omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Solarization (physics). Solarization refers to a phenomenon in physics where a material undergoes a temporary change in color after being subjected to high-energy electromagnetic radiation, such as ultraviolet light or X-rays. Clear glass and many plastics will turn amber, green or other colors when subjected to X-radiation, and glass may turn blue after long-term solar exposure in the desert. It is believed that solarization is caused by the formation of internal defects, called color centers, which selectively absorb portions of the visible light spectrum. In glass, color center absorption can often be reversed by heating the glass to high temperatures (a process called thermal bleaching) to restore the glass to its initial transparent state. Solarization may also permanently degrade a material's physical or mechanical properties, and is one of the mechanisms involved in the breakdown of plastics within the environment.

Examples 
In the field of clinical imaging, with sufficient exposure, solarization of certain screen-film systems can occur which obscures details within the X-ray image and degrades the accuracy of the diagnosis. Even though degradation can occur this was found to be a rare phenomenon.

See also 
Photodegradation
Solarized architectural glass

Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
Chromism
Ropeway. Ropeway may refer to:

Cable transport
 Cableway, or cable transport, a broad class of transport modes that have cables
 Aerial lift, a means of cable transport in which cabins, cars, gondolas, or open chairs are hauled above the ground by means of one or more cables
 Aerial tramway, a type of aerial lift in which cabins shuttle back and forth on cables
 Gondola lift, a type of aerial lift with continuously circulating cable and multiple gondola cabins
 Ropeway conveyor, a subtype of aerial lift, from which containers for goods rather than passenger cars are suspended

Other use
 Ropeway (sailing), a form of naval lifting device used to transport light stores and equipment across rivers or ravines; see Gyn
Ganister. A ganister (or sometimes gannister ) is hard, fine-grained quartzose sandstone, or orthoquartzite, used in the manufacture of silica brick typically used to line furnaces. Ganisters are cemented with secondary silica and typically have a characteristic splintery fracture.

Cornish miners originally coined this term for hard, chemically and physically inert silica-cemented quartzose sandstones, commonly, but not always found as seatearths within English Carboniferous coal measures. This term is now used for similar quartzose sandstones found typically as seatearths in the Carboniferous coal measures of Nova Scotia, the United States, and the Triassic coal-bearing strata of the Sydney Basin in Australia.

Where a ganister underlies coal as a seatearth, it typically is penetrated by numerous root traces. These root traces typically consist of carbonaceous material. Ganisters that contain an abundance of fossil roots, which appear as fine carbonaceous, pencil-like streaks or markings, are called “pencil ganisters”. In other cases, the root traces consist of fine, branching nodules, called “rhizoliths”, which formed around the roots before they decayed.

From detailed studies of ganisters, geologists have concluded that the typical ganister is the silicified surface horizon, i.e. E horizon, of a buried soil, called “paleosol”, developed in sandy sediments. These and other studies have found ganisters to contain abundant evidence of having once been the upper horizon of a soil, which has developed in loamy or sandy sediments. The evidence includes some combination of carbonized roots and rootlets, rhizoliths, illuvial clay cutans, silcrete-like silica cements, and the leaching and alteration of the sandy sediments by weathering and plants. These studies argue that the destruction of easily weathered minerals, i.e. feldspar, within the surface horizon of a soil by soil-forming processes is what creates the quartz-rich nature of ganisters. The silica-cementation that creates a ganister typically results from dissolution of plant opal within a soil profile and its redeposition as silica cement within it. The formation of ganisters have been observed within modern soils, such as in the Okavango Delta of Botswana.

Bessemer converters 
An important industrial use of ganister was as the mouldable monolithic refractory lining or brick lining for the acid Bessemer converter, a steel-making process developed in 1856 in Sheffield, England. The process could not initially be used successfully by steelworks other than Bessemer's though, owing to its need for a low phosphorus iron ore. This led to the development of the basic Bessemer or Gilchrist–Thomas process, which used a calcined dolomite lining instead of the siliceous ganister. This alkaline lining with a lime flux reacted with the molten iron to form a slag that removed the phosphorus impurities.

References

Sandstone
Sedimentary rocks
James Anderson (mechanical engineer). James Edward Anderson, CBE (3 April 1871 – 15 January 1945) was a mechanical engineer of the Midland Railway and later the London, Midland and Scottish Railway and had a great influence on the latter's adoption of the former's conservative locomotive policies.

Career 
Born in 1871, Anderson served an apprenticeship with the Great North of Scotland Railway (GNoSR).  He worked for Sharp, Stewart and Company, Dübs and Company and the Glasgow and South Western Railway (GSWR), before becoming Assistant Chief Draughtsmant of Robert Stephenson Ltd of Darlington.

Midland railway
In April 1903, Anderson moved to the Midland Railway (MR) at Derby as a draughtsman.  He replaced J.W. Smith when Smith left for Great Central Railway, and was also given responsibility for the Locomotive Works in the absence of Henry Fowler.

During Anderson's time at Derby, he helped design the 990 Class 4-4-0. Superheating was introduced on the Class 4F 0-6-0 and to the rebuilt Class 2P 4-4-0.  A large 2-8-0 for the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway and the Lickey Banker 0-10-0 for the Lickey Incline.  These departed from the Midland's small engine policy.

Anderson was acting chief mechanical engineer between 1915 and 1919 when Fowler was away on war work.  Anderson himself was appointed a CBE in March 1920 for his own war work.

LMS railway
When the Midland was grouped into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) in 1923, Anderson was appointed Chief Motive Power Superintendent of the new Group.  As such, he and Fowler were able to influence the LMS to follow Midland practice in locomotive affairs rather than that of the London and North Western Railway (LNWR), or indeed that of any other constituent.  Generally, this included the use of standard small axle bearings and short travel valves that resulted in hot axle boxes and inefficiency respectively, and which ran counter to steam locomotive developments being pursued by the other three "Big Four" railway companies in the 1920s.

Anderson retired in 1932. A year later, William Stanier arrived from the Great Western Railway with a particular remit (from the President of the LMS, Sir Josiah Stamp) to reform the Motive Power department of the LMS.

Retirement
Anderson retired in 1932 to Ayr. He died in 1945.

References

Midland Railway people
1871 births
1945 deaths
Scottish railway mechanical engineers
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Scottish mechanical engineers
NLB. NLB may refer to:

Nanotechnology Law & Business, a journal devoted to the legal, business, and policy aspects of nanotechnology
National Labor Board (1933–1934), a former agency of the US government
National League B, former name of the Swiss League, the second highest ice hockey league in Switzerland
National Library Board of Singapore
National Library for the Blind of the United Kingdom
Nationalliga B, former name of the Swiss Challenge League, the second highest football league in Switzerland
Negro league baseball (1885—1960), American baseball leagues with African-American players
Network Load Balancing, a technique for dividing computer network traffic among multiple network connections
New Lantao Bus, a bus service operator on Lantau Island, Hong Kong
New Left Books, former name of Verso Books, the book publishing arm of the New Left Review
NLB League, former name (2006—2011) of the ABA League (Adriatic League), a basketball league of teams from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia
Norbert Leo Butz (born 1967), American musical theater actor
Northern Lighthouse Board, organisation responsible for marine navigation aids in Scotland and the Isle of Man
Nova Ljubljanska banka, the largest bank in Slovenia
Boris Smeds. Boris Smeds (born 16 October 1944) is a Swedish radio engineer and European Space Agency employee, noted for detecting a flaw in Cassini-Huygens space mission.

Smeds was born in Uppsala and received his Licentiate in Technology from the Department of Electrical Measurements at the Lund University  Faculty of Engineering in 1972. He has spent most of his working life working for the European Space Agency in Darmstadt, Germany.

In 2000 Smeds and other ESA engineers questioned the sufficiency of the previous testing of the Alenia Spazio-built communication system on Cassini, and Smeds and his colleague Claudio Sollazzo travelled to the Mojave desert for additional tests, discovering that the design of the receiver on the Cassini orbiter had not taken into account the Doppler shifting of the signals from the Huygens probe. The results led to a change in the trajectory of Cassini to work around the problem.

A story on Smeds, published in the IEEE Spectrum in October 2004, called him an "unsung hero".

See also
Cassini-Huygens
Huygens probe

External links
IEEE Spectrum: "Titan Calling: How a Swedish engineer saved a once-in-a-lifetime mission to Saturn's mysterious moon"
ESA: "Modest hero sparks team response"

References

1944 births
Living people
People from Uppsala
Swedish engineers
Double cloth. Double cloth or double weave (also doublecloth, double-cloth, doubleweave) is a kind of woven textile in which two or more sets of warps and one or more sets of weft or filling yarns are interconnected to form a two-layered cloth. The movement of threads between the layers allows complex patterns and surface textures to be created.

In contemporary textile manufacturing, the term "double cloth" or "true double cloth" is sometimes restricted to fabrics with two warps and three wefts, made up as two distinct fabrics lightly connected by the third or binding weft, but this distinction is not always made, and double-woven fabrics in which two warps and two wefts interlace to form geometric patterns are also called double cloths.

Compound fabrics 
Compound fabrics or Double-faced fabrics are a form of double cloth made of one warp and two sets of wefts, or (less often) two warps and one weft.  These fabrics have two right sides or faces and no wrong side, and include most blankets, satin ribbons, and interlinings.

Double weaving is an ancient technique.  Surviving examples from the Paracas culture of Peru have been dated to before AD 700.

Modern applications of double cloth include haute couture coats, blankets, furnishing fabrics, and some brocades.

Characteristics 
Double weave constructions are generally thick, heavy, reversible and warm. Examples are Albert cloth and Biretz.

Uses

Double cloth textiles are a characteristic artifact of Pre-Columbian Peru, where they were woven of cotton and alpaca yarns in various combinations.

In Medieval England, double weaves called compound weft-faced twills featured weft or filling yarns in multiple colors, with the design completely covering the face warp yarns and the unused colors for any particular section woven into a binding warp on the reverse side.

In early 19th century America, double cloth wool and cotton woven coverlets were made by professional weavers from wool that was spun (and often dyed) at home and then delivered to a local weaver who made up the coverlet.

In the later 19th century, craftsman and designer William Morris offered wool and silk double cloth fabrics for furnishing through his firm Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. (later Morris & Co.).  These double-woven fabrics had separate warps of wool and silk yarn and were woven by Alexander Morton & Co. of Darvel, Scotland, who would later weave similar fabrics from designs by C.F.A. Voysey and others.

Contemporary couture designers use "true" double cloth to make self-lined or reversible coats and jackets by using hand-finishing techniques such as separating the two layers at the hem and turning the raw edges under.  Double cloth garments may also be made reversible by binding or overcasting edges.

Notes

Further reading
Cahlander, Adele: Double Woven Treasures from Old Peru, Interweave Press, 1985, 
Elliott, Mary: "The Cloth with No Wrong Side", Threads, March 1997 (69) pp. 60–63

External links
Fragment of Peruvian doublecloth, Recuay Culture, 4th Century BC-8th Century AD, at the Cleveland Museum of Art
Digital Archive of Documents Related to Double Weave

Weaves
Textiles
Electric Fence. For the physical barrier, see electric fence.
Electric Fence (or eFence) is a memory debugger written by Bruce Perens.  It consists of a library which programmers can link into their code to override the C standard library memory management functions.  eFence triggers a program crash when the memory error occurs, so a debugger can be used to inspect the code that caused the error.

Electric Fence is intended to find two common types of programming bugs:
 Overrunning the end (or beginning) of a dynamically allocated buffer
 Using a dynamically allocated buffer after returning it to the heap
In both cases, Electric Fence causes the errant program to abort immediately via a segmentation fault.  Normally, these two errors would cause heap corruption, which would manifest itself only much later, usually in unrelated ways.  Thus, Electric Fence helps programmers find the precise location of memory programming errors.

Electric Fence allocates at least two pages (often 8KB) for every allocated buffer.  In some modes of operation, it does not deallocate freed buffers.  Thus, Electric Fence vastly increases the memory requirements of programs being debugged. This leads to the recommendation that programmers should apply Electric Fence to smaller programs when possible, and should never leave Electric Fence linked against production code.

Electric Fence is free software licensed under the GNU General Public License.

See also

External links
 Electric Fence 2.2.4 source code from Ubuntu
 DUMA – a fork of Electric Fence which also works for Windows
 eFence-2.2.2  – rpm of electric fence 2.2.2 source

Free memory debuggers
Free software testing tools
Software testing tools
Free memory management software
Fujitec. is a Japanese elevator manufacturer. Fujitec was founded by late Honorary Chairman, Mr. Shotaro Uchiyama in February 1948 for the purpose of research and development, manufacturing, sales, installation and maintenance of elevators, escalators and travellators.

Fujitec Singapore Corp. was established in 1988, specializing in the manufacture, installation and service of lifts/elevators, escalators and moving walkways/travellators.

The company has operational headquarters located in the Americas, Japan, South Asia, East Asia and Europe and a network of 11 manufacturing facilities and several sales service offices.

Fujitec has an elevator factory in Hikone, and an escalator factory in Toyooka, Hyogo Prefecture, the USA (Cincinnati, Ohio), Singapore, Indonesia, China (suburbs of Beijing), Taiwan, Hong Kong and South Korea, and an escalator factory in Shanghai China.

In Japan, Fujitec's “Big Wing” facility houses a 560-foot research tower, one of the tallest in the world. This facility is focused on developing new technologies and integrating all phases of product development, design and manufacturing. Fujitec's research and development facility in China is located in the Song Jiang Industrial Zone in Shanghai and is approximately 150,000 m2 (1.6 million sq. ft). This space is utilized for parts and components procurement. Fujitec America continues to utilize the landmark, blue-capped 220-foot elevator research/test tower located near its U.S. headquarters in Mason, Ohio.

See also

 List of elevator test towers
 Fujitec-mae Station (Ohmi Railway Main Line)
 List of elevator manufacturers

References

External links

 Fujitec  
 Fujitec Global 

1970s initial public offerings
Companies based in Shiga Prefecture
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Elevator manufacturers
Escalator manufacturers
Japanese brands
Japanese companies established in 1948
Manufacturing companies established in 1948
Manufacturing companies of Japan
H. P. M. Beames. Hewitt Pearson Montague Beames  (9 May 1875 – 5 March 1948) was Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London and North Western Railway from 1920 to 1922.

Biography 
Beames was born in Corfe, near Taunton, Somerset in 1875, son of Indian Army Officer Pearson Thomas Beames (1839-1899), and nephew of John Beames.  Beames was educated at Corrig School, Kingstown, County Dublin, (now Dún Laoghaire), at Dover College, and Crawley's Military Academy. He then became an apprentice under, and pupil of, Francis William Webb at the Crewe works of the London and North Western Railway (LNWR).

A keen rugby union player, Beames played for Lancashire on several occasions, and was invited to tour Canada with the Irish national rugby union team, but was unable to go.

Between January 1900 and May 1901, Beames served in the cavalry in South Africa during the Boer War. He then resumed work at Crewe.

Between January 1902 and 1909, Beames was "Assistant to the Outdoor Superintendent, Crewe" who dealt with pumping, dredging and other dock machinery. From 1909 until the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, Beames was personal assistant to the Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) Charles Bowen Cooke.

On the outbreak of war, Beames joined the Royal Engineers' Railway Company with the British Expeditionary Force until he was recalled to Crewe to become "Chief Assistant and Works Manager, Crewe Works". Beames became Deputy CME in June 1919 and CME in November 1920.

Beames only produced one new locomotive, the LNWR 380 Class 0-8-4T for use in South Wales. He also reboilered the LNWR Claughton Class locomotives.

The LNWR merged with the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) in 1922 and the latter's CME, George Hughes was made CME of the now expanded LNWR, with Beames as "Divisional Mechanical Engineer, Western Division". The LNWR was then grouped in 1923 into the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) and Beames became "Mechanical Engineer, Crewe". Beames was overlooked in favour of the elderly Hughes for the top position of CME.

In December 1930 Beames was made Deputy Chief Mechanical Engineer, under Ernest Lemon headquartered at Derby. Lemon was quickly promoted and a new man William Stanier brought in.

Beames retired from the railway on 30 September 1934. He was then active in local politics and was appointed a CBE by George VI in the 1946 New Years Honours List for his services as Chairman of the Emergency Committee, County of Cheshire.

References

External links 
 Hewitt Pearson Montague Beames at steamindex.com
  at Gracesguide.co.uk

1875 births
1948 deaths
Locomotive builders and designers
London and North Western Railway people
British railway mechanical engineers
British mechanical engineers
People educated at Dover College
Irish rugby union players
British Army personnel of the Second Boer War
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Ixi software. ixi software is an open source experimental project concerned with building musical instruments where the interface is at the same time a meta-composition. The instrument becomes a pattern generator suitable for the performance of generative music. ixi runs a label as well where music is released under the Creative Commons license.

One of the aims of ixi software is to resist the constraints of commercial music software.

A popular release is the ixiQuarks software suite which is built on top of SuperCollider, allowing for much of the expressive computational power of that environment. The user is faced with the simplicity of ixi software with seamless access to SuperCollider both within the ixiQuarks and at the side.

More recent releases are the ixi lang system for live coding, and the Threnoscope. These software packages are used for teaching computer music (particularly live coding) in higher education in diverse international institutions.

References 

 Thor Magnusson (2014) Improvising with the Threnoscope: Integrating Code, Hardware, GUI, Network, and Graphic Scores in the Proceedings of NIME 2014, London, UK.
 Thor Magnusson (2011) ixi lang: A SuperCollider Parasite for Live Coding in the Proceedings of ICMC 2011, Huddersfield, UK.
 Thor Magnusson (2008). ixiQuarks: Merging GUI and Code into One Creative Space in Proceedings of ICMC 2007, Copenhagen, Denmark.
 Thor Magnusson (2005). ixi Software: Open Controllers for Open Source Audio Software in the Proceedings of ICMC 2005, Barcelona, Spain.

External links 
 

Computer music software
Digester. A digester is a vessel where chemical or biological reactions are carried out, which may involve the use of heat, enzymes or solvent. They are used in different types of process industries, such as in the production of biogas. Digesters are referred to as reactors in some applications.

Processes where digesters are used
 Anaerobic digestion
 Bayer process
 Kraft process
 Soda process
 Sulfite process

References 

Chemical process engineering

de:Faulturm
CuSil. CuSil is a tradename for an alloy of 72% silver and 28% copper (± 1%) marketed by Morgan Advanced Materials. It is a eutectic alloy primarily used for vacuum brazing. CuSil should not be confused with the similarly named Cusil-ABA, which has a different composition (Ag – 63.0%, Cu – 35.25%, Ti – 1.75%)

References

Precious metal alloys
Brazing and soldering
Frank Costin. Francis Albert Costin (8 June 1920 – 5 February 1995) was a British automotive engineer who advanced monocoque chassis design and was instrumental in adapting aircraft aerodynamic knowledge for automobile use.

Career

Costin was an engineer with the de Havilland Aircraft Company when, in 1954, his brother Mike, a former de Havilland engineer then working for Lotus Engineering Ltd., asked him to design an aerodynamic body for a new racing car.  Intrigued by the idea of applying aerodynamics to racing cars, Costin designed the body for the Lotus Mark VIII. Unlike his brother, Costin was never a Lotus employee; his work there was either as a paid consultant or as a volunteer.

In 1956, when Chapman was commissioned by Tony Vandervell to design a Grand Prix racing car to challenge Maserati and Ferrari dominance of the formula, Chapman recommended Costin to Vandervell as the body designer. Costin designed the body for the Vanwall that won the first Grand Prix Constructors' Championship.

Later, Costin used his aeronautical knowledge to design and build a chassis from plywood.  This led to a lightweight, stiff structure, which he could then clothe with an efficient, aerodynamic body, a huge advantage in the low-capacity sports car racing of the immediate postwar period. He was also involved in a number of road car projects for various manufacturers including Lister and Lotus, where he contributed to the early aerodynamic designs; Marcos, which he co-founded with Speedex Cars' Jem Marsh (MARsh and COStin); and racecar chassis for Maserati, Lotus, and DTV. He also designed the Costin Amigo, the TMC Costin, and the Costin Sports Roadster.  He also created an ultra-light glider with Keith Duckworth, an old friend and his brother's business partner.

Personal life
In his youth, Costin had been an Olympic-standard swimmer, while in his later years he composed music.

References

Further reading

External links
 
 

British automotive engineers
British automobile designers
British founders of automobile manufacturers
English motorsport people
Formula One designers
1920 births
1995 deaths