omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Curl. Curl or CURL may refer to:

Science and technology
 Curl (mathematics), a vector operator that shows a vector field's rate of rotation
 Curl (programming language), an object-oriented programming language designed for interactive Web content
 cURL, a program and application library for transferring data with URLs
 Antonov An-26, an aircraft, NATO reporting name CURL

Sports and weight training
 Curl (association football), is spin on the ball, which will make it swerve when kicked
 Curl, in the sport of curling, the curved path a stone makes on the ice or the act of playing; see Glossary of curling
 Biceps curl, a weight training exercise
 Leg curl, a weight training exercise
 Wrist curl, a weight training exercise

Other uses
 Curl (Japanese snack), a brand of corn puffs
 Curl or ringlet, a lock of hair that grows in a curved, rather than straight, direction
 Consortium of University Research Libraries, an association of UK academic and research libraries
 Executive curl, the ring above a naval officer's gold lace or braid rank insignia

People with the surname
 Britta Curl (born 2000), American ice hockey player
 Kamren Curl (born 1999), American football player
 Martina Gangle Curl (1906–1994), American artist and activist
 Robert Curl (1933–2022), Nobel Laureate and emeritus professor of chemistry at Rice University
 Rod Curl (born 1943), American professional golfer
 Phil Curls (1942–2007), American politician
 Catarina Miranda (born 1990), Portuguese musician with the stage name Emma Curl

See also
 Curling (disambiguation)
 Overlap (disambiguation)
 Spiral
Clyde Engineering Co Ltd v Cowburn. Clyde Engineering Co Ltd v Cowburn, is a High Court of Australia case about inconsistency between a Commonwealth and a State law, which is dealt with in s 109 of the Australian Constitution. It contains classic statements of the denial of rights test and the covering the field test for inconsistency.

Background
The Forty-Four Hours Week Act 1925 (NSW) provided that workers under a Commonwealth award which stipulated a working week longer than 44 hours should be paid their full wages if they had worked for 44 hours. Cowburn was an employee of Clyde Engineering, and worked a 44-hour week. However, the Commonwealth award stated that a worker who performed less than 48 hours of work should have pay deducted for non-attendance.

The decision
Knox CJ and Gavan Duffy J noted that the impossibility of obedience test (see R v Licensing Court of Brisbane; Ex parte Daniell) may not be appropriate in all circumstances. They formulated a new test: where one statute confers a right, and the other takes away the right, even if the right may be waived or abandoned, there is an inconsistency, whereupon the State law would then be invalid to the extent of the inconsistency. Isaacs and Rich JJ agreed with Knox CJ and Gavan Duffy J regarding the denial of rights test. This test was re-stated by Dixon J in Victoria v Commonwealth: "When a State law, if valid, would alter, impair or detract from the operation of a law of the Commonwealth Parliament, then to that extent it is invalid."

Isaacs and Starke JJ also concluded an inconsistency based on the covering the field test. An inconsistency may arise where the Commonwealth law, expressly or impliedly, intends to cover the field completely, and supersede or exclude any other laws in that area. If the State law then enters that field, or the part of the field covered by the Commonwealth law, then the State law will be inconsistent, even though it may be possible to obey both laws simultaneously.

See also
Australian constitutional law
Section 109 of the Australian Constitution

References

Winterton, G. et al. Australian federal constitutional law: commentary and materials, 1999. LBC Information Services, Sydney.

High Court of Australia cases
1926 in Australian law
1926 in case law
Australian constitutional law
Inconsistency in the Australian Constitution cases
Working time
Australian labour case law
Muhammad Ali Mazidi. Muhammad Ali Mazidi (May 10, 1954 - August 30, 2022) was an Iranian electrical engineer and lecturer. Mazidi went to Tabriz University and held master's degrees from both Southern Methodist University and the University of Texas at Dallas. He founded MicroDigitalEd and taught microprocessor-based system design. He was also a scholar of and occasional lecturer on the Baháʼí Faith. He had authored/co-authored several books, available from Prentice Hall and Amazon Kindle:

 80X86 IBM PC and Compatible Computers: Assembly Language, Design, and Interfacing Volumes I & II, Prentice Hall ()
 x86 PC: Assembly Language, Design, and Interfacing, Prentice Hall ()
 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Prentice Hall ()
 PIC Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Prentice Hall ()
 HCS12 Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Prentice Hall ()
 AVR Microcontroller and Embedded Systems, Prentice Hall ()
 ARM Assembly Language Programming & Architecture, Amazon Kindle
 TI ARM Peripherals Programming and Interfacing, Amazon Kindle
 Freescale ARM Cortex-M Embedded Programming, Amazon Kindle

Iranian technology writers
Living people
Southern Methodist University alumni
University of Texas at Dallas alumni
1954 births
Voltage ladder. A voltage ladder is a simple electronic circuit consisting of several resistors connected in series with a voltage placed across the entire resistor network, a generalisation of a two-resistor voltage divider. Connections to the nodes provide access to the voltages available. Voltage ladders are useful for providing a set of successive voltage references, for instance for a flash analog-to-digital converter.

Operation
A voltage drop occurs across each resistor in the network causing each successive "rung" of the ladder (each node of the circuit) to have a higher voltage than the previous one.

Since the ladder is a series circuit, the current is the same throughout, and is given by the total voltage divided by the total series resistance (V/Req). The voltage drop across any one resistor is I×Rn, where I is the current calculated above, and Rn is the resistance of the resistor in question. The voltage referenced to ground at any node is simply the sum of the voltages dropped by each resistor between that node and ground. 

Alternatively node voltages can be calculated using voltage division: the voltage drop across any resistor is V×Rn/Req where V is the total voltage, Req is the total (equivalent) resistance, and Rn is the resistance of the resistor in question. The voltage of a node referenced to ground is the sum of the drops across all the resistors, but it's now easier to consider all these resistors as a single equivalent resistance RT, which is simply the sum of all the resistances between the node and ground, so the node voltage is given by V×RT/Req.

References

Analog circuits
Downcutting. Downcutting, also called erosional downcutting, downward erosion or vertical erosion, is a geological process by hydraulic action that deepens the channel of a stream or valley by removing material from the stream's bed or the valley's floor. The speed of downcutting depends on the stream's base level, the lowest point to which the stream can erode. Sea level is the ultimate base level, but many streams have a higher "temporary" base level because they empty into another body of water that is above sea level or encounter bedrock that resists erosion. A concurrent process called lateral erosion refers to the widening of a stream channel or valley. When a stream is high above its base level, downcutting will take place faster than lateral erosion; but as the level of the stream approaches its base level, the rate of lateral erosion increases. This is why streams in  mountainous areas tend to be narrow and swift, forming V-shaped valleys, while streams in lowland areas tend to be wide and slow-moving, with valleys that are correspondingly wide and flat-bottomed. The term gradient refers to the elevation of a stream relative to its base level. The steeper the gradient, the faster the stream flows. Sometimes geological uplift will increase the gradient of a stream even while the stream downcuts toward its base level, a process called "rejuvenation." This happened in the case of the Colorado River in the western United States, resulting in the process that created the Grand Canyon.

Lake bed downcutting

Lake bed downcutting is the erosion of cohesive material such as clay or glacial till from a shoreline by wave action. When the sand cover is stripped away and the cohesive layer is exposed, cohesive material is lost to the water column. Unlike sand, cohesive material cannot be replenished by natural events such as bluff erosion. This can result in a process called "bluff recession," in which waves erode and carry away the material at the toe of the bluff and cause it to become steeper. When the slope reaches a certain angle, the bluff becomes unstable and fails, causing it to recede inland.

References
Black Hawk College: Fluvial Processes II (Physical Geography 102) 
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers: Lake Bed Downcutting
Leet, L. Don. Physical Geology, 6th Edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982.  

Geological processes
Hydrology
Erosion
Strassner Editing Systems. Strassner Editing Systems (SES) was a line of PC-based linear "CMX style" keyboard video editing controllers invented in 1988 by Norman H. Strassner in Los Angeles, California.

Videotape Editing
During the mid-1980s, the linear videotape editing systems were run on industrial computers known as RT-11. They were bulky and expensive, but the computers were very stable and reliable.  Before floppy disks  were available, programs were loaded by punch tape, a slow process that could be hindered by physical damage to the paper tape. Eventually, programs were loaded with 8" floppy disks. Most editing controllers at the time were QWERTY keyboard based, meaning that all functions were controlled via a computer keyboard, usually with color-coded, labeled key caps.

Mr. Strassner originally wrote a computer program for PCs that would manage edit decision lists that kept a record of all edits, but was not an editing controller. Mr. Strassner then extended the user of the software and made it into a complete editing controller for VTRs, audio and video switchers and special effect devices. There were several companies using a keyboard-oriented editing system at the time, including CMX  and Grass Valley.

Technology
What made Strassner Editing System different was that it was written for a PC, not an RT-11 computer. This brought the cost of the system way down, and afforded multiple use options for the editing computer, as it was not longer proprietary and was easily upgraded. The system use Videomedia's Vlans, a distributed system whereby commands were sent out by the PC to satellite modules connected to VTRs, switchers, etc.

History
In 1995, that Strassner sold the company to a San Jose-based company - Videomedia, Inc., makers of the "V-LAN" hardware he used to physically control video tape machines (VTRs), video and audio switchers and special effects devices.

At the time Strassner wrote the software, he was a working editor in Hollywood for shows like Entertainment Tonight and Real People, and companies like Paramount Pictures, CBS, NBC and Smith-Hemion.

Strassner Editing Systems were used to edit many popular television shows and motion pictures, including MTV's "Real World", The Muppets and the first Muppet Movie.

The success of Strassner Editing Systems was due to Strassner's own expertise as both an off-line and on-line video tape editor. His "wish list" of features were incorporated into his systems, which made him a local hero for editors in Hollywood.

See also 
 Linear Video Editing
 CMX Systems

Other "CMX-Style" editing systems:
 Grass Valley Editing Systems

References

External links
 A page on CMX's products
 The Museum of Early Video Editing Equipment and Techniques

Film and video technology
American inventions
Audiovisual introductions in 1988
1995 mergers and acquisitions
Plastic (disambiguation). Plastic is a polymerized material. It may also refer to:

Science and technology
 Plastic SCM, a distributed revision control tool
 Plasticity (physics), a material that has high plasticity may be called plastic
 Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of an organism to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment

Arts, entertainment, and media
 Plastic (2011 film), American horror film
 Plastic (2014 film), a British crime film
 Plastics (band) (1976–1981), a Japanese new wave band
 Plastic (Mitsuki Aira album), 2009
 Plastic (Joey Tafolla album), 2001
 "Plastic" (New Order song), a song by New Order from the album Music Complete
 "Plastic" (Spiderbait song), a 1999 single by Australian alt-rock band, Spiderbait
 "Plastic", a song by Prefuse 73 from the 2003 album One Word Extinguisher
 "Plastic", a single by Alanis Morissette from the 1991 album Alanis
 "Plastic", a song by Pussy Riot from Matriarchy Now
 Plastic (comic book), a comic book series published by the American company Image Comics
 Plastic arts, art forms involving physical manipulation of a plastic medium, such as sculpture or ceramics
 Plastic.com, a community-driven message board

Other uses
 Plastic, Polish video game developer most notable for Linger in Shadows
 Plastic, a colloquial term for a credit card or debit card
 Plastics Industry Association, a trade group, sometimes stylized as PLASTICS

See also
 
 
 Plastik, 1999 album by Oomph!
 Plastique (disambiguation)
Kinematic coupling. Kinematic coupling describes fixtures designed to exactly constrain the part in question, providing precision and certainty of location. A canonical example of a kinematic coupling consists of three radial v-grooves in one part that mate with three hemispheres in another part. Each hemisphere has two contact points for a total of six contact points, enough to constrain all six of the part's degrees of freedom. An alternative design consists of three hemispheres on one part that fit respectively into a tetrahedral dent, a v-groove, and a flat.

Background 
Kinematic couplings arose from the need of precision coupling between structural interfaces that were meant to be routinely taken apart and put back together.

Kelvin Coupling 

The Kelvin coupling is named after William Thompson (Lord Kelvin) who published the design in 1868–71. It consists of three spherical surfaces that rest respectively on a concave tetrahedron, a V-groove pointing towards the tetrahedron and a flat plate. The tetrahedron provides three contact points, while the V-groove provides two and the flat provides one, for a total required six contact points. The benefit of this design is that the center of rotation is located at the tetrahedron, however, it suffers from contact stress problems in high-load applications.

Maxwell coupling 

The principles of this coupling system were originally published by James Clerk Maxwell in 1871. The Maxwell Kinematic system consists of three V-shaped grooves that are oriented to the center of the part, while the mating part has three curved surfaces that sit down into the three grooves. Each of the three v-grooves provides two contact points for a total of six. This design benefits from symmetry and therefore easier manufacturing techniques. Also, the Maxwell coupling is thermally stable due to this symmetry as the curved surfaces can expand or contract in unison in the v-grooves.

Theory 

The reproducibility and the precision of a kinematic coupling come from the idea of exact constraint design. The principle of exact constraint design is that the number of points of constraint should be equal to the number of degrees of freedom to be constrained. In a mechanical system there are six potential degrees of freedom. There are three linear degrees of freedom (also known as translation) along the "x", "y", and "z" axis, and three rotational degrees of freedom around each axis commonly called roll, pitch and yaw. If a system is under-constrained, then parts are free to move with respect to each other. If the system is over-constrained, it may undesirably deform under the influences of, for example, thermal expansion. Kinematic coupling designs only make contact with the number of points equal to the number of degrees of freedom that are to be restrained and therefore are predictable.

See also 
Kinematics
Kinematic determinacy
Precision engineering

References

External links
 http://pergatory.mit.edu/kinematiccouplings/
 http://kinematiccouplings.org/
 http://precisionballs.com/Kinematic_cook_book.php

Linkages (mechanical)
Hansung Science High School. Hansung Science High School () is a high school (ages 15–18) in Seoul, South Korea. It was opened in 1992 and selects its students from the top 3% of middle school graduates. As of 2013, it holds 356 students (253 boys and 103 girls) with 56 teachers. It is located near Dongnimmun station which is served by Seoul Subway Line 3 (Orange Line). The school is for gifted students with talents in mathematics and sciences.

The graduates of the school usually go to engineering schools in Seoul National University, KAIST, Postech, Korea University, and other prestigious universities in Korea and the world.

School history 
A plan for the school was established in February 1991, with the school name being confirmed in June 1991. In March 1992, the school was designated as a special purpose high school for gifted students. The first entrance ceremony was held two days later for 180 students. The first graduation ceremony was held in February 1994, with 19 students graduating. 

In September 1996, the school built its first dormitory building. In October 2004, Taeha Hall, the main library, finished construction. In February 2016, the school completed its first girls' dormitory named Seohyun Hall.

Recruitment process 
The recruitment and application process is divided into two stages. In the first stage, students submit documents and are interviewed regarding their attendance. The applicant's mathematical and scientific abilities are evaluated based on self-introductions and teacher recommendations. The second stage consists of a wider assembly interview, where applicants are comprehensively evaluated on their understanding of the curriculum, their potential, their creativity, and personality.

There were 140 students recruited for the 2024 school year at Hansung Science High School.

See also
 Gyeonggi Science High School
 Seoul Science High School
 Sejong Science High School

References

External links
 Official site 

Science high schools in South Korea
High schools in South Korea
Education in Seoul
Educational institutions established in 1992
1992 establishments in South Korea
Coil (chemistry). A coil, in chemistry, is a tube, frequently in spiral form, used commonly to cool steam originating from a distillation and thus to condense it in liquid form. Usually it is of copper or another material that conducts heat easily. However copper is mostly used as a material, when a higher hardness is required it is combined with other elements to make an alloy such as brass or bronze.
Coils are often used in chemical processes in batch reaction or mixing tank as internal source of heat transfer.

References

Laboratory glassware
Titanium tetraiodide. Titanium tetraiodide is an inorganic compound with the formula TiI4.  It is a black volatile solid, first reported by Rudolph Weber in 1863.  It is an intermediate in the van Arkel–de Boer process for the purification of titanium.

Physical properties
TiI4 is a rare molecular binary metal iodide, consisting of isolated molecules of tetrahedral Ti(IV) centers.  The Ti-I distances are 261 pm.  Reflecting its molecular character, TiI4 can be distilled without decomposition at one atmosphere; this property is the basis of its use in the van Arkel–de Boer process.  The difference in melting point between TiCl4 (m.p. -24 °C) and TiI4 (m.p. 150 °C) is comparable to the difference between the melting points of CCl4 (m.p. -23 °C) and CI4 (m.p. 168 °C), reflecting the stronger intermolecular van der Waals bonding in the iodides.

Two polymorphs of TiI4 exist, one of which is highly soluble in organic solvents. In the less soluble cubic form, the Ti-I distances are 261 pm.

Production
Three methods are well known:
1) From the elements, typically using a tube furnace at 425 °C:
Ti + 2 I2  →  TiI4
This reaction can be reversed to produce highly pure films of Ti metal.

2) Exchange reaction from titanium tetrachloride and HI.
TiCl4 + 4 HI  →  TiI4 + 4 HCl
3) Oxide-iodide exchange from aluminium iodide.
3 TiO2 + 4 AlI3  →  3 TiI4  +  2 Al2O3

Reactions
Like TiCl4 and TiBr4, TiI4 forms adducts with Lewis bases, and it can also be reduced.  When the reduction is conducted in the presence of Ti metal, one obtains polymeric Ti(III) and Ti(II) derivatives such as CsTi2I7 and the chain CsTiI3, respectively.  

TiI4 exhibits extensive reactivity toward alkenes and alkynes resulting in organoiodine derivatives.  It also effects pinacol couplings and other C-C bond-forming reactions.

References

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Titanium(IV) compounds
Iodides
Titanium halides
John Elder Professor of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering. The John Elder Professor of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering at the University of Glasgow, Scotland, was established in 1883 and endowed by Isabella Elder (1828-1905) in honor of her husband, John Elder. John Elder was a renowned marine engineer and shipbuilder of Randolph, Elder & Co. (1824-1869).

John Elder Professors of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering 
 Francis Elgar LLD (1883)
 Philip Jenkins (1886)
 Sir John Harvard Biles DSc LLD (1891)
 Percy Archibald Hillhouse DSc (1921-1942)
 Andrew McCance Robb DSc LLD (1944)
 John Farquhar Christie Conn DSc (1957)
 Douglas Faulkner BSc PhD RCNC FEng (1973)
 Nigel D P Barltrop BSc CEng SICE MRINA

See also
List of Professorships at the University of Glasgow

References
Who, What and Where: The History and Constitution of the University of Glasgow compiled by Michael Moss, Moira Rankin and Lesley Richmond

Elder Professor of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Glasgow
1883 establishments in Scotland
Naval architecture
Marine engineering