omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Z-value (temperature). "F0" is defined as the number of equivalent minutes of steam sterilization at temperature 121.1 °C (250 °F) delivered to a container or unit of product calculated using a z-value of 10 °C. The term F-value or "FTref/z" is defined as the equivalent number of minutes to a certain reference temperature (Tref) for a certain control microorganism with an established Z-value.

Z-value is a term used in microbial thermal death time calculations.  It is the number of degrees the temperature has to be increased to achieve a tenfold (i.e. 1 log10) reduction in the D-value.  The D-value of an organism is the time required in a given medium, at a given temperature, for a ten-fold reduction in the number of organisms.  It is useful when examining the effectiveness of thermal inactivations under different conditions, for example in food cooking and preservation.  The z-value is a measure of the change of the D-value with varying temperature, and is a simplified version of an Arrhenius equation and it is equivalent to z=2.303 RT Tref/E.

The z-value of an organism in a particular medium is the temperature change required for the D-value to change by a factor of ten, or put another way, the temperature required for the thermal destruction curve to move one log cycle. It is the reciprocal of the slope resulting from the plot of the logarithm of the D-value versus the temperature at which the D-value was obtained.  While the D-value gives the time needed at a certain temperature to kill 90% of the organisms, the z-value relates the resistance of an organism to differing temperatures. The z-value allows calculation of the equivalency of two  thermal processes, if the D-value and the z-value are known.

Example: if it takes an increase of 10 °C (18 °F) to move the curve one log, then our z-value is 10. Given a D-value of 4.5 minutes at 150 °C, the D-value can be calculated for 160 °C by reducing the time by 1 log. The new D-value for 160 °C given the z-value is 0.45 minutes. This means that each 10 °C (18 °F) increase in temperature will reduce our D-value by 1 log. Conversely, a 10 °C (18 °F) decrease in temperature will increase our D-value by 1 log. So, the D-value for a temperature of 140 °C would be 45 minutes.

See also 
 Pasteurisation
 Food microbiology
 Sterilisation
 Thermobacteriology

References

General references

 

Biology terminology

de:Dezimale Reduktionszeit#Z-Wert
SoftSolutions. SoftSolutions was a very early document management system (or DMS), which was used primarily by law firms. While the system was in (relatively) wide use, it was purchased by WordPerfect in 1994, which was subsequently purchased by Novell in 1995, and was incorporated into NetWare 4.1. SoftSolutions was subsequently terminated as a product, but its features were incorporated into Novell's Group Wise product. 

SoftSolutions is one of many products which caused near apocalyptic fears at the end of the 20th century, due to its "Y2K" non-compliance.

References

Content management systems
Acylsilane. Acylsilanes are a group of chemical compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure RC(O)-SiR3.

Synthesis 
Acylsilanes can be synthesized by treating acyl anion equivalents with silyl halides (typically trimethylsilyl chloride, tmsCl).  Silylation of 2-lithio-1,3-dithiane, followed by hydrolysis of the dithioacetal group with mercury(II) chloride. Analogous methods has also been used to produce acylgermanes.

Several approches to acylsilanes start with carboxylic acid derivatives. Esters undergo reductive silylation en route to acylsilanes:  

Tertiary amides react with silyl lithium reagents:

Acid chlorides are converted using hexamethyldisilane:

Some acyl silanes are prepared by oxidation of a suitable silanes.

Reactions
Acylsilanes are starting compounds in the Brook rearrangement with vinyl lithium compounds to silyl enol ethers.

Acyl silanes and aryl bromides are coupling partners in Pd-catalyzed cross coupling reactions:

Further reading
The reactivity of α- and β-iodo propenoylsilanes: an alternative access to polyunsaturated acylsilanes Alessandro Degl’Innocenti, Antonella Capperucci, Patrizia Scafato, Antonella Telesca Arkivoc 0-005A 2000 Article

References 

Functional groups
Organosilicon compounds
Robert H. Wentorf Jr.. Robert H. Wentorf Jr. (May 28, 1926, in West Bend, Wis. – April 3, 1997, in Easton, N.Y.) was a staff scientist at General Electric Corporate Research and Development Laboratory in Schenectady, N.Y. and a professor of chemical engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N.Y.

Wentorf was a chemical engineer and physical chemist who specialized in the synthesis of diamond and other superhard materials under conditions of high temperature and pressure. He is best known as the inventor of cubic boron nitride (trade name, Borazon), the second-hardest material known.  Borazon is used industrially as a substitute for diamond where chemical reactivity or high temperature is a problem in grinding or cutting.

He also worked on diamond synthesizing projects. He contributed to the chemical understanding of the reactions involved in synthesis of diamond, as well as to the design of necessary apparatus and the transition to production level. He also invented a process for growing single large diamond crystals in a thermal gradient.

Wentorf received many honors for his work, including the American Chemical Society's Ipatieff Prize in 1965, the American Society for Metals' Engineering Materials Achievement Award in 1973, Eastern New York Patent Law Association's Inventor of the Year Award in 1975 (with Bill Rocco), the American Physical Society's International Prize for New Materials in 1977 (with his colleagues, Francis P. Bundy, H. Tracy Hall, and Herbert M. Strong, in the high pressure team), the Industrial Research Institute's Achievement Award in 1977, and three IR-100 awards. In 1986, he also received the Man-of-the-Year Award of the Abrasive Engineering Society for contributions to abrasives and grinding technology; he was specifically cited for his invention and development of Borazon.

His description of scientific research is often quoted:

References

External links
Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering

1926 births
1997 deaths
American chemical engineers
General Electric people
People from West Bend, Wisconsin
American physical chemists
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute faculty
People from Easton, New York
Engineers from New York (state)
20th-century American engineers
Scientists from New York (state)
20th-century American chemists
SSRS. SSRS may refer to:

 Savez Sindikata Republike Srpske, the Confederation of Trade Unions of the Republika Srpska
 Ship Security Reporting System, a counter piracy system
 SQL Server Reporting Services, a server-based report generation software system from Microsoft
 Swedish Sea Rescue Society, a Swedish search and rescue organization
 Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, Indian spiritual leader
 Barreirinhas Airport, serving Barreirinhas, Brazil, ICAO airport code SSRS
Ton of refrigeration. A ton of refrigeration (TR or TOR), also called a refrigeration ton (RT), is a unit of power used in some countries (especially in North America) to describe the heat-extraction capacity of refrigeration and air conditioning equipment.
It was originally defined as the rate of heat transfer that results in the freezing or melting of  of pure ice at  in 24 hours. 

The modern definition is exactly . Air-conditioning and refrigeration equipment capacity in the U.S. is often specified in "tons" (of refrigeration). Many manufacturers also specify capacity in Btu/h, especially when specifying the performance of smaller equipment.

History
The ton of refrigeration is equivalent to the consumption of one ton of ice per day and originated during the transition from stored natural ice to mechanical refrigeration. Just as horsepower and candlepower were intuitive units of measure for people living through the transition from horse to steam power and from flame-based to electric lighting, so was the ton of refrigeration an intuitive unit of measure during a technological change, as the ice trade gradually included growing percentages of artificial ice (ice from ice-making plant) in addition to its natural ice supplies. The TR unit was developed during the 1880s. Its definition was set at the level of an industry standard in 1903, when Thomas Shipley of the York Manufacturing Company led the formation of an industry association (the Ice Machine Builders Association of the United States) along with standardization of several equipment specifications. In 1904 these efforts led to the founding of the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers (ASRE), which was one of the predecessors of ASHRAE.

See also
 Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning 
 Joule
 Ton

References

Bibliography
 

Units of power
Customary units of measurement in the United States

pt:TR
Phenol extraction. Phenol extraction is a laboratory technique that purifies nucleic acid samples using a phenol solution. Phenol is common reagent in extraction because its properties allow for effective nucleic acid extraction, particularly as it strongly denatures proteins, it is a nucleic acid preservative, and it is immiscible in water.

It may also refer to the process of extracting and isolating phenols from raw materials such as coal tar. These purified phenols are used in many industrial and medical compounds and are used as precursors in some synthesis reactions.

Phenol extraction of nucleic acids 

Phenol extraction is a widely used technique for purifying nucleic acid samples from cell lysates. To obtain nucleic acids, the cell must be lysed, and the nucleic acids separated from other cell components. 

Phenol is a polar substance with a higher density than water (1.07 g/cm3 compared to water's 1.00 g/cm3). When suspended in a water-phenol solution, denatured proteins and unwanted cell components dissolve in the phenol, while polar nucleic acids dissolve in the water phase. The solution may then be centrifuged to separate the phenol and water into distinct organic and aqueous phases. Purified nucleic acids can be precipitated from the aqueous phase of the solution.

Phenol is often used in combination with chloroform. Adding an equal volume of chloroform and phenol ensures a distinct separation between the aqueous and organic phases. Chloroform and phenol are miscible and create a denser solution than phenol alone, aiding the separation of the organic and aqueous layers. This addition of chloroform is useful when removing the aqueous phase to obtain a purified nucleic acid sample.

The pH of the solution must be adjusted specifically for each type of extraction. For DNA extraction, the pH is adjusted to 7.0–8.0. For RNA-specific extraction, the pH is adjusted to 4.5. At pH 4.5, hydrogen ions neutralize the negative charges on the phosphate groups, causing DNA to dissolve in the organic phase while allowing RNA to be isolated separately in the aqueous phase.

See also
Phenol-chloroform extraction

References

External links
Physiology.med.cornell.edu
Wisegeek.com

Molecular biology
Wagner model. Wagner model is a rheological model developed for the prediction of the viscoelastic properties of polymers. It might be considered as a simplified practical form of the Bernstein-Kearsley-Zapas model. The model was developed by German rheologist Manfred Wagner.

For the isothermal conditions the model can be written as:

where:
 is the Cauchy stress tensor as function of time t,
p is the pressure
 is the unity tensor
M is the memory function showing, usually expressed as a sum of exponential terms for each mode of relaxation:
, where for each mode of the relaxation,  is the relaxation modulus and  is the relaxation time;
 is the strain damping function that depends upon the first and second invariants of Finger tensor .

The strain damping function is usually written as:
,
The strain hardening function equal to one, then the deformation is small and approaching zero, then the deformations are large.

The Wagner equation can be used in the non-isothermal cases by applying time-temperature shift factor.

References
M.H. Wagner Rheologica Acta, v.15, 136 (1976)
M.H. Wagner Rheologica Acta, v.16, 43, (1977)
B. Fan, D. Kazmer, W. Bushko, Polymer Engineering and Science, v44, N4 (2004)

Non-Newtonian fluids
Stacheldraht. Stacheldraht (German for "barbed wire") is malware which performs a distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack. It was written by "Thomas Stacheldraht", a member of the Austrian hacker group TESO. It was first released in 1999.

Stacheldraht uses a number of different denial-of-service (DoS) attack methods, including Ping flood, UDP flood, TCP SYN flood, and Smurf attack. Further, it can detect and automatically enable source address forgery. Adding encryption, it combines features of Trinoo and of Tribe Flood Network. The software runs on both Linux and Solaris.

Stacheldraht was later superseded by Blitzkrieg, which was maintained by "random" and a loose group of associates.

See also
 Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC) – a stress test tool that has been used for DDoS attacks
 High Orbit Ion Cannon (HOIC) – the replacement for LOIC used in DDoS attacks
 Fork bomb
 Slowloris (computer security)
 ReDoS

References

External links 
 Technical analysis of Stacheldraht
 Summary of Stacheldraht features 

Denial-of-service attacks
Botnets
Guilin University of Electronic Technology. The Guilin University of Electronic Technology (abbreviation:  GUET; ) is a state university, located in Guilin, Guangxi, China.

Campus
The university is divided into four campuses: 
East Campus
West Campus
Huajiang Campus
Beihai Campus

History 
Since its foundation in 1960, Guilin University of Electronic Technology has gradually developed into a university with Electronic Information Technology as its main discipline while the other disciplines include Mechanical Engineering, Business Management, Literature, Law, and Education. The university has ten departments offering 39 undergraduate programs, and 18 graduate programs for students from all over the world. It has about 20,000 full-time students.

In November 2018, the university announced plans for the inspection of mobile phones, computers and external disk drives on its campus in order to "stop the spread of content inciting violence, terrorism, harmful political information, pornographic and other content that corrupts thought", but reconsidered these plans after they met with disapproval from a wide range of parties.

See also
Faridpur Engineering College
Guilin University of Technology
Southwest Petroleum University

References

External links 
Guilin University of Electronic Technology

Universities and colleges in Guilin
Universities and colleges established in 1960
1960 establishments in China
Télécom Physique Strasbourg. The Télécom Physique Strasbourg (TPS), former École Nationale Supérieure de Physique de Strasbourg (ENSPS), is a French grande école and engineering school in Strasbourg, France. Télécom Physique belongs to the University of Strasbourg.

Training 
As most schools of engineering in France, Télécom Physique recruits its students after two years of post-bac intensive studies. The education at the school lasts for three years, and includes theoretical and practical education, training in companies and laboratories. The school offers different areas of expertise:

 Image Processing and Computer Vision
 Software and network engineering
 Automation and Robotics
 Biophysics
 Electronics
 Photonics
 Physics and modeling

Each of these options can be obtained with a master's degree from the university along with the master of engineering degree.

History 
Opened in 1970, the ENSP was a school dedicated to the education of engineers in different trainings related to physics, located on the Esplanade campus of Strasbourg. Classes of about 15 students achieved the school at its beginning. In 1994, the school moved to the Pôle API, in Illkirch-Graffenstaden, to be closer to laboratories and specialized companies.

In 2012, the institute changes its name to Télécom Physique Strasbourg. Nowadays, almost 100 students graduate every year.

References

External links
  Official Site
  Official Site

Strasbourg
Educational institutions established in 1970
University of Strasbourg
John Graham-Cumming. John Graham-Cumming is a British software engineer and writer best known for starting a successful petition to the Government of the United Kingdom asking for an apology for its persecution of Alan Turing. UK Prime Minister Gordon Brown issued the apology in September 2009., Graham-Cumming is Chief Technology Officer at Cloudflare; previously he co-founded Electric Cloud.

Education
Graham-Cumming was educated at the University of Oxford obtaining a BA in Mathematics and Computation and a Doctor of Philosophy degree in Computer Science in 1992 for research on formal methods for secure computing systems supervised by Jeff W. Sanders. He was an undergraduate and graduate student at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.

Career
Graham-Cumming is the original writer of POPFile, an open-source, cross-platform, machine learning email spam filtering program. He is the author of The Geek Atlas, a travel book, and The GNU Make book, a how-to technical manual for the GNU make software. He also wrote and maintained a library of functions for GNU Make called the GNU Make Standard Library.

In October 2010, he started an organization whose aim is to build Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine, known as Plan 28. He has also campaigned for open-source software in science. In 2014, he launched the MovieCode site on Tumblr, which aims to connect film screenshots to specific extracts of source code. Some of the films and source code covered on the MovieCode website are explored in depth in the form of videos on his site Behind The Screens.

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
British computer programmers
Free software programmers
Businesspeople in information technology
Place of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford
Cloudflare people
4-Anisaldehyde. 4-Anisaldehyde, or p-Anisaldehyde, is an organic compound with the formula CH3OC6H4CHO.  The molecule consists of a benzene ring with a formyl and a methoxy group.  It is a colorless liquid with a strong aroma. It provides sweet, floral and strong aniseed odor.  Two isomers of 4-anisaldehyde are known, ortho-anisaldehyde and meta-anisaldehyde.  They are less commonly encountered.

Production 
Anisaldehyde is prepared commercially by oxidation of 4-methoxytoluene (p-cresyl methyl ether) using manganese dioxide to convert a methyl group to the aldehyde group.  It can also be produced by oxidation of anethole, a related fragrance that is found in some alcoholic beverages, by oxidative cleavage of an alkene.

Uses 
Being structurally related to vanillin, 4-anisaldehyde is a widely used in the fragrance and flavor industry.  It is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of other compounds important in pharmaceuticals and perfumery. The related ortho isomer has a scent of licorice.

A solution of para-anisaldehyde in acid and ethanol is a useful stain in thin layer chromatography. Different chemical compounds on the plate can give different colors, allowing easy distinction.

DNA breakage

Anisaldehyde in combination with copper (II) can induce single- and double-strand breaks in double stranded DNA.

References 

Flavors
Benzaldehydes
William Campbell (metallographer). William Campbell, D.Sc., Ph.D., M.A. (June 24, 1876 – 16 December 1936) was an English metallurgist, born at Newcastle on Tyne, England. He graduated from the Durham College of Science of Durham University in 1898, and from Columbia University (Ph.D., 1903). He lectured on geology and metallurgy at Durham, and on geology at Columbia University where he became full professor of metallurgy in 1917. In 1924, he was appointed Howe professor of metallurgy.

From 1907 to 1911, he was metallographer to the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. He worked at the Bureau of Mines and lectured at the United States Naval Academy. During World War I, he served with the National Research Council.

Campbell's papers from ca. 1900 to 1925 are held in the Columbia University archives.

References

English metallurgists
Academics of Durham University
1876 births
1936 deaths
Scientists from Newcastle upon Tyne
English emigrants to the United States
Columbia University faculty
Columbia University alumni
Alumni of Armstrong College, Durham
Rudolf Fizir. Rudolf Fizir (13 January 1891 – 11 November 1960) was an airplane constructor. He designed at least 18 original planes, some conversions of landplanes to seaplanes - and a parachute.

Fizir was born in Ludbreg, a small town on the river Bednja, in the north of Croatia. In 1914, whilst still a senior student, he was offered his first job in Schwerin, where he worked in the construction of fighter aircraft for the German Fliegerkorps in the new Fokker-Flugzeugbau factory. From there he was sent to Budapest, in order to find and organize a Fokker subsidiary.

Between 1918 and 1920, Fizir was employed in the automobile industry, where he gathered experience with internal combustion engines. In 1920 he returned to Ludbreg, and then moved to Petrovaradin. There he started to build his aircraft designs in his yard, at his own expense.

With a biplane, which Fizir built in 1925, he won the first prize in the 1927 Little Entente contest, despite having an engine with only half the power of other competing designs. Other aircraft he produced were named after the engines used, such as the Fizir-Mercedes, Fizir-Wright, Fizir-Titan, Fizir-Kastor, Fizir-Gypsi, and the half-metallic Fizir-Jupiter. His successful designs, almost all wooden, were economic to produce, reflecting the low economic power of the pre-World War II Kingdom of Yugoslavia, wartime Croatia (Independent State of Croatia) and post-World War II Yugoslavia, and were highly regarded in Germany and France throughout the 1930s, 40s and 50s. He had a strong affiliation for trainers and seaplanes, having a vision of connecting the Adriatic islands with a regular seaplane service.

His greatest success was the Fizir FN two-seater with dual controls, over 100 of which were built, which was in use as a trainer up to 30 years after World War II. Rudolf Fizir was awarded with the Paul Tissandier Diploma from the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale for achievements in aviation, and held the rank of  (colonel) in the Croatian Battle Air Force. After World War II, Fizir worked as a motorcycle designer, and continued with aircraft construction in his retirement years.

The road leading to Zagreb Airport was named in his honour.

References

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20070203162457/http://library.thinkquest.org/C0127004/TQnovo/engilsh/other_inventors/other_sixteen.htm
 https://web.archive.org/web/20070203091206/http://library.thinkquest.org/C0127004/TQnovo/izumi/izumiostali_sesnaesti.htm 

1891 births
1960 deaths
People from Ludbreg
People from the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
Aircraft designers
Aviation pioneers
Croatian engineers
Croatian Home Guard personnel
Engineers from Zagreb
Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery
Yugoslav engineers