omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ball detent. A ball detent is a simple mechanical arrangement used to hold a moving part in a temporarily fixed position relative to another part. Usually the moving parts slide with respect to each other, or one part rotates within the other.

The ball is a single, usually metal sphere, sliding within a bored cylinder, against the pressure of a spring, which pushes the ball against the other part of the mechanism, which carries the detent - which can be as simple as a hole of smaller diameter than the ball. When the hole is in line with the cylinder, the ball is partially pushed into the hole under spring pressure, holding the parts at that position. Additional force applied to the moving parts will compress the spring, causing the ball to be depressed back into its cylinder, and allowing the parts to move to another position.

Applications 
Ball detents are commonly found in the selector mechanism of a gearbox, holding the selector rods in the correct position to engage the desired gear. Other applications include clutches that slip at a preset torque, and calibrated ball detent mechanisms are typically found in a torque wrench.

Ball detents are one of the mechanisms often used in folding knives to prevent unwanted opening of the blade when carrying.

Ball detents were used in the Curta mechanical calculator to enforce discrete values.

Use in paintball markers
The term "ball detent" is also used when referring to a mechanism in paintball markers designed to prevent the  paintball from rolling out of the firing chamber before being fired. Some designs are similar to those outlined above, with a cartridge utilizing a ball bearing in a bore with spring pressure. The cartridge is installed perpendicular to the barrel bore axis, just ahead of where the ball rests before being fired. Other designs use elastic rubber protrusions that block the ball until it is pushed over it by the bolt. Some designs use precisely calibrated rings or "barrel sizers" that are selected to have a slightly smaller inner diameter than the outer diameter of the paintballs being used. They rely on simple constriction of the bore to prevent paintballs from rolling through them from the force of gravity. When the marker is fired, the air pressure pushes the ball through the bore, causing it to compress enough to pass through. Paintballs have varying diameters depending on a number of factors; this type of ball detent must be sized correctly to avoid compressing the paintball too much, causing it to burst. If too large of a sizer is selected, balls may roll through it.

The cartridge and elastic rubber protrusion-type detents are primarily used for open-bolt markers, or on closed-bolt markers to prevent double feeding (feeding more than one ball when the bolt is open for loading). Closed-bolt markers generally use the constriction method to prevent "roll outs", a malfunction where the ball completely rolls out of the barrel, causing no paintball to be fired when the trigger is pulled. A partial roll out is when the ball rolls partially through the barrel, causing reduced velocity.

See also 
 Spring plunger

References 

Mechanical engineering
ICAP. ICAP may refer to:

Computers
 ICAP/4, analog circuit emulation software
 Internet Content Adaptation Protocol, a lightweight HTTP-like protocol
 Inter exchange Client Address Protocol for Ethereum platform

Organizations
 ICAP at Columbia University, a support center for support of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment
 Institute of Chartered Accountants of Pakistan, a professional accountancy body in Pakistan
 International Carbon Action Partnership, an international cooperative forum
 International Center for Alcohol Policies; see International Alliance for Responsible Drinking
 Institute for Constitutional Advocacy and Protection at Georgetown University Law Center

Businesses
 TP ICAP, professional intermediaries in financial, energy and commodities markets
 ICAP plc, a UK-based money broker now known as NEX Group

Other uses
 ICAP Leopard 3 (yacht), a 30-metre IRC maxi yacht
 Improved Capability, upgrades to the Northrop Grumman EA-6B Prowler
 Installed capacity requirement for maintaining resource adequacy in the electrical grid

See also
 ICAAP, International Consortium for the Advancement of Academic Publication
Amphoterite. Amphoterite is an obsolete classification of chondritic meteorites that are now classified as LL (Low Iron and Low total metal content) types.

Most of the iron in these types of meteorites is present as ironoxide in the minerals (e.g. olivine) rather than as free metal, as it is found in most other meteorites. Free metallic iron amounts to between 0.3% and 3.0% of the meteorite, and with a total iron content of 20% give or take a couple of percentage points.

There will be a number after the LL in a meteorites classification type, e.g. LL3, LL5, LL6. (Types range from 3 to 7) The number indicates the amount of alteration suffered by the chondrules in the meteorite.

A chondrule is a small mineral ball generally  in diameter. An LL3 type is pristine with perfectly discernible chondrules, an LL7 type has been melted or altered by pressure or other force to almost completely obliterate the round chondrules.

Sources
Astrodigital Online Dictionary of Meteoritics

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics
 

Meteorite mineralogy and petrology
Rigid Airship Design. Rigid Airship Design B.V. was a company founded in the Netherlands in 1998 with the aim of building a modern rigid airship. In 1996, Scottish intellectual and airship expert Ian Alexander initiated a project in the Netherlands in co-operation with the Technical University of Delft, to design and construct a modern classic rigid airship based on proven technology. The project involved leading Dutch companies RDM Aerospace N.V., Nevesbu  (designers of ships and submarines), Stork N.V., and Fokker Aviation.  Consortium Rigid Airship Design was established on 26 May 1998 but went bankrupt 1 August 2001. The Utrecht-based lawyer Sjoerd Warringa was appointed as trustee by the Utrecht court.

The initiative provoked series of discussions in the Dutch Parliament and on governmental level. As a result, ‘Platform Luchtschepen’ (Airship Platform) was structured to investigate the attainability of projects like this in The Netherlands. The platform consists of representatives from governmental bodies, industry and environmental organisations. Results of the platform and the creative legacy of the Rigid Airship Design project are the cornerstones of a feasibility study on how to deploy a classic rigid airship to International Relief Organisations for rapid disaster relief after tsunamis, earthquakes and other calamities.

External links
Airship Association
Airship Holland

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the Netherlands
Airships
OFT. OFT may refer to:

Spaceflight
Orion Flight Test 1 (5 December 2014), first test flight of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle
Boeing Orbital Flight Test (Boe-OFT; Boe-OFT-1; 20 December 2019), an uncrewed CST-100 Starliner spacecraft flight test
Boeing Orbital Flight Test 2 (Boe-OFT-2; May 2022), an uncrewed CST-100 Starliner spacecraft flight test
SpaceX Starship orbital test flight (OFT; April 2023), a SpaceX test flight for Super Heavy and Starship

Other uses
The former Office of Fair Trading in the United Kingdom
Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli, a defense company based in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu
Optimal foraging theory, a theory that organisms forage so as to maximize their net energy intake per unit time
Ohio Federation of Teachers

See also
Tromantadine. Tromantadine is an antiviral medicine used to treat herpes simplex virus. It is available in a topical gel under trade names Viru-Merz and Viru-Merz Serol. Its performance is similar to aciclovir.

Like rimantadine, amantadine, and adapromine, tromantadine is a derivative of adamantane.

Mechanism
Tromantadine inhibits the early and late events in the virus replication cycle. It changes the glycoproteins of the host cells, therefore impeding the absorption of the virus. It inhibits penetration of the virus. It also prevents uncoating of the virions.

References

External links 
 Viru-Merz website

Anti-herpes virus drugs
Adamantanes
Acetamides
Dimethylamino compounds
Memory mapping. In computing, memory mapping may refer to:
 Memory-mapped file, also known as mmap()
 Memory-mapped I/O, an alternative to port I/O; a communication between CPU and peripheral device using the same instructions, and same bus, as between CPU and memory
 Virtual memory, technique which gives an application program the impression that it has contiguous working memory, while in fact it is physically fragmented and may even overflow on to disk storage

See also
 Port-mapped I/O, a method complementary to Memory-mapped I/O
List of international earthquake acceleration coefficients. List of international earthquake acceleration coefficients. A list of earthquake coefficients used in structural design for earthquake engineering around the world. For example, a coefficient of 0.09 indicates that a building is designed that 0.09457 of its weight can be applied horizontally during an earthquake.

Australia
From Australian Standard 1170.4. Coeffiecients are based on 10% chance exceedence in 50 years.
Adelaide - 0.10
Brisbane - 0.06
Hobart - 0.05
Melbourne - 0.08
Perth - 0.09
Sydney - 0.08
Note: Meckering, Western Australia, has the largest coefficient in Australia of 0.22.

Greece
From ΕAΚ 2003 building code

Zone 1 = 0.16g (Thrace and most of Northern Greece, Parts of Athens and Parts of Thessaloniki)
Zone 2 = 0.24g (Parts of Athens and Parts of Thessaloniki)
Zone 3 = 0.36g (Zakynthos Island, Cephalonia Island)

Other
Canada uses Spectral acceleration

References
LMS Compound 4-4-0. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway Compound 4-4-0 was a class of steam locomotive designed for passenger work.

Overview 

One hundred and ninety five engines were built by the LMS, adding to the 45 Midland Railway 1000 Class, to which they were almost identical.  The most obvious difference is that the driving wheel diameter was reduced from  on the Midland locomotive to  on the LMS version.
They were given the power classification 4P.

The LMS continued the Midland numbering from 1045 to 1199 and then started in the lower block of 900–939. After nationalisation in 1948, BR added 40000 to their numbers so they became 40900–40939 and 41045–41199.

40933 was later fitted with a Stanier 3500 gallon tender from 40936.

40936 was fitted to a Stanier 3500 gallon tender. Later fitted to 40933.

Accidents and incidents
On 8 January 1929, locomotive 1060 was hauling an express passenger train from Bristol to Leeds, Yorkshire when it overran signals at , Gloucestershire and collided with a freight train that was being shunted. Four people were killed.
On 13 March 1935, locomotive No. 1165 was hauling a milk train that was in a rear-end collision with an express freight train, hauled LNWR Claughton Class 4-6-0 No. 5946, at King's Langley, Hertfordshire due to a signalman's error. Two other freight trains collided with the wreckage. One of these trains was  hauled by LMS Patriot Class 4-6-0 No. 5511 and the other was a coal train, being hauled by LMS Class 7F 0-8-0 No. 9598. 1 person was killed.

Withdrawal
The class were withdrawn between 1952 and 1961. None have survived into preservation, though the first of the Midland 1000 Class engines has. There is an unconfirmed report that No. 41168 was the subject of an unsuccessful preservation attempt by Dr. Peter Beet.

Model railways
In 2013, Bachmann Branchline introduced a OO gauge model of locomotive 1189 in LMS black livery.

References 

Sources
 Ian Allan ABC of British Railways Locomotives, 1948 Edition, part 3, pp 5–6
 David Hunt, John Jennison and Bob Essery. LMS Locomotive Profiles No. 13: The Standard Compounds

Further reading

External links 

 Class 4P-A Details at Rail UK

4P compound
4-4-0 locomotives
NBL locomotives
Vulcan Foundry locomotives
Compound locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1924
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
2′B h3v locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Spanish National Bioinformatics Institute. The Spanish National Bioinformatics Institute (INB-ISCIII; Spanish: Instituto Nacional de Bioinformática) is an academic service institution tasked with the coordination, integration and development of bioinformatics resources in Spain. Created in 2003, the INB is—since 2015—the main node through which the Carlos III Health Institute is connected to ELIXIR, a European-wide infrastructure of life science data, coordinating the other Spanish institutions partaking in the initiative such as the Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), the Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), the Universitat Pompeu Fabra, the Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB) and the Barcelona's National Supercomputing Center.

It consists of 10 distributed nodes, coordinated by a central node, encompassing the scopes of genomics, proteomics, functional genomics, structural biology, population genomics and genome diversity, health informatics, algorithm development and high-performance computing.

It is the Spanish participant in the common data platform promoted by the European Union to ensure a rapid and coordinated response to the health crisis caused by COVID-19. Their MareNostrum supercomputer has been used for testing the potential efficacy of compounds against SARS-CoV-2.

Alfonso Valencia, former president of the International Society for Computational Biology, is the director.

References

External links
 INB

Research institutes in Spain
COVID-19 pandemic in Spain
Bioinformatics organizations
Cocamide. Cocamide is a mixture of amides manufactured from the fatty acids obtained from coconut oil. As coconut oil contains about 50% of lauric acid, in formulas only the 12-carbon chains tend to be considered. Therefore the formula of cocamide can be written as , though the number of carbon atoms in the chains varies (it is always even).

Cocamide is the structural basis of many surfactants. Common are ethanolamines (cocamide MEA, cocamide DEA), betaine compounds (cocamidopropyl betaine), and hydroxysultaines (cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine).

References

Fatty acid amides
Ancon. Ancon Ltd is a  company that designs and manufactures stainless steel products for the construction industry founded and still based in Sheffield, United Kingdom. The main products being "Wall Tie", and brickwork support systems. Ancon is part of the CRH Group. The total workforce is around 600 employees.

Some projects Ancon has worked on include the Cholera Monument in Sheffield UK, The Lighthouse in Salford Quays UK, One London Wall in London UK, a Buddhist Temple in New York USA, and the Marousi Train Station in Athens, Greece.

Brief history
Ancon is the result of mergers between several companies including George Clark, Ancon Stainless Steel Fixings in 1993 and CCL Systems acquired in 1998. George Clark of Sheffield was founded in 1882 and Ancon Stainless Steel Fixings was founded in 1971. The firm also acquired Harris and Edgar based in Epsom Surrey.

Following these merges the Ancon Head Office was relocated to a purpose-built premises located at President Way in Sheffield. Ancon went on to be sold to Tyco and was acquired by CRH plc in 2008.

Overseas representation
Ancon-branded products are supplied worldwide through offices in Switzerland, Austria, Germany, Australia, New Zealand and the United Arab Emirates and via a large network of distributors.

Product range
The company supplies the specialist parts that hold modern building together, and support the cladding systems and masonry with long lasting non corroding Stainless steel, such as:
Restraint fixings
Stainless steel wall ties
Wind posts
Reinforcing bar couplers
Shear connectors

See also
List of companies in Sheffield

References

External links
Official company website

Manufacturing companies based in Sheffield
Lobe Attachment Module. In Token Ring networks, A Lobe Attachment Module is a box with multiple interfaces to which new network nodes (known as lobes) can be attached. A LAM may have interfaces up to 20 lobes. Functionally a LAM is like a multi-station access unit (MAU), but with a larger capacity: 20 nodes as opposed to 8 nodes for MAU. The LAM interface may use either IBM connectors or 8P8C (RJ-45) modular plugs. 

LAMs can be daisy chained and connected to a HUB, known as Controlled Access Unit (CAU) in Token Ring terminology. Each CAU can handle up to 4 LAMs for a total of 80 lobes.

Networking hardware
Atari FREDDIE. FREDDIE is the name for a 40-pin large scale integrated circuit found in later model Atari 8-bit computers. It is a RAM address multiplexer, used for DRAM access. Atari created this chip to replace several other chips to cut costs and to enhance CPU and ANTIC memory access.

FREDDIE, combined with a C061618 MMU (XL/XE) and C025953 EMMU (130XE) allows the CPU and ANTIC to access memory independently of each other. Originally designed for the cancelled 1400XL and 1450XLD, it was eventually used in the 800XLF (labelled "800XL," refers to European version), 65XE, 130XE, and XEGS.

External links
atarimuseum.com Freddie MCU Engineering Data (PDF file)
Jindrich site(archived) Freddie info and diagram

FREDDIE, Atari
Substantive dye. A substantive dye or direct dye is a dye that adheres to its substrate, typically a textile, by non-ionic forces.

Overview
The amount of this attraction is known as "substantivity": the higher the substantivity the greater the attraction of the dye for the fiber. Substantive dyes work best on textiles with high contents of cellulose, such as cotton.

In contrast to direct dyes, wool and leather goods are dyed by the process of ion exchange, exploiting the cationic nature of proteins near neutral pH. The development of substantive dyes helped make mordant dyes obsolete.

Substantive dyes are set in a slightly basic or neutral environment at temperatures close to boiling point. They are set by formation of aggregates of dyes within interstices of the fibres. Aggregation is enhanced by extended aromatic rings.

Gallery

See also
 Reactive dye

References

Dyes
Vickers Type 264 Valentia. The Vickers Valentia (company designation Type 264) was a British biplane bomber transport aircraft built by Vickers for the Royal Air Force. The majority built were conversions of the earlier Vickers Victoria, itself derived from the Vickers Virginia.

Design and development
While the Napier Lion-powered Victoria served successfully with the RAF as a bomber transport, by 1932, the Lion engine was becoming obsolete and it was clear that it could use more power. It was therefore decided to re-engine the aircraft with more powerful Bristol Pegasus engines. It was decided to carry out a two-stage upgrade, with the first, designated the Victoria Mk VI or Configuration I, having a limited maximum weight. This was followed by Configuration 2 which was capable of taking full advantage of the greater power of the Pegasus engine by virtue of a strengthened airframe featuring a strengthened wing, strut rather than wire-braced landing gear, wheel brakes and a tailwheel in place of a skid. This became the Vickers Valentia Mk I which flew for the first time in 1934.

Orders were placed for the 28 new build Valentias to Specification 30/34, with a further 54 being converted from Victorias (Type 278 within the company), with production continuing until 1936.

In 1938 a version with Pegasus IIM3 engines (which offered improved 'hot and high' performance) was supplied for service with one flight of No. 31 Squadron then based in Lahore.

Operational history
The Valentia first entered service with No. 70 Squadron RAF at Hinaidi, Iraq in 1934, equipping British forces in India, Persia and Iraq.

Like the preceding Vernons and Victorias, the Valentias were extensively used for transport operations in the Middle East, and when necessary used for bombing operations with bomb racks under the wings. Valentias were also experimentally fitted with loudspeakers used to address people being overflown (in this case potentially rebellious tribes during air policing duties). The Valentia was also used for experiments with aerial refuelling by Alan Cobham.

Valentias were used for night bombing operations over the Western Desert in 1940. In service with No. 31 Squadron RAF and the RAF Communications Flight Iraq, they took part in the 1941  Siege of RAF Habbaniya and subsequent operations. They then remained in service with the Communications Flight Iraq (later Iraq & Persia) until 1944. The South African Air Force pressed a Valentia into service as a bomber in the East African Campaign in 1940–41.

The Valentia was replaced as a transport in RAF service by the Bristol Bombay.

Variants
 Valentia Mk I : Military transport aircraft for the RAF.

Operators

Royal Indian Air Force

 South African Air Force

 Royal Air Force
 No. 31 Squadron RAF
 No. 70 Squadron RAF
 No. 216 Squadron RAF
 Communication Flight Iraq

Specifications (Valentia Mk. I)

See also

References

Bibliography

 
 

1930s British military transport aircraft
Type 264 Valentia
Biplanes
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Twin-tail aircraft
Vickers Vernon. The Vickers Vernon was a British biplane troop carrier used by the Royal Air Force. It entered service in 1921 and was the first dedicated troop transport of the RAF.

The Vernon was a development of the Vickers Vimy Commercial, a passenger variant of the famous Vickers Vimy bomber, and was powered by twin Napier Lion engines or Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII engines. 55 were built.

In February 1923, Vernons of Nos. 45 and 70 Squadrons RAF airlifted nearly 500 troops to Kirkuk, Iraq after the civilian area of that town had been overrun by Kurdish forces. This was the first-ever strategic airlift of troops.

Vernons of No. 45 Squadron had bomb racks and sights fitted. In May 1924 the squadron was officially designated No. 45 (Bombing) Sqdn.

Vernons were replaced by Vickers Victorias from 1927.

Variants
Vernon Mk I
 military transport aircraft powered by two  V-12 Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII piston engines.
Vernon Mk II
 military transport aircraft powered by two  W-12 Napier Lion II piston engines.
Vernon Mk III
 military transport aircraft powered by two high compression  W-12 Napier Lion III piston engines.

Operators

 Royal Air Force
 No. 45 Squadron RAF
 No. 70 Squadron RAF

Specifications (Vernon)

See also

References

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

1920s British military transport aircraft
Vernon
Biplanes
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear