omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Anaerobic filter. In sewage treatment systems, an anaerobic filter (AF) is a form of anaerobic digester. The digestion tank contains a filter medium where anaerobic microbial populations—organisms that live in the absence of oxygen — can establish themselves. Such filters are commonly employed in the treatment of waste water. These reactors are gaining in popularity versus more established aerobic waste-water treatment systems because they produce a less solid residue than do other types of filter.

See also
Anaerobic digester types
Anaerobic digestion
List of waste-water treatment technologies

References

Anaerobic digester types
Hybrid reactor. See Hybrid nuclear fusion for the proposed nuclear reactor.
A hybrid biological reactor (HBR) was developed which involved the introduction of a new phase of attached-biomass into a regular suspended-growth  system (activated sludge process) by addition of carriers to

the aeration tanks. A novel hybrid biological reactor which contained both suspended and attached-growth biomass was developed by introducing porous materials into a regular activated sludge unit and used for the treatment of domestic wastewater.  

A hybrid reactor is an anaerobic digester that combines a UASB reactor with an anaerobic filter. This combination is an advanced form enabling improved solid retention time in the treatment of waste water. This waste water can be built up in the secondary chamber and must be removed daily or an explosion is imminent to occur.

See also
Anaerobic digester types

Anaerobic digester types
Electrologica X8. The Electrologica X8 (or EL X8) was a digital computer designed as a successor to the Electrologica X1 and manufactured in the Netherlands by Electrologica NV between 1964 and 1968.

Like its predecessor, the X1, the X8 system included core memory, 27-bit word length, and drum memory as secondary storage (not as primary storage).  The memory address was increased from 15 to 18 bits, for a theoretical maximum memory size of 256k words.  The X8 included an independent peripheral processor called CHARON (Centraal Hulporgaan Autonome Regeling Overdracht Nevenapparatuur, or Central Coprocessor Autonomous Regulation Transfer Peripherals) which handled I/O.  Other features included up to 48 input/output channels designed for low speed devices such as paper tape, plotters and printers. Unlike the X1, the arithmetic unit of the X8 included floating point arithmetic, with a 41-bit mantissa and 12-bit exponent (which adds up to 53 bits rather than 54; the reason is that there are two copies of the mantissa sign bit).

The system is most notable as the target processor for Edsger Dijkstra's implementation of the THE multiprogramming system.  This includes the invention of semaphores, enabled by a specific instruction in the X8 instruction set.  Semaphores were used not only as a synchronization mechanism within the THE operating system, but also in the request and response data structures for I/O requests processed by the CHARON coprocessor.

References
 E.W.Dijkstra, Documentatie over de communicatie apparatuur aan de EL X8, EWD140, undated.  
 E.W.Dijkstra, Globale beschrijving van de drijvende arithmetiek van de EL X8, EWD145, 6 December 1965. 
 E.W. Dijkstra, "The structure of the 'THE' multiprogramming system", Communications of the ACM 11(5):341–346, 1968. Dijkstra's manuscript EWD196 Full text (subscription)

External links

The Electrologica X1 and X8 computers

Mainframe computers
Science and technology in the Netherlands
Computer science in the Netherlands
Computers designed in the Netherlands
Data Interchange Standards Association. The Data Interchange Standards Association (DISA) was the organization that supported various other organizations, for the most part, responsible for the development of cross-industry electronic business interchange standards.

DISA served as the Secretariat for ASC X12 and their X12 EDI and XML standards development process. As of January 2016, DISA no longer exists. The Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) X12 develops and maintains the most widely implemented EDI standards. 

These standards interface with a multitude of e-commerce technologies and serve as the premier tool for integrating e-commerce applications. Through the X12 Committee's standards and active participation in emerging and relevant technical initiatives (XML, ebXML), they foster cross-industry consensus and set the norm for more effective data exchange.

See also
American National Standards Institute
Electronic Data Interchange

External links
Accredited Standards Committee X12
Twitter Video & Gif Downloader Online

Information technology organizations based in North America
Standards organizations in the United States
Data interchange standards
Anaerobic contact process. The anaerobic contact process is a type of anaerobic digester. Here a set of reactors are created in series, where biomass is separated and returned to the complete mixture. This recycled material is pumped up into the bottom of the first reactor, an upflow reactor. The upflow anaerobic process is a large reactor which allows the waste to flow up from the bottom and separates the waste into 3 zones. At the very top is the biogas zone where the gas is collected. Bacteria digest waste in the lowest portion of the upflow reactor; the bioreactor zone. In between these two stages is the clarifier zone where which exports the stabilised waste.

See also
Anaerobic digester types

References

Anaerobic digester types
Hassler (vessel). The schooner Hassler was the first iron-hulled steamship used in the service of the United States Coast Survey.

Ship history
Plans for a new ship to chart the waters of U.S. Pacific Coast were drawn up in early 1870 by Carlile Patterson, the hydrographic inspector of the U.S. Coast Survey. Patterson called for an iron-hulled ship of about 325 gross tons, with a draft of no more than  and a top speed of . He required that the ship use no more than 2½ tons of coal per day and could hold up to two months of provisions for a crew of 37. The resulting ship was built in 1871 at the River Iron Works in Camden, New Jersey, under the supervision of John H. Dialogue.  She was a three-masted schooner equipped with a  steeple compound engine, and cost US$62,000 to build.

In 1871-1872 the ship sailed on the Hassler Expedition, under Commander Philip Carrigan Johnson, brother of the artist Eastman Johnson. This was the first important scientific expedition sent by the government for marine exploration.  The expedition included Professor Louis Agassiz and his wife Elizabeth Agassiz; Mrs. Johnson; Dr. Franz Steindachner, ichthyologist; Dr. Thomas Hill, botanist; and Count L. F. de Pourtalès, J. A. Allen, and others.

The steamer left Boston December 4, 1871, and reached San Francisco in August 1872.  On the way to St. Thomas surface observations were made.  Deep-sea dredging was done at Barbados and along the Brazilian coast.  At the Straits of Magellan frequent stops were made, and at particularly interesting places several days were spent, and inland excursions undertaken, especially to examine glaciers.  Throughout the route collections were made, with much of this material deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University.  Some of the zoological results of the expedition were published by Agassiz, Lyman, and Pourtalès.

After nearly 25 years in service, mostly around the Alaskan coast, the Hassler was finally decommissioned on May 25, 1895. In August 1897 she was sold to the McGuire Brothers for $15,700, and renamed Clara Nevada. She sailed from Seattle on January 26, 1898, with a crew of 40 men, bound for Skagway, Alaska with 165 passengers heading for the Klondike gold fields. Late on February 5, 1898, the Clara Nevada left Skagway with between 25 and 40 passengers aboard. During the night she struck an uncharted rock several hundred yards north of Eldred Rock and sank immediately. There were no survivors.

References

External links

1871 ships
Ships of the United States Coast Survey
Research vessels of the United States
Steamships
Shipwrecks of the Alaska coast
Maritime incidents in 1898
Ships lost with all hands
Ships built by Dialogue & Company
Omnicircus. The Omnicircus was a theater, gallery and performance art space that was established in 1992 by Frank Garvey in San Francisco, California. 

Omnicircus was home to Garvey’s ensemble as well as being an installation of his films, paintings, sculptures, music, photographs, and robots. The OmniCircus shows integrated live acting, music, dance and filmography with sophisticated mechanical actors and midi-controlled, computer-animated (VIRpt) performers. 

The OmniCircus was forced to leave its space early in 2015.

References

External links 
 Mr. Roboto: Frank Garvey commands a troupe of radical robots, Andrew Druckenbrod, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, Mar 4, 2001
 World's End, SF Weekly, Michael Leaverton, Oct 26, 2005 
 The Center for Robotic and Synthetic Performance, The Robotics Institute 
 OmniCircus website

Event venues established in 1988
Robotic art
Theatres completed in 1988
Smart 1. The Smart #1 (stylised as "smart #1") is a battery electric subcompact crossover SUV developed and produced by Smart Automobile, a joint venture between Mercedes-Benz Group and Geely Holding. It is the first vehicle produced by the joint venture. The model is based on the Sustainable Experience Architecture (SEA) electric vehicle platform developed by Geely. In China, the model is marketed as the Smart Jingling #1 ().

Overview
The production version was unveiled on 7 April 2022. It was developed under the codename HX11, with Mercedes-Benz providing the design while Geely handled engineering and production.

Prices for the European market were announced in September 2022.

Concept Car 
The vehicle was previewed by the Concept #1, which was showcased at the 2021 International Motor Show Germany (IAA) on September 5 in Munich, showcasing features like concealed electric door handles, frameless doors, and a floating halo roof.. These design elements enhance aesthetics and aerodynamic efficiency, achieving a low drag coefficient of 0.29. The concept emphasized digitalization with extensive connectivity features and over-the-air updates .

World Premiere 
The Smart #1 was unveiled at a world premiere event in Berlin on April 7 2021, symbolizing Smart's strategic renewal and expansion into the electric vehicle market. Under the leadership of Tong Xiangbei, Global CEO of Smart Automobile Co., Ltd., the vehicle represents a culmination of the brand's "dual-home" business strategy, leveraging strengths from both European and Chinese markets .

First Generation 
The Smart #1 features a design that emphasizes spaciousness and technological advancements. It is equipped with a 12.8-inch touchscreen with a customizable user interface and ambient lighting. The vehicle offers connectivity through a dedicated app and an AI-based voice control system. It is powered by a 200kW electric motor, designed for urban driving. Charging options include 22kW AC charging and DC fast charging. Safety features include advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and a range of safety technologies.

Lines:

 Pure
 Pure+
 Pro
 Pro+
 Premium
 Pulse
 Brabus

#1 Brabus 
A performance version with the Brabus branding was unveiled in August 2022. The edition offers a sportier driving experience with enhanced performance features. Exterior changes includes red accents on the bumpers, intakes, door sills, mirror caps, roof and improved brake calipers to handle the extra power, and a matte grey exterior finish and black emblems. It is powered by an additional  electric motor in the front to form an all-wheel drive layout, producing a total output of  with a claimed  figure of 3.9 seconds. The range is decreased to . It was released in Europe in September 2022.

Feature Table

Safety

References

External links
 Official press release

1
Cars introduced in 2022
Mini sport utility vehicles
Crossover sport utility vehicles
Production electric cars
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Euro NCAP small off-road
Electric concept cars
Mark N. Wegman. Mark N. Wegman is an American computer scientist known for his contributions to algorithms and compiler optimization.  Wegman received his B.A. from New York University and his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley.  He joined IBM Research in 1975, where he currently serves as head of Computer Science.  He is a member of the IBM Academy of Technology and a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery (1996) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.  He became an IBM Fellow in 2007.  He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 2010.

Wegman is best known for being one of the inventors of the Static single assignment form, which is used in the analysis portion of most if not all modern optimizing compilers.  This work was recognized by SIGPLAN in 2006 with its Programming Languages Achievement Award. He has also made contributions to algorithms and information theory including universal hashing and the LZMW data compression algorithm.

References

External links
 IBM profile

American computer scientists
IBM employees
1996 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the IEEE
IBM Fellows
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Living people
IBM Research computer scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Uncas A. Whitaker. Uncas Aeneas Whitaker (March 22, 1900 – September 1975) was a prominent mechanical engineer, electrical engineer, lawyer, entrepreneur, and philanthropist. Raised in Missouri, he received a mechanical engineering degree at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an electrical engineering degree from Carnegie Institute of Technology and a law degree from the Cleveland Law School. At the age of 41, he founded Aircraft Marine Products (AMP), in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, which would become the world's largest manufacturer of electrical devices and connectors. His company was instrumental in the development of miniature components and advanced computer technologies which have been incorporated into thousands of business operations and commercial products.

When Whitaker died in 1975, he left part of his fortune for a foundation to improve people's lives primarily by supporting Biomedical engineering research and education. Money provided for the Whitaker Foundation by Whitaker and his wife, Helen Whitaker, totaled $120 million. In 1994, the foundation was the sixty-first largest foundation in the United States with assets of $340 million and annual expenditures of $26 million.

During his lifetime, Whitaker also created a philanthropic program to improve the quality of life in the Harrisburg area, AMP's home community. Today the Harrisburg-area Regional Program continues this initiative.

Notable things named after U. A. Whitaker include:
 Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering at the University of California, San Diego 
 The Whitaker Biomedical Engineering Institute at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine 
U.A. Whitaker Building at the Georgia Institute of Technology, which houses the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, dedicated in 2002.
 Whitaker Center for Science and the Arts located in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, dedicated 2000.
 U.A. Whitaker College of Engineering at Florida Gulf Coast University, located in Fort Myers, Florida.
 Uncas A. and Helen F. Whitaker Building for the Life Sciences at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
 Uncas A. Whitaker Hall for Biomedical Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis.

See also
 Whitaker Foundation

References

External links
The Whitaker Foundation - History of the Foundation

Engineers from Pennsylvania
American manufacturing businesspeople
Philanthropists from Pennsylvania
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Carnegie Mellon University College of Engineering alumni
People from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
People from Lincoln Center, Kansas
Engineers from Missouri
1900 births
1975 deaths
Cleveland State University College of Law alumni
George Edwards (aviation). Sir George Robert Freeman Edwards  (9 July 1908 – 2 March 2003), was a British aircraft designer and industrialist.

Early life
George Edwards was born on 9 July 1908 at Highams Park, on the north side of London, England.

He attended Walthamstow Technical Institute Engineering and Trade School, after which he took an engineering course at the University of London and in 1926 acquired a Batchelor of Science (BSc) degree.

The Walthamstow Technical Institute in 1970 became part of North East London Polytechnic (which later became part of the University of East London)

Career

Vickers
Beginning as a design draughtsman in 1935, he was promoted in 1940 to Experimental Department Manager and in 1945 he became the Chief Designer of the Vickers-Armstrongs team that produced the Viking airliner, Valetta military transport, Varsity trainer, Viscount airliners and Valiant strategic bomber. He later became managing director of the company, during which time the Vanguard, VC10 and (post-merger) BAC TSR-2 strike bomber were developed. He was knighted in 1957. He was President of the Royal Aeronautical Society in 1957–58.

BAC
When Vickers was merged into the newly created British Aircraft Corporation, he became executive director. During this period, he initiated the BAC One-Eleven (initially a Hunting Aircraft design). BAC was also a partner in the international projects for Concorde (for which he led the British team), Anglo-French SEPECAT Jaguar and the Panavia Tornado.

He was awarded the Daniel Guggenheim Medal in 1959. He won the Air League Founders Medal in 1969. He was made a member of the Order of Merit in 1971, and was awarded the Royal Medal in 1974 for his distinguished contributions in the applied sciences. He retired from BAC, as chairman, in 1975. In 1989 he was invested in the International Aerospace Hall of Fame.

Personal life
In October 1935 he married Marjorie Annie (Dinah) Thurgood (1908–1994), a clerk, also from Highams Park. They had a close and mutually supportive marriage and had one daughter, Angela.

His interests included painting and cricket. He was president of Surrey County Cricket Club in 1979. He died in Guildford in 2003 and his memorial service was held in Guildford Cathedral. He is buried at St Martha-on-the-Hill.

References

External links 
Brief biography 
His connections with cricket
Site devoted to his life

British Aircraft Corporation
Edwards, George (aviation)
Deputy lieutenants of Surrey
Edwards (aviation), George
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Edwards, George (aviation)
Knights Bachelor
Edwards, George (aviation)
Edwards, George (aviation)
Edwards, George (aviation)
Edwards, George (aviation)
Edwards, George (aviation)
Royal Medal winners
Vickers people
Data Design System. Data Design System AS (DDS) supplies the construction industry with software tools for building information modelling (BIM).

The company was founded in 1984 in Stavanger, Norway. In 2021, the company merged into Graphisoft. in the Nemetschek Group.

DDS is an active member of buildingSMART. DDS has its headquarters at Stavanger, Norway. Other locations include Oslo and Bergen (both in Norway). DDS has several subsidiaries, among them DDS Building Innovation AS and Data Design System GmbH.

The main product line is tools for building services/MEP (mechanical, electrical, plumbing) engineers.

The company distributes DDScad MEP, mainly in continental Europe from its office in Ascheberg, Germany.

The company also develops software tools for the design and production of timber-frame buildings, DDScad Architect & Construction, from its office in Stavanger.

See also 
 Comparison of CAD editors for AEC
 Comparison of CAD, CAM and CAE file viewers

References

External links 

Building information modeling
Computer-aided design software
Computer-aided design software for Windows
Software companies of Norway
Software companies established in 1984
Zaffre. Zaffre (also spelt Zaffer), a prescientific, or alchemical substance, is a deep blue pigment obtained by roasting cobalt ore, and is made of either an impure form of cobalt oxide or impure cobalt arsenate.  During the Victorian Era, zaffre was used to prepare smalt and to stain glass blue.

The first recorded use of zaffer as a color name in English was sometime in the 1550s (exact year uncertain).

See also
 List of colors

References

Inorganic pigments
Shades of blue
Blue Pill (software). Blue Pill is the codename for a rootkit based on x86 virtualization. Blue Pill originally required AMD-V (Pacifica) virtualization support, but was later ported to support Intel VT-x (Vanderpool) as well. It was designed by Joanna Rutkowska and originally demonstrated at the Black Hat Briefings on August 3, 2006, with a reference implementation for the Microsoft Windows Vista kernel.

The name is a reference to the red pill and blue pill concept from the 1999 film The Matrix.

Overview
The Blue Pill concept is to trap a running instance of the operating system by starting a thin hypervisor and virtualizing the rest of the machine under it.  The previous operating system would still maintain its existing references to all devices and files, but nearly anything, including hardware interrupts, requests for data and even the system time could be intercepted (and a fake response sent) by the hypervisor. The original concept of Blue Pill was published by another researcher at IEEE Oakland in May 2006, under the name VMBR (virtual-machine based rootkit).

Rutkowska claims that, since any detection program could be fooled by the hypervisor, such a system could be "100% undetectable". Since AMD virtualization is seamless by design, a virtualized guest is not supposed to be able to query whether it is a guest or not.  Therefore, the only way Blue Pill could be detected is if the virtualization implementation were not functioning as specified.

This assessment, repeated in numerous press articles, is disputed: AMD issued a statement dismissing the claim of full undetectability. Some other security researchers and journalists also dismissed the concept as implausible. Virtualization could be detected by a timing attack relying on external sources of time.

In 2007, a group of researchers challenged Rutkowska to put Blue Pill against their rootkit detector software at that year's Black Hat conference, but the deal was deemed a no-go following Rutkowska's request for $384,000 in funding as a prerequisite for entering the competition. Rutkowska and Alexander Tereshkin countered detractors' claims during a subsequent Black Hat speech, arguing that the proposed detection methods were inaccurate.

The source code for Blue Pill has since been made public, under the following license: Any unauthorized use (including publishing and distribution) of this software requires a valid license from the copyright holder. This software has been provided for the educational use only during the Black Hat training and conference.

Red Pill
Red Pill is a technique to detect the presence of a virtual machine also developed by Joanna Rutkowska.

References

External links
 Introducing the Blue Pill by Joanna Rutkowska
 InternetNews - Blackhat takes Vista to Task
 Heading Off the Hackers - Business Week, August 10, 2006
coach greg adams
 Blue Pill,  Episode 54 of the Security Now Podcast
 Black Hat 2006 Presentation
 2008 Source code
 Detecting and Blocking Blue Pill, Vitriol etc

Rootkits
Virtualization software
Plastic cement. Plastic Cement may refer to:

Cement, in the US where it refers to certain formulations of Masonry Cement
Dichloromethane, used to solvent weld some thermoplastics including acrylic
Butanone, model cement is a thick mixture with polystyrene
Tetrahydrofuran, the main solvent in PVC cement

See also 
List of glues
Plastic welding