omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
BAE Systems Submarines. BAE Systems Submarines, is a wholly owned subsidiary of BAE Systems, based in Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, England, and is responsible for the development and production of submarines.

BAE Systems Submarines operates one of the few shipyards in the world capable of designing and building nuclear submarines, which has constructed all but three of the Royal Navy's nuclear-powered submarines since the commissioning of  in 1963. The exceptions were ,  and , which were built by Cammell Laird.

History

The Barrow-in-Furness shipyard has been building submarines since  was launched for the Ottoman Navy in 1886 and the s for the Royal Navy were launched in 1901. The shipyard was formerly operated by Vickers Shipbuilding and Engineering (VSEL). Upon the creation of BAE Systems in 1999, the submarine division became part of BAE Systems Marine. As part of BAE Systems Marine, the yard constructed surface ships, such as the s. In 2003, the company was split into BAE Systems Submarines and BAE Systems Naval Ships, with Barrow ceasing surface ship construction.  Following a 2012 restructuring, BAE Systems Submarines became part of BAE Systems Maritime & Land UK, alongside BAE Systems Maritime Services and BAE Systems Naval Ships.

Since its completion in 1986, submarines at Barrow are constructed inside the Devonshire Dock Hall (DDH).  In addition to the main shipyard in Barrow-in-Furness, BAE Systems Submarines also operates from sites at Farnborough, Ash Vale, Frimley and Weymouth.

The company is currently constructing the s, a new generation nuclear attack submarine (SSN) for the Royal Navy, the first of which was launched on 8 June 2007. The order for the initial batch of three submarines was placed in 1997, with Marconi Marine (VSEL), which was absorbed into BAE Systems in 1999.  Construction of the final Astute-class began in May 2018 and all seven Astute boats are scheduled to be completed by the end of 2026.  BAE Systems Submarines is also building four  ballistic missile submarines, which will carry the UK's Strategic Nuclear Deterrent. Construction started in late 2016 and the first submarine is expected to enter service in the early 2030s.

A "significant fire" at the Barrow-in-Furness facility in October 2024 caused two people to be hospitalised for smoke inhalation; Cumbria Constabulary said there was no nuclear risk.

See also
 Port of Barrow
 List of ships and submarines built in Barrow-in-Furness

Notes

References

External links
BAE Systems: Murray Easton Interview
Naval Shipbuilding - North West England

 
BAE Systems facilities
Companies based in Barrow-in-Furness
Shipbuilding companies of England
Trident (UK nuclear programme)
BAE Systems subsidiaries and divisions
2003 establishments in England
British Shipbuilders
Submarine builders
BAE Systems Regional Aircraft. BAE Systems Regional Aircraft produced the last fully UK-built airliner in November 2001 and owned by BAE Systems, the Avro RJX (formerly the BAE 146). While this business unit no longer manufactures commercial regional airliners, it continues to lease aircraft and provide support, spares, and training for its legacy products:
Avro RJ/BAE 146 family
BAe ATP 
Jetstream 
BAe 748

The decision to end the production of the Avro RJ series was taken following the sharp downturn in aircraft sales following the September 11, 2001 attacks. British Aerospace (BAE's predecessor) had already left the corporate jet market in 1993, with the sale of British Aerospace Corporate Jets Ltd. (producers of the mid-sized British Aerospace BAe 125 line) to Raytheon, but had maintained the regional jet division. Its remaining commercial aerostructures manufacturing business was sold to Spirit AeroSystems in 2006. Regional Aircraft's headquarters are located at Prestwick International Airport.

References

 

BAE Systems subsidiaries and divisions
BAE Systems Integrated System Technologies. BAE Systems Integrated System Technologies (known informally as Insyte) was a division of BAE Systems plc. The division was a major supplier of defence electronics, integrated command and control systems, radars, simulators, meteorological systems, data links and C4ISR battle management systems

Insyte was formed on 3 May 2005, by bringing together BAE Systems' interests in C4ISR and the UK operations of AMS following the Eurosystems Transaction.

Its headquarters were in Frimley, Surrey, but the major activities of the division are carried out across 13 sites throughout England and Scotland. 

In 2010 BAE Systems merged Integrated System Technologies into its air and naval businesses.

References

Aircraft component manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Avionics companies
Integrated System Technologies
Companies based in Surrey
Defunct technology companies of the United Kingdom
Science and technology in Surrey
Surrey Heath
Technology companies established in 2005
Technology companies disestablished in 2010
2005 establishments in England
2010 disestablishments in England
Stearman XA-21. The Stearman XA-21 (Model X-100) was a competitor in a United States Army Air Corps competition for a twin-engined attack aircraft which (after redesigns) led to the Douglas A-20 Havoc, Martin A-22 Maryland and North American B-25 Mitchell.

Design and development
The X-100, designated XA-21 following purchase by the Army Air Corps, was a twin-engined high-winged monoplane of all-metal construction. Its initial design featured an unusual "stepless cockpit" arrangement, much like those on most German World War II bombers designed during the war years from the He 111P onwards, with a streamlined, well-framed greenhouse canopy enclosing both the pilot and bombardier stations.

Operational history
The XA-21 was first tested with the streamlined cockpit but this configuration was found to restrict the pilot's forward vision, and the aircraft was rebuilt with a conventional (stepped) nose and cockpit structure. Although this change in the cockpit did not significantly affect performance, the XA-21 was not ordered into production.' The sole XA-21 had serial number 40-191.

Operators

 United States Army Air Corps

Specifications (XA-21)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Bowers, Peter M. Boeing Aircraft since 1916. London: Putnam, Second edition, 1989. .
 Wagner, Ray. American Combat Planes of the 20th Century, Third Enlarged Edition. New York: Doubleday, 1982. .

External links

 "Stearman XA-21"

A-21, Stearman
A-21
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
North American A-27. The North American Aviation A-27 is an attack version of the North American T-6 Texan. Ten aircraft were ordered by Thailand as NA-69 light attack aircraft.

Instead of being delivered to Thailand, the aircraft were taken over in October 1940 by the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) to keep them out of Japanese hands and redesignated A-27 under the USAAC aircraft designation system. Assigned to Nichols Field in the Philippines and used as a trainer, all A-27s were destroyed within a month during the Japanese invasion of that country during World War II.

Operators

United States Army Air Corps
4th Composite Group, Nichols Field, Luzon, Philippines
3rd Pursuit Squadron - 1941
17th Pursuit Squadron - 1941
20th Pursuit Squadron - 1941

Specifications (A-27)

See also

References

Bibliography
 

North American A-27
A-27
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1938
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Lumicera. Lumicera is a transparent ceramic developed by Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

Murata Manufacturing first developed transparent polycrystalline ceramics in February 2001. This polycrystalline ceramic is a type of dielectric resonator material commonly used in microwaves and millimeter waves. While offering superior electrical properties, high levels of transmissivity, and refractive index, it also has good optical characteristics without birefringence.

Normally, ceramics are opaque because pores are formed at triple points where grains intersect, causing scattering of incident light. Murata has optimized the entire development process of making dense and homogenous ceramics to improve their performance.

Under recommendations from Casio, the material itself has been refined for use in digital camera optical lenses by endowing it with improved transmission of short wavelength light and by reducing pores inside ceramics that reduce transparency.

Lumicera has the same light transmitting qualities as optical glass commonly used in today's conventional camera lenses, however it has a refractive index (nd = 2.08 at 587 nm) much greater than that of optical glass (nd = 1.5 – 1.85 ) and offers superior strength. The Lumicera Z variant is described as barium oxide based material, not containing any environmentally hazardous materials (e.g. lead).

Lumicera is transparent up to 10 micrometers, making it useful for instruments operating in the mid-infrared spectrum.

Lumicera is a trademark of Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.

Lumicera is used in some Casio Exilim cameras, where it allowed 20% reduction of the lens profile.

References

Optical materials
Ceramic materials
Ceramic engineering
Transparent materials
Douglas A-33. The Douglas A-33 (Model 8A-5) was an American attack aircraft built in small numbers during World War II. It was an updated version of the Northrop A-17, with a more powerful engine and an increased bomb load. While the A-33 was intended initially for the export market, the entire production run was taken up by the United States Army Air Corps.

Design and development
In 1932, the Northrop Corporation had been formed as a partly owned subsidiary of Douglas and by 1937, the Northrop Model 8 became known as the Douglas 8A produced in the El Segundo Division of Douglas aircraft.

The 8A-5 was powered by a 1,200 hp (895 kW) Wright R-1820-87 engine and was the most powerful and best armed of the series, with four wing mounted 0.30 in machine guns, two 0.50 in machine guns in pods below the wing, a rear-firing flexibly mounted 0.30 in gun, and the ability carry up to 2,000 lb of bombs.

Operational history
Early in 1940, the Norwegian government ordered 36 8A-5s which not had been delivered before Norway was invaded by the Germans. Completed between October 1940 and January 1941, the aircraft were delivered to a training center in Canada that had been set up for the Norwegian government-in-exile, named "Little Norway" at Toronto Island Airport, Ontario.

After the loss of two aircraft and a reassessment of the training needs now met by the use of other aircraft, the remaining 34 Model 8A-5Ps were sold to Peru. However, 31 were repossessed by the Army Air Corps at the start of World War II. These aircraft, designated A-33, were used for training, target tug, and utility duties.

Variants
Model 8A-5 
A-33 
Serial numbers: 42-13584/13601; 42-109007/109019

Operators

 Little Norway

 United States Army Air Corps

Specifications (A-33)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Francillon, René J. McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920. London: Putnam, 1979. .
 Pelletier, Alain J. "Northrop's Connection: The unsung A-17 attack aircraft and its legacy, Part 1". Air Enthusiast No 75, May–June 1998, pp. 62–67. Stamford, Lincolnshire: Key Publishing. .
 Pelletier, Alain J. "Northrop's Connection: The unsung A-17 attack aircraft and its legacy, Part 2". Air Enthusiast No 77, September–October 1998, pp. 2–15. Stamford, Lincolnshire: Key Publishing. .
 Wagner, Ray. American Combat Planes of the 20th Century, Third Enlarged Edition. New York: Doubleday, 1982. .
Andrade, John M. . U.S Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. Leicester: Midland Counties Publications, 1979. .
Swanborough, F. G. and Peter M. Bowers. United States Military aircraft since 1909. London: Putnam, 1963, 1971, 1989. .

Further reading

External links

 National Museum of the USAF - A-33 Fact Sheet
 Douglas 8A-5 for Norway, A-33

1940s United States attack aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
A-33
Aircraft first flown in 1940
Kaiser-Fleetwings A-39. The Kaiser-Fleetwings A-39 was a project by Kaiser-Fleetwings in the 1942–1943 period for an attack aircraft powered by a single Pratt & Whitney R-2800 radial engine. It was to be armed with four .50 caliber machine guns and two 37 mm cannons, along with up to  of bombs. The A-39 was canceled before any prototypes were built.

Specifications

See also

References

A-39
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
1940s United States attack aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Vultee XA-41. The Vultee XA-41 was originally ordered as a dive bomber. After combat experience led the Army Air Corps to believe dive-bombers were too vulnerable to enemy fighters, the contract was amended to change the role to low-level ground attack. Although the XA-41 was a potent weapons system, the design was overtaken by more advanced technology, and never entered production.

Design and development
The Vultee engineering team decided early in the design process to build the XA-41 (company Model 90) around the 3,000 hp Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major four-row, 28-cylinder radial engine. The Model 90's large tapered wing resembled that of Vultee Model 72 – a two-seat attack aircraft/dive bomber better known as the Vultee Vengeance (A-31/A-35) – including a straight leading edge, forward-swept trailing edge, and pronounced dihedral on the outer wing panels.

Designed to carry both a large internal load and external stores, the XA-41 was large for a single-engine aircraft. The single-place cockpit, set in line with the wing root, was 15 ft (4.6 m) off the ground when the airplane was parked.

As operational priorities shifted during its development phase, the original order for two XA-41 prototypes was cancelled, although the USAAF pressed for the completion of one prototype as an engine testbed for the R-4360 (the same engine used by the Boeing B-50 Superfortress).

Operational history
Flying for the first time on 11 February 1944, the sole XA-41 (S/N 43-35124) proved to have good performance with a maximum speed of 354 mph reached in testing and "superb maneuverability, being able to out-turn a P-51B Mustang". However, with the reduction in military orders due to the approaching end of the war, no production contract was placed, and the aircraft was used as an engine testbed for the USAAF as well as being evaluated by the U.S. Navy in comparison with other contemporary attack aircraft, especially the Douglas AD-1 Skyraider and Martin AM-1 Mauler. After its Navy trials, the XA-41, bearing civil registration NX60373N, was consigned to the Pratt & Whitney division of United Aircraft to continue engine tests. These continued until 1950 before the XA-41 was scrapped.

Specifications (Vultee XA-41)

Notes

Bibliography
 McCullough, Anson. "Grind 'Em Out Ground Attack: The Search for the Elusive Fighter Bomber". Wings Vol. 25, No. 4, August 1995.
 Thompson, Jonathan. Vultee Aircraft 1932–1947. Santa Ana, California: Narkiewicz/Thompson, 1992. .

External links

 Vultee XA-41

Vultee A-41
XA-41
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1944
Mid-wing aircraft
Cancelled military aircraft projects of the United States
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
SINIX. SINIX is a discontinued variant of the Unix operating system from Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme. SINIX supersedes SIRM OS and Pyramid Technology's DC/OSx. Following X/Open's acceptance that its requirements for the use of the UNIX trademark were met, version 5.44 and subsequent releases were published as Reliant UNIX by Fujitsu Siemens Computers.

Features
In some versions of SINIX (5.2x) the user could emulate the behaviour of a number of different versions of Unix (known as universes). These included System V.3, System III or BSD. Each universe had its own command set, libraries and header files.

Xenix-based SINIX
The original SINIX was a modified version of Xenix and ran on Intel 80186 processors. For some years Siemens used the NSC-32x32 (up to Sinix 5.2x) and Intel 80486 CPUs (Sinix 5.4x - non MIPS) in their MX-Series.

System V-based SINIX
Later versions of SINIX based on System V were designed for the:
 SNI RM-200, RM-300, RM-400 and RM-600 servers running on the MIPS processor (SINIX-N, SINIX-O, SINIX-P, SINIX-Y)
 SNI PC-MX2, MX300-05/-10/-15/-30, Siemens MX500-75/-85 running NS320xx (SINIX-H)
 PC-MXi, MX300-45 on the Intel X86 processor (SINIX-L)
 SNI WX-200 and other IBM-compatible i386 PCs on the Intel 80386 and newer processors (SINIX-Z)

The last release under the SINIX name was version 5.43 in 1995.

Reliant UNIX
The last Reliant UNIX versions were registered as UNIX 95 compliant (XPG4 hard branding).

The last release of Reliant UNIX was version 5.45.

See also
 BS2000
 VM2000

External links
 Siemens Business Services - SINIX patches and support
 The SINIX operating system
 Sven Mascheck, SINIX V5.20 Universes

MIPS operating systems
X86 operating systems
UNIX System V
Starr Bumble Bee II. The Starr Bumble Bee II is an experimental aircraft designed and built specifically to acquire the title of “The World’s Smallest Airplane”.

Design and development

The Bumble Bee II was designed and built by Robert H. Starr in Phoenix, Arizona with the intent of breaking the record for the world's smallest biplane.  Before building the Bumble Bee II, Starr had been deeply involved with the development of previous aircraft holding the title of "world's smallest airplane". His own plane, the Bumble Bee I, had lost the record to an aircraft called the Stits DS-1 Baby Bird, until the Bumble Bee II flew and regained the Guinness record. The design of the Bumble Bee II was similar to Starr's original Bumble Bee I. Both aircraft were biplanes with negative staggered, cantilevered wings and conventional landing gear. However, the Bumble Bee II was smaller and lighter with a fuselage constructed of welded steel tubing covered by sheet metal, and wings covered in aircraft plywood. The power plant was a Continental C85 4 – cylinder air-cooled horizontally opposed cylinder engine (Boxer Motor) that produced 85 hp. The upper wings had flaps while the lower wings had ailerons. All wing air-frame structures were equipped with tip plates to enhance the lift coefficient. The airplane had a small cockpit with the rudder pedals located under the engine compartment toward the front of the cowling.

Operational history

The Bumble Bee II was flown on April 2, 1988, at Marana Airport just outside of Tucson, Arizona to achieve the world record for the smallest piloted airplane. According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the Bumble Bee II crashed and was destroyed during its 3rd flight on May 5, 1988. At 400 feet of altitude, the engine failed on a down-wind leg. The crash destroyed the Bumble Bee II and severely injured Robert Starr, who made a full recovery.

Aircraft on public display

The Bumble Bee I is on public display at the Pima Air & Space Museum.

Naming
Starr named the aircraft in reference to an urban legend which states that according to standard aerodynamics, bumble bees do not have enough wing area to fly. Engineers and pilots had made a similar statement about Starr's Bumble Bee I and II, yet both flew.

Specifications

References

External links 

 Flight test video

1980s United States sport aircraft
Biplanes with negative stagger
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1988
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Buble Bee II
T-tail aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Ink jet material deposition. Ink jet material deposition is an emerging manufacturing technique in which inkjet technology is used to deposit materials on substrates. The technique aims to eliminate fixed costs of production and reduce the amount of materials used.

Uses
Anything that is produced using traditional printing techniques is a candidate for ink jet material deposition. In addition, the precision available with ink jet technology may be required for some industrial applications. Examples include:

 Organic light-emitting diode display production.
 Printed circuit boards are typically produced using screen printing, which is not cost-effective for prototyping or small production runs. Conductive ink can be used to create circuit traces.

Advantages
 Since the underlying technology is digital, startup costs of production are relatively low. Each copy produced may be different from the last.
 Expensive materials may be used more efficiently; no material is wasted by placing it where it doesn't need to go.

Disadvantages
 The material to be jetted must be compatible with the print head used and must have its viscosity within a specific range.

See also
 Ink jet printer

Further reading
 

Inkjet printers
Westendstrasse 1. Westendstraße 1 is a 53-storey,  skyscraper in the Westend-Süd district of Frankfurt, Germany. The structure was completed in 1993 and together with the nearby City-Haus, forms the headquarters of DZ Bank. In 1995, it won the "Best Building of the Year" award by the American Chamber of Architects in the multifunctional skyscraper category. As of 2023, the tower is the third-tallest skyscraper in Frankfurt and also in Germany.

Design

Overview 
The building, designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox, is similar in style to an older building by the same architects, 1250 René-Lévesque in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. The building is a reinforced concrete structure with a perforated façades and flat slabs. Each floor height is around  with a floor area of . The façade consists of fine, golden granite, giving it a white and bright appearance from afar. The building was designed by architect William Pedersen. The characteristic ring beam at the top of the tower (known commonly as the crown) is intended as a reminder to Frankfurt's history as the city where German emperors were crowned. The crown faces towards the old part of Frankfurt where the coronations were held at the Frankfurt Cathedral. The 95 tonne steel crown is heated in winter to prevent the forming of icicles which could endanger pedestrians or cars on the street below. 

The design for Moshe Aviv Tower, also called "City Gate" skyscraper in Ramat Gan, Israel, was inspired by the building.

Features 
A sculpture by Claes Oldenburg and Coosje van Bruggen, called Inverted Collar and Tie is set up in front of the entrance.

In popular culture 
 Westendstrasse 1 appears under the name Khoury Art Foundation Building as a vanilla stage 8 Euro-Contemporary building set in SimCity 4 (Deluxe or with Rush Hour).

Gallery

Skyscrapers in Frankfurt

See also 
 List of tallest buildings in Frankfurt
 List of tallest buildings in Germany
 List of tallest buildings in Europe

References 

Skyscraper office buildings in Frankfurt
Office buildings completed in 1993
Kohn Pedersen Fox buildings
Bankenviertel
John Kelsey (cryptanalyst). John Kelsey is a cryptographer who works at NIST.  His research interests include cryptanalysis and design of symmetric cryptography primitives (block ciphers, stream ciphers, cryptographic hash functions, MACs), analysis and design of cryptographic protocols, cryptographic random number generation, electronic voting, side-channel attacks on cryptography implementations, and anonymizing communications systems.  He previously worked at Certicom and Counterpane Internet Security.

See also
 Yarrow algorithm, a family of cryptographic pseudorandom number generators
 Twofish,  a symmetric key block cipher

External links
John Kelsey at DBLP
John Kelsey at NIST

Modern cryptographers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)