omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Moshe Rudolf Bloch. Moshe Rudolf "Rudi" Bloch (, 2 August 1902 – 1985) was an Israeli scientist.

Biography
Born in 1902 in the city of Ústí nad Labem, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary, he received a PhD from the University of Bern. In 1926, he became head of the department of Metallography X-ray Spectrography at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe in Germany. His activities included work on crystal nucleation and on refrigeration technology, as well as experiments on the prevention of super cooling of water.

In Israel, Bloch was responsible for researching and developing solar energy processes and products sourced from the Dead Sea and became head of the Negev Desert Research Institute. He became a very prominent man in Israeli solar energy.

Awards and honours
 In 1966, Bloch was awarded the Israel Prize in life sciences.
 In 1966, he also was awarded the Weizmann Institute of Science prize for science.   
 He held honorary positions at several of Israel's scientific and academic institutes.

Publications
Salt Mirror and Petroleum Formation

References

See also
List of Israel Prize recipients

1902 births
1985 deaths
Israeli scientists
Israel Prize in life sciences recipients
Weizmann Prize recipients
Members of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities
Solar power in Israel
Czech Jews
20th-century Israeli Jews
Czechoslovak emigrants to Mandatory Palestine
People from Ústí nad Labem
Jewish scientists
Coil binding. Coil binding, also known as spiral binding, is a commonly used book binding style for documents.  This binding style is known by a number of names (some trademarked) including spiral coil, color coil, colorcoil, ez-coil, plastic coil, spiral binding, and coilbind.

Usage
Documents bound with helical coil (usually called spiral coil) can open flat on a desk or table and offer 360 degree rotation for easy note taking.  This binding style is durable and is often used for professionally bound documents that need to be mailed. The coil used for this style of binding are made of high quality PVC plastic and offer a secure high quality and professionally bound book while binding documents up to 2” thick. Spiral coil binding spines are also available in more colors and sizes than other binding styles.

History

Spiral Binding Company, started in 1932, was "the first mechanical binding company in the United States". It created the original metal spiral-coil binding and later the Spiralastic, a popular plastic coil to replace wire during World War II.  Today, it is a print-finishing, graphic-arts, and presentation products company based in Totowa, New Jersey. In addition to headquarters and sales office in Manhattan, it maintains four sales and distribution centers in California, Illinois, Texas and Florida.

Coil 
One of the strengths of spiral coil binding is that the supplies are available in a variety of lengths.  Most users purchase spiral coils in twelve inch lengths.  This spine is inserted onto an eleven-inch document and the excess length of coil is cut and crimped at each end of the book.  However, the forming process for creating spiral coil binding elements allows them to be created in virtually any length.  Spiral coils are sometimes made from low-carbon steel.  Spiral coil binding supplies are also available in a wide variety of colors.

Equipment 
Plastic spiral binding is a three-step process: punch, insert, crimp.  First, a punch creates holes along the edge of the document.  Second, a coil inserter spins the coils through the holes. Third, a pair of coil crimping pliers or a crimping machine is used to cut off the excess coil and crimp the end to prevent the coil from coming loose from the document.  There are also more automated systems that will insert and cut and crimp the coil in one process and even some fully automated systems that will punch, insert, and crimp for the very high volume users.

See also 
 Comb binding
 Wire binding

Notes

Bookbinding
Institut Gaspard Monge. The Gaspard Monge Institute of electronics and computer science is the research and teaching body of the University of Marne la Vallée in the fields of computer science, electronics, telecommunications and networks. It is named for Gaspard Monge.

The Institute is composed of four branches:

 The Computing research laboratory

The fields in which the Institute carries out its research are: text algorithms, combinatorial mathematics, computer science applied to linguistics, image synthesis, networks, signal and communications.
The postgraduate degree for Fundamental Computer Science can also be prepared within the framework of the laboratory.

 The laboratory of communication systems	    	

This laboratory carries out research in the following fields: electromagnetism, applications and measures, numericals, radio communications, microsystems and microtechnologies, photonics and microwaves.
The postgraduate degree in Electronics and Telecommunications can be prepared within the framework of the laboratory.

 The computer science training unit

The teachings of this University department lead to the bachelor's degree in mathematics and computer science and the postgraduate degree in computer science

 The electronics training unit

The degrees that are prepared within this unit are the bachelor's degree in material science and the postgraduate degree in electronics and telecommunications

References 

University of Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée
Cadwork. cadwork is a software suite that includes IFC-based virtual design and construction software tools developed by cadwork informatik AG. This suite of tools provides a solution for 3D wood manufacturing (Computer-aided manufacturing, CAM) and a solution for Building Information Modeling that includes project planning and control functions of 3D quantity takeoff, 4D scheduling, 5D pricing, and 6D execution.

The primary application is in light frame woods and heavy timber construction: The Architectural design, structural engineering, and construction carpentry phases are supported with novel features for glue laminated timber and stairs

With a commitment to opensource ideals, cadwork viewers are free and thus providing an inclusive environment for collaboration across project stakeholders through model navigation features, such as zoom, pan, and print: the freeware version does not allow modifying a file. Three file types define the level of sophistication implemented through the model.
 .2d, .2dc  (2 dimensions drawing)
 .3d, .3dc  (3 dimensions drawings)
 .2dv       (parametric elements)

Following an international shift towards open-source software standards, cadwork is IFC compatible (Industry Foundation Classes) with several certifications, such as IFC 2x3 (Import ISO/PAS).

See also
Virtual design and construction
Industry Foundation Classes (IFC)
Open Design Alliance (OpenDWG)
3D ACIS Modeler (ACIS)
Construction management
Construction engineering

References

External links
 

Data modeling
Building information modeling
Construction
Civil engineering
Building engineering software
Construction management
Computer-aided design
Computer-aided design software
3D graphics software
Computer-aided design software for Windows
Sergey Polyakov. Sergey Vladimirovich Polyakov (Russian: Сергей Владимирович Поляков, born May 3, 1951, in Kharkiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union) is a Russian-American scientist performing research for USPolyResearch. He is best known for his R&D in space technology and chemical engineering including the theoretical and experimental studies of the performance of life support systems (LSS) for Soviet interplanetary spaceships and the MIR and ALPHA orbital stations using a  in the Institute for Biomedical Problems (Russian Space Agency Center). Developed an integrated approach to the design of air revitalization and water reclamation/conditioning system from human wastes on the basis of energy-efficient membrane and depth-filtration methods (membrane evaporation, ultra/micro filtration, reverse osmosis).

Biography
Sergey Polyakov received MS in engineering physics from the Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute (1974), PhD in space technology from the Institute for Biomedical Problems (Moscow, 1982). His major job track record includes the leading engineer and research consultant in the LSS department of the Institute for Biomedical Problems (1978 to 1985, 1992 to 1997); head of laboratory at the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute, Moscow (1985 to 1987), senior researcher at the All-Russian Nuclear Power Engineering Research and Development Institute, Moscow (1987 to 1992), and researcher at USPolyResearch, US (2002 to present).

References

External links 
  - documentary about the Martian simulator at the Institute for Biomedical Problems

1951 births
Living people
20th-century Russian chemists
Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute alumni
American chemical engineers
Scientists from Kharkiv
21st-century Russian chemists
Windecker Eagle. The Eagle AC-7 Eagle 1 (USAF designation YE-5) is an aircraft that was manufactured by Windecker Industries. It was the first composite airplane (foam and fiberglass construction) to receive FAA certification in December 1969 at a reported development cost of US$20,000,000. The fiberglass process was named "Fibaloy" by Windecker.

Design and development
The Eagle's fuselage was molded in two pieces that were joined down the middle.  The first prototype had a fixed undercarriage but the second, known as the Eagle 1, had retractable tricycle gear. This aircraft first flew on 26 January 1969. One prototype spun in on testing. 

Only eight Eagles were produced before production ended when the company ran out of money.

No Eagle had been flying for many years, but one was restored and flown in December 2015, by Don Atchison, Mike Moore and a team commissioned by Chinese entrepreneur Wei Hang. Wei Hang holds the rights and the type certificate and plans to produce the aircraft in China for Asian sales.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography 

 

 Burmeier, Beverly. "Plastic Fantastic." The History Channel Magazine, September/October, 2005, pp. 22–23.
 "The Eagle Returns", Private Pilot Magazine, Sept. 1978.

External links 
 Windecker Eagle I article at Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
 Windecker Eagle stealth prototypes at Eagle Behind the Curtain
 The Windecker Eagle

1960s United States civil utility aircraft
Eagle
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1967
Single-engined tractor aircraft
SpectSoft. SpectSoft was a software development company started in 1997 to create tools for the professional film and video markets. They were located in Oakdale, Stanislaus County, California.

SpectSoft developed Linux based uncompressed recording, playback, processing systems that are designed to capture and play images and sound from digital cinematography cameras, decks, Telecine and other devices. Products support compressed and uncompressed SD, HD, 2K, 4K and beyond images in 2D or 3D.

Products

CanvasRT
Real time video processing, VTR emulation, 3D (Stereoscopic) Support and Dailies creation

RaveHD
A Linux-based SD and HD uncompressed video disk recorder.

Rave2K
A Linux-based SD, HD, Dual Link-HD and 2K Image, uncompressed video disk recorder.

DiceHD
A SD and HD, 6 channel video graphics overlay device.

Articles
Linux Devices

Credits
 The Spiderwick Chronicles
 Sin City
 Starship Troopers 2

References

External links
 SpectSoft website
 RaveHD

Software companies based in California
Entertainment companies based in California
Companies based in Stanislaus County, California
Oakdale, California
Software companies established in 1997
1997 establishments in California
Defunct software companies of the United States
CNNA HL-8. 

The CNNA HL-8 was a civil transport/utility aircraft developed in Brazil in 1943.

Development
The HL-8 was a low-wing cantilever monoplane with enclosed flight deck and passenger/cargo cabin.  It had three engines of 97 kW (130 hp) each, driving fixed-pitch two-blade propellers.  One engine was mounted on the leading edge of each wing and the third engine was mounted in the fuselage nose ahead of the cockpit.  The landing gear was fixed and was of tailwheel configuration.

The engines were horizontally opposed four-cylinder air-cooled piston engines.

The design was robust, designed to operate from unprepared surfaces.  Its payload was over one ton.

History
Only one HL-8 was constructed.  The prototype made its first flight in December 1943, and was flight-tested for a year.  The decision was made to not put the design into production.

References
Sâo Paulo Technical Museum website (in Portuguese)

1940s Brazilian civil utility aircraft
Abandoned civil aircraft projects 
HL-8
Trimotors
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1943
CNNA HL-14. 

The CNNA HL-14 was a civil trainer aircraft developed in Brazil during the 1940s at CNNA.  It was a single-engine two-seat airplane.  Only one prototype was constructed.  It did not enter production.

References
Sǎo Paulo Technical Museum website (in Portuguese)

HL-14
1940s Brazilian civil trainer aircraft
Monoplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Vernier throttle. A vernier throttle is a throttle often used in aircraft. It uses a cable and a screw mechanism to provide the operator precise control over an engine's operation. The concept is similar in use to vernier calipers which have a primary scale for gross measurements, and a secondary scale for fine measurements. Like other inventions that bear his name, the Vernier throttle is based on the work of mathematician Pierre Vernier.

Vernier throttles are commonly used in aircraft. A similar mechanism is also used in reciprocating (gasoline) aircraft engines to set the mixture to an appropriate value for a given altitude.

Aircraft controls
Frederick-Ames EOS/SFA. The Frederick-Ames EOS/SFA was a single-seat sports aircraft designed in the United States in the 1970s with the intention of marketing it for homebuilding. It was a highly streamlined low-wing cantilever monoplane with swept flying surfaces and retractable tricycle undercarriage. Its construction was of metal throughout.

Originally named simply the Eos (for the Greek goddess of the dawn), it was shown at the 1973 EAA Fly-in at Oshkosh, Wisconsin, albeit in incomplete form. When finished, it crashed on its first flight due to an engine seizure, was extensively damaged, and abandoned as too expensive to repair. Nevertheless, the aircraft was rebuilt in 1978 and re-engined with a Volkswagen engine conversion. Plans to market the design were never realised. Two other examples are known to exist.

Specifications

References

 
 
 
 

1970s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
EOS
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1973
Information Retrieval Facility. The Information Retrieval Facility (IRF), founded 2006 and located in Vienna, Austria, was a research platform for networking and collaboration for professionals in the field of information retrieval. It ceased operations in 2012.

Scientific goals

 Modeling innovative and specialized information retrieval systems for global patent document collections.
 Investigating and developing an adequate technical infrastructure that allows interactive experimentation with formal, mathematical retrieval concepts for very large-scale document collections.<
 Studying the usability of multimodal user interfaces to very large-scale information retrieval systems.
 Integrating real users with actual information needs into the research process of modeling information retrieval systems to allow accurate performance evaluation.
 Ability to create different views of patent data depending on the focus of the information needed.
 Defining standardized methods for benchmarking the information retrieval process in patent document collections.
 Ability to handle text and non-text parts of a patent coherently.
 Designing, experimenting and evaluating search engines able to retrieve structured and semi-structured documents in very large-scale patent collections.
 Integrating the temporal dimension of patent documents in retrieval strategies.
 Improving effectiveness and precision of patent retrieval, based on ontologies and natural-language understanding techniques.
 Refining IR methods that allow unstructured querying by exploiting available structures within the patent documents.
 Formal (mathematical) identification and specification of relevant business information needs in the field of intellectual property information.
 Investigating efficient scaling mechanisms for information retrieval taking into account the characteristics of patent data.
 Investigating and experimenting with computing architectures for very high-capacity information management.
 Establishing an open eScience platform that enables a standardized and easy way of creating and performing IR experiments on a common research infrastructure.
 Discovering and investigating novel use cases and business applications deriving from intellectual property information.
 Enabling formal information retrieval, natural language and semantic processing research to grow into the field of applied sciences in the global, industrial context.
 Development and integration of different information access methods.
 Research on effective methods for interactive information retrieval.

References

External links
 Official site: ir-facility.org

Organizations established in 2006
Computer science organizations
Information retrieval organizations
Education in Vienna
Standard Disk Interconnect. The Standard Disk Interconnect (SDI, sometimes Standard Disk Interface) was used by Digital Equipment Corporation for its line of RAxx disks, for example the RA90.  There were two bi-directional serial communications paths between the controller and the drive. One path was for messages (from the controller to the drive) and responses (from the drive to the controller); messages controlled seeking, setting drive parameters, reporting errors, etc. This path was also used to transmit data to and from the drive. The other path consisted of a continuously transmitted set of control (controller-to-drive) or status (drive-to-controller) bits. There were about 6 bits in each direction, and they served the same purpose as having six dedicated lines in each direction.

By encoding control signals serially they could be AC-coupled (with a transformer) to prevent ground loop problems and EMI issues between the controller and the drives, which could be connected by long cables, even to different floors in a building. The same serial interconnect was used for tape and solid state storage devices to the storage subsystem controllers. Large VAX systems primarily used the Hierarchical Storage Controller (HSC) series but Unibus and BI Bus controllers to SDI were built as well.  The UDA50 for the Unibus was the first controller shipped with the SDI interface.

Among the signals the drive sent to the controller were:
Index Pulse - the drive head is over the beginning of sector 0 of the track.
Sector Pulse -  the drive head is over the beginning of some other sector. The controller counted these pulses to know where the drive was, rotationally.
Read/Write Ready - the drive head has settled over some track, and it is safe to read or write.

The controller signals to the drive included signals such as Read Gate (turn the Read Head on) and Write Gate (turn the Write Head on).

The data transfer could be over a wide range of bit rates as the system was self clocked.  This enabled multiple generations of disk technology to use the SDI, as well as other storage devices.

The SDI was an element of the Digital Storage Architecture (DSA) which included the Mass Storage Control Protocol (MSCP), which specified communications means between OS software and all flavors of storage devices.

Further reading
 Chapter 7-The Storage Interconnect and chapter 10-SDI Disk Drives.
U.S. Patent 5,303,265 describes the signalling electronics between the controller and drive.
U.S. Patent 4,825,406 describes the protocol on the wires.

DEC hardware
Aldford Iron Bridge. Aldford Iron Bridge is a bridge crossing the River Dee north of the village of Aldford, Cheshire, England, linking the village with Eaton Hall, forming part of the Buerton Approach to the hall (). It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade I listed building.

The bridge was designed by Thomas Telford and built by William Hazledine for the 1st Marquis of Westminster and was completed in 1824. It is built in cast iron and has yellow sandstone abutments forming a single arch measuring 50 metres. It has cast iron railings and double gates at the crown of the bridge.

The bridge provides a crossing over the river for the long-distance footpath of the Marches Way.

References

See also

Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire West and Chester
Listed buildings in Aldford

Grade I listed bridges
Bridges in Cheshire
Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire
Bridges completed in 1824
Bridges across the River Dee, Wales
Cast-iron arch bridges in England
Chempark. Chempark is an industrial park for the chemical industry in Germany. It is distributed across three sites in Leverkusen, Dormagen and Krefeld-Uerdingen cumulatively measuring 13.3 square kilometres, occupied by more than 60 companies and employing 50,000 people. Around one-third of North Rhine-Westphalia’s chemical output is produced at these three sites. It is operated by Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, formerly known as Bayer Industry Services GmbH & Co. OHG.

2021 explosion 

On July 27, 2021, at 9:40 a.m. local time, an explosion occurred in the hazardous waste combustion section, blowing up several large containers of chemicals and contaminating large areas of the Rhine-Ruhr-valleys with toxic fallout from the large smoke cloud. The explosion killed at least six people, with one more person missing. Thirty-one others were injured. All the casualties were workers at the site.

External links

References 

Economy of North Rhine-Westphalia
Industrial parks in Germany
Krefeld
Leverkusen
Rhein-Kreis Neuss
Bayer
Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet. Six Degrees: Our Future on a Hotter Planet is a 2007 non-fiction book by author Mark Lynas about global warming. The book looks and attempts to summarize results from scientific papers on climate change.

Contents 

The first chapter describes the expected effects of climate change with one degree Celsius (1 °C) increase in average global temperature since pre-industrial times.

The second chapter describes the effects of two degrees average temperature and so forth until Chapter 6 which shows the expected effects of an increase of six Celsius degrees (6 °C) average global temperature. The effects are also compared to paleoclimatic studies, with six degrees of warming compared back to the Cretaceous. 

Special coverage is given to the positive feedback mechanisms that could dramatically accelerate climate change. The book explains how the release of methane hydrate and the release of methane from melting permafrost could unleash a major extinction event. Carbon cycle feedbacks, the demise of coral, the destruction of the Amazon rainforest, and extreme desertification are also described, with five or six degrees of warming potentially leading to the complete uninhabitability of the tropics and subtropics, as well as extreme water and food shortages, possibly leading to mass migration of billions of people.

TV show 
A National Geographic Channel TV programme, Six Degrees Could Change The World, was produced after the book won the Royal Society Prize in 2008.

2020 Update
In April 2020, the author published a rewritten and updated version of the book: Our Final Warning: Six Degrees of Climate Emergency ().

See also
 The Age of Stupid
 Environmental migrant
 Tipping point (climatology)
 Environmental issues with coral reefs

References

External links 
 What will climate change do to our planet?, The Sunday Times, March 11, 2007.  Summary of some of the book's key scenarios.
 Six steps to hell, The Guardian, 23 April 2007.  Summary article by the book's author.
 

2007 non-fiction books
2007 in the environment
Climate change books
Documentary films about global warming
National Geographic (American TV channel) original programming
Fourth Estate books