omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Henri Grasso. Henri Grasso (1864–1944) was the son of Willem Grasso, founder of Grasso's Royal Machine Factories Ltd. Henri was born to step in his father's shoes. At the age of 19, he follows a refrigeration course in Mittweida, Germany with the latest developments in that field.

Career
In 1894, At the age of 30, Grasso took over the business from his father.  Under Henri Grasso's lead, the company grew fast. In 1896, he moved the factory of butter/margarine machines from 's-Hertogenbosch to much larger premises at Vught, The Netherlands.  In 1918 Grasso produced the first ammonia refrigeration compressor.

"Henri Grasso of Herzogenbusch (Holland) designs and supplies margarine factories for a diurnal production of 1 to 3 tons of artificial butter."

In 1927, Grasso celebrated his 50 years anniversary as manager. At this time, 260 employees are employed at the Grasso factory with a turnover of more than 0.5 million Euro. Only a few years before he was the manager, there were 18 people working for Grasso. Due to the economic crisis, the number of employees falls back to 50 people. In 1944, Henri Grasso died at the age of 80. In the same year, the factory is almost completely destroyed during World War II so that business comes to a standstill. After the war, the Grasso factory was rebuilt. " After the war Grasso stopped the obsolete production of dairy and margarine machines and went then focus on the worldwide export of refrigeration equipment.  The 100th anniversary of Grasso in 1958 and was celebrated for his achievements and interest in the Dutch industry, the company received the designation 'Royal'." In 1947 the first welded compressor was introduced by his company.

References

External links
GEA Grasso company website

Businesspeople from Saxony
1944 deaths
1864 births
People from Mittweida
Beriev Be-112. The Beriev Be-112 is a proposed amphibian aircraft with two propeller engines, projected to carry 27 passengers. The Beriev firm lacks a production amphibian aircraft in this size.

Intended purposes of the Be-112 include passenger and cargo carriage, ambulance missions, surveillance, and search-and-rescue missions. Beriev also explored a version of the Be-112 with wing-mounted turboprop engines

Specifications (proposed)

References

Sources

 beriev.com

Be-0112
Proposed aircraft of Russia
Amphibious aircraft
Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft
Dirty paper coding. In telecommunications, dirty paper coding (DPC) or Costa precoding is a technique for efficient transmission of digital data through a channel subjected to some interference known to the transmitter. The technique consists of precoding the data in order to cancel the interference.  Dirty-paper coding achieves the channel capacity without a power penalty and without requiring the receiver to know the interfering signal.

The term dirty paper coding was coined by Max Costa who compared the technique to writing a message on a piece of paper which is partially soiled with random ink strokes or spots.  By erasing and adding ink in the proper places, the writer can convey just as much information as if the paper were clean, even though the reader does not know where the dirt was.  In this analogy, the paper is the channel, the dirt is interference, the writer is the transmitter, and the reader is the receiver. 

Note that DPC at the encoder is an information-theoretic dual of Wyner–Ziv coding at the decoder.

Variants 
Instances of dirty paper coding include Costa precoding (1983). Suboptimal approximations of dirty paper coding include Tomlinson–Harashima precoding (THP) published in 1971 and the vector perturbation technique of Hochwald et al. (2005).

Design considerations 

DPC and DPC-like techniques require knowledge of the interference state in a non causal manner, such as channel state information of all users and other user data. Hence, the design of a DPC-based system should include a procedure to feed side information to the transmitters.

Applications 
In 2003, Caire and Shamai applied DPC to the multi-antenna multi-user downlink, which is referred to as the 'broadcast channel' by information theorists.  Since then, there has been widespread use of DPC in wireless networks and into an interference aware coding technique for dynamic wireless networks.

Recently, DPC has also been used for "informed digital watermarking" and is the modulation mechanism used by 10GBASE-T.

See also 
 Cognitive radio
 Multiple-input multiple-output communications
 Multi-user MIMO
 Palimpsest

References

External links 
 "Writing on Dirty Paper", the original publication by Max Costa

Encodings
Berendsen thermostat. The Berendsen thermostat is an algorithm to re-scale the velocities of particles in molecular dynamics simulations to control the simulation temperature. It is named after Herman Berendsen.

Description
In this scheme, the system is weakly coupled to a heat bath with some temperature. The thermostat suppresses fluctuations of the kinetic energy of the system and therefore cannot produce trajectories consistent with the canonical ensemble. The temperature of the system is corrected such that the deviation exponentially decays with some time constant .

Though the thermostat does not generate a correct canonical ensemble (especially for small systems), for large systems on the order of hundreds or thousands of atoms/molecules, the approximation yields roughly correct results for most calculated properties. The scheme is widely used due to the efficiency with which it relaxes a system to some target (bath) temperature. In many instances, systems are initially equilibrated using the Berendsen scheme, while properties are calculated using the widely known Nosé–Hoover thermostat, which correctly generates trajectories consistent with a canonical ensemble. However, the Berendsen thermostat can result in the  flying ice cube effect, an artifact which can be eliminated by using the more rigorous Bussi–Donadio–Parrinello thermostat; for this reason, it has been recommended that usage of the Berendsen thermostat be discontinued in almost all cases except for replication of prior studies.

See also
 Molecular mechanics
 Software for molecular mechanics modeling

References

Molecular dynamics
Reid and Sigrist R.S.1 Snargasher. The Reid and Sigrist R.S.1 Snargasher was a British twin-engined, three-seat advanced trainer developed in the Second World War.

Design and development
Reid and Sigrist in Desford, Leicester, United Kingdom, were an important instrument manufacturer in the interwar era, specialising in aircraft applications leading to the forming of an aviation division in 1937 at New Malden, Surrey factory site. The first product was a unique twin-engined advanced trainer powered by a pair of de Havilland Gipsy Six II (205 hp, 152 kW) engines. Although basically a conventional mid-wing "taildragger" design with mainly wooden construction (the tail surfaces were fabric covered), the fuselage/wing surfaces had plywood covering, and the cockpit featured a sliding canopy for the three-seat configuration, that was in vogue at the time for training. An alternate light bomber configuration was also proposed with a pilot and radio operator/navigator in the front compartment and a rear-facing gunner position behind equipped with a single machine gun.

Operational history
The prototype, registered as G-AEOD on 9 October 1936, had its first flight early in 1939 with Reid and Sigrist test pilot George E. Lowdell at the controls. The R.S.1 named whimsically "Snargasher" by the factory workers during its construction (the name which was eventually formally adapted had no meaning other than as a "family joke") made its first public appearance at the Heathrow Garden Party of the Royal Aeronautical Society on 15 May 1939 with its Certificate of Airworthiness issued on 3 June 1939.

Further development of the type was suspended as the company became a wartime engineering and production concern with Bolton-Paul Defiant and Hawker Hurricane assembly and repair contracts. The R.S.1 was used as a communications aircraft by Reid and Sigrist, retaining its civil registration but flying in green/brown camouflage until the sole prototype was broken up in 1944. By that point, a more definitive development had been started, the R.S.3 "Desford" which was intended for postwar use.

Specifications (R.S.1)

References

Notes

Bibliography
 Gunston, Bill. Back to the Drawing Board: Aircraft That Flew, but Never Took Off. London: Zenith Imprint, 1996. .
 Swanborough, Gordon. British Aircraft at War, 1939–1945. East Sussex, UK: HPC Publishing, 1997. .

1930s British military trainer aircraft
1939 establishments in the United Kingdom
Twin-tail aircraft
Atomtronics. Atomtronics is an emerging field concerning the quantum technology of matter-wave circuits which coherently guide propagating ultra-cold atoms. The systems typically include components analogous to those found in electronics, quantum electronics or optical systems; such as beam splitters, transistors, and atomic counterparts of Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices (SQUIDs). Applications range from studies of fundamental physics to the development of practical devices.

Etymology 
Atomtronics is a portmanteau of "atom" and "electronics", in reference to the creation of atomic analogues of electronic components, such as transistors and diodes, and also electronic materials such as semiconductors. The field itself has considerable overlap with atom optics and quantum simulation, and is not strictly limited to the development of electronic-like components.

Methodology 
Three major elements are required for an atomtronic circuit. The first is a Bose-Einstein condensate, which is needed for its coherent and superfluid properties, although an ultracold Fermi gas may also be used for certain applications. The second is a tailored trapping potential, which can be generated optically, magnetically, or using a combination of both. The final element is a method to induce the movement of atoms within the potential, which can be achieved in several ways. For example, a transistor-like atomtronic circuit may be realized by a ring-shaped trap divided into two by two moveable weak barriers, with the two separate parts of the ring acting as the drain and the source and the barriers acting as the gate. As the barriers move, atoms flow from the source to the drain. It is now possible to coherently guide matterwaves over distances of up to 40 cm in ring-shaped atomtronic matterwave guides.

Applications 
The field of atomtronics is still very nascent and any schemes realized thus far are proof-of-principle. Applications include:
 gravimetry
 rotational sensing via the Sagnac effect
 quantum computing

Obstacles to the development of practical sensing devices are largely due to the technical challenges of creating Bose-Einstein condensates. They require bulky lab-based setups not easily suitable for transportation. However, creating portable experimental setups is an active area of research.

See also
 Unconventional computing

References

External links 
 
 

Electronics
W. Aubrey Thomas. William Aubrey Thomas (June 7, 1866 – September 8, 1951) was an American scientist and politician who served as a US Representative from Ohio from 1904 to 1911.

Biography 
Born in Y Bynea, near Llanelli, Carmarthenshire, Wales, Thomas immigrated to the United States in 1868 with his parents, who settled in Niles, Ohio. He attended the public schools of Niles, Mount Union College, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, where he majored in metallurgical chemistry.

He was an analytical chemist in Niles from 1886 to 1888 and was engaged in the iron and steel business. He served as president of The Mahoning Valley Steel Company and as secretary and director of the Niles Firebrick Co.

Thomas was elected as a Republican to the Fifty-eighth Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Charles W. F. Dick on this election to the Senate. He was reelected to the Fifty-ninth, Sixtieth, and Sixty-first Congresses and served from November 8, 1904, to March 3, 1911. He was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1910 to the Sixty-second Congress.

He moved to Alabama in 1918 and continued his interest in the manufacture of iron, steel, and firebrick. He served as president of the Jenifer Iron Co. He died in Talladega, Alabama, on September 8, 1951, aged 85. He was interred in Oak Hill Cemetery in Youngstown, Ohio.

Thomas became a Mason in 1887, and was the youngest Master in Ohio when he led his lodge for two terms. He became a member of the Elks in 1892 and was a Presbyterian.

References

1866 births
1951 deaths
American manufacturing businesspeople
American metallurgists
People from Niles, Ohio
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute alumni
Welsh emigrants to the United States
University of Mount Union alumni
People from Talladega, Alabama
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Ohio
20th-century members of the United States House of Representatives
Polyallylamine hydrochloride. Polyallylamine hydrochloride (CAS No. 71550-12-4) is a cationic polyelectrolyte prepared by the polymerization of allylamine.  It can be used in combination with an anionic polyelectrolyte like poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) to form a layer-by-layer adsorbed film of negatively and positively charged polymers.
Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) has many biomedical applications. The most prominent use of this polyelectrolyte is in the field of cell encapsulation. A layer by layer method is used by alternating positively and negatively charged polyelectrolytes to build a barrier between the cell and the harsher outside environment. Upon cell lysis, the capsule of layered polyelectrolytes maintains its structural integrity and can be used for purposes such as drug delivery.

References 

Organic polymers
Plastics
Polyelectrolytes
Flat neighborhood network. Flat Neighborhood Network (FNN) is a topology for distributed computing and other computer networks. Each node connects to two or more switches which, ideally, entirely cover the node collection, so that each node can connect to any other node in two "hops" (jump up to one switch and down to the other node). This contrasts to topologies with fewer cables per node which communicate with remote nodes via intermediate nodes, as in Hypercube (see The Connection Machine).

See also
Thinking Machines Corporation built the Connection Machine employing hypercube topology for its compute nodes.
Kentucky's Linux/Athlon Testbed KLAT2 is an archetypal implementation.

External links
The Aggregate (at the University of Kentucky) defines FNN and includes a bibliography.

Supercomputers
Phillips Laboratory. Phillips Laboratory was a research and development organization operated by the United States Air Force Materiel Command. In 1997, the Laboratory was merged into the Air Force Research Laboratory as the Space Vehicles and Directed Energy Directorates. It was located at Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico.

The Laboratory was named after Gen Samuel C. Phillips, a former director of the Apollo Manned Lunar Landing Project.

See also 
 Phillips Research Site
 Starfire Optical Range (SOR)

References

Military units and formations in New Mexico
Partenavia Mosquito. 

The Partenavia P.86 Mosquito was a two-seat civil trainer aircraft first flown in Italy on 27 April 1986. It was a high-wing monoplane of pod-and-boom construction with tricycle undercarriage and a twin tail, that accommodated the student and instructor side-by-side.

In 1988, Partenavia created the Aviolight company as a joint venture with two other partners in order to produce the aircraft, with an initial series of 100 aircraft to be powered by a 56 kW (75 hp) Limbach L2000, with modifications to allow certification. Nothing came of it, and the prototype was the only example produced. Partenavia itself was declared bankrupt the same year.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

External links

 luftfahrt-archiv.de

Mosquito
1980s Italian civil trainer aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1986
Vickers Wibault. The Vickers Type 121 Wibault Scout was a British fighter built by Vickers in the 1920s. It was a licensed version of the French Wibault 7 aircraft, with 26 being sold to Chile in 1926, where they served until 1934.

Design and development
Vickers set up a partnership with the French aircraft manufacturer, Société des Avions Michel Wibault to exploit the patented system of all-metal construction developed by Michel Wibault. This used corrugated light alloy skin panels, and made for easy maintenance and inspection. As part of this partnership, Vickers placed an order with Wibault for a single Wibault 7, re-engined with a Bristol Jupiter VI radial engine, to act as a prototype for potential licensed production. The Wibault 7, and therefore the Vickers licensed copy, were single-engine high-wing parasol monoplanes.

The prototype, which differed from the standard Wibault 7 by having a new undercarriage and British instruments, was delivered to Britain in February 1926 and was later fitted by Vickers with strengthened wing struts. The durability of the aircraft's all-metal structure, together with promised good altitude performance, attracted the attention of the Chilean Military Air Service, which, after evaluating the prototype, placed an order for 26 aircraft, known as the Vickers Type 121, or Vickers-Wibault Scout.

The first Vickers built Type 121 flew at the end of June 1926, but crashed following an inverted spin on its first flight. This was found to be due to problems with the aircraft's centre of gravity, which were resolved by modifying the tailplane.

Operational history
The first Type 121s were delivered to Chile in November 1926, partly equipping the Groupo Mixto de Aviación 1, with deliveries continuing until October 1927.  Several were lost in accidents, with at least one losing its wing in flight, but it remained in service when the Chilean Air Force was formed from the air components of the Chilean Army and Navy, finally being retired in 1934.

Operators

Chilean Air Force

Specifications (Type 121)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Andrews, E.N. and Morgan, E.B. Vickers Aircraft Since 1908, Second edition. London: Putnam, 1988. .
 Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark, 1994. .
 Mason, Francis K. The British Fighter since 1912. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1992. .

External links

1920s British fighter aircraft
Wibault
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Iodine trichloride. Iodine trichloride is an interhalogen compound of iodine and chlorine. It is bright yellow but upon time and exposure to light it turns red due to the presence of elemental iodine. In the solid state is present as a planar dimer I2Cl6, with two bridging Cl atoms.

It can be prepared by reacting iodine with an excess of liquid chlorine at −70 °C, or heating a mixture of liquid iodine and chlorine gas to 105 °C. In the molten state it is conductive, which may indicate dissociation:
I2Cl6   + 
It is an oxidizing agent, capable of causing fire on contact with organic materials.  That oxidizing power also makes it a useful catalyst for organic chlorination reactions.

References

Iodine compounds
Chlorides
Interhalogen compounds
Oxidizing agents
Compression Systems. Compression Systems (formerly Cooper Compression / Cooper Energy Services / Cooper Turbocompressor / Cooper), one of five organizational groups within  Cameron International Corporation, is a provider of reciprocating and centrifugal compression equipment and aftermarket parts and services.  Reciprocating compression equipment is used throughout the energy industry by gas transmission companies, compression leasing companies, oil and gas producers and independent power producers.  Integrally geared centrifugal compressors are used by customers around the world in a variety of industries such as air separation, auto making, glass blowing, PET, petrochemical and chemical. Reciprocating compression was sold to GE Oil and Gas in June 2014.

History 
Compression Systems began in 1833 when Charles and Elias Cooper established a foundry in Mt. Vernon, Ohio. "Cooper", as it was known, was licensed to produce the Corliss steam engine in 1869 and entered the production of natural gas internal combustion engines in 1900. In 1929, Cooper merged with Bessemer Gas Engine Company, which was founded in Grove City, Pennsylvania, in 1899. In 1958, Cooper diversified into the controls industry with the establishment of the En-Tronic Controls Group. Five years later, the company acquired the Ajax Engine Company, founded in 1877, and the Pennsylvania Process, founded to manufacture compressors in 1920.

In 1965, the company branched out into electrical, automotive and tools and hardware industries. Two years later, it moved its headquarters to Houston and in 1968 began the Cooper Rolls joint venture with Rolls-Royce to market gas turbines.

1987 marked the acquisition of Joy Industrial Compressor Group, founded in 1955 in Buffalo, New York, which was renamed Cooper Turbocompressor as part of Cooper Compression. One year later, Cooper acquired Enterprise Engine after market services business.

In 1999, the rotating compressor business was sold to Rolls-Royce and Cooper Energy Services merged with Nickles Industrial Manufacturing and purchased Elliot Turbocharger Group, Inc.

In 2001, Cooper Energy Services and Cooper Turbocompresor combined to form Cooper Compression, which was later named Compression Systems in 2005.

Compression System brands

Reciprocating compressors

Ajax Engines 

Cooper Bessemer integral engines

Superior Engines & Compressors

Turbine Specialties Engine Turbochargers (TSI)

Compression Specialties (CSI)

Texcentric Compressor Valves

Enterprise Engine enterprise power engines and separable compressors

Pennsylvania Process Separable Compressors

Centrifigul plant air compressors

Turbo Air

Joy Compressor

Centrifugal engineered air and process gas compressors

MSG

Turbo Air

References

Gas compressors
Avtek 400A. The Avtek 400A was an American prototype turboprop-powered business aircraft, which was developed in the early 1980s. Its configuration was unusual and distinctive : a low-wing monoplane with two pusher engines mounted above the wings, and a large canard mounted atop the forward fuselage. The aircraft's sleek, futuristic design earned it a guest appearance on the Airwolf TV series as the X-400, which was used by the villain, Lou Stappleford in the Eagles episode.

The Avtek's structure made extensive use of advanced composite materials throughout.

In 1998, Avtek declared bankruptcy without the prototype having completed the testing required for US FAA type certification. The company's assets were purchased by AvtekAir, who  planned to revive the project under the designation AvtekAir 9000T.

Specifications (Avtek 400A pre-production prototype)

See also

References

Further reading

External links
 AvtekAir company website
 luftfahrt-archiv.de
 aerofiles.com

400
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
1980s United States business aircraft
Canard aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Twin-turboprop pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1984
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear