omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Alco-GE. Alco-GE was a partnership between the American Locomotive Company and General Electric that lasted from 1940 to 1953. Their main competitor was EMD.

Arrangement
Alco produced locomotive bodies and prime movers while GE supplied the electrical gear.  Alco had previously partnered with GE and Ingersoll-Rand to produce the first successful line of diesel-electric switch engines from 1924 to 1928.  In forming the Alco-GE partnership, GE sought to expand the market for their electrical equipment after EMD started producing their own while Alco gained GE's support in terms of marketing and service infrastructure, areas in which EMD had a formidable advantage.

Achievements
Notable locomotives produced by Alco-GE were the RS-1, the first road switcher locomotive, and UP 50, a prototype gas turbine-electric locomotive.

Alco-GE attained a 26% share of the market for diesel locomotives as of 1946, mainly for switching and short-haul applications, but they could not crack EMD's dominant position in mainline locomotives.  Alco's development of higher powered engines for such locomotives had not been satisfactory and EMD's introduction of the GP7 road-switcher in 1949 threatened Alco-GE's position in their most advantageous market.

Dissolution
GE dissolved the partnership in 1953 to develop and build their own locomotives. Alco still received electrical gear from GE, but only as a customer and not a corporate partner. GE took over the gas turbine-electric venture in 1953 and during the early 1960s would replace Alco as EMD's strongest competitor in the North American market.  Alco left the locomotive market in the United States in 1969.

References

Defunct locomotive manufacturers of the United States
MARAUDER. MARAUDER (Magnetically Accelerated Ring to Achieve Ultra-high Directed Energy and Radiation) was a United States Air Force Research Laboratory project concerning the development of a coaxial plasma railgun. The first computer simulations occurred in 1990, and its first published experiment appeared on August 1, 1993.

Objectives 
The first MARAUDER experiment was motivated by RACE, or the Ring Accelerator Experiment, which took place in 1991 at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. The ultimate goal of the MARAUDER program was to accelerate highly dense toroids containing plasma to high speeds. Such a system could be used for “hypervelocity projectiles,” x-ray production, and electrical power amplification. The stated goals of the program included studying the “formation, compression, and acceleration of magnetized plasma rings.”

Specifically, the objective of the program was the acceleration of a toroid of  plasma to a kinetic energy level on the order of megajoules using a 5-10 MJ coaxial gun design.

Design 
In 1993, the Phillips Laboratory developed a coaxial plasma gun capable of accelerating  of plasma by up to  in a toroid of 1 meter in diameter. The toroids are similar to spheromaks, but differ in that an inner conductor is used to accelerate the plasma and that confinement behavior results from interactions of the toroid with its surrounding atmosphere. It utilized the Shiva Star capacitor bank to satisfy the large energy requirements that were needed.

The plasma projectiles would be shot at a speed expected to be  in 1995 and   (3% of the speed of light) by 2000. A shot has the energy of 5 pounds of TNT (). Doughnut-shaped rings of plasma and balls of lightning caused "extreme mechanical and thermal shock" when hitting their target, as well as producing a pulse of electromagnetic radiation that could scramble electronics.

See also 
 Casaba-Howitzer
 Directed-energy weapon
 Nuclear pumped laser
 Plasma-powered cannon

References

Research projects
Directed-energy weapons of the United States
Spatial capacity. Spatial capacity is an indicator of "data intensity" in a transmission medium. It is usually used in conjunction with wireless transport mechanisms. This is analogous to the way that lumens per square meter determine illumination intensity.

Spatial capacity focuses not only on bit rates for data transfer but on bit rates available in confined spaces defined by short transmission ranges. It is measured in bits per second per square meter.

Among those leading research in spatial capacity are Jan Rabaey at the University of California, Berkeley. Some have suggested the term "spatial efficiency" as more descriptive. Marc Weiser, former chief technologist of Xerox PARC, was another contributor to the field who commented on the importance of spatial capacity.

The System spectral efficiency is the spatial capacity divided by the bandwidth in hertz of the available frequency band.

Relative spatial capacities
Engineers at Intel and elsewhere have reported the relative spatial capacities of various wireless technologies as follows:
 IEEE 802.11b 1,000 (bit/s)/m²
 Bluetooth 30,000 (bit/s)/m²
 IEEE 802.11a 83,000 (bit/s)/m²
 Ultra-wideband 1,000,000 (bit/s)/m²
 IEEE 802.11g N/A

See also
 System spectral efficiency

References

Wireless networking
Network performance
Radio resource management
MonoUML. MonoUML is a CASE tool based on the Mono framework. Designed for allowing Unix/Linux developers to design computer systems faster using a friendly GUI application. Not only a diagramming tool but rather a complete CASE tool based on the OMG standards and fully compatible with proprietary tools. MonoUML supports reverse engineering of executables (.exe) or .NET assemblies.

See also
List of UML tools

References

External links
MonoUML website
MonoUML old documentation
MonoUML on Novell (Also where source downloads are available from)

UML tools
AMOLF. AMOLF is a research institute and part of the institutes organization of the Dutch Research Council (NWO). AMOLF carries out fundamental research on the physics and design principles of natural and man-made complex matter. AMOLF uses these insights to create novel functional materials and find new solutions to societal challenges in renewable energy, green ICT and healthcare. AMOLF is located at the Amsterdam Science Park.

AMOLF used to be part of the Dutch Foundation for Fundamental Research on Matter (FOM). On 31 December 2016 FOM integrated in NWO.

History

The institute was established in 1949 by the government as the FOM Laboratory for Mass Spectrography. In 1960, it was renamed to Laboratory for Mass Separation, and in 1966 it was reorganized into a research institute and renamed FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF).

The original research goal was to demonstrate the separation of uranium isotopes by electromagnetic separation methods, a topic of great strategic importance after World War II. To reach this goal, a number of novel analytical instruments were developed, starting with the development of mass-spectrometric tools. In 1953 AMOLF was the first European institute to successfully enrich Uranium. Soon after, research on thermal diffusion in gases followed, as did ultracentrifuge concepts, cathode dispersion, excitation of gases by using energetic ions and research on molecular beams. The gas-ultracentrifuge developed at AMOLF (under ) provided a base for the commercial enrichment of Uranium at the today well-known company of URENCO in Almelo.

Structure and organization 

AMOLF functions as an incubator for Dutch science, both in terms of launching new research themes and in terms of training talented scientists. AMOLF is headed by its director Huib Bakker, who succeeded  on 1 February 2016. The organization has 19 research groups headed by tenured or tenure-track group leaders. AMOLF employs about 130 researchers and 70 employees for technical and administrative support.

Research

AMOLF’s research program consists of four intertwined themes.

 Nanophotonics: controlling and manipulating light with structures at the nanometer scale
 Nanophotovoltaics: improving solar cells with nanomaterials
 Designer Matter: research and design of new smart materials
 Living Matter: research of biomaterials and multi-cellular systems

AMOLF publishes each year on average 15 PhD theses and over 120 papers.

Notable researchers
 Huib Bakker
 Marileen Dogterom (worked at AMOLF from 1997 to 2013)
 Daan Frenkel
 Ad Lagendijk
 Albert Polman

References

External links
AMOLF

Nanotechnology institutions
Organisations based in Amsterdam
Physics research institutes
Research institutes in the Netherlands
Functional block diagram. A functional block diagram, in systems engineering and software engineering, is a block diagram that describes the functions and interrelationships of a system. 

The functional block diagram can picture:
 functions of a system pictured by blocks
 input and output elements of a block pictured with lines 
 the relationships between the functions, and 
 the functional sequences and paths for matter and or signals
The block diagram can use additional schematic symbols to show particular properties. 

Since the late 1950s, functional block diagrams have been used in a wide range applications, from systems engineering to software engineering. They became a necessity in complex systems design to "understand thoroughly from exterior design the operation of the present system and the relationship of each of the parts to the whole." 

Many specific types of functional block diagrams have emerged. For example, the functional flow block diagram is a combination of the functional block diagram and the flowchart. Many software development methodologies are built with specific functional block diagram techniques. An example from the field of industrial computing is the Function Block Diagram (FBD), a graphical language for the development of software applications for programmable logic controllers.

See also
 Function model
 Functional flow block diagram

References

Diagrams
Systems engineering
Management cybernetics
C Traps and Pitfalls. C Traps and Pitfalls is a slim computer programming book by former AT&T Corporation researcher and programmer Andrew Koenig, its first edition still in print in 2017, which outlines the many ways in which beginners and even sometimes quite experienced C programmers can write poor, malfunctioning and dangerous source code.

It evolved from an earlier technical report, by the same name, published internally at Bell Labs. This, in turn was inspired by a prior paper given by Koenig on "PL/I Traps and Pitfalls" at a SHARE conference in 1977. Koenig wrote that this title was inspired by a 1968 science fiction anthology by Robert Sheckley, "The People Trap and other Pitfalls, Snares, Devices and Delusions, as Well as Two Sniggles and a Contrivance".

References 
 

1989 non-fiction books
Computer programming books
Software bugs
C (programming language)
Software anomalies
Addison-Wesley books
Skybridge (TransLink). The SkyBridge is a cable-stayed railway bridge in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Built between 1987 and 1989, it carries trains of the Expo Line of TransLink's SkyTrain across the Fraser River between New Westminster and Surrey. The SkyBridge opened for revenue use on March 16, 1990, with the second half of the Phase II extension of SkyTrain to Scott Road station.

History
Construction of the bridge began on October 28, 1987. The first half of the bridge heading towards Surrey was completed first, with the New Westminster half being completed on March 19, 1990. The bridge was built by Hyundai Engineering & Construction and Kerkhoff Construction, a Chilliwack-based construction company with a total cost of , or $ in  dollars. Construction was completed by September 1988, and testing began in 1989.

Details

The SkyBridge has two tracks carrying Expo Line trains which run between King George station in Surrey and Waterfront station in Downtown Vancouver. A third set of rails in the middle, not connected to the SkyTrain tracks, is used by maintenance crews to truck equipment back and forth on the bridge. The deck is composed of 104 pre-fabricated concrete sections which were built in Richmond, transported via barge, and lifted into place with heavy machinery. When constructed, the concrete sections were glued together with an epoxy resin.  The bridge does not carry road traffic, which uses the neighbouring Pattullo Bridge instead.

The bridge has two  tall towers and carries trains  above the Fraser River and valley. The main span is  and the total length is . The bridge was the longest cable-supported transit-only bridge in the world from its opening in 1990 to 2019, it has since been surpassed by the Egongyan Rail Transit Bridge, the Nanjimen Yangtze River Bridge and tied with the Gaojia Huayuan Jialing River Rail Transit Bridge, all in Chongqing, China.

Delayed opening 
The opening of the bridge faced some delay as the non-unionized consortium was accused of underbidding unionized firms. In response, labour organizers pressured other unions to boycott the project altogether. The issue was the climax of a series of defeats for construction unions as a result of the Social Credit Party's preference for non-union workers. The situation drew ire from the BC and Yukon Building and Construction Trades Council, who called it a "hot site".

See also
 List of crossings of the Fraser River
 List of bridges in British Columbia

Notes

References
 Bridges of Greater Vancouver

External links

Illustration of the SkyBridge 
Crossing the SkyBridge (YouTube Video)

1989 establishments in British Columbia
Bridges completed in 1989
Bridges in Greater Vancouver
Bridges over the Fraser River
Buildings and structures in New Westminster
Buildings and structures in Surrey, British Columbia
Transport in New Westminster
Transport in Surrey, British Columbia
Cable-stayed bridges in Canada
Expo Line (SkyTrain)
Railway bridges in British Columbia
Rapid transit bridges
Looking Glass server. Looking Glass servers (LG servers) are servers on the Internet running one of a variety of publicly available Looking Glass software implementations. They are commonly deployed by autonomous systems (AS) to offer access to their routing infrastructure in order to facilitate debugging network issues. A Looking Glass server is accessed remotely for the purpose of viewing routing information. Essentially, the server acts as a limited, read-only portal to routers of whatever organization is running the LG server.

Typically, Looking Glass servers are run by autonomous systems like Internet service providers (ISPs), Network Service Providers (NSPs), and Internet exchange points (IXPs).

Implementation 
Looking glasses are web scripts directly connected to routers' admin interfaces such as telnet and SSH. These scripts are designed to relay textual commands from the web to the router and print back the response. They are often implemented in Perl, PHP, and Python, and are publicly available on GitHub.

Security concerns 
A 2014 paper demonstrated the potential security concerns of Looking Glass servers, noting that even an "attacker with very limited resources can exploit such flaws in operators' networks and gain access to core Internet infrastructure", resulting in anything from traffic disruption to global Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) route injection. This is due in part because looking glass servers are "an often overlooked critical part of an operator infrastructure" because it sits at the intersection of the public internet and "restricted admin consoles". As of 2014, most Looking Glass software was small and old, having last been updated in the early 2000's.

See also 
 Autonomous system (Internet)
 Internet backbone

References

External links
  Source code for the *original* Multi-Router Looking Glass (MRLG) by John Fraizer @ OP-SEC.US
 Packet Clearing House Looking Glass servers around the world.
 Looking Glass server source code
 Clickable map of known Reverse Lookup and Looking Glass servers in the world 
 Looking Glass Wiki - List of hundreds of Looking Glass servers, sorted by Autonomous System Number.
 IPv4 and IPv6 BGP Looking Glasses at BGP4.as
 BGP Looking Glass links collection at LookinGlass.org
 CSpace Hostings Looking Glass a Network Service Providers looking glass example.
 RFC 8522: Looking Glass Command Set

Servers (computing)
Invincible Super Man Zambot 3. is a super robot anime series created by Yoshiyuki Tomino and Yoshitake Suzuki, featuring character design by Yoshikazu Yasuhiko. It was produced by Sunrise and was first broadcast on Japanese TV in 1977. The series lasted for 23 episodes.

Plot 
The series focuses on the survivors of planet Beal, which was wiped out by a mysterious entity known as Gaizok. The few remaining survivors escaped to Earth and split into three families, named Jin, Kamie, and Kamikita. While attempting to start a new life, the Jin family prepared for a Gaizok invasion of Earth by building three vehicles which when combined form the super robot Zambot 3.

While defending against Gaizok attacks, the Jin family also face harsh criticisms from the people they protect, who blame them for causing the invasion.

Video game adaptations
Zambot 3 appears in several of the Super Robot Wars video-games, including Super Robot Wars V.

References

External links 
 
 

1977 anime television series debuts
Television about alien invasions
Sunrise (company)
Super robot anime and manga
Television series created by Yoshiyuki Tomino
William A. Welch. Major William Addams Welch (August 20, 1868 – May 4, 1941) was an American engineer and environmentalist who would have a major impact on the state and national park systems of the United States. Born in Cynthiana, Kentucky, he obtained a civil engineering degree from Colorado College in 1882 and a master's degree from the University of Virginia in 1886.

Background
In the 1890s, working for the U.S. government in Alaska, he assembled the first iron steamship to be built in that territory. He also designed railroads in southwest Mexico, Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela, and worked on the legendary  Madeira-Mamoré Railway in Bolivia. In 1907, yellow fever forced him to return to the U.S. where he worked for John C. and Frederick Law Olmsted.

In 1912, he was hired as assistant engineer by George W. Perkins, chairman of the newly formed Palisades Interstate Park Commission (PIP), and in 1914, he was made chief engineer and general manager. Under his leadership, Bear Mountain State Park and Harriman State Park grew from an initial  to . By 1919, it was estimated that a million people a year were coming to the park. In the early 1920s, Welch's engineering work gained nationwide attention when he built Storm King Highway into the sheer cliffs above the Hudson River north of Bear Mountain.

When Welch started work on Bear Mountain State Park and Harriman State Park, there were no existing models or precedents to guide him. Welch organized a massive reforestation program, built 23 new lakes, a hundred miles of scenic drives and 103 children's camps, where 65,000 urban children enjoyed the outdoors each summer. He helped found the Palisades Interstate Park Trail Conference and served as chairman of the Appalachian Trail Conference.

The Boy Scouts of America presented the Silver Buffalo Award to Welch in 1927 for his work in engineering and conservation. Lake Welch in Harriman State Park is named after him.

References

External links

1868 births
1941 deaths
Palisades Interstate Park system
Ramapos
People from the Territory of Alaska
TPI. TPI may refer to:

Medicine 
 Tehran Psychiatric Institute, an Iranian research institute
 Tianyin Pharmaceutical, a Chinese pharmaceutical company
 TPI test, used to detect presence of Treponema pallidum bacteria
 Triosephosphate isomerase, an enzyme

Technology 
 Tire Pressure Indicator, a product by NIRA Dynamics AB
 TPI Specialties, an American auto parts manufacturer 
 True Performance Index, a measurement for AMD processors
 Teeth per inch, on a saw blade

Units of measure 
 Thread count, or threads per inch, used in the textile industry
 Threads per inch, used with threaded fasteners
 Tracks per inch, of magnetic storage media
 Twist per inch, or turns per inch, used in the textile industry

Other uses 
 MNCTV, an Indonesian television network formerly named TPI (Televisi Pendidikan Indonesia)
 Tangail Polytechnic Institute, in Bangladesh
 Tapini Airport, in Papua New Guinea
 Tarup-Paarup IF, a Danish association football club
 Technique Polytechnic Institute, in West Bengal, India
 Ted Petty Invitational, an independent wrestling tournament in North America
 Third-party inspection company
 Tibet Policy Institute, a think tank of the Central Tibetan Administration
 Tok Pisin, a language of Papua New Guinea
 Town Planning Institute, later the Royal Town Planning Institute, a professional organisation in the United Kingdom
 TPI Polene, a Thai cement manufacturer
 TPI theory, in human resource management
 Trading Places International, an American vacation services corporation
 Triebold Paleontology Incorporated, an American fossil company
 Tube Products of India, an Indian steel manufacturer
 Two person integrity, a communications security measure
ZEEP. The ZEEP (Zero Energy Experimental Pile) reactor was a nuclear reactor built at the Chalk River Laboratories near Chalk River, Ontario, Canada (which superseded the Montreal Laboratory for nuclear research in Canada).  ZEEP first went critical at 15:45 on September 5, 1945.  ZEEP was the first operational nuclear reactor outside the United States.

The reactor was designed by Canadian, British and French scientists as a part of an effort to produce plutonium for nuclear weapons during World War II.  It was developed while the Montreal Laboratory and Chalk River Laboratories research facility were under the supervision of the National Research Council of Canada (NRC).  ZEEP was instrumental in the development of the NRX and NRU reactors, which led to the development of the successful CANDU reactor.  ZEEP was used to test reactivity effects and other physics parameters needed for reactor development at Chalk River Laboratories, including fuel lattices for the NRU reactor situated next door. Its basic design was used by many other countries in initiating their own nuclear research programs.

ZEEP was the world's second heavy water reactor, following Chicago Pile-3 in May 1944, and it was also designed to use natural (unenriched) uranium; a feature carried through to the CANDU design. Uranium enrichment is a complex and expensive process; thus, the ability to use unenriched uranium gave ZEEP and its descendants a number of distinct advantages.

ZEEP continued to be used for basic research until 1970.  It was decommissioned in 1973 and dismantled in 1997. In 1966 ZEEP was designated a historic site by Ontario, and commemorated with a historic plaque.  Both this plaque and ZEEP itself are now on display at the Canada Science and Technology Museum in Ottawa, Canada.

See also

Science and technology in Canada
CANDU reactor
Heavy water reactor
AECL
List of nuclear reactors

References

External links
NRC Archives Photographs - Physics- Atomic Energy Project collection 
 Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
ZEEP: The Little Reactor that Could (1995)
 AECL Public Affairs brochure on ZEEP (1992)
 The Canadian Nuclear FAQ
 The Society for the Preservation of Canada's Nuclear Heritage, Inc.

Atomic Energy of Canada Limited
Nuclear research reactors
Defunct nuclear reactors