omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Carl Alberg. Carl Alberg (11 April 1901 – 31 August 1986)  was a Swedish born naval architect known for his influence in early fiberglass boats.

Career 

Alberg moved to the United States in 1925 where he began working as a rigger then later as a spar maker. Alberg was then hired by John Alden as a designer.

His successful career and current fame as a designer however can be linked back to his partnership with Pearson Yachts and early fiberglass yacht construction.  Their first collaboration was the Pearson Triton, a 28 foot fiberglass yacht which today is still frequently seen sailing oceans around the world.  Alberg later designed several other models for Pearson yachts. He also designed the first model for Bristol yachts.

One of his most famous and popular designs is also one of his earliest, the Alberg 30 which was built by Whitby Boatworks in Canada as a one design club racer. This boat had a record breaking production run of over 750 boats spanning 22 years and proved a good platform for ocean cruising.

Another successful partnership was with Cape Dory Yachts who produced 10 different models designed by Alberg.

Designs

Alberg's boat designs include:
Malabar Junior - 1935
Coastwise Cruiser - 1938
Hinckley 21 - 1946
US One-Design - 1946
Pearson Triton - 1958
Sea Sprite 23 - 1958
Odyssey 30 - 1960
Pearson Electra - 1960
Alberg 35 - 1961
Hawk 16 - 1961
Alberg 30 - 1962
Arial 26 - 1962
Pearson Ensign - 1962
Douglas 22 - 1963
North American 22 - 1963
Commander 26 - 1964
Jouet Triton - 1965
South Coast 21 - 1965
South Coast 23 - 1965
Bristol 19 - 1966
Bristol 27 - 1966
Corinthian 19 - 1966
Kittiwake 23 - 1966
Alberg 37 - 1967
South Coast 22 - 1968
Alberg 22 - 1970
Alberg 23 - 1970
Cape Dory 28 - 1974
Typhoon 18 - 1974
Alberg 29 - 1976
Cape Dory 30C - 1976
Cape Dory 30K - 1976
Cape Dory 27 - 1977
Cape Dory 36 - 1978
Eclipse 6.7 - 1978
Cape Dory 33 - 1980
Cape Dory 22 - 1981
Cape Dory 25D - 1981
Cape Dory 45 - 1982
Cape Dory 31 - 1983
Alberg 34 - 1984
Cape Dory 26 - 1984
Cape Dory 40 - 1984
Typhoon Senior - 1984
Cape Dory 330 - 1985
Cape Dory 32 - 1986
Robinhood 36 - 1992
Robinhood 40 - 1996

External links 

 Carl Alberg's bio and list of designs at sailboat.guide
 Lists of boats designed by Carl Alberg

References

Swedish yacht designers
1986 deaths
1901 births
Equilibrium level. In meteorology, the equilibrium level (EL), or level of neutral buoyancy (LNB), or limit of convection (LOC), is the height at which a rising parcel of air is at the same temperature as its environment. 

This means that unstable air is now stable when it reaches the equilibrium level and convection stops. This level is often near the tropopause and can be indicated as near where the anvil of a thunderstorm because it is where the thunderstorm updraft is finally cut off, except in the case of overshooting tops where it continues rising to the maximum parcel level (MPL) due to momentum. More precisely, the cumulonimbus will stop rising around a few kilometres prior to reaching the level of neutral buoyancy and on average anvil glaciation occurs at a higher altitude over land than over sea (despite little difference in LNB from land to sea).

See also 
 Atmospheric thermodynamics
 Convective instability
 Level of free convection
 Lifted condensation level

References

External links 
 The Difference Between the Equilibrium Level and Maximum Parcel Level
 Identity of Storm Features

Severe weather and convection
Atmospheric thermodynamics
Buoyancy
Membrane analogy. The elastic membrane analogy, also known as the soap-film analogy, was first published by pioneering aerodynamicist Ludwig Prandtl in 1903.

It describes the stress distribution on a long bar in torsion.  The cross section of the bar is constant along its length, and need not be circular. The differential equation that governs the stress distribution on the bar in torsion is of the same form as the equation governing the shape of a membrane under differential pressure.  Therefore, in order to discover the stress distribution on the bar, all one has to do is cut the shape of the cross section out of a piece of wood, cover it with a soap film, and apply a differential pressure across it.  Then the slope of the soap film at any area of the cross section is directly proportional to the stress in the bar at the same point on its cross section.

Application to thin-walled, open cross sections
While the membrane analogy allows the stress distribution on any cross section to be determined experimentally, it also allows the stress distribution on thin-walled, open cross sections to be determined by the same theoretical approach that describes the behavior of rectangular sections.  Using the membrane analogy, any thin-walled cross section can be "stretched out" into a rectangle without affecting the stress distribution under torsion.  The maximum shear stress, therefore, occurs at the edge of the midpoint of the stretched cross section, and is equal to , where T is the torque applied, b is the length of the stretched cross section, and t is the thickness of the cross section.

It can be shown that the differential equation for the deflection surface of a homogeneous membrane, subjected to uniform lateral pressure and with uniform surface tension and with the same outline as that of the cross section of a bar under torsion, has the same form as that governing the stress distribution over the cross section of a bar under torsion.

This analogy was originally proposed by Ludwig Prandtl in 1903.

Other applications

Prandtl's stretched-membrane concept was used extensively in the field of electron tube ("vacuum tube") design (1930's to 1960's) to model the trajectory of electrons within a device. The model is constructed by uniformly stretching a thin rubber sheet over a frame, and deforming the sheet upwards with physical models of electrodes, impressed into the sheet from below. The entire assembly is tilted, and steel balls (as electron analogs) rolled down the assembly and the trajectories noted. The curved surface surrounding the "electrodes" represents the complex increase in field strength as the electron-analog approaches the "electrode"; the upward distortion in the sheet is a close analogy to field strength.

References

. Especially Chapter XIV, articles 215 through 224.  "This Dover edition, first published in 1944, is an unaltered and unabridged republication of the fourth (1927) edition."

Mechanics
Solid mechanics
Structural analysis
Analogy
Aeromarine 700. The Aeromarine 700 was an early US Navy seaplane developed in 1917 to investigate the feasibility of using aircraft to launch torpedoes. The aircraft itself was a large biplane of conventional three-bay configuration equipped with two pontoons, powered by a  Aeromarine K-6. Only six examples were built (AS142-AS144, all of which were damaged early on, with parts of AS143 being used to repair AS440 of the 2nd batch , AS439-AS441.

Operators
 US Navy

References

 Taylor, J. H. (ed) (1989) Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions: London. p. 29

Floatplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
1910s United States bomber aircraft
700
Aircraft first flown in 1917
Single-engined piston aircraft
Aeromarine AS. The Aeromarine AS was a seaplane fighter aircraft evaluated by the US Navy in the early 1920s.

Development and design
Other than the vertical stabilizer, it was configured as a conventional two-bay biplane on twin pontoons, with two seats. The sole example of the original design, designated AS-1 had an inverted fin. After evaluation testing, the Navy ordered two aircraft, designated AS-2. The AS-2 had cruciform tails and larger radiators, and ailerons on both upper and lower wings.

Variants
A.S.-1 1 built
A.S.-2 2 built

Specifications (AS-1)

References

Citations

Bibliography
 
 Taylor, J. H. (ed) (1989) Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions: London. p. 29

External links

Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
1920s United States fighter aircraft
Floatplanes
AS
Ease. Ease or EASE may refer to:

Computing
 Ease (programming language)
 Enhanced Acoustic Simulator for Engineers, software for optimizing acoustics

Health and medicine
 Methylone, marketed briefly in New Zealand as Ease
Examination of Anomalous Self-Experience, to detect self-disorder

Other uses
 Ease (sewing), the amount of room a garment allows the wearer beyond the measurements of their body
 Ease, a 1985 novel by Patrick Gale
 EASE/ACCESS, a pair of 1985 space shuttle flight experiments 
 European Association of Science Editors, a non-profit membership organisation

See also 

Easy (disambiguation)
 At Ease
 Usability
Ease-in and ease-out, methods of inbetweening in animation
Aeromere. Aeromere was an Italian aircraft manufacturing firm established at Trento in 1957 to build Aviamilano Super Falco aircraft for the US market and the Aeromere M-100 sailplane for Italy's gliding clubs. In 1964, it was purchased by the Laverda group.

References
 Gunston, Bill. (1993). World Encyclopaedia of Aircraft Manufacturers. Naval Institute Press: Annapolis, Maryland. pp. 14 & 178.

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Italy
Caproni
Moni Naor. Moni Naor () is an Israeli computer scientist, currently a professor at the Weizmann Institute of Science. Naor received his Ph.D. in 1989 at the University of California, Berkeley. His advisor was Manuel Blum.

He works in various fields of computer science, mainly the foundations of cryptography. He is notable for initiating research on public key systems secure against chosen ciphertext attack and creating non-malleable cryptography, visual cryptography (with Adi Shamir), and suggesting various methods for verifying that users of a computer system are human (leading to the notion of CAPTCHA). His research on Small-bias sample space, give a general framework for combining small k-wise independent spaces with small -biased spaces to obtain -almost k-wise independent spaces of small size. In 1994 he was the first, with Amos Fiat, to formally study the problem of practical broadcast encryption. Along with Benny Chor, Amos Fiat, and Benny Pinkas, he made a contribution to the development of Traitor tracing, a copyright infringement detection system which works by tracing the source of leaked files rather than by direct copy protection.

Bibliography 

 Cynthia Dwork, Jeff Lotspiech and Moni Naor, Digital Signets: Self-Enforcing Protection of Digital Information.
 Dalit Naor, Moni Naor and Jeff Lotspiech, Revocation and Tracing Schemes for Stateless Receivers.
 David Chaum, Amos Fiat and Moni Naor, Untraceable Electronic Cash, 1990.
 Amos Fiat and Moni Naor, Implicit O(1) Probe Search, SIAM J. Computing 22: 1-10 (1993).
 Amos Fiat and Moni Naor, Broadcast Encryption, 1994.
 Moni Naor and Benny Pinkas, Threshold Traitor Tracing, Crypto 98.
 Moni Naor and Benny Pinkas, Efficient Trace and Revoke Schemes, FC'2000.
 Benny Chor, Amos Fiat, Moni Naor and Benny Pinkas, Tracing Traitors, IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, Vol. 46(3), pp. 893–910, 2000.

Honors and awards
 2008: Named an IACR fellow
 2014: The Gödel Prize (with co-authors)
 2016: The Paris Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award of the Association for Computing Machinery (with Amos Fiat)
 2022: The 30-year Test-of-Time STOC Award for his 1991 STOC paper “Non-Malleable Cryptography” (with Cynthia Dwork and Danny Dolev)
 2022: RSA Award for Excellence in Mathematics (with Cynthia Dwork)
 2024: Rothschild Prize in Computer Science for 2024

References

Sources 
 Moni Naor's website at the Weizmann Institute
 Verification of a human in the loop or Identification via the Turing Test
 Visual Cryptography
 
 IACR fellow 2008 announcement

Israeli computer scientists
Israeli cryptographers
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Academic staff of Weizmann Institute of Science
Theoretical computer scientists
Researchers in distributed computing
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology alumni
Educators from Haifa
Living people
1961 births
International Association for Cryptologic Research fellows
Gödel Prize laureates
ASCEND. ASCEND is an open source, mathematical modelling chemical process modelling system developed at Carnegie Mellon University since late 1978. ASCEND is an acronym which stands for Advanced System for Computations in Engineering Design. Its main uses have been in the field of chemical process modelling although its capabilities are general. 

ASCEND includes nonlinear algebraic solvers, differential/algebraic equation solvers, nonlinear optimization and modelling of multi-region 'conditional models'. Its matrix operations are supported by an efficient sparse matrix solver called mtx.

ASCEND differs from earlier modelling systems because it separates the solving strategy from model building. So domain experts (people writing the models) and computational engineers (people writing the solver code) can work separately in developing ASCEND. Together with a number of other early modelling tools, its architecture helped to inspire newer languages such as Modelica. It was recognised for its flexible use of variables and parameters, which it always treats as solvable, if desired

The software remains as an active open-source software project, and has been part of the Google Summer of Code programme in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 (under the Python Software Foundation) and has been accepted for the 2015 programme as well.

See also
 Art Westerberg
 AMPL
 APMonitor
 EMSO
 JModelica.org
 Modelica
 List of chemical process simulators

References

External links
 

Simulation programming languages
Mathematical optimization software
Free simulation software
Free software programmed in Tcl
Declarative programming languages
Object-oriented programming
Free software programmed in Python
Software that uses Tk (software)
Software using the GNU General Public License
Friction modifier. Friction modifiers are added to lubricants in order to reduce friction and wear in machine components. They are particularly important in the boundary lubrication regime, where they can prevent solid surfaces from coming into direct contact, substantially reducing friction and wear.

Several classes of friction modifier additives exist, the main examples being organic friction modifiers (OFMs), oil-soluble organo-molybdenum additives, functionalized polymers, and dispersed nanoparticles. 
 OFMs are amphiphilic surfactants, such as fatty acids, often derived from fats and vegetable oils. OFMs are important additives in modern engine oils and are also employed in fuels. They adsorb on metal surfaces and self-assemble to form incompressible monolayers which prevent asperity contact and reduce friction and wear.
 Organo-molybdenum compounds, were initially developed as antiwear additives but were later recognized to be very effective in reducing boundary friction. They are currently used in many engine oils and, more recently, in gear oils. They reduce friction by forming two-dimensional molybdenum disulphide layers on rubbing surfaces.
 Functionalized polymers, which can be tailored to adsorb specifically on polar surfaces, have been shown to markedly reduce friction and wear.
 Dispersed nanoparticles have been shown to reduce boundary friction, but they have not yet found widespread employment in industrial applications.
Reduction of frictional losses and through more efficient lubrication is a key target in order to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. One approach has been to progressively reduce lubricant viscosity to minimize hydrodynamic shear, churning and pumping losses. However, this means that an increased number of components operate under boundary lubrication conditions. This has led to a resurgence in interest in friction modifier additives, particularly OFMs. For example, recent tribology experiments and molecular dynamics simulations have given new insights into their behaviour under boundary lubrication conditions.

See also

References

Lubricants
Oil additives
Harbin University of Science and Technology. The Harbin University of Science and Technology (HRBUST; ) is a provincial public university in Harbin, Heilongjiang, China. The university is affiliated with the Province of Heilongjiang, and co-sponsored by the provincial government and SASTIND.

The university was established in 1995 by the merger of Harbin Science and Technology University, Harbin Electrical Engineering College, and Harbin Industrial Higher Vocational School.

It has four campuses: East Campus, West Campus, South Campus, and North Campus in three districts: Daoli, Nangang, and Xiangfang, covering over 1,275,000 m2, with a total building area of more than 850,000 m2, its fixed assets being ¥1.032 billion RMB. The library has a collection of 2.075 million books and about 4,900 Chinese and foreign journals and periodicals.

References

External links
Harbin University of Science and Technology (HrbUST) 
哈尔滨理工大学官网 
Official website of Hrbust  

Universities and colleges in Heilongjiang
Universities and colleges in Harbin
Technical universities and colleges in China
Universities and colleges established in 1950
1950 establishments in China
Clearwater Lake (Missouri). Clearwater Lake is a reservoir on the Black River,  from Piedmont, Missouri. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers uses Clearwater for flood control in the White and lower Mississippi River Basins.

Clearwater Lake was so named on account of its clear, spring-fed water. Construction began in 1940 but was halted temporarily at the advent of World War II. Clearwater Lake Dam opened in 1948 as an earthen and concrete dam,  high.  The lake has a surface area of about .

Though recreation was not part of the lake's initial mission, Clearwater now offers boating, swimming, and camping facilities.

See also
Arkansas Game and Fish Commission v. United States, 568 U.S. ___ (2012), a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States regarding whether the federal government could be liable for property damage caused by the release of flood waters from Clearwater Dam.

References

External links

Clearwater Lake Association

Reservoirs in Missouri
Protected areas of Reynolds County, Missouri
Protected areas of Wayne County, Missouri
Buildings and structures in Reynolds County, Missouri
Buildings and structures in Wayne County, Missouri
Dams in Missouri
United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
Bodies of water of Reynolds County, Missouri
Bodies of water of Wayne County, Missouri
Black River (Arkansas–Missouri)
Aeronautica Umbra Trojani AUT.18. The AUT.18 was a prototype fighter aircraft developed in Italy by Aeronautica Umbra shortly before the outbreak of World War II. It was designed in 1934 by Felice Trojani, who at that time was collaborating with Umberto Nobile on the Arctic flights of the airships Norge and Italia. The aircraft's designation came from initials of the manufacturer, the surname of the designer, and the aircraft's wing area (18 m2), the sole prototype receiving the serial no. M.M.363.

Design & Development
Born from the same Regia Aeronautica requirement that spawned the Caproni-Vizzola F.5, FIAT G.50, Macchi C.200, Meridionali Ro 51 and Reggiane Re 2000 fighters, the A.U.T.18 flew for the first time on 22 April 1939, powered by a  Fiat A.80 R.C.41 radial engine. The fighter had an all-metal stressed-skin structure, covered in duralumin, featuring an inwardly-retracting undercarriage and retractable tail-wheel and was armed with two  Breda-SAFAT machine-guns mounted in the wings just outboard of the undercarriage.

Flight trials proved disappointing and lagged behind the other fighters in Progetto R - the modernisation (riammodernamento) of the Regia Aeronautica. With no production orders forthcoming, despite the prototype being returned to the Umbra factory at Foligno for modifications on 20 February 1940 and a second flight test series from 5 November 1940, no improvement was demonstrated over fighters already in production so the A.U.T.18 was abandoned.

Operational history
After delivery to the Regia Aeronautica on 5 November 1940 the fate of the prototype is not known, possibly being transferred to Germany for evaluation, it was also rumoured to have been captured by British forces, but it is more likely that it was destroyed in a raid after its transfer to Orvieto.

Specifications (AUT.18)

See also

Further reading
Taylor, J. H. (ed) (1989) Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. Studio Editions: London. p. 30
F. Trojani, La coda di Minosse, Mursia, Milano, 1964
Lanfranco Cesari, AUSA - Una fabbrica una storia, Pro Foligno, Foligno, 2004
R. Gentilli L'aviazione da caccia italiana 1918-1939. Volume 2o: tecnica, stemmi, esportazioni, Ed.A.I. s.r.l., Firenze, 1982

Single-engined tractor aircraft
1930s Italian fighter aircraft
Aeronautica Umbra aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aeronautica Umbra. Aeronautica Umbra SA was an Italian aircraft manufacturer founded at Foligno in 1935 by Muzio Macchi. The firm produced SM.79 bombers for the Regia Aeronautica but never enjoyed success with its own designs. Its best-known attempt was the AUT.18 fighter of 1936. Another promising prototype, the MB.902 had two Daimler-Benz DB 605 engines within the fuselage, driving contra-rotating propellers mounted on the wings, but this was destroyed without ever having flown.

After World War II, the company re-formed and in 1968 commenced work on a design for a three-engine STOL transport aircraft designated the AUM-903. This, however, was never actually built, although the company did manufacture Scheibe Falke under licence for a time.

See also

 List of Italian companies

References
 Gunston, Bill. (1993). World Encyclopaedia of Aircraft Manufacturers. Naval Institute Press: Annapolis, Maryland. pp. 32, 311

 
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Italy
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1935
Italian companies established in 1935
Aermacchi
Alenia Aermacchi
Foligno
Defence companies of Italy