in Ankara
Cars of Turkey
Car manufacturers of Turkey
Turkish brands
2006 establishments in Turkey
Helix QAC. Helix QAC, formerly QA·C  is a commercial static code analysis software tool produced by Minneapolis, Minnesota-based software vendor Perforce Software. QAC means Quality Assurance and Control.  The software was originally developed in 1986 by UK-based Programming Research Limited (PRQA) for the C language.  Perforce acquired PRQA in May 2018.

Helix QAC was used to make the C source code measurements given in the book Safer C by Les Hatton.

HeliX QAC can be used for quality assurance of C source code and checking the code for conformance to coding guidelines such as MISRA C.  Other functionality includes the ability to calculate code metrics for projects with large code-bases.

The tools operate through an integrated development environment (IDE) designed to help maintain and understand old and new code using detailed cross references and a variety of graphical views.
The tools can be used with a command line interface, and graphical IDE can be called to display the result.

See also
List of tools for static code analysis

References

External links
 
 Evaluating the relation between coding standard violations and faults within and across versions

History of computing in the United Kingdom
Static program analysis tools
John Hinch (mathematician). Edward John Hinch  (born 4 March 1947) is a Professor of fluid dynamics at the University of Cambridge, and fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge.

His research covers a wide range of fluid dynamics, including micro-hydrodynamics, colloidal dispersion, flow through porous media, polymer rheology and non-Newtonian fluid dynamics. He also works on industrial problems involving fluid dynamics, including collaborating with experimental groups in Paris, Marseille and Toulouse. He lectures undergraduates at the University of Cambridge, is a Director of Studies for Trinity College, and supervises PhD students.

John Hinch has published more than a hundred papers on fluid dynamics. Since 1997 he has been a Fellow of the Royal Society and he is also a Knight of the Ordre National du Mérite of France and a Fellow of the American Physical Society. In 2012, Hinch was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to the mechanics of fluids, suspensions, and polymeric liquids and to industrial processes.

External links
 John Hinch's Cambridge Homepage
 John Hinch on the Mathematics Genealogy Project

1947 births
Living people
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Rheologists
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge
Fellows of the Royal Society
Cambridge mathematicians
Fluid dynamicists
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering
Horrie Miller (aviator). Horace Clive Miller OBE (30 April 1893 – 1980) was a pioneering Australian aviator and co-founder of MacRobertson Miller Airlines (MMA).

He flew in the 1929 Western Australian Centenary Air Race, winning handicap honours.

The main road to the Perth International Airport Terminal 1 is named Horrie Miller Drive in honour of the aviator.

On 2 December 1938 He married Mary Durack

See also
 West Australian Airways

Footnotes

References
 Access road to new International Airport to be named "Horrie Miller Drive" in honour of WA pioneer aviator The West Australian, 1 Dec. 1984, p. 40
 Dunn, Frank, (1984) Speck in the sky : a history of Airlines of Western Australia Perth, W.A: Airlines of W.A 
 Lewis, Julie (1987) Interview with Dunbar Hooper, and Horrie Miller (reference to Woods, Jimmy, 1893-1975 and WA Airways )  Battye Library Oral History transcript
 Miller, Horace Clive (Horrie) (1968 or 1976) Early birds : magnificent men of Australian aviation between the wars Adelaide : Rigby, Series Seal books 
 Court, Charles, Sir, (1995) Horace Clive Miller ("Horrie Miller"), 1893-1980 : from barnstorming joyrides to boardrooms / an address by Sir Charles Court in presenting the 1995 Sir Norman Brearley oration at W.A. Club, Perth, W.A. on 23 August 1995. Perth, W.A.: Civil Aviation Historical Society (W.A. Division), 1995.
 National Archives of Australia World War I service records search, accessed 7 July 2007.
 Mervyn W. Prime, 2011, "Horrie Miller", Aviation Australia, accessed 16 June 2011.
Perkins, Matthew, 2008, "Who is Horrie Miller?", ABC Radio Perth, accessed 6 August 2019

1893 births
1980 deaths
People from Perth, Western Australia
People from Ballarat
Australian military personnel of World War I
Royal Australian Air Force officers
Australian aviators
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Airline founders
Australian company founders
MacRobertson Miller Airlines
Bloch oscillation. Bloch oscillation is a phenomenon from solid state physics. It describes the oscillation of a particle (e.g. an electron) confined in a periodic potential when a constant force is acting on it.
It was first pointed out by Felix Bloch and Clarence Zener while studying the electrical properties of crystals. In particular, they predicted that the motion of electrons in a perfect crystal under the action of a constant electric field would be oscillatory instead of uniform. While in natural crystals this phenomenon is extremely hard to observe due to the scattering of electrons by lattice defects, it has been observed in semiconductor superlattices and in different physical systems such as cold atoms in an optical potential and ultrasmall Josephson junctions.

Derivation 

The one-dimensional equation of motion for an electron with wave vector  in a constant electric field  is:

which has the solution

The group velocity  of the electron is given by

where  denotes the dispersion relation for the given energy band.
Suppose that the latter has the (tight-binding) form

where  is the lattice parameter and  is a constant. Then  is given by

and the electron position  can be computed as a function of time:

This shows that the electron oscillates in real space. The angular frequency of the oscillations is given by .

Discovery and experimental realizations

Bloch oscillations were predicted by Nobel laureate Felix Bloch in 1929. However, they were not experimentally observed for a long time, because in natural solid-state bodies,  is (even with very high electric field strengths) not large enough to allow for full oscillations of the charge carriers within the diffraction and tunneling times, due to relatively small lattice periods. The development in semiconductor technology has recently led to the fabrication of structures with super lattice periods that are now sufficiently large, based on artificial semiconductors. The oscillation period in those structures is smaller than the diffraction time of the electrons, hence more oscillations can be observed in a time window below the diffraction time. For the first time the experimental observation of Bloch oscillations in such super lattices at very low temperatures was shown by Jochen Feldmann and Karl Leo in 1992. Other realizations were 
 the observation of coherent Terahertz radiation of Bloch oscillations by Hartmut Roskos et al. in 1993
 the observation of Bloch oscillations at room temperature by Thomas Dekorsy et al. in 1995
 the observation of Bloch oscillations in the absence of a lattice
 the observation of Bloch oscillations in the classical system of macroscopic pendula

See also
Super Bloch oscillations

References

Oscillation
Condensed matter physics
Sichuan Science and Technology Museum. Sichuan Science and Technology Museum () is a provincial public science and technology museum located in Chengdu, Sichuan, China. Established in 2006, the museum is affiliated with the Sichuan Association for Science and Technology. The museum includes airplanes, flying saucers, 3D movies, robots and interactive model rockets.

References

External links
10 page Chengdu Time review

Museums in Sichuan
Science museums in China
Preoptic anterior hypothalamus. The Preoptic anterior hypothalamus (or POAH) is the part of the brain that senses core body temperature and regulates it to about 36.8 °C (98.6 °F).

References
 -- Method for Heating the Preoptic Anterior Hypothalamus

External links

The Hypothalamus and Pituitary at endotexts.org

See also
 Hypothalamus
 Preoptic area
 Thermoregulation

Hypothalamus