omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
NATO Flying Training in Canada. NATO Flight Training in Canada (NFTC) is a military flight training program for NATO and allied air forces provided by the Canadian Forces.

Located at 2 Canadian Forces Flying Training School, 15 Wing, CFB Moose Jaw in Saskatchewan and 4 Wing, CFB Cold Lake in Alberta, the program is delivered as a cooperative operation between a civilian contractor, CAE Inc. (CAE Training Centres), and the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF).

Two types of aircraft are flown at NFTC: the CT-156 Harvard II and the CT-155 Hawk. NFTC training consists of Phases II, III, and IV. Phase II is subdivided into IIA and IIB.

All pilots in the NFTC program undertake Phase IIA (Basic Pilot Training), which consists of 95.1 flying hours on the CT-156 Harvard II. After Phase IIA, students are split into 3 streams: fast-jet trainees (future instructors and/or fighter pilots); multi-engine trainees; and helicopter trainees.

Those moving on to Phase III training on the Helicopter and Multi-Engine tracks go to 3 Canadian Forces Flying Training School in Manitoba. Those selected for the Fast Jet track complete Phase IIB (another 45 flying hours on the Harvard II). Fast-jet candidates then move on to Phase III in Moose Jaw (69.8 flying hours). At the completion of Phase III, pilots are awarded their Pilot's Wings (Canadian Forces Flying Badge).

Future fighter pilots move on to Phase IV, still on the Hawk, but now at 419 Tactical Fighter Training Squadron in Cold Lake. Phase IV consists of 48.9 flying hours. Successful graduates of Phase IV are then trained on the CF-18 Hornet (CF-188) at 410 Tactical Fighter Operational Training Squadron.

Division of responsibilities between DND (RCAF), CAE, and participating Air Forces is as follows:

RCAF: All in-aircraft flying instruction is given by military pilots from the Canadian Forces. DND oversees training standards, provides Canadian military trainees, provides airspace, and dictates the syllabus.

CAE: The NFTC aircraft are owned by the Government of Canada, then leased to and maintained and serviced by CAE. Academic and simulator instruction is given by CAE employees (who must have had previous military flying instruction experience). CAE also operates infrastructure (buildings) and provides food services.

Other participating Air Forces: International program management, foreign military flight instructors, foreign military students, quality control.

See also
NATO Air Training Plan

References

External links
 NATO Flying Training in Canada

Royal Canadian Air Force
NATO
Air forces education and training
MRTS. The abbreviation MRTS is most commonly used to refer to Mass Rapid Transit System.

The abbreviation MRTS may also refer to:
Chennai Mass Rapid Transit System, abbreviated MRTS
Magnetic Reversal Time Scale, a geological term
Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution, a term used in the study of economics
Multi Radar Tracking System, a type of processing of one or more radar sensors in Air traffic control
Mobile Response Trailer System, a system of shelters transported in a 53-foot wheeled trailer for use in emergency response

See also
 MRT (disambiguation)
ZF S6-650 transmission. The ZF S6-650 is a 6-speed manual transmission manufactured by ZF Friedrichshafen AG. It is designed for longitudinal engine applications, and is rated to handle up to  of torque.

General Motors used the S6 as RPO ML6.

Gear ratios:

Applications
 2001–2006 Chevrolet Silverado 2500HD and 3500
 2001–2006 GMC Sierra 2500HD and 3500
 1999–2010 Ford Super Duty F-250, F-350, F-450 & F-550 (with diesel engines)
 2002–2010 Ford Super Duty F-250, F-350, F-450 & F-550 (with gas engines)

Bellhousing Variants 

 7.3 Powerstroke (Same as 7.3/6.9 IDI bellhousing)
 6.0 Powerstroke (Larger bellhousing than automatic variant)
 6.4 Powerstroke (ZF S6-750)
 5.4/6.8 Triton (Same bellhousing as automatic 6.0/6.4 Powerstroke)
 6.6 Duramax

Significance 
ZF introduced the S6-650 in 1998 on the Ford Super Duty. GM started using the ZF S6-650 in 2001 with some alterations, making this transmission different from the Ford version.

The S6-650 will likely be the last manual transmission GM and Ford will use in their heavy pick ups, due to advancements in automatic transmission technology and low consumer demand for manual transmissions. However, Ford did offer the Tremec TR-4050 transmission until 2019.

Issues 
The gasoline version of the ZF6 and ZF5 is known to have poor casting issues, especially around the transmission mounts. This can lead to the mounting ears breaking off. Other issues include the older version of the shift fork not being as strong as the updated variant.

Construction
The ZF S6-650 – Heavy Duty 6 speed manual transmission has an aluminium alloy main gear case and tail housing with the bell housing integral to the case. It is built in two-wheel drive and four-wheel drive versions. The model used in the Ford trucks has an internal oil pump to circulate and cool the lubricant, which is uncommon in manual transmissions. The GM versions are not equipped with an oil pump. All gears are synchronized. There is a dual cone synchronizer on 2nd and 3rd gears with an input torque rating of 520 ft-lb.

See also
 List of ZF transmissions

References
 http://www.autoworld.com/news/gmc/zf_s6_650.htm 

S6-650
General Motors transmissions
Aisin AY transmission. The AY-6 is a 6-speed manual transmission manufactured by Aisin. It is designed for longitudinal engine applications and can handle up to 345 ft·lbf (468 N·m) of torque.

General Motors used the AY-6 as RPO MV1, MV5, and MV7.

MV5 
Gear ratios:

Applications:
 2010 Chevrolet Camaro

MV7 
Gear ratios:

Applications:
 2010 Cadillac CTS

Other Applications:
 2004 Holden VZ Commodore
 2005 Holden VZ Ute
 2005 Cadillac CTS
 2004-2006 Toyota Tundra
 2004-2015 Toyota Tacoma
 2004- Toyota Land Cruiser Prado
 2006 Holden VE Commodore
 2005-2012 Lexus IS220d
 2005-2012 Lexus IS250
 2006-2017 Toyota FJ Cruiser
 2007 Holden VE Commodore
 2010 Chevrolet Camaro
 2010-2012 Lexus IS200d
 2010-2015 Chevrolet Camaro 1LT, 2LT, RS
 2015, 2019 Toyota Mark X GRMN

See also
 Toyota RA60
 List of Aisin transmissions
 Aisin-Warner AY6 Manual Transmission Details

References

Aisin transmissions
Water level (device). A water level ( [Alfadolasticho]) is a siphon utilizing two or more parts of the liquid water surface to establish a local horizontal line or plane of reference. It is used to determine the apparent inclination of an object or surface and for matching water level elevations at locations that are too far apart for a spirit level to span.

The simplest water level is a section of clear tubing, partially filled with water. Water is easily procured for use, and easily discarded after use. The ends are held vertical, and the rest of the tubing lies on the ground or floor. The water level at each end of the tube will be at the same elevation, whether the two ends are adjacent or far apart, so a line between them will be horizontal at its midpoint and a shed base, building foundation or similar structure laid out using several such lines will be "horizontal" within building tolerances on any scale over which use of a water level is practicable. Water levels have been used for many years. The water level is lower-tech than the laser level, but it can be more accurate over long distances, and works without a sightline, such as around corners. To avoid error, all of the water should be at the same temperature. Other sources of error include difficulty reading due to meniscus.

If the water level is used often, dye can be added to the water to make it easier to see. If the water level is used outdoors in winter, antifreeze can be added to the water. Automotive window washer fluid can also be used for antifreeze and increased visibility. Additionally it inhibits the formation of error-causing bubbles. A surfactant (surface active agent), such as hand-dishwashing liquid detergent, can be added to the water to significantly lower the surface tension of the water. This liquid solution will flow more easily and more rapidly in the tube than plain water, so operation of the device will be more precise, repeatable, and responsive – particularly when using a small-diameter tube. Also, this liquid solution can be emptied from a small-diameter tube more easily than plain water.

In geodesy and surveying, the use of a water level device extended over long distances (sometimes, kilometers) is termed hydrostatic levelling, after the principles of hydrostatic equilibrium and levelling.

See also
Communicating vessels

References

External links
Merriam Webster Dictionary Definition of level (Entry 3 of 3): conforming to the curvature of the liquid parts of the earth's surface
How to Build a Simple but Effective Water Level

Construction equipment
Construction surveying
Inclinometers
Vertical position
Ferroics. In physics, ferroics is the generic name given to the study of ferromagnets, ferroelectrics, and ferroelastics.

Overview
The basis of ferroics is to understand the large changes in physical characteristics that occur over a very narrow temperature range.  The changes in physical characteristics occur when phase transitions take place around some critical temperature value, normally denoted by .  Above this critical temperature, the crystal is in a nonferroic state and does not exhibit the physical characteristic of interest.  Upon cooling the material down below  it undergoes a spontaneous phase transition.  Such a phase transition typically results in only a small deviation from the nonferroic crystal structure, but in altering the shape of the unit cell the point symmetry of the material is reduced.  This breaking of symmetry is physically what allows the formation of the ferroic phase.

In ferroelectrics, upon lowering the temperature below , a spontaneous dipole moment is induced along an axis of the unit cell.  Although individual dipole moments can sometimes be small, the effect of  unit cells gives rise to an electric field that over the bulk substance that is not insignificant.  An important point about ferroelectrics is that they cannot exist in a centrosymmetric crystal.  A centrosymmetric crystal is one where a lattice point  can be mapped onto a lattice point .

Ferromagnets is a term that most people are familiar with, and, as with ferroelastics, the spontaneous magnetization of a ferromagnet can be attributed to a breaking of point symmetry in switching from the paramagnetic to the ferromagnetic phase.  In this case,  is normally known as the Curie temperature.

In ferroelastic crystals, in going from the nonferroic (or prototypic phase) to the ferroic phase, a spontaneous strain is induced.  An example of a ferroelastic phase transition is when the crystal structure spontaneously changes from a tetragonal structure (a square prism shape) to a monoclinic structure (a general parallelepiped).  Here the shapes of the unit cell before and after the phase transition are different, and hence a strain is induced within the bulk.

In recent years, multiferroics have been attracting increased interest. These materials exhibit more than one ferroic property simultaneously in a single phase. A fourth ferroic order termed ferrotoroidic order has also been proposed.

See also
 Piezoelectricity
 Pyroelectricity

References

Condensed matter physics
Magnetic ordering
Phases of matter
Hysteresis
The Wire that Fenced the West. The Wire that Fenced the West is a book written by Henry D. and Frances T. McCallum and published in 1965 by the University of Oklahoma Press.

The book covers the history of the development of barbed wire and the inventors. It also include chapters of how it was marketed and the history of its use in the American West. It includes an illustrated identification guide showing the various brands, styles, and patents.

About the authors 
Henry D. McCallum and his wife Frances T. McCallum wrote the book based on the hobby of Henry D. McCallum. McCallum started his collection when he was an oil geologist. When he would inspect in fields, he would notice the fences and recognize the variety of fence styles. He took home a sample and from there his collection grew to a massive size with more than a hundred different kinds of barbed wire.

Chapters
I. Barbed-Wire Fence-Makers
1. Threshold of Promise
2. Prelude to 1874
3. Incident at De Kalb
4. "Prior-Use" Fences
5. Promoting Barbed Wire
6. Moonshine and Monopoly
7. Patent Litigation
8. Barbed-Wire Barons
II. Barbed-Wire Fence-Builders
9. "This Cockeyed World of Cattle Fold"
10. "The Big Die-up"
11. "King of the Coasters" and Brother Jon
12. "Startin' in to Play H--- with Texas"
13. "Improvements" on the Public Domain
14. "Trail to Rail"
15. "Alambre! Alambre! Alambre!"
16. A Nineteenth-Century Allegory
III. Types of Barbed Wire
17. Modern Trends
18. Classification
19. Identification

Reception 
The book is one of a narrative monologue that is accredited with exceptional writing and regarded as an excellent reading. Some historians find that the work is not reliable for a reading of exact history. This is due to the secondary sources the author uses instead of any primary sources, and it is mentioned that those used are insufficient. Some critiques of the book find that McCallum used some credible sources such as court records, manuscript records of wire companies, family papers, and memoirs of leading figures of the field. The book lacks key elements of discussion such as enclosure practices and fencing laws, as well as economic and social responses and results to the barbed wire. Another issue a critic had was the lack of talk between barbed wire fences and the railroad industry.

Editions
Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965. LC: 65-11234.

References

1965 non-fiction books
History books about the American Old West
University of Oklahoma Press books
Damage control (maritime). In navies and the maritime industry, damage control is the emergency control of situations that may cause the sinking of a watercraft.

Examples are:

 rupture of a pipe or hull especially below the waterline and
 damage from grounding (running aground) or hard berthing against a wharf.
 temporary fixing of bomb or explosive damage.

Measures used
Simple measures may stop flooding, such as:

 locking off the damaged area from other ship's compartments;
 blocking the damaged area by wedging a box around a tear in the ship's hull,
 putting a band of thin sheet steel around a tear in a pipe, bound on by clamps.

More complicated measures may be needed if a repair must take the pressure of the ship moving through the water. For example:

 Thermal lance cutting around the rupture.
 Oxyacetylene welding or electric arc welding of plates over the rupture.
 Quick-drying cement is applied underwater over the rupture.

Damage control training is undertaken by most seafarers, but the engineering staff are most experienced in making lasting repairs.

Damage control is distinct from firefighting. Damage control methods of fighting fire are based on the class of ship and cater to ship specific equipment on board.

Notable contemporary examples

Particular examples:

 USS Samuel B. Roberts: After an Iranian mine holed the frigate beneath the waterline in 1988, the crew fought fire and flooding that threatened to sink it.
 [[USS Princeton (CG-59)|USS Princeton]]: After an Iraqi naval mine damaged the cruiser during the 1991 Gulf War, her crew fought fires and sealed cracks in the hull, then repaired electronic systems, bringing the Aegis Combat System back on line within 2 hours.
 USS Cole: immediate measures to stop sinking after the ship was bombed in 2000.
 HMS Nottingham: measures to keep the ship afloat after, on 7 July 2002, the Nottingham'' ran aground on the submerged but well-charted Wolf Rock near Lord Howe Island.

See also
Naval architecture

Notes

External links

Nautical terminology
Navies
Ship management
Rudolf S. Enblom. Rudolf S. Enblom (25 August 1861 – 27 February 1945) was a Swedish architect.

Biography
Rudolf Samuel Enblom was born in Hilleshög in Ekerö Municipality, Sweden. 
He studied at the Copenhagen Technical College and the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts in Copenhagen 1882–84. He was a student at the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm from 1884 to 1886. He was a senior teacher in construction engineering at the Royal Institute of Technology in 1899–1932 and director of its construction school in 1925–32.

His designed included  an apartment building at  Upplandsgatan in 1891, Kristallsalongen, an open-air theater at Djurgården in Stockholm in 1892 and   
Veterinary University buildings (now part of Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences)  in 1906–09.

References

1861 births
1945 deaths
People from Ekerö Municipality
Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts alumni
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of the KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Swedish architects
XVT. XVT is a software development environment for building cross-platform GUI applications in C or C++. XVT allows developers to graphically lay out an application's GUI, and provides cross-platform libraries to aid development.

XVT has been in development since 1989 and has provided a cross-platform software development toolkit for the majority of that time.

Their approach is not as a widget replacement look-alike set, but acts more like a universal API translator. XVT is an "abstraction layer" that removes the developer from being concerned with which OS the application will run on. When the application is compiled, the XVT API points to the native controls/widgets for the OS on which the code is being compiled.  It also allows applications to adapt to whatever user themes the OS allows users to set.

There are other uses of this product beyond cross platform development. As a CASE tool, a non-programmer business analyst can lay out the user interfaces, review them with end users and subject matter experts in a RAD-like (Rapid Application Development) requirements capture by functional review, and then the XVT architect tool will deliver the C or C++ (ANSI-compliant) code.

The developers have announced support for GTK+ on Linux and Cocoa on Mac, but these ports are not yet available. Because Microsoft no longer support the HLP help format, XVT applications require the user to install the  Microsoft .hlp viewer.

XVT was originally developed by Advanced Programming Institute in Boulder Co., a company founded by former Bell Labs employee Marc Rochkind. The company changed its name to XVT when that product became the main company effort. The XVT product was purchased by Providence Software Solutions in 2001.

Platforms
XVT currently supports:
 Windows
 Linux
 OS X
 Solaris
 HP-UX
 AIX

Editions

XVT DSC

XVT DSC includes the PTK, or Portability ToolKit, and the XVT Design interface designer. It is designed for use with C.

XVT DSP

XVT DSP includes the PTK, Power++ library (C++ bindings to the PTK), and the XVT Architect interface designer. It is designed for use with C++.

XVT Net

XVT Net allows applications built using either of the other editions to be recompiled as a networked application. The application may then be run on a server which thin clients can connect to in order to use the application.

External links
Official website

References

Widget toolkits
NOx adsorber. A  adsorber or  trap (also called Lean  trap, abbr. LNT) is a device that is used to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NO and NO2) emissions from a lean burn internal combustion engine by means of adsorption.

Purpose and function of a  adsorber
A  adsorber is designed to reduce oxides of nitrogen emitted in the exhaust gas of a lean burn internal combustion engine. Lean burn engines, particularly diesels, present a special challenge to emission control system designers because of the relatively high levels of O2 (atmospheric oxygen) in the exhaust gas. The 3-way catalytic converter that has been successfully used since the 1980s on stoichiometric engines (such as fueled by petrol, LPG, CNG, or ethanol) will not function at O2 levels in excess of 1.0%, and does not function well at levels above 0.5%. Because of the increasing need to limit  emissions from diesel engines, technologies such as exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) have been used, however EGR is of limited effectiveness and SCR requires a continuous supply of reductant to the exhaust.

The  adsorber was designed to avoid the problems that EGR and SCR experienced. An adsorbent such as zeolite traps the NO and NO2 molecules — acting as a molecular sponge. Once the trap is full (like a sponge full of water) no more  can be absorbed. Various schemes have been designed to "purge" or "regenerate" the trap. Normally the engine is operated for a short time in rich mode and produces CO as reactant. Another possible reactants used to this aim is diesel fuel. Injection of diesel fuel before the adsorber can purge it — the  is made to desorb and react with hydrocarbons under rich conditions to produce water and nitrogen. Also hydrogen is a good reductant, but is dangerous and difficult to store. Some experimental systems have used fuel reformers for on-board hydrogen generation.

Market use

A  trap is used on the Volkswagen Jetta TDI and the Volkswagen Tiguan concepts. Both are projected to be introduced into the American market by 2008. They were to be marketed as part of the BlueTec program from Audi, Daimler-Chrysler, and Volkswagen.

In 2015 an ADAC study (ordered by ICCT) of 32 Euro6 cars showed that few complied with on-road emission limits, and LNT cars had the highest emissions.

Technical details
The  adsorber is based on a monolithic catalyst support that has been coated with a   adsorbing washcoat such as one containing zeolites.  Alkali/alkaline oxide (carbonate) can also be used as the adsorbant.

Traps are gradually poisoned by SOx which adsorbs more strongly than . It necessitates a periodic high temperature regeneration that tends to reduce the adsorber's operating life.

References

Engine technology
Gas technologies
SPRITE infrared detector. The SPRITE infrared detector is named after the process of signal integration carried out by "Signal Processing In The Element".  The technique was invented at the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment at Malvern by a team of scientists including Tom Elliott.

The detector allows the build up of detected infrared signal in a mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) photoconductor strip, on a sapphire substrate, by applying a bias current through the strip.  The detector is used in a scanned thermal imager and the bias voltage is adjusted to force electrons produced by the detected energy at one end of the strip to drift to the far end of the strip in time with the rate of the scanning such that energy from the same response is built up along the full length of the strip. This allows a much simpler way of integrating responses than linking separate detector cells.

This type of detector was used in a series of  thermal imagers known as TICM (thermal imaging common modules). These modules were the mainstay of UK forces thermal imagers from the 1980s until their replacement by fully staring, two-dimensional-arrays detectors.

See also 
 Yellow Duckling

References

Infrared imaging
Malvern, Worcestershire
Military electronics of the United Kingdom
Military sensor technology
Science and technology in Worcestershire