omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Jack plane. A jack plane is a general-purpose woodworking bench plane, used for dressing timber down to size in preparation for truing and/or edge jointing. It is usually the first plane used on rough stock, but for rougher work it can be preceded by the scrub plane. The versatility of the jack plane has led to it being the most common bench plane in use. The name jack plane is sometimes used interchangeably with the longer fore plane.

Description 
Jack planes are typically  long and  wide, with wooden planes sometimes being slightly wider. The blade is  wide. Historically wooden jack planes in the United States have typically been  long, (180 to 230 mm) long with irons  wide.

Under the commonly used Stanley Bailey numbering system for metal-bodied planes the  long #5 plane is a jack. However, not all early metal plane manufacturers used the same number scheme for their planes. For example Millers Fall and Sargent used different numbers to refer to the same planes.

Name 
The name jack plane dates back to at least the 17th century, and was a term used to describe many tools used for rough work. Being a common first name the term jack came to be used as a disdainful name for the common man, as well as common tools and jobs. The jack plane has also become associated with the related term "jack of all trades" as they can be adjusted to perform some of the work of both smoothing and jointer planes, especially on smaller pieces of work.

History 

As with other bench planes, until the end of the 19th century the bodies of jack planes were predominantly wooden, typically made out of beech (Fagus sylvatica in Europe, Fagus grandifolia in North America). Wooden planes were largely superseded by iron-bodied planes and to a lesser extent transitional planes. Although there were earlier all-metal planes, Leonard Bailey patented a number of highly influential all-metal planes and improvements in the late 19th century. Despite the predominance of the heavier iron-bodied planes, vintage wooden planes remain in common use, while new wooden jack planes are available from a small number of manufacturers.

Use 
The irons (blades) on jack planes are often ground with a slight camber, allowing more material to be removed without marring the work. For a finer finish, the irons can also be ground like a smoothing plane – with a straight edge and a very slight curve on the corners.

The cut is generally set deeper than on most other planes as the plane's purpose is to rapidly remove stock rather than to gain a good finish (smoothing planes are used for that). In preparing stock, the jack plane is used after the scrub plane and before the fore plane or jointer plane and the smoothing plane.

The woodworker will often start planing across or diagonal to the grain ("traversing") to roughly level the workpiece before planing in the direction of the grain.

See also 

 Fore plane

References

Planes
Line F (Buenos Aires Underground). Line F is a planned addition to the Buenos Aires Underground. In 2019, the government of Buenos Aires was looking for a group to create a plan of the line, but this study was cancelled in 2022. The city decided to create a study with their own staff, which is still underway as of 2024. The estimated cost of the project has risen from 800 million dollars, to 2 billion USD.

Overview

Permission to construct the line was originally granted in 2001, in a sanction which also included lines H (partially completed) and line I (not started).

The line is set to be the most modern in the network, using automatic trains, a communications-based train control system like the one being installed on Line C, and platform screen doors. 

The line is also expected to have the highest ridership when compared to the existing lines, at 600,000 riders annually. In the 2019 tender, eight of the thirteen stations were connected to other lines on the network.

Line E ghost stations
In 2006, it was considered whether the two Line E ghost stations (San José vieja and Constitución) could be used as the southern point of Line F, considering they overlapped the line's trajectory. However, it was later decided that Line F would use a completely new tunnel with new stations given the frequency the line is expected to have.

Line plan
 P. Italia - Constitución:
 Plaza Italia  
 Salguero
 Sánchez de Bustamante
 Pueyrredón 
 Santa Fe 
 Córdoba 
 Corrientes 
 Rivadavia 
 México
 San Juan 
 Sáenz Peña
 Constitución

References

External links 
 Subterráneos de Buenos Aires (Official Page) New Lines
 Buenos Aires Ciudad (Official Government Page) Nuevas Líneas: F, G and I  (Spanish)
 System map

Buenos Aires Underground
Proposed railway lines in Argentina
Small. Small means of insignificant size.

Small may also refer to:

Science and technology
 SMALL, an ALGOL-like programming language
 Small (journal), a nano-science publication
 <small>, an HTML element that defines smaller text

Arts and entertainment

Fictional characters
 Small, in the British children's show Big & Small

Other uses
 Small (surname)
 List of people known as the Small
 "Small", a song from the album The Cosmos Rocks by Queen + Paul Rodgers

See also
 Smal (disambiguation)
 Smalls (disambiguation)
Blobject. A blobject is a design product, often a brightly-coloured household object which has smooth curves and no sharp edges. The word is a portmanteau of "blob" and "object".

Blobjects can be made of any material in any size or scale for the home, office, car, or outdoors. Common materials used in fabricating blobjects are plastic (especially polycarbonate, polypropylene, or polyethylene), metal, and rubber, with the aim being to give a more organic and animate feel.

Etymology
The origin of the term is disputed, but it is often attributed to either the designer-author Steven Skov Holt or the designer Karim Rashid.

Holt has defined a blobject as a colorful, mass-produced, plastic-based, emotionally-engaging consumer product with a curvilinear, flowing shape. This fluid and curvaceous form is the blobject's most distinctive feature.

Rashid, the contemporary designer who wrote the book I Want to Change the World, was an early leader in creating blobjects and has become one of the most celebrated designers of his generation.

Overview
While often viewed as a modern concept, Blobject can be traced all the way back to prehistoric sculptures like Venus of Willendorf. In the early 20th century, in the work of Joan Miró and Jean Arp, these characteristics appeared. After World War II, these design started appearing in home goods like La Chaise chair.

In the 1990s, designers like Philippe Starck, Marc Newson, and Karim Rashid led the way with the use of technology. Many of the most famous blobjects appeared in this decade.

Blobjects can also be found in most areas of contemporary visual culture. A blobject can be a typographic font (cf. Neville Brody), an animation (cf. Monica Peon), a piece of furniture (Marc Newson), an article of clothing (Rei Kawakubo), a motorcycle (GK Dynamics), a car (GEMCAR), a building (Future Systems), a painting (Rex Ray), a piece of sculpture (Hadeki Matsumoto), or ceramics work (Ken Price).

The blobject trend has largely been driven by advances in computer-aided design, information visualization, rapid prototyping, materials, and injection molding. These technologies have given designers the chance to use new shapes and to explore transparency and translucency without significant extra production costs.

See also
 Blobitecture
 Frutiger Aero
 Greg Lynn

References

Further reading
 Sterling, Bruce, (2002). Tomorrow Now: Envisioning the Next Fifty Years, Random House, 
 Skov Holt, Steven; Holt Skov, Mara, (2005). Blobjects & Beyond: The New Fluidity in Design, Chronicle Books, 
 Rashid, Karim, (2001). I Want to Change the World, Universe Publishing,

External links
 Boing Boing: When Blobjects Rule the Earth by Bruce Sterling
 Karim Rashid
 San Jose Museum of Art
 Industrial design

Technology in society
Consumer goods
1990s neologisms
Maxwell coil. A Maxwell coil is a device for producing a large volume of almost constant (or constant-gradient) magnetic field. It is named in honour of the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell.

A Maxwell coil is an improvement of a Helmholtz coil: in operation it provides an even more uniform magnetic field (than a Helmholtz coil), but at the expense of more material and complexity.

Description 

A constant-field Maxwell coil set consists of three coils oriented on the surface of a virtual sphere. According to Maxwell's original 1873 design: each of the outer coils should be  of radius ,  and distance   from the plane of the central coil  of radius . 

Maxwell specified the number of windings as 64 for the central coil and 49 for the outer coils. Though Maxwell did not specifically state that current for the coils came from the same source, his work was specifically describing the construction of a sensitive galvanometer designed to detect a single current source. It follows that the ampere-turns for each of the smaller coils must be exactly  of the turns of the larger.

Gradient-field Maxwell coil 
A gradient-field Maxwell coil has essentially the same geometry of the 3-coil configuration above, but the central coil is removed to leave only the smaller two coils, and the current in one of these is reversed. This produces a uniform-gradient magnetic field near the centre of the two coils. Maxwell describes the use of the 2-coil configuration for the generation of a uniform force on a small test coil. A Maxwell coil of this type is similar to a Helmholtz coil with the coil distance increased from coil radius  to  and the coils fed with opposite currents.

See also 
 Magnetic field
 Halbach array

References 

Magnetic devices
Electromagnetic coils
SPE. SPE may refer to:

Science and technology
 A monomer used to make polysulfobetaines, or occasionally the resulting polymer itself
 Serum protein electrophoresis
 Solar particle event, generating very high energy protons
 Solid phase extraction, from a mixture
 Solid-phase epitaxy, from amorphous to crystalline
 The Sound Pattern of English, a 1968 book by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle
 SpE, abbreviation for Sporadic E propagation
 Spe (planet), 14 Andromedae b
 Stanford prison experiment, in psychology
 Synchronous payload envelope, in synchronous optical networking

Computer science
 Synergistic Processing Element in the Cell microprocessor
 Signal-Processing Engine, for example in the PowerPC e500
 Single-Pair Ethernet

Organizations
 Sauber Petronas Engineering, car engine manufacturer
 Societas Privata Europaea, a Europe-wide type of limited company
 Sony Pictures Entertainment, a US company
 SPE, later Luminus (company)
 Special Police Establishment, later Central Bureau of Investigation, India
 Special purpose entity, for a specific purpose

Professional societies
 Society for Photographic Education
 Society of Petroleum Engineers
 SPE Certified Petroleum Professional, a designation
 Society of Plastics Engineers
 Society of Professional Engineers UK

Other
 US supervisory patent examiner
 SPE Certified, a food standard
 Setiawangsa–Pantai Expressway, an expressway in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
 Société Parisienne d'Édition (S.P.É.), a French publisher

Gaming
 Seasonal Player Experience, a self imposed challenge in Realm of the Mad God

See also
 Spes (disambiguation)
Bittern (disambiguation). Bittern is a classification of wading birds in the heron family.

Bittern may also refer to:

Places
 Bittern, Victoria, a town in Australia
 Bittern railway station, on the Stony Point line
 Bittern Lake, a village in Alberta, Canada
 Bittern Line a railway in Norfolk, England

Vehicles
 LNER Class A4 4464 Bittern, a preserved British steam locomotive
 Boulton Paul Bittern, a British fighter aircraft design of the 1920s
 HMS Bittern, the name of seven ships of the Royal Navy
 USS Bittern, several ships in the United States Navy
 Bittern-class sloop a three-ship class of long-range escort vessels used in the Second World War by the Royal Navy

Other
 Bittern (salt), a waste product of solar salt operations rich in magnesium sulfate
 Operation Bittern, a British military operation in World War II

See also
 Bitterne, a suburb of Southampton, England
 Bitter (disambiguation)
TeleVideo. TeleVideo Corporation was a U.S. company that achieved its peak of success in the early 1980s producing computer terminals.  TeleVideo was founded in 1975 by K. Philip Hwang, a Utah State University, Hanyang University graduate born in North Korea who had run a business producing CRT monitors for arcade games since 1975. The company was headquartered in San Jose, California.

TeleVideo's terminal protocol was popular in the early days of microcomputers and was widely supported by applications as well as terminal emulators (often referred to as "TeleVideo 925 emulation").
 
TeleVideo also built CP/M-compatible 8-bit desktop and portable personal computers based on the Z80 processor. Up to sixteen of these machines could be connected to proprietary multi-user systems through serial interfaces.
In April 1983, TeleVideo introduced an MS-DOS 2.0-compatible personal computer based on the Intel 8088.  This was introduced as the Model TS-1603 and included 128 KB RAM (expandable up to 256 KB), integrated monitor, modem and keyboard. The Model TS-1603 ran both TeleVideo PC DOS 2.0 and CP/M-86 1.1.

The company later turned to manufacturing Windows-compatible thin client computers, but eventually sold this business line to Neoware in October 2005.  The latter was subsequently taken over by Hewlett-Packard in 2007.

On March 14, 2006, TeleVideo, Inc. filed a voluntary petition for reorganization under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code.

After more than 35 years in business and with millions of terminals sold worldwide, TeleVideo discontinued the manufacturing and sales of all terminal products as of September 30, 2011.

Products

 Terminals: TeleVideo 905, 910, 912, 914, 920, 921, 922, 924, 925, 9320, 935, 950, 955, 965, 970, 990, 995-65, Personal Terminal
 Graphic boards for Terminals: 914GR, 924GR, 970GR
 CP/M systems: TeleVideo TS-800, TS-802, TS-803
 CP/M Plus and MP/M II: TeleVideo TS-804 (4 users for MP/M II)
 CP/M-86/MS-DOS systems: TeleVideo TS-1603
 TeleVideo TPC-1, a portable CP/M system similar to the Osborne-1
 Early multi-user systems: TeleVideo TS-806 (6 users), TS-816 (16 users)
 80286 IBM AT clone TELECAT 286, a small green desktop IBM AT clone with a 6 or 8 MHz 80286 CPU Trademark filing for TELECAT-286 1986

References

External links
Official website (mostly defunct)
TS-802 CP/M personal computer
Marcus Bennett's TeleVideo Documentation resource
 History of Televideo founders
 Background on TS-1603 All In One Computer
Terminals Wiki

1975 establishments in California
2011 disestablishments in California
American companies established in 1975
American companies disestablished in 2011
Companies based in San Jose, California
Companies that filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2006
Computer companies established in 1975
Computer companies disestablished in 2011
Defunct companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Defunct computer systems companies
Manufacturing companies established in 1975
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2011
Technology companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
Körsch Viaduct. The Körsch Viaduct is a bridge that crosses the Körsch Valley (river Körsch) in Germany, supporting a road around Nellingen. It was built from 1991 to 1993 by incremental launch. It was handed over to the public on 6 September 1995. The bridge also crosses a 110 kilovolt power line of the EnBW AG and a sewage treatment plant.

Buildings and structures in Esslingen (district)
Bridges completed in 1993
Road bridges in Germany
Viaducts in Germany
Bridges in Baden-Württemberg
1995 establishments in Germany
BMW M21. The BMW M21 is a straight-six diesel engine developed by the German engine manufacturer BMW. It has swirl chamber injection and is based on the M20 petrol engine and was produced for BMW by the Upper Austrian Steyr engine plant from 1983 to 1991. It was succeeded by the M51.

Background 

In the 1970s BMW decided to develop an engine, which would both be powerful and have a good fuel economy. This was caused by the oil crisis in 1973. In 1975 a group of BMW engineers started working on the M78/M105 diesel engine project, using the M20 petrol engine as the basis. By the time the engine entered production, the code name was changed to M21. The Steyr engine plant was planned from the beginning to be the sole manufacturer of the new diesel engine. It started as a joint venture with Steyr-Daimler Puch in 1978, but in February 1982 BMW took over the reins. The first engines built there (in early 1982) were six-cylinder petrol units. Beginning in 1983, Ford was planning to buy 190,000 BMW turbodiesels over a period of several years. With the American diesel market imploding in the early 1980s, Ford only built a small number of Lincolns thus equipped and only for two model years. 

In 1983 at the IAA, the first passenger car was shown to the public which made use of the  M21. It was the E28 524td, which has a top speed of  and reaches  in 12.9 s. This 5-series BMW was the fastest series production diesel car in the world in 1983. It has a fuel economy of .

Technical description 

As per the M20, the M21 is water-cooled, has a cast iron block and a SOHC valvetrain. The camshaft is driven by a belt, each cylinder has one inlet and one outlet valve. Compared to the M20, the M21 has reinforced connecting rods, cylinder heads, pistons, valves and a reinforced crankshaft with seven bearings.

For faster engine startup the M21 has a glowplug system called instant start, which reduces the time to reach starting temperature compared to similar diesel engines. The fuel is injected into swirl chambers.

A Garrett turbocharger is used (without an intercooler). Initially, the M21 was only available as a turbocharged engine. In 1985, BMW introduced a naturally aspirated version of the M21, which was popular in countries with a high motor vehicle tax.

Initially, the fuel pump was controlled mechanically. From 1987 Bosch's electronically controlled fuel pump was used (EDC, called DDE, Digital Diesel Electronics by BMW), which increased the torque output by . The updated engine has a smaller turbocharger, which improves response. The naturally aspirated engine was fitted with ESC from 1989.

Models 

Applications:
 1983 - 1988 E28 524td
 1985 - 1988 E28 524d (naturally aspirated)
 1985 - 1993 E30 324d (naturally aspirated)
 1985 - 1993 E30 324td
 1988 - 1991 E34 524td
 1984 - 1985 Continental Mark VII
 1984 - 1985 Lincoln Continental
 1986 - 1987 Vixen 21 TD and Vixen 21 XC
 1989 - 1991 Bertone Freeclimber
 1992 UMM Alter II (four examples built)

See also

 List of BMW engines

Bibliography

References 

M21
Diesel engines by model
Straight-six engines
BMW M51. The BMW M51 is an inline-6 cylinder Diesel engine produced by the Upper Austrian BMW plant in Steyr from July 1991 through February 2000. Its predecessor is the BMW M21, the successor is the BMW M57.

Description 

The M51 is a water-cooled and turbocharged inline six-cylinder diesel engine with a Bosch VP37-swirl-chamber-injection. The displacement is  and the compression ratio is 22.0:1.

Some engine variants have an intercooler in addition to the turbocharger, they can be identified by the tds. The M51 is an engine made of cast iron, it has one chain driven overhead camshaft and two valves per cylinder. Compared to the M21 the M51 now has tappets and a hydraulic valve lash adjustment. The fuel injection in the first engines and all E36 models is controlled by the ECU Bosch DDE 2.1, which was replaced after the first technical revision by the DDE 2.2 This results in greater torque at lower revs. For lubrication SAE 5W-40 oil is used.

Applications:
 1991 - 1996 E36 325td (M51D25 UL)
 1996 - 1998 E36 325td (M51D25TÜ UL)
 1993 - 1996 E36 325tds (M51D25 OL)
 1996 - 1998 E36 325tds (M51D25TÜ OL)
 1992 - 1996 E34 525td (M51D25 UL)
 1991 - 1996 E34 525tds (M51D25 OL)
 1996 - 2000 E39 525tds (M51D25TÜ OL)
 1996 - 2000 E39 525td (M51D25TÜ UL)
 1996 - 2000 E38 725tds (M51D25TÜ OL)
 1995 - 2001 Land Rover Range Rover 2.5 D/DSE
 1995 - 2001 Opel Omega
 1992 UMM Alter II (single example; engine, gearbox, and electronics were fitted by BMW in Munich)

See also
 List of BMW engines

References 

 

M51
1991 introductions
Diesel engines by model
Straight-six engines
BMW M57. The BMW M57 is a straight-6 diesel engine produced from 1998 up to 2013 in BMW's upper Austrian engine plant in Steyr.

Description 

The M57 is a water-cooled and turbocharged inline six cylinder diesel engine with common-rail-injection. It was revised twice during its production time. It is based on its predecessor M51. The block and the crankcase of the first M57 engines and the TÜ (Technische Überarbeitung = revision) engines are made of cast iron, whilst the TÜ2 engines are made of aluminium instead. The combustion chamber was also changed in the TÜ2. The injection pressure is  in the non TÜ engine, whilst all other engines use a pressure of . For fuel injection, magnetic injectors are used, except from the TÜ2 OL and TOP engines, which make use of piezo injectors. The common-rail-system is made by Bosch and also controlled by a Bosch DDE 4 ECU for non TÜ and DDE 5 ECU for TÜ. All models are equipped with turbocharger and an intercooler. The 2.9L M57, which is found in E39 530d and E38 730d, as well as early models of E46 330d and E53 X5, is equipped with one Garrett GT2556V turbocharger. The 2.5L M57TÜ uses a Garrett GT2056V turbocharger, the 3.0L M57TÜ a Garrett GT2260V turbocharger, the M57TÜ2 a Garrett GTB2260VK turbocharger, whilst the M57D30TÜTOP sports a BorgWarner KP39 high-pressure and a K26 low-pressure turbocharger. The compression ratio reaches from 16.5:1 to 18.0:1, M57 engines with higher power output and more than one turbocharger have a lower compression ratio. Every cylinder has two inlet and two exhaust valves as well as two chain-driven overhead camshafts. The redline is 4750 rpm.

Technical data

Application

M57D25
Bore x stroke: 
 2000 - 2003 in the BMW E39 525d 120 kW (161hp)
 2001 - 2003 in the Opel Omega B 2.5DTI

M57D25TÜ
Bore x stroke: 
 2003 - 2007 in the BMW E60/E61 525d  or

M57D30
Bore x stroke: 
  and 
 in the Range Rover L322
  and 
 in the E39 as  530d
 in the E46 as 330d/330xd
  and 
 in the E38 as 730d
 in the E53 as X5 3.0d
  and 
 in the E39 as 530d
  and 
 in the E38 as 730d

M57D30TÜ 
Bore x stroke: 
  and 
 in the E46 as 330d/330Cd/330xd
 in the E83 as X3 3.0d
  and 
 in the E53 as X5 3.0d
 in the E60/E61 as 530d/530xd
 in the E65/E66 as 730d
 in the E83 as X3 3.0d

M57D30TÜ TOP
Bore x stroke: 
 and 
 in the E60/E61 as 535d
 in the E63/E64 as 635d

M57D30TÜ2 
Bore x stroke: 
  and 
 in the E90/E91/E92/E93 as 325d
 in the E60/E61 as 525d/525xd
  and 
 in the E65/E66 as 730d
 in the E90/E91/E92/E93 as 330d/330xd
 in the E60/E61 as 530d/530xd
  and 
 in the E60/E61 as 530d
 in the E70 as X5 xDrive30d
 in the E71 as X6 xDrive30d

M57D30TÜ2 TOP 
Bore x stroke: 
  and 
 in the E60/E61 as 535d
 in the E63/E64 as 635d
 in the E70 as X5 3.0sd and X5 xDrive35d
 in the E71 as X6 xDrive35d
 in the E83 as X3 3.0sd
 in the E90/E91/E92 as 335d

See also
 List of BMW engines

References

External links
BMW Heaven - The BMW Knowledge Base
The UnixNerd's BMW M57 engine page with photos, history and common problems.

M57
Straight-six engines
Diesel engines by model