omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CONWIP. Constant work in process or CONWIP are pull-oriented production control systems. Such systems can be classified as pull and push systems (Spearman et al. 1990). In a push system, the production order is scheduled, and the material is pushed into the production line. In a pull system, the start of each product assembly process is triggered by the completion of another at the end of production line. This pull-variant is known for its ease of implementation.

CONWIP is a kind of single-stage kanban system and is also a hybrid push-pull system. While kanban systems maintain tighter control of system WIP through the individual cards at each workstation, CONWIP systems are easier to implement and adjust, since only one set of system cards is used to manage system WIP. CONWIP uses cards to control the number of WIPs. For example, no part is allowed to enter the system without a card (authority). After a finished part is completed at the last workstation, a card is transferred to the first workstation and a new part is pushed into the sequential process route. In their paper, Spearman et al. (1990) used a simulation to make a comparison among the CONWIP, kanban and push systems, and found that CONWIP systems can achieve a lower WIP level than kanban systems.

Card control policy 

In a CONWIP system, a card is shared by all kinds of products.  However, Duenyas (1994) proposed a dedicated card control policy in CONWIP and he stated that this policy could perform as a multiple chain closed queuing network.

See also
 Factory Physics
 Material requirements planning (MRP)
 Just-in-time manufacturing (JIT)
 Kanban

References

Further reading 
 Spearman, Mark L. and Michael A Zazanis, "Push and Pull Production Systems: Issues and Comparisons", Op. Res., Vol40(3), pp 521–532, May–June 1992.

Lean manufacturing
Enterprise resource planning terminology
Prodigal Genius. Prodigal Genius: The Life of Nikola Tesla () is a 1944 book by John Joseph O'Neill detailing the life of Nikola Tesla. The book was also released in an Armed Services Edition for American overseas soldiers as book 684. The first printing was November, 1944.

Overview
Written by Pulitzer Prize-winning author John J. O'Neill, the life of Nikola Tesla details the life of a pioneer in electrical engineering. O'Neill was a close friend of Tesla, whom he had met as a boy and remained in contact with.

The book covers, among other topics, the story of Tesla's father's inspiration for his career in engineering, shows his theories of electricity that went against the scientific establishment, explores the friendships of Tesla, investigates the story of Tesla's lost Nobel Prize, and explains Tesla's investigations of the paranormal.

References

External links
 
 

1944 non-fiction books
Books about Nikola Tesla
American biographies
Tyseley Energy from Waste Plant. Tyseley Energy Recovery Facility is a waste incineration plant in Birmingham, UK. It is run by Veolia for Birmingham City Council.

A waste disposal facility and incinerator was on the site before the current building was constructed; having been built by Birmingham City Council and operated by them.

In 1992, Tyseley Waste Disposal Ltd. was established and entered into a 25-year contract with the City of Birmingham to dispose of and manage waste.

There was a 2-year handover period where the previous site was labelled as TWD but still run by Birmingham City Council, and plans were announced to replace the existing incinerator to comply with new European emissions requirements, being submitted in 1993.

The current facility was built in 1996 by Veolia to a design by Faulks Perry Culley & Rech. Once completed, the previous waste disposal site was demolished - including the controlled demolition of the old incinerator. The site was completed in 1998.

The current plant has become a notable building in Birmingham with a lighting scheme that illuminates the plant during the hours of darkness. Veolia benefits from Levy Exemption Certificates for the element of energy which is produced from renewable sources. This provides income to the City Council. The plant was opposed by Birmingham Friends of the Earth for contributing to climate change, causing air pollution and reducing recycling rates in the city.

The ERF operates 24 hours a day for 365 days a year (except for planned shutdowns for maintenance).  It takes around 350,000 tonnes of waste produced by the city annually and burns it to produce electricity, of which 25MW is fed into the National Grid. It is a two-stream plant with each boiler designed to process 23.5 tonnes of rubbish per hour. It has a turbo-generator which exports 25MW to the National Grid, after providing for on-site needs. The ERF also recovers several thousand tonnes a year of ferrous metals for recycling from the process.

References

External links

Veolia: Energy recovery

Buildings and structures in Birmingham, West Midlands
Energy infrastructure completed in 1996
Veolia
Waste power stations in England
Power stations in the East Midlands
BIRT Project. The Business Intelligence and Reporting Tools (BIRT) Project is an open source software project that provides reporting and business intelligence capabilities for rich client and web applications, especially those based on Java and Java EE. BIRT is a top-level software project within the Eclipse Foundation, an independent not-for-profit consortium of software industry vendors and an open source community.

The project's stated goals are to address a wide range of reporting needs within a typical application, ranging from operational or enterprise reporting to multi-dimensional online analytical processing (OLAP). Initially, the project has focused on and delivered capabilities that allow application developers to easily design and integrate reports into applications.

The project is supported by an active community of users at BIRT Developer Center and developers at the Eclipse.org BIRT Project page.

BIRT has two main components: a visual report designer within the Eclipse IDE for creating BIRT Reports, and a runtime component for generating reports that can be deployed to any Java environment. The BIRT project also includes a charting engine that is both fully integrated into the report designer and can be used standalone to integrate charts into an application.

BIRT Report designs are persisted as XML and can access a number of different data sources including JDO datastores, JFire Scripting Objects, POJOs, SQL databases, Web Services and XML.

History 
The BIRT project was first proposed and sponsored by Actuate Corporation when Actuate joined the Eclipse Foundation as a Strategic Developer on August 24, 2004. The project was subsequently approved and became a top-level project within the Eclipse community on October 6, 2004. The project contributor community includes IBM, and Innovent Solutions.

In 2007 IBM's Tivoli Division adopted BIRT as the infrastructure for its Tivoli Common Reporting (TCR) product. TCR produces historical reports on Tivoli-managed IT resources and processes.

The initial project code base was designed and developed by Actuate beginning in early 2004 and donated to the Eclipse Foundation when the project was approved.

Versions

References

Bibliography

External links
Eclipse BIRT project home page

2005 software
Business intelligence software
Free reporting software
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Eclipse (software)
Eclipse technology
Eclipse software
Basketweave (weaving). Basketweave or Panama weave is a simple type of textile weave. 

In basketweave, groups of warp and weft threads are interlaced so that they form a simple criss-cross pattern. Each group of weft threads crosses an equal number of warp threads by going over one group, then under the next, and so on. The next group of weft threads goes under the warp threads that its neighbor went over, and vice versa. Basketweave can be identified by its checkered appearance, made of two or more threads in each group. 

Monk's cloth is an example of a basketweave fabric.

The term Panama weave may also refer to a lightweight or midweight woollen fabric made using this weave. It is soft and loose, with a fine, grainy surface, used for men's and women's suits and dresses. The name of the fabric may also relate to the straw weave used in a Panama hat.

References

Weaves
Roe II Triplane. 

The Roe II Triplane, sometimes known as the Mercury, was an early British aircraft and the first product of the Avro company. It was designed by Alliott Verdon Roe as a sturdier development of his wood-and-paper Roe I Triplane. Two examples were built, one as a display machine for Roe's new firm, and the second was sold to W. G. Windham. The longest recorded flight made by the Roe II Triplane was 600 ft (180 m).

Specifications

See also

Notes

References
 
 
 
 

1910s British experimental aircraft
Roe II Triplane
Triplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1910
Avro Athena. The Avro 701 Athena is a British advanced trainer aircraft built by Avro in the late 1940s. It was designed to replace the North American Harvard in the Royal Air Force, but was bought only in small numbers, the competing Boulton Paul Balliol being preferred.

Design and development
The Athena was designed to meet the requirements of Air Ministry Specification T.7/45 for a three-seat advanced trainer powered by a turboprop engine for the RAF. The Athena was an all-metal low-winged monoplane, with a side-by-side cockpit.  The Air Ministry rethought its requirements in 1947 and replaced the original specification with Specification T.14/47, which specified the use of a Rolls-Royce Merlin 35 piston engine, large stocks of which were held in store.

Despite the change in specification, the first three prototypes were of the turboprop-powered Athena T.1, the first of which, powered by an Armstrong Siddeley Mamba engine, flew on 12 June 1948 at Woodford Aerodrome. The Merlin-powered Athena T.2 first flew on 1 August 1948, and was evaluated against the similar Boulton Paul Balliol.

A small production run of 15 Athenas was ordered for the RAF, but the Balliol was preferred, and no further Athenas were ordered.

Operational history
The 15 production Athenas were used by the RAF from 1950 for armament training at the RAF Flying College at RAF Manby. A single aircraft was loaned back to Avro and given the civil registration G-ALWA for a demonstration tour of India. No sales resulted and it was returned to the RAF.

Variants
Athena T.Mk.1
Turboprop-powered prototype. One  Armstrong Siddeley ASM.3 Mamba engine. Two built.
Athena T.Mk.1A
Single prototype powered by  Rolls-Royce RDa.1 Dart engine. Second prototype to fly.
Athena T.Mk.2
Trainer to Spec. T.14/47 powered by  Rolls-Royce Merlin 35. Four prototypes plus 15 production.

Operators

Royal Air Force
 Aircraft Instrument Experimental Unit, Martlesham Heath (one T2 in 1951)
 Central Flying School, Little Rissington (two T2s 1949-1950)
 Empire Test Pilot's School, Farnborough (one T2 development aircraft)
 Royal Aircraft Establishment (two aircraft)
 RAF College at Manby (ten aircraft 1950-1955)

Accidents and incidents
Two of the 22 aircraft were lost in flying accidents:
 T2 VR569 of the Aircraft Instrument Experimental Unit was written off at Wilby, Suffolk on 27 June 1951. Aircraft broke up in spiral dive after loss of control in cloud, two crew killed.
 T2 VR570 crashed before delivery on 20 March 1950.

Specifications (Athena T.2)

See also

References

1940s British military trainer aircraft
Athena
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Gustavus Green. Gustavus Green (11 March 1865 – 29 December 1964) was a British engineer who made significant contributions to the design of early aircraft engines.

He was born in Hounslow on 11 March 1865. He opened a bicycle factory in Bexhill-on-Sea, and in 1905, built his first lightweight, water-cooled aircraft engine. He established the Green Engine Co. to manufacture them. Early Green engines were used by  British aviation pioneers such as Alliott Verdon Roe and Samuel Cody, but his later engines proved too heavy for the aircraft of that time. However, they were utilized to power torpedo boats during World War I.

In 1909, Green was awarded a £1,000 prize by the British government for his work on aero engines, and he was awarded another prize of £5,000 in 1914.

After World War II, Green became involved in the development of the 'flexible deck' concept for aircraft carriers. His ideas for such a deck culminated in the successful landing of a de Havilland Sea Vampire, flown by Eric "Winkle" Brown, on an experimental rubber deck installed on HMS Warrior.

Green became an honorary companion of the Royal Aeronautical Society in 1958. He died in December 1964, at his home in Twickenham, only a few months before what would have been his 100th birthday.

See also
 Green C.4

References

 

1865 births
1964 deaths
English aerospace engineers
Companions of the Royal Aeronautical Society
O-Xylene (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on o-Xylene.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as eChemPortal, and follow its directions. MSDS is available from MATHESON TRI-GAS, INC. in the SDSdata.org database.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of liquid

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed.

Distillation data
See also:
m-xylene (data page)
p-xylene (data page)

Spectral data

References

 

Xylene
Chemical data pages cleanup
PZL.16. The PZL.16 was a Polish passenger aircraft, designed in the early 1930s in the PZL in Warsaw. It remained a prototype.

Development
The plane was designed in 1931 as a small passenger plane for 4 passengers, ordered by the Polish Ministry of Communications. The main designer was Stanisław Prauss of the PZL works. The new plane utilized parts of PZL Ł.2 liaison plane, including the wing, tail, landing gear and engine (the factory manufactured more PZL Ł.2 parts, than aircraft ordered). The only prototype was flown in the beginning of 1932.

Design
PZL.16 was a high-wing braced monoplane, conventional in layout, of all-metal construction. It had a steel framed, canvas covered fuselage (engine part covered with duralumin). The elliptical wing was two-spar, of duralumin construction, canvas-covered, fitted with slats and flaps. The tail was made  of duralumin. It had a conventional fixed landing gear with a rear wheel, main gear had teardrop covers. The closed cabin had a capacity of five: a pilot in front and 4 passengers in two rows, with doors on the left.

It had a 9-cylinder air-cooled Polish Skoda Works Wright Whirlwind J-5A radial engine delivering 240 hp (179 kW) take-off power and 220 hp (164 kW) nominal power, in a Townend ring, driving a two-blade metal propeller. 280-litre fuel tanks were in wings. The cruise fuel consumption was 50-60 L/h.

Operational history
The plane was to take part in a contest for a successor of Junkers F.13 planes in LOT Polish Airlines, along with PWS-24 and Lublin R-XVI, but it crashed in April 1932 during tests. The reason was error in assembly of ailerons. After crash, further works upon PZL.16 ceased; available publications do not mention reasons. It was lighter, faster and of more modern construction, than counterparts, with a similar payload, but the crew was 1 instead of 2.

Stanisław Prauss next designed a preliminary design of a fast mail plane PZL.17, a counterpart of PWS-54. It was based on the PZL.16, differing in aerodynamically refined fuselage and cantilever wing, but it remained in sketches.

Specifications (PZL 16 estimated)

See also

References

Further reading

External links

PZL aircraft
1930s Polish airliners
1930s Polish civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Holographic grating. In optics, a holographic grating is a type of diffraction grating formed by an interference-fringe field of two laser beams whose standing-wave pattern is exposed to a set of photosensitive materials. The exposure triggers chemical processes within the sample and results in the formation of a periodic structure that has the same periodicity of the recorded pattern. One of the most interesting features of these structures is their versatility and tunability as the optical response strongly depends on the blend of used materials, and their interactions with light during, and after, the recording procedure.

With the expertise earned over the years, nowadays holographic gratings are very efficient with no notable difference when compared to mechanically ruled gratings. Nevertheless, the lower limit over the grating spacing is one order of magnitude smaller than the latter. Their availability, low cost, and versatility opened the path for their use in a various range of applications such as data storage, holographic display and in general, as holographic optical components.

References 
 * Palmer, Christopher, Diffraction Grating Handbook, 8th edition, MKS Newport (2020) 

Diffraction gratings
Holography
King's Leadership Academy Hawthornes. King's Leadership Academy Hawthornes (formerly The Hawthorne's Free School) is a secondary free school located on Fernhill Road in Bootle, Merseyside, England, about  from Liverpool city centre. The school is located within the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton.

The school rebranded in September 2012, on the site of the former St George of England Specialist Engineering College (previously St George of England High School &  St George of England County Secondary School). St George of England Specialist Engineering College closed in 2012, along with St Wilfrid's High School in Litherland. The schools closed due to falling pupil numbers, however parents from both schools campaigned for a new secondary free school to be opened in the area instead.

The schools opening was controversial, as staff from the previous schools were not automatically transferred to the new school, and many lost their jobs. This was despite Sefton Council declaring that staff from the former schools should be subject to the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006, and either be offered continuing employment at the new school or redundancy. The Hawthorne's Free School claimed that as they were a new school, they were not responsible for the staff at the former schools. Staff from the former schools threatened to take their case to the High Court of Justice, however the council has made an offer to pay the staff redundancy in conjunction with the school.

In the summer of 2018, the school re-branded to King's Leadership Academy Hawthornes. The school is now part of the Great Schools Trust.

References

External links
 

Secondary schools in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton
Free schools in England
Educational institutions established in 1946
Bootle
2012 establishments in England
National Technological University – Paraná Regional Faculty. The National Technological University – Paraná Regional Faculty or FRP (CastilianUniversidad Tecnológica Nacional(UTN-FRP)) is one of the universities of the National Technological University (UTN). It is located in Paraná, Argentina, and it offers academic degrees on the following subjects: The faculty began its academic activities in 1964 at the "José María Torres" Normal School.

 Electronic Engineering
 Civil Engineering
 Electromechanical Engineering

See also
UTN

External links
 

Parana
Engineering universities and colleges in Argentina
Technical universities and colleges in Argentina
Bartini A-57. The Bartini A-57 was an experimental Soviet bomber of the mid-1950s that was designed by Robert Ludvigovich Bartini to take off and land on water. The aircraft was never put into production.

The A-57 was equipped with a lift jet (similar to VTOL aircraft today) facing downward to assist its take-off from the surface of the ocean. It was intended to refuel from submarines out at sea. The bomber had a long, slender delta wing called the Bartini Wing. A 1500 mph speed was planned. It was tested in wind tunnels, but the project was scrapped in 1957 before actual production could begin. Possibly because the Soviet Government after the launch of Sputnik 1 believed that the new R-7 ICBM made bombers less required and decided the Tu-95 would do and that the A-57 project was too expensive along with the perspective that such an aircraft was not needed.

External links
 Robert Ludvigovich Bartini information in Russian. Retrieved 14-Feb-2005.
 A-57 bomber page on testpilot.ru database for Soviet Aircraft (English)
 A-57 strategic bomber page on ctrl-c.liu.se 
 Top Secret Soviet Bomber Project
 http://www.nocarnofun.com/meet-the-experimental-soviet-bomber-project-bartini-a-57-able-to-take-off-and-land-on-water/

1950s Soviet bomber aircraft
A-57
Tailless delta-wing aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
Flying boats
Lift jet
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
M-Xylene (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on m-Xylene.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its directions.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of liquid

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed.

Distillation data
See also:
p-xylene (data page)
o-xylene (data page)

Spectral data

References

Xylene
Chemical data pages cleanup
Ancestim. Ancestim is a recombinant methionyl human stem cell factor, branded by Amgen as StemGen.  It was developed by Amgen and sold to Biovitrium, now Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, in December, 2008.

It is a 166 amino acid protein produced by E. coli bacteria into which a gene has been inserted for soluble human stem cell factor. It has a monomeric molecular weight of approximately 18,500 daltons and normally exists as a noncovalently associated dimer. The protein has an amino acid sequence that is identical to the natural sequence predicted from human DNA sequence analysis, except for the addition of an N-terminal methionine retained after expression in E. coli. Because Ancestim is produced in E. coli, it is nonglycosylated. Ancestim is supplied as a sterile, white, preservative-free, lyophilised powder for reconstitution and administration as a subcutaneous (SC) injection and is indicated for use in combination with filgrastim for mobilizing peripheral hematopoietic stem cells for later transplantation in certain cancer patients.

References

Recombinant proteins
Harold E. Froehlich. Harold Edward "Bud" Froehlich (July 13, 1922 – May 19, 2007) was an American engineer who helped design Alvin, a deep-diving exploratory submarine that has been used to find a lost atomic bomb and explore the wreck of Titanic.

Froehlich was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. "Bud" graduated from Roosevelt High School and later graduated from the University of Washington and earned a master's degree in aeronautical engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Froehlich grew up with his father, Reinhard Froehlich, mother, Meta Froehlich, and sister, Catherine Froehlich.
He lived with his wife, Avanella Froehlich, and children, Steven (Jean) Froehlich and Jane Froehlich.

Harold invented high-altitude balloons to take air samples and medical staples in his lifetime, in addition to helping invent the Alvin.

He died of heart failure in Maplewood, Minnesota at 84 years old.

References

20th-century American engineers
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
1922 births
2007 deaths
Engineers from Minneapolis
University of Washington alumni