omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cingapura project. The Cingapura project is a low-cost housing initiative in São Paulo, Brazil. It is designed to try to move the poor population from favelas (shanty towns), where one quarter of people in São Paulo now live, into more permanent structures. This approach mimicked that of the Housing Development Board (HDB) in Singapore (where over 80% of the population lives in HDB-developed public housing), hence the name Cingapura ("Singapore"). These structures are often called 'superblocks'.  

They were intended to have a supply of electricity, a good water supply and sewer pipes. On top of this, residential security guards were to be employed to reduce crimes which were and are rife throughout the favelas in Brazil. Much of the work was to be done by the residents of the favelas themselves, the project being dubbed a 'self-help' project. The existing favelas were to be cleared and building materials provided for the builders for free. One of the major difficulties in building on the sites of the favelas was the large slopes on which they are built. This difficult terrain was the only reason the owners of the land did not use it. Levelling the land was very expensive and eventually proved too expensive; only a tenth of the proposed apartments were completed, with the focus being on residents living on marginal land, like floodplains.

Some residents are not happy with the way the project has developed. Many of the towers were not completed, leaving a skyline of half-finished buildings and empty shacks. Some residents are very frustrated at the way the government have treated them. Many have moved away, or committed suicide. Also, many artisans who could practice their craft in a more free environment could not do so, as the buildings were closely controlled by the owners.

Those that were built were not very successful, as many of the families from the favelas found that the new apartments were too much of a change of environment.  They did not like the fact they couldn't extend on their new apartments, and many attempted to bring their livestock into the flats.  Only 14,000 of the 140,000 projected apartments were actually built. Recently, a reported 6,000 apartments are likely to be built.

See also
 Public housing in Singapore
 Favela
 Urban renewal
 Gentrification

References

External links
 The first world is here by Elma-Lia Nascimento,  13 May 2005
Pictures

Geography of São Paulo
Public housing
Unfinished buildings and structures
Welfare in Brazil
Housing organizations
Valve hall. A valve hall is a building which contains the valves of the static inverters of a high-voltage direct current plant. The valves consist of thyristors, or at older plants, mercury arc rectifiers.   Mercury arc rectifiers are usually supported by insulators mounted on the floor, while thyristor valves may be either supported by insulators or hung from the roof of the valve hall.  The latter requires a stronger ceiling structure, however the hall and the static inverter can better survive earthquakes compared to valve structures standing on the floor.

A valve hall is equipped with heating and cooling equipment to  control the temperature of the mercury arc rectifiers (which operate best over a narrow temperature range) or thyristors. The valve hall also protects the valves from weather and dust. Several valve assemblies, connected in a series for the required terminal voltage, may be installed in the valve hall building.

High voltage bushings are supported through the walls of the valve hall, to allow connections between the converter transformers on the one side and the DC switchyard on the other.  Beside the valve hall there is often an additional building, in which are control electronics, equipment for valve cooling and valve monitoring, station service power distribution, and amenities for the plant workers.

Because of high voltages, access to the valve halls is limited while the static inverter is running. The auxiliary control building may have windows to observe the valve hall, but usually the converter is remotely controlled.  To protect communication systems from electromagnetic interference, valve hall buildings must have shielding installed to control emission of radio-frequency energy.

At some HVDC converters such as at Cabora-Bassa, outdoor valves are installed in oil-immersed containers. At such plants no valve halls or wall bushings are required.

See also
 High-voltage transformer fire barriers

References

High-voltage direct current

de:Stromrichterhalle
TLS acceleration. TLS acceleration (formerly known as SSL acceleration) is a method of offloading processor-intensive public-key encryption for Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) to a hardware accelerator.

Typically this means having a separate card that plugs into a PCI slot in a computer that contains one or more coprocessors able to handle much of the SSL processing.

TLS accelerators may use off-the-shelf CPUs, but most use custom ASIC and RISC chips to do most of the difficult computational work.

Principle of TLS acceleration operation 
The most computationally expensive part of a TLS session is the TLS handshake, where the TLS server (usually a webserver) and the TLS client (usually a web browser) agree on a number of parameters that establish the security of the connection. During the TLS handshake the server and the client establish session keys (symmetric keys, used for the duration of a given session), but the encryption and signature of the TLS handshake messages itself is done using asymmetric keys, which requires more computational power than the symmetric cryptography used for the encryption/decryption of the session data.

Typically a hardware TLS accelerator will offload processing of the TLS handshake while leaving it to the server software to process the less intense symmetric cryptography of the actual TLS data exchange, but some accelerators handle all TLS operations and terminate the TLS connection, thus leaving the server seeing only decrypted connections. Sometimes data centers employ dedicated servers for TLS acceleration in a reverse proxy configuration.

Central processor support 
Modern x86 CPUs support Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) encoding and decoding in hardware, using the AES instruction set proposed by Intel in March 2008.

Allwinner Technology provides a hardware cryptographic accelerator in its A10, A20, A30 and A80 ARM system-on-chip series, and all ARM CPUs have acceleration in the later ARMv8 architecture. The accelerator provides the RSA public-key algorithm, several widely used symmetric-key algorithms, cryptographic hash functions, and a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator.

See also
 Stunnel
 Application delivery controller
 Hardware security module

References

External links
 SSL Acceleration and Offloading: What Are the Security Implications?

Hardware acceleration
Computer optimization
Cryptographic hardware
Transport Layer Security
Semantic grid. A semantic grid is an approach to grid computing in which information, computing resources and services are described using the semantic data model. In this model, the data and metadata are expressed through facts (small sentences), becoming directly understandable for humans. This makes it easier for resources to be discovered and combined automatically to create virtual organizations (VOs). The descriptions constitute metadata and are typically represented using the technologies of the Semantic Web, such as the Resource Description Framework (RDF).

Like the Semantic Web, the semantic grid can be defined as 
"an extension of the current grid in which information and services are given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in cooperation."

This notion of the semantic grid was first articulated in the context of e-Science, observing that such an approach is necessary to achieve a high degree of easy-to-use and seamless automation, enabling flexible collaborations and computations on a global scale.

The use of semantic web and other knowledge technologies in grid applications are sometimes described as the knowledge grid.
Semantic grid extends this by also applying these technologies within the grid middleware.

Some semantic grid activities are coordinated through the Semantic Grid Research Group of the Global Grid Forum.

Notes

See also
Business Intelligence 2.0
LSID
Semantic Web Rule Language
Semantic Grid System - A CSS grid framework .

External links
ONTOGRID: EU-funded research project for enabling semantic grid applications
Semantic Grid Dagstuhl Seminar
A semantic grid oriented to e-tourism

Grid computing
Semantic Web
RCM. RCM may refer to:

Organisations

United Kingdom
 Royal College of Music, London
 Royal College of Midwives
 Royal Cornwall Museum

Canada
 Royal Canadian Mint
 The Royal Conservatory of Music
 Rassemblement des citoyens et des citoyennes de Montréal (Montreal Citizens' Movement), a former municipal political party in Montreal, Quebec

Science and technology
 Reliability-centered maintenance, a maintenance planning approach based on reliability and safety system assessment 
 Reciprocating Chemical Muscle, a mechanism that takes advantage of the superior energy density of chemical reactions
 Resonant clock mesh, technology used in the AMD Piledriver (microarchitecture)
 Restrictive cardiomyopathy
 Revenue cycle management, the process used by healthcare systems in the United States to track revenue from patients
 Reverse Cuthill–McKee algorithm, an algorithm to reduce the bandwidth of sparse symmetric matrices
 Ring-closing metathesis, a variation on olefin metathesis
 Rotor current meter, a mechanical current meter used in oceanography
 RADARSAT Constellation Mission, three-spacecraft fleet of Earth observation satellites operated by the Canadian Space Agency
 Reflection Contrast Microscopy, or Interference reflection microscopy, a type of optical microscopy
 Regulatory Compliance Mark, an Australian conformity mark

Other uses
 Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, a scientific journal
 Regimental Corporal Major, a warrant officer appointment in the British Household Cavalry
 Regional county municipality, a territorial subdivision of Quebec
 Rockefeller Capital Management, an American wealth management company
 Rokos Capital Management, a British wealth management company
 RCM, IATA code for Richmond Airport, Australia
 Refugee Children's Movement, the organization which carried out the Kindertransport of children from Nazi Germany
Yonam Institute of Technology. Yonam Institute of Technology, also Yonam Engineering College, is a private technical college located in Jinju, South Gyeongsang province, South Korea.  It offers courses in computer electronics, hardware design, industrial information design, and related fields.

Sister colleges

Within South Korea, the Yonam Institute maintains sisterhood relationships with Cheonan Yonam College, which was also established by the Yonam Educational Foundation.  Internationally, it has relations with seven schools in seven countries:  Canberra Institute of Technology in Australia, Changchun Institute of Technology in China, the Fachhochschule Augsburg in Germany, Nippon Bunri University in Japan, Northumbria University in the United Kingdom, St. John's and St. Mary's Institute of Technology in Taiwan, and Laguardia Community College in the United States.

See also
List of colleges and universities in South Korea
Education in South Korea

External links
Official school website, in Korean

Universities and colleges in South Gyeongsang Province
B20. B20 may refer to:

Aircraft
 Blackburn B-20, a 1940 experimental aircraft
 Boeing Y1B-20, A Boeing experimental heavy bomber
 Douglas A-20 Havoc, designated the ZB-20 at the end of its life

Roads
 B20 motorway (Spain), a ring road around Barcelona in Catalonia
 B20 road (Cyprus)

Other uses
 B20 (biodiesel), a mixture composed of 20% of biodiesel with 80% of diesel
 B20 (bronze), bell bronze or bell metal, a kind of bronze used in bells and cymbals
 B20 (New York City bus) serving Brooklyn
 Berezin B-20, a 20 mm caliber autocannon used by Soviet aircraft in World War II
 Honda B20 engine
 Volvo B20 engine
 20 amp, type B – a standard circuit breaker current rating
 Bravo Two Zero, an eight-man British Special Air Service patrol that was tasked with finding Iraqi Scud missile launchers during the Gulf War
 The designation number assigned to the coupe version of the Lancia Aurelia motorcar, produced between 1951 and 1958
 Sicilian Defense, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code
 Boron-20 (B-20 or 20B), an isotope of boron
 Burroughs B20, a line of microcomputers
 Business 20, an offshoot of the G20, which hopes to present a forum for the world's largest companies to discuss global issues
 B20 Summit, an international summit meeting of delegates from business groups around the world

See also
 B2O:
 Boron monoxide, a chemical compound with the symbol B2O
 b2o: an online journal, an American peer-reviewed online journal
Rodovia Anchieta. The Rodovia Anchieta (Anchieta Highway, official designation SP-150) is a highway connection between São Paulo and the Atlantic coast, the cities of Cubatão and Santos, in Brazil. In the plateau, the highway serves several cities of Greater São Paulo, such as São Bernardo do Campo, São Caetano do Sul, Santo André and Riacho Grande and traverses a picturesque region of dams and rain forests.

The Rodovia Anchieta is a major pride of the Brazilian engineering, because it was built with a great number of bridges and tunnels along the steep cliffs of the Serra do Mar; and the first modern, concrete-paved road built in São Paulo in the 1930s. Its north lane was inaugurated on Tuesday, 22 April 1947, and its south on Thursday, 9 July 1953.

The highway is one of the busiest of the country, because of the movement of goods to and from Santos's seaport. Traffic problems are common, mainly if there is bad weather or in long weekends when many families living in São Paulo go to Santos or Guarujá beaches. The Rodovia Anchieta is approximately 60 km long.

It is named after the Jesuit priest, Father José de Anchieta, who often called the trail "the worst trail in the world" it was given this nickname because it badly hurt his feet when he would walk the trail. It connected to the city of São Vicente by the sea with the village he helped to found in the high plateau, São Paulo dos Campos de Piratininga, in 1554.

The highway is managed by a state concession to the private company Ecovias, and therefore is a toll road.

The two carriageways of the Rodovia Anchieta are both fully reversible. Traffic is managed to flow either bidirectionally (uphill on one carriageway and downhill on the other) or unidirectionally (uphill or downhill on both carriageways), depending on demand. In the unidirectional mode, the opposing traffic is diverted to the Rodovia dos Imigrantes.

See also
 Highway system of São Paulo
 Brazilian Highway System

Highways in São Paulo (state)
SASE. SASE may refer to:

 Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics, an academic association based in the US, founded in 1989 by Amitai Etzioni. 
 Sarajevo Stock Exchange, in Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Secure access service edge, a networking and security technology
 Self-addressed stamped envelope, used for expediting a reply via mail
 Self-amplified spontaneous emission, a process by which a laser beam is created
 Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment, a laboratory of the India Defence Research & Development Organization
 Specific application service element, in the OSI computer networking model

See also
 Sase (disambiguation)
U1 University. U1 University is a private university located in Yeongdong-eup, Yeongdong County, North Chungcheong province, South Korea.  It employs around 65 full-time instructors.  Although traditionally focused on engineering, the university now offers degree programs in a range of fields including English as an international language, leisure studies, and special education.

History
The Geumgang Educational Foundation received governmental permission to establish the college in 1993, and the first students were welcomed into Youngdong Engineering College (영동공과대학) on March 8, 1994.  It became a university in the following year, and changed its name to simply Youngdong University on December 1, 1997.

See also
List of colleges and universities in South Korea
Education in South Korea

External links 
Official website

Universities and colleges in North Chungcheong Province
Yeongdong County
Educational institutions established in 1994
1994 establishments in South Korea
Schwalm (Meuse). The Schwalm (German) or Swalm (Dutch), is a small river in Germany and the Netherlands, tributary to the river Meuse. Its source is near Wegberg, in the district Heinsberg, south-west of Mönchengladbach, in North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany). The Schwalm flows through Wegberg and Brüggen before flowing into the Meuse across the border with the Netherlands, in Swalmen. Its total length is 45 km.

Sources 
The original source region has since become an area of carr with poor water quality. The water of the Schwalm comes mainly from Rheinbraun's waste water pits. This brown coal open cast mine is required to feed the waste water into the surface water. Otherwise it would fill the mine, which is up to 230 metres deep.This is achieved by means of shafts (Schlitzschächten) through which the water flows back into the groundwater. If it were not for these shafts, the rivers Niers and Schwalm would long since have dried up. This would also destroy the mixed alder and ash wet woodland typical of the region.

Course 

The source of the Schwalm is in a wetland area south of the German village of Wegberg-Tüschenbroich at an elevation of about . From there the river flows mainly through the Maas-Schwalm-Nette Nature Park, its riverbed running between the rivers Rur, Nette and Niers.

Of its total length from this source to its mouth on the Meuse, near the village of Swalmen at about , 13 kilometres of the river run through Dutch territory.

Parts of the river which, for example, run past the villages of Wegberg, Niederkrüchten, Schwalmtal, Brüggen-Born, Brüggen and Swalmen, form natural meanders.

The catchment area of the Schwalm is 268.7 square kilometres, of which around 27 square kilometres lie in the Netherlands.

Tributaries 

 Beeckbach
 Mühlenbach
 Knippertzbach
 Kranenbach
 Elmpter Bach

Flora and fauna 
The carr and heath/bog areas along the Schwalm provide a diverse habitat for fauna and flora. Frogs, dragonflies, damselflies, bluethroat, kingfisher and golden oriole are to be found as are water crowfoot, bog myrtle and other rare plants. brown trout, barbel and chub are at home in the river; along the river banks are also various members of the eter water rat family.

References

External links 
 Maas-Schwalm-Nette Nature Park
 Schwalm-Nette Nature Reserve

Rivers of the Netherlands
Rivers of Limburg (Netherlands)
Rivers of North Rhine-Westphalia
Beesel
Roermond
Rivers of Germany
International rivers of Europe
Anti-runway penetration bomb. Anti-runway penetration bombs are explosive weapons involving bombs or bomblets designed to damage or destroy runways, or otherwise render them unusable for aircraft.

Perhaps the most strategically decisive, best known, and first wartime use of specialized cratering anti-runway weapons was by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War. The dibber bombs played a major part in the near complete destruction of the large Egyptian Air Force, mostly on the ground, in a preemptive strike on the first morning of the war by the commitment of the whole of the far smaller Israeli Air Force to the strike. The surprising elimination of the Egyptian, Syrian, Jordanian and Iraqi's  air force and resulting Israeli air supremacy contributed significantly to the outcome of the war on all fronts. Before the war, France offered the IAF a $200,000-per-unit Runway Buster solution. It was too expensive for the country still in a recession. So, the head of the IAF Munition Development unit, Lieutenant Colonel Asher Peleg, met with the Head of Research and Development for the IMI, Avraham Makov. The two discussed how to find a solution locally. Within five days, they had their answer: an Israeli-designed Runway Buster that would only cost 2,000 Lira (the country's currency in 1967) to produce. It used rocket braking over the target and a second rocket burst to plunge through the runway surface and explode.

One system available from 1977 diverging from the French/Israeli runway piercing bomb concept used in 1967 is the Matra Durandal, a single 450 lb bomb with parachute braking, rocket booster, and two warheads. Dropped by aircraft flying at low level, it is braked by parachute, and when at the correct angle fires a rocket to impact the runway. It first ignites a large explosive charge to create a crater, and then uses a smaller charge that has penetrated the crater to displace adjacent concrete slabs. The slabs, once displaced, are far harder to deal with than a simple hole that can be patched with asphalt. The Durandal has been widely exported. The Durandal was used in 1991 by the United States Air Force in the initial stages of the Gulf War, delivered by General Dynamics F-111 Aardvarks against Iraqi airfields.

Another, now withdrawn from service, was the JP233, a dispenser and submunitions system. An aircraft would fly over the target runway and release a mixture of penetrating and anti-personnel submunitions to both crater the runway and impede repair work. The anti-personnel mines could be armed with time-delay fuses, threatening runway repair crews with the risk of death or bodily injury. After the UK signed an international accord banning cluster mines, the JP233 was retired.

See also
Cluster bomb
DRDO Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon
Fares Scale of Injuries due to Cluster Munitions

References

Aerial bombs
MLton. MLton is a whole-program optimizing compiler for the programming language Standard ML. MLton development began in 1997, and continues with a worldwide community of developers and users, who have helped to port MLton to several computing platforms. It is free and open-source software released under a Historical Permission Notice and Disclaimer. MLton was a participating organization in the 2013 Google Summer of Code.

MLton aims to produce fast executables, and to encourage rapid prototyping and modular programming by eliminating inefficiencies often associated with high-level features. It also aims to facilitate large-scale programming through the MLBasis system, simplifying modularity and management of namespaces. As a whole-program compiler, it is notable for lacking an read–eval–print loop interactive top-level, common among Standard ML environments.

MLton includes several libraries in addition to the Basis standard library including ML Language Processing Tools with an implementation of ANTLR, and MLRISC with code generators for reduced instruction set computers. It also implements features that aid in porting code from SML/NJ, one of the more popular SML implementations, including support for SML/NJ's compiling manager.

See also

References

External links
 
 
 

ML programming language family
Programming languages created in 1997