omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
The Ancient Engineers. The Ancient Engineers is a 1963 science book by L. Sprague de Camp, one of his most popular works. It was first published by Doubleday and has been reprinted numerous times by other publishers. Translations into German and Polish have also been published. Portions of the work had previously appeared as articles in the magazines Fate, Isis and Science Digest.

Contents
The work is an examination of engineering through the ages from 3000 BC to 1519 AD, from the monumental works of the Egyptians through the speculative inventions of Leonardo da Vinci. The technological legacies of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, China, the medieval Arabs and Europeans, and Renaissance Europe, are all covered in separate sections, focusing particularly on architectural, military and civil engineering.

Review
The following review is often quoted in reference to this book:

Mr. de Camp has the trick of being able to show technology engaging in feats as full of derring-do as those of Hannibal's army. History as it should be told.
 —Isaac Asimov,  The New York Times Book Review, 15 May 1963

See also
 Lest Darkness Fall

Notes

External links
 
 

1963 non-fiction books
Books by L. Sprague de Camp
Doubleday (publisher) books
Science books
MAWI. The MAWI Working Group is a joint effort of Japanese network research and academic institutions to study the performance of networks and networking protocols in Japanese wide area networks.

MAWI is an acronym for the Measurement and Analysis on the WIDE Internet, or Measurement and Analysis of Wide-area Internet.

Sponsored by the WIDE Project, MAWI is a joint effort of Japanese network research and academic institutions with corporate sponsorship.

As one of the working groups of the WIDE Project, The MAWI working group focuses on traffic measurement analysis. In particular, the focus of the working group is long-term measurement on wide-area, global Internet. This group also collaborates with other working groups on measurement, and has been working on building a public traffic trace repository. Challenges include:

 collecting packet traces from the WIDE backbone network
(sampling method, automation, high-speed packet capturing)
 creating a large set of publicly available traces by removing or scrambling sensitive information
(development of tools and scrambling method)
 development of tools to analyze and visualize packet traces

Through these measurement activities, it intends to contribute to various aspects of Internet operations including stable operation of major internet infrastructures such as DNS and routing, design of flexible and efficient network topology, and deployment of IPv6.

International collaboration with the following organizations:
 CAIDA
 University of Waikato 
 ICANN RSSAC
 ISC OARC
 USC/ISI
 INRIA
 CNRS
 AI3 partners

History

Started : 2002/10/21

The MAWI Working Group Traffic Archive has trans-Pacific packet traces from 1999 to 2003, with each day's statistics giving the protocol breakdown and the ten biggest flows. Including outliers like June 18, 2000, when 57% of the packets were from DNS traffic.

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20060720023337/http://tracer.csl.sony.co.jp/mawi/
 http://www.wide.ad.jp/project/wg/mawi.html

Wide area networks
NER Class H. The North Eastern Railway (NER) Class H, classified as Class Y7 by the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) is a class of 0-4-0T steam locomotives designed for shunting.

Description

Introduced in 1888 by Thomas W. Worsdell, six were built in 1888. Their simple, bare design easily navigated the tight curves and poor quality track which they ran on. The H proved so successful, that the NER ordered a further ten in 1891, three in 1897 and five more were ordered by the LNER in 1923.

Coal was carried in side bunkers incorporated into the side tanks.  The absence of a rear bunker and the small size of the cab provided the driver with a clear view of the buffer bar when reversing onto a train.  The H shared their simple domeless boiler design with the H1 (J78) and H2 (J79) classes.

The locos were originally fitted with dumb buffers, but these were changed for small round buffers during the 1930s, some also gaining vacuum brakes during this period; only hand and steam brakes were fitted when built.

Locomotives operating at Tyne Dock were altered to take shunting poles on each corner of the loco, giving the ability to pull a wagon on an adjacent line.

Numbering and livery
The LNER originally painted the Y7s in black with quarter-inch vermilion lining; repaints after 1928 omitted this with locomotives in plain black.

Two entered British Railways stock in 1948, becoming BR 68088 and 68089.

Operation and preservation
The original work of these locos was on Tyneside, at Hull docks, and within Darlington works, but LNER no. 8088 was recorded working at Stratford works between 1943 and 1952.

Dock work was hit hard by the depression, and between 1929 and 1932 the sixteen locomotives which made up the first two batches delivered were withdrawn, nine being sold to industrial use while the remainder were scrapped.

At least one operated passenger trains on the North Sunderland Railway before its closure in 1951.

Two have survived to preservation:
NER No. 1310 (Gateshead, 1891), was withdrawn in 1931 and sold to Robert Frazer & Sons, and sold on to Pelaw Main Collieries Limited in 1933. It passed to the National Coal Board in 1949, who renumbered it 63. In 1965, it was bought by the Steam Power Trust, and has been located at the Middleton Railway since 1965.
LNER No. 985 (Darlington, 1923), was renumbered 8088 by the LNER in 1946. It passed to British Railways in 1948, who renumbered it as 68088, and transferred it to the Eastern Region departmental fleet. It was sold to the National Coal Board in November 1952 and worked at Bentick and Thurgaton Collieries until 1964 when it was purchased by the Y7 Preservation Society. This locomotive has been located at the Mid-Suffolk Light Railway since 2016.

References

Sources

External links
 

H
0-4-0T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1888
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Shunting locomotives
Organic cation transport protein. An organic cation transport protein mediates the transport of organic cations across the cell membrane.  These proteins are members of the solute carrier family, subfamily 22.  This family of proteins can also transport zwitterions and anions, though it is a different subfamily of solute carrier proteins than the organic anion transporters.

Function 
Organic cation transport proteins (OCTs) are involved in membrane transport through facilitated diffusion of organic cations and some weak bases. They are crucial for the disposal of many organic cations that come from drugs or other environmental sources. They also allow for the recycling of necessary organic cations. Some of these organic cation transport proteins are compound-specific, and others transport a broad range of cations across the membrane. For example, the disposing of the blood sugar medication Metformin is dependent on organic cation transport proteins[1].

Structure 
The general structure of an OCT or OCTN consists of 11-12 alpha-helical transmembrane protein domains. These create a transmembrane unit that creates loops on both sides of the membrane. There is typically a large extracellular loop with glycosylation sites at the beginning of the transporter, followed by many smaller loops that connect the transmembrane protein domains on the extracellular side. The loops found on the inside of the cell contain many sites for phosphorylation[2]. There is also an intracellular loop  between the transmembrane domains 6 and 7 that contains phosphorylation sites that are believed to contribute to regulation of activity of the organic cation transport protein. Some of these phosphorylation sites are shared between the different organic cation transport proteins[3].

Nomenclature 
The various types of organic cation transport proteins are often referred to in its respective abbreviated form or by the gene that codes it. For example, OCT1 is coded by the SLC22A1 gene. Similarly, OCT2 is often called SLC22A2.

Proteins

References

 Koepsell, H., Endou, H. The SLC22 drug transporter family. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol 447, 666–676 (2004). https://doi-org.byu.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s00424-003-1089-9
 Ciarimboli, G., Schlatter, E. Regulation of organic cation transport. Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol 449, 423–441 (2005). https://doi-org.byu.idm.oclc.org/10.1007/s00424-004-1355-5
 Kerb, R. , Brinkmann, U. , Chatskaia, N. , Gorbunov, D. , Gorboulev, V. , Mornhinweg, E. , Keil, A. , Eichelbaum, M. & Koepsell, H. (2002). Identification of genetic variations of the human organic cation transporter hOCT1 and their functional consequences. Pharmacogenetics, 12 (8), 591-595.

Solute carrier family
Transmembrane transporters
Transport proteins
Y6. Y6  may refer to:
 LNER Class Y6, a class of British steam locomotives 
 Neuropeptide Y receptor Y6, a human gene
 SJ Y6, a series of diesel railcar s operated by Statens Järnvägar (SJ) of Sweden
 Year 6, like in French Republican Calendar/Y6
 A Mazda diesel engines
 An honors Judaic Studies class at Hillel Yeshiva High School
 Batavia Air, IATA code Y6

Y-6 may refer to :* The Chinese designation for the Ilyushin Il-14 aircraft.

See also
 6Y (disambiguation)
List of dams and reservoirs of the Susquehanna River. The Susquehanna River, in the Mid-Atlantic States of the United States, has a collection of dams.  These dams are used for power generation, flood control, navigation and recreation.  The first dams at Sunbury, Pennsylvania were to support year round ferry crossings.

The dams slow water, trapping silt and pollutants.  Conowingo Dam is credited with preventing much of the silt from Pennsylvania from reaching the Chesapeake Bay.  The dam spillways can add oxygen to the water.  The down stream side of dams is favored by aquatic birds, possibly because the fish that pass through the dam are a bit stunned.   Hydroelectric power is an environmentally friendly method of power generation. The dams also raise the water level, altering the riparian environment.  The upstream pools can become environmentally unsound below the surface, especially during summer.  They block migratory fish, such as the American shad.  The dams from York Haven down to the Chesapeake all have fish ladders or lifts in an attempt to mitigate this.

Communities on the river edge have been displaced, such as Conowingo, Bald Friar, and Glen Cove, Maryland in 1928.

List of dams 
Listed from the headwaters toward the mouth of the river.  This includes existing and historic structures, as well as dams off the river that have a major impact on the river.  The river also grows its own ice dams during the winter and notable ones will be included.

Northern Branch 
This section may be incomplete.

New York
 Natural geologic formation at Cooperstown that forms Otsego Lake,  the headwaters of the Susquehanna.
 Mill St. Bridge Dam at Cooperstown
 Power generating dam at Goodyear Lake, Colliers Dam (Colliersville, NY). The dam creates a small lake used for motor boating and waterskiing.
 Southside Oneonta Dam
 Rockbottom Dam
 partial dam just above confluence of Chenango River
 Binghamton dam (low head)
 Johnson City Goudy Station Power Plant Dam

Pennsylvania
Oakland Dam (Dam was removed in 2023)
 Wilkes-Barre Dam (proposed, inflatable)
 Nanticoke Dam (former canal feeder) 1830-1901
 Nanticoke Dam (proposed, inflatable)

West Branch

Pennsylvania
Curwensville Dam
Clearfield Dam (low head)
Shawville Dam (low head)
Lock Haven Dam (low head)
Williamsport Dam (low head)

Lower Susquehanna

References 

Susquehanna River
Susquehanna River
Susquehanna
Susquehanna
Susquehanna
Susquehanna
Susquehanna
Susquehanna
Susquehanna
Molch. Molch (German language: "newt" or "salamander") was an unsuccessful series of one-man midget submarines created during World War II. Built in 1944, it was the first mini-submarine of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, but was not successful in combat operations and suffered heavy losses.

Description 
The Molch was based on torpedo technology, and carried two G7e torpedoes attached externally on either side of the craft. It was fully electrical and was created for coastal operations, with a range of  at . The front section of the boat held a large battery. Behind the battery was the operator's position, which sat between two small trimming tanks. Behind the operator sat the electric motor. The complicated system of tanks made it difficult to control during combat operations.

The first of 393 boats were delivered on June 12, 1944, and were built by AG Weser in Bremen.

Operational history 

The Molch were first used in the Mediterranean against the Allied "Operation Dragoon" in 1944. The submarines were a part of the K-Verband 411 flotilla. On the night of September 25 they attacked Allied battleships, with the loss of ten out of the twelve Molch submarines in the flotilla. Shortly after, the remaining two were sunk by Allied warship bombardment off the Sanremo coast.

Other Molch flotillas were sent to the Netherlands in December 1944, but were also unsuccessful. From January to April 1945, Molch and Biber submarines went out on 102 sorties, losing seventy of their own and sank only seven small ships. Due to the ineffectiveness of the Molch in combat operations, it was later used as a training vessel for more advanced midget submarines.

Survivors

Notes

References

Further reading

External links
 

Midget submarines
World War II submarines of Germany
LNER Class K5. The London and North Eastern Railway Class K5 consisted of a single rebuild of LNER Class K3 2-6-0 No. 206 (later No. 61863), rebuilt in 1945 by Edward Thompson. The rebuilt locomotive had a new boiler and two, instead of three, cylinders following earlier rebuilds of other Gresley designs. The aim of the rebuilds was to move away from the well established three cylinder policy achieving similar results through higher boiler pressure and two larger cylinders. Easier maintenance and greater availability was the objective.
This locomotive was withdrawn in 1960, and later scrapped.

Sources

External links
 The Gresley K3 and Thompson K5 2-6-0 Moguls LNER Encyclopedia

Railway locomotives introduced in 1945
2-6-0 locomotives
K5
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Scrapped locomotives

Rebuilt locomotives 
Individual locomotives
Schönau im Schwarzwald. Schönau im Schwarzwald is a town in the district of Lörrach in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is situated in the Black Forest, on the river Wiese,  northeast of Basel, Switzerland, and  south of Freiburg.

Energy infrastructure
After the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, a small group led by Michael and Ursula Sladek founded the Parents for a Nuclear Free Future group, to research how they could limit the community's dependence on nuclear power. Their first approach was on saving energy and getting others to save energy. They reactivated small hydropower plants in the region. The couple developed the idea of a power system independent of nuclear power plants, generating electric power through distributed mini power plants from renewable sources. After ten years of campaigning and raising awareness, they founded the first German green power utility, the Elektrizitätswerke Schönau (EWS), in 1994. They took over providing power for the community in 1997. With a system that combined efficiency and power-saving strategies, it became possible to satisfy the power consumption of the community. Schönau was the first community in a Western country that became independent of the national power grid and could decide how its power would be produced.

Mayors 
 1945–1946: Albert Gutmann
 1946–1956: Karl Zimmermann
 1957–1977: Ludwig Morath (FWV)
 1977–1993: Richard Böhler (CDU)
 1993–2012: Bernhard Seger (CDU)
 since 2012: Peter Schelshorn (CDU)

Notable people from Schönau 

 Fridolin Dietsche (1861–1908), sculptor
 Karl Geiler (1878–1953), legal scientist and politician
 Albert Leo Schlageter (1894–1923), German Freikorps fighter
 Michael Sladek (1946–2024), ecologist

Sport 
 Joachim (Jogi) Löw (born 1960), German footballer and coach of the national football team from 2006 to 2021
 Markus Löw (born 1961), former footballer, now a coach, brother of Jogi Löw

References

Lörrach (district)
Buckaroo!. Buckaroo! is a game of physical skill, intended for players aged four and above. Buckaroo! has been published by several game companies such as Ideal Toy, Milton Bradley, and Hasbro.

Description 
The game centers on an articulated plastic model of a mule named "Roo" (or "Buckaroo"). The mule begins the game standing on all four feet, with a blanket on its back.  Players take turns placing various items onto the mule's back without causing the mule to buck up on its front legs, throwing off all the accumulated items (the toy has a spring mechanism that is triggered by significant vibration).  There are 12 different items players can stack onto the Mule.  The player who triggered this buck is knocked out of the game, and play resumes.  The winner is the last player remaining in the game. In the (unlikely) event that a player manages to place the last item onto the mule's back without it bucking, that player is the winner.

The toy has three sensitivity levels that are adjustable via a switch located on the side of the mule's body, under the blanket. The switch adjusts the location of the lever to which the blanket is attached in relation to the trigger mechanism attached to the spring.

Items 
The items that players must place on the mule's back are (variations in names from the 2007 UK version in parentheses):

 a bedroll
 a canteen (water bottle)
 a cowboy hat
 a crate (rifle box)
 a frying pan
 a guitar
 a holster (holster with gun)
 a lantern (lamp)
 a rope
 a saddle
 a shovel
 a stick of dynamite

Of these, the saddle must be placed first.  It has a number of articulation points on which the subsequent items are hung.  These other items may be placed in any order.

History 
The original version was released in 1970 by Ideal Toy Company and contained a white mule, while later editions contain a brown one.

Criticism
In 2006, Buckaroo! was recalled, due to the objects getting flung off the mule when the spring is triggered. On Good Morning America and CTV News, it was mentioned that an object had hit a child in the eye, in North Carolina, causing the 8-year-old boy to have surgery. The game was discontinued until 2008 when the instructions were adjusted.

In popular culture
 Buckaroo! is a favorite game of Father Dougal McGuire in Irish sitcom Father Ted. He regularly plays the game with Ted, despite the fact that Ted hates it and would rather play chess.
Buckaroo! is recreated by the team of Ed Gamble, Katy Wix, and Rose Matafeo on the fourth episode of the 9th series of Taskmaster

References

External links
 Hasbro's product page
 Rules for playing Buckaroo!

Games of physical skill
Milton Bradley Company games
1980s toys
Games and sports introduced in 1989
VS-1.6 mine. The VS-1.6 is an Italian circular plastic-cased scatterable anti-tank blast mine. It has very few metal components and is resistant to overpressure and shock. The mine can also be deployed conventionally and from helicopters. It was produced by Valsella Meccanotecnica, but production has ceased.

Description
The mine is normally olive green or sand-coloured and is circular with two circular bands around the circumference, which act to cushion shock when the mine is deployed from the air. The fuze is air pressure driven with pressure on the top plate of the mine forcing air into a diaphragm which exerts pressure on the striker. Shocks from overpressure are too short to inflate the diaphragm; additionally the striker must first rotate a locking collar before it can activate the mine, this requires gradual pressure giving even greater resistance to shock. The sealed nature of the mine means that it can be deployed in up to 1 meter of water.

The main charge of the mine is relatively small for an anti-tank mine, so it would tend to disable rather than destroy vehicles. An electronically fuzed version of the mine, the VS-1.6EL with an integral electronic anti-handling device and programmable self-destruct fuze was also produced.

The mine is found in Iraq, Kuwait, Lebanon, Burma and the Western Sahara.

Specifications
 Weight: 3 kg
 Explosive content: 1.85 kg of Composition B
 Diameter: 222 mm
 Height: 92 mm
 Operating pressure: 180 to 220 kg

See also
Anti-tank mine

References
 Jane's Mines and Mine Clearance 2005-2006

Anti-tank mines
Hannibal Bridge. The First Hannibal Bridge was the first permanent rail crossing of the Missouri River and helped establish the City of Kansas (renamed Kansas City, Missouri, in 1889) as a major city and rail center. In its early days, it was called the Kansas City Bridge. It increased area train traffic, which contributed to the building of Union Depot, the predecessor to the Kansas City Union Station. It was severely damaged by a tornado and replaced in virtually the same location by the Second Hannibal Bridge.

History
Construction started in 1867, shortly after the end of the American Civil War, and was completed in 1869. The bridge was built for the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad by the Keystone Bridge Company.  The completion of the bridge came after a short battle between Leavenworth, Kansas, and the City of Kansas for the Hannibal & St. Joseph Railroad bridge.

The bridge was designed by Octave Chanute, who also designed the Kansas City Stockyards and later became a pioneer in aviation. After hearing of the proposed bridge at the City of Kansas, Joseph Tomlinson contacted Chanute and they corresponded on how best to cross the Missouri River. In October 1867, Chanute hired Tomlinson as the superintendent of superstructure. George S. Morison, who later became a leading bridge designer in North America, apprenticed under the supervision of Tomlinson and Chanute during the construction of the bridge. It was a swing bridge that could open in under two minutes, and had an arched truss design. Construction cost  (equivalent to $ in ).

In 1886, the bridge was severely damaged by a tornado that collapsed a middle span. It was reconstructed and its truss structure was altered from an arch design to a traditional truss design. It was later replaced by the Second Hannibal Bridge  upstream on the northern bank, but at the same location on the southern bank where it enters into the gooseneck cut into the bluff.

See also
List of crossings of the Missouri River

References

Bridges in Kansas City, Missouri
Demolished bridges in the United States
Bridges completed in 1869
Octave Chanute
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
Buildings and structures in Clay County, Missouri
Railroad bridges in Missouri
Former railway bridges in the United States
1869 establishments in Missouri
Ingenieurs zonder Grenzen. Ingenieurs zonder Grenzen (Dutch for Engineers Without Borders) is a name used by two Belgian organizations, both of which are provisional members  of the Engineers Without Borders International network.

See also
Engineers Without Borders (Belgium)

External links 
 Ingenieurs zonder Grenzen (in Dutch) the organization started by the Royal Flemish Engineer Association (K VIV).

Belgium
Development charities based in Belgium
Skyguard (area defense system). Skyguard is a chemical laser-based area defense system proposed by Northrop Grumman, to protect airports and other areas against a variety of military threats including short-range ballistic missiles, short- and long-range rockets, artillery shells, mortars, unmanned aerial vehicles and cruise missiles.  Each shot costs about $1,000 which represents the cost of consumable chemicals.

See also
 Tactical High Energy Laser, a joint American-Israeli laser system for missile defense.
 Iron Dome, missile system deployed in Israel

References

External links
 Northrop Grumman Develops Skyguard Laser Defense System For Local Defense
 Popular Science Reviews Skyguard - With Video Popular Science

Military lasers
Missile defense