omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SWsoft. SWsoft was a privately held server automation and virtualization software company and the parent company of Parallels. SWsoft developed software for running data centers, particularly for web-hosting services companies, application service providers, and managed service providers. SWsoft products included applications for operating system-level virtualization, which enables users to run multiple operating systems, including Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and Solaris, on a single computer.

The company was founded in 1997 and maintained its headquarters in Herndon, Virginia, with additional offices throughout North America, Europe, and Asia. Its research and development offices were located in Moscow, Russia, and it had sales offices in Germany and Singapore.

In December 2007, SWsoft announced its plans to change its name to Parallels in 2008 and ship its products under the Parallels brand name.

Company history

 1997  SWsoft founded
 2001
 Virtuozzo released
 HSPcomplete released
 2003
 SWsoft acquires automation firms Yippi-Yeah! E-Business GmbH (makers of Confixx) and Plesk Inc (makers of Confixx and Plesk)
 PEM data center released
 Open Fusion launched
 2004
 Announces partnership with Acronis
 Plesk 7.0 released
 SiteBuilder beta released
 Acquires Parallels, Inc.  but keeps this secret.
 2007  December 12: SWsoft announces that it will change its name to "Parallels" in 2008.
 2007  December: SWsoft acquires WebHostAutomation Ltd developers of HELM Control Panel.
 January 2008  SWsoft officially becomes Parallels, Inc.

Uses
SWsoft’s virtualization software is predominantly used to automate data center and server management and to consolidate multiple servers onto one Windows- or Linux-based physical server. The company’s products are developed predominantly for web hosting companies, service providers, and corporations.

Although the company’s software reportedly uses fewer system resources because it does not require each virtualized server to have an independent operating system, its overall flexibility is limited. For example, each virtualized Virtuozzo server must have the same version of the same operating system, and when running Linux, the operating system's kernel must be modified from the standard version.

References

Software companies established in 1997
Virtualization software
Software companies based in Virginia
Privately held companies based in Virginia
Defunct software companies of the United States
AIM Multiuser Benchmark. The AIM Multiuser Benchmark, also called the AIM Benchmark Suite VII or AIM7, is a job throughput benchmark widely used by UNIX computer system vendors.  Current research operating systems such as K42 use
 the reaim
 form of the benchmark for performance analysis.
The AIM7 benchmark measures some of the same things as the SDET benchmark.

The original code was developed by Gene Dronek for AIM Technology, Inc., who licensed it to others.  The first AIM Benchmarks were for single user PCs. The suite was expanded and enhanced to become multi-user benchmarks by Donald Steiny.  Caldera International, Inc., bought the license and released
 the source code for Suite VII and Suite IX under the GPL.

AIM7 is a program written in C that forks many processes called tasks, each of which concurrently runs in random order a set of subtests called jobs.  There are 53 kinds of jobs, each of which exercises a different aspect of the operating system, such as disk-file operations, process creation, user virtual memory operations, pipe I/O, and compute-bound arithmetic loops
.

An AIM7 benchmark run is composed of a sequence of subruns with the number of tasks incrementing by one between each subrun.  Each subrun goes until each of its tasks has completed its set of jobs.  Each subrun reports a metric of jobs completed per minute, with the final report for the overall benchmark being a table of that throughput metric versus number of tasks.  A given system will have a peak number of tasks N at which the jobs per minute is maximized.  Either N or the value of the jobs per minute at N is typically used as the metric of interest.

References 

Benchmarks (computing)
Birdman TL-1. 

The Birdman TL-1 was an extremely minimalist aircraft sold in kit form in the United States in the mid-1970s for US$1,395.

Design and development
The TL-1's fuselage is nothing more than a boom connecting a set of wings with a V-tail. The pilot's seat and a pedestal carrying the pusher engine are attached to the top of the boom just forward of the wing.  Flight control is provided by a series of spoilers.

Construction is of wood covered with Monokote and the aircraft was designed to be quickly dismantled for transport or storage. With an empty weight of 122 lb (55 kg), it is held to be the lightest aircraft to have been flown at the time.

Variants
TL-1A
Base model with longer span wing.
RB-1
Later model with shorter  span wing and simplified landing gear. The empty weight of this model is , gross weight , the same as the TL-1A.

Specifications (TL-1)

See also

References

 
 
 Trade a Plane November 1975
 Sports Flying December 1975

1970s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
TL-1
Aircraft first flown in 1975
Low-wing aircraft
V-tail aircraft
A. James Clark. Alfred James Clark (December 2, 1927 – March 20, 2015) was an American engineer, businessman and philanthropist. He was chairman and CEO of Clark Enterprises, Inc., headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland. The company's largest subsidiary is Clark Construction Group, LLC, one of the United States' largest construction companies, founded in 1906 as the George Hyman Construction Company.

Early life
Clark was born on December 2, 1927, in Richmond, Virginia, the son of a life insurance salesman father. He grew up in Bethesda, Maryland.

Clark was a 1950 graduate of the University of Maryland, College Park, where he was a member of Phi Delta Theta.

Career

In 1950, he was hired by the George Hyman Construction Company. 
In 1969, he became president. In 1977, he formed OMNI Construction, a double-breasted subsidiary.

In addition to being an engineer and business executive, Clark served as a university trustee emeritus at Johns Hopkins University.

Philanthropy
Clark has given to the University of Maryland, College Park's School of Engineering, which now bears his name.

He established the A. James Clark Engineering Scholars program, a program to provide financial aid to engineering and computerscience majors. The program is at 11 institutions and supports 470+ students.

He donated $10 million toward the construction of the Johns Hopkins University building, "Clark Hall," which is the cornerstone of the Decker Quadrangle. His construction company served as general contractor for the building, which was named in his honor.  

On October 4, 2017, it was announced the University of Maryland would receive almost $220 million from the A. James and Alice B. Clark Foundation.

Personal life
In 1950, Clark  married Alice Bratton. They had three children and lived in Vero Beach, Florida. He died of congestive heart failure in 2015.

Awards and honors
Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement (1987)
The University of Maryland honorary doctor of engineering degree, the Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Award, and induction into the University of Maryland Alumni Association’s Hall of Fame

References

External links
Johns Hopkins University Clark Hall dedication
Profile, forbes.com; accessed December 29, 2014.

1927 births
2015 deaths
University of Maryland, College Park alumni
American chief executives
American billionaires
Businesspeople from Richmond, Virginia
People from Bethesda, Maryland
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
20th-century American businesspeople
Currumbin Ecovillage. The Ecovillage at Currumbin is an innovative residential community at 639 Currumbin Creek Road, Currumbin Valley, Queensland, Australia. It showcases best practices in residential ecologically sustainable development. The ecovillage project has been developed on degraded farmland on the exurban fringe of City of Gold Coast, a major resort city on Queensland’s South East Queensland coast. The developer, Land Matters Currumbin Valley, has rehabilitated the site and is protecting its environmental integrity and biodiversity by preserving 50 percent of the site as an environmental reserve.

It is on a  site comprising 80% bushland, plus open spaces and 141 home sites.  The ecovillage is master planned with many homes architecturally designed. It was established by Chris Walton and his wife Kerry Shepherd.  Currumbin Ecovillage lacks adequate public transport.  Residents are car-reliant.

Sustainability
All homes within the Ecovillage include complete water autonomy. Smart design and excellent energy ratings assist the homes to be comfortable all year round with low environmental impact. The estate also has grid-connected solar power, edible landscapes, permaculture, waste minimisation and recycling.  Residents have access to communal areas including a small village centre, green spaces and indoor and outdoor recreational facilities.  Dogs and cats are prohibited by a registered covenant.  Exotic vegetation was initially prohibited but is now permitted.

Gold Coast Water was consulted regarding water benchmarks and the Environmental Protection Agency for waste treatment metrics. By-laws were required as a range of codes for assessing the developments environmental design compliance.

Awards
The ecovillage is a Queensland Government EnergyWise and WaterWise Demonstration Project and involves significant partnership with community, universities, industry and government. The Ecovillage has received 26 awards including the 2008 International Prix D’Excellence, and the  Housing Industry Association’s 2008 Green Smart National Building of the Year Award for one of The Ecovillage’s sustainable homes. In 2010, The Ecovillage was appointed by the Gold Coast City Council as its ‘Innovation Estate’, demonstrating the City’s desired future form of development.

See also

Currumbin Valley
Sustainability

References

External links
 
 

Buildings and structures on the Gold Coast, Queensland
Ecovillages
Planned communities in Australia
Focke-Wulf Project II. 

The Focke-Wulf Project II was a design study for a single-seat jet fighter, carried out in Germany during World War II.

Development
Owing to manufacturing difficulties envisaged with other all-new jet fighter developments, Focke-Wulf's second design was nothing more than a development of the Focke-Wulf Fw 190, but powered with a jet engine, positioned on a redesigned fuselage. This engine, a Jumo 004, was to be housed beneath the nose. A conventional undercarriage was used. The low position of the jet intake raised the likelihood of foreign matter being sucked up, and in any case, the engine would burn the runway. This design development ceased in March 1943.

Specifications (as designed)

See also

References

External links

Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Project II
Single-engined jet aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Focke-Wulf Project III. 

The Focke-Wulf Project III was a design study for a jet fighter, carried out in Germany in June 1943. It aimed to reduce the risk of foreign object damage to the engine that had been foreseen for the Project II, by relocating the engine from beneath the fuselage to a position atop the fuselage, with the jet intakes at the fuselage sides. In most other respects, it was similar to Project II, but as well as the engine relocation, Project II's conventional tail was replaced with twin tails on the ends of the horizontal stabiliser, in order to provide a path for the jet exhaust.

Project IV was to be virtually identical, but included a liquid-fuelled rocket booster on each side of the turbojet nacelle.

See also
Emergency Fighter Program

References
 
 
 
 
 
 

1940s German fighter aircraft
Project III
Single-engined jet aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
1943 in Germany
Focke-Wulf Flitzer. The Focke-Wulf Flitzer ("streaker" or "dasher", sometimes incorrectly translated as "madcap") was a jet fighter under development in Germany at the end of World War II.

Development
The design, also called Entwurf VI (Sketch VI), had a central fuselage and two booms carrying the rear control surfaces, having great similarity with the contemporary de Havilland Vampire. It also had the air inlets still positioned on either side of the nose, just below the cockpit.

The estimated horizontal speed was not satisfactory and Flitzer was revised whereby the jet intakes were situated in the wing roots. Further improvements included a narrower fuselage and a changed pilot's canopy. In order to improve the rate of climb, a Walter HWK 109-509 hypergolic liquid-propellant rocket was built in to give supplementary thrust. A complete mockup was built and all construction and assembly plans were finished, but the aircraft was not accepted by the Reich Air Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium, RLM).

Although referred to as Fw 272 in some sources, the Flitzer was never given an RLM designation, and the putative designation "Fw 272" is derived from drawing Nr. 272 for the Flitzer.

Specifications (design draft of 15 September 1944)

See also
Emergency Fighter Program

References

Bibliography

External links

Luftwaffe Projects (In Russian)

Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Flitzer
Twin-boom aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Aircraft with auxiliary rocket engines
Focke-Wulf Project VIII. 

The Focke-Wulf Peterle was a design study for a turboprop-powered fighter-bomber, undertaken in Germany during World War II.

Development
It was based on the work previously done on Focke-Wulf Flitzer. The Peterle, known in Focke-Wulf documents as Einmotoriges Jagdflugzeug mit PTL-Gerät 021 was for an aircraft very similar in shape. The performance was calculated to be much better, but the unswept tail surfaces were predicted to cause problems at high speed, and the project was abandoned.

Some sources refer to this design as the Fw 281, but this is a fictitious designation derived from project label Baubeschreibung Nr. 281 for the Einmotoriges Jagdflugzeug mit PTL-Gerät 021.

Specifications (as designed)

See also

References

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Project VIII
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Single-engined turboprop aircraft
Grown-junction transistor. The grown-junction transistor was the first type of bipolar junction transistor made. It was invented by William Shockley at Bell Labs on June 23, 1948 (patent filed June 26, 1948), six months after the first bipolar point-contact transistor. The first germanium prototypes were made in 1949. Bell Labs announced Shockley’s grown-junction transistor on July 4, 1951.

An NPN grown-junction transistor is made of a single crystal of semiconductor material which has two PN junctions grown into it. During the growth process, a seed crystal is slowly pulled from a bath of molten semiconductor, which then grows into a rod-shaped crystal (boule). The molten semiconductor is doped N-type at the start. At a predetermined moment in the growth process a small pellet of a P-type dopant is added, almost immediately followed by a somewhat larger pellet of an N-type dopant. These dopants dissolve in the molten semiconductor changing the type of semiconductor subsequently grown. The resulting crystal has a thin layer of P-type material sandwiched between sections of N-type material. This P-type layer may be as little as a thousandth of an inch (25 μm) thick. The crystal is sliced, leaving the thin P-type layer in the center of the slice, then cut into bars. Each bar is made into a transistor by soldering its N-type ends to supporting and conducting leads, then welding a very fine gold lead to the central P-type layer, and finally encasing in a hermetically sealed can. A similar process, using the opposite dopants, makes a PNP grown-junction transistor.

The most difficult part of this process is welding the gold wire to the base layer, as the wire may have a larger diameter than the thickness of the base. To facilitate this operation, the gold wire is pointed or flattened until the end is thinner than the base layer. The tip of the gold wire is slid along the bar until electrical resistance measurement shows it is in contact with the base layer. At this time a pulse of current is applied, welding the wire in place. Unfortunately sometimes the weld is too large or slightly off center in the base layer. To avoid shorting the transistor, the gold wire is alloyed with a small amount of the same type dopant as used in the base. This causes the base layer to become slightly thicker at the point of the weld.

Grown-junction transistors rarely operated at frequencies above the audio range, due to their relatively thick base layers. Growing thin base layers was very hard to control and welding the wire to the base became harder the thinner it got. Higher-frequency operation could be obtained by welding a second wire on the opposite side of the base, making a tetrode transistor, and using special biasing on this second base connection.

See also
Alloy-junction transistor

References

External links
A History of the Invention of the Transistor and Where It Will Lead Us (PDF) Figure 4 shows first grown junction transistor.

Transistor types
Mohamed Al-Mady. Mohamed Al-Mady () was the Vice Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of Saudi Basic Industries Corporation (SABIC).

Biography

He is a chemical engineer, who joined SABIC at its inception in 1976. He earned his BSc at the University of Colorado at Boulder in 1973, and his MSc in chemical engineering from the University of Wyoming in 1975.

Before his appointment as Vice Chairman and CEO in 1998, he served as SABIC's General Director of Projects.

Al-Mady stepped down from the CEO position in February 2015, the same month he became the head of the Military Industries Corporation.

Al-Mady is also the Chairman of the Saudi Arabian Fertilizer Company (SAFCO), as well as being a member of the SABIC Research and Technology Executive Committee and SABIC Europe BV's Executive Board. He sits on the board of Aluminium Bahrain (ALBA) and on the US-Saudi Business Council, and heads the Saudi side of the Saudi-Taiwanese Joint Committee for Economic and Technical Cooperation.

In July 2007, Al-Mady was recognized as an Honorary Fellow of the London Business School.  The award was made at the School's annual Summer Congregation ceremony for graduates and award recipients in London, UK.  In 2009, he was awarded the international Petrochemical Heritage Award.

He is #34 on the Arabian Business list, as of 2009, having previously been #12.

References

Living people
Saudi Arabian chief executives
University of Colorado Boulder alumni
University of Wyoming alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
SABIC
System migration. System migration involves moving a set of  instructions or programs, e.g., PLC (programmable logic controller) programs, from one platform to another, minimizing reengineering.

Migration of systems can also involve downtime, while the old system is replaced with a new one.

Migration can be from a mainframe computer which has a closed architecture, to an open system which employ x86 servers. As well, migration can be from an open system to a Cloud Computing platform. The motivation for this can be the cost savings. Migration can be simplified by tools that can automatically convert data from one form to another. There are also tools to convert the code from one platform to another to be either compiled or interpreted.  Vendors of such tools include Micro Focus and Metamining. An alternative to converting the code is the use of software that can run the code from the old system on the new system. Examples are Oracle Tuxedo Application Rehosting Workbench,  Morphis - Transformer and products for LINC 4GL, Ispirer - products and services for database and application migration.

Migration may also be required when the hardware is no longer available. See JOVIAL.

See also
 Data conversion
 Data migration
 Data transformation
 Software migration
 Software modernization
 List of Linux adopters

References 

Software maintenance
Bobcat (microarchitecture). The AMD Bobcat Family 14h is a microarchitecture created by AMD for its AMD APUs, aimed at a low-power/low-cost market.

It was revealed during a speech from AMD executive vice-president Henri Richard in Computex 2007 and was put into production Q1 2011. One of the major supporters was executive vice-president Mario A. Rivas who felt it was difficult to compete in the x86 market with a single core optimized for the 10–100 W range and actively promoted the development of the simpler core with a target range of 1–10 W. In addition, it was believed that the core could migrate into the hand-held space if the power consumption can be reduced to less than 1 W.

Bobcat cores are used together with GPU cores in accelerated processing units (APUs) under the "Fusion" brand. A simplified architecture diagram was released at AMD's Analyst Day in November 2009. This is similar in concept with earlier AMD research in 2003, detailing the specifications and advantages of extending x86 "everywhere".

Design 
The Bobcat x86 CPU core design has since been completed and implemented in AMD APU processor products with a TDP of 18 W or less. The core is targeted at low-power markets like netbooks/nettops, ultra-portable laptops, consumer electronics and the embedded market. Since its launch, Bobcat-based CPUs have also been used by OEMs on larger laptops. Architecture specifics:
 64-bit core
 Out-of-order execution
 Advanced branch predictor
 Dual x86 instruction decoder
 64-bit integer unit with two ALUs
 Floating-point unit with two 64-bit pipes
 Single channel 64-bit memory controller
 32 KiB instruction + 32 KiB data L1 cache
 512 KiB - 1 MiB L2 cache
 MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSSE3, SSE4A, ABM

In February 2013, AMD detailed plans for a successor to Bobcat codenamed Jaguar.

Features  
APU features table

Processors 

In January 2011 AMD introduced several processors that have implemented the Bobcat core. This core is in the following AMD Accelerated Processors:

^ E-Series & C-Series are standard parts, G-Series are embedded parts

See also 
 Bulldozer, a new core for the 10 to 125 Watt TDP range.
 List of AMD processors with 3D graphics

References

External links 
 Dailytech report
 RegHardware report
 Bobcat presentation (video)  at ISSCC 2011
 AMD Home Page

AMD x86 microprocessors
AMD microarchitectures
X86 microarchitectures