omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Carboximidate. Carboximidates (or more general imidates) are organic compounds, which can be thought of as esters formed between a imidic acid (R-C(=NR')OH) and an alcohol, with the general formula R-C(=NR')OR".

They are also known as imino ethers, since they resemble imines (>C=N-) with an oxygen atom connected to the carbon atom of the C=N double bond.

Synthesis
Imidates may be generated by a number of synthetic routes, but are in general formed by the Pinner reaction. This proceeds via the acid catalyzed attack of nitriles by alcohols.

Imidates produced in this manner are formed as their hydrochloride salts, which are sometimes referred to as Pinner salts. Carboximidates are also formed as intermediates in the Mumm rearrangement and the Overman rearrangement.

Imidate/amidate anions
An amidate/imidate anion is formed upon deprotonation of an amide or imidic acid. Since amides and imidic acids are tautomers, they form the same anion upon deprotonation. The two names are thus synonyms describing the same anion, although arguably, imidate refers to the resonance contributor on the left, while amidate refers to the resonance contributor on the right. However, they are distinguished when they act as ligands for transition metals, with O-bound species referred to as imidates and N-bound species referred to as amidates. They can be considered aza-substituted analogues of enolates with the formula R-N=C(O−)R.

Reactions
Carboximidates are good electrophiles and undergo a range of addition reactions; with aliphatic imidates generally reacting faster than aromatic imidates. They can be hydrolyzed to give esters and by an analogous process react with amines (including ammonia) to form amidines. Aliphatic imidates react with an excess of alcohol under acid catalysis to form orthoesters RC(OR)3, aromatic imidates can also be converted but far less readily.

Chapman rearrangement
The Chapman rearrangement is the thermal conversion of aryl N-arylbenzimidates to the corresponding amides, via intramolecular migration of an aryl group from oxygen to nitrogen. It is named after Arthur William Chapman, who first described it, and is conceptually similar to the Newman–Kwart rearrangement.

As a protecting group

Carboximidates can act as protecting group for alcohols. For example, the base catalyzed reaction of benzyl alcohol upon trichloroacetonitrile yields a trichloroacetimidate. This species has orthogonal stability to acetate and TBS protections and may be cleaved by acid hydrolysis.

See also
 Amidines
 Esters
 Imidoyl chloride — the "acyl chloride" variant
 Oxazoline — the corresponding 5-membered heterocycle

References

 
Functional groups
Loehle Spad XIII. The Loehle SPAD XIII is an American single-seat ultralight aircraft scale replica of the First World War SPAD XIII fighter produced in kit form by Loehle Aircraft for amateur construction.

The aircraft meets the requirements of the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles regulations when equipped with a lightweight engine.

Design and development
The SPAD XIII is built predominantly from riveted aluminum tubing and stainless steel gussets and stamped aluminum wing ribs, all covered in doped aircraft fabric. The landing gear is of conventional configuration, with a tail skid. For scale requirements the cockpit is only  wide.

The standard engine recommended for the design is the out-of-production  Rotax 277, with the also out-of-production  Rotax 377 as an option. Other recommended engines include the  Rotax 447 and 2si powerplants, both also out of production. Kit options include brakes and a long-range fuel tank.

The initial aircraft in the line is a scale replica of the First World War SPAD XIII. The same basic airframe has been developed, though the use of different rudders, wingtips, cowlings and other minor cosmetic differences, into replicas of other First World War fighter aircraft.

Reviewer Andre Cliche says about the SPAD XIII, that it "looks like a museum piece. But imagine that you can fly this museum piece and feel what the WWI pilots felt when they flew their war machines."

Reviewers Roy Beisswenger and Marino Boric wrote in a 2015 review, "the kit is very complete and builder-friendly, leaving you only the fabric covering, the paintwork and the fitting of the engine and instruments before you take off for your dawn patrol."

Variants
SPAD XIII
Version as a replica of the SPAD XIII, with six flying by the end of 2011.
SE5a
Version as a replica of the SE5a, with seven flying by the end of 2011.
Fokker DVII
Version as a replica of the Fokker D.VII, with three flying by the end of 2011.

Specifications (SPAD XIII)

References

External links
Official website archived page on Archive.org

1990s United States ultralight aircraft
Spad
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Shockley–Ramo theorem. The Shockley–Ramo theorem is a method for calculating the electric current induced by a charge moving in the vicinity of an electrode. Previously named simply the "Ramo Theorem",
the modified name was introduced by D.S. McGregor et al. in 1998 

to recognize the contributions of both Shockley and Ramo to understanding the influence of mobile charges in a radiation detector. The theorem appeared in William Shockley's 1938 paper titled "Currents to Conductors Induced by a Moving Point Charge" and in Simon Ramo's 1939 paper titled "Currents Induced by Electron Motion".
It is based on the concept that the current induced in the electrode is due to the instantaneous change of electrostatic flux lines that end on the electrode, rather than the amount of charge received by the electrode per second (net charge flow rate).

The Shockley–Ramo theorem states that the instantaneous current  induced on a given electrode due to the motion of a charge is given by:

where

 is the charge of the particle;

 is its instantaneous velocity; and

 is the component of the electric field in the direction of  at the charge's instantaneous position, under the following conditions: charge removed, given electrode raised to unit potential, and all other conductors grounded.

The theorem has been applied to a wide variety of applications and fields, including semiconductor radiation detection, calculations of charge movement in proteins., or the detection of moving ions in vacuum for mass spectrometry or ion implantation.

References

External links
J. H. Jeans, "Electricity and Magnetism," page 160, Cambridge, London, English (1927) – Green's Theorem as Simon Ramo used it to derive his theorem.
 Introduction to Radiation Detectors and Electronics – Lecture Notes by Helmuth Spieler which briefly discuss Ramo's Theorem.

Electromagnetism
Eponymous theorems of physics
Friction surfacing. Friction surfacing is a process derived from friction welding where a coating material is applied to a substrate. A rod composed of the coating material (called a mechtrode) is rotated under pressure, generating a plasticised layer in the rod at the interface with the substrate. By moving a substrate across the face of the rotating rod a plasticised layer is deposited, typically between 0.2–2.5 millimetres (0.0079–0.0984 in) thick with steels on steels, depending on mechtrode diameter and coating material. The process can be used with various metals, including aluminium on to aluminium.

See also 
 Friction welding

References

Industrial processes
Coatings
Surface finishing
Thin film deposition
Linear vibration welding. In linear vibration welding the materials are placed in contact and put under pressure. An external vibration force is then applied to slip the pieces relative to each other, perpendicular to the pressure being applied. The parts are vibrated through a relatively small displacement known as the amplitude, typically between 1.0 and 1.8 mm, for a frequency of vibration of 200 Hz (high frequency), or 2–4 mm at 100 Hz (low frequency), in the plane of the joint. This technique is widely used in the automotive industry, among others. A minor modification is angular friction welding, which vibrates the materials by torquing them through a small angle.

See also 
Friction welding

References

Welding
Glossary of dyeing terms. This glossary contains terms specific to dyeing. For terms used in the creation or manufacturing of textiles, including spinning, knitting, weaving, and individual fabrics and finishing processes, see Glossary of textile manufacturing. For terms used in sewing and tailoring, see Glossary of sewing terms. For biological and medical applications of dyeing, see Staining and Biological Stain Commission.
Dyeing is the craft of imparting colors to textiles in loose fiber, yarn, cloth or garment form by treatment with a dye. Archaeologists have found evidence of textile dyeing with natural dyes dating back to the Neolithic period. In China, dyeing with plants, barks and insects has been traced back more than 5,000 years. Natural insect dyes such as Tyrian purple and kermes and plant-based dyes such as woad, indigo and madder were important elements of the economies of Asia and Europe until the discovery of man-made synthetic dyes in the mid-19th century. Synthetic dyes quickly superseded natural dyes for the large-scale commercial textile production enabled by the Industrial Revolution, but natural dyes remained in use by traditional cultures around the world.

A

B

C

D

F

G

I

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

W

Y

See also
 List of dyes

Notes

References
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Dyes
Dyeing
 dye
Wikipedia glossaries using description lists
Anders Warming. Anders Warming (born 1972) is a Danish automotive designer who is the Director of Design at Rolls-Royce. He started his new job in July 2021.
Formerly he has been the Chief Design Officer of Borgward. He was the chief of Design for the Mini division of BMW, but resigned in July 2016. Many 1st and 2nd Generation Mini owners disliked his styling approach for the third generation cars. The most often criticized design element was the front end, something many people called a 'fish mouth' due to its large oval grille and lip-like black plastic trim. Before working at Mini, he was the chief of exterior design for BMW from 2007 to the end of 2010. After leaving Mini, he joined Borgward and later started his own design firm. In 2020, he was invited to draw Hengchi 1,2 and 4, which the cars going to be produced next year. Hengchi is the brand of China Evergrande New Energy Vehicle Group Limited (a subsidiary of Evergrande Group)

Biography

Education and early career 
Warming studied at Art Centre College of Design Europe, Vevey, Switzerland and also the campus in Pasadena, California. He began his career at the BMW's DesignworksUSA studio in California in 1997.

Warming also had a short tenure at Volkswagen from 2003 to 2005.

He worked at various positions before returning to BMW headquarters in Munich in 2005.

Career 
Warming contributed to the exterior designs of the new second generation iteration of the BMW X3. He also was known for his designs on the new BMW 5 series, Z4, and the new 6 series.

He has worked under Chris Bangle when he was the chief of BMW car design and also worked under Bangle's successor Adrian van Hooydonk. In spring of 2011 Anders Warming became the Chief of Design at BMW Mini.

He then joined Borgward as Chief Design Officer.

As of May 2019, Anders Warming founded his own design studio, Warming Design, based in Munich, Germany.
In 2021 he was appointed as the Director of Design at Rolls-Royce [starting July 2021]. On 1 October 2024, he was appointed as the head of Designworks and BMW Group Advanced Design.

References

External links 
 BMW Designers  Anders Warming on an overview of automotive designers working for BMW.
https://warming-design.com - Warming Design

1972 births
Living people
BMW designers
Danish expatriates in Germany
ArtCenter College of Design alumni
Hamid Fazeli. Hamid Fazeli (Mohsen Kafi) is the fifth president of the Iranian Space Agency (ISA) to have been appointed since its establishment. He holds a Ph.D. degree in mechanics from the Sharif University of Technology in Tehran. He was president of the Iran Aerospace Research Institute (ARI) since February 2009 before his appointment as the president of ISA.

References

Living people
Administrators of the Iranian Space Agency
Sharif University of Technology alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Hertlein and Schlatter Silk Trimmings Factory. Hertlein and Schlatter Silk Trimmings Factory is a historic factory building located in the Mott Haven section of The Bronx, New York, New York. The original building was built in 1887 and expanded in 1892 and 1910–1911.  It is a five-story brick building, 14 bays long.  A six-story extension was built in 1904–1905.  It originally housed a silk trimming supplier.  After 1935, it housed the Hygrade Casket Corporation until about 1982.  The original building and extension remained vacant until restored during 1999-2000 for residential and commercial use.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.

References

Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in New York City
Industrial buildings completed in 1887
Buildings and structures in the Bronx
National Register of Historic Places in the Bronx
Silk production
Mott Haven, Bronx
Residential buildings in the Bronx
Defect concentration diagram. The defect concentration diagram (also problem concentration diagram) is a graphical tool that is useful in analyzing the causes of the product or part defects. It is a drawing of the product (or other item of interest), with all relevant views displayed, onto which the locations and frequencies of various defects are shown.

Usage 
Defect concentration diagram is used effectively in the following situations:
During data collection phase of problem identification.
Analyzing a part or assembly for possible defects.
Analyzing a product (or a part of a product) being manufactured with several defects.

Steps 
There are a number of steps that are needed to be follow when constructing the defect concentration diagram:
Define the fault or faults (or whatever) being investigated.
Make a map, drawing, or picture.
Mark on the diagram each time a fault (or whatever) occurs and where it occurs.
After a sufficient period of time, analyze it to identify where the faults occur.

References

Industrial engineering
Quality control tools
Statistical charts and diagrams
DTE (direct to edit). DTE (direct to edit) is a digital video direct-to-disk recording method (and also refers to the associated equipment) used to streamline the post-production video editing workflow of raw video files into a non-linear editing system (NLE).  Recent developments have added solid-state memory recording units with removable modules or flash-cards, to avoid potential hard-drive problems.

See also
 Computer file
 Data storage device
 Digital video recorder (DVR)
 Flash memory
 Hard disk drive (HDD)
 Non-linear editing system (NLE)
 Professional video camera
 Tapeless camcorder
 Video editing software
 Video server

References

Digital video recorders
Recording devices
Television terminology
Carlson Sparrow. The Carlson Sparrow is a family of American, high wing, strut-braced, single engine, ultralight aircraft that was designed by Ernst W. Carlson and produced by Carlson Aircraft of East Palestine, Ohio and later Skyline Technologies of Salem, Ohio for amateur construction.

Design and development
First flown in 1987, the original Sparrow Ultralight is a single seater designed as an FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles compliant aircraft with an empty weight within that category's  empty weight limit, when equipped with a light enough engine. The Sparrow can also be built in the US homebuilt and light-sport aircraft categories.

The aircraft has a 4130 steel tube frame fuselage and a wing constructed with dual aluminium I-beam spars, with stamped aluminum wing ribs, all covered in doped fabric. The wings are supported by V-struts and jury struts. The landing gear is bungee suspended. The Sparrow has a fully enclosed cockpit design, allowing flying in cooler weather. The Sparrow was available as a kit that includes a pre-welded fuselage and quick-build wings. The power range is  and the original standard engine specified was the  Rotax 277 with the  Rotax 503 as an option, although the additional weight puts the aircraft in the US homebuilt category. Other lightweight engines employed include the  Zenoah G-25 and the  2si 215.

The Sparrow can be equipped with skis for winter operations. Construction times from the kit are reported to be 400–500 hours.

The design was named Grand Champion at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh upon its introduction in 1987.

Variants
Sparrow Ultralight
Original single seat, high wing, US FAR Part 103 ultralight, with tricycle or conventional landing gear, powered by a  Rotax 277 or homebuilt aircraft powered by  Rotax 503 engine. About 100 were reported flying in 2001. Production completed.
Sparrow II
Two seat side-by-side seating, high wing, US homebuilt development of the single seat Sparrow UL, with tricycle gear and an optional folding wing for transport or storage, powered by a  Rotax 582. Empty weight of  and gross weight . 60 were reported flying in 2004. Production completed.
Sparrow Sport Special
Single seat, high wing, US homebuilt, with conventional landing gear, powered by a  Rotax 503. Empty weight of  and gross weight . 37 were reported flying in 2007. Production completed.
Sparrow II XTC
Two seat side-by-side seating with dual controls, high wing, US homebuilt, higher-powered development of the Sparrow II, with tricycle gear, powered by an  Subaru EA-81,  Continental C-85 or  Rotax 912UL. The fastest Sparrow with a cruise of . Empty weight of  and gross weight . 34 were reported flying in 2007. Production completed.

Specifications (Sparrow Ultralight)

See also

References

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Light-sport aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1987
Single-engined piston aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Eames Aluminum Group. The Eames Aluminum Group series is a line of furniture designed by the office of Charles and Ray Eames for Herman Miller in 1958. It is an icon of office furniture and a "high-status symbol of modern design".

History 
The chair was originally commissioned as outdoor seating for the home of J. Irwin Miller (founder of Cummins Engines) by Eero Saarinen and Alexander Girard. The original design featured a woven suspension back and seat stretched between aluminum ribs. The aluminum elements are produced by sand casting.

It was designed by Charles Eames, Ray Eames, and Don Albinson; Charles and Don patented the design and innovative construction. Robert Staples also worked on it. Although it was originally called the "Indoor-Outdoor Group", it did not succeed as outdoor furniture, and by 1959, Herman Miller had renamed it the Eames Aluminum Group.

The chair has been in production by Herman Miller since its inception in 1958, although details have changed over time. The original seat material was a mesh, which was quickly discontinued, with the most iconic version being black leather. In 1969, the Eames added a "Soft Pad" version with cushions. In 2001, a version with "Cygnus" mesh (similar to the Aeron chair's Pellicle) was introduced. The pedestal base design has had several variants: 4 legs with floor glides, redesigned 4 legs with glides or castors; 5 legs with glides or casters. The current workplace versions use the 5-leg configuration.

The soft pad variant with detachable arms is used by contestants on the British quiz show Mastermind.

Variants 
, it is produced in multiple formats: the management chair (34–37" high), the side chair (same but no arms, originally designed as a dining chair), the executive chair (42–45"), and the lounge chair (39", originally with or without arms) and ottoman.

References

External links
Eames Office - vintage
Eames Aluminum Group Brochure, Herman Miller, 1959

Chairs
Works by Charles and Ray Eames
Individual models of furniture
Colorado Division of Water Resources. The Colorado Division of Water Resources, also known as the Office of the State Engineer, administers water resources in the American state of Colorado. Part of the Department of Natural Resources, the agency is headed by the State Engineer.

Mission

According to their mission statement, the agency

 administers water rights, issues water well permits, represents Colorado in interstate water compact proceedings, monitors streamflow and water use, approves construction and repair of dams and performs dam safety inspections, issues licenses for well drillers and assures the safe and proper construction of water wells, and maintains numerous databases of Colorado water information.

See also

 Colorado Department of Natural Resources
 Colorado Water Conservation Board
 Colorado Water Quality Control Division
 Colorado Water Trust
 Colorado Water Courts
 Water in Colorado

References

External links
 
 Colorado Surface Water Conditions, official site

Water in Colorado
State agencies of Colorado
Nuri Demirağ Nu D.38. The Nuri Demirağ Nu.D.38 was a Turkish light civil transport, with twin engines and seating for four passengers, built in the early 1940s.  Only one was constructed and flown.

Design and development
Design work on the Nu.D.38 twin engine light transport began about 1936 and the aircraft was largely completed by 1941, but the first flight was delayed until 1944. Turkey remained neutral through most of World War II, only entering the war in 1945, after the first flight.

The Nu.D.38, manufactured by Nuri Demirağ in Istanbul, was a high cantilever wing aircraft.  The wing, of tapered plan and all aluminium alloy stressed skin construction had a built up main spar and a secondary spar.  There were pairs of split flaps inboard of the fabric covered ailerons. The fixed surfaces of the tail unit were also aluminium alloy structures with stressed metal skin. The tailplane, set at the top of the fuselage, was strut-braced from below.  Control surfaces were fabric covered, with trim tabs.

The fuselage of the Nu.D.38 was an oval cross-section aluminium alloy monocoque, with stressed skin over frames and longitudinal stringers.  The crew sat side by side at dual controls in a cabin with side access doors.  The passenger compartment seated four, each with their own window, and was accessed through a starboard side door.  There was a compartment for luggage or mail in the nose.

The Nu.D.38 was powered by two 160 hp (120 kW) Bramo Sh 14-A4 radial engines, mounted to the main wing spar on steel frames.  It had a fixed, conventional undercarriage.  A main shock absorber leg was attached to each of the steel engine frames, braced rearwards by a short auxiliary strut.  Legs and wheels were enclosed in fairings.

Operational history
The Nu.D.38 was first flown on 11 February 1944.  No further aircraft were produced.

Specifications

See also

References

1940s Turkish civil aircraft
Nu D.38
High-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1944
Systematic layout planning. The systematic layout planning (SLP) - also referred to as site layout planning - is a tool used to arrange a workplace in a plant by locating areas with high frequency and logical relationships close to each other. The process permits the quickest material flow in processing the product at the lowest cost and least amount of handling. It is used in construction projects to optimize the location of temporary facilities (such as engineers' caravans, material storage, generators, etc.) during construction to minimize transportation, minimize cost, minimize travel time, and enhance safety.

Levels of plant layout design 
There are four levels of detail in plant layout design,
Site layout: shows how the building should be located in a proper way.
Block layout: shows the sizes of departments in the buildings.
Detailed layout: shows the arrangements of equipment and workstations in the departments.
Workstation layout: shows the locations of every part of the workstation.

References

Industrial engineering