omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Toy model. In scientific modeling, a toy model is a deliberately simplistic model with many details removed so that it can be used to explain a mechanism concisely. It is also useful in a description of the fuller model.

 In "toy" mathematical models, this is usually done by reducing or extending the number of dimensions or reducing the number of fields/variables or restricting them to a particular symmetric form. 
 In economic models, some may be only loosely based on theory, others more explicitly so. They allow for a quick first pass at some question, and present the essence of the answer from a more complicated model or from a class of models. For the researcher, they may come before writing a more elaborate model, or after, once the elaborate model has been worked out. Blanchard's list of examples includes the IS–LM model, the Mundell–Fleming model, the RBC model, and the New Keynesian model. 
 In "toy" physical descriptions, an analogous example of an everyday mechanism is often used for illustration.

The phrase "tinker-toy model" is also used, in reference to the Tinkertoys product used for children's constructivist learning.

Examples
Examples of toy models in physics include:

 the Ising model as a toy model for ferromagnetism, or lattice models more generally. It is the simplest model that allows for Euclidean quantum field theory in statistical physics.
 Newtonian orbital mechanics as described by assuming that Earth is attached to the Sun by an elastic band;
 the Schwarzschild metric, general relativistic model describing a single symmetrical non-rotating non-charged concentration of mass (such as a perfect spherical mass): a simple relativistic "equivalent" of the classical symmetric Newtonian mass (in fact, the first solution of the Einstein field equations to be developed);
 Hawking radiation around a black hole described as conventional radiation from a fictitious membrane at radius  (the black hole membrane paradigm);
 frame-dragging around a rotating star considered as the effect of space being a conventional viscous fluid;
 the null dust;
 the Gödel metric in general relativity, which allows closed timelike curves;
 the Lambda-CDM model of cosmology, in which general relativistic effects of structure formation are not taken into account.
 the empty universe, a simple expanding universe model;
 the Bohr model of the atom, a "semi-classical" quantum mechanical model of the atom, which can be solved exactly for the hydrogen atom;
 the particle in a box in quantum mechanics;
 the Spekkens model, a hidden-variable theory;
 the primon gas, which illustrates some connections between number theory and physics.

See also

References

Metaphors
Mathematical terminology
Economics models
Theoretical physics
A1W reactor. The A1W reactor is a prototype nuclear reactor used by the United States Navy to provide electricity generation and propulsion on warships.  The A1W designation stands for:
 A = Aircraft carrier platform
 1 = First generation core designed by the contractor
 W = Westinghouse was the contracted designer

History 
The reactor was a Westinghouse Electric Corporation-built naval reactor power plant, installed in the Naval Reactors Facility in the desert at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory near Arco, Idaho. It first operated in October 1958.  This reactor plant consisted of two reactors, A1W-A and A1W-B, operated in tandem so that the steam produced by both reactors was used to power one turbine connected to a drive shaft.  

Since the purpose of A1W prototype was to simulate the USS Enterprise at sea it was also possible to divert the steam to two 'dump condensers' that simulated launching aircraft. Also, the electricity generated by the Main Engine was dissipated by immersing three electrodes in a pool of water. This was done to simulate load.  In the early 1970s the A1W-B core was replaced with 1/4 of the USS Nimitz core for testing.  

This nuclear reactor was the prototype for the A2W reactor used in the world's first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier, the USS Enterprise (CVN-65).

The A1W prototype was used to train nuclear-qualified sailors for almost 34 years until its reactor plants were shut down on January 26, 1994.

References

External links
 Stacy, Susan M (2000). "Proving the Principle, A History of The Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, 1949-1999", (Chapter 10) 

United States naval reactors
Pressurized water reactors
Bertalan Farkas. Bertalan Farkas (, born August 2, 1949) is the first Hungarian cosmonaut, space explorer and fighter pilot. Hungary became the seventh nation to be represented in space by him. Farkas is also the first Esperantist cosmonaut. He is currently the president of Airlines Service and Trade. 

Following his mission, Hungarian-American Károly Simonyi (Charles Simonyi) was the second Hungarian astronaut – the only person in the entire world who has been twice in space as a space tourist and who had paid for himself for the spaceflights. The next Hungarian astronaut will travel to the International Space Station by 2025.

Early life and military career

Born in Gyulaháza, he graduated from the György Kilián Aeronautical College in Szolnok in 1969. He then attended the Krasnodar Military Aviation Institute in the Soviet Union, from where he graduated in 1972.

After earning his qualifications at university, Farkas joined the Hungarian Air Force and rose to the rank of Brigadier General.

He also attended the Bessenyei György Gimnázium in Kisvárda.

Intercosmos program

In 1978 he volunteered to become a cosmonaut and was selected as part of the fifth international programme for Interkosmos. His backup cosmonaut was Béla Magyari.

Farkas, along with Soviet cosmonaut Valery Kubasov, was launched into space on Soyuz 36 from Baikonur Cosmodrome on May 26, 1980, at 18:20 (UTC).

While in orbit, Farkas conducted experiments in materials science. After 7 days, 20 hours and 45 minutes, and having completed 124 orbits, Farkas and Kubasov returned to Earth, landing 140 km southeast of Jezkazgan. Bertalan Farkas was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on June 30, 1980.

Personal life

Farkas is married to Anikó Farkas, and has four children: Gábor, Aida, Ádám and Bertalan. He loves tennis and plays it often.

He was a member of the Hungarian Democratic Forum, a Hungarian conservative political party, and was its candidate at the 2006 parliamentary election in the Baktalórántháza election district. He holds the rank of Commander (CLJ) in the Military and Hospitaller Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem in Hungary.

References

External links
Spacefacts biography of Bertalan Farkas
 His biography at Hungary.hu

1949 births
Living people
People from Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County
Hungarian Esperantists
Hungarian astronauts
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Foreign Heroes of the Soviet Union
Hungarian Democratic Forum politicians
20th-century Hungarian people
Astronaut-politicians
Salyut program cosmonauts
Fifth-generation programming language. A fifth-generation programming language (5GL) is  a high-level programming language based on problem-solving using constraints given to the program, rather than using an algorithm written by a programmer. Most constraint-based and logic programming languages and some other declarative languages are fifth-generation languages.

History
While fourth-generation programming languages are designed to build specific programs, fifth-generation languages are designed to make the computer solve a given problem without the programmer. This way, the user only needs to worry about what problems need to be solved and what conditions need to be met, without worrying about how to implement a routine or algorithm to solve them. Fifth-generation languages are used mainly in artificial intelligence research. OPS5 and Mercury are examples of fifth-generation languages, as is ICAD, which was built upon Lisp.  KL-ONE is an example of a related idea, a frame language.

In the 1980s, fifth-generation languages were considered to be the way of the future, and some predicted that they would replace procedural programming with constraint based programming for all tasks that could be framed as a series of logical constraints. Most notably, from 1982 to 1993, Japan put much research and money into their fifth-generation computer systems project, hoping to design a massive computer network of machines using these tools.

However, as larger programs were built, the flaws of the approach became more apparent. It turns out that, given a set of constraints defining a particular problem, deriving an efficient algorithm to solve it is a very difficult problem in itself. This crucial step cannot yet be automated and still requires the insight of a human programmer.

Common misconception
Vendors have been known on occasion to advertise their languages as 5GL. Most of the time they actually sell 4GLs with a higher level of automation and knowledge base. Because the hype of the 1980s faded away and the projects were eventually all dropped, 5GL awareness has also dropped; this has opened doors to the vendors to reuse the term in marketing their new tools, without causing much controversy among the current generations of programmers.

See also
 Constraint programming
 List of programming languages for artificial intelligence
 Programming paradigm

References

Programming language classification
Rub. Rubbing is moving an object in contact with another object.

Rub, RUB, rubs or rubbing may also refer to:

Arts and entertainment
 Rub (album), by Peaches, 2015
 Rubbing (art), a method of recording and reproducing the texture of a surface
 The Rub, an English rock band
 "Rubbin'", a song by Choclair from the 1999 album Ice Cold

Organisations
 Ruhr University Bochum, in Germany
 Royal University of Bhutan

People
 Christian Rub (1886–1956), Austrian-born American character actor 
 Kurt Rub (born 1946), Swiss racing cyclist
 Timothy Rub (born 1952), American museum director and art historian

Other uses
 Abrasion (mechanical), or rubbing away
 Spice rub, in cooking
 Date honey, or rub
 Russian ruble, ISO 4217 currency code RUB
 Kuliak languages, or Rub languages, in Uganda
 Gungu language, ISO 639 language code rub
 Rub, a professional wrestling term
 Ratio Utility Billing Systems (RUBS), a utility billing allocation method
 New South Wales RUB type carriage stock, a type of train carriage

See also

 Alcohol rub (disambiguation)
 Rub out (disambiguation)
 Rub-a-dub-dub (disambiguation)
 "There's the rub", a phrase in "To be, or not to be" in Shakespeare's Hamlet
 Liniment, or heat rub, a medicated topical preparation
 Massage, the rubbing or kneading of the body's soft tissues
 NEDD8, a protein in Saccharomyces cerevisiae known as Rub1
 Rubredoxin A (RubA), a protein in oxygenic photoautotrophs
Buckling spring. A buckling spring is a type of keyswitch mechanism, popularized by IBM's keyboards for the PC, PC/AT, 5250/3270 terminals, PS/2, and other systems. It was used by IBM's Model F keyboards (for instance the AT keyboard), and the more common Model M. It is described in  (Model F) and  (Model M), both now expired. According to the original patent: "A non-teasible, snap action, tactile feedback, key mechanism of extreme mechanical simplicity and high reliability is achieved."

Operation

The coil spring tensed between the keycap and a pivoting hammer buckles (i.e. kinks or collapses) at a certain point in its downward traverse, providing auditory and tactile feedback to the keyboard operator. Upon buckling, the hammer is pivoted forward by the spring and strikes an electrical contact which registers the key press. In a Model M, the electrical contact is a membrane sheet similar to that of a modern dome switch keyboard.

Image gallery

See also 
 Euler's critical load
 List of mechanical keyboards

References

External links 
 Wiki article on the various buckling spring mechanisms – From deskthority.net

Computer keyboards
Kings of the High Frontier. Kings of the High Frontier is a hard science fiction novel by American writer Victor Koman, first published (electronically) in 1996.

Summary
The story is a polemic about NASA. The thesis is that NASA, far from helping space exploration, actually prevents it from going forth. The narrative follows disparate engineering efforts, ranging from New York University engineering students working out of a warehouse in the Bronx to full-fledged commercial rocket operations, to create a single-stage to orbit reusable launch vehicle.

All of the science and equipment used in the story was based on technology that existed at the time of writing, like the space activity suit.

Editions
The novel was first published electronically by J. Neil Schulman's pulpless.com in 1996. It has since been published in hardcover by Bereshith Publishing in 1998, first in a "deluxe edition" of 250, then as a regular hardcover in a small print-run of 1250 copies. , there is no paperback edition. KoPubCo released an ebook edition in 2017, with significant changes by the author.

External links

 Review at SFSite.com
 Review by Claire Wolfe for The Libertarian Enterprise

1996 science fiction novels
1996 American novels
Hard science fiction
Pup. Pup is a name for a young animal, such as a puppy.

Pup or Pups may also refer to:

Places
 Pup Cove, South Orkney Islands, Antarctica
 Pup Creek, Kentucky
 Pup Rock, Graham Land, Antarctica

People
 Michael Clarke (cricketer), Australian cricketer nicknamed "Pup"
 Pup Phillips (1895–1953), American football player and coach
Nisn Pups, Soviet Lithuanian-Jewish revolutionary, journalist and trade unionist

Aircraft
 Beagle Pup, a 1960s British light aircraft
 Dart Pup, a one-off British monoplane first flown in 1936
 Keystone NK or Pup, a US Navy two-seat biplane trainer introduced in 1930
 Preceptor N3 Pup, a family of ultralight homebuilt aircraft
 Pup, a variant of the Aviat Husky light utility aircraft
 Sopwith Pup, an aircraft used by the British in World War I

Art, entertainment, and media
 PUP (band), Canadian punk band based out of Toronto
 Pups (film), a 1999 film starring Burt Reynolds

Science
 Prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein
 Puppis, abbreviated "Pup", a constellation
 Sirius B, a white dwarf star affectionately known as "the Pup"

Other uses
 pup, ISO 639-3 code for the Pulabu language of Papua New Guinea
 Crosley Pup, a low-cost AM radio introduced in 1925
 Pup tent, an older tent style
 Potentially unwanted program, a category of generally harmless software installed on a system without user consent or with nefarious intent

See also
 PUP (disambiguation)
 Puppy (disambiguation)
Port mirroring. Port mirroring  is used on a network switch to send a copy of network packets seen on one switch port (or an entire VLAN) to a network monitoring connection on another switch port. This is commonly used for network appliances that require monitoring of network traffic such as an intrusion detection system, passive probe or real user monitoring (RUM) technology that is used to support application performance management (APM). Port mirroring on a Cisco Systems switch is generally referred to as Switched Port Analyzer (SPAN) or Remote Switched Port Analyzer (RSPAN). Other vendors have different names for it, such as Roving Analysis Port (RAP) on 3Com switches.

Network engineers or administrators use port mirroring to analyze and debug data or diagnose errors on a network. It helps administrators keep a close eye on network performance and alerts them when problems occur. It can be used to mirror either inbound or outbound traffic (or both) on single or multiple interfaces.

See also 

 VLAN access control list (VACL)

External links 
 Cisco Systems - Catalyst Switched Port Analyzer (SPAN) Configuration Example
 Port mirroring (roving analysis port) - TechTarget, 2014
 Port Mirroring - Technopedia

Computer network analysis
Brennschluss. Brennschluss (a loanword, from the German Brennschluss) is either the cessation of fuel burning in a rocket or the time that the burning ceases: the cessation may result from the consumption of the propellants, from deliberate shutoff, or from some other cause. After Brennschluss, the rocket is subject only to external forces, notably that due to gravity.

According to Walter Dornberger, Brennschluss literally meant "end of burning,"  He goes on to state, "the German word is preferred to the form 'all-burnt,' which is used in England, because at Brennschluss considerable quantities of fuel may still be left in the tanks."

Cultural references
The term Brennschluss is used in various English literary works, including:
 The science fiction short story Honeymoon in Hell (1950) by Fredric Brown
 The science fiction short story Desire No More (1954) by Algis Budrys
 The novel Gravity's Rainbow (1973) by Thomas Pynchon
 The science fiction novel Rip Foster Rides the Gray Planet (1952) written by Harold L. Goodwin (under the pseudonym Blake Savage)
 The science fiction novel The Rolling Stones (also called Space Family Stone) (1952) by Robert A. Heinlein
 The science fiction novel Double Star (1956) by Robert A. Heinlein
 The science fiction short story ‘’Delivery Guaranteed’’ by Robert Silverberg
 The science fiction novel Fiasco (1986) by Stanislaw Lem

References

German language
Rocketry
Ebco Industries. Ebco Industries is a custom-manufacturing company based in Richmond, British Columbia. Ebco was founded by Helmut and Hugo Eppich in 1956 as a small Tool and Die shop, and it has subsequently expanded into a 300,000 sq. ft. manufacturing facility for domestic and international markets  providing:
 heavy machining,
 heavy fabrication,
 light precision machining & fabrication
 precision sheet metal,
 repair & refurbishing,
 assembly & testing,
 quality assurance & accreditations,
 shipping capabilities,
 hospital linen carts,
 lightweight lids.

These markets include clean and traditional energy (hydro power generation and oil & gas) mining, pulp & paper, aerospace, military & defense, marine, and nuclear medicine.
Ebco has one of the largest fabricating and machining facilities in western North America as well as some of the largest capacity machinery. The company has several divisions that contract manufactures heavy to light machined, fabricated and assembled equipment.

Advanced Cyclotron Systems is a subsidiary of Ebco.

References and footnotes

External links
Ebco

Manufacturing companies of Canada
Companies based in Richmond, British Columbia
Lonsdale (car). Lonsdale was a marque of car sold in the United Kingdom by the Colt Car Company between 1982 and 1983. It took its name from the industrial suburb of Lonsdale in Adelaide, South Australia, where Mitsubishi Australia had an engine production facility. The only car sold under this brand was the Lonsdale, a badge engineered Mitsubishi Sigma (GJ). It was sold as the Lonsdale YD41 and the Lonsdale YD45. 700 were produced.

The car was powered by one of three four cylinder engines of 1.6, 2.0 and 2.6 litres, producing respectively 81, 95 and 103 bhp.

The largest of these power units produced a maximum torque of 192 Nm., and was one of the largest post-war four cylinder engines produced.

Although the Sigma was merely an Australian version of Mitsubishi Motors' Colt Galant which was already available in the UK, the company's plan was to circumvent the "gentlemen's agreement", a voluntary import quota which limited Japanese-manufactured imports to 11 per cent of the market (which typically amounted to fewer than 200,000 cars per year). However, the idea proved unsuccessful and most of the cars imported by Lonsdale remained unsold by the time the company ceased trading. The Colt Car Company continued to sell the vehicle in the UK for 1984, although rebranded as the Mitsubishi Galant.

See also

Colt Car Company
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

External links
BBC Top Gear 10 Forgotten cars - Lonsdale

Mitsubishi Motors subsidiaries
Defunct brands

Sedans
Station wagons
1980s cars
Cars introduced in 1982
Cars discontinued in 1983
Phonodeik. The Phonodeik is a sound recording apparatus invented by Dayton Miller in 1908. The Phonodeik converts sound waves into visual images. The name was suggested by Edward W. Morley. Before  electronic oscilloscopes, this device was used for analyzing sound waves. The Phonodeik can be modified to project sound waves on a screen for public demonstration.

Description

The Phonodeik used photographic material to record sound. A diaphragm receiver of thin glass is at the end of a resonator horn. Behind the diaphragm is a steel pulley spindle mounted in jeweled bearings with an attached mirror and oscillating tension spring. Wrapped on the pulley spindle are thin silk fibers or platinum wire turning around the mirror with amplitude. The sound vibrates the diaphragm on the bottom and a light beam is reflected to the sensitive photographic paper (or a projection screen).

See also

 Oscilloscope
 Sonograph
 Phonautograph
 Kymograph

External links and references

 "Lecture III -- Methods of recording and photographing sound waves -- Phonodeik". The science of musical sounds.
 Hoekje, Peter L. and William Fickinger, "Acoustic teaching apparatus before 1929 at the Case School of Applied Science".
 Gilliam, L., and W. Lichtenwanger, "The Dayton C. Miller Flute Collection: A Checklist of the Instruments". Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. 1961. [via American Memory]
 Greenslade, Jr., Thomas B., "The Sonograph ". Instruments for Natural Philosophy, Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio.
 "fonodèik". Enciclopedia Generale. (Italian)
 Miller, Dayton, Sound Waves: Their Shape and Speed. 1937.
 Miller, Dayton. The Science of Musical Sounds. 1916.
 The Dead Media Archive's entry on the Phonodeik
 Lindon W Bates. , Method of and apparatus for recording sounds.

Laboratory equipment
Sound recording technology
ULT. ULT may refer to:

 the Latin abbreviation ult., previously used especially in business correspondence for ultimo mense, (last month)
 Sauer S 2100 ULT, a turbocharged four-stroke aircraft engine for homebuilt and ultralight aircraft
 ULT freezer, an ultra low temperature freezer
 United Learning Trust, a UK educational charity
 United Lodge of Theosophists
 "ULT", a song by Denzel Curry from the 2016 album Imperial
 ULT-160, a front loader that was produced Serbian heavy machinery manufacturer 14. oktobar from 1985
 Ult Tagdyry, a Kazakh nationalist political movement
 Tunisia Private University (Université Libre de Tunis, ULT)

See also
 Ultimo (disambiguation)
 Ultra (disambiguation)
 UTL (disambiguation)