omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Brush Development Company. Brush Development Company was a manufacturer of audio, phonographic products and magnetic recording technologies located in Cleveland, Ohio.  It was absorbed into Clevite in 1952.

History
The business was founded in 1919 by Alfred L. Williams as Brush Labs to develop products that used piezoelectric crystals. Associates spun off the Brush Development Company in 1930 with piezoelectric phonograph pickups as its main product. Later it began manufacturing wire recorders, microphones, and speakers. 

During World War II, Vice President for Research Dr. Semi Joseph Begun was awarded a contract from the US National Defense Research Council for research on a substitute for stainless steel wire used in wire recorders by the military.

Post-war, Brush manufactured a dictation recorder in 1946, and released the first USA built tape recorder in 1947 with the Brush Soundmirror. In 1950, Brush built the Model BL-206 and BL-216 Multichannel Oscillographs, and associated Model BL-932 DC Amplifiers. 

In 1952 Brush Development Company merged with the original Brush Labs and the Cleveland Graphite Bronze company to create Clevite. Audio products continued to be sold under the Brush trademark until 1960. 

The Clevite company was absorbed by Gould-National Batteries in 1969.

References

Sources

Gerard M. Foley. personal recollections of work sponsored at Battelle Memorial Institute by Brush 1943–1945.

Manufacturing companies based in Cleveland
Roads Beautifying Association. The Roads Beautifying Association (1928–) was founded in the United Kingdom by Lord Mount Temple, the Minister of Transport in 1928 who appointed as its (Hon.) Secretary Dr. Wilfrid Fox who served throughout and whose work was praised on the organisation's demise by government and opposition alike. 

The association had the aim of creating better planted and more aesthetically pleasing roads to accommodate cars around the United Kingdom. It published Roadside Planting in 1930.  It contributed in biodiversity, overall layout and on safety grounds to many public works programs.

Membership and activities
Its members were chosen for knowledge and experience and chiefly included: Lionel de Rothschild, who was Chairman of the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), Mr. F. R. S. Balfour, Sir Arthur Hill, Mr. W. J. Bean (author of Trees and Hardy Shrubs in the British Isles), Col. Stern who was expert on planting in chalky soils, Arthur Cotton, who was the keeper of the herbarium at RHS Kew Gardens and became President of the Linnean Society of London, Mr. Gardner, Secretary of the English Forestry Association, Sir Charles Bressey, an eminent road engineer, from the mid 1930s Lord Aberconway, who became President of the RHS, Sir Edward James Salisbury, botanist and ecologist, Roy Robinson, 1st Baron Robinson, forester, and also representatives of the A.A., the R.A.C., the British Road Federation, representatives of Kew Gardens and, labelled as 'very important' by the last President (the 10th Duke of Devonshire)—a business of tree and other plant nurseries which invested its time and advised willingly.

The association had the aim of increasing the publicly maintainable biophysical environment around the new roads being built to accommodate cars around the United Kingdom, particularly along new roads and especially new trunk roads. It published Roadside Planting in 1930.  It contributed aesthetically and on safety grounds to public works programs, funded by local authorities and central government.

The RBA went on for almost a decade on a self-promoted voluntary consultative basis, increasing its circle of contacts among local authorities and doing more and more work with only Ministerial best practice guidance to local authorities to consult it, until, in 1937 the Ministry gave it a grant for promoting its work of £200 a year and urged all local authorities to consult the RBA.

Disbandment
The Association, to advertise its existence and that its advice was available, held a sherry party to which it invited the Minister for Transport four years into the six-year Attlee Ministry.   This was summarized by the bulk of the House of Lords' speech of the RBA President, The 10th Duke of Devonshire, Conservative:

The 5th Earl of Listowel of the governing party—in a time of economic hardship replied:

See also
Road safety audit
 Town and country planning

References

Environment of the United Kingdom
1928 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1928
1949 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Pintle. A pintle is a pin or bolt, usually inserted into a gudgeon, which is used as part of a pivot or hinge. Other applications include pintle and lunette ring for towing, and pintle pins securing casters in furniture.

Use
Pintle/gudgeon sets have many applications, for example in sailing, to hold the rudder onto the boat; in transportation, in which a pincer-type device clamps through a lunette ring on the tongue of a trailer; and in controllable solid rocket motors, in which a plug moves into and out of the motor throat to control thrust.

In electrical cubicle manufacture, a pintle hinge is a hinge with fixed and moving parts. The hinge has a pin - the pintle - which can be both external and internal. The most common type consists of three parts, one part on the body of the cubicle, one part on the door, and the third being the pintle.

In transportation, a pintle hitch is a type of tow hitch that uses a tow ring configuration to secure to a hook or a ball combination for the purpose of towing an unpowered vehicle.
 
As a weapon mount, a pintle mount is used with machine guns as the mounting hardware that mates the machine gun to a vehicle or tripod. Essentially, the pintle is a bracket with a cylindrical bottom and a cradle for the gun on top; the cylindrical bottom fits into a hole in the tripod while the cradle holds the gun.

In furniture, a pintle is usually fitted to a caster; the pintle is then inserted into a base, fixing the caster to that base.

In rocketry, a pintle injector uses a single-feed fuel injector rather than the hundreds of smaller holes used in a typical rocket engine. This simplifies the engine, reducing cost and improving reliability, while surrendering some performance.  TRW   Notable modern uses are 

Pintle is also a common term used in the design of aircraft landing gears. It describes the attachment point between the landing gear structure and the aircraft structure. The pintle is the bolt around which the landing gear rotates when it is extended/retracted into/out of the aircraft. The pintle is a highly stressed component during landing manoeuvres and is often made from exotic metal alloys. For World War II aircraft with sideways-retracting main gear units, carefully set-up "pintle angles" for such axes of rotation during retraction and extension allowed the maingear struts to be raked forward while fully extended for touchdown and better ground handling, while permitting retraction into rearwards-angled landing gear wells in their wings to usually clear the forward wing spar for stowing while in flight.

Gallery

See also 
 Hinge
 Pintle and gudgeon
 Pintle hook and lunette ring
 Spindle (automobile)

References

Bearings (mechanical)
Fasteners
Hardware (mechanical)
Manganin. Manganin is a trademarked name for an alloy of typically 84.2% copper, 12.1% manganese, and 3.7% nickel. It was first developed by Edward Weston in 1892, improving upon his Constantan (1887).

Manganin foil and wire is used in the manufacture of resistors, particularly ammeter shunts, because of its virtually zero temperature coefficient of resistance value and long term stability. Several Manganin resistors served as the legal standard for the ohm in the United States from 1901 to 1990.  Manganin wire is also used as an electrical conductor in cryogenic systems, minimizing heat transfer between points which need electrical connections.

Manganin is also used in gauges for studies of high-pressure shock waves (such as those generated from the detonation of explosives) because it has low strain sensitivity but high hydrostatic pressure sensitivity.

History 

In 1887 Edward Weston discovered that metals can have a negative temperature coefficient of resistance, inventing what he called his "Alloy No. 2." 
It was produced in Germany where it was renamed "Constantan". In 1888 he patented "an alloy containing from 65 to 70 parts of copper, 25 to 30 parts of ferro-manganese, and 2.5 to 10 parts of nickel" which had a nearly constant resistivity.

Manganin wire as we know it was developed by Weston's assistant John Forrest Kelly. In May 1893, Weston received a patent for the material and its use for resistors. While Manganin represented a significant advance in technology -- the material was a conductive metal with constant resistance over a wide range of working temperatures, Weston did not receive wide recognition at the time.

Properties

Cu86/Mn12/Ni2 

Electrical Properties
 Temperature coefficient: 
Mechanical Properties
 Modulus of elasticity: 124–159 GPa
 Maximum use temperature in air: 300 °C

See also 

 List of named alloys

References

External links 
 Isabellenhütte - 1889 Manganin

Copper alloys
Nickel alloys
Air traffic management. Air traffic management (ATM) aims at ensuring the safe and efficient flow of air traffic. It encompasses three types of services: 
 air traffic services (ATS) including air traffic control (ATC), air traffic advisory services, flight information services and alerting services, 
 airspace management (ASM), the purpose of which is to allocate air routes, zones, flight levels to different airspace users and the airspace structure, and
 air traffic flow and capacity management (ATFCM) (or Air Traffic Flow Management, ATFM) consisting in regulating the flow of aircraft as efficiently as possible in order to avoid congestion in airspace and airports.

The Chicago Convention 1944 (52 signatory states) required each state to provide air navigation services for their own state and early air navigation service providers (ANSPs) were state-controlled monopolies. En-route navigation is still offered by state-run monopolies although in Europe since 1997 they were under a performance review framework and since 2009 and 2013, under performance and risk-sharing charging regulations. In Europe, the organisation of ATM is highly fragmented, with each member state having its own ANSPs operating airport towers and centres under various ownership models. The 37 European ANSPs operate 60 control centres in 10.8 million km2. Apart from five largest ANSPs (DFS in Germany, DSNA in France, ENAIRE in Spain, ENAV in Italy and NATS in the UK) bearing 60% of total European gate-to-gate service provision costs and operating 54% of European traffic, the remaining 40% of gate-to-gate traffic (airport towers and approach services) costs are borne by 32 smaller ANSPs. Such fragmentation leads to delays and costs EUR 4 bn a year. The Single European Sky programme was due to be delivered in 2020 but despite extensive collaboration (such as Functional Airspace Blocks transcending national borders) and research, this has not yet been successful. 

ATM encompasses both airspace and ground airport operations. Since the rise of computer sciences, risk management and decision-making are software-assisted. Recent system developments balance interests of airspace and runways on one side, and capacity overloads for taxiway network and terminals on the other.

References
International Programme for Antarctic Buoys. The International Programme for Antarctic Buoys (IPAB) is a component of the WCRP.

Programme
It aims to establish and maintain a network of drifting buoys in the Antarctic sea-ice zone which monitor ice motion, pressure and temperature. This is to support research in the region related to global climate processes, provide real-time operational meteorological data for numerical weather forecast centres and establish a basis for on-going monitoring of atmospheric and oceanic climate in the Antarctic sea-ice zone. IPAB was established in June 1994. The operational area of the Programme is south of 55 degrees south latitude, and includes that region of the Southern Ocean and Antarctic marginal seas within the maximum seasonal sea-ice extent.

External links 
 https://web.archive.org/web/20050306035740/http://www.antcrc.utas.edu.au/antcrc/buoys/buoys.html

Climatological research
Climate of Antarctica
Peter Mauzey. Peter Mauzey (born 1930 in Poughkeepsie, NY), is an electrical engineer associated with the development of electronic music in the 1950s and 1960s at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center.  He served as an adjunct professor at Columbia University while employed as an engineer at Bell Labs (later Lucent Technologies) in New Jersey.

Mauzey began working with electronic music pioneer Vladimir Ussachevsky while still a student at Columbia in 1951.   He worked at the university radio station WKCR, and introduced Ussachevsky to the use of magnetic tape feedback as a source and modifier of sound effects which could be incorporated into music.

He helped build the RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer and became the first director of engineering at the new center in 1959. According to  Thom Holmes' Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture he was "the lead engineer of the center".  Mauzey and his staff developed a large variety of customized equipment designed to solve the needs of the composers working at the center. These include early prototypes of tape delay machines, quadraphonic mixing consoles, and analog triggers designed to facilitate interoperability between other (often custom-made) synthesizer equipment.

Robert Moog, who developed the music synthesizer into a practical instrument, learned his trade from Mauzey as a Columbia student in the early 1960s.

References

Living people
American electrical engineers
1930 births
Pacific Strike. Pacific Strike is a World War II combat flight simulation video game developed by Origin Systems and released by Electronic Arts for DOS in 1994. The game follows the pattern of the Wing Commander series, although it has a greater resemblance to its cousin Strike Commander in the sense that it takes place in a more or less contemporary setting and allows the player to fly actual planes. The game, just like the above-mentioned titles, mixes aerial simulation with a cinematic plot structured through a series of cutscenes that play between missions. Unlike the above-mentioned titles, Pacific Strike was only released on a floppy disk version, while the others were released on CD-ROM versions featuring improved cut-scenes and more digitized speech. A remake, Zero Pilot: Ginyoku no Senshi, was released in Japan for the PlayStation in 1998.

Plot
Gameplay is very similar to Origin's Strike Commander. Unlike it or the Wing Commander series, Pacific Strike immerses the player into a real historical context as an American pilot during the months following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, flying aircraft from a carrier and performing missions such as reconnaissance, intercepting enemy planes and attacking enemy vessels. If the player does well, it becomes possible to defeat the Empire of Japan without recourse to the atomic bomb. Extremely poor performance could result in the defeat of the United States Navy and the ceding of Hawaii to the Empire.

Reception
Computer Gaming World rated Pacific Strike 1.5 stars out of five. Reporting that Origin apologized on CompuServe for the game's problems, the magazine cited poor performance and mediocre graphics compared to 1942: The Pacific Air War, and weak sound, and said the game needed "deep and fundamental changes".

In 1996, Computer Gaming World declared Pacific Strike the 17th-worst computer game ever released.

References

External links

1994 video games
Combat flight simulators
DOS games
DOS-only games
Electronic Arts games
Origin Systems games
Pacific War video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games set in Hawaii
Video games set in Japan
Video games set in Oceania
Video games set in the Marshall Islands
Video games set in the Solomon Islands
World War II flight simulation video games
European Parliament Committee on Industry, Research and Energy. The Committee on Industry, Research and Energy (ITRE) is a committee of the European Parliament. Its areas of responsibility relate to industry, especially technology-intensive manufacturing, information technology, and telecommunications. It also coordinates European space policy and therefore has ties with the European Space Agency. It has oversight duties in relation to the Joint Research Centre and the Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements, as well as similar projects. In the past, the ITRE committee also dealt with transport matters. However this policy field has been transferred over to a dedicated Parliament's Committee on Transport and Tourism.

The committee's current chair is Borys Budka.

Energy policy 
One major area of activity for the committee is energy policy, safety, and efficiency. They monitor compliance with the Euratom Treaty around nuclear waste disposal.
The Paris Agreement and, more recently, the launch of the European Green Deal have put climate change and the energy transition center-stage. Policies to support clean technologies such as renewable energy or hydrogen have been advanced through the committee.

In 2022, the committee will be in charge of negotiating the European Commission's proposal for on the directive on the energy performance of buildings and the energy efficiency directive.

Regulations 
As of March 2014 ITRE committee is the lead charge for regulations dealing with "European single market for electronic communications". The proposals were put forward by Neelie Kroes. A collective of NGOs considered this regulation could damage net neutrality.

List of chairpersons

Committee Bureau

7th term 
Chair
 Amalia Sartori (EPP; Italy): 2012–2014.

8th term 
Chair
 Jerzy Buzek (EPP; Poland)

9th term 
Elected on 10 July 2019.
Chair
 Adina-Ioana Vălean (EPP; Romania)
1st Vice-Chair
 Zdzisław Krasnodębski (ECR; Poland)
2nd Vice-Chair
 Morten Petersen (RE, Denmark)
3rd Vice-Chair
 Patrizia Toia (S&D, Italy)
4th Vice-Chair 
 Lina Gálvez Muñoz (S&D, Spain)

References

External links
Official Homepage

Industry
C
Truss arch bridge. A truss arch bridge combines the elements of the truss bridge and the arch bridge. The actual resolution of forces will depend upon the bridge' design. If no horizontal thrusting forces are generated, this becomes an arch-shaped truss which is essentially a bent beam – see moon bridge for an example. If horizontal thrust is generated but the apex of the arch is a pin joint, this is termed as a three-hinged arch. If no hinge exists at the apex, it will normally be a two-hinged arch.

In The Iron Bridge shown below, the structure of each frame emulates the kind of structure that previously had been made of wood. Such a wood structure uses closely fitted beams pinned together, so the members within the frames are not free to move relative to one another, as they are in a pin-jointed truss structure that allows rotation at the pin joint. Such rigid structures (which impose bending stresses upon the elements) were further developed in the 20th century as the Vierendeel truss.

Some bridges of this type

Maria Pia Bridge (1877), Gustave Eiffel's pioneering two-hinge arch.
Hurricane Deck Bridge (1936), the last remaining truss-type bridge on Lake of the Ozarks in central Missouri.
I-35W Mississippi River bridge (1967) bridge that collapsed in 2007 in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
Navajo Bridge and newer (1995) bridge of the same general construction, each built as unsupported cantilevers joined with a central pin.

References

Truss
Truss bridges by type
Sateen. Sateen is a fabric made using a satin weave structure but with spun yarn instead of filament yarn. It is a cotton or other non-silk fabric that has the characteristics of silk satin but is less expensive.

The dense weave, sheen, and softer feel of sateen are produced through the satin weave structure. Standard plain weaves use a one-over, one-under structure. For a satin weave, warp yarns are floated over weft yarns, for example four over and one under (for a five-harness satin weave). In a weft-faced satin or sateen, the weft yarns are floated over the warp yarns. This weave structure is prone to fraying and is less durable than plain weave fabrics.

Some sateen is mercerized, a chemical process that makes fibers softer, smoother, and more resilient.

Care
Unlike its silk counterpart, cotton sateen is easy to maintain since it is machine washable. It can also be air dried or tumble dried with minimal to moderate shrinkage. Sateen can wrinkle, but wrinkles can be ironed out easily using the cotton setting of an iron. For garments made of sateen, follow the recommended laundering instructions.

Uses
Sateen comes in a variety of colors and weights. It has a variety of uses, from bedsheets to drapery lining and other home decor, to clothing such as dresses, skirts, jackets, and more.

See also
 Percale – A plain weave
 Satinet – Another satin-like weave
 Twill – A different weave

References

Woven fabrics
Yakovlev Pchela. The Yakovlev Pchela-1T ("Пчела" meaning bee) is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) manufactured by the Russian Yakovlev Design Bureau. Its primary use is for surveillance and observation in battlefield environments with downlinked video. Other implementations and uses include target designation and as a training target.

Design

The Pchela is launched using rocket assist by two solid-propellant booster rocket engines, and it is recovered via parachute. The Pchela-1T has a range of , flies at  altitude at . The maximum takeoff weight for the vehicle is . Yakovlev lists the vehicle endurance at two hours.

Operators

References

External links

 Yakovlev Design Bureau
 Pchela Diagram

Unmanned aerial vehicles of Russia
Pchela
Unmanned aerial vehicles of the Soviet Union
Single-engined pusher aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Ducted fan-powered aircraft
1980s Soviet military reconnaissance aircraft
FPE. FPE may refer to:

 Factor price equalization
 Fire protection engineer
 Flash pulmonary edema
 Floating-point exception
 Format-preserving encryption
 Force Protection Europe, a vehicle manufacturer
 Fokker–Planck equation
 Free-piston engine
 Fuchs Petrolub, a German lubricant manufacturer
 Fuel Price Escalator, a British fuel duty
 Pichinglis, an English creole spoken in Equatorial Guinea
Fractal Design. Fractal Design is a Swedish computer hardware manufacturer. Founded in 2007, the company manufactures computer cases, water coolers, case fans, and power supplies.

In recent years the company's products have won several awards in computer hardware industry such as the Case Manufacturer of the Year (2013–2015), European Hardware Awards (2015) and Brand of the year IXBT.com (2015), Russia.

Their products are designed and engineered in the company's headquarters in Gothenburg, Sweden, and manufactured in China. As Fractal Design is operating internationally, the company also has offices in Europe, North America and Asia.

History 
Fractal Design was founded in Gothenburg, Sweden, in 2007. In 2009, international recognition for the company grew after the first computer case within the Define series was introduced. In the same year, the company opened a North American office in Dallas, Texas. A few months later, an Asia office was established to handle increased Product Development and Sales.

By the end of 2016, the company continued to develop the concepts of Scandinavian design, silent computing and support of powerful computer configurations by launching new computer cases under the Define series. As of 2020, Fractal products are available in more than 50 countries.

See also 
 List of computer hardware manufacturers

References

External links 

Computer companies of Sweden
Computer hardware companies
Computer enclosure companies
Computer power supply unit manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Gothenburg
Swedish brands
Manufacturing companies established in 2007
Swedish companies established in 2007