omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cohenite. Cohenite is a naturally occurring iron carbide mineral with the chemical structure (Fe, Ni, Co)3C. This forms a hard, shiny, silver mineral which was named by E. Weinschenk in 1889 after the German mineralogist Emil Cohen, who first described and analysed material from the Magura meteorite found near Slanica, Žilina Region, Slovakia. Cohenite is found in rod-like crystals in iron meteorites. 

On Earth cohenite is stable only in rocks which formed in a strongly reducing environment and contain native iron deposits. Such conditions existed in some places where molten magmas invaded coal deposits, e.g. on Disko Island in Greenland, or at the Bühl near Kassel in Germany.

Associated minerals include native iron, schreibersite, troilite and wüstite.

Similar iron carbides occur also in technical iron alloys and are called cementite.

See also
Edscottite
 Glossary of meteoritics
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References 

Carbide minerals
Iron minerals
Meteorite minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Native element minerals
BID 770. The BID 770 was a British-built electronic cryptography device, codenamed TOPIC. It was also used by Canada's foreign service under the codename TENEC. TOPIC was brought into service in 1977, and became obsolete in 1995.

TOPIC was used to protect telegraph traffic, and replaced the earlier mechanical system called ROCKEX. It could be operated in both on- and off-line modes. Weighing 65 lb, the machine used diode–transistor logic instead of single transistors.

External links
 Jerry Proc's page on the BID 770

Encryption devices
Critical mass (software engineering). In software engineering, critical mass is a stage in the life cycle when the source code grows too complicated to effectively manage without a complete rewrite. At the critical mass stage, fixing a bug introduces one or more new bugs.

Tools such as high-level programming languages and techniques such as programming in the large, code refactoring and test-driven development, exist to make it easier to maintain large, complicated programs.

See also
 High-level programming language
 Programming in the large
 Code refactoring
 Test-driven development
 The Mythical Man-Month

References

Software project management
Two-fluid model. Two-fluid model is a macroscopic traffic flow model to represent traffic in a town/city or metropolitan area, put forward in the 1970s by Ilya Prigogine and Robert Herman.

There is also a two-fluid model which helps explain the behavior of superfluid helium.  This model states that there will be two components in liquid helium below its lambda point (the temperature where superfluid forms).  These components are a normal fluid and a superfluid component.  Each liquid has a different density and together their sum makes the total density, which remains constant.  The ratio of superfluid density to the total density increases as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

It is possible to solve a one-dimensional coupled Euler and Navier-Stokes equations with the self-similar Ansatz as a simple model of coupled inviscid and viscous fluid system.

See also 

 Superfluidity

External links
  Two Fluid Model of Superfluid Helium

References

Mathematical modeling
Traffic flow
Superfluidity
Very high-level programming language. A very high-level programming language (VHLL) is a programming language with a very high level of abstraction, used primarily as a professional programmer productivity tool.

VHLLs are usually domain-specific languages, limited to a very specific application, purpose, or type of task, and they are often scripting languages (especially extension languages), controlling a specific environment. For this reason, very high-level programming languages are often referred to as goal-oriented programming languages.

The term VHLL was used in the 1990s for what are today more often called high-level programming languages (not "very") used for scripting, such as Perl, Python, PHP, Ruby, and Visual Basic.

See also
Automatic programming
Low-level programming language
Feature-oriented programming

Notes

References

Symposium on Very High Level Languages. SIG- PLAN Notices (ACM) 9, 4 (April 1974), 1-132.
Teichroew, D. A survey of languages for stating requirements for computer-based information systems. Proc. AFIPS 1972 FJCC, AFIPS Press, Montvale, N.J., pp. 1203-1224. 
Libre Software Meeting 2004
Libre Software Meeting: Proceedings of the VHLL track (2004).
Libre Software Meeting (2003) VHLL Track announcement

Programming language classification
SMIF (interface). SMIF (Standard Mechanical Interface) is a wafer carrier used in semiconductor wafer fabrication and cleanroom environments. The isolation technology was developed in the 1980s by a group known as the "micronauts" at Hewlett-Packard in Palo Alto. It is a SEMI standard.

Use
The purpose of SMIF pods is to isolate wafers from contamination by providing a miniature environment with controlled airflow, pressure and particle count. SMIF pods can be accessed by automated mechanical interfaces on production equipment. The wafers therefore remain in a carefully controlled environment whether in the SMIF pod or in a tool, without being exposed to the surrounding airflow.

Each SMIF pod contains a wafer cassette in which the wafers are stored horizontally. The bottom surface of the pod is the opening door, and when a SMIF pod is placed on a load port, the bottom door and cassette are lowered into the tool so that the wafers can be removed.

Both wafers and reticles can be handled by SMIF pods in a semiconductor fabrication environment. Used in lithographic tools, reticles or photomasks contain the image that is exposed on a coated wafer in one processing step of a complete integrated semiconductor manufacturing cycle. Because reticles are linked so directly with wafer processing, they also require steps to protect them from contamination or from being the source of contamination in the litho tool.

SMIF is typically used for wafers no larger than 200mm. The equivalent for 300mm wafers is the FOUP (Front Opening Unified Pod). The greater flexibility of 300mm wafers means that it is not feasible to use SMIF technology and designs for 300mm, hence the reason for the emergence of FOUPs. Several FOUP SEMI standards, including SEMI  E47.1-1106, are related to both 300 and 450 mm wafers.

Development
The core development team was led by Ulrich Kaempf as engineering manager, under the direction of Mihir Parikh. The core team that developed the technology was driven by Barclay Tullis, who held most of the patents, with Dave Thrasher, who later joined the Silicon Valley Group, and Thomas Atchison, a member of the technical staff under direction of Barclay Tullis. Mihir later provided the technology to SEMI, and then licensed a copy for himself, and spun out Asyst Technologies to provide the technology commercially. Asyst technology subsequent acquire by Brooks Automation in their Versaport. The interface is the same after being acquired

See also 
 Semiconductor device fabrication
 Photomask

References

External links 
 Semiconductor Equipment and Materials International - SEMI the semiconductor industry trade association
 Entegris wafer and reticle handling systems
 Fortrend Engineering

Semiconductor fabrication equipment
Semiconductor device fabrication
Capistrano (software). Capistrano is an open-source tool for running scripts on multiple servers; its main use is deploying web applications. It automates the process of making a new version of an application available on one or more web servers, including supporting tasks such as changing databases.

Capistrano is written in the Ruby language and is distributed using the RubyGems distribution channel. It is an outgrowth of the Ruby on Rails web application framework, but it is also used to deploy web applications written using other languages, for example, PHP.

Capistrano is implemented primarily for use on the UNIX shell command line. A user may choose from many Capistrano recipes, e.g. to deploy current changes to the web application or roll back to the previous deployment state.

Originally called SwitchTower, the name was changed to Capistrano in March 2006 due to a trademark conflict.  The original author, Jamis Buck, announced on February 24, 2009 that he is no longer the maintainer of the project.

Internals 

Capistrano is a utility and framework for executing commands in parallel on multiple remote machines, via SSH. It uses a simple domain-specific language borrowed in part from the tool Rake. It also supports tunnelling connections via some gateway machine to allow operations to be performed behind VPNs and firewalls.

Capistrano was originally designed to simplify and automate deployment of web applications to distributed environments, and originally came bundled with a set of tasks designed for deploying Ruby on Rails applications. The deployment tasks are now (as of Capistrano 2.0) opt-in and require clients to explicitly put "load 'deploy'" in their recipes.

Example Capfile 
task :xml_libs, :hosts => "www.capify.org" do
  run "ls -x1 /usr/lib | grep -i xml"
end
This defines a single task, called "xml_libs", and says that it should be executed only on the "www.capify.org" host. When executed, it will display all files and subdirectories in /usr/lib that include the text "xml" in their name. Assuming the capfile is in the current directory, the user would execute that task like this:
cap xml_libs

See also 

 Ansible
 Chef
 Harrow
 Salt
 Puppet
 Tsshbatch
 Comparison of open source configuration management software

References

Further reading

External links 
 
 deprec project: Deployment Recipes for capistrano
 Capistrano Changelog
 Fabric, a similar system written in Python
 tsshbatch, another similar system written in Python

Configuration management
Free software programmed in Ruby
Ruby (programming language)
Web applications
Software using the MIT license
Atlanta Rolling Mill. The Atlanta Rolling Mill (later the Confederate Rolling Mill) was constructed in 1858 by Lewis Schofield and James Blake and soon after, Schofield and William Markham took it over and transformed it into the South's second most productive rolling mill, after the Tredegar Iron Works in Richmond, Virginia.

Their specialty was re-rolling worn out railroad rails but during the American Civil War it also rolled out cannon, iron rail, and  sheets of iron to clad the CSS Virginia for the Confederate navy.

It was bought out by Charleston, SC interests in 1863 and became known as the Confederate Rolling Mill when it produced the former products as well as cannon.

Shortly after midnight on September 1, 1864, cavalrymen under the command of the retreating Confederate General J.B. Hood set fire to 81 ammunition train cars parked outside the mill to prevent them from being acquired by General Sherman. The ensuing explosions destroyed the mill and destroyed or greatly damaged structures within 1/4 mile. The events were so loud that Sherman himself heard the explosions from approximately 23 miles away at Lovejoy's Station.

Part of what is now Boulevard was named Rolling Mill Street, when the street was extended north of the railroad in the late 1860s, thus commemorating the already destroyed mill. The name was changed to Boulevard around 1880.

It was located on the current site of the Fulton Bag and Cotton Mill (now residential lofts) in Cabbagetown on the south side of the Georgia Railroad just east of Oakland Cemetery.

References

Rolling mills
Manufacturing plants in the United States
History of Atlanta
Demolished buildings and structures in Atlanta
Georgia (U.S. state) in the American Civil War

Buildings and structures in Atlanta
Manufacturing companies established in 1858
1858 establishments in the United States
EMD SW7. The EMD SW7 was a diesel switcher locomotive built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between October 1949 and January 1951. It was powered by a 12-567A engine. The SW7 replaced the earlier 1,000 horsepower NW2 switcher in EMD's catalog. A total of 489 SW7 locomotives were produced. The majority of the SW7s were built by EMD Plant #3 in Cleveland, Ohio. In addition, 15 TR4 cow–calf paired sets were produced.

SW7 production was discontinued in 1951 in favor of the new SW9.

Original buyers

TR4

External links

See also 
 List of GM-EMD locomotives

References 

 * Kristopans, Andre J. http://utahrails.net/ajkristopans/SWITCHERS201Aand567.php Retrieved October 7, 2014.This is a compilation of EMD Product Reference Data
 General Motors Electro-Motive Division Service Department "Locomotive Reference Data" published January 1, 1959, 286 pages.

B-B locomotives
SW0007
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1949
Locomotives with cabless variants
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Shunting locomotives
INSANE (software). INSANE is a proprietary INteractive Streaming ANimation Engine developed at LucasArts, primarily by programmer/game designer Vincent Lee. Using custom video compression technology, it greatly compresses moving images so that high quality full-screen videos can be displayed even in hi-res graphics modes on the PC.

An early version was first developed for Star Wars: Rebel Assault, and was followed by a much enhanced version in Star Wars: Rebel Assault II: The Hidden Empire and then in Full Throttle, Outlaws, and The Dig. It was also used in the 1998 games Star Wars: Droid Works, Mysteries of the Sith, and Mortimer and The Riddles of the Medallion, and its compression technology was incorporated into Star Wars: Behind the Magic, Star Wars Episode I - Insider's Guide, and Jar Jar's Journey Adventure Book.  The use for Full Throttle caused some problems since INSANE was intended to be photorealistic, contrasting to the general cartoony feeling. The rendered environment had to be scaled down to match to the rest of the game world. Later enhancements were made to the compression technology to optimize it for the cartoon style imagery used in Outlaws.

References

External links
 

1993 software
LucasArts games
Middleware for video games
Deep-level trap. Deep-level traps or deep-level defects are a generally undesirable type of electronic defect in semiconductors. They are "deep" in the sense that the energy required to remove an electron or hole from the trap to the valence or conduction band is much larger than the characteristic thermal energy kT, where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature. Deep traps interfere with more useful types of doping by compensating the dominant charge carrier type, annihilating either free electrons or electron holes depending on which is more prevalent.  They also directly interfere with the operation of transistors, light-emitting diodes and other electronic and opto-electronic devices, by offering an intermediate state inside the band gap. Deep-level traps shorten the non-radiative life time of charge carriers, and—through the Shockley–Read–Hall (SRH) process—facilitate recombination of minority carriers, having adverse effects on the semiconductor device performance. Hence, deep-level traps are not appreciated in many opto-electronic devices as it may lead to poor efficiency and reasonably large delay in response.

Common chemical elements that produce deep-level defects in silicon include iron, nickel, copper, gold, and silver.  In general, transition metals produce this effect, while light metals such as aluminium do not.

Surface states and crystallographic defects in the crystal lattice can also play role of deep-level traps.

References

Optoelectronics
Semiconductor properties
Semiconductor structures
V-Ray. V-Ray is a biased computer-generated imagery rendering software application developed by Bulgarian software company Chaos. V-Ray is a commercial plug-in for third-party 3D computer graphics software applications and is used for visualizations and computer graphics in industries such as media, entertainment, film and video game production, industrial design, product design and architecture.

Overview
V-Ray is a rendering engine that uses global illumination algorithms, including path tracing, photon mapping, irradiance maps and directly computed global illumination.

The desktop 3D applications that are supported by V-Ray are:
 Autodesk 3ds Max
 Autodesk Revit
 Cinema 4D
 Maya
 Nuke
 Rhinoceros
 SketchUp
 Katana
 Unreal Engine
Houdini
 Blender

Academic and stand-alone versions of V-Ray are also available.

Modo support was discontinued at the end of 2021.

Notable studios using V-Ray

North America

United States
 Method Studios
 Digital Domain
 Blur Studio
 Zoic Studios
 Apple Inc.
 Hogarth Worldwide

Canada
 Bardel Entertainment

Europe

France
 Zagtoon

Netherlands
PostOffice Amsterdam

Germany
 Scanline VFX

See also
 List of 3D rendering software

References

Further reading 
 Francesco Legrenzi, V-Ray - The Complete Guide, 2008
 Markus Kuhlo and Enrico Eggert, Architectural Rendering with 3ds Max and V-Ray: Photorealistic Visualization, Focal Press, 2010
 Ciro Sannino, Photography and Rendering with V-Ray, GC Edizioni, 2012
 Luca Deriu, V-Ray e Progettazione 3D, EPC Editore, 2013
 Ciro Sannino, Chiaroscuro with V-Ray, GC Edizioni, 2019

External links 

Chaos Group
V-Ray at rhino3d.com
A Closer Look At VRAY Architectural Review of V-Ray
VRay Material Downloads and Resource Library
VRAYforC4D - the website of V-Ray for Cinema4d, made by LAUBlab KG
Free Material Library

3D graphics software
Rendering systems
Global illumination software
3D rendering software for Linux
Proprietary commercial software for Linux
Csaba Csere. Csaba Csere ( ) is a former technical director and editor-in-chief of Car and Driver magazine.

Csere is an American of Hungarian descent.  He earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1975. He went on to join Ford Motor Company's Advanced Engine Engineering Office. He joined Car and Driver magazine as its technical editor in 1980. He specialized in stories about technical issues and first-person experiences in competition machines ranging from NASCAR stock cars to Formula One cars. In the process, he raced in fifteen 24-hour events and performed an automotive backflip at over 200 mph on the Bonneville Salt Flats.

Csere became editor-in-chief in 1993 and concentrated on integrating Car and Driver's TV, Internet, and radio efforts.  He presided over a controversial redesign of the magazine, launched in December 2006 and refined during 2007.  The cover featured capitalized headlines, often with an exclamation point, and featured bands of yellow.  Inside, there was further prominent use of yellow, his favourite color. Additional yellow coloration was to be found on the Car and Driver website.  The redesign was roundly criticized in the 'Backfires' (Reader's Letters) section of the March 2007 issue.  In that column, the editor admitted to receiving 164 letters against the redesign and 13 for, but stated: "We paid big bucks for this yellow redesign and we ain't going back - Ed".

On December 16, 2008 — according to the official press release of Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S. — Csere resigned his position as editor-in-chief. No explanation was given, and Csere has refused to discuss the reasons for his departure. He did not write a goodbye column for the magazine where he had worked for 29 years.

By the August 2009 issue of Car and Driver the controversial redesign had largely been dropped in favor of a look more closely resembling the prior design.  In the September 2009 issue Csere contributed a feature entitled 'Lightly Used Cars'. The June 2010 issue contained a feature contributed by Csere titled "Suck, Squeeze, Bang! Blow, Ad Infinitum" and extensively used the colour yellow once again.

Outside of Car and Driver, Csere has appeared as an authority  on automotive issues in the United States Senate and many national television and radio news programs.

In January 2012, Csere began writing for The New York Times, with his first car review on the 2012 Honda CR-V.

Csere is still regularly seen working with Car and Driver under the title of contributing editor. Online, he presents many of Car and Driver's 'Tested' video reviews of automobiles on YouTube.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
American mechanical engineers
MIT School of Engineering alumni
American magazine editors
Living people
Motoring journalists
American people of Hungarian descent
American male journalists
Common Flash Memory Interface. The Common Flash Memory Interface (CFI) is an open standard jointly developed by AMD, Intel, Sharp and Fujitsu. It is implementable by all flash memory vendors, and has been approved by the non-volatile-memory subcommittee of JEDEC. The goal of the specification is the interchangeability of flash memory devices offered by different vendors. The developer is able to use one driver for different flash products by reading identifying information from the flash chip.

Each flash memory device contains the following information: memory size, byte and word configuration, block configuration, and voltage and timing data.

The specification provides several benefits. No or very little information about flash devices has to be stored in tables within system software. It is possible to use lower cost flash memory devices as they become available without rewriting system software. Adapting current software systems shall be done more easily and quickly than previously.

Support for CFI is implemented in FreeBSD.

See also
Open NAND Flash Interface Specification (ONFi)

References

External links
JEDEC - free documents require registration
 JEDEC - Common Flash Interface (CFI) Specification, JESD68.01, September 2003.
  JEDEC - CFI ID Codes, JEP137B, May 2004
 JEDEC - Standard Manufacturers ID Code, JEP106AC, August 2010
Infineon/Cypress (formerly Spansion)
 Common Flash Interface Publication 100 (CFI Vendor & Device ID Code Assignments), 2001. (Original link)
   Spansion - App Note - CFI Spec, 2008. (Original link)
 Spansion - App Note - Using CFI to Read and Debug Systems, 2007. (Original link)
 Infineon/Cypress (formerly Spansion) - Quick Guide to Common Flash Interface, 2008, updated 2017.
AMD
 Common Flash Memory Interface Specification and Publication 100

Non-volatile memory
AMD technologies