omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
NVent Hoffman. nVent Hoffman, previously known as Eldon Enclosures, is an industrial encloser manufacturing company.

History 

Founded in 1922 in Nässjö, Sweden, the original company, was called Elekto Ljus & Kraft, the name changed to AB Eldon-Verken in 1948.
Eldon is a portmanteau of the Swedish words el (electrical) and don (device).
 
Initially building electrical installation equipment and selling radios, the latest invention at the time, they soon began manufacturing a junction box designed for the use with electric ovens.  
  
In 1963, the first acquisition was made with the take-over of their biggest competitor, Elektriska Osterman AB.  Four years later, the Eldon-Osterman companies have merged under the common name of Eldon AB.
 
In 1967, the company expanded abroad, by opening sales offices in several European Countries, starting with the UK and Belgium.
 
The Dutch subsidiary was inaugurated in 1970 in the north of the Netherlands, in Drachten.
 
In 1999, Eldon AB was sold to EQT AB and in 2006, the new management team acquired the majority shareholding from EQT.

In July 2019, Eldon Enclosures was acquired by nVent Electric plc for $130 million in cash, and renamed to nVent Hoffman.

Prior to the nVent acquisition, Eldon Enclosures was headquartered in Madrid, Spain. Product manufacturing was developed in several European production facilities and a plant in Umargam, India. The company had 6 distribution centers and was present in 45 countries.

Products 
nVent HOFFMAN offers several ranges of products:

 Floor Standing Enclosures
 Wall Mounted Enclosures
 Terminal Boxes
 Human Machine Interface
 Thermal Management
 Cable Management
 General Accessories
 Power Distribution
 Panel Shop Automation

References

Defunct companies of Spain
Defunct computer hardware companies
Computer enclosure companies
Multinational companies
Solkan Bridge. The Solkan Bridge (, ) is a  arch bridge over the Soča River near Nova Gorica in western Slovenia (by railway terminology it is a viaduct). With an arch span of , it is the world's longest stone arch railroad bridge (and second-longest stone arch bridge, after Germany's , a road bridge). It holds this record because later construction technology used reinforced concrete to build bridges. It was originally built to carry the Bohinj Railway in the time of the Vienna Secession, between 1900 and 1905, and officially opened in 1906.

Description
The bridge was designed by the architect Rudolf Jaussner and engineer Leopold Oerley, initially with an  stone arch, and built between 1904 and 1905. Its central span was built by the Viennese construction company Brüder Redlich und Berger and the end viaducts were built by the Italian construction company Sard, Lenassi & Co, incorporated in Gorizia for this project by the Italian engineer Giovanni Battista Sard of Turin. Initially a steel arched bridge was planned at this location, but later they decided to build a stone bridge instead.

In the spring of 1904 the builders had to change the project because of the light soil and increased the arch to . It is built of 4,533 stone blocks.

On July 19, 1906, the Bohinj Railway (, , ) from Jesenice to Gorizia was inaugurated (the Austrian heir Franz Ferdinand travelled across the bridge).

In August 1916, during the First World War, Austrian soldiers destroyed the bridge (using  of Ecrasite) as they left Solkan to prevent the invading forces from using it. After the 12th Isonzo battle the Austrian army built a steel construction where the bridge once stood. After the war in April 1925 the Italians started to build a new bridge, which was finished in 1927. This bridge was very similar to the first one, with the exception of having only four sub-arches instead of the original five.

During the Second World War, the bridge suffered only minimal damage in aerial bombing. On August 10, 1944, bombs missed the bridge; on March 15, 1945, a bomb that hit the bridge did not explode.

Literature  
 Gorazd Humar: Kamniti velikan na Soči. Nova Gorica: Branko, 1996, .
 Gorazd Humar, Bogdan Kladnik: Slovenski Mostovi: Bridges of Slovenia. Part 2: Štajerska, Dolenjska, Gorenjska, Prekmurje. Ljubljana: Zaklad, 2002, .
 Eduard Jordan (2013): Der Eisbahnviadukt von Solkan/Salcano 
 Walther Schaumann: Die Bahnen zwischen Ortler und Isonzo 1914 - 1918. Vom Friedensfahrplan zur Kriegsfahrordnung. Vienna: Bohmann Verlag, 1991.

References

External links

Railway bridges in Slovenia
Viaducts in Slovenia
Arch bridges in Slovenia
Bridges completed in 1905
City Municipality of Nova Gorica
Bridges over the Soča
Buildings and structures in the Slovenian Littoral
Soča Valley
Stone arch bridges
1905 establishments in Austria-Hungary
20th-century architecture in Slovenia
2nd Space Warning Squadron. The 2nd Space Warning Squadron is part of the Space Delta 4 at Buckley Space Force Base, Colorado.  It operates the Space-Based Infrared System satellites conducting global monitoring for significant infrared events.

The squadron's mission is to operate and maintain the Space-Based Infrared System.  Additionally, it reports ballistic missile and space launches, nuclear detonations, and infrared data of operational value to the President of the United States, Secretary of Defense, combatant commanders, intelligence agencies, and global warfighters.

Operations 
On 7 January 2020 2nd Space Warning Squadron detected the launches of more than a dozen missiles against US and coalition partners. This provided crucial warning to the warfighters, which helped them to take cover.

History
The squadron has operated ground stations set up to control the Defense Support Program (DSP) and Space-Based Infrared System, space-based surveillance systems configured to detect and report ballistic missile launches, space launches, and nuclear detonations since 1992.

Lineage
 Constituted as the 2d Space Communications Squadron on 1 May 1992
 Activated on 15 May 1992
 Redesignated 2d Space Warning Squadron on 1 May 1993

Assignments
 21st Operations Group, 15 May 1992
 21st Space Wing, 21 July 1995
 460th Operations Group, unknown – present

Stations
 Buckley Air National Guard Base (now Buckley Space Force Base), Colorado, 15 May 1992 – present

Systems Operated
 Space-Based Infrared System satellites (200x-present)
 Defense Support Program satellites (1992–present)

List of commanders

 Lt Col Francois Roy, July 2013
 Lt Col April Wimmer, 7 July 2015
Lt Col Shannon DaSilva, 11 May 2017
 Lt Col Brandon Davenport, 5 June 2019
 Lt Col Michael Mariner, 1 July 2021
 Lt Col Scott M. Wright, 7 July 2023

References

Bibliography

External links
460th Operations Group Fact Sheet

Squadrons of the United States Space Force
Military units and formations in Colorado
National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems. The National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems (NPIAS) is an inventory of U.S. aviation infrastructure assets. NPIAS was developed and is currently maintained by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). 

It identifies existing and proposed airports that are significant to national air transportation in the U.S., and thus eligible to receive federal grants under the Airport Improvement Program (AIP). It also includes estimates of the amount of AIP money needed to fund infrastructure development projects that will bring these airports up to current design standards and add capacity to congested airports. The FAA is required to provide Congress with a five-year estimate of AIP-eligible development every two years.

The NPIAS contains all commercial service and reliever airports, as well as certain general aviation airports.

References

External links 
FAA - National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems

!
Federal Aviation Administration
Ubuntu JeOS. Ubuntu JeOS (pronounced "juice") is a discontinued variant of Ubuntu that is described as "an efficient variant ... configured specifically for virtual appliances." It is a concept for what an operating system should look like in the context of a virtual appliance. JeOS stands for "Just enough Operating System." JeOS has been replaced by Ubuntu Core, which is now an officially supported minimal variant of Ubuntu.

Its first release was Ubuntu JeOS 7.10, and since the release of Ubuntu 8.10 it has been included as an option as part of the standard Ubuntu Server Edition.

Supported platforms 
The latest version of JeOS is optimized for virtualization technologies by VMware, Inc. and the Linux Kernel-based Virtual Machine.

Specifications 

Specifications for version 8.10 and above include:
 Part of the standard Ubuntu Server ISO image
 Less than 380 MB installed footprint
 Specialized server kernel
 Intended for VMware ESX, VMware Server, libvirt and KVM
 128 MB minimum memory
 No graphical environment preloaded

See also 

 SUSE Linux Enterprise JeOS
 OpenSolaris JeOS
 List of Ubuntu-based distributions
 Ubuntu Certified Professional

References

External links 
 JeOS and vmbuilder  in Ubuntu Server Guide for Ubuntu 12.04 LTS
 Ubuntu Server features: Virtualisation
 Ubuntu JeOS at Launchpad
  at Linux-Mag.com
 Community Ubuntu Documentation

Discontinued Ubuntu derivatives
Just enough operating systems
Linux distributions
Lancia Eta. The Lancia Eta (30/50 HP) is a car which was produced between 1911 and 1914 by Lancia. The Eta was smaller than the Epsilon built at the same time, more like the earlier Delta. From 1913 the Eta could be delivered with electrical lights. The car has a straight-four engine with a capacity of 4084 cc which produced around 60 hp at 1800 rpm. The top speed was around .

References
Lancia by Michael Frostick, 1976. 

Eta-30 50HP
Cars introduced in 1911
Brass Era vehicles
Butane torch. A butane torch is a tool which creates an intensely hot flame using a fuel mixture of LPGs typically including some percentage of butane, a flammable gas.

Consumer air butane torches are often claimed to develop flame temperatures up to approximately . This temperature is high enough to melt many common metals, such as aluminum and copper, and hot enough to vaporize many organic compounds as well.

Applications

Brazing, soldering, plumbing
Often used as daily task tools, butane torches work very well for home improvement and work to solve problems with plumbing, soldering and brazing. Most of the times copper, silver and other metals are used for home repairs of tubes and other house things.

Culinary

Butane torches are frequently employed as kitchen gadgets to caramelize sugar in cooking, such as when making crème brûlée.  They may be marketed as kitchen torches, cooking torches, or culinary torches.  Use of the butane torch in the kitchen is not limited to caramelizing sugar; it can be used to melt or brown toppings on casseroles or soups, to melt cheese, to sear meats, and to roast or char vegetables such as peppers.

Cigars
Pocket butane torches are commonly used as lighters for cigars, capitalizing on the intensity of the flame to light quickly and evenly the large, relatively damp, burning surface of a cigar.

Bartender 
Many bartenders and mixologists use butane torches in their recipes. Smoked and flaming cocktails are now a trend.

Drug use
Butane torches are sometimes used in vaporizing cocaine free base (crack), black tar heroin, methamphetamine or hash oil for inhalation.

See also 
 Propane torch
 Lighter
 Blowtorch
 List of cooking appliances
 Oxy-fuel welding and cutting

References 

Burners
Cooking appliances
Tools
torch
Tagus International Natural Park. The Tagus International Natural Park (, ) is a protected area in Portugal and Spain. It is an important area for the conservation of several species of birds that nest on the rugged banks of rivers and surrounding areas. It is also one of the lowest human density areas in the Iberian Peninsula.

For part of its course, the River Tagus forms the boundary between Spain and Portugal. Areas on both sides of the river are designated as natural parks by the respective nations. However, while the Portuguese side of the park is a IUCN category V (protected landscape), the Spanish side is categorized as a wilderness area, thus being much more restricted.

See also
Douro International Natural Park & Arribes del Duero Natural Park

References

Nature parks in Portugal
Natural parks of Spain
Tagus basin
Transboundary protected areas
Biosphere reserves of Portugal
Biosphere reserves of Spain
Portugal–Spain border
Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.7. 

The Royal Aircraft Factory R.E.7 was a British two-seat light bomber and reconnaissance biplane designed by the Royal Aircraft Factory and built under contracts by the Coventry Ordnance Works, Austin, Napier and Siddeley-Deasy for the Royal Flying Corps.

Development
Developed from the R.E.5 the R.E.7 was designed to carry heavier loads and also suitable for escort and reconnaissance duties. It was an-unequal span biplane with a fixed tailskid landing gear and powered by a nose-mounted 120 hp (89 kW) Beardmore engine driving a four-bladed propeller. The aircraft was built by a number of different contractors with the first aircraft operational with the Royal Flying Corps in France in early 1916. The aircraft had two open cockpits with the observer/gunner in the forward cockpit under the upper wing and the pilot aft.

Operational history
It was soon found that the aircraft could not be used as an escort due to the limited field of fire for the single lewis gun but the R.E.7 had a useful payload and was soon used as a light bomber with the more powerful engine (either a 150 hp (112 kW) RAF 4a or 160 hp (119 kW) Beardmore). Over a quarter of the aircraft built were used in France in the middle of 1916 but their slow speed and low ceiling with a bomb load made them vulnerable to attack. The R.E.7s were withdrawn and used for training and a number were used as engine test beds. Use was made of them as target tugs trailing a sleeve drogue for air-to-air firing practice, probably one of the first aircraft to do this.

At least two R.E.7s were converted to three seaters.

Operator

Royal Flying Corps
No. 9 Squadron RFC
No. 12 Squadron RFC
No. 19 Squadron RFC
No. 20 Squadron RFC
No. 21 Squadron RFC
No. 37 Squadron RFC
No. 49 Squadron RFC

Specifications (light bomber)

See also

References

 

 RAF R.E.7 – British Aircraft Directory

1910s British bomber aircraft
RE07
Aircraft first flown in 1915
Flat spline. A spline consists of a long strip fixed in position at a number of points whose tension creates a smooth curve passing through those points, for the purpose of transferring that curve to another material.

Before computers were used for creating engineering designs, drafting tools were employed by designers drawing by hand. To draw curves, especially for shipbuilding, draftsmen often used long, thin, flexible strips of wood, plastic, or metal called splines (or laths, not to be confused with lathes). The splines were held in place with lead weights (called ducks because of their duck-like shape). The elasticity of the spline material combined with the constraint of the control points, or knots, would cause the strip to take the shape that minimized the energy required for bending it between the fixed points, this being the smoothest possible shape.

One can recreate an original draftsman's spline device with weights and a length of thin plastic or wood, flexible to bend enough without breaking. Crosses are marked on the paper to designate the knots or control points. The spline is placed on the drafting paper, and weights are attached to the shaft near each knot so that the spline passes through each one. Once adjusted to the satisfaction of the drafter, a line may be traced along the shaft, creating a template for a smooth curve.

Etymology and history 
The Oxford English Dictionary finds the first recorded usage in the 18th century in East Anglia, England, and suggests the term spline may be related to splinter.

Spline devices have been used to designs shapes for pianos, violins, and other wooden instruments. The Wright brothers used one to shape the wings of their aircraft.

Mathematical splines 
By 1946, mathematicians had begun to devise mathematical formulae to serve a similar purpose, and ultimately created efficient algorithms to find piecewise polynomial curves, also known as splines, that go smoothly through designated points. This has led to the widespread use of such functions in computer-aided design, especially in the surface designs of vehicles, replacing the draftsman's spline. I. J. Schoenberg gave the spline function its name after its resemblance to the mechanical spline used by draftsmen.

Other curve drawing tools 
A related but distinct device is the "flexible curve", which can be molded by hand and used to design or copy a complex curve. Unlike a spline, the flexible curve does not have significant tension, so it maintains a given shape, instead of minimizing its curvature between point. The equivalent device was known in antiquity as a lesbian rule. The ancient form was made of lead (sourced on the island of Lesbos; hence the name); while the modern form consists of a lead core enclosed in vinyl or rubber.

See also
 
 
 
Spline (mathematics) – piecewise polynomial curves that smoothly interpolate points

References

Tools
Shipbuilding
Technical drawing tools
Richard Vollenweider. Richard Albert Vollenweider (June 22, 1922 in Zürich, Switzerland – January 20, 2007 in Burlington, Ontario, Canada) was a notable limnologist.

Richard Vollenweider wrote several widely cited academic works about lake eutrophication management. His pioneering work included a technical report from 1968, which related inputs of total phosphorus to chlorophyll a concentrations (a common proxy measure of algal bloom intensity).

His findings thereby laid the ground for predicting expected environmental effects on the Secchi depth and algal bloom intensity from phosphorus abatement, e.g., in sewage treatment plants.

He also played an important role in restoring several eutrophicated lakes, such as the Great Lakes of North America.

Richard Vollenweider was awarded the Tyler Environmental Prize (1986), the Naumann-Thiennemann Medal by SIL (1987), the Global 500 Roll of Honor by UNEP (1988), and the Premio Internationale Cervia for his advice on eutrophication in the Adriatic Sea (Italy). On June 2, 1989, Vollenweider received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Mathematics and Science at Uppsala University, Sweden

References

Boavida, M. J. L., 2007. Richard A. Vollenweider, in memoriam. Limnetica, 26(1):i-ii. 
Vollenweider, R. A., Munawar, M., Stadelmann, P., 1974. A comparative review of phytoplankton and primary production in the Laurentian Great Lakes. J Fish Res Can, 31: 739–762.

External links
Biografie Richard Vollenweider (german)

Swiss ecologists
Swiss limnologists
1922 births
2007 deaths
Swiss emigrants to Canada
Ecological station (Brazil). An ecological station () in Brazil is a type of protected area of Brazil as defined by the National System of Conservation Units (SNUC).
The purpose is to preserve untouched representative samples of the different biomes in Brazil.

Objectives and restrictions

In the 1970s the Special Secretariat of the Environment under the environmentalist Paulo Nogueira Neto launched a program of estações ecológicas (ecological stations) with the aim of establishing a network of reserves that would protect representative samples of all Brazilian ecosystems.
The objective of an ecological station is to preserve nature and conduct scientific research. It establishes the right of eminent domain, with the private areas included in its boundaries requiring expropriation. In these areas, public visitation is prohibited, except for educational purposes, in accordance with the provisions of the Management Plan of the unit or specific regulation, and scientific research depends on previous authorization from the body responsible for the administration of the unit and is subject to the conditions and restrictions established by this body.

Changes to the environment in an ecological station are allowed to restore modified ecosystems, to manage species so as to preserve biodiversity and to collect specimens for scientific purposes. Changes are also allowed to conduct scientific research that affects the environment more than observation or collection, but in no more  or than or a maximum of 3% of the total area of the ecological station, whichever is smaller.

Selected list of ecological stations

References

Sources

Types of protected area of Brazil
Iquê Ecological Station. Iquê Ecological Station () is an ecological station in the Juína municipality of Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Location

The  Ecological Station is in the Cerrado biome. 
It was created on 2 June 1981 and is administered by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation.
A reduction of  from the initial area was made by agreement with the Fundação Nacional do Índio in view of the indigenous area of the Enauenê-Nauê people.
The conservation unit is in the Juína municipality of Mato Grosso.
It would be in the proposed South Amazon Ecotones Ecological Corridor.

Conservation

The Ecological Station is a "strict nature reserve" under IUCN protected area category Ia.
It was established to protect a sample of the ecosystem of the transition from the Amazon to the Cerrado.
The climate is warm and humid, with average temperatures above .
Annual rainfall is about .
The terrain is relatively flat.
The ecology is under threat from diamond prospecting, which causes deforestation and pollution of the rivers.

References

Sources

1981 establishments in Brazil
Ecological stations of Brazil
Protected areas of Mato Grosso
Protected areas established in 1981
Cerrado
Carijós Ecological Station. Carijós Ecological Station () is a coastal marine ecological station in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Location

The Carijós Ecological Station was established by decree of 20 July 1987, covering an area of  in the Florianópolis municipality.
It is managed by the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation.

Conservation

Carijós Ecological Station contains part of the Atlantic forest biome and is fully protected.
The purpose is conservation of the mangrove ecosystem on Santa Catarina Island.
The station is closed to the public, with visits allowed only for  environmental education purposes.
As of 2009 the Ecological Station was a "strict nature reserve" under IUCN protected area category Ia.
In 2013 the ecological station and the National Center for Research and Conservation of Wild Birds (CEMAVE) were involved in monitoring the health of wild birds in federally-administered conservation units of Florianópolis.
This was the first systematic study of the prevalence of diseases and parasites of the local avifauna.

References

Sources

1987 establishments in Brazil
Ecological stations of Brazil
Protected areas of Santa Catarina (state)
Protected areas established in 1987
Protected areas of the Atlantic Forest