omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Eschbach Dam. The Eschbach Dam () was the first dam to be built in Germany for drinking water supply.  It is located in Remscheid, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.  With its opening in 1891, this pioneer work of hydraulic engineering was a milestone in the economic development of the city of Remscheid.

History 
The Eschbach Dam was designed by pioneering hydraulic engineer and professor Otto Intze.  It was constructed during the years  1889 to 1891 by the industrialist Robert Böker following the idea of the Intze Principle.

Until the beginning of the 20th century it was common in Germany to name the dam after the city where it stood rather than the waters it impounded.  Consequently, in the writings of the times, the Eschbach Dam is also called the Remscheid Dam.

This impressive work of water commerce saw many diverse imitations worldwide and was a popular tourist destination from the beginning.  Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia visited the dam on 15 July 1897. Two years later, Emperor Wilhelm II visited the dam and praised it as a great work of construction technology and water commerce.  In 1977, in order to make the dam more attractive to visitors, a road was built around the reservoir that led to a nature trail.

The dam was redeveloped from 1991 to 1994.  It was refortified with a 35 cm (13 in) thick concrete retaining wall and an inspection walkway on the water side.  A new drainage system was also added, along with new removal processors and monitoring systems.

A good view of the remodeled retaining wall and the water of the reservoir encircled by trees can be seen from the terrace of the A 1's Remscheid motorway services.

Dam network 
The dam belongs to the water association of the Wupper Association.  It is connected to the Neye Dam and is fed through there as needed.

See also 
 List of reservoirs and dams
 Reservoirs and dams in Germany

External links 
  Stadt Remscheid: Eschbachtalsperre  
 Bergisches Land: Eschbachtalsperre 

Dams in North Rhine-Westphalia
Buildings and structures in Remscheid
Dams completed in 1891
1891 establishments in Germany
COLUMBUS. The COLUMBUS PROGRAMS are a computational chemistry software suite for calculating ab initio molecular electronic structures, designed as a collection of individual programs communicating through files. The programs focus on extended multi-reference calculations of atomic and molecular ground and excited states. In addition to standard classes of reference wave functions such as CAS and RAS, calculations can be performed with selected configurations. Some features employ the atomic orbital integrals and gradient routines from the Dalton as well as MOLCAS program suites. COLUMBUS is distributed open-source under the LGPL license.

The COLUMBUS PROGRAMS are frequently used for nonadiabatic problems because of its ability to calculate MRCI nonadiabatic coupling vector analytically.

Brief History 
The COLUMBUS PROGRAMS were started in 1980 in the Department of Chemistry of Ohio State University by Isaiah Shavitt, Hans Lischka and Ron Shepard. The programs pioneered the Graphical Unitary Group Approach (GUGA) for configuration interaction calculations, which is now available in many other program suites. The programs are named after Columbus, OH.

Style 
The COLUMBUS PROGRAMS maintain a program unique style that distinguish itself from most other quantum chemistry programs.

The program suite is a collection of a number of programs coded in Fortran, each can be executed independently.  These programs communicate through files.  Perl scripts are provided to prepare input files and to link these programs together to perform common tasks such as single point energy calculation, geometry optimization, normal mode analysis, etc. This style provides very high degree of flexibility which is embraced by advanced users.  The open style allows new components to be added to the program suite with ease.  However, such flexibility also increased the complexity of input file preparation and execution, making it very difficult for new users.

Major features 

 Hartree–Fock method (closed-shell and restricted open-shell)
 Multi-configurational self-consistent field (MCSCF) (quadratic convergence and state averaging)
 Multi-reference CISD for an arbitrary set of reference configurations (including a massively parallel version)
 Configuration interaction calculations are based on Graphical Unitary Group Approach (GUGA).
 Analytic gradients for MCSCF, MR-CISD, MR-ACPF and MR-AQCC
 Analytic MCSCF and MR-CISD nonadiabatic coupling vectors
 Support for electrostatic embedding QM/MM calculations
 Automatic geometry optimization, saddle-point searches
 Automatic searches for the minima on conical intersection seams.
 Spin/orbit configuration interaction

See also 
 Quantum chemistry computer programs

References

External links 
 Package Website
 Source Code

Computational chemistry software
Worst case analysis. Worst case analysis was, from 1978 until 1986, a doctrine under  which mandated that an environmental impact statement include such an analysis:

It led to a 1989 SCOTUS decision, written by John Paul Stevens and reported in Robertson v. Methow Valley Citizens Council, after a decision by GOODWIN and FERGUSON, STEPHENS to reverse the Federal District Court of Oregon ruling that the Regional Forester did not violate any laws when he issued a special use permit for a ski resort development in a roadless area in Okanogan National Forest in Washington state.

The Rehnquist Court concluded

References

Environmental science
Environmental law in the United States
Environmental impact assessment
Environmental impact in the United States
AGM-169 Joint Common Missile. The AGM-169 Joint Common Missile (JCM) was a tactical air-to-surface missile program (2002–2007) developed by the Lockheed Martin corporation for the United States military aircraft, such as attack and utility helicopters, strike fighters and fighter-bombers.

Overview
The missile was designed to replace the AGM-114 Hellfire and AGM-65 Maverick.  Its seeker head used a combination of semi-active laser, millimeter wave, and IR guidance similar to that found on the FGM-148 Javelin anti-tank missile.  This allows the missile to have a greater fire and forget capability and to operate off all current air platforms.  The missile has longer range, a more potent warhead, and a "safing" system, allowing naval aircraft to return to ship without jettisoning the munitions.

This missile also shares similarities to the MBDA Brimstone missile.

Development
Originally known as CMM (Common Modular Missile), the JCM (Joint Common Missile) was to be also a replacement for the BGM-71 TOW, but this requirement was later dropped. The program began in 2002 and a formal RFP (Request For Proposals) was issued to the industry in late 2003. Competitors included Boeing teamed with Northrop Grumman, Lockheed Martin and Raytheon. During late 2003 and early 2004, the competitors tested components (rocket motor, guidance, fuzing, system interface, etc.) of their JCM proposals. This included test-launches of prototype missiles.
In May 2004, Lockheed Martin was declared winner of the JCM competition, and received the prime contract for a four-year SDD (System Development and Demonstration) phase. In December that year, the official designation AGM-169 was allocated to JCM.

The development of the missile was first halted in December 2004.  The program was on schedule and within its budget at that time, according to Lockheed Martin. However, due to the constraints of the war in Iraq, funding was cut.  In 2005 and 2006, Congress began looking into reviving the program when it was found that modernizing the Hellfire would yield higher costs and reduced capability.

The JCM has been test flown on the AH-64D in a captive test configuration.

In May 2007 the U.S. Army formally brought the program to a close and requested that Lockheed Martin cease all development work.  It is expected that a follow on program, the Joint Air to Ground Missile (JAGM) will be opened to competitive tender.

Program status
 December 2004 – Pentagon announces cancellation of JCM.
 March 2005 – Congressional lobbying to keep the program alive.
 September 2005 – Captive JCM test package flown on AH-64D Apache.
 January 2006 – Congress restores $30 million to keep the program in mothballs.
 September 2006 – U.S. Army includes $150 million for JCM in FY-08 budget request.
 May 2007 – The U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Life Cycle Management Command formally instructs Lockheed Martin to cease work on the program and close out the contract by June 15, 2007.

See also

References

External links
 AGM-169 JCM - Designation-Systems.Net

AGM-169
AGM-169
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
Drew D. Perkins. Drew D. Perkins (born 1963) is a serial entrepreneur and is co-founder and CEO of Mojo Vision, a company developing Mojo Lens, the first true smart contact lens.

Early life and education
Perkins was born in 1963. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering, computer engineering, and mathematics from Carnegie Mellon University in 1986.

While at Carnegie Mellon, Perkins made several important contributions to the early internet:

 Created the popular CMU PC/IP software package for MS-DOS PCs
 Lead author of the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and contributor to the standard for IP over IEEE 802 networks (e.g. Ethernet) and BOOTP (predecessor of DHCP)
 Began his first "company" and designed what may have been the world’s first Ethernet switch

Career

Entrepreneurial experience
Companies founded or materially developed by Perkins include:

 Mojo Vision, a company developing Mojo Lens, the first true smart contact lens.
 Gainspeed, which was sold to Nokia in 2016. Founded in 2012, Gainspeed raised $55 million in financing from investors including New Enterprise Associates, Andreessen Horowitz, Shasta Ventures, Technicolor, and Juniper Networks.
 Infinera, a public company which was co-founded by Perkins in 2001.
 OnFiber Communications, which was sold to Qwest Communications for $107 million in cash in 2006. Other owners of OnFiber Communications included Bear Stearns Merchant Banking (11%) and Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers (30%).
 Lightera Networks, co-founded by Perkins in 1998 and acquired by Ciena in 1999 in exchange for 20.6 million shares in Ciena.
 FORE Systems, where Perkins was principal architect from 1993 to 1997. The company was sold in 1999 for $4.5 billion.
Interstream, where Perkins developed advanced network file server products.

Writings 

 Perkins is one of the lead authors of the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), an early internet technology that provided access to the internet via the circuit-switched telephone system.

Awards and recognition 

 Perkins (E 1985) received the Alumni Achievement (Merit) Award from the CMU Alumni Association in 2005.

Philanthropy 

 Perkins has endowed the Drew D. Perkins Professorship in Advanced Networking and Communications at Carnegie-Mellon University.

Investments
Perkins participated in a $5 million seed financing for RevUp Software in March 2016.

Perkins participated in a $26 million Series B financing for Console Inc. in November 2015.

References

1963 births
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
Living people
Handley Page Type L. The Handley Page L/200 was the internal designation for a biplane aircraft by Handley Page, conceived to compete for the Daily Mail £10,000 prize for the first nonstop air crossing of the Atlantic. One prototype was designed and built in 1914 at the order of Prince Ludwig of Löwenstein-Wertheim.

The L/200 designation came from its 200 hp (150 kW) Salmson 2M.7 engine, but the engine was requisitioned by the Admiralty when it arrived from France, so although the aircraft had been substantially built it was never finally assembled or flown. It was offered to the Admiralty as a coastal defence aircraft, with variants designated M/200 and MS/200 (seaplane) based on the more readily available sub-100 hp (80 kW) engines, but these were not ordered as the Admiralty had already placed contracts for a seaplane for these duties.

The plans for the L/200 had been lost by the time of the Commission on Awards to Inventors in February 1920, and no photographs remained.

Specifications (weights and performance estimated)

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Barnes, C. H. Handley Page Aircraft since 1907. London: Putnam, 1976. .
 Barnes, C. H. Handley Page Aircraft Since 1907. London: Putnam & Company, Ltd., 1987. .
 Clayton, Donald C. Handley Page, an Aircraft Album. Shepperton, Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Ltd., 1969. .

1910s British experimental aircraft
Type L
Biplanes
Supersonic wind tunnel. A supersonic wind tunnel is a wind tunnel that produces supersonic speeds (1.2<M<5)
The Mach number and flow are determined by the nozzle geometry. The Reynolds number is varied by changing the density level (pressure in the settling chamber). Therefore, a high pressure ratio is required (for a supersonic regime at M=4, this ratio is of the order of 10). Apart from that, condensation of moisture or even gas liquefaction can occur if the static temperature becomes cold enough. This means that a supersonic wind tunnel usually needs a drying or a pre-heating facility.
A supersonic wind tunnel has a large power demand, so most are designed for intermittent instead of continuous operation.

The first supersonic wind tunnel (with a cross section of 2 cm) was built in National Physical Laboratory in England, and started working in 1922.

Power requirements
The power required to run a supersonic wind tunnel is enormous, of the order of 50 MW per square meter of test section cross-sectional area. For this reason most wind tunnels operate intermittently using energy stored in high-pressure tanks. These wind tunnels are also called intermittent supersonic blowdown wind tunnels (of which a schematic preview is given below). Another way of achieving the huge power output is with the use of a vacuum storage tank.   These tunnels are called indraft supersonic wind tunnels, and are seldom used because they are restricted to low Reynolds numbers.  Some large countries have built major supersonic tunnels that run continuously; one is shown in the photo.  
Other problems operating a supersonic wind tunnel include:
starting and unstart of the test section (related to maintaining at least a minimum pressure ratio)
adequate supply of dry air
wall interference effects due to shock wave reflection and (sometimes) blockage
instrumentation with high data acquisition speeds is required due to the short run times in intermittent tunnels

Tunnels such as a Ludwieg tube have short test times (usually less than one second), relatively high Reynolds number, and low power requirements.

Further reading

See also
 Low speed wind tunnel
 High speed wind tunnel
 Hypersonic wind tunnel
 Ludwieg tube
 Shock tube

External links 
 Supersonic wind tunnel test demonstration (Mach 2.5) with flat plate and wedge creating an oblique shock(Video)

Fluid dynamics
Aerodynamics
Wind tunnels
William Arrol. Sir William Arrol (13 February 1839 – 20 February 1913) was a Scottish civil engineer, bridge builder, and Liberal Unionist Party politician.

Early life
The son of a spinner, Arrol was born in Houston, Renfrewshire, and started work in a cotton mill at only 9 years of age, prior to commencing training as a blacksmith by age 13, and going on to learn mechanics and hydraulics at night school.

Career
In 1863 he joined a company of bridge manufacturers in Glasgow, but by 1872 he had established his own business, the Dalmarnock Iron Works, in the east end of the city. The business evolved to become Sir William Arrol & Co., a large international civil engineering business.

Projects undertaken by the business under his leadership included the replacement for the Tay Bridge (completed in 1887), the Forth Bridge (completed in 1890) and Tower Bridge (completed in 1894). He was also contracted by the Harland and Wolff Shipyard, Belfast, to construct a large gantry (known as the Arrol Gantry) for the construction of three new super-liners, one of which was the RMS Titanic.

Arrol was knighted in 1890, and elected as the Liberal Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for South Ayrshire at the 1895 general election, serving the constituency until 1906. He served as President of The Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland from 1895–97. He spent the latter years of his life on his estate at Seafield House, near Ayr, where he died on 20 February 1913. He is buried in Woodside Cemetery, Paisley, on the north side of the main east-west path on the crest of the hill.

Legacy
In 2013 he was one of four inductees to the Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame. His image is also featured on the Clydesdale Bank £5 note introduced in 2015.

See also
 People on Scottish banknotes

References

Further reading
 Peter R. Lewis, Beautiful Railway Bridge of the Silvery Tay: Reinvestigating the Tay Bridge Disaster of 1879, Tempus, 2004, .
Charles McKean Battle for the North: The Tay and Forth bridges and the 19th century railway wars Granta, 2006, 
 John Rapley, Thomas Bouch : the builder of the Tay Bridge, Stroud : Tempus, 2006, 
 PR Lewis, Disaster on the Dee: Robert Stephenson's Nemesis of 1847, Tempus Publishing (2007) 
 Sir Robert Purvis, Sir William Arrol a Memoir, London, 1913

External links 
 Sir William Arrol: History and legacy of the pioneering Scottish Engineer.
 

1839 births
1913 deaths
People from Renfrewshire
Bridgeton–Calton–Dalmarnock
Knights Bachelor
Presidents of the Institution of Engineers and Shipbuilders in Scotland
Civil engineering contractors
Scottish civil engineers
British bridge engineers
Liberal Unionist Party MPs for Scottish constituencies
UK MPs 1895–1900
UK MPs 1900–1906
Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame inductees
Scottish company founders
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
20th-century Scottish businesspeople
19th-century Scottish engineers
20th-century Scottish engineers
International FJ. The International FJ is a Dutch sailboat that was designed by Uus Van Essen and Conrad Gülcher as a trainer and one design racer, first built in 1956.

The boat was initially called the Flying Dutchman Junior (after the Flying Dutchman one design racer), as it was designed as a trainer for that Olympic sailing class boat. It was later called the Flying Junior. In 1980 the name was again officially changed to the International FJ.

The design became a World Sailing accepted International class in 1972-73.

Production
The design has been built by a large number of companies including Grampian Marine and Paceship Yachts in Canada, Chantier Naval Costantini in France, Alpa Yachts, Centro Nautico Adriatico, Comar Yachts, Galetti and Nautivela in Italy, Van Doesburg, Dusseldorp, Van Wettum and Perry Lengton in The Nederlands, Advance Sailboat Corp, W. D. Schock Corp, Whitecap Composites and Zim Sailing in the United States.

The first Flying Junior was built by Pim van den Brink (Kolibri) in the Dutch village Stompwijk.

4,600 + boats have been built.

W. D. Schock Corp records indicate that they built 70 boats between 1968 and 1972.

It remains in production by Centro Nautico Adriatico, Zim Sailing and Whitecap Composites.

Design

The International FJ is a racing sailing dinghy, with early versions built from wood. Fiberglass was class-authorized in 1960.

The boat has a fractional sloop rig, a raked stem, a plumb transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and retractable centerboard. It displaces .

The boat has a draft of  with the centerboard extended and  with it retracted, allowing operation in shallow water, beaching,  ground transportation on a trailer or car roof.

For sailing downwind the design may be equipped with a symmetrical spinnaker of . The boat is sailed with a crew of two sailors. A single trapeze is available for use by the crew.

The Club FJ is a version with heavier construction but similar dimensions produced by Zim Sailing. It displaces  and has a spinnaker of .

Whitecap Composites produces a lightened version of the design with improved ergonomics, marketed as the "Turbo FJ".

Operational history
The boat is supported by an active class club that organizes racing events, the International FJ Class.

See also
List of sailing boat types

Related development
Flying Dutchman (dinghy)

References

External links

Official website - FJ - Centro Nautico Adriatico
Official website - Club FJ - Zim Sailing
Official website - Turbo FJ - Whitecap Composites

Dinghies
1950s sailboat type designs
Classes of World Sailing
Two-person sailboats
One-design sailing classes
Sailboat type designs by Conrad Gülcher 
Sailboat type designs by Uus Van Essen
Sailboat types built by Grampian Marine
Sailboat types built by Paceship Yachts
Sailboat types built by Chantier Naval Costantini
Sailboat types built by Alpa Yachts
Sailboat types built by Centro Nautico Adriatico
Sailboat types built by Comar Yachts
Sailboat types built by Nautivela
Sailboat types built by Advance Sailboat Corporation
Sailboat types built by W. D. Schock Corp
Sailboat types built by Whitecap Composites
Sailboat types built by Zim Sailing
Power plant (disambiguation). Power plant or Powerplant may refer to:

Power generation 
A power station, a facility for the generation of electrical power
An engine and related systems that propel a vehicle
An aircraft engine and its propeller (usually used in countries other than the U.S.)

Music
Power Plant (Gamma Ray album), released in 1999
Power Plant (Golden Dawn album), released in 1968
Powerplant (album), by Girlpool, released in 2017

Other 
PowerPlant, an object-oriented application framework for the Mac OS by Metrowerks
The Power Plant, a contemporary art gallery located in Toronto
Power Plant Live!, a club near Baltimore's Inner Harbor
Power Plant Mall, a shopping mall in Makati, Philippines
WCW Power Plant, professional wrestling school

See also 
 Power station (disambiguation)
Flight Data Coordinator. Flight Data Coordinators (FDCs) are officers in the Airservices Australia that, along with the Air Traffic Controllers, are the human side of The Australian Advanced Air Traffic System (TAAATS).

They are charged with ensuring the data inputted into the Flight Data Processor (FDP) (Flight Plans, changes to flight plans, departures etc.) conform to ICAO DOC 4444 and Australian AIP.

Their duties also include inputting inter-centre messages via the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunciations Network (AFTN), relay of SARTIME informatation, voice communications with internal and external stake-holders and specialised project work.

Air traffic control in Australia
Marshalltown trowel. The Marshalltown trowel is an excavation implement used by archaeologists around the globe.

Manufactured by the Marshalltown Company of Marshalltown, Iowa, the trowel was first introduced in the 1890s. A patent filed for its handle by the company on July 12, 1927 was granted on December 23, 1930. The Marshalltown trowel is made of a single piece of metal. The 5-inch and 6-inch pointing trowels are most often used for archaeology. It is larger and more flexible than the WHS trowel preferred by archaeologists in the United Kingdom, which makes it better for cleaning sections but less suited to digging heavy clay and gravel deposits. It is also used by bricklayers in the United Kingdom.

A 1982 American Anthropologist article, "The Golden Marshalltown: A Parable for the Archeology of the 1980s," relates an exchange between a younger version of an American archaeologist Kent V. Flannery and an experienced older archaeologist. The "Old Timer" likens an archaeologist's first trowel to "a major leaguer's first Wilson glove." According to the Old Timer, his trowel has accompanied him to many famous dig sites, such as Snaketown, Angel Mound, and the Dalles of the Columbia, and is now a legendary item in its own right. Within the greater article, the Old Timer and his trowel represent the "glory days" of American archaeology and stand in opposition to the pragmatic realities of "new" archaeology in the 1980s and beyond.

References

Methods in archaeology
Archaeology of the United States
Marshalltown, Iowa