omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Strict programming language. A strict programming language is a programming language that only allows strict functions (functions whose parameters must be evaluated completely before they may be called) to be defined by the user. A non-strict programming language allows the user to define non-strict functions, and hence may allow lazy evaluation. In most non-strict languages, the non-strictness extends to data constructors.

Description 
A strict programming language is a programming language which employs a strict programming paradigm, allowing only strict functions (functions whose parameters must be evaluated completely before they may be called) to be defined by the user. A non-strict programming language allows the user to define non-strict functions, and hence may allow lazy evaluation. 

Non-strictness has several disadvantages which have prevented widespread adoption:
 Because of the uncertainty regarding if and when expressions will be evaluated, non-strict languages generally must be purely functional to be useful.
 All hardware architectures in common use are optimized for strict languages, so the best compilers for non-strict languages produce slower code than the best compilers for strict languages.
 Space complexity of non-strict programs is difficult to understand and predict.
 In many strict languages, some advantages of non-strict functions can be obtained through the use of macros or thunks.
Strict programming languages are often associated with eager evaluation, and non-strict languages with lazy evaluation, but other evaluation strategies are possible in each case. The terms "eager programming language" and "lazy programming language" are often used as synonyms for "strict programming language" and "non-strict programming language" respectively.

Examples
Nearly all programming languages in common use today are strict. Examples include C#, Java, Perl (all versions, i.e. through version 5 and version 7), Python, Ruby, Common Lisp, and ML. Some strict programming languages include features that mimic laziness. Raku (formerly known as Perl 6) has lazy lists, Python has generator functions, and Julia provides a macro system to build non-strict functions, as does Scheme. 

Examples for non-strict languages are Haskell, R, Miranda, and Clean.

Extension

In most non-strict languages, the non-strictness extends to data constructors. This allows conceptually infinite data structures (such as the list of all prime numbers) to be manipulated in the same way as ordinary finite data structures. It also allows for the use of very large but finite data structures such as the complete game tree of chess.

Citations

References

Programming paradigms
Evaluation strategy
Voltage spike. In electrical engineering, spikes are fast, short duration electrical transients in voltage (voltage spikes), current (current spikes), or transferred energy (energy spikes) in an electrical circuit.

Fast, short duration electrical transients (overvoltages) in the electric potential of a circuit are typically caused by
 Lightning strikes
 Power outages
 Tripped circuit breakers
 Short circuits
 Power transitions in other large equipment on the same power line
 Malfunctions caused by the power company
 Electromagnetic pulses (EMP) with electromagnetic energy distributed typically up to the 100 kHz and 1 MHz frequency range.
 Inductive spikes

In the design of critical infrastructure and military hardware, one concern is of pulses produced by nuclear explosions, whose nuclear electromagnetic pulses distribute large energies in frequencies from 1 kHz into the gigahertz range through the atmosphere.

The effect of a voltage spike is to produce a corresponding increase in current (current spike). However some voltage spikes may be created by current sources.  Voltage would increase as necessary so that a constant current will flow. Current from a discharging inductor is one example.

For sensitive electronics, excessive current can flow if this voltage spike exceeds a material's breakdown voltage, or if it causes avalanche breakdown. In semiconductor junctions, excessive electric current may destroy or severely weaken that device.  An avalanche diode, transient voltage suppression diode, varistor, overvoltage crowbar, or a range of other overvoltage protective devices can divert (shunt) this transient current thereby minimizing voltage.

Voltage spikes, also known as surges, may be created by a rapid buildup or decay of a magnetic field, which may induce energy into the associated circuit. However voltage spikes can also have more mundane causes such as a fault in a transformer or higher-voltage (primary circuit) power wires falling onto lower-voltage (secondary circuit) power wires as a result of accident or storm damage.

Voltage spikes may be longitudinal (common) mode or metallic (normal or differential) mode.  Some equipment damage from surges and spikes can be prevented by use of surge protection equipment.  Each type of spike requires selective use of protective equipment. For example, a common mode voltage spike may not even be detected by a protector installed for normal mode transients.

Power increases or decreases which last multiple cycles are called swells or sags, respectively. An uninterrupted voltage increase that lasts more than a minute is called an overvoltage.  These are usually caused by malfunctions of the electric power distribution system.

See also
 
 
 
   - a device to channel inductive spikes back through the coil producing them

References

Power electronics
Spike

pl:Przepięcie
Robert Banks (chemist). Robert L. Banks (November 24, 1921 – January 3, 1989) was an American chemist. He was born and grew up in Piedmont, Missouri. He attended the University of Missouri, Rolla, and initiated into Alpha Phi Omega in 1940. He joined the Phillips Petroleum company in 1946 and worked there until he retired in 1985.  He died in Missouri on January 3, 1989.

Technical contributions
He was a fellow research chemist of J. Paul Hogan. They began working together in 1946, and in 1951 invented "crystalline polypropylene" and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). These plastics were initially known by the name Marlex. The polymerization of ethylene was made possible by their discovery of the so-called Phillips catalyst.

Recognition
In 1987, Banks and Hogan won the Perkin Medal, and in 2001 they were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. Both were given a Heroes of Chemistry award by the American Chemical Society in 1989. Banks was inducted into the Plastics Hall of Fame in 2014.

References

External links
Robert Banks biography at National Inventors Hall of Fame

1921 births
1989 deaths
Polymer scientists and engineers
Missouri University of Science and Technology alumni
20th-century American inventors
Chemists from Missouri
20th-century American chemists
Marlex. Marlex is a trademarked name for a crystalline polypropylene and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). These plastics were invented by J. Paul Hogan and Robert Banks, two research chemists at the Phillips Petroleum Company in 1951.

Interest in the material in the 1950s arose from its high melting point and tensile strength, making it more desirable than the more common form of polyethylene. For example, the medical community in 1958 was eager to use Marlex 50 crystalline polyethylene which softens at . Objects made of Marlex could be sterilized in high-temperature autoclaves without affecting their form.

Marlex was used by Wham-O for their Hula Hoops in the 1950s, which helped create a market for this form of plastic. It is now an integral part to a wide variety of products and markets around the world. Additionally, it can be used surgically as a reinforcing mesh in inguinal hernia repair.

Notes

References

Polymers
Calculix. CalculiX is a free and open-source finite-element analysis application that uses an input format similar to Abaqus. It has an implicit and explicit solver (CCX) written by Guido Dhondt and a pre- and post-processor (CGX) written by Klaus Wittig. The original software was written for the Linux operating system. Convergent Mechanical has ported the application to the Windows operating system.

The pre-processor component of CalculiX can generate grid data for the computational fluid dynamics programs duns, ISAAC and OpenFOAM.  It can also generate input data for the commercial FEM programs Nastran, Ansys and Abaqus.  The pre-processor can also generate mesh data from STL files.

There is an active online community that provides support at Discourse. Convergent Mechanical also provides installation support for their extended version of CalculiX for Windows.

There is a friendly CalculiX Launcher with CCX wizard for both Windows and Linux.

Also possible is the Installation in Windows 10 Fall Creator (1709) with the new Linux Subsystem WSL.

A Python library, pycalculix, was written to automate the creation of CalculiX models in the Python programming language. The library provides Python access to building, loading, meshing, solving, and querying CalculiX results for 2D models. Pycalculix was written by Justin Black. Examples and tutorials are available on the pycalculix site.

FreeCAD has developed a FEM workbench that automates the creation of CalculiX models.

There is a lot good examples of use of CalculiX by Prof. Martin Kraska, Brandenburg University of Applied Sciences.

Official repository at Github is https://github.com/Dhondtguido/CalculiX.

Literature 
 Guido Dhondt: "The Finite Element Method for Three-Dimensional Thermomechanical Applications". Wiley, Hoboken 2004, 
 CCX v2.18 documentation
 CGX v2.18 documentation
 Getting Started Guide
 FreeCAD FEM workbench for CalCulix

References

External links 
 
 Searchable online documentation
 CalculiX for Windows
 CalculiX Discussion Group
 pycalculix website
 FreeCAD FEM workbench
 MFront code generator for CalculiX

Computer-aided engineering software
Free computer-aided design software
Free simulation software
Finite element software for Linux
SID. Sid or SID may refer to:

People
 Sid (given name), includes a list of people with the name

Science and technology
 Sound Interface Device: the MOS Technology 6581 sound-generating chip used in some Commodore computers
 Security Identifier, used by Microsoft
 Sid blood group system
 Saab Information Display in cars
 Slew-induced distortion, in an amplifier
 Source to image-receptor distance, in radiology
 Sudden ionospheric disturbance, caused by a solar flare
 Surface-induced dissociation, in mass spectrometry
 System identification number, in wireless telephony
 Source Identification codes, identifying marks on optical discs introduced by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry
 mSin3 interaction domain, a transcriptional repressor domain
 .sid, MrSID image file extension
 Sid (Debian), the code name for the 'unstable' distribution of the operating system

Entertainment
 Sid (band), a Japanese rock band
 Síd, a fairy mound in Irish  folklore
 Superman Is Dead, or S.I.D., an Indonesian rock band
 Space Intruder Detector, satellite in the UK TV series UFO
 Sid Vere, a fictional character from Doctors
 The given name of the Cookie Monster is Sid.

Transport
 Standard instrument departure, flight procedure
 Amílcar Cabral International Airport, Sal Island, Cape Verde
 Sidcup railway station (National Rail station code), London, England

Organizations
 Danish General Workers' Union, former trade union in Denmark
 Security and Intelligence Division, Singapore's Foreign intelligence agency
 Servizio Informazioni Difesa, the Italian military secret service 1965-1977
 Service for Research and Documentation, the Serbian intelligence agency
 Society for Information Display
 Society for International Development
 Sport-Informations-Dienst, German sports media service
 Special Investigations Division (disambiguation)

Places
 Šid, Vojvodina, Serbia
 Šíd, village in Slovakia
 River Sid, in Devon, England

Other uses
 Status–income disequilibrium, a political term
 Sports information director
 Self-identification or self-id
 Source Identification (SID) codes, a manufacturer identification method for optical disc production used by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry.

See also 
 CID (disambiguation)
 SIDS (disambiguation)
 Syd (disambiguation)
Waterkeeper Alliance. Waterkeeper Alliance is a worldwide network of environmental organizations founded in 1999 that work to protect bodies of water around the United States and the world. By December 2019, the group said it had grown to 350 members in 46 countries, with half the membership outside the U.S.; the alliance had added 200 groups in the last five years. 

In 1983, the founding Riverkeeper organization, founded by Robert H. Boyle, formed around the Hudson River in New York, in response to the untreated sewage and industrial water pollution that was degrading water quality in the river. Today, Waterkeeper Alliance, based in Manhattan, unites all Waterkeeper organizations. The group helps to coordinate and cover issues affecting Waterkeepers that work to protect rivers, lakes, bays, sounds, and other water bodies around the world. In the United States, only 52 of the 180 groups cover watersheds west of the Mississippi River.

In June 2019, the group announced a project with online travel website Culture Trip called "Waterkeeper Warriors." They named 20 activists who “represent the impact one person can make on an issue that affects us all."

Notes

External links
 

Water organizations in the United States
Environmental organizations based in New York City
Water resource policy
Environmental organizations established in 1999
Water conservation in the United States
1999 establishments in New York (state)
Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
North American Network Operators' Group. The North American Network Operators' Group (NANOG) is a forum for the coordination and dissemination of information to backbone/enterprise networking technologies and operational practices. It runs meetings, talks, surveys, and a mailing list for Internet service providers. The main method of communication is the NANOG mailing list (known informally as NANOG-l), a free mailing list to which anyone may subscribe or post.

History 
NANOG evolved from the NSFNET "Regional-Techs" meetings, where technical staff from the regional networks met to discuss operational issues. At the February 1994 regional tech meeting in San Diego, the group revised its charter to include a broader base of network service providers and subsequently adopted NANOG as its new name. NANOG was organized by Merit Network, a non-profit Michigan organization, from 1994 through 2011, when it was transferred to NewNOG.

Funding 
Funding for NANOG originally came from the National Science Foundation as part of two projects Merit undertook in partnership with NSF and other organizations: the NSFNET Backbone Service and the Routing Arbiter project. All NANOG funds came from conference registration fees and donations from vendors, and starting in 2011, membership dues.

Meetings 
NANOG meetings are held three times each year and include presentations, tutorials, and BOFs (Birds of a Feather meetings). There are also lightning talks, where speakers can submit brief presentations (no longer than 10 minutes) on a very short term. Conference participants typically include senior engineering staff from tier 1 and tier 2 ISPs. In addition to the conferences, NANOG On the Road events offer single-day networking events.

NANOG meetings are organized by NewNOG, Inc., a Delaware non-profit organization, which took over responsibility for NANOG from the Merit Network in February 2011. Meetings are hosted by NewNOG and other organizations from the U.S. and Canada. Overall leadership is provided by the NANOG Steering Committee, established in 2005, and a Program Committee.

See also
 Internet network operators' group

References

External links 

Routing Arbiter Project
CIO official website
Ripe Labs - Network operations

Computer networking
Electronic mailing lists
Internet Network Operators' Groups
History of the Internet
Wright Company. The Wright Company was the commercial aviation business venture of the Wright brothers, established by them on November 22, 1909, in conjunction with several prominent industrialists from New York and Detroit with the intention of capitalizing on their invention of the practical airplane. The company maintained its headquarters office in New York City and built its factory in Dayton, Ohio.

History 
The two buildings designed by Dayton architect William Earl Russ and built by Rouzer Construction for the Wright Company in Dayton in 1910 and 1911 were the first in the United States constructed specifically for an airplane factory and were included within the boundary of Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park in 2009.

The Wright Company concentrated its efforts on protecting the company's patent rights rather than on developing new aircraft or aircraft components, believing that innovations would hurt the company's efforts to obtain royalties from competing manufacturers or patent infringers. Wilbur Wright died in 1912, and on October 15, 1915, Orville Wright sold the company, which in 1916 merged with the Glenn L. Martin Company to form the Wright-Martin Company.   Orville Wright, who had purchased 97% of the outstanding company stock in 1914 as he prepared to leave the business world, estimated that the Wright Company built approximately 120 airplanes across all of its different models between 1910 and 1915.

Many of the papers of the Wright Company are now in the collection of the Museum of Flight in Seattle, while others are held by the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. The Library of Congress also holds the papers of Grover Loening, the second Wright Company factory manager, while the papers of Frank Henry Russell, the first plant manager, are at the University of Wyoming's American Heritage Center.

Products

Aircraft

Engines 
 Wright Vertical 4

References

Notes

External links

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Wright brothers
.
Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of the United States
Defunct companies based in Dayton, Ohio
Manufacturing companies based in Ohio
American companies established in 1918
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1918
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1926
1909 establishments in New York (state)
1909 establishments in Ohio
1916 disestablishments in New York (state)
1910s disestablishments in Ohio
Defunct manufacturing companies based in New York City
Wright-Martin. Wright-Martin Aircraft Corporation was a short-lived aircraft manufacturing business venture between the Wright Company (after Orville Wright sold the Wright Company and divested himself from it) and Glenn L. Martin.

History
Company officials merged their respective organizations, the Wright Company and the Glenn L. Martin Company, in 1916.

The company continued and escalated the Wright brothers patent war with other aircraft manufacturers, until its resolution—under duress from the government, in 1917, at the start of U.S. involvement in World War I—by the cross-licensing agreement developed and managed through the Manufacturers Aircraft Association.

A license-built version of the Hispano-Suiza 8 was manufactured by the company under the engineering leadership of Henry M. Crane. It was used by Vought VE-7, VE-8, Boeing NB-2, and Loening M-8.

By 1918, the company had a factory in Long Island City, New York. Martin soon resigned, dissolving the Wright-Martin joint enterprise within a year. The company was renamed Wright Aeronautical in 1919, and shifted from manufacturing aircraft to manufacturing aircraft engines, developing the pivotal Wright Whirlwind engines which changed aviation dramatically.

He continued development of his Glenn L. Martin Company, which remained a major aircraft manufacturer until the 1950s, when it also began developing rockets, missiles, and spacecraft. In 1961, the company merged with the American-Marietta Corporation to become industrial conglomerate (and continued aerospace manufacturer) Martin Marietta; it merged with Lockheed in 1995 to become today's Lockheed Martin, one of the United States' three remaining major large aircraft manufacturers (along with Boeing and Northrop Grumman).

Aircraft

References

External links

 World War I advertisement for the Wright-Martin Aircraft Corporation - FIGHT or Join the Industrial Aircraft Service, Popular Science monthly, December 1918, page 91.

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Wright brothers
Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of the United States
American companies established in 1916
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1916
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1919
American companies disestablished in 1919
High-level assembler. A high-level assembler in computing is an assembler for assembly language that incorporate features found in a high-level programming language.

The earliest high-level assembler was probably Burroughs' Executive Systems Problem Oriented Language (ESPOL) in about 1960, which provided an ALGOL-like syntax around explicitly-specified Burroughs B5000 machine instructions. This was followed by Niklaus Wirth's PL360 in 1968; this replicated the Burroughs facilities, with which he was familiar, on an IBM System/360. More recent high-level assemblers are Borland's Turbo Assembler (TASM), Netwide Assembler (NASM), Microsoft's Macro Assembler (MASM), IBM's High Level Assembler (HLASM) for z/Architecture systems, Alessandro Ghignola's Linoleum, X# used in Cosmos and Ziron.

High-level assemblers typically provide instructions that directly assemble one-to-one into low-level machine code as in any assembler, plus control statements such as IF, WHILE, REPEAT...UNTIL, and FOR, macros, and other enhancements. This allows the use of high-level control statement abstractions wherever maximal speed or minimal space is not essential; low-level statements that assemble directly to machine code can be used to produce the fastest or shortest code. The end result is assembly source code that is far more readable than standard assembly code while preserving the efficiency inherent with using assembly language.

High-level assemblers generally provide information-hiding facilities and the ability to call functions and procedures using a high-level-like syntax (i.e., the assembler automatically produces code to push parameters on the call stack rather than the programmer having to manually write the code to do this).

High-level assemblers also provide data abstractions normally found in high-level languages. Examples include: data structures, unions, classes, and sets. Some high-level assemblers (e.g., TASM and High Level Assembly (HLA)) support object-oriented programming.

References
   (xiv+294+4 pages) (NB. Presents definitions and examples of older high-level assemblers.)
 The Art of Assembly Language, Randall Hyde 
 HAL70 , Hamish Dewar  A high level assembly language for Interdata series 70 mini-computers.
 Webster site with information and links on HLA and assembler

High-level
Centrifugal. Centrifugal (a key concept in rotating systems) may refer to:

Centrifugal casting (industrial), Centrifugal casting (silversmithing), and Spin casting (centrifugal rubber mold casting), forms of centrifigual casting
Centrifugal clutch
Centrifugal compressor
Centrifugal evaporator
Centrifugal extractor
Centrifugal fan
Centrifugal force
Centrifugal force (rotating reference frame)
Centrifugal governor
Centrifugal gun
Centrifugal micro-fluidic biochip
Centrifugal pump
Centrifugal railway
Centrifugal switch
Centrifugal-type supercharger
Centrifugal water–oil separator
Centrifugation
Reactive centrifugal force

See also
Centrifuge
Fictitious force
History of centrifugal and centripetal forces
Centrifugal Funk, a 1991 album by the Mark Varney Project
Centrifugal structure, a concept in theoretical linguistics – see Lucien Tesnière
Centripetal (disambiguation)
Centrifugal speciation - a variant model of allopatric speciation