omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bentley Hunaudières. The Bentley Hunaudières is a concept car built by Bentley for the 1999 Geneva Salon International de l'Auto. It is powered by a Volkswagen 8.0-litre, naturally aspirated, WR16 engine adapted and modified by Bentley to generate  of power at 6,000 rpm and  of torque at 4,000 rpm in conjunction with a five-speed manual transmission. It is capable of a  top speed.

Name
The Hunaudières' name pays homage to the famous straight of Circuit de la Sarthe where Sir Tim Birkin in a "Blower Bentley" overtook Rudolf Caracciola in a Mercedes-Benz SSK at  with one wheel on the grass down the Hunaudières straight.

Production
The concept, along with the similar Audi Rosemeyer, led to the production of the Bugatti Veyron by parent company Volkswagen.

Video game
The Bentley Hunaudières was featured in the 2000 video game TOCA World Touring Cars as an unlockable car.

References

Sports cars
Hunaudières
Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Tribute (ticket). Tribute is one of the older generations of ticket issuing systems introduced to ticket offices by British Rail during the mid-1990s, prior to the privatisation of the network. PC-based, it is one of several systems trialled with the aim of replacing the aging APTIS system. The original systems was developed by British Rail Business Systems, and was first installed at London St Pancras on 21 January 1994. By April 2005, around 250 terminals were in use Following privatisation, development and support was provided to the train operating companies (TOCs) by SchlumbergerSema, until they were bought by Atos in 2004.

Since the system was launched the software has undergone several major updates – release version 15  was use in ticket offices.

Today the Tribute software is owned by Atos. Development is guided by representatives from a number of TOCs, and several industry call centres. Development and systems integration work is undertaken by Atos.

References

Further reading

External links
Tribute Ltd 
Atos Origin Transport Division

Fare collection systems in the United Kingdom
EKR (missile). The EKR (Eksperimentalnaya Krylataya Raketa, or experimental winged rocket) was a Soviet intermediate range cruise missile designed by the Korolev design bureau based on B. Chertok's elaboration of the German R-15 cruise missile design.

History
By 1951 - 1953 the Korolev bureau had prepared an experimental design, incorporating a  prototype astronavigation system. In 1953 an expert commission examined the design and felt that there were still many technical problems needing to be solved, which would be better handled by an aircraft designer rather than Korolev. Additionally, Korolev's chief priority was the development of the R-7 ICBM. In 1954 a government decree authorised the Lavochkin and Myasishchev aircraft design bureaus to proceed in parallel with full-scale development of trisonic intercontinental cruise missiles.

Design
The EKR as designed by Korolev would have been a Mach 3 ramjet, accelerated to supersonic cruise speed by an R-11 rocket booster. Smaller than the missile proposed by the Germans, it would have had a range of 730 km with a flight time of 927 seconds, a lift to drag ratio of 2.51, and a wing area of 3.31 m².

Specifications

General characteristics
Function: Nuclear cruise missile
Launch mass: 7,874 kg (17,359 lb)
Total length: 21.00 m (68.00 ft)
Launch platform: Launch pad
Status: Canceled

Launch booster (stage 1)
Function: Launch booster
Engine: S2.253 rocket engine
Length: 8.29 m (27.19 ft)
Diameter: 0.88 m (2.88 ft)
Thrust: 107.333 kN (24,129 lbf)
Oxidizer: LOx
Combustible: Kerosene

Cruise missile (stage 2)
Engine: 1× EKR ramjet
Speed : Mach 3
Range: 730 km
Flight altitude: 
Warhead: 200 kg (440 lb)
Length: 9.43 m (30.95 ft)
Diameter: 0.65 m (2.13 ft)
Wing span: 2.02 m (6.62 ft)
Wing area: 3.31 m²

References

Cruise missiles of the Cold War
Cold War guided missiles of the Soviet Union
Cruise missiles of the Soviet Union
Ramjet-powered missiles
Orcinol. Orcinol is an organic compound with the formula CH3C6H3(OH)2. It occurs in many species of lichens including Roccella tinctoria and Lecanora. Orcinol has been detected in the "toxic glue" of the ant species Camponotus saundersi. It is a colorless solid. It is related to resorcinol, 1,3-C6H4(OH)2.

Synthesis and reactions
Orcinol was first prepared by dehydroacetic acid, a conversion that involved ring-opening of the pyrone to a triketone.  This early experiment helped establish the rich condensation chemistry of polyketides.
It can be obtained by fusing extract of aloes with potash, followed by acidification. 

It undergoes O-methylation with dimethylsulfate.

It is used in the production of the dye orcein and as a reagent in some chemical tests for pentoses, such as Bial's Test. It may be synthesized from toluene; more interesting is its production when acetone dicarboxylic ester is condensed with the aid of sodium. It crystallizes in colorless prisms with one molecule of water, which redden on exposure to air. Ferric chloride gives a bluish-violet coloration with the aqueous solution. Unlike resorcinol it does not give a fluorescein with phthalic anhydride. Oxidation of the ammoniacal solution gives orcein, C28H24N2O7, the chief constituent of the natural dye archil. 4-Methylcatechol is an isomer, found as its methyl ether (creosol) in beech-wood tar.

Production from shale oil 
Orcinol is also found in shale oil produced from Kukersite oil shale. It is the main water-soluble phenol in the oil, and has been extracted and refined industrially by Viru Keemia Grupp.

See also 
 Orcinol 2-monooxygenase
 Orsellinate decarboxylase

References 

Alkylresorcinols
Lichen products
Albert Fonó. Albert Fonó (born 2 July 1881 in Budapest, d. 21 November 1972 in Budapest), a Hungarian mechanical engineer who was one of the early pioneers of turbojet and ramjet propulsion and was first to patent a ramjet engine and a turbojet engine in 1928 (granted in 1932).

Fonó graduated from the József Technical University in Budapest in 1903 and travelled widely, gaining experience working for German, Belgian, French and Swiss manufacturers, before attaining his Ph.D.

His main specialty was energetics. He had 46 patents in 20 topics of research, including a steam boiler and an air compressor for mines. In 1915 he devised a solution for increasing the range of artillery, comprising a gun-launched projectile combined with a ramjet propulsion unit. This was to make it possible to obtain a long range with low initial muzzle velocities, allowing heavy shells to be fired from relatively lightweight guns. Fonó submitted his invention to the Austro-Hungarian Army but the proposal was rejected.
He summarised the essence of his innovation for the military officers: "The projectile stores chemical energy in the fuel it carries, instead of simple kinetic energy. On the way, the fuel is burned by the air flowing against it, the heat generated being converted into work, overcoming the air resistance. This not only overcomes the resistance but also allows the flying projectile to accelerate during the flight. It becomes possible to achieve a long range at a relatively low initial velocity and a high impact energy at the point of impact."

After World War I Fonó returned to the subject of jet propulsion, in May 1928 describing an "air-jet engine" (now called a ramjet) which he described as being suitable for high-altitude supersonic aircraft, in a German patent application. In an additional patent application he adapted the engine for subsonic speed. The patent was finally granted in 1932 after four years of examination (German Patent No. 554,906, 1932-11-02).

From 1954 he was a corresponding member of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences and received the Hungarian Kossuth Prize in 1956 (awarded for outstanding merit in the cultural and artistic fields). In 1968 he became a corresponding member of the International Academy of Astronautics. Finally, in 1960, the American Rocket Society reviewed his patents and acknowledged him as the inventor of the jet engine.

He is remembered by the Albert Fonó Award, which is awarded by the Hungarian Astronautical Society.

Notes

References

External links
 http://www.mszh.hu/feltalalok/fono.html  - biography on the Hungarian Patent Office's website (in Hungarian).
 https://www.sztnh.gov.hu/en/hungarian-inventors-and-inventions/albert-fono - a briefer version of the above, in English.

1881 births
1972 deaths
20th-century Hungarian inventors
Engineers from Budapest
Jet engine pioneers
Members of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Ramjet engines
Roland Falk. Wing Commander Roland "Roly" John Falk OBE AFC* (1915 - 1985) was a British test pilot noted for being at the controls on the maiden flight of the British V bomber, the Avro Vulcan. Falk typically flew dressed in pin stripe suit and tie.

Early life
Falk was born in London in 1915, the second son of Diana Gwendoline Edith Cecil (née Stracey) and Oswald Toynbee Falk, and he was educated at Stowe School and the de Havilland Technical School. After gaining his pilot's licence he flew in both the Abyssinian War and the Spanish Civil War for the press. In 1937 he flew a newspaper service from London to Paris and then joined the Air Registration Board as a test pilot.

Wartime service
Falk had been a member of the Reserve of Air Force Officers since 1935 and at the start of the Second World War in 1939 he joined the Royal Air Force. By 1943 he was chief test pilot at the Royal Aircraft Establishment Farnborough. At Farnborough he flew and tested captured German aircraft as well as carrying out operational flights with night fighter squadrons. For his service he was awarded the Air Force Cross twice, described as the Air Force Cross and bar.

Delta-wing testing
At the end of the war in 1946 he joined Vickers-Armstrongs as Chief Experimental Test Pilot but was seriously injured in an accident at Wisley airfield while testing new reverse pitch propellers on Vickers Wellington X LN817. Falk recovered and became Chief Test Pilot with A V Roe in 1950. He soon embarked on one of the most important jobs of his career, test flying the Avro 707. The Avro 707 was an experimental delta-winged aircraft to gain experience for the design of the Avro Vulcan bomber, Falk's experience flying the German Messerschmitt Me 163 came in handy in what was seen as advanced and dangerous test flying. After testing the Avro 707, Falk made the first flight of the prototype Vulcan from Woodford Aerodrome on 30 August 1952.

Falk demonstrated the Vulcan on several occasions and designed much of the cockpit layout. During the 1955 Farnborough Airshow he barrel-rolled a Vulcan at the top of the post-take-off climb; although safe, he was rebuked for this manoeuvre by the organisers, but only because performing aerobatics in an aircraft weighing 69 tons and with a 99-foot wingspan was "not the done thing"!

He was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1952.

Later life
Falk retired from Avro in 1958 and became a sales representative for Hawker Siddeley. until he set up his own aircraft business in Jersey.

He had married the daughter of former Avro test pilot Sydney "Bill" Thorn. The couple had two children.

Falk died in Jersey on 23 February 1985, at the age of 69.

Notes and references

External links
 Roly Falk biography
 

1915 births
1985 deaths
English test pilots
Royal Air Force officers
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
People educated at Stowe School
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Military personnel from London
Recipients of the Air Force Cross (United Kingdom)
English aviators
Ibis Dam. Ibis Dam is a dam built in 1906 on Ibis Creek that serves as a water supply for the town of Irvinebank, Far North Queensland, Australia. It has a spillway height of . Established by John Moffat, a mining entrepreneur, its construction was supervised by Tom Brodie, a Scottish stonemason. It is located about  south of Irvinebank and has been providing water since its construction.

A structural investigation was initiated in 2010 on behalf of its owner, the State Government of Queensland by the Department of Environment and Resource Management. This investigation uncovered significant structural concerns with the dam after many long-held assumptions about its initial construction were found to be untrue. After 12 months of negotiations at State level, a proposal was submitted to Tablelands Regional Council to take on ownership of the dam subsequent to a State-funded upgrade. The State's alternative to this option was to decommission the dam. In January 2012 Tablelands Regional Council decided to take on ownership of the Dam and the State began preparations for its upgrade. As of December 2012 upgrade works are ongoing

See also

List of dams and reservoirs in Australia

References

Reservoirs in Queensland
Buildings and structures in Far North Queensland
Dams completed in 1906
Dams in Queensland
1906 establishments in Australia
Showa Corporation. Showa is a brand of high-performance automotive, motorcycle and outboard suspension systems of Hitachi Astemo, based in Gyoda, Saitama in Japan.

The company was founded in 1938 as Showa Aircraft Precision Works. In Japan's drive to develop its military capability in preparation for World War II, Showa supplied aircraft suspension and landing systems to various aircraft manufacturers. Banned from developing or manufacturing aircraft systems after the war, Showa entered the car components industry, using its aircraft knowledge to develop specialist suspension products for motorcycles made by the new company Honda. The relationship between Showa and Honda developed over the years, with Honda Racing Corporation accounting for more than 50% of Showa's business.

In 1950 Showa acquired Rikuo Motorcycle, which made licensed versions of Harley Davidson motorcycles in the 1930s and 1940s. Rikuo brand lasted until 1962. Showa has since become OEM supplier to Harley Davidson.

Showa has overseas facilities in Brazil, Canada, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States and Vietnam.

Showa was an official IndyCar Series dampers, springs and shock absorber supplier from 2007 to 2011 alongside Penske Racing Shocks which only supplying shocks for Team Penske. Showa remained IndyCar Series shock absorber supplier since 2012 but only for Honda-powered teams.

In October 2019, Showa began to be merged into Hitachi Automotive Systems as their supplier of steering and suspension components, along with Keihin and Nissin Kogyo, also partners of both Honda and Hitachi. The merger was completed in January 2021, with the resulting parts supplier known as Hitachi Astemo (Japanese). The Showa brand continues to be used within this structure.

See also

Shock absorber
Motorcycle suspension
Motorcycle fork
Showa Aircraft Industry

References

External links
Official site

Auto parts suppliers of Japan
Companies formerly listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Companies based in Saitama Prefecture
Manufacturing companies established in 1938
Japanese brands
Motorcycle parts manufacturers
Japanese companies established in 1938
2021 mergers and acquisitions
Hitachi subsidiaries
List of power stations in Wisconsin. This is a list of electricity-generating power stations in the U.S. state of Wisconsin, sorted by type and name. In 2019, Wisconsin had a total summer capacity of 15,312 MW through all of its power plants, and a net generation of 66,774 GWh. The corresponding electrical energy generation mix in 2021 was 41.8% coal, 33.8% natural gas, 15.2% nuclear, 3.8% hydroelectric, 2.5% wind, 1.7% biomass (including refuse-derived fuel), solar (0.9%), and petroleum (0.3%).

The Fox River powered the world's first commercial hydroelectric central power station, the Vulcan Street Plant, during 1882 to 1891. An exact replica of the plant, designated as a National Historic Engineering Landmark, is located near the original site in Appleton. Wisconsin also has the nation's oldest (since 1891) continuously operating hydroelectric facility, in Whiting, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

During the first half of the 20th century, Wisconsin's utility companies pioneered efficiency improvements for coal-fired electricity generation at the former East Wells (Onieda) Street Power Plant, and former Port Washington Power Plant. Nuclear power has generated Wisconsin's largest share of carbon-free electrical energy since 1970. Natural gas generation has nearly quadrupled over the past decade to replace retiring facilities and satisfy rising demand.

Nuclear power stations

Retired facilities:
 Kewaunee Nuclear Generating Station - 556 MW: operated 1974-2013
 La Crosse Boiling Water Reactor - 50 MW: operated 1969-1987

Fossil-fuel power stations

Data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration serves as a general reference.

Coal-fired

Natural gas-fired

Petroleum-fired

Renewable power stations

Data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration serves as a general reference. Renew Wisconsin maintains additional data on the state's renewable generation resources.

Biomass and refuse

Hydroelectric

WE Energies operates 13 hydro facilities, totaling 89 MW.
Alliant Energy operates two hydro facilities, maxing out at 31 MW.

Wind

Solar

References

External links

Wisconsin Electricity Profile 2022
State Energy Profile (2010)

Wisconsin
 
Lists of buildings and structures in Wisconsin
Tick–tock model. Tick–tock was a production model adopted in 2007 by chip manufacturer Intel. Under this model, every new process technology was first used to manufacture a die shrink of a proven microarchitecture (tick), followed by a new microarchitecture on the now-proven process (tock). It was replaced by the process–architecture–optimization model, which was announced in 2016 and is like a tick–tock cycle followed by an optimization phase. More generally, tick–tock is an engineering model which refreshes one half of a binary system each release cycle.

History
Every "tick" represented a shrinking of the process technology of the previous microarchitecture (with minor changes, commonly to the caches, and rarely introducing new instructions, as with Broadwell in late 2014) and every "tock" designated a new microarchitecture.  These occurred roughly every year to 18 months.

Due to the slowing rate of process improvements, in 2014 Intel created a "tock refresh" of a tock in the form of a smaller update to the microarchitecture not considered a new generation in and of itself.  In March 2016, Intel announced in a Form 10-K report that it would always do this in future, deprecating the tick–tock cycle in favor of a three-step process–architecture–optimization model, under which three generations of processors are produced under a single manufacturing process, with the third generation out of three focusing on optimization.

After introducing the Skylake architecture on a 14 nm process in 2015, its first optimization was Kaby Lake in 2016. Intel then announced a second optimization, Coffee Lake, in 2017 making a total of four generations at 14 nm before the Palm Cove die shrink to 10 nm in 2018.

Roadmap

Pentium 4 / Core / Xeon roadmap

Atom roadmap

With Silvermont Intel tried to start Tick-Tock in Atom architecture but problems with the 10 nm process did not allow to do this. In the table below instead of Tick-Tock steps Process-Architecture-Optimization are used. There is no official confirmation that Intel uses Process-Architecture-Optimization for Atom but it allows us to understand what changes happened in each generation.

Note: There is further the Xeon Phi. It has up to now undergone four development steps with a current top model that got the code name Knights Landing (shortcut: KNL; the predecessor code names all had the leading term Knights in their name) that is derived from the Silvermont architecture as used for the Intel Atom series but realized in a shrunk 14 nm (FinFET) technology. In 2018, Intel announced that Knights Landing and all further Xeon Phi CPU models were discontinued. However, Intel's Sierra Forest and subsequent Atom-based Xeon CPUs are likely a spiritual successor to Xeon Phi.

Both

See also

 List of Intel CPU microarchitectures
 Speculative execution CPU vulnerabilities

References

External links
 
 Intel Tick–Tock Model at IDF 2009, Anandtech.com
 

Intel x86 microprocessors
Technology strategy
Intel microarchitectures
X86 microarchitectures

fr:Intel#Stratégies tic-tac et processus-architecture-optimisation
Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute. The Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute () is a Korean government-funded research institution in Daedeok Science Town in Daejeon, South Korea.

Overview

Established in 1976, ETRI is a non-profit government-funded research institute. In the 1980s, ETRI developed TDX (Time Division Exchange) and 4M DRAM (Dynamic Random Access Memory). In the 1990s, ETRI commercialized Code-division multiple access. In the 2000s, ETRI developed Terrestrial DMB, WiBro, and 4G LTE Advanced,  for mobile communications.

ETRI is one of the leading research institutes in the wireless communication domain with more than 2,500 patents filed.

ETRI developed ship-area network technology, portable automatic language interpretation, and automated valet parking technology.
As of December 14, 2015, ETRI had about 2,000 employees of which about 1,800 are researchers.

Chronology

References

External links 

ETRI Webzine
ETRI Journal

Organizations based in Daejeon
Research institutes established in 1976
Research institutes in South Korea
1976 establishments in South Korea
Urban Air. Urban Air was an aircraft manufacturer based in the Czech Republic.

The company was a manufacturer of light sport and ultralight aircraft and employed 40 people. The company was founded in 1998 by five partners. Their first prototype made its inaugural flight in May 1996, thus pre-dating the company by two years. It had been in the design and production stages since 1992, when Pavel Urban, Karel Faltus, and Ing. Miloš Mládek started design. They were also assisted by Schempp-Hirth.

Production of the company's designs was taken up by Distar Air of Ústí nad Orlicí, Czech Republic.

Aircraft 
Urban Air designed and built two aircraft types, the Lambada and the Samba. Both can be equipped with a tow hook to tow gliders aloft. In addition, parachute recovery systems are an option. The aircraft are made of fiberglass and carbon fiber composite materials. They are designed so as to be quickly disassembled and trailered for ground transport.

Lambada
The Lambada, officially called the UFM 13 Lambada, was the company's first airplane. It had been in design stages since 1992, and the prototype's first flight was on 23 May 1996. The design was based on that of gliders so as to enhance performance. The aircraft comes with wing extenders that increase the wingspan to 15 meters. It also has flaps and spoilers.  It is a single-engine, taildragger monoplane.

Samba
The Samba was the company's second aircraft. It took off on its first test flight in June 1999. It is made primarily of carbon laminate.  The Samba is, like the Lambada, a single-engine monoplane, but has tricycle gear instead of the traditional taildragger gear. An improved version, the Samba XXL has been in production since 2004.

See also
Light aircraft manufacturers in the Czech Republic

References 
Notes

Bibliography

External links 

 Official website archives on Archive.org

Aircraft manufacturers of the Czech Republic and Czechoslovakia
Manufacturing companies established in 1998
Czech companies established in 1998
Defunct manufacturing companies of the Czech Republic