omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Vought XF3U. The Vought XF3U was the prototype of a two-seat, all-metal biplane fighter, built by Vought Aircraft Company of Dallas, Texas for the United States Navy.

Development and design
The XF3U was designed to meet the Bureau of Aeronautics 1932 Design Specification No. 111, which called for a high-performance fighter with a fixed undercarriage and powered by a Pratt & Whitney R-1535 Twin Wasp Junior air-cooled radial engine. Of the seven proposed aircraft the XF3U and the Douglas XFD were chosen. The XF3U was the first all-metal aircraft produced by Vought. The aircraft was also equipped with an enclosed cockpit. During flight testing in 1933, it outperformed the Douglas entry and was chosen the winner.

The XF3U was also redesignated the XSBU, meaning "scout bomber."

Operational history
The Navy was no longer interested in two-seat fighters, and therefore only the one XF3U prototype aircraft was built. The XF3U subsequently evolved into a dive bomber, and became the XSBU prototype for the SBU-1 Corsair.

The only one every built has a naval bureau number of 9222.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Angelucci,Enzo. The American Fighter from 1917 to the present. New York: Orion Books, 1987. .

External links

F03U
1930s United States fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
RULE Project. RULE (Run Up-to-Date Linux Everywhere) was a project that aimed to use up-to-date Linux software on old PCs (5 years or older) by recompiling and modifying some of the code in recent programs to make them use fewer resources, allowing them to run more smoothly and efficiently. 

Activity around the RULE project almost came to a complete halt in 2006, and in 2009, the project's head developer initiated an effort to clean up and freeze the project and its website. This was done to keep the completed project available in a tidy manner.

As of now (April 2023) the project is freezed with no activity surrounding the RULE project since October 2010.

Usecases 
The principal advantages of using old PCs with up to date software are:

support for more up-to-date standards (HTML4, Java, etc.)
more secure to use because of patched security holes
old PCs may consume less energy than new ones, making them cheaper to use and reducing pollution
re-use PCs that would otherwise be discarded, thus reducing e-waste
PCs are not cheap, especially for third world or Eastern European countries, or for big volumes (for example a school needs a lot of PCs.)

Information about the project 
The distributions of Linux that have been the focus for the project are Fedora Core and Red Hat, but users/developers of other distributions are welcomed.
The main activity of the RULE site is to test contributors' packages and provide user documentation and easy installation procedures.

See also 
Lightweight Linux distribution
Linux Terminal Server Project (a very different approach to the same problem)

References

External links 
Official website No longer in service
A Tribute to the RULE Project Archive link: https://web.archive.org/web/20160313222212/http://rule.zona-m.net/ 
SLINKY, the installer

Linux package management-related software
Free software projects
Art marble. Art marbles are high quality collectible marbles arising out of the art glass movement. They are sometimes referred to as contemporary glass marbles to differentiate them from collectible antique marbles, and are spherical works of art glass. Glass artists interest in marbles at the end of the twentieth century brought about a resurgence in hand made marbles.

Types
Dichroic glass is a very popular choice with glass artists today, especially so when creating marbles, because of its properties of having more than one color and when viewed from different angles, has a sparkle effect, much like a cut gemstone. Dichroic glass is actually a product created by the space industry, and was first used as an interference filter for precise scientific measuring. To create this effect, glass artists use a thin layer of metallic oxides including magnesium, silicon and titanium at high temperatures. This style of marble was invented by Geoffrey Beetem circa 1989 and are called Stardust Marbles. First publication was by Marilyn Barrett in 1994, Dr. Morito 1996, Glass magazine in 2000, and in Marbles and Related Art Glass, by Mark P. Block also in 2000.

Vortex marbles are a very popular style created by forming a cone at the end of a rod of clear glass, typically borosilicate or scientific glass. Various patterns are created on the outside of this cone, a spiral being the most popular. This is encased to create a hemisphere. More patterns are usually added to the outside. The opposite side is turned into a lens and the entire piece is shaped into a sphere. This style was created by Kevin O'Grady circa 1994. O'Grady is a pioneer in the contemporary glass marble movement.

Artists
Contemporary marble artists include Josh Simpson.
Aaron Slater, Gateson Reko, Travis Webber

References

Glass art
Isobutyl acetate. The chemical compound isobutyl acetate, also known as 2-methylpropyl ethanoate (IUPAC name) or β-methylpropyl acetate, is a common solvent. It is produced from the esterification of isobutanol with acetic acid. It is used as a solvent for lacquer and nitrocellulose.  Like many esters it has a fruity or floral smell at low concentrations and occurs naturally in raspberries, pears and other plants.  At higher concentrations the odor can be unpleasant and may cause symptoms of central nervous system depression such as nausea, dizziness and headache. 

A common method for preparing isobutyl acetate is Fischer esterification, where precursors isobutyl alcohol and acetic acid are heated in the presence of a strong acid.

Isobutyl acetate has three isomers: n-butyl acetate, tert-butyl acetate, and sec-butyl acetate, which are also common solvents.

References

Flavors
Ester solvents
Acetate esters
Isobutyl esters
Propyl acetate. Propyl acetate, also known as propyl ethanoate, is an organic compound. Nearly 20,000 tons are produced annually for use as a solvent. This colorless liquid is known by its characteristic odor of pears. Due to this fact, it is commonly used in fragrances and as a flavor additive. It is formed by the esterification of acetic acid and propan-1-ol, often via Fischer–Speier esterification, with sulfuric acid as a catalyst and water produced as a byproduct.

References

External links 
NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
Acetic acid, propyl ester - Toxicity Data
N-Propyl Acetate MSDS

Ester solvents
Flavors
Acetate esters
Sweet-smelling chemicals
Propyl esters
Bush robot. A bush robot is a hypothetical machine whose body branches in a fractal way into trillions of nanoscale fingers, to achieve very high dexterity and reconfigurability.  The concept was described by Hans Moravec in a final report for NASA in 1999, who projected that development of the necessary technology will take half a century.

Bush robots are also referenced as very recent technology in the Transhuman Space and Eclipse Phase roleplaying games. They are also featured in some novels, such as Rocheworld by physicist Robert L. Forward, Iron Sunrise and Singularity Sky by Charles Stross, Matter by Iain M. Banks, The Turing Option by Harry Harrison and artificial intelligence expert Marvin Minsky, The Return of Bruce Wayne #6 by Grant Morrison and Lee Garbett, The Big Chill by Alan Moore and Carlos D'Anda (as the last form of life in the universe) and The Adventures of Lando Calrissian by L. Neil Smith. Bush robots also play an important role in Ken Macleod's The Cassini Division, part of his science-fiction series The Fall Revolution.

The utility robots in the movie Interstellar (film) were fractal designs similar to a Moravec bush, but with only five levels of bifurcation.

See also
 Utility fog

Further reading
  Chapter 4 in particular.

References

-
Telstra Research Laboratories. Telstra Research Laboratories (TRL) was a leading telecommunications research and development centre in Australia up until its closure in January 2006.  Shortly before its closure it employed several hundred people including engineers, scientists, psychologists and other technical staff spread over several locations including Melbourne, Sydney and Launceston.

The closure of TRL, with retrenchment of about 90% of its staff, was part of a broader restructure of Telstra's Network and Technology group following the announcement in November 2005 of the outcome of a strategic review led by new CEO Sol Trujillo.  The new operating model places more emphasis on the reliance on key vendor partners, rather than the traditional in-house expertise that TRL provided to assist Telstra in being an intelligent purchaser of equipment and systems.

Telstra is Australia's dominant telecommunications carrier.

History 
TRL was originally established as the Research Laboratories of the Postmaster-General's Department (PMG) in 1923. The Research Laboratories continued as PMG, became Telecom Australia and later became Telstra, and was responsible for the development of several key technologies. Notable achievements included: a part in the development of radar for WW2; the first fax service in Australia; the first public TV broadcast in Australia; developing termite-resistant cabling; assisting with the development of the bionic ear and the cochlear ear implant; developing the optical fibre cold clamp; and building the first system to route calls to a destination depending on the caller's location (One3).

References

 

Research institutes in Australia
Telstra
Audi Avus quattro. The Audi Avus quattro was a concept sports car made by the German car manufacturer Audi.  It was first introduced at the 1991 Tokyo Motor Show. The Avus quattro had an aluminium space frame, which helped reduce weight. This second showing of the new aluminium architecture (after the quattro Spyder a month before) paved the way for the mass-produced aluminium A8 in 1994.

Design 
The bodywork on the Avus was designed by J Mays and inspired by Auto Union race cars of the 1930s, which featured unpainted aluminum bodies. The panels are made from polished 1.5 mm thick aluminum that was hand-beaten.

Specifications 
The Avus quattro's engine was supposed to be a 6.0 L 60-valve W12 engine producing . The car shown at the Tokyo Motor Show, however, was fitted with a precision painted dummy, crafted from wood and plastic. Reason being, that at the time, its intended powertrain was still in development; Audi-made W12 engines were not available to buyers until 2001, on the 2001 Audi A8 6.0 W12 quattro. The Avus also features three lockable differentials, rear-wheel steering and a NACA-style duct mounted on the roof.

The Avus quattro is now on display at Audi's headquarters in Ingolstadt, Germany.

References

External links

 Audi Corporate website
 museum mobile, Ingolstadt 
 Audi Avus Quattro Info Page By 21st Century 
 Audi Avus quattro page on Audi Corporate Website 

Avus quattro
Sports cars
Rear mid-engine, all-wheel-drive vehicles
Ionochromism. Ionochromism, similar to chromic methods such as photochromism, thermochromism and other chromism phenomena, is the reversible process of changing the color of a material by absorption or emission spectra of molecules using ions. Electrochromism is similar to ionochromism as it involves the use of electrons in order to change the color of materials. Both electrochromic and ionochromic materials undergo a change in color by the flow of charged particles, where electrochromic materials only involve an anionic species or negatively charged species such as electrons. An example of an ionochromic dye is a complexometric indicator. A complexometric indicator involves the presence of metal ions in order to facilitate color change and is often used in complexometric titration.

Overview 
Ionochromism is the process of reacting an ionochromic material with a charged species, or a positively or negatively charged ion. Materials that have ionochromic properties exhibit reversible color change, where the absence of a stimulus such as an ionic species can result in the compound changing to its original color.
Various ionic color changing mechanisms that are used in chromic processes can be used in ionochromism, including: 

 Halochromism 
 Acidochromism 
 Metallochromism

Molecules with Ionochromic Properties 
Ionochromic materials exist in a wide range of molecules, including organic molecules, pH-sensitive dyes and indicators, and other color-changing compounds with chromophores. Some of these molecules include phthalides, fluorans, and leucotriarylmethanes.

Ionochromic materials

Applications

Carbonless copy paper

Analytical chemistry

Lithographic process for printing plates

Direct thermal printing

References 

Chromism
Complexometric indicators
Halochromism. A halochromic material is a material which changes colour when pH changes occur. The term ‘chromic’ is defined for materials that can change colour reversibly with the presence of an external factor. In this case, the factor is pH. One class of compounds with this property are pH indicators.

Halochromic substances are suited for use in environments where pH changes occur frequently, or places where changes in pH are extreme. Halochromic substances detect alterations in the acidity of substances, like detection of corrosion in metals.

Halochromic substances may be used as indicators to determine the pH of solutions of unknown pH. The colour obtained is compared with the colour obtained when the indicator is mixed with solutions of known pH. The pH of the unknown solution can then be estimated. Obvious disadvantages of this method include its dependency on the colour sensitivity of the human eye, and that unknown solutions that are already coloured cannot be used.

The colour change of halochromic substances occur when the chemical binds to existing hydrogen and hydroxide ions in solution. Such bonds result in changes in the conjugated systems of the molecule, or the range of electron flow. This alters the wavelength of light absorbed, which in turn results in a visible change of colour. Halochromic substances do not display a full range of colour for a full range of pH because, after certain acidities, the conjugated system will not change. The various shades result from different concentrations of halochromic molecules with different conjugated systems.

References

Chromism
Tribochromism. Tribochromism refers to a change in colour of a material caused by mechanical friction, similar to piezochromism, the change in colour of a material caused by pressure. It is a property of some materials and is often associated with thermochromism. Tribochromism and piezochromism are often grouped together under the term mechanochromism.

Tribochromatic materials may be used in sensors when friction has to be detected. These materials generally change colour under mechanical stress conditions; the colour gradually fades once the stress is removed.

See also
 Triboluminescence – An optical phenomenon in which light is generated when material is subject to mechanical stress

Chromism

References
Stepan Demirchyan. Stepan Kareni Demirchyan (; born June 7, 1959) is an Armenian politician and son of the Communist-era Armenian leader Karen Demirchyan.

Biography
Stepan Demirchyan was born in Yerevan and received his degree from Yerevan Polytechnic Institute in 1981. He is an engineer-electrician and a PhD on Technical Sciences. From 1981 to 1986 he worked first as a skilled worker and later senior skilled worker, supervisor-probationer, head of station and then deputy head of the assembly shop in the Electrical Engines Industrial Complex under the Ministry of Electrical Technologies Industry. From 1984 to 1986 he worked as an assistant engineer in the Electrical Engines Industrial Complex. From 1986 to 1988 he worked first as a chief engineer and later as acting director in the Construction Plant of Programming Equipment under the USSR Ministry of Equipment, Automation Means and Management Systems. The next fifteen years were spent as the general director of the Mars Industrial Complex.

He was a candidate in Armenia's 2003 presidential election.

On May 25, 2003 he was elected to the National Assembly from the proportional list of the Justice Alliance and is the leader of the Justice Fraction and the People's Party of Armenia.

Personal life
Demirchyan is married and has three children.

Sources
http://www.parliament.am/deputies.php?sel=details&ID=55&lang=eng

1959 births
Living people
Candidates for President of Armenia
Members of the National Assembly (Armenia)
National Polytechnic University of Armenia alumni
People's Party of Armenia politicians
Terephthaloyl chloride. Terephthaloyl chloride (TCL, 1,4-benzenedicarbonyl chloride) is the acyl chloride of terephthalic acid.  It is a white solid at room temperature. It is one of two precursors used to make Kevlar, the other being p-phenylenediamine. TCL is used as a key component in performance polymers and aramid fibers, where it imparts flame resistance, chemical resistance, temperature stability, light weight, and very high strength. TCL is also an effective water scavenger, used to stabilize isocyanates and urethane prepolymers.

Preparation
Terephthalic acid dichloride is produced commercially by the reaction of 1,4-bis(trichloromethyl)benzene with terephthalic acid:
 C6H4(CCl3)2  +  C6H4(CO2H)2  →  2 C6H4(COCl)2 +  2 HCl

It can also be obtained by chlorination of dimethyl terephthalate.

Use
TCL is used for making various copolymers and aramid polymers such as Heracron, Twaron and Kevlar:

References

External links
 
 Aramid

Acyl chlorides
Benzene derivatives
Monomers
Language binding. In programming and software design, a binding is an application programming interface (API) that provides glue code specifically made to allow a programming language to use a foreign library or operating system service (one that is not native to that language).

Characteristics
Binding generally refers to a mapping of one thing to another. In the context of software libraries, bindings are wrapper libraries that bridge two programming languages, so that a library written for one language can be used in another language.  Many software libraries are written in system programming languages such as C or C++. To use such libraries from another language, usually of higher-level, such as Java, Common Lisp, Scheme, Python, or Lua, a binding to the library must be created in that language, possibly requiring recompiling the language's code, depending on the amount of modification needed. However, most languages offer a foreign function interface, such as Python's and OCaml's ctypes, and Embeddable Common Lisp's cffi and uffi.

For example, Python bindings are used when an extant C library, written for some purpose, is to be used from Python. Another example is libsvn which is written in C to provide an API to access the Subversion software repository. To access Subversion from within Java code, libsvnjavahl can be used, which depends on libsvn being installed and acts as a bridge between the language Java and libsvn, thus providing an API that invokes functions from libsvn to do the work.

Major motives to create library bindings include software reuse, to reduce reimplementing a library in several languages, and the difficulty of implementing some algorithms efficiently in some high-level languages.

Runtime environment

Object models

 Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) – cross-platform-language model
 Component Object Model (COM) – Microsoft Windows only cross-language model
 Distributed Component Object Model (DCOM) – extension enabling COM to work over networks
 Cross Platform Component Object Model (XPCOM) – Mozilla applications cross-platform model
 Common Language Infrastructure – .NET Framework cross-platform-language model
 Freedesktop.org D-Bus – open cross-platform-language model

Virtual machines

 Comparison of application virtual machines

Porting

 Portable object – cross-platform-language object model definition

See also

 Application programming interface (API)
 Application binary interface (ABI)
 Calling convention
 Embedded SQL
 Name mangling
 Simplified Wrapper and Interface Generator (SWIG) – interface binding generator from many languages to many languages, open-source
 Wrapper function

References

External links
JTC1/SC22/WG11 - Binding Techniques, an ISO standard for language bindings
What is a language binding?

Compilers
Computer libraries
Hard systems. Hard systems is a problem-solving approach in systems science. It can be contrasted with soft systems, for which systems thinking must handle many ill-defined, or not easily quantified elements.

Hard systems approaches such as systems analysis (structured methods), operations research and so on, assume that the problems associated with such systems are well-defined and likely to have a single, optimum solution, so a problem-solving approach will work well as technical factors tend to predominate.

Developments in hard systems thinking 
Hard systems began to emerge as a distinct philosophy in the 1950s.

See also 
Systems engineering
Systems analysis
Systems dynamics

References 

Systems theory
Crankpin. A crankpin or crank pin, also known as a rod bearing journal, is a mechanical device in an engine which connects the crankshaft to the connecting rod for each cylinder. It has a cylindrical surface, to allow the crankpin to rotate relative to the "big end" of the connecting rod.

The most common configuration is for a crankpin to serve one cylinder. However, many V engines have each crankpin shared by each pair of cylinders.

Design 

The crankpin connects to the larger end of the connecting rod for each cylinder. This end of the connecting rod is called the "big end", as opposed to the "small end" or "little end" (which connects to the wrist/gudgeon pin in the piston).

The bearing which allows the crankpin to rotate around its shaft is called the "rod bearing". In automotive engines, the most common type of rod bearing is the plain bearing, however bushings or roller bearings are also used in some engines.

Configurations 
In a single-cylinder engine, straight engine or flat engine, each crankpin normally serves just one cylinder. This results for a relatively simple design which is the cheapest to produce. Some V-twin engines use a single cylinder per crankpin.

Most V engines have each pair of cylinders sharing a crankpin. This usually requires an offset between the cylinders in each bank, resulting in a simple connecting rod design. If a cylinder offset is not used, then the connecting rods must be articulated or forked at the big end. Forked connecting rods are mainly used in V-twin motorcycle engines, but in the past were found on a number of automobile and aero engines, such as the Rolls-Royce Merlin aero engine of the WWII era. Articulated connecting rods consist of a "master" rod attached to the crank pin, with a "slave" rod connected to the big end of the master rod. This design was used in older or exotic V engines.

Radial engines use a more complicated version of articulated connecting rods, where a single "master" connecting rod attached to the single crankpin (one for each row in multi-row designs), and smaller bearings for each of the corresponding cylinders machined into the big end of the master rod.

Cylindrical crank pins were fitted onto the driving wheels of steam locomotives. They were connected to the driving rods that transmitted power from the cylinder to the wheel. The crank pin was usually made of high-quality steel because it had to withstand high forces.

The crank pin of a locomotive corresponds to the offset of a crankshaft in other crank drives. The distance from the centre of the crank pin to the centre of the wheel is also called offset and is exactly half the stroke of the pistons.

See also
 Crank (mechanism)
 Slider-crank linkage

References

Crankshafts
Engine technology