omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Berend Wilhelm Feddersen. Berend Wilhelm Feddersen (26 March 1832 in Schleswig – 1 July 1918 in Leipzig) was a German physicist.

Biography
Feddersen studied chemistry and physics at the University of Göttingen, where he became member of Burschenschaft Hannovera (fraternity) and lived from 1858 as a private scholar in Leipzig. In 1859 he succeeded in experiments with the Leyden jar to prove that every single electric spark discharge composed of (damped) oscillations. He realized that the arise from a coil, capacitor and resistor existing electrical circuit oscillations. Thus he became the co-founder of wireless technology. 
Feddersen was co-editor of the Biographical Dictionary and literary and on the history of exact sciences. He was a member of the Saxon Society of Sciences.

Works
 Contributions to the knowledge of the electric spark. Inaugural Dissertation, Kiel 1854th Kiel: CF Mohr, 1857.
 Discharge of the Leyden jar, intermittent, continuous, oscillatory discharge, while the law. Essays ... 1857–1866. / Edited by T. Des Coudres. With a portrait of the author in photogravure and 3 lithographic plates. Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 1908. (Ostwald's Classics of the exact sciences. No 166)
 The discovery of electrical waves. Leipzig 1909th

See also
 Heinrich Hertz
 Invention of radio
 Berend Wilhelm Feddersen, Wikipedia in German :de:Berend Wilhelm Feddersen

Further reading 
 Henke, Martin: Fast-acting spark in a fast mirror - Berend Wilhelm Feddersen (1832–1918) and the analysis of the electrical oscillations. Hamburg: Print on Demand, 2000.

References

Biographical encyclopedia of German-speaking scientists / ed. Dietrich von Engelhardt. Munich, 2003. Saur .
Herder Lexicon scientists. Freiburg: Herder, 1979. .

1832 births
1918 deaths
19th-century German physicists
Abrial A-13 Buse. The  Abrial A-13 Buse was a tailless glider prototype that was designed in 1954. It was the last in a series of glider aircraft designed by Georges Abrial.

Design
The glider featured a short fuselage with a single, non-tapered strut-braced straight wing. The design had been demonstrated by very complete tests carried out on a 1:10 scale model at the Eiffel Laboratory but no full-size version was ever constructed.

Specifications Abrial A-13 Buse

See also

References

Glider aircraft
Buse
Tailless aircraft
High-wing aircraft
IAR 471. The IAR 471 was a Romanian World War II prototype of ground attack aircraft and dive bomber aircraft built in 1943 by Industria Aeronautică Română (IAR).

Development
The IAR-81 had not proved a great success as an improvised dive bomber and experience with the IAR-47 showed that the IAR K14 would not be up to the demands of powering a full-sized dive bomber. Thus by early 1943 the Royal Romanian Air Force still lacked an effective ground support aircraft. In November 1942, IAR had at last secured a license for the manufacture of the German DB 605 engine and planning now centred on this powerplant. On January 16, 1943, a new dive bomber project, the IAR-471, was commissioned which was to be powered by the DB 605. Although the Germans lent Romania numerous Stukas from mid-1943, they would not sell any. Therefore, the design of the IAR-471 was persevered with for reasons of self-sufficiency.

Despite its designation, the IAR-471 bore little resemblance to the smaller IAR 47 and was essentially a different aircraft. It was designed with a superior performance to the Stuka, much helped by the retractable undercarriage, but a lighter bomb load, and on May 7, 1944, the Stuka's two underwing 37mm cannons were ordered to be included in its specification. It was planned to order 100 IAR-471s and 136 engines from IAR in 1944/1945, but IAR was in the throes of dispersing its factories and beginning production of the Bf 109G and declared itself incapable of simultaneously producing the IAR-471. This halted the project even before Romania's defection to the Allies on August 23, 1944. No prototype flew. There was (at least) one IAR 471 prototype built.

Operators
 Kingdom of Romania
Royal Romanian Air Force

Specifications (IAR 471)

See also

References

 Axworthy, Max. "On Three Fronts: Romania's Aircraft Industry During World War Two". Air Enthusiast,   No.56, Winter 1994. Stamford, Lincs, UK: Key Publishing. ISSN 0143-5450. pp. 8–27.
 Morosanu, Teodor Liviu. "Romanian Reconnaissance". Air International, April 1994, Vol 46 No 4. Stamford, Lincs, UK: Key Publishing. ISSN 0306-5634. pp. 207–211.

1940s Romanian attack aircraft
World War II Romanian reconnaissance aircraft
471
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Unflown aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Central Green Co. v. United States. Central Green Co. v. United States, 531 U.S. 425 (2001), was a United States Supreme Court case decided in 2001. The case concerned the meaning of the words "flood or flood waters" within the Flood Control Act of 1928. The Court concluded that the law did not always apply to federal flood control facilities.

Background
Central Green Co. owned 1,000 acres of pistachio orchards in California's San Joaquin Valley. The Madera Canal flowed through their property. In 1996, they brought a suit against the United States alleging negligence in the operation and design of the canal. They alleged that it causes subsurface flooding which destroyed some of their crop. In court, the United States argued that the Flood Control Act of 1928 grants them immunity, as it states "[n]o liability of any kind shall attach to or rest upon the United States for any damage from or by floods or flood waters at any place". The District Court dismissed the complaint, agreeing with the United States that this incident would fall in the confines of "flood or flood waters". Central Green Co. appealed and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed. It agreed with Central Green that the Madera Canal "serves no flood control purpose", but nevertheless held that immunity attached "solely because it is a branch of the Central Valley Project". Central Green appealed again, this time to the United States Supreme Court, which granted review.

Opinion of the Court
Justice Stevens wrote the decision of the Court, which was unanimous. Stevens began by stating a prior case bound the Court to a different interpretation of the phrase "floods or flood waters" than the Ninth Circuit. In James v. United States (1986), the Court found the phrase "floods or flood waters" encompassed waters released for flood control purposes when reservoired waters are at flood stage. He went on to write that it was a difficult 'fact-led' question about whether this singular incident would fall within the James decision. For that reason, the Court would allow the suit to proceed in the District Court, only concluding that it was in error for the Government to receive absolute immunity in this case. Therefore, the Ninth Circuit was reversed.

See also
 Flood Control Act of 1928
 Legislative intent

References

External links

United States Supreme Court cases
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
2001 in the environment
2001 in United States case law
United States environmental case law
Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Plant. The Nimoo Bazgo Power Project is a run-of-the-river power project on the Indus River situated at Alchi village,  from Leh in the Indian Union Territory of Ladakh. The project was conceived on 1 July 2001 and approved on 8 June 2005, and construction began on 23rd Sept, 2006. The project involved construction of a  concrete dam with five spillway blocks of  each having ogee profile. The dam is 247.9m in length. It was officially completed and open in August 2014.

The Nimoo Bazgo power plant was stated to utilise a rated net head of  to generate  in a 90% dependable year. The project has three surface power units of  each with a total installed capacity of . Every unit has a  diameter, each  penstocks. Each operating unit is stated to of been designed for a discharge of  and also have transformer yard and switch yard. The project was connected to the northern grid through a 220 kV transmission line from Leh to Srinagar. The dam diverts water from the Indus river by a  long diversion channel and involves a flooding of only . Thus the power density is . The project was developed by National Hydroelectric Power Corporation (NHPC) Ltd. Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. (BHEL) has executed the Electro-Mechanical works.

History
The project was conceived on 1 July 2001 and approved on 8 June 2005, and construction began on 23rd Sept, 2006. 

The project required the removal and cutting of tens of thousands of tonnes of rock, diversion of the river flow, construction of the dam, powerhouse and reservoir. The project required development of the mountain road network, as well as delivery of construction vehicles by aircraft to Leh. The project was complicated by the difficult terrain and sub-zero mountain temperatures at some 3,500m above sea level.

All the three units of the project have been successfully commissioned. The project was inaugurated on 12 August 2014 by the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi, in a ceremony attended by senior officials including Chief Minister of Jammu & Kashmir Omar Abdullah, National Security Adviser Ajit Kumar Doval and others.

The project, along with the Chutak Hydroelectric Plant, was certified as compliant with the Indus Waters Treaty by the Indian Central Water Commission, with the project information passed over to Pakistan.

Notes

Dams completed in 2012
Energy infrastructure completed in 2012
Dams in Ladakh
Run-of-the-river power stations
Dams on the Indus River
Power stations in Ladakh
Buildings and structures in Ladakh
2012 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir
Icosoku. IcoSoku is a puzzle invented in 2009 by Andrea Mainini and sold by Recent Toys International, which is based in the Netherlands.  It won several awards in 2010. 

The puzzle frame is a blue plastic icosahedron, and the pieces are 20 white equilateral-triangular snap-in tiles with black dots and 12 yellow pins for the corners.  The pins are printed with the numbers from 1 to 12, and the triangular tiles have up to three dots in each of their corners. The object of the game is, for any arrangement of the pins, to choose the positions and orientations of the triangles so that the total number of dots on the five joining corners of each pin equals the number of the pin. The manufacturer asserts that there is a solution for each pin arrangement.  The puzzle is shipped in a solved state. The pins are not suitable for children under three, but this toy is otherwise suitable for all ages.

References

External links
Profiles of Game Designers - SAZ – Game Designer Association
Homepage
Icosoku solver
Combination puzzles
Chutak Hydroelectric Plant. The Chutak Hydroelectric Plant is a run-of-the-river power project on the Suru River (a tributary of Indus) in Kargil district in the Indian union territory of Ladakh. The barrage of the project is at Sarze village and the powerhouse is located on the right bank of the Suru near Chutak village. The project construction began on  23 September 2006, and the first three generators were commissioned in November 2012. The fourth was commissioned in January 2013.

The project included construction of a  barrage, having 15 m height above the crest level, an underground powerhouse, and 3.3 m dia and 10.02 km long head race tunnel and installation of four nos. of vertical Francis turbine of 11 MW each.
The project utilises a gross head of  to generate 216.41 GWh in a 90% dependable year with an installed capacity of 44 MW. Each 11 MW underground generating unit was designed to operate under a rated head of 52 m and a rated discharge of 24.05 cubic metres per second.  The barrage diverts water from the river and involves a flooding of only . Thus the power density is 44 MW per 0.135 km2, i.e. very high 326 W/m2, compared to dam-based hydroelectric projects. The project will be connected to the Northern Grid by the 220 kV Leh-Srinagar transmission line, which is to be scheduled for commissioning along with project’s commissioning.

The project was developed by M/s National Hydroelectric Power Corporation Ltd. The generating equipment was supplied, erected and commissioned by M/s Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited. The generator/turbine was manufactured by BHEL's Bhopal unit whereas the controls were supplied by BHEL's Bangalore unit. The erection and commissioning was done by BHEL's Power Sector. As of date all four generating units of this project are running successfully.

The project, along with the Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Plant, was certified as compliant with the Indus Waters Treaty by the Indian Central Water Commission, with the project information passed over to Pakistan.

References

Dams completed in 2014
Energy infrastructure completed in 2014
Dams in Ladakh
Run-of-the-river power stations
Dams in the Indus River basin
Power stations in Ladakh
Buildings and structures in Ladakh
2012 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir
Bombing of Ludwigshafen and Oppau in World War II. The bombing of Ludwigshafen and Oppau in World War II attacked several strategic targets in the area, including targets of the Oil Campaign of World War II.  Ludwigshafen oil plants were managed by Dr. Wurster of the Ludwigshafen Military Government, and their chief function was to improve "gasoline quality by dehydrogenation" using the DHD process.  Ludwigshafen also refined "30-50 tons/day of crude oil...brought in from Brücksel, near Karlsruhe...to products including lube oils."  About 2.5 miles away from Ludwigshafen, an Oppau plant produced fertilizer and up to "800 T/day nitrogen as ammonia and a considerable part of this was exported as liquid ammonia to Hochst, Wolfen and Bittefeld."  A separate Oppau plant produced up to 60 T/day of urea.  Dr. Gogel was head of the "high pressure department" at Oppau.  After visiting the Ludwigshafen and Oppau factories from March 25–31 and 27–30 May, in August 1946, a post-war team published the Report On Investigations by Fuels and Lubricants Teams At The I.G. Farbenindustrie, A. G., Works, Ludwigshafen and Oppau.

References

Chemical industry in Germany
Oil campaign of World War II
L
Pratt & Whitney XH-3130. The Pratt & Whitney XH-3130 (sometimes called the XL-3130) was an H-block aircraft engine project developed for the United States Navy in the late 1930s. The design was later enlarged as the XH-3730), but the project was canceled in 1940 in favor of Pratt & Whitney developing the R-4360 Wasp Major air-cooled radial engine.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links
 Photo of the XH-3730 at enginehistory.org

XH-3130
Sleeve valve engines
1940s aircraft piston engines
Abandoned military aircraft engine projects of the United States
British Rayon Research Association. The British Rayon Research Association was a research institute formed in 1946 by the British Rayon Federation and others. It was funded by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research and by voluntary funds from industry to investigate the chemical and physical properties of rayon and rayon fabrics, using a wide range of laboratory and theoretical methods. John Wilson, who was its Director from 1948 to 1958 was appointed a CBE for his work at the BRRA. It was located near Ringway Airport in Manchester, initially, and then at Heald Green near Manchester after 1955.

Work from the Association included academic publication, that included papers by Leslie Treloar in the journal Polymer. The BRRA sponsored Andrew Donald Booth's early research into computing at Birkbeck and was home to the first of his All Purpose Electronic Computers built in 1952

Under Wilson's leadership, the staff of BRRA grew to nearly 300 and gained an international reputation in textiles research. The BRRA also offered annual Technological Scholarships in the Departments of Textiles at the University of Manchester and the University of Leeds.

The Duke of Edinburgh opened the new BRRA laboratory at Heald Green on 11 May 1955. It cost £500,000. British Pathé filmed footage of research, at BRRA, on the strength of fabrics.

John Wilson was succeeded by Leonard Albert Wiseman in 1958.

Merger with Cotton Research Association
By at least 1955 it was apparent that there was potential for overlap in research with the work of the British Cotton Industry Research Association. In 1957 an official agreement was made to avoid duplication.

Wilson retired from the BRRA in 1958, and Len Wiseman became Director.

Consensus emerged that a merger between the BCIRA and BRRA was needed. BRRA's life ended with its merger with the BCRA to form the Cotton, Silk, and Man-Made Fibres Research Association in 1961, better known as the Shirley Institute. Len Wiseman was appointed its Deputy Director.

Notable employees
 LRG Treloar, author of texts and papers on polymer science
 George Porter later Baron Porter of Luddenham, Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution, and Nobel Laureate,
 John Wilson
 Derek Saunders, later Pro-Vice Chancellor of Cranfield Institute of Technology
 Robin Bullough
 Arthur S. Lodge, rheologist, later at University of Wisconsin
 Leonard Albert Wiseman

Publications and articles by the BRRA and staff
 Application of high-speed photography to textile problems, G. A. J. Orchard, R. A. Barker, British Rayon Research Association
 The physics of rubber elasticity, L. R. G. Treloar Clarendon Press, 1958

References

Textile industry of the United Kingdom
Research institutes in the United Kingdom
British research associations
Organisations based in Stockport
1946 establishments in the United Kingdom
Scientific organizations established in 1946
Motorenbau Werk Kassel. During World War II, the Motorenbau Werk Kassel (Engine Construction Factory Kassel – MWK) in Kassel was a branch factory of the Junkers Flugzeug- und Motorenwerke AG Dessau and supplier for strategic military technology among other things the first ready for serial production Turbostrahltriebwerk Jumo 004B (jet engine) of the world. In 1945, when the factory was occupied by the American troops, more than 5000 people worked there. In 1948 the site and buildings were used by AEG, in 1951 AEG purchased the site.

History
Originally the factory at Lilienthalstraße 150 in Kassel was a site of the Gerätebau GmbH, a subsidiary of the Brother Thiel Seebach. The founding of this subsidiary was part of the contract award from the Oberkommando des Heeres to Thiel on 16 February 1938, as well as the closing of a lease agreement between the property owner, the Verwertungsgesellschaft für Montanindustrie (short Montan), and the Gerätebau GmbH. This approach comply with the Montan-Schema.

Manufacturing plants in Germany
Buildings and structures in Kassel
Kassel in World War II
TSS Scotia (1920). TSS Scotia was a twin-screw steamer passenger vessel operated by the London and North Western Railway from 1921 to 1923, and the London, Midland and Scottish Railway from 1923 to 1940.

History

She was built by William Denny and Brothers of Dumbarton and launched in 1920.

On 1 June 1940 she was bombed by German aircraft during the Dunkirk evacuation. The destroyer HMS Esk came alongside and rescued nearly 1,000 troops. The destroyer HMS Worcester was nearby and also picked up some survivors. Twenty-eight of her crew and an estimated 200 to 300 French troops were killed.

References

1920 ships
Passenger ships of the United Kingdom
Steamships
Ships built on the River Clyde
Ships of the London and North Western Railway
Maritime incidents in June 1940
Ships sunk by German aircraft
World War II shipwrecks in the North Sea
Farman F.420. The Farman F.420 was a twin engine monoplane, built in France in the mid-1930s to compete in a government contest for an aircraft capable of fulfilling bomber, fighter and reconnaissance roles.  Two prototypes were constructed but no production followed.

Design and development

In August 1933 the French Air Ministry issued a call for prototypes of a multirole class of aircraft, likely to be ordered in large numbers.  The intention was to produce a machine which was competitive as a fighter, bomber and reconnaissance aircraft, so the class  was known as BCR  for de bombardement, de combat et de reconnaissance.  An alternative description was Multiplace de Combat.  Eight or nine manufacturers responded with an aircraft: the F.420 was Farman's candidate.

It was a wooden high wing twin engine aircraft.  The cantilever wing had a parallel chord centre section in which fuel was carried and trapezoidal outer sections.  The 740 hp (550 kW)  Gnôme-Rhône 14 Kdrs radial engines, fitted with long-chord cowlings, were mounted to the underside of the wing in long housings, into which the main undercarriage members, each with a single mainwheel, retracted.   The F.420 had a conventional undercarriage with a small tailwheel.  There was a single fin and a braced tailplane set on top of the fuselage.

The fuselage was rectangular in cross-section, with a glazed cockpit just forward of the leading edge of the wing.  Further forward the fuselage top and bottom remained flat and parallel, with the nose enclosed by full depth, single curvature glazing with positions for a gunner/ bomb aimer.  There were two other machine gun positions, one ventral, one dorsal; the bomb load, depending on the distance of the target, was between 1000 kg and 1,400 kg (2,200-3,090 lb).

The F.420 flew for the first time on 18 June 1934, piloted by André Salel accompanied by the engineer Roger Robin.  During its second flight, with the same crew, fire broke out in the wing, started by an engine exhaust. When flames spread to the fuselage, the two men attempted to bail out, only to find that the side door in the fuselage was too narrow to allow escape whilst wearing parachute packs; both died in the crash.

Farman funded a second F.420 which had prominent exhaust pipes from the tops of the engine housings leading back over the wings, which were locally protected from the heat by a metal covering. The nose was also reworked, incorporating a new turret and a large escape hatch.  This aircraft was test flown at Villacoublay by an Air Ministry pilot in 1935 but did not win a production contract.

Specifications

See also

References

Bibliography

1930s French military aircraft
F.420
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1934
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Saint Alkmund's Way Footbridge. Saint Alkmund's Way Footbridge is a replacement cycle and footbridge in Derby, England over the A601 (St Alkmund's Way). The 2007 design includes sculptures of silk bobbins at its entrance and exit that are inspired by the nearby Silk Mill museum.

Description
In 2007 Derby City Council demolished and rebuilt the footbridge over St Alkmund's Way to link the city centre with St Mary's Church.  It is one of Derby's most-seen bridges and the council worked with Public Artist Denis O'conner and T4 sustainability to design more aesthetically pleasing solution, viewed by an estimated 1,500 pedestrian and 70,000 motorists every day.  Funding came from Derby City Council, the Department for Transport and the Derby and Derbyshire Economic Partnership.  The final cost was £1.3 million, and the council's contribution was part of a £2 million overspend on highways in 2007.

The bridge design was inspired by the traditional silk route through the city and has given inspiration to the Cathedral Green Footbridge, with its needle-shaped mast, as they both draw inspiration from the Silk Mill and use its heritage as inspiration.  Derby Councillor Chris Wynn, cabinet member for planning and highways, said "The design with the bobbins and billowing silk idea will tie in well with the Silk Mill and I think this will be very exciting when it comes to fruition."

The bridge took fourteen weeks to construct, is wider than its predecessor and designed to take cycles and pedestrians. Although a shortage of steel meant that some of the design features and the lighting were not installed when it was nominally complete in October 2007.

References

Bridges completed in 2007
Bridges in Derby
Pedestrian bridges in England