omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
PPGI. PPGI is pre-painted galvanised iron, also known as pre-coated steel, coil coated steel, color coated steel etc., typically with a hot dip zinc coated steel substrate.

The term is an extension of GI which is a traditional abbreviation for Galvanized Iron. Today the term GI typically refers to essentially pure zinc (>99%) continuously hot dip coated steel, as opposed to batch dip processes. PPGI refers to factory pre-painted zinc coated steel, where the steel is painted before forming, as opposed to post painting which occurs after forming.

The hot dip metallic coating process is also used to manufacture steel sheet and coil with coatings of aluminium, or alloy coatings of zinc/aluminium, zinc/iron and zinc/aluminium/magnesium which may also be factory pre-painted. While GI may sometimes be used as a collective term for various hot dip metallic coated steels, it more precisely refers only to zinc coated steel. Similarly, PPGI may sometimes be used as a general term for a range of metallic coated steels that have been pre-painted, but more often refers more precisely to pre-painted zinc coated steel.

Zinc coated steel substrate for PPGI is typically produced on a continuous galvanizing line (CGL). The CGL may include a painting section after the hot dip galvanising section, or more commonly the metallic coated substrate in coil form is processed on a separate continuous paint line (CPL). Metallic coated steel is cleaned, pre-treated, applied with various layers of organic coatings which can be paints, vinyl dispersions, or laminates. The continuous process used to apply these coatings is often referred to as Coil Coating.

The steel thus produced in this process is a prepainted, prefinished and ready for further processing into finished products or components. to use material.

The coil coating process may be used for other substrates such as aluminium, or aluminium, stainless steel or alloy coated steel other than "pure" zinc coated steel. However, only "pure" zinc coated steel is typically referred to as PPGI. For example, PPGL may be used for pre-painted 55%Al/Zn alloy-coated steel (pre-painted GALVALUME(r) steel*)

Over 30 million tons of such coated steel is produced today in over 300 coating lines just in Boxing which is a little county in North of China.

China, South Korea and Taiwan are the top 3 producers of PPGI steel according to PPGI marketplace platform.

References

Steels
Electrotherapeutics. Electrotherapeutics is a general term for the use of electricity in therapeutics, i.e. in the alleviation and cure of disease. It is used as a treatment, like electroconvulsive therapy and TENS.

In the technical working of medical electrolysis the most minute precautions are required. The solution of the drug must be made with as pure water as possible, recently distilled. The spongy substance forming the electrode must be free from any trace of electrolytic substances. Hence all materials used must be washed in distilled water. Absorbent cotton answers all requirements and is easily procured. The area of introduction can be exactly circumscribed by cutting a hole in a sheet of adhesive plaster which is applied to the skin and on which the electrolytic electrodes are pressed. The great advantage of electrolytic methods is that it enables general treatment to be replaced by a strictly local treatment, and the cells can be saturated exactly to the degree and depth required.

Strong antiseptics and materials that coagulate albumen cannot be introduced locally by ordinary methods, as the skin is impermeable to them, but by electrolysis they can be introduced to the exact depth required. The local effects of the ions depend on the dosage; thus a feeble dose of the ions of zinc stimulates the growth of hair, but a stronger dose produces the death of the tissue. Naturally the different ions produce different effects.

Electrolysis can also be used for extracting from the body such ions as are injurious, as uric and oxalic acid from a patient suffering from gout.

References

Medical treatments

ca:Electroteràpia
de:Elektrotherapie
es:Electroterapia
fr:Électrothérapie
pl:Elektroterapia
fi:Elektroterapia
vi:Điện xung trị liệu
Marine Turbine Technologies. Marine Turbine Technologies (MTT) is an American turbine manufacturer based in Franklinton, Louisiana. 
The company develops, designs and produces high performance turbines for primarily for marine applications, boats and fire-suppression pumps. 
It gained fame and became noted for developing and building what may be the most powerful and fastest street-legal motorcycle in the world, the turboshaft-powered MTT Y2K Turbine Superbike.

References

External links
 MTT homepage

Motorcycle manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Louisiana
LARC-XV. LARC-XV (Lighter, Amphibious Resupply, Cargo, 15 ton), introduced in 1960, is an aluminium hulled amphibious cargo vehicle. It measures 45 by 15 feet and is powered by 2-300 hp engines.

About 100 were made with a small batch sent to Germany.

See also
LARC-V
LARC-LX

References

External links
 LARC-XV at GlobalSecurity.org

Wheeled amphibious vehicles
Military vehicles of the United States
Military vehicles introduced in the 1960s
LARC-LX. The LARC-LX (Lighter, Amphibious Resupply, Cargo, 60 ton), originally designated as BARC (Barge, Amphibious Resupply, Cargo) is a welded steel-hulled amphibious cargo vehicle.

Description

It could carry up to 100 tons of cargo or 200 people, but a more typical load was 60 tons of cargo or 120 people. The vehicle was powered by four  GMC diesel engines positioned in the sides of the hull, each of which drove one wheel on land. Pairs of engines were coupled to drive each of the two -diameter propellers, which propelled the vehicle in the water. Its top speed was  on land, or  afloat. The operator occupied a small cab on the port side at the aft end of the vehicle.

The LARC-LX was used to transport wheeled and tracked vehicles, including beach preparation equipment and general cargo, from ship-to-shore or to inland transfer points. It was also capable of transporting  shipping containers, which could be landed from the LARC either by crane, straddle carriers, or rollers. It was the only amphibious vehicle in U.S. Army service capable of landing on a beach through surf. Typically, the LARC-LX was carried as deck cargo on a commercial vessel or heavy lift ship to be transported overseas. Surviving examples of the LARC-LX can be found at the Overloon War Museum in the Netherlands, the Military Museum of North Florida in Green Cove Springs, Florida, the Lane Motor Museum in Nashville, Tennessee, and the US Army Transportation Museum at Ft. Eustis, VA.  There are also 2 in operational condition in Tappohannock Va #48 & #49 “Wild Sally” and “Big Jack”.   Family business Tidewater Subsea will use the LARCs to dredge area creeks.

Service
The first BARC had its maiden voyage in 1952 at Fort Lawton, Washington. The designation was changed from BARC to LARC in 1960. The LARCs first saw active service in 1967 when they were dispatched to South Vietnam to support the 101st Airborne Division, and in 1968 the 1st Cavalry Division. The last LARC-LX vehicles were retired from service in 2001. However, a few remain in civilian service performing specialty roles, including two operating out of Montross and Tappahannock in Virginia.

The 79th Transportation Battalion that utilized LARCs was stationed at Fort Story, VA in the late 1960’s and early 1970’s.

Specifications
Crew: 5
Weight: 100 tons
Engine: GM 6-71, 265 hp × 4
Range (land): 
Range (sea): 
Length: 
Width: 
Height: 19 ft, 6in
Wheelbase: 28 ft, 6 in
Battery: 24 volt
Speed (water)
Forward (empty): 
Forward (60 ton): 
Forward (100 ton): 
Speed (land)
Forward (empty): 
Forward (60 ton): 
Forward (100 ton): 
Reverse (60 ton): 
Turning circle: 75 ft (23 m)
Gradient: 60%
Temperature range: 125 F to -25 F (-30 to +50 °C)

See also
 LARC-V – Lighter, Amphibious Resupply, Cargo, 5 ton – an aluminium-hulled vehicle.
 LARC-XV – Lighter, Amphibious Resupply, Cargo, 15 ton – an aluminium-hulled amphibious cargo vehicle.

References

External links

 LARC-LX at GlobalSecurity.org
 Specifications LARC-LX, Military Submarine at Boatsector.com

LARC-IX at DANMARK PÅ FILM, min 3:09

Wheeled amphibious vehicles
Military vehicles of the United States
Military vehicles introduced in the 1950s
Royal Earl House. Royal Earl House (9 September 181425 February 1895) was the inventor of the first printing telegraph, which is kept in the Smithsonian Institution. His nephew Henry Alonzo House was also an early American inventor.

Royal Earl House spent his childhood in Vermont experimenting, designing, and building, a habit which would earn him distinction as an adult. He once caught a toad, skinned it, placed a set of springs in the skin and made it hop. Around 1840, he went to Buffalo, New York to live with relatives and attend law school in that town. However, he read a work on electricity which so inspired him that he decided to give up law and study the science of electricity instead. He was also  interested in mechanics, chemistry and magnetism.

By 1846, the Morse telegraph service was operational between Washington, DC, and New York. Royal Earl House patented his printing telegraph that same year. He linked two 28-key piano-style keyboards by wire. Each piano key represented a letter of the alphabet and when pressed caused the corresponding letter to print at the receiving end. A "shift" key gave each main key two optional values. A  56-character typewheel at the sending end was synchronised to coincide with a similar wheel at the receiving end. If the key corresponding to a particular character was pressed at the home station, it actuated the typewheel at the distant station just as the same character moved into the printing position, in a way similar to the daisy wheel printer. It was thus an example of a synchronous data transmission system. House's equipment could transmit around 40 instantly readable words per minute, but was difficult to manufacture in bulk. The printer could copy and print out up to 2,000 words per hour. This invention was first put in operation and exhibited at the Mechanics Institute in New York in 1844.

In 1886 and 1887, when the Royal E. House telegraph company was producing the printing telegraph, the Morse Telegraph company tried to enjoin (legally prevent) them from infringing on the Morse patents. Morse claimed the sole right of transmitting intelligence by electricity, utilizing the Morse code. The courts decided the House Company did not infringe the Morse patent, as the messages using the House system were all printed on a slip of paper, without the use of Morse Code.

Later the House Co. and the Morse Co. joined and formed the Great Western Telegraph Company.

References 

 Short bio and listing of House's papers in the Smithsonian

External links 
 http://www.telegraph-history.org/george-m-phelps/house.htm
 http://www.telegraph-history.org/george-m-phelps/index.html
 Detailed breakdown of House's first patent (patent #4464)
 Detailed breakdown of a later improved patent that included pneumatic/steam power (patent #9505)

19th-century American inventors
1814 births
1895 deaths
Dynamic synchronous transfer mode. Dynamic synchronous transfer mode (DTM)  is an optical networking technology standardized by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)  in 2001 beginning with specification ETSI ES 201 803-1. DTM is a time-division multiplexing and a circuit-switching network technology that combines switching and transport. It is designed to provide a guaranteed quality of service (QoS) for streaming video services, but can be used for packet-based services as well. It is marketed for professional media networks, mobile TV networks, digital terrestrial television (DTT) networks, in content delivery networks and in consumer oriented networks, such as "triple play" networks.

History
The DTM architecture was conceived in 1985 and developed at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Sweden.
It was published in February 1996.

The research team was split into two spin-off companies, reflecting two different approaches to use the technology. One of these companies remains active in the field and delivers commercial products based on the DTM technology. Its name is Net Insight.

See also
 Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network

References

Further reading

External links
 IHS web page listing for ETSI ES 201 803- 6
 Paper from the founder of the Topology (in postscript format)

Network protocols
Link protocols
Herbert Reich (engineer). Herbert Reich (October 25, 1900, Staten Island – 2000, Massachusetts) was a pioneering figure in electrical engineering. Reich made substantial contributions towards the design of early oscilloscopes as a graduate student at Cornell University. Reich later taught as a Professor of Electrical Engineering at University of Illinois (1929–44) and Yale University (1946–69). From 1944 to 1946 he worked at the Radio Research Laboratory at Harvard University with Frederick Terman. After his retirement from Yale, he periodically taught courses at Deep Springs College.

Reich had been a member of the inaugural class at Deep Springs, and he later continued his higher education at Cornell, where he completed a degree in mechanical engineering (1924) and a Ph.D. in physics (1928).

References

20th-century American educators
20th-century American engineers
Deep Springs College alumni
Deep Springs College faculty
Cornell University College of Engineering alumni
Grainger College of Engineering faculty
Yale University faculty
Harvard University staff
1900 births
2000 deaths
Belarusian State Technological University. Belarusian State Technological University (; ) is a university in Minsk, Belarus specialized in engineering and technology.  It was established in Gomel in 1930 as the Forestry Institute. In 1941, it was evacuated to Sverdlovsk, now Yekaterinburg. Returned to Gomel in 1944, but in 1946 relocated to Minsk as the Belarusian Institute of Technology.

Structure
47 departments
11 faculties
Dean's office for foreign students
Pre-University courses
Negoreloe forestry experimental station
Botanical garden
Meteorological station
Educational-production forest-processing complex
Borisov educational-scientific experimental station
Technological gymnasium

Prominent alumni
Yuri Puntus - former BATE Borisov and Belarus national football team coach.

References

Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union
Universities in Minsk
Universities and colleges established in 1930
1930 establishments in Belarus
Engineering universities and colleges
Description language. Description language may refer to:

 Interface description language aka interface definition language (IDL)
 Regular Language description for XML (RELAX)
 Web Services Description Language (WSDL) 
 Page description language (PDL)
 Binary Format Description language - extension of XSIL
 Hardware description language - for circuits
 VHSIC hardware description language - for Field-programmable gate arrays, and logic circuits
 Job Submission Description Language
 Architecture description language
 Specification and Description Language - a specification language
 Character Description Language - for CJK fonts

See also
 DDL (disambiguation)
 Specification and Design Language
Sodium diuranate. Sodium diuranate, also known as the yellow oxide of uranium, is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula . It is a sodium salt of a diuranate anion. It forms a hexahydrate . Sodium diuranate is commonly referred to by the initials SDU. Along with ammonium diuranate it was a component in early yellowcakes. The ratio of the two compounds is determined by process conditions; however, yellowcake is now largely a mix of uranium oxides.

Preparation 
In the classical procedure for extracting uranium, pitchblende is broken up and mixed with sulfuric and nitric acids. The uranium dissolves to form uranyl sulfate and sodium carbonate is added to precipitate impurities. If the uranium in the ore is in the tetravalent oxidation state, an oxidiser is added to oxidise it to the hexavalent oxidation state, and sodium hydroxide is then added to make the uranium precipitate as sodium diuranate. 
The alkaline process of milling uranium ores involves precipitating sodium uranate from the pregnant leaching solution to produce the semi-refined product referred to as yellowcake.

These older methods of extracting uranium from its uraninite ores has been replaced in current practice by such procedures as solvent extraction, ion exchange, and volatility methods.

Sodium uranate may be obtained in the amorphous form by heating together urano-uranic oxide and sodium chlorate; or by heating sodium uranyl acetate or carbonate. The crystalline form is produced by adding the green oxide in small quantities to fused sodium chloride, or by dissolving the amorphous form in fused sodium chloride, and allowing crystallization to take place. It yields reddish-yellow to greenish-yellow prisms or leaflets.

Uses 

In the past it was widely used to produce uranium glass or vaseline glass, the sodium salt dissolving easily into the silica matrix during the firing of the initial melt.

It was also used in porcelain dentures to give them a fluorescence similar to that of natural teeth and once used in pottery to produce ivory to yellow shades in glazes. It was added to these products as a mix with cerium oxide. The final uranium composition was from 0.008 to 0.1% by weight uranium with an average of about 0.02%. The practice appears to have stopped in the late 1980s.

References

External links
 NRC Glossary
 Sodium Uranate Heats of Formation
 MSDS 
 

Sodium compounds
Uranates
Nuclear materials
Rigel (disambiguation). Rigel is a blue supergiant star in the Orion constellation, also known as Beta Orionis.

Rigel may also refer to:
 Rigel (comics), a character in a series published by Panini Comics
 Rigel (dog), a Newfoundland dog said to have helped rescue survivors from the sinking of the Titanic
 Rigel (microprocessor), a VAX microprocessor chip set developed and fabricated by Digital Equipment Corporation
 Rigel (rocket), an Argentinian sounding rocket
 MS Rigel, a Norwegian and German vessel
 USS Rigel (AD-13), a ship built in 1918 as Edgecombe
 USS Rigel (AF-58), a ship laid down in 1954
 SSM-N-6 Rigel, a proposed cruise missile system
 Rigel, a composition for trumpet and piano by Hale A. VanderCook
 Rigel, a genus of megalyrid wasps from Chile
 Rigel, a fictional nation in Fire Emblem Gaiden and Fire Emblem Echoes: Shadows of Valentia

People with the surname
 Henri-Joseph Rigel, a German-born French composer

See also
 Rygel, the Farscape character
 Riegel (disambiguation), several meanings
 Rigil Kentaurus, a Sun-like star in the Centaurus constellation also known as Alpha Centauri A, distance only about 4.37 light-years
 USS Rigel, a list of US Navy ships
Wohlwill process. The Wohlwill process is an industrial-scale chemical procedure used to refine gold to the highest degree of purity (99.999%). The process was invented in 1874 by Emil Wohlwill. This electrochemical process involves using a cast gold ingot, often called a doré bar, of 95%+ gold to serve as an anode. Lower percentages of gold in the anode will interfere with the reaction, especially when the contaminating metal is silver or one of the platinum group elements. The cathodes for this reaction are small sheets of pure (24k) gold sheeting or stainless steel. Current is applied to the system, and electricity travels through the electrolyte of chloroauric acid. Gold and other metals are dissolved at the anode, and pure gold (coming through the chloroauric acid by ion transfer) is preferably plated onto the gold cathode while other metals remain in the solution. When the anode is dissolved, the cathode is removed and melted or otherwise processed in the manner required for sale or use. The resulting gold is 99.999% pure, and of higher purity than gold produced by the other common refining method, the Miller process, which produces gold of 99.5% purity.  

For industrial gold production the Wohlwill process is necessary for highest purity gold applications. When lower purity gold is required, refiners often utilize the Miller process for its relative ease and quicker turnaround times and because it does not require a large inventory of gold, in the form of chloroauric acid.

See also
Gold parting

References

Metallurgical processes
Gold
Studtite. Studtite, chemical formula [(UO2)O2(H2O)2]·2(H2O) or UO4·4(H2O), is a secondary uranium mineral containing peroxide formed by the alpha-radiolysis of water during formation. It occurs as pale yellow to white needle-like crystals often in acicular, white sprays.

Studtite was originally described by Vaes in 1947 from specimens from Shinkolobwe, Katanga Copper Crescent, Katanga (Shaba), Democratic Republic of Congo, and has since been reported from several other localities. The mineral was named for Franz Edward Studt, an English prospector and geologist who was working for the Belgians.

When exposed to air studtite converts over a short time to the metastudtite UO4·2(H2O) form. Despite their apparent chemical simplicity, these two uranyl species are the only reported peroxide minerals.

They may also be readily formed on the surface of nuclear waste under long-term storage and have been found on the surface of spent nuclear fuel stored at the Hanford, Washington nuclear site.  It has also been reported that studtite has since formed on the corium lavas that were created during the course of the Chernobyl nuclear plant accident.  Thus, there is considerable evidence that uranyl peroxides such as studtite and metastudtite will be important alteration phases of nuclear waste, possibly at the expense of other minerals, such as uranyl oxides and silicates, which have been more thoroughly studied and are better understood. The formation of these minerals may impact the long-term performance of deep geological repository sites such as Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository. Due to insufficient information about these minerals it is unknown if they will make radioactive wastes more or less stable, but the presence of studtite and metastudtite provides a pathway for mobilizing insoluble U(IV) from the corroding fuel surface into soluble uranyl species.

References

Uranium(VI) minerals
Oxide minerals
Radioactive waste
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
DCAS. DCAS may be:

 DCAS keys, control keys on the computer keyboard, see 
 Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (disambiguation), a military air force position
 Derive computer algebra system
 Double compare-and-swap (DCAS or CAS2), an atomic primitive proposed to support certain concurrent programming techniques
 Downloadable Conditional Access System
 New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services
 D/CAS (Data/CASsette), a streamer cassette using an audio compact cassette (audio cassette tape) for data storage

See also

 
 
 
 DCA (disambiguation), for the singular of DCAs