omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ponoko. Ponoko is an online service for distributed manufacturing and on-demand manufacturing.

History
Ponoko was founded by David ten Have and Derek Elley in 2007 and launched in September the same year at TechCrunch 40. In 2009, Ponoko formed a relationship with 100K Garages, a decentralized network of shop-bot manufacturers in North America. In 2010, the company began forming similar relationships and opening offices in Europe in partnership with local manufacturing services Formulor, Vectorealism and RazorLkab.

In 2011, Autodesk announced a partnership with Ponoko as part of their 123D offering. Late in 2011, Autodesk announced the launch of 123D Make and 123D Catch offerings using Ponoko Personal Factory to offer fabrication services to users of these tools.

At Maker Faire 2012 Ponoko announced that they were the fabrication platform behind Local Motors Local Forge and MadeSolid.

See also
Mass Customization

References

External links

Video interview with co-founder David ten Have
AMP Business: Growing Business - Ponoko
Open source ecology

Companies based in Wellington
Privately held companies of New Zealand
3D publishing
International Wheelset Congress. The International Wheelset Congress (IWC) was founded by Lucchini in 1963. The first congress took place in Bergamo, Italy, in that year. Since then, with only two exceptions it has been held every third year. The International Wheelset Congress is the oldest railway technical conference in the world.

One of the premier international rail conferences, The International Wheelset Congress, attracts engineers from the international rail community. The congress provides a platform for rail operators, equipment builders, component suppliers, academia and government, regulatory and standards organisations. It is also a forum for dissemination of technology and advancements in the design and manufacture of rail wheelset components and their performance to promote increased productivity, performance and safety in rail operations.

Recent meetings
The 15th International Wheelset Congress was held in Prague, Czech Republic, in September 2007. The location of the congress is chosen worldwide according to a rotational rule.

The 16th International Wheelset Congress was held at the Cape Town International Convention Centre in Cape Town, South Africa, in March 2010. The event was hosted by Ringrollers Pty Ltd under the auspices of Union des Industries Ferroviaires Européennes (UNIFE) and ERWA.

The 17th International Wheelset Congress was held in Ukraine in 2013 and was hosted by KLW-WheelCo. The main topic of the conference - new technologies increasing the operational life cycle of the wheelsets.

The 19th International Wheelset Congress was held in Venice, Italy in 2019. It was hosted by Lucchini RS. The main topic of the conference was: "Wheelset of the future: an Integrated System". The congress was held from June 16 to 20 at the Fondazione Giorgio Cini, on San Giorgio Island.

Congress History 

1963 - Bergamo, Italy
1966 - Munich, Germany 
1969 - Sheffield, England 
1972 - Paris, France 
1975 - Tokyo, Japan 
1978 - Colorado Springs, USA 
1981 - Vienna, Austria 
1984 - Madrid, Spain 
1988 - Montreal, Canada 
1992 - Sydney, Australia 
1995 - Paris, France 
1998 - Qingdao, China 
2001 - Rome, Italy 
2004 - Orlando, USA 
2007 - Prague, Czech Republic
2010 - Cape Town, South Africa
2013 - Kiev, Ukraine
2016 - Chengdu, China
2019 - Venice, Italy

References

External links
 Ringrollers (Pty) Ltd
 UNIFE: European Rail Industry
 Cape Town International Convention Centre
 Lucchini Group
 KLW

International rail transport organizations
Trade fairs
Rail industry
Railway associations
Plastic compounding. Compounding consists of preparing plastic formulations by mixing and/or blending polymers and additives in a molten state to achieve the desired characteristics. These blends are automatically dosed with fixed setpoints usually through feeders/hoppers. It is mostly a blend of copolymers such as ABS, SAN, SMA etc. with additives such as anti-oxidants, UV-stabilizers and other value adding agents and sometimes a strengthening component is added such as glass fibre.

There are different critical criteria to achieve a homogeneous blend of the different raw material. Dispersive and distributive mixing as well as heat are important factors.

Compounding is usually done by extrusion. The hopper feeds the begin of the screw which will gradually transport the resins towards the die. The screw itself is confined in a barrel that has different zones that can be heated according to the resins properties.

Co-kneaders and twin screws (co- and counter rotating) as well internal mixers are the most common used compounders in the plastic industry.

The extrudate, which look like long plastic strands, are then cooled in a water bath, or by spraying as the conveyor belt moves it to the granulator.
The granulator breaks the strands into the desired pellet sizes.

See also
 Copolymer
 Composite material
 Masterbatch

References

Plastics industry
Edward M. Riseman. Edward M. Riseman (August 15, 1942 in Washington, D.C. – February 26, 2007 in Leeds, Massachusetts) was an American computer scientist and a Professor Emeritus at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Riseman was a pioneer in the field of computer vision and artificial intelligence who made significant contributions to image database and content-based image retrieval, including the design of one of the first knowledge-based image understanding systems that handled very complex natural images. He was a co-author on the landmark paper on a four-step process for extracting straight lines from intensity images. Riseman was a Fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), a senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a member of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), and a member of the Pattern Recognition Society.

Biography

Education
Edward Riseman received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Clarkson College in 1964. He moved to Cornell University and received M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering in 1966 and 1969, respectively.

Career
Shortly after receiving his Ph.D., Edward Riseman joined the faculty of University of Massachusetts Amherst as an Assistant Professor. He was promoted to a full professor in 1978, and served as the chairman of the Computer Science department from 1981 to 1985. During his tenure at the University of Massachusetts, Riseman was the advisor to 38 Ph.D. graduates.

References

External links
 Home Page
 Memoriam 

Cornell University alumni
Fellows of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence
Senior members of the IEEE
1942 births
2007 deaths
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Nebraska. This is a list of bridges and tunnels on the National Register of Historic Places in the U.S. state of Nebraska.

Many of the bridges were the works of the Nebraska Department of Roads or its predecessors, including the Nebraska Bureau of Roads & Bridges.   Many were registered after a study in the 1990s seeking to inventory historic bridges in Nebraska and pursuant to a Multiple Property Submission titled "Highway Bridges in Nebraska."

See also
 Nebraska Department of Roads
 Western Bridge and Construction Company - Constructed several of the NRHP bridges.

References

 
Nebraska
Bridges
Bridges
Aluminium monochloride. Aluminium monochloride, or chloridoaluminium is the metal halide with the formula AlCl.  Aluminium monochloride as a molecule is thermodynamically stable at high temperature and low pressure only. This compound is produced as a step in the Alcan process to smelt aluminium from an aluminium-rich alloy. When the alloy is placed in a reactor that is heated to 1,300 °C and mixed with aluminium trichloride, a gas of aluminium monochloride is produced.

It then disproportionates into aluminium melt and aluminium trichloride upon cooling to 900 °C.

This molecule has been detected in the interstellar medium, where molecules are so dilute that intermolecular collisions are unimportant.

See also
Aluminium monofluoride
Aluminium monobromide
Aluminium monoiodide

References 

Aluminium(I) compounds
Chlorides
Metal halides
Diatomic molecules
I.Ae. 31 Colibrí. The I.Ae.31 Colibrí ("Hummingbird") was a civilian trainer aircraft developed in Argentina in the 1940s.

Design and development
It was designed by Émile Dewoitine and developed by the Instituto Aerotécnico for manufacture by the company H. Goberna factories in Córdoba Province as an initiative under President Juan Perón's first five-year plan.

The design used the AeC.3G of the early 1930s as a starting point, but was a considerably modernized aircraft. Like the AeC.3G, however, it was a conventional low-wing cantilever monoplane with seating for student pilot and instructor in tandem and fixed tailwheel undercarriage. Unlike its predecessor, the cockpits were enclosed under a long canopy. Only three units were built.

Specifications

See also

References

 
 Bridgeman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1950-1951 edition New York: The Mcgraw.Hill Book Company, Inc, 1950 Pg.9c(No ISBN)

1940s Argentine civil trainer aircraft
FMA aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
IAR-821. The IAR-821 was an agricultural aircraft built in Romania in the 1960s. It was a conventional low-wing monoplane with fixed, tailwheel undercarriage.

Development

The IAR-821 is an agricultural crop sprayer and duster aircraft. The design was completed under the leadership of eng. Radu Manicatide in 1967, at IMFCA Bucharest (Institutul de Mecanica Fluidelor si Cercetari Aerospatiale - Institute of Fluid Mechanics and Aerospace Research). It was built at IRMA (Intreprinderea de Reparatii Material Aeronautic - Enterprise for Aeronautical Material Repairement), in Bucharest. A small series of 20 aircraft was produced in 1968 and 1969, plus a single example of a trainer aircraft designated IAR-821B that had a second cockpit installed in place of the IAR-821's chemical tank, and was equipped with a new chemical tank of smaller capacity. It was intended that this aircraft should equip Romanian flying schools from 1969, but this did not happen.

Design

A low-wing monoplane, it featured mixed wood-metal structure, with the fuselage and wing roots built from welded chrome-molybdenum tube, and the outer wings and tail unit from wood. The front fuselage had aluminium panels, while the rest of the surface was plywood covered with fabric. The propulsion was provided by an Ivchenko AI-14 RF, a single row air-cooled 9-cylinder radial capable of delivering 300 hp (221 kW), located at the apex of the front fuselage contained in a NACA cowling and combined with a three blade propeller with fixed pitch.

Variants

IAR-821AMonoplace agricultural crop sprayer and duster aircraft

IAR-821BBiplace trainer aircraft with smaller capacity chemical tank

Operators

Romanian Utilitary Aviation - the only operator of the IAR-821

Specifications (IAR-821)

References

External links 
 Iar 821 at airwar.ru 
 

1960s Romanian agricultural aircraft
821
Aircraft first flown in 1967
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Folkewall. The Folkewall is a construction with the dual functions of growing plants and purifying greywater. It was designed by Folke Günther in Sweden. 

Inspired by the "Sanitas wall" at Dr Gösta Nilsson's Sanitas farm project in Botswana, this technique makes an efficient use of space by fulfilling two essential functions: vertical plant growing and purification of greywater. This system is also known as a living wall or green wall.

Design
The basic design is a wall of hollow concrete slabs, with compartments opening on one or both sides of the wall. The hollows are filled with inert material like gravel, expanded clay aggregate, perlite, or vermiculite. It is designed to let the water trickle over the longest possible treatment path along the length of the wall among the pebbles. 

The water is brought in at the top, and percolates following a zigzag pattern inside the wall. As it does so, the plant roots grow among the inert material and extract nutrients from the water. A film of beneficial bacteria grows over the pebbles, releasing the nutrients in the percolating greywater. At the bottom of the wall a container collects the purified water, which can then be used for non-potable household use, for watering the garden, or it can be returned to the top of the wall.

Other considerations
Plants used: since the harvesting of the plants is a part of the purification process, fast-growing, herbaceous crops are particularly suited for the Folkewall. Annual food crops are suitable, perennials like trees and shrubs should be avoided.

Greywater: The water feeding the plants in the wall must be free of heavy metals and/or unsafe pollutants, notably human waste.

Advantages
 Better use of greywater: most of the evaporation happens through the plant's leaves, which makes the method especially useful in arid climates. The Folkewall makes use of this aspect.
 More efficient use of the area. For example in greenhouses or other glazed areas where a wall is used as a greywater purification device, it also works as a heat exchanger and buffer.
 Purification of the percolating water, so greywater can be used as irrigation water.
 In warm climates, the wall can be used on the sunny side to cool the building.
 Low-cost housing: the combined use of Folkewalls and source-separating toilets would "reduce the infrastructure cost by about 30%".

References

External links
 Environmental design of human settlements
 Engineered solutions for greywater purification and recycling
 Societal design for phosphorus recycling
 Botswana tries two dryland farming methods

Bioremediation
Sustainable gardening
Sustainable building
Permaculture
Sustainable technologies
Organic gardening
Zinc refining. Zinc refining is the process of purifying zinc to special high grade (SHG) zinc, which is at least 99.995% pure. This process is not usually required when smelting of zinc is done through electrolysis processes, but is needed when zinc is produced by pyrometallurgical processes, because it is only 98.5% pure.

There are various refining methods, but the refluxing process is the most commonly used.

High purity zinc is required industrially to avoid zinc pest, a slow distortion and cracking of zinc die castings caused by impurities precipitating out.

Refluxing process
The New Jersey Zinc Company invented this process in 1930.

The process take advantage of the relatively low boiling point of zinc () as compared to the impurities being removed in the first "column": iron and aluminium. Therefore, in the first column the zinc is heated above its boiling point and allowed to rise to a condenser. The iron and aluminium impurities sink to the bottom in the form of a solid or liquid. There are still lead and cadmium vapor impurities. In order to remove the lead 2-3% of the vapor is condensed, which draws the majority of the lead out of the vapor; down to the point where it is only 0.003% of the total contents. Finally the vapor is pumped into the cadmium column where it is cooled to an intermediate temperature below the boiling point zinc, but still above the boiling point of cadmium (). The zinc leaves out the bottom as a refined liquid, while the cadmium leaves out the top as vapor.

See also
Zinc smelting
ZAMAK

References

Sources
.

Metallurgical processes
Zinc
Cross-platform virtualization. Cross-platform virtualization is a form of computer virtualization that allows software compiled for a specific instruction set and operating system to run unmodified on computers with different CPUs and/or operating systems, through a combination of dynamic binary translation and operating system call mapping.

Since the software runs on a virtualized equivalent of the original computer, it does not require recompilation or porting, thus saving time and development resources. However, the processing overhead of binary translation and call mapping imposes a performance penalty, when compared to natively-compiled software. For this reason, cross-platform virtualization may be used as a temporary solution until resources are available to port the software.  Alternatively, cross-platform virtualization may be used to support legacy code, which running on a newer and faster machine still maintains adequate performance even with virtualization overhead.

By creating an abstraction layer capable of running software compiled for a different computer system, cross-platform virtualization characterizes the Popek and Goldberg virtualization requirements outlined by Gerald J. Popek and Robert P. Goldberg in their 1974 article "Formal Requirements for Virtualizable Third Generation Architectures". Cross-platform virtualization is distinct from simple emulation and binary translation - which involve the direct translation of one instruction set to another - since the inclusion of operating system call mapping provides a more complete virtualized environment. Cross-platform virtualization is also complementary to server virtualization and desktop virtualization solutions, since these are typically constrained to a single instruction set, such as x86 or Power ISA. Modern variants of cross-platform virtualisation may employ hardware acceleration techniques to offset some of the cost incurred in the guest-to-host system translation.

See also 
 Instruction set simulator
 Platform virtualization
 Virtual machine
 Emulator
 Porting
 Cross-platform

References 

Hardware virtualization
George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering. The George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering is the oldest and second largest department in the College of Engineering at the Georgia Institute of Technology. The school offers degree programs in mechanical engineering and nuclear and radiological engineering that are accredited by ABET. In its 2019 ranking list, U.S. News & World Report placed the school ranks 2nd in undergraduate mechanical engineering, 5th in graduate mechanical engineering, and 9th in graduate nuclear and radiological engineering.

The school took its present name in 1985, honoring George W. Woodruff (class of 1917), a major benefactor.

The school is the only academic institution to be recognized as a Mechanical Engineering Heritage Site by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Degrees offered 

The G. W. Woodruff School offers two undergraduate degrees, five graduate degrees, and four post-graduate degrees.
 BS: Mechanical Engineering
 BS: Nuclear and Radiological Engineering
 MS: Mechanical Engineering
 MS: Nuclear Engineering
 MS: Medical Physics
 MS: Paper Science & Engineering
 MS: Bioengineering
 PhD: with a Major in Mechanical Engineering
 PhD: with a Major in Nuclear and Radiological Engineering
 PhD: with a Major in Bioengineering
 PhD: with a Major in Paper Science & Engineering

Facilities 

The G.W. Woodruff School occupies eight buildings, most of which are located in west campus.
Fuller E. Callaway Jr. Manufacturing Research Center (MARC)
Integrated Acoustics Laboratory (anechoic-chamber)
Manufacturing, CAE/Design, and Automation/ Mechatronics research groups
Manufacturing Related Disciplines Complex (MRDC)
Tribology and Mechanics of Materials research groups
Student machine shops including "Invention Studio"
J. Erskine Love Jr. Manufacturing Building (MRDC II)
Underwater acoustics tank, wind tunnel, and MEMS clean room
Acoustics, Fluid Mechanics, Heat Transfer, and MEMS research groups
Frank H. Neely Research Center
Nuclear and Radiological Engineering/Medical Physics program
Fission, Fusion, and Medical Physics research groups
Parker H. Petit Biotechnology Building
Bioengineering research group
Institute of Paper Science and Technology
Heat Transfer research group
Robert C. Williams Paper Museum
IPST Centennial Engineering Building
Student Competition Center (Tin Building)
Houses various student competition groups, including GT motorsports, GT Off-Road (the SAE-baja team), Robojackets and Wreck Racing

See also 
 John Saylor Coon
 J. Brandon Dixon
 Julie Linsey
 Ankur Singh

References 

Engineering
Engineering schools and colleges in the United States
Engineering universities and colleges in Georgia (U.S. state)
Mechanical engineering schools
Universities and colleges established in 1885
1885 establishments in Georgia (U.S. state)
2,4-Dichlorophenol. 2,4-Dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) is a chlorinated derivative of phenol with the molecular formula Cl2C6H3OH. It is a white solid that is mildly acidic (pKa = 7.9).  It is produced on a large scale as a precursor to  the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).

Production and use
2,4-DCP is produced by chlorination of phenol.

Annual worldwide production is estimated at 88 million pounds. It is also a photo-degradation product of the common antibacterial and antifungal agent triclosan along with the dioxin 2,8-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.

Safety
The LD50 is 580 mg/kg (rats, oral). Liquid (molten) 2,4-DCP is readily absorbed through the skin. Solid 2,4-DCP does not readily absorb through skin and has a lower NFPA H=3 rating (versus H=4 for molten 2,4-DCP). This is primarily caused by instantaneous kidney failure, liver failure, and failure of various other organs.

See also
 Dichlorophenol
 2,4-dichlorophenol 6-monooxygenase

References

Chloroarenes
Phenols
Quarry tub. A tub or quarry tub is a type of railway or tramway wagon used in quarries and other industrial locations for the transport of minerals (such as coal, sand, ore, clay and stone) from a quarry or mine face to processing plants or between various parts of an industrial site. This type of wagon may be small enough for one person to push, or designed for haulage by a horse, or for connection in a train hauled by a locomotive. The tubs are designed for ease of emptying, usually by a side-tipping action. This type of rail vehicle is now mainly obsolete, its function having been mostly replaced by conveyor belts.

See also 

 British narrow gauge railways
 Chaldron
 Corf
 Decauville wagon
 Mine car
 Minecart
 Mineral wagon
 Mine railway

References

British railway wagons
Mining equipment
Freight rolling stock