omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Precision engineering. Precision engineering is a subdiscipline of electrical engineering, software engineering, electronics engineering, mechanical engineering, and optical engineering concerned with designing machines, fixtures, and other structures that have exceptionally low tolerances, are repeatable, and are stable over time. These approaches have applications in machine tools, MEMS, NEMS, optoelectronics design, and many other fields.

Precision engineering is a branch of engineering that focus on the design, development and manufacture of product with high levels of accuracy and repeatability.

It involves the use of advanced technologies and techniques to achieve tight tolerance and dimensional control in the manufacturing process.

Overview 
Professors Hiromu Nakazawa and Pat McKeown provide the following list of goals for precision engineering:

 Create a highly precise movement.
 Reduce the dispersion of the product's or part's function.
 Eliminate fitting and promote assembly, especially automatic assembly.
 Reduce the initial cost.
 Reduce the running cost.
 Extend the life span.
 Enable the design safety factor to be lowered.
 Improve interchangeability of components so that corresponding parts made by other factories or firms can be used in their place.
 Improve quality control through higher machine accuracy capabilities and hence reduce scrap, rework, and conventional inspection.
 Achieve a greater wear/fatigue life of components.
 Make functions independent of one another.
 Achieve greater miniaturization and packing densities.
 Achieve further advances in technology and the underlying sciences.

Technical Societies 
 American Society for Precision Engineering
 euspen - European Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology
 JSPE- The Japan Society for Precision Engineering
 DSPE - Dutch Society for Precision Engineering
 SPETA - Singapore Precision Engineering and Technology Association

See also 
 Abbe error
 Accuracy and precision
 Flexures
 Kinematic coupling
 Measurement uncertainty
 Kinematic determinacy

References

External links 
 Precision Engineering, the Journal of the International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology

Mechanical engineering

Precision Engineering Centre at Cranfield University
William T. Golden Center for Science and Engineering. William T. Golden Center for Science and Engineering is a high-rise building in Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States. Completed in 1996, the building rises to  and has 12 floors. The architects of the building were Davis, Carter, Scott Ltd. and Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, who designed the postmodern building. This building is the headquarters to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, a non-profit organization established in 1848 that aims to advance science around the world. Other tenants include the Association of American Universities and the IRIS Consortium.

The building is named after William T. Golden.

See also
 Renaissance (Bakalar)
 List of tallest buildings in Washington, D.C.

References

Buildings and structures completed in 1996
Skyscraper office buildings in Washington, D.C.
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1996 establishments in Washington, D.C.
Round-Up (video game). known as Round-Up in the Americas, is a maze-strategy arcade video game released by Taito in 1981. The game was released as Fitter, in Japan in October 1981 and in Europe the same year. Another Japanese company, Hiraoka, licensed a version called Round-Up to Centuri for release in the Americas in December 1981.

Gameplay

The object of the game is for the player to maneuver a white robot within a maze, capture a red character robot as they move about the maze, and race to the center to change the 9 white balls located there to red. The player may only change one white ball to red at a time after capturing a red robot, and must evade 4 chaser monsters in the process. Bonus point may be earned when capturing the elusive 'red king' that appears on the screen. Capture him and you will momentarily immobilize the chasers. Play is over when the chasers have captured all of the player's robots.

If the player is successful in changing all of the balls in the center to red, the pattern clears and then a new challenge is presented: a 3×3 or 4×4 tri-colored pattern will appear at the bottom of the screen and a slightly different tri-colored cube of corresponding size will appear at the center of the screen. The player may earn bonus points by moving the directional arrow and rearranging the colors of the cube at the center of the screen to match the sample pattern presented at the bottom of the screen. The player is given 90 seconds to rearrange the cube as many times as possible. Action returns to the maze whether the player wins or loses the cube challenge.

References

External links

1981 video games
Arcade video games
Arcade-only video games
Centuri games
Maze games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Multiplayer hotseat games
Strategy video games
Video games about robots
Video games developed in Japan
Foundation piecing. In patchwork, foundation piecing was originally a method used to stabilize pieces of fabric that were stitched together.  It first became popular in the 18th and 19th centuries in England, although a 15th-century Italian piece, the Impruneta cushion owned by Antonio degli Agli, may have used foundation piecing.  A similar process popular in Britain is English paper piecing.

Originally pieces of scrap fabric or muslin were used as the foundation.  Recently, the use of paper, whether tracing paper, freezer paper or some other heavyweight paper, has become very popular for use as a pattern, in creating quilt blocks that are all the same size, each with precise, sharp points and perfectly matched intersections.  In addition, information such as color and fabric choices can be written on the paper foundation in order to facilitate the construction of the piece and reducing room for error while sewing.  

With paper piecing, a shorter stitch length (e.g. 12 stitches per inch) is used when sewing the components together. This perforates the foundation, making it easier to tear away after the block is completed.   Several methods can be used to prepare the design for use on the foundation: tracing, photocopying, computer printing, needle punching, and pre-set designs.

There are three primary techniques used when foundation piecing: top pressed, under pressed and single template piecing.  The technique used is dependent upon your preference and the  pattern of the design being sewn.  However, under pressed piecing allows for greater accuracy because the sewing is done right on the foundation with the fabric underneath, which allows the stitcher to view the marked seam line and sew directly on it.

References
Aspinall, Mike, "The Crafty Gentleman's Guide to Modern Paper Piecing", Search Press, England, UK 2022.
Hall, Jane, "The Experts Guide to Foundation Piecing", C & T Publishing, Layfayette, CA, 2006.
Anderson, Alex, "Paper Piecing With Alex Anderson: 7 Quilt Projects, Tips, Techniques", C & T P
ublishing, Layfayette, CA, 2011.

Quilting
Structured ASIC platform. Structured ASIC is an intermediate technology between ASIC and FPGA, offering high performance, a characteristic of ASIC, and low NRE cost, a characteristic of FPGA.
Using Structured ASIC allows products to be introduced quickly to market, to have lower cost and to be designed with ease.

In a FPGA, interconnects and logic blocks are programmable after fabrication, offering high flexibility of design and ease of debugging in prototyping.
However, the capability of FPGAs to implement large circuits is limited, in both size and speed, due to complexity in programmable routing, and significant space occupied by programming elements, e.g. SRAMs, MUXes.
On the other hand, ASIC design flow is expensive.
Every different design needs a complete different set of masks.
The Structured ASIC is a solution between these two.
It has basically the same structure as a FPGA, but being mask-programmable instead of field-programmable, by configuring one or several via layers between metal layers.
Every SRAM configuration bit can be replaced by a choice of putting a via or not between metal contacts. 

A number of commercial vendors have introduced structured ASIC products. They have a wide range of configurability, from a single via layer to 6 metal and 6 via layers. Altera's Hardcopy-II, eASIC's Nextreme are examples of commercial structured ASICs.

See also 
Gate array
Altera Corp - "HardCopy II Structured ASICs"
eASIC Corp - "Nextreme Structured ASIC"

References 
Chun Hok Ho et al. - "Floating Point FPGA: Architecture and Modelling"
Chun Hok Ho et al. - "DOMAIN-SPECIFIC HYBRID FPGA: ARCHITECTURE AND FLOATING POINT APPLICATIONS"
Steve Wilton et al. - "A Synthesizable Datapath-Oriented Embedded FPGA Fabric"
Steve Wilton et al. - "A Synthesizable Datapath-Oriented Embedded FPGA Fabric for Silicon Debug Applications"
Andy Ye and Jonathan Rose - "Using Bus-Based Connections to Improve Field-Programmable Gate Array Density for Implementing Datapath Circuits"
Ian Kuon, Aaron Egier and Jonathan Rose - "Design, Layout and Verification of an FPGA using Automated Tools"
Ian Kuon, Russell Tessier and Jonathan Rose - "FPGA Architecture: Survey and Challenges"
Ian Kuon and Jonathan Rose - "Measuring the Gap Between FPGAs and ASICs"
Stephane Badel and Elizabeth J. Brauer - "Implementation of Structured ASIC Fabric Using Via-Programmable Differential MCML Cells"
Kanupriya Gulati, Nikhil Jayakumar and Sunil P. Khatri - "A Structured ASIC Design Approach Using Pass Transistor Logic"
Hee Kong Phoon, Matthew Yap and Chuan Khye Chai - "A Highly Compatible Architecture Design for Optimum FPGA to Structured-ASIC Migration"
Yajun Ran and Malgorzata Marek-Sadowska - "Designing Via-Configurable Logic Blocks for Regular Fabric"
R. Reed Taylor and Herman Schrnit - "Creating a Power-aware Structured ASIC"
Jennifer L. Wong, Farinaz Kourshanfar and Miodrag Potkonjak - "Flexible ASIC: Shared Masking for Multiple Media Processors"
External Links: eda.ee.ucla.edu/EE201A-04Spring/ASICslides.ppt

Application-specific integrated circuits
Electronic circuits
Logic design
Rotary piercing. Rotary piercing is a hot working metalworking process for forming thick-walled seamless tubing. There are two types: the Mannesmann process, invented in the 1880s, and the Stiefel process, developed two decades later.

Mannesmann process

A heated cylindrical billet workpiece is fed between two convex-tapered rollers, which are rotating in the same direction. The rollers are usually 6° askew from parallel with the billet's axis. The rollers are on opposite sides of the billet, and the surface of their largest cross sections are separated by a distance slightly smaller than the outside diameter (OD) of the original billet. The load imparted by the rollers compresses the material and the 6° skew provides both rotation and translation to the billet. The friction between the rollers and the billet is intentionally high, and is sometimes increased by using knurled rollers. This friction establishes stresses varying radially through the billet, with the highest stresses at the outer surface and the central axis. The stress exceeds the yield strength of the billet and causes circumferential fissures to propagate at various radii near the outer surface, and a central longitudinal void to form at the axis. A tapered mandrel is set inside and a short distance from the start of the central void. This mandrel forces the material outward and compresses the material against the back side of the tapered rollers. This compressive loading fuses the circumferential fissures and sets the initial internal and external diameter values. The formed tube is then cooled and can be cold worked to refine the diameters and to achieve the desired yield strengths.

Mannesmann mills can produce tubes as large as 300 mm (12 in) in diameter.

Stiefel process
The Stiefel process is very similar to the Mannesmann process, except that the convex rollers are replaced with large conical disks. This allows for larger tubes to be formed.

References

Metal forming
Complant. China National Complete Plant Import Export Corporation Ltd. (COMPLANT) is a Chinese company mainly involved in contracting and engineering in the domestic and international markets. In a 2013 ranking compiled by Engineering News-Record of revenue from international contracting work, COMPLANT was listed at number 235 with $154.5 million in international revenue in 2012.

History 
COMPLANT was created in the 1980s around the time that China created its Department of Foreign Aid within the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade (the Ministry later became the Ministry of Commerce). COMPLANT, which eventually became a state-owned enterprise, was at that point tasked with implementing most of China's overseas development projects.

Sugar processing
The company also has several subsidiaries in the sugar industry.

Sierra Leone
Complant Magbass Sugar Company is a subsidiary located in Sierra Leone that operates a sugar production facility, in Magbass, Tonkolili District, rehabilitated by the company in 2003.   The sugar operations in Sierra Leone have enjoyed the support of the local traditional elder, Paramount Chief, Alhaji Masakama Kanamanka 111, who in a ceremony in November 2012 for the sugar facility lashed out at anybody under his domain who stole equipment or burned the crops of the company.

Jamaica
The company became a major investor in Jamaica in 2011 with the purchase of three sugar factories in a divestment by the government of Jamaica. The sugar factories were sold for US$9 million with a planned investment of 156 million to follow the purchase in order to rehabilitate the factories.  The company moved rapidly on the investment, investing US$8 million in rehabilitation and buying US$20 million in spare parts and materials before taking control of the facilities. For the Jamaican government, the goals behind the sale included improvement of efficiency in the transferred factories and, down the line, the transformation of the Jamaican sugar industry.

References

Government-owned companies of China
Construction and civil engineering companies of China
Manufacturing companies based in Beijing
Sugar companies
Bavarian P 3/5 H. After the foundation of the Deutsche Reichsbahn the Bavarian Group Administration tasked the firm of Maffei with the construction of 80 locomotives of the Bavarian Class P 3/5 H. These machines were based on the Class P 3/5 N, but had a superheated steam boiler. Positive experience with these vehicles built in 1921 – they were even used on express train duties – led in 1924 to the rebuild of all available Class P 3/5 N engines into superheated steam locomotives. 

In 1925 the P 3/5 H were allocated the numbers 38 401 to 38 480 as part of the DRG Class 38.4.

All 80 locomotives survived the Second World War and entered service with the Deutsche Bundesbahn. The last engine of this class, number 38 432, ran in Bavaria and Upper Swabia and was taken out of service in 1955.

The vehicles were coupled with a Bavarian 2′2′ T 21,8 tender.

See also 
 Royal Bavarian State Railways
 List of Bavarian locomotives and railbuses

References 

4-6-0 locomotives
P 3 5 H
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Maffei locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1921
2′C h4v locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Inspector Steel. Inspector Steel is an Indian comic book superhero character published by Raj Comics.

Origin
Inspector Amar lost some major parts of his body after an accident. In order to save his life, his brain was placed into a mechanical body; making him a cyborg. His friend, Professor Anees, was the one who performed this operation.

Inspector Steel is composed of armor plating, ICs, chips, various weapon systems, and electronic wizardry. The only human part within him is his brain, which is wired to the rest of the systems.

Attributes

Height: 7 feet (2.1 m)

Weight: 450 kg (1,000 lb)

Mainframe : Stainless steel

Age: 5 years as Ins. Steel

Area of Operation : Raj Nagar

Rank : Police Inspector

Powers and abilities
He is a heavily armored cyborg who cannot be harmed by simple weapons.
He has x-ray vision, a fully automatic bullet and rocket firing Megagun, scanners and many digital equipments such as a lie detector machine, fax etc. built in. Normal bullets and bombs can not harm him. His body is completely resistive to any outside interference. Being a heavily armored cyborg, he can run at superhuman speed and also, he uses his own stunning bike which is made up of automatic built-up system.

Family, Friends, and Allies
 Inspector Salma
 Professor Anees

Enemies
 Dr virus 
 Mechanic, a man who hates machines
 Hammer
 Farsa
 Sir Gunga
 Auzaar

References

Comics characters with superhuman strength
Inspector Steel
Raj Comics superheroes
Male characters in comics
Fictional Indian police officers
Fictional cyborgs
Fictional amputees
Hindu superheroes
Wound rotor motor. A wound-rotor motor, also known as slip ring-rotor motor, is a type of induction motor where the rotor windings are connected through slip rings to external resistance. Adjusting the resistance allows control of the speed/torque characteristic of the motor. Wound-rotor motors can be started with low inrush current, by inserting high resistance into the rotor circuit; as the motor accelerates, the resistance can be decreased.

Compared to a squirrel-cage rotor, the rotor of the slip ring motor has more winding turns; the induced voltage is then higher, and the current lower, than for a squirrel-cage rotor.  During the start-up a typical rotor has 3 poles connected to the slip ring. Each pole is wired in series with a variable power resistor. When the motor reaches full speed the rotor poles are switched to short circuit.  During start-up the resistors reduce the field strength at the stator. As a result, the inrush current is reduced. Another important advantage over squirrel-cage motors is higher starting torque.

The speed and torque characteristics of a wound-rotor motor can be adjusted by changing the external resistance, unlike a squirrel cage motor which has a fixed characteristic. This is useful for speed control of the motor.

A wound-rotor motor can be used in several forms of adjustable-speed drive. Common applications include hoists and conveyor systems. Certain types of variable-speed drives recover slip-frequency power from the rotor circuit and feed it back to the supply, allowing wide speed range with high energy efficiency. Doubly-fed electric machines use the slip rings to supply external power to the rotor circuit, allowing wide-range speed control. Today speed control by use of slip ring motor is mostly superseded by induction motors with variable-frequency drives.

References

Induction motors
Regenerative shock absorber. A regenerative shock absorber is a type of shock absorber that converts parasitic intermittent linear motion and vibration into useful energy, such as electricity.  Conventional shock absorbers simply dissipate this energy as heat.

In electric or hybrid vehicles, electricity generated by the shock absorber can be used to extend battery life by powering the drivetrain. In non-electric vehicles, it can power accessories like air conditioning. While several systems have been developed, they are still in development and not yet in production vehicles.

Electromagnetic
A patent for such a device was filed in 2005.  This type of system uses a linear motor/generator consisting of a stack of permanent magnets and coils to generate electricity.  This system was further developed at Tufts University and has been licensed to Electric Truck, LLC. Preliminary data suggests 20% to 70% of the energy normally lost in the suspension can be recaptured with this system.

A system developed at Swinburne University of Technology used DC electromagnetic machines as damping elements to generate energy for storage in conventional batteries. This system utilized a device based on similar principles to a 'step-up' (boost) DC-DC converter. The design offered the ability to optimize the energy conversion efficiency of the system and also allow the ability to control the damping coefficient of the damper, such that the system could act as a semi-active damper.

Hydraulic
A system developed at MIT uses hydraulic pistons to force fluid through a turbine coupled to a generator.  The system is controlled by active electronics which optimize damping, which the inventors claim also results in a smoother ride compared to a conventional suspension.  They calculate that a large company like Walmart could save $13 million annually by converting their trucks.

Another system has been developed by a team at New York State University.

See also 
 Regenerative brake

References

External links
 US Government study

Auto parts
Energy recovery
FS Class D.345. The FS Class D.345 is a class of diesel-electric locomotive used in Italy, introduced in the 1970s and still in service.

History 
After the positive experience with class D.343, in 1970, Italian state railways, Ferrovie dello Stato, ordered further 70 diesel locomotives with some minor improvements. The FIAT engine was confirmed, while the Breda-engine was to be abandoned and a new, more reliable cooling system was fitted.  The locomotives were manufactured by FIAT, Breda and SOFER, with electrical equipment provided by Magneti Marelli, TIBB and Italtrafo. The last unit was delivered in 1979.

Description 
The D.345's structure is very similar to that of D.343. The central compartment, housing the engine, the generator and the cooling system, is missing the baggage room, which had been never used in the previous class. The engine is a 4+4 V cylinder FIAT 218SSF with direct fuel injection, with a power output of 1,350 HP at 1500 rpm.

The electric generator is a DC one produced by Tecnomasio Italiano Brown Boveri (TIBB), with a power of  . The electric motors, one for each bogie, were produced by Ansaldo.

The command circuit includes electro-pneumatic switches and relays, located in a large cabin in the front cab. D345 also introduced a static regulation with field-weakening (shunting) of the traction motors, which is divided in five levels that are automatically inserted (one at a time on each motor) when the throttle controller (which looks like a steering wheel and has 13 positions) is in any notch between 10 and 13.

References

External links
 FS D345 @ Trainspo

D.343
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1970
Gio. Ansaldo & C. locomotives
Breda locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Italy
General Electric EdgeLab. edgelab (typically expressed with a leading lowercase "e") is an applied academic research lab, established in 2000 as a partnership between General Electric and the University of Connecticut.

edgelab approaches GE Businesses three times per year, identifying key strategic initiatives for program execution.  15 projects are selected each year (five per semester) and students, faculty, and on-site GE staff work on these projects full-time for the 13-week session.

The edgelab program was discontinued in Spring 2011. The School of Business and General Electric have announced their plans to continue the relationship by creating a new joint venture.

References

Computing and society
General Electric
Research institutes in Connecticut
University of Connecticut
Economy of Stamford, Connecticut