omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
William Allan (English politician). Sir William Allan  (29 November 1837 – 28 December 1903) was a Scottish Liberal Party politician and engineer. He was Member of Parliament for Gateshead from 1893 until his death in 1903.

Allan was born in Dundee, the son of engineer James Allan. His father suffered financial failure, causing Allan to begin work as an apprentice at age 10. He emigrated to the United States, working for several years in Paterson, New Jersey, before returning to Glasgow. He began his professional career was as a steamship engineer in the early years of construction of these vessels and his business was the Scotia engineering works in Sunderland, England. He was also involved with a sea line, the Albyn Line. His early life included crew experience on steamships which were at one stage gun-running to America during the American Civil War, and he wrote of a number of dangerous escapades during this time.

He was initiated into Freemasonry at Palatine Lodge No. 97, Sunderland, on 13th March 1890 and remained a member until his death in 1903.  

He was knighted in the 1902 Coronation Honours, receiving the accolade from King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 24 October that year.

Allan had five sons and four daughters. His son, Walter Beattie Allan, published a book which was an illustrated account of his life, for his grandchildren. William Allan published a number of books of traditional Scottish poetry.

References

External links 
 
 

1837 births
1903 deaths
Deputy lieutenants of Durham
Knights Bachelor
Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
UK MPs 1892–1895
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
Politicians from Dundee
Cockpit display system. The Cockpit display systems (or CDS) provides the visible (and audible) portion of the Human Machine Interface (HMI) by which aircrew manage the modern Glass cockpit and thus interface with the aircraft avionics.

History
Prior to the 1970s, cockpits did not typically use any electronic instruments or displays (see Glass cockpit history). Improvements in computer technology, the need for enhancement of situational awareness in more complex environments, and the rapid growth of commercial air transportation, together with continued military competitiveness, led to increased levels of integration in the cockpit.

The average transport aircraft in the mid-1970s had more than one hundred cockpit instruments and controls, and the primary flight instruments were already crowded with indicators, crossbars, and symbols, and the growing number of cockpit elements were competing for cockpit space and pilot attention.

Architecture
Glass cockpits routinely include high-resolution multi-color displays (often LCD displays) that present information relating to the various aircraft systems (such as flight management) in an integrated way. Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) architecture allows for the integration of the cockpit instruments and displays at the hardware and software level to be maximized.

CDS software typically uses API code to integrate with the platform (such as OpenGL to access the graphics drivers for example). This software may be written manually or with the help of  COTS tools such as GL Studio, VAPS, VAPS XT or SCADE Display.

Standards such as ARINC 661 specify the integration of the CDS at the software level with the aircraft system applications (called User Applications or UA).

See also 
 Acronyms and abbreviations in avionics
 Avionics software
 Integrated Modular Avionics

References

Embedded systems
Aircraft instruments
German submarine U-1060. German submarine U-1060 was a Type VIIF submarine of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine in World War II.

U-1060 was one of four Type VIIF torpedo transport submarines, which could carry up to 40 torpedoes, and were used to re-supply other U-boats at sea. U-1060 commissioned on 15 May 1943, served from 15 May 1943 until 27 October 1944 with 5th U-boat Flotilla, a training unit.

Design
As one of the four German Type VIIF submarines, U-1060 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 supercharged four-stroke, six-cylinder diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8-276 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-1060 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and various anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between 44 and 60.

Service history
U-1060 did not conduct any offensive patrols. Between December 1943 and October 1944 she made six voyages transporting torpedoes from the naval base in Kiel to ports in German-occupied Norway.

On 27 October 1944 Fleet Air Arm Fireflies and Barracudas from the aircraft carrier  attacked U-1060 with rockets and depth charges, and the submarine ran aground on the Norwegian island of Fleina south of Brønnøysund.

On the morning of 29 October 1944, two Liberator C Mk V heavy bombers of the Czechoslovak-manned No. 311 Squadron RAF from RAF Tain in Scotland attacked the grounded submarine with wing-mounted SAP60 semi-armour piercing rocket projectiles (RP's). Liberator FL949/Y led by Flg Off Josef Pavelka hit her with seven RP's. The rocket projectile sight aboard Liberator BZ723/H led by Sqn Ldr Alois Šedivý failed, but its crew managed to hit the submarine with another eight RP's. BZ723/H also dropped four depth charges, two of which straddled U-1060 abaft her conning tower.

Finally two Halifax heavy bombers of No. 502 Squadron RAF depth charged the submarine. 12 of U-1060s crew died and 43 survived.

References

Bibliography

, the author was the second pilot in Liberator FL949/Y

1943 ships
German Type VIIF submarines
Grounded U-boats
Maritime incidents in October 1944
Ships built in Kiel
U-boats commissioned in 1943
U-boats sunk in 1944
World War II shipwrecks in the Norwegian Sea
World War II submarines of Germany
Kaissa. Kaissa () was a chess program developed in the Soviet Union in the 1960s. It was named so after Caissa, the goddess of chess. Kaissa became the first world computer chess champion in 1974 in Stockholm.

History 
By 1967, a computer program by Georgy Adelson-Velsky, Vladimir Arlazarov, Alexander Bitman and Anatoly Uskov on the M-2 computer in Alexander Kronrod’s laboratory at the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics had defeated Kotok-McCarthy running on the IBM 7090 at Stanford University. By 1971, Mikhail Donskoy joined with Arlazarov and Uskov to program its successor on an ICL System 4/70 at the Institute of Control Sciences. In 1972 the program played a correspondence match against readers of popular Russian newspaper, Komsomolskaya Pravda. The readers won, 1½-½. It was the journalists of Komsomolskaya Pravda who gave the program its name, Kaissa.

Kaissa became the first world computer chess champion in 1974 in Stockholm. The program won all four games and finished first ahead of programs "Chess 4", "Chaos" and "Ribbit", which got 3 points. After the championship, Kaissa and Chess 4 played a game, which ended in a draw. The success of Kaissa can be explained by the many innovations it introduced. It was the first program to use bitboards. Kaissa contained an opening book with 10,000 moves  and used a novel algorithm for move pruning. Also it could search during the opponent's move, used null-move heuristic and had sophisticated algorithms for time management. All this is common in modern computer chess programs, but was new at that time.

The last time when Kaissa participated in WCCC was its third championship, 1980 in Linz, where it finished tied for sixth to eleventh place in a field of eighteen competitors. The development of Kaissa was stopped after that due to a decision by Soviet government that the programmer's time was better spent working on practical projects rather than chess.

An IBM PC version of Kaissa was developed in 1990. It took fourth place in the 2nd Computer Olympiad in London in 1990.

Notable games 

The second computer chess championship in 1977 in Toronto, featured an unusual game by Kaissa. In the diagram at right, Kaissa (black) was well ahead of its opponent, DUCHESS from Duke University. Kaissa was well ahead on the chess clock, but it gave away a rook with 34...Re8 and lost afterwards. After programmers entered the obvious move 34...Kg7 into the program, Kaissa explained why it did not play it: 34...Kg7 35. Qf8+!! Kxf8 36. Bh6+ Bg7 37. Rc8+ and White checkmates in two moves. This caused a sensation and was published in many chess magazines of that time. None of the human spectators present saw this nice queen sacrifice. Despite this, Kaissa finished the tournament tied for second place with DUCHESS, behind Chess 4.6.

See also
 Chess engine

References

External links
 The chess games of Kaissa
 Kaissa at Chess Programming Wiki

 Photo: CHAOS vs Kaissa at the 1st World Computer Chess Championship in Stockholm, 
 Photo: Misha Donskoy at the World Computer Chess Championship in Stockholm, 

Chess software
History of chess
Computing in the Soviet Union
Chess in the Soviet Union
M. A. Ramlu. Madisetti Anant Ramlu (12 February 1927 – 6 March 2023) was an Indian academic who was the founder and first Head of the Department of Mining Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in Kharagpur, from 1958 until 1987, when he retired as the Deputy Director & Acting Director of IIT. He was an expert in the area of mines safety, machinery, and open-cast mining. He received his BS in Mining & Metallurgy from the Banaras Hindu University (BHU) and his PhD in Mining Engineering from Germany (Bergakadamie Clausthal).

M. A. Ramlu was married to Saroja, and had two sons – Dr. Vijay K. Madisetti of Georgia Institute of Technology and Dr. Avanindra Madisetti of Mobius Semiconductors in Irvine, California.

Ramlu was awarded the 2009 S. K. Bose Memorial Teaching Excellence Award by the Mining, Geological, and Metallurgical Institute (MGMI) of India.

Ramlu died on 6 March 2023 at the age of 96.

Publications
 Madisetti Anant Ramlu (1956). Ablagerung von feinem Kohlenstaub in einem Staubversuchsraum unter Tage. Clausthal, Bergak., F. f. Bergbau u. Hüttenw., Diss. v. 16. Juli 1956 (Nur in beschr. Anz. f. d. Aust.).

References

1927 births
2023 deaths
Academic staff of IIT Kharagpur
Koolvac. Koolvac was a robotic vacuum cleaner sold in the U.S. by former iRobot distributor Koolatron, owned by Canadian Urus Industrial Corp. iRobot filed a lawsuit against Koolatron, claiming that Koolvac was an unauthorized copy of their Roomba model. iRobot won the court case and Koolatron was prohibited from further sales of Koolvacs within the United States. All unsold units had to be destroyed or exported out of the U.S. by October 2005.

See also
 List of vacuum cleaners

References
"iRobot Targets Roomba Knockoff", PC Magazine - May 10, 2005 . Retrieved 2011-01-23
"IRobot patent win sweeps rival out of U.S.", Boston Business Journal - August 25, 2005. Retrieved 2011-01-23

Robotic vacuum cleaners
Robots of Canada
2000s robots
German submarine U-268. German submarine U-268 was a Type VIIC U-boat built for Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine for service during World War II.

Commissioned on 29 July 1942, she served with the 8th U-boat Flotilla for training and later served with the 1st U-boat Flotilla from 1 to 19 February 1943.

Design
German Type VIIC submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIB submarines. U-268 had a displacement of  when at the surface and  while submerged. She had a total length of , a pressure hull length of , a beam of , a height of , and a draught of . The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of  for use while surfaced, two AEG GU 460/8–27 double-acting electric motors producing a total of  for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two  propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to .

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of  and a maximum submerged speed of . When submerged, the boat could operate for  at ; when surfaced, she could travel  at . U-268 was fitted with five  torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one  SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and two twin  C/30 anti-aircraft guns. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.

Service history
U-268 departed Bergen on 10 January 1943 on her first and only patrol. On 17 January she sank the  Norwegian whale factory ship Vestfold, which was laden with 17,386 tons of fuel oil, and three British landing craft - HMS LCT-2239, LCT-2267 and LCT-2344 (each 291 tons) - as deck cargo. Before sinking, Vestfold, which had been abandoned with her engines still running, steamed in circles, almost colliding with another ship.

Fate
On 19 February 1943 while returning to her new base in occupied France, U-268 was sunk in the Bay of Biscay, west of Saint Nazaire, at position  by depth charges dropped from a Vickers Wellington bomber of No.172 Squadron RAF. All 44 hands were lost.

Wolfpacks
U-268 took part in five wolfpacks, namely:
  (10 – 15 January 1943) 
 Falke (15 – 19 January 1943) 
 Haudegen (19 January – 2 February 1943) 
 Nordsturm (2 – 9 February 1943) 
 Haudegen (9 – 10 February 1943)

Summary of raiding history

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

German Type VIIC submarines
U-boats commissioned in 1942
U-boats sunk in 1943
World War II submarines of Germany
Shipwrecks in the Bay of Biscay
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
1942 ships
Ships built in Bremen (state)
U-boats sunk by British aircraft
U-boats sunk by depth charges
Submarines lost with all hands
Maritime incidents in February 1943
Force 5. The Force 5 is a small one-design racing sailboat that is similar to the more well known Laser but with a hard chine aft. Although it is designed for single-handed racing, two people can easily fit into the large cockpit. The boats are products of Weeks Yacht Yard on Long Island, New York.

History
The Force 5 was designed in 1972 by Fred Scott and Jack Evans who were well known for their boat designs. AMF Alcort manufactured the boats in increasing quantities and by the late 1970s the boat and class was highly popular. In 1989, Pearson Small Boats, which owned AMF at that time, was bought out by SLI who also owned the rights for Laser sailboats. Because the boats were similar they decided to concentrate on only one model and the Laser won out, eventually becoming more popular and causing the production of Force 5 boats to cease. Eventually, Weeks Yacht Yard bought the rights to the boat and it was re-introduced at the 1994 SAIL EXPO in Atlantic City, New Jersey and it continues to be produced in Patchogue, on the Great South Bay of Long Island.

Rigging
The Force 5 has full sail controls, including a cunningham, outhaul, boom vang, and traveller. The mainsail has a sleeve which fits over the 3-piece aluminum mast. A junior sail is available with reduced sail area for better handling when used by lower weight individuals under 185 lbs. The rudder and centerboard are solid varnished mahogany but recently fiberglass versions became available.

References

Weeks, Brian. An Introduction to Force 5 Sailing Weeks Yacht Yard, NY 1994

External links
 Weeks Yacht Yard
Force 5 Class Association
Sailboatdata.com: Force 5

Dinghies
Allison J71. The Allison J71 was a single spool turbojet engine, designed and built in the United States. It began development in 1948 as a much modified J35, originally designated J35-A-23.

Operational history
The Allison J71 turbojet powered the Douglas B-66 Destroyer and the McDonnell F3H-2 Demon after the failed Westinghouse J40 proved unworkable. The prototype P6M-1 SeaMasters were also fitted with the engine.

Variants
Data from: Aircraft engines of the World 1953
J71-A-1
J71-A-2 Powered the McDonnell F3H Demon
J71-A-2B 
J71-A-2E  thrust ( thrust with afterburner), for the McDonnell F3H-2 Demon.
YJ71-A-3  thrust ( thrust with afterburner)
J71-A-4Afterburning turbojet engines for the Martin XP6M-1 Seamaster flying boat prototypes.
J71-A-6Afterburning turbojet engines for the Martin YP6M-1 Seamaster pre-production flying boats.
J71-A-7  thrust with afterburner
J71-A-9 Powered the Douglas RB-66 Destroyer
J71-A-11  thrust
J71-A-13

Specifications (Allison J71-A-2)

See also

References

Further reading

External links
 
 

J71
1940s turbojet engines
Multi-master bus. A multi-master bus is a computer bus in which there are multiple bus master nodes present on the bus.
This is used when multiple nodes on the bus must initiate transfer.
For example, direct memory access (DMA) is used to transfer data between peripherals and memory without the need to use the central processing unit (CPU).

Some buses like I²C use multi-mastering inherently to allow any node to initiate a transfer with another node.

Computer buses

References
Thomas Commerford Martin. Thomas Commerford Martin (July 22, 1856 – May 17, 1924) was a British-American electrical engineer and editor.

Martin was born in Limehouse, England. His father worked with Lord Kelvin and other pioneers of submarine telegraph cables, and Martin worked on the cable-laying ship SS Great Eastern.

Educated as a theological student, Martin travelled to the United States in 1877.  
He was associated with Thomas A. Edison in his work in 1877–1879 and thereafter engaged in editorial work. From 1883 to 1909 he served as editor of the Electrical World, after 1909 was executive secretary of the National Electric Light Association, and in 1900–1911 was a special agent of the United States Census Office.

Martin lectured at the Royal Institution of Engineers, London, the Paris Société Internationale des Electriciens, the University of Nebraska, and Columbia University.  
He was a founding member  of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, and served as president in 1887–1888.


Publications
 The Electric Motor and Its Applications (1887; third edition, 1888), with Joseph Wetzler
 Edison, His Life and Inventions (1910), with Frank Lewis Dyer
 The Inventions, Researches, and Writings of Nikola Tesla (1893; third edition, 1894)
 The Story of Electricity (1919), editor, with Stephen Leidy Coles

References

Sources
T. C. Martin biography retrieved December 1, 2009

External links
 
 
 

American biographers
American magazine editors
American engineers
English emigrants to the United States
1856 births
1924 deaths
Ivan K. Schuller. Ivan K. Schuller (born 1946 in Romania) is an American condensed matter experimental physicist. He is born 1946 in Cluj, Northern Transylvania, which belonged to Hungary until 1947. He is best known for his work on superlattices. His interests are focused on thin films, nanostructures, novel materials, magnetism, and superconductivity.

The Romanian-born Schuller received his Licenciado (1970) from the University of Chile, MS degree (1972) and PhD (1976) from Northwestern University. From 1978 to 1987, he was a senior physicist and group leader at Argonne National Laboratory. Since 1987, he has been a professor of physics at the University of California, San Diego; in addition to this position, he is also Layer Leader-Materials and Devices of CAL-(IT)2 Institute, and director-AFOSR-MURI at UCSD. He held visiting professorships at the Catholic University -Santiago, Chile; Universidad del Valle, Colombia; the Catholic University-Leuven, Belgium, and the Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Germany.

Schuller is a professor of physics at UC San Diego, and the recipient of numerous prizes, including the David Adler Lectureship (2003), Alexander von Humboldt Award (2000), Wheatley Award (1999), DOE Outstanding Scientific Accomplishments (1987), a Doctor Honoris Causa at Universidad Complutense de Madrid (2005) and the 2015 Lise Meitner Lectureship Award. Schuller is a president of the board of trustees and scientific advisory committee at the IMDEA Nanoscience Institute. Schuller was elected fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2018.

References
Schuller Group website
Ivan K. Schuller, "A New Class of Layered Materials", Phys. Rev. Lett. 44, ).

21st-century American physicists
University of Chile alumni
Northwestern University alumni
University of California, San Diego faculty
1946 births
Living people
Franz Joseph Emil Fischer. Franz Joseph Emil Fischer (19 March 1877 in Freiburg im Breisgau – 1 December 1947 in Munich) was a German chemist. He was the founder and first director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Coal Research. He is known for the discovery of the Fischer–Tropsch process.

Career
In 1925, he and Hans Tropsch discovered the Fischer–Tropsch process. This allowed for the production of liquid hydrocarbons from carbon monoxide and hydrogen with metal catalyst at temperatures of .

In 1930, he and Hans Schrader developed the Fischer assay, a standardized laboratory test for determining the oil yield from oil shale to be expected from a conventional shale oil extraction. He also worked with Wilhelm Ostwald and Hermann Emil Fischer. In 1913, he became the Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Coal Research in Mülheim.

He joined the Nazi Party in 1933, and remained in office until his retirement in 1943.

Awards
Wilhelm Exner Medal, 1936

References

External links
 

1877 births
1947 deaths
20th-century German chemists
20th-century German inventors
People from the Grand Duchy of Baden
Scientists from Freiburg im Breisgau
Nazi Party members
University of Giessen alumni
Technical University of Munich alumni
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
University of Freiburg alumni
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin
Academic staff of Technische Universität Berlin
Max Planck Institute directors