omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Flight bag. A flight bag can refer to any baggage taken on board a flight, but usually refers to a specific type of document bag carried by pilots and flight crews. Often adorned with an airline logo, at one time the flight bag was a chic fashion accessory.

Items commonly found in pilots' flight bags include operating manuals for the aircraft being flown, operations manuals for the flight crew, aeronautical and navigational charts (usually Jeppesen chart binders or "Jepps", a Route Manual, Preflight checklist, flight checklists, logbooks and weather information), pilot's documentation and licenses (such as their passport, pilot's license, Aviation English license, class-specific medical certificate), and equipment or accessories (such as a calculator, pens, sunglasses, radio headphones or binoculars).

Recent advances in technology and miniaturization have seen the development and deployment of electronic flight bags (EFBs), which contain electronic manuals and documents, as well as automated calculation and navigation tools. According to United Airlines, a conventional paper-based flight bag contains an average of 12,000 sheets of paper per pilot. The airline estimated that deployment of an EFB system running on Apple iPads would save the airline nearly 16 million sheets of paper a year, as well as saving  of jet fuel due to the reduced weight on board the aircraft.

See also
Index of aviation articles
Pilot's kneeboard

References

External links

Air navigation
Luggage
Bags (fashion)
Military personal equipment
Schanze. A schanze () is, according to the specialist terminology of German fortification construction, an independent fieldwork that is frequently used in the construction of temporary (not permanent) field fortifications. The word is German and has no direct English equivalent, although the word sconce is derived from Dutch schans, which is cognate to the German word.

In everyday German speech, however, it is commonplace to refer to  permanent fortifications as Schanzen, because in many places in times of war, fieldworks that were only temporarily thrown up were later turned into permanent fortifications.

Derivation 
The word Schanze derives originally from the fact that, during sieges in the Late Middle Ages, temporary defensive positions had frequently been built out of gabions, known in German as Schanzkörbe. Later such Schanzen very often consisted of earthen ramparts. As a result, in the 16th century, the verb schanzen became generally associated with earthworks of all kinds. In modern German military use, Schanzen is still used to mean the construction of smaller earthworks, especially of fire trenches. From this already derived usage comes the phrase  sich verschanzen, "to entrench oneself" in yet another derivative sense.

As defensive systems 

As a rule a schanze is an independent fortified work. To block a valley or a pass, however, a line of adjacent schanzen could be erected, not infrequently connected by a low rampart and ditch. In this case it is referred to as a verschanzte Linie – a fortified line of schanzen. If such a defensive line completely enclosed an area on all sides, it was described as a verschanztes Lager – a fortified (with schanzen) position. It was not uncommon in the 17th and 18th centuries for weaker armies to construct such works in order to protect themselves from a stronger foe. During sieges fortified lines of schanzen were often used as lines of contravallation or  circumvallation.

Depending on the layout, a distinction is made between "open" (offene) and "closed" (geschlossene) schanzen. The closed type are further divided into redoubts, that only have outward-facing angles, and "star schanzen" (Sternschanzen) with alternating inward and outward facing corners. In open schanzen, which may take the shape of a flèche, redan, half-redoubt, lunette, hornwork or even more complex designs, the gorge is open, i.e. the side where the army was encamped or on which their own defences lay, was unfortified.

There is a very extensive system of schanzen in the Black Forest, elements of which have survived. See Baroque fortifications in the Black Forest.

Another famous schanze is the Wolf's Lair (Wolfsschanze) located near the town of Rastenburg in the north-eastern part of Poland. This military installation was Adolf Hitler's command headquarters from which he commanded Operation Barbarossa.

See also 
 Baroque Schanzen
 Sconce (fortification)

References and footnotes

Other sources 
 Schanze in Meyers Konversations-Lexikon 4th edn. 1888 ff., Vol. 14, p. 403
 Replica of a hexagonal redoubt at 1:1 scale with a link to the construction diary

Fortifications by type

de:Schanze (Festungsbau)
Florence Mkhize (patrol vessel). Florence Mkhize is an environmental protection vessel operated by the South African Ministry of the Environment.
She was launched in June 2006.
At , and capable of , she is smaller and faster than four earlier environmental protection vessels. The three vessels in the  are  long and capable of .

At the launch of Florence Mkhize, Marthinus van Schalkwyk, South African Ministry of the Environment, asserted the vessel's design was unique.

The hull is constructed of aluminium and she was designed and tested by Cape Advanced Engineering, a South African company based in Atlantis, Western Cape.
Florence Mkhize spent her first four months in commission countering perlemoen poaching in Algoa Bay near Port Elizabeth.

All of the South African environmental patrol vessels are named after anti-apartheid heroines, like Florence Mkhize.

References

Patrol vessels of South Africa
2006 ships
Aviatik Alliance Aleks-251. The Aviatik Alliance Aleks-251 is a twin engine, parasol wing amphibious aircraft designed and built in Russia in the early 2010s.  It can carry up to six passengers.

Design and development

The Aleks-251 has had a long development time. The project was first made public in 2003 by the Rida design bureau, who intended to make the first flight in late 2004. There were no further progress reports until the foundation of the Aviatik Alliance Company and the appearance of the near-complete prototype at the Moscow Salon in August 2009. The aircraft flew for the first time on 10 September 2010.

The Aleks-251 is mostly constructed of metal, only using composites in the nosecone, engine cowlings and fin tip. It has a parallel chord, square tipped wing with a full-span combination of slotted ailerons and flaps. The parasol configuration allows the twin 127 kW (170 hp) LOM 332S inverted inline engines to be mounted forward of and under the wing, close together.  The wing is braced to the fuselage with a pair of inverted V-struts to the engine mountings.

The hull of the Aleks-251 has a single step and is divided into six watertight compartments.  The cabin, 3.10 m (10 ft 2 in) long, 1.40 m (4 ft 7 in) wide and 1.30 m (4 ft 3 in) high seats the pilot and six passengers in three rows, the central one with three seat, the front pair just ahead of the wing leading edge but behind the propeller disks. Other seating configurations, e.g. for medical evacuation with a stretcher and two attendants, are possible. Access is by hinged transparencies. A straight edged, swept back fin carries both the horn-balanced rudder and, at about ⅓ height, the parallel chord, strongly dihedralled tailplane. The port elevator and, in production aircraft the rudder, have trim tabs.

On water the Aleks-251 is stabilized by a pair of floats, each mounted on a single strut which rotates their float to the wing tip once airborne. On land it has a fully retractable tailwheel undercarriage.  The cantilever main legs rotate forwards by much more than 90° to retract the wheels into the upper nose forward of the cabin windscreen. A MVEN ballistic recovery parachute is fitted.

Well before the first flight Aviatik Alliance had announced that production aircraft would have different engines, possibly turboprops, but that a choice had not yet been made.

Accidents
On 9 September 2024, Aviatik Alliance Aleks-251 # RA-1240G crashed during a test flight near Vatulino airfield in Ruza, Moscow Oblast. Both pilots died.

Specifications

References

External links

2010s Russian civil utility aircraft
Amphibious aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aleks-251
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Cruciform tail aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2010
Multiple-use water supply system. Multiple Use water Schemes (MUS) are low-cost, equitable water supply systems that provide communities with water for both domestic needs and high-value agricultural production, including rearing livestock. They are designed for use in rural areas, inhabited by smallholder farmers, and generally cover ten to 40 households, although some have served many more households.

Collaboration
The International Water Management Institute and International Development Enterprises collaborated on a project using MUS to help reduce poverty in India and Nepal. Between 2003 and 2008, 12 MUS systems were installed in Himalayan hilly areas  serving a total of about 5000 households. A water poverty mapping technique helped identify the best areas to target. When the impact of the installed systems was evaluated, it showed that low initial investment costs (approximately US$200 per household) could be paid back within a year. This was because the households served with MUS were able to earn additional income of about US$190 per year through sale of surplus produce.

In a water supply system designed for a single use, such as irrigating crops, livestock might damage hardware if they try to access the water, and people needing water for domestic uses might find there is no water provided in months when it is not needed for watering crops. These problems can be overcome when designing water supply systems for multiple uses. For example, steps can be built to provide access for bathing or washing clothes, and access points can be provided to give livestock safe access to water. Sufficient water can be supplied that there is always some available for domestic uses, even at times when the crops do not need water. Other livelihood options can also be considered; for example, using water for fisheries, as well as rearing livestock, growing crops and domestic uses. MUS can benefit women; for example, by reducing the time they have to spend gathering water and by providing water close to their home with which they can grow produce to feed their families and sell on.

Gutu and Prowse (2017) offer some estimates from Ethiopia on farmers’ willingness to pay for a multiple-use water supply system. They find that willingness to pay is based on gender, the prevalence of waterborne disease, the time to collect water, contact with extension services, access to credit, level of income and location. Respondents would pay 3.43 per cent of average income to participate. Consideration of how gendered norms influence women’s access to extension, credit and local markets could extend the benefits of such schemes.

References

External links
Water Sample Testing & Hygiene Monitoring
How Much Water Does a Dripping Faucet Waste?

Water supply
Water management
Horn analyzer. A horn analyzer is a test instrument dedicated to determine the resonance and anti-resonance frequencies of ultrasonic parts such as transducers, converters, horns/sonotrodes and acoustic stacks, which are used for ultrasonic welding, cutting, cleaning, medical and industrial applications. In addition, digital horn analyzers are able to determine the electrical impedance of piezoelectric materials, the Butterworth-Van Dyke (BVD) equivalent circuit and the mechanical quality fator (Qm).

Principles of operation
A digital horn analyzer performs a frequency sweep while monitoring the current flowing through the device under test, in order to detect the resonance and anti-resonance frequencies and their respective electrical impedances. The anti-resonance is the frequency at which the current encounters maximum impedance, and the resonance is the frequency of minimum impedance.

In analog microampere-meter-based horn analyzers, the user identifies the frequencies manually, using the meter to detect the points of minimum and maximum current while sweeping the driving frequency. In digital analyzers, frequency detection and impedance calculation are performed automatically through embedded software.

Impedance analyzers can be used as advanced horn analyzers, but are not usually a cost-effective alternative for everyday industrial demands, due to their higher cost, larger size and greater complexity.

Applications
Horn analyzers are widely used by manufacturers of power ultrasonic equipment, to allow the proper tuning and quality control of sonotrodes, transducers and boosters. Horn analyzers are also employed by end-users for preventive and corrective maintenance.

Tuning
Accurate frequency tuning is indispensable for the proper use of power ultrasonic equipment. In an acoustic set, the parts act like narrow pass-band filters, and their central frequencies should be perfectly aligned to avoid heating losses and to improve energy transmission. Horn analyzers can be tuned to the desired frequency using a lathe or milling machine by adjusting the part dimensions to the desired value.

References

External links
Example of a horn analyzer, including specifications via ATCP Physical Engineering

Ultrasound
Industrial equipment
Electronic test equipment
Snappy. Snappy may refer to:

Computing
 Snappy (compression), a compression and decompression library
 Snappy, the former name for Snap, a software tool for the Ubuntu operating system

Other uses
 Snappy Sammy Smoot, a comic book character created and drawn by Skip Williamson
 Snappy The Little Crocodile, English name of the German children's cartoon Schnappi das kleine Krokodil
 Snappy Gifts, a multinational company which specializes in corporate gift giving
 Snappy Smurfling, a character from The Smurfs

See also
 
 Snappii, a cloud-based, codeless platform for rapid mobile app development
 Snappies, a UK manufacturer of household products, including cling film
 Snap (disambiguation)
Mlpy. mlpy is a Python, open-source, machine learning library built on top of NumPy/SciPy, the GNU Scientific Library and it makes an extensive use of the Cython language. mlpy provides a wide range of state-of-the-art machine learning methods for supervised and unsupervised problems and it is aimed at finding a reasonable compromise among modularity, maintainability, reproducibility, usability and efficiency. mlpy is multiplatform, it works with Python 2 and 3 and it is distributed under GPL3.

Suited for general-purpose machine learning tasks, mlpy's motivating application field is bioinformatics, i.e. the analysis of high throughput omics data.

Features
 Regression: least squares, ridge regression, least angle regression, elastic net, kernel ridge regression, support vector machines (SVM), partial least squares (PLS)
 Classification: linear discriminant analysis (LDA), Basic perceptron, Elastic Net, logistic regression, (Kernel) Support Vector Machines (SVM), Diagonal Linear Discriminant Analysis (DLDA), Golub Classifier, Parzen-based, (kernel) Fisher Discriminant Classifier, k-nearest neighbor, Iterative RELIEF, Classification Tree, Maximum Likelihood Classifier
 Clustering: hierarchical clustering, Memory-saving Hierarchical Clustering, k-means
 Dimensionality reduction: (Kernel) Fisher discriminant analysis (FDA), Spectral Regression Discriminant Analysis (SRDA), (kernel) Principal component analysis (PCA)

Kernel-based functions are managed through a common kernel layer. In particular, the user can choose between supplying the data or a precomputed kernel in input space. Linear, polynomial, Gaussian, exponential and sigmoid kernels are available as default choices, and custom kernels can be defined as well. Many classification and regression algorithms are endowed with an internal feature ranking procedure: in alternative, mlpy implements the I-Relief algorithm. Recursive feature elimination (RFE) for linear classifiers and the KFDA-RFE algorithm are available for feature selection. Methods for feature list analysis (for example the Canberra stability indicator), data resampling and error evaluation are provided, together with different clustering analysis methods (Hierarchical, Memory-saving Hierarchical, k-means). Finally, dedicated
submodules are included for longitudinal data analysis through wavelet transform (Continuous, Discrete and Undecimated) and dynamic programming algorithms (Dynamic Time Warping and variants).

See also
 scikit-learn, an open source machine learning library for the Python programming language
 Infer.NET, an open source machine learning library for the .NET Framework

References

External links
 

Data mining and machine learning software
Free statistical software
Python (programming language) scientific libraries
Antique aircraft. Antique, classic, heritage, historic, veteran or vintage aircraft are aircraft of an obsolete type which have been preserved beyond their normal life.  Their owners are typically aviation museums, armed forces or private enthusiasts. Sometimes they may be maintained in an airworthy condition so that they can be flown at air displays or on public occasions.  

For example, the Battle of Britain Memorial Flight maintained by the United Kingdom's Royal Air Force (RAF) consists of RAF aircraft from World War II, and regularly takes part in official celebrations, such as its flypast at the wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton in 2011—over 65 years after the aircraft were constructed.  The oldest airworthy aircraft in 2016 was a 1909 Blériot XI in the Shuttleworth Collection. 

Organizations devoted to such aircraft include the Antique Airplane Association, the Historic Aircraft Association and the Vintage Aircraft Association.

See also
 Gate guardian
 Warbird

References

Further reading
 
 
 

History of aviation
Historic preservation of transport
Aircraft preservation
Techlog. Techlog is a SLB owned Windows based Software Platform. It is the market leading digital solution for the wellbore market. Alongside Petrel, Techlog is one of the SLB flagship digital product. 

Techlog allows the user to easily interpret any log and core data. It addresses the need for a single platform able to support all the wellbore data and interpretation integration workflows, reducing the need for a multitude of highly specialized tools. By bringing the whole workflow into a single platform risk and uncertainty can be assessed throughout the life of the wellbore.

History of Techlog

Techlog software is developed in Montpellier (South of France).
Techlog was created by a company called Techsia, created in 2000.
The first version of Techlog was commercially available in 2002.

Techlog was developed with UX in mind, with a modern interface providing easy visualization and interaction of all the data, with a pre-arranged workflow that enabled less experienced users to perform interpretations. Techsia made the multi-well interpretation  more accessible to all technical experts.

In 2009, Schlumberger acquired Techsia  and the Techlog platform. 
SLB continues to support, enhance and commercialize Techlog.
Techlog offers new functionality in each new release, not only in petrophysical and geological interpretation but also geomechanics interpretation, uncertainty, acoustics.

Versions

Techlog 2010.2 released November 2010 added GeoFrame ELAN processing algorithms inside Quanti.min and the module was renamed to Quanti.Elan.
Techlog 2011.1 released May 2011 and added a new Pore Pressure module.
Techlog 2011.2 released January 2012 and added new Wellbore Stability and Acoustics modules.
Techlog 2012.1 released April 2013 and added new 3D Petrophysics module.
Techlog 2013.1 released July 2013 and added new Unconventionals, Cased Hole, Drilling Performance Analysis modules.
Techlog 2014.1 released July 2014 and added new Cement and Pipe Integrity, Shale modules.
Techlog 2014.3 released December 2014 and added Saturation Height Modeling and Performance on Data Access
Techlog 2015.1 released July 2015 and added new Studio E&P and Ocean functionalities.
Techlog 2016.1 released June 2016 
Techlog 2017.1 released June 2017 
Techlog 2018.1 released July 2018 
Techlog 2019.1 released April 2019 
Techlog 2020.1 released May 2020 
Techlog 2021.1 released July 2021 
Techlog 2022.1 released June 2022 
Techlog 2023.1 released June 2023  
Techlog 2024.1 released April 2024  
Techlog 2024.3 released October 2024

See also
Petrel (reservoir software)

References

External links
 Official Schlumberger Techlog website
 Legacy Techsia Techlog website
 Techlog user group on LinkedIn

Geology software
Mitchell Wing P-38. The Mitchell Wing P-38, also called the Lightning, is an American ultralight aircraft that was designed by Jim Mead and produced by Mitchell Aircraft Corporation. The aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of , although some sources claim an empty weight of , putting it out of category. It features a strut-braced low-wing, a double tail, a single-seat, open cockpit, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration. The aircraft is named after the Second World War vintage Lockheed P-38 Lightning, with which it shares its dual tail layout.

The aircraft is made from aluminum tubing, with the wing leading edge made from birch plywood, supported by foam and wooden wing ribs. The wings and tail surfaces are covered in doped aircraft fabric. Its  span wing employs a NACA 23015 airfoil and features flaperons. The wing is supported by lift struts that are mounted to a central inverted "V" kingpost. The landing gear has bungee cord suspension and the nose wheel is steerable. The Cuyuna 430R powerplant is mounted behind the pilot with the propeller above the twin tail booms

Specifications (P-38)

References

External links
Photo of a P-38

Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ethylene thiourea. Ethylene thiourea (ETU) is an organosulfur compound with the formula . It is an example of an N,N-disubstituted thiourea.  It is a white solid.  It is synthesized by treating ethylenediamine with carbon disulfide.

Ethylene thioureas are an excellent accelerant of vulcanization of neoprene rubbers.  In commercial use is the N,N'-diphenylethylenethiourea. Due to reproductive toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity, alternatives are being sought to the ethylenethioureas.  One candidate replacement is N-methyl-2-thiazolidinethione.

Ethylene thiourea can be used as a biomarker of exposure to ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDTCs), which are frequently employed as fungicides in agriculture, mainly on fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants.

EPA classification 
EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) has classified ethylene thiourea as a Group B2, probable human carcinogen. Ethylene thiourea has been shown to be a potent teratogen (causes birth defects) in rats orally or dermally exposed.

See also
 Mercaptobenzothiazole - a cyclic dithiocarbamate also used as a vulcanization accelerant

References

Thioureas