omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Engebret Soot. Engebret Olsen Soot (26 May 1786 – 3 March 1859) was a Norwegian engineer. He was one of Norway's first canal builders and joined the timber channels at Otteid and Mangen-Grasmo. He is known as the father of the Fredrikshald Canal (now known as the Halden Canal) in south-eastern Norway. He constructed locks and canals for the transport of both watercraft and timber.

Biography
Engebret Olsen Soot was born in Aurskog (now Aurskog-Høland) in Akershus, Norway.  He started his career as a blacksmith and carpenter. In 1804, he built a mill on the Sotbekken, a small river at Lierfoss in Aurskog-Høland. From 1816 until 1825, he was a caretaker at the Mangenskogen forest in Aurskog-Høland. From 1827 to 1846 he was an inspector on the Halden watercourse () in Østfold and Akershus.

In 1824 he built works from Fredrikshald to enable log transport from Stora Le in Dalsland, Sweden, into the Fredrikshald watershed. Soot built Otteidkanalen, Norway's first canal in Østre Otteid between the years 1825 and 1827. The new log floating channel of 775 meters enabled the transport of logs to Halden.

In 1849 he opened Soot Canal, Norway's first canal with locks. It was built to allow timber to be transported (floated) to the Halden sawmills. The canal was 1.5 km long and had 16 locks which extended from Lake Skjervangen at 185 m above sea level up to Lake Mortsjølungen at 201 m above sea level. This was followed by the Halden Canal for boats. In 1858, 414 ships with a total of 950 passengers passed through the locks. He died in 1859 at Strømsfoss in Øymark (now  Marker) in Østfold.

References

External links
Canal Museum at Ørje (Norwegian) 

1786 births
1859 deaths
Norwegian civil engineers
People from Aurskog-Høland
Computational chemical methods in solid-state physics. Computational chemical methods in solid-state physics follow the same approach as they do for molecules, but with two differences. First, the translational symmetry of the solid has to be utilised, and second, it is possible to use completely delocalised basis functions such as plane waves as an alternative to the molecular atom-centered basis functions.  The electronic structure of a crystal is in general described by a band structure, which defines the energies of electron orbitals for each point in the Brillouin zone. Ab initio and semi-empirical calculations yield orbital energies, therefore they can be applied to band structure calculations. Since it is time-consuming to calculate the energy for a molecule, it is even more time-consuming to calculate them for the entire list of points in the Brillouin zone.

Calculations can use the Hartree–Fock method, some post-Hartree–Fock methods, particularly Møller–Plesset perturbation theory to second order (MP2) and density functional theory (DFT).

See also
List of quantum chemistry and solid-state physics software

References
Computational Chemistry, David Young, Wiley-Interscience, 2001. Chapter 41, pg 318. The extensive references in that chapter provide further reading on this topic.
 Computational Chemistry and molecular modeling Principles and applications, K.I. Ramachandran, G.Deepa and Krishnan namboori P.K.,  Springer-Verlag GmbH 

Computational chemistry
Theoretical chemistry
Computational science
Condensed matter physics
Computational physics

fr:Chimie numérique#Méthodes de chimie numérique dans les systèmes solides
Mirai (software). Mirai is a 3D creation and editing suite available originally from Nichimen Graphics Corporation, later from Winged Edge Technologies, and currently from Izware. The modeller uses the winged edge data structure, is written in Common Lisp, and traces its lineage to the S-Geometry software from Symbolics. It has been used primarily by game developers and high-end character animators—for example by Bay Raitt's facial morph targets for the Gollum character in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy.

See also
 N-World graphics software
 Wings 3D graphics software

References

External links
 
 The Two Towers: Face to Face with Gollum

3D graphics software
Common Lisp (programming language) software
Metal-coated crystal. Metal-coated crystals are artificial products made by coating crystals, such as quartz, with metal to give them an iridescent metallic sheen. Crystals treated this way are used as gemstones and for other decorative purposes. Possible coatings include gold, indium, titanium, niobium and copper. Other names for crystals treated in this way include aqua aura, angel aura, flame aura, opal aura or rainbow quartz.

Production 

Such products are created in a vacuum chamber by vapour deposition. Quartz is heated to 871 °C in vacuum, and golden wire is heated to even higher temperature, either by resistive heating with direct electrical current, or by magnetron. Gold sublimation (phase transition) occurs, the resulting vapor depositing onto the crystal's surface. 

When viewed under a gemological microscope in diffused direct transmitted light, aqua aura displays the following properties:
a coppery surface iridescence in tangential illumination
diffused dark outlines of some facet junctions
a patchy blue colour distribution on some facets
white facet junctions, irregular white abrasions and surface pits, where the treatment either did not "take" or had been abraded away.

The brilliant color of these products is the result of optical interference effects produced by layers of metal.

In culture 
American animated series Steven Universe introduced two versions of Rainbow Quartz, a personified fusion of two distinct gem characters: in 2015 with Pearl and Rose Quartz forming the first Rainbow Quartz, and in 2019 with Pearl and Steven forming Rainbow Quartz 2.0.

See also
Rhinestone

References

External links

Crystals
Gemstones
List of alumni of the University of Hong Kong. This is a brief list of notable graduates of the University of Hong Kong (HKU). For a detailed version, please refer to the Chinese version of this article.



Faculty of Arts

Faculty of Business and Economics

Faculty of Engineering

Faculty of Law

Faculty of Medicine (Renamed as Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine in 2006)

Faculty of Science

Faculty of Social Sciences

See also

References

 
University of Hong Kong
Jay Cashman. Jay Cashman, Inc. is a privately held multi-disciplinary construction and development company, founded and owned by Jay M. Cashman. It is one of the largest privately held contracting firms in the northeastern United States. 
The company has moved offices several times within the Boston area and has offices in three states and India. , the company had approximately 1,000 employees. The company was one of the major contractors on Boston's Central Artery/Tunnel Project. In 2004, the company took over financial management of a competing firm, Modern Continental Construction, at the request of Modern Continental's bondholders; the company does not, however, have an ownership stake in Modern Continental.

In 2011, Jay Cashman, Inc. purchased Kilkea Castle, one of the oldest inhabited castles in Ireland, just one hour from Dublin. Following a renovation, the hotel reopened in 2017.  

The firm is also involved in the dredging business and other marine construction projects, and owns marine-equipment leasing company, Sterling Equipment. A subsidiary, Patriot Renewables, is the developer of a proposed wind farm in Buzzards Bay, South Coast Wind.

Jay Cashman, the company's founder and chairman of the board is a 1975 graduate of the Boston University School of Management. He received the school's Alumni Award for Distinguished Service in 2004.

References

External links
Official Homepage

Companies based in Massachusetts
Boston University School of Management alumni
American chief executives
Fault (technology). In engineering, a fault is a defect or problem in a system that causes it to fail or act abnormally.

The ISO document 10303-226 defines fault as an abnormal condition or defect at the component, equipment, or sub-system level which may lead to a failure.

The United States Glossary of Telecommunication Terms defines fault for telecommunications as: 
An accidental condition that causes a functional unit to fail to perform its required function. See .
A defect that causes a reproducible or catastrophic malfunction. A malfunction is considered reproducible if it occurs consistently under the same circumstances. See .
 In power systems, an unintentional short circuit, or partial short circuit, between energized conductors or between an energized conductor and ground.   A distinction can be made between symmetric and asymmetric faults. See Fault (power engineering).

Random fault 
A random fault occurs as a result of wear or other deterioration. 

Since deterioration progresses somewhat randomly, predicting when a particular unit will develop a fault is not possible. But the rate at which a particular fault occurs among a large number of units often can be predicted with significant accuracy. 

Manufacturers often accept random faults as a risk if the chances are virtually negligible.

A fault can happen in virtually any object or appliance, most common with electronics and machinery.

For example, an Xbox 360 console will deteriorate over time due to dust buildup in the fans. This will cause the Xbox to overheat, cause an error, and shut the console down.

Systematic fault 
A Systematic fault results from an error in design such that every copy has the same fault. Sometimes a systematic fault remains undetected for a long time even if many copies are in use. The fault might be triggered when conditions change and could fail in every copy at the same time.

Software can have faults, a.k.a. bugs, but since software cannot deteriorate, all faults are systematic.

See also
Product defect
Reliability engineering
Software bug
Defect (disambiguation)
Fault (disambiguation)

Fault tolerance
Technological failures

it:Avaria
J. F. White Contracting Co.. J. F. White Contracting Co. is a Massachusetts-based contracting company specializing in heavy civil construction, deep foundations, pile driving, and mechanical/electrical construction. Founded in 1924, the company is headquartered in Framingham, Massachusetts. The company has performed work primarily in the New England area of America. In 2014, J.F. White Contracting Company was acquired by Dragados USA.

History 
J.F. White Contracting Co. was formally founded in 1924 by Joseph F. White, Sr. who had started his business years prior to the company's formal organization. He bought his first truck in 1918 and steam shovel in 1922. From 1924 to 1930, the company excavated the foundations for the Statler Hotel & Office Building, the Aetna Headquarters, the Sears Building in Boston, the Harvard Business School, the Fogg Art Museum. The company also built the Foxboro Stadium. 

In 1945, White's sons Thomas J. White, Joseph White Jr. and John White returned from World War II and took over the business. The sons focused the firm's work on pursuing public works contracts offered by the Metropolitan District Commission. The Charles River dam project was their first major heavy civil project. The successful completion of this contract in 1978 led to the establishment of J.F. White as a respected heavy civil contractor.

Major Projects
The company played a key role in the Boston Big Dig project. Notable contracts during the Big Dig included the Ted Williams Tunnel (Joint venture with Morrison-Knudsen and Interbeton), the North End section of the Central Artery tunnel (CA/T) (Joint Venture with the Slattery division of Skanska USA and Tutor Perini), and the Central Artery I-90/I-93 jacked tunnel which involved ground freezing.

J.F. White was part of a joint venture with Skanska Civil USA and Ecco III Enterprises on the $1.1 Billion contract to build the Catskill-Delaware Water Ultraviolet Disinfection Facility.

Ownership and Leadership 
In 2014, the firm was sold to ACS Group for an undisclosed amount after being operated by three generations of the White Family.

References

External links
J.F. White Contracting Co. 

Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
Companies based in Framingham, Massachusetts
Doug Lea. Douglas S. Lea is a professor of computer science and current head of the computer science department at State University of New York at Oswego, where he specializes in concurrent programming and the design of concurrent data structures. He was on the Executive Committee of the Java Community Process and chaired JSR 166, which added concurrency utilities to the Java programming language (see Java concurrency).  On October 22, 2010, Doug Lea notified the Java Community Process Executive Committee he would not stand for reelection. Lea was re-elected as an at-large member for the 2012 OpenJDK governing board.

Publications
He wrote Concurrent Programming in Java: Design Principles and Patterns, one of the first books about the subject. It is currently in its second edition. He is also the author of dlmalloc, a widely used public-domain implementation of malloc.

Awards
In 2010, he won the senior Dahl-Nygaard Prize.

In 2013, he became a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.

Bibliography
 Concurrent Programming in Java: Design Principles and Patterns, first edition: 1997; second edition: , 1999
 Java Concurrency in Practice, , 2006 (co-authored with Joshua Bloch, Brian Goetz, Tim Peierls, Joseph Bowbeer, and David Holmes)

References

External links
Doug Lea's home page
Concurrent Programming in Java: Design Principles and Patterns
Java Community Process Executive Committee
JSR 166: Concurrency Utilities

American computer scientists
American computer programmers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
State University of New York at Oswego faculty
2013 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Dahl–Nygaard Prize
Statistical field theory. In theoretical physics, statistical field theory (SFT) is a theoretical framework that describes phase transitions. It does not denote a single theory but encompasses many models, including for magnetism, superconductivity, superfluidity, topological phase transition, wetting as well as non-equilibrium phase transitions. A SFT is any model in statistical mechanics where the degrees of freedom comprise a field or fields. In other words, the microstates of the system are expressed through field configurations. It is closely related to quantum field theory, which describes the quantum mechanics of fields, and shares with it many techniques, such as the path integral formulation and renormalization.
If the system involves polymers, it is also known as polymer field theory.

In fact, by performing a Wick rotation from Minkowski space to Euclidean space, many results of statistical field theory can be applied directly to its quantum equivalent. The correlation functions of a statistical field theory are called Schwinger functions, and their properties are described by the Osterwalder–Schrader axioms.

Statistical field theories are widely used to describe systems in polymer physics or biophysics, such as polymer films, nanostructured block copolymers or polyelectrolytes.

Notes

References

External links
Problems in Statistical Field Theory
Particle and Polymer Field Theory Group

Applied mathematics
Mathematical physics
 
Quantum field theory
TIM-011. TIM 011 is an educational or personal computer for school  microcomputer developed by Mihajlo Pupin Institute of Serbia in 1987. There were about 1200 TIM-011 computers in Serbian schools in the starting from 1987 and in 1990s.

It were based on CP/M with Hitachi HD64180, Z80A enhanced CPU with MMU, 256KB RAM standard, 3.5" floppy drives and integrated 512 X 256 green-screen monitors with 4 levels of intensity.

Reference literature
 Dragoljub Milićević, Dušan Hristović (Ed): "Računari TIM" (TIM Computers), Naučna knjiga, Belgrade 1990.
 D.B.Vujaklija, N.Markovic (Ed): "50 Years of Computing in Serbia (50 godina računarstva u Srbiji- Hronika digitalnih decenija)", DIS, IMP and PC-Press, Belgrade 2011.

References

Z80-based home computers
Personal computers
Microcomputers
Mihajlo Pupin Institute
Computer-related introductions in 1987
Denis Johnson (inventor). Denis Johnson ( – 25 December 1833) was an English coachmaker who worked on Long Acre, London, England. He was a pioneer bicycle-maker.

Biography
Johnson was married to Mary Newman in St Anne's Church, Soho in 1792 and they had two daughters. He worked out of 75 Long Acre for about 15 years from 1818. Johnson continued as a coachmaker until he died on Christmas Day 1833. The family business continued to trade here until 1867.

Bicycle maker

Johnson created an improved version of the German Karl Drais's Draisine, the archetypal bicycle. Johnson's pedestrian curricle was patented in London in December 1818, becoming Britain's first bicycle. It featured an elegantly curved wooden frame, allowing the use of larger wooden wheels.  Several parts were made of metal, which allowed the vehicle to be lighter than the continental version.

Although Johnson referred to his machine as a ‘pedestrian curricle’, it was formally referred to as a ‘velocipede’, and popularly as a ‘Hobby-horse’, ‘Dandy-horse’, ‘Pedestrian's accelerator’, ‘Swift walker’ and by a variety of other names.

Johnson made at least 320 velocipedes in the early part of 1819.  He also opened riding schools in the Strand and Soho.  In May 1819 he introduced a dropped-frame version for ladies to accommodate their long skirts (see image).

For about six months the machine had a high profile in London and elsewhere, its principal riders being the Regency dandies. About eighty prints were produced in London, depicting the 'hobby-horse' and its users, not always in a flattering light. Johnson undertook a tour of England in the spring of 1819 to exhibit and publicise the item.  Nevertheless, by the summer of the same year the craze was dying out, and a health warning against the continued use of the velocipede was issued by the London Surgeons.

In Johnson's machine, like that of von Drais, propulsion was simply by ‘swift walking’, with the rider striking his (or her) feet on the ground alternately. However, it led directly (albeit after a long delay) to the invention of the bicycle in the 1860s, when rotary cranks and pedals were attached to the front-wheel hub of a machine based on Johnson's.

Legacy
A memorial plaque at 69–75 Long Acre, Covent Garden, the former site of his workshop, was unveiled on 2 July 1998 by Tony Banks MP, Minister for Sport.

References

External links
Bicycle history
Thinkquest
Canada Science and Technology Museum

1833 deaths
Year of birth uncertain
English inventors
British cycle designers
European Home Systems Protocol. European Home Systems (EHS) Protocol was a communication protocol aimed at home appliances control and communication using power line communication (PLC), developed by the European Home Systems Association (EHSA).

After merging with two other protocols, it is a part of the KNX standard, which complies with the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) norm EN 50090 and has a chance to be a basis for the first open standard for home and building control.

See also 
 Building automation
 Home automation

External links 
 Home Automation with EHS: Cheap But Slow - Nikkei Electronics Asia
 www.cenelec.eu  - European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
 www.konnex.org - association aimed at development of home and building control systems.

Home automation
Network protocols
MGARJS. The Mobile Ground-to-Air Radar Jamming System (MGARJS) provides electronic warfare field support capability to protect high-value targets and installations.

The MGARJS consists of mobile stations placed strategically about high-value installations. The exact complement of station types and quantities is tailored to the mission requirements. An electronic support measures subsystem provides initial interception and tracking of the target radar systems and commands the electronic countermeasure subsystems to track and jam airborne radar systems. The system is configured to minimize activation time.

A mobile field maintenance station provides support to other stations and also can act as a communication relay node if the deployment scenario requires.

The system provides:

Air surveillance, acquisition, and analysis of airborne radar systems
Directed electronic countermeasures to deny the effective use of those radar systems
Radar track integration with air defense networks

See also
Electronic warfare support measures (ESM)

External links
ATK - International Products - MGARJS

Electronic countermeasures
Bragg–Gray cavity theory. Bragg–Gray cavity theory relates the radiation dose in a cavity volume of material  to the dose that would exist in a surrounding medium  in the absence of the cavity volume.  It was developed in 1936 by British scientists Louis Harold Gray, William Henry Bragg, and William Lawrence Bragg.

Most often, material  is assumed to be a gas, however Bragg–Gray cavity theory applies to any cavity volume (gas, liquid, or solid) that meets the following Bragg-Gray conditions.

 The dimensions of the cavity containing  is small with respect to the range of charged particles striking the cavity so that the cavity does not perturb the charged particle field.  That is, the cavity does not change the number, energy, or direction of the charged particles that would exist in  in the absence of the cavity.
 The absorbed dose in the cavity containing  is deposited entirely by charged particles crossing it.

When the Bragg-Gray conditions are met,  then
,
where
 is the dose to material  (SI unit Gray)
 is the dose to the cavity material   (SI unit Gray)
 is the ratio of the mass-electronic stopping powers (also known as mass-collision stopping powers) of  and  averaged over the charged particle fluence crossing the cavity.

In an ionization chamber, the dose to material  (typically a gas) is

where
 is the ionization per unit volume produced in the  (SI unit Coulomb)
 is the mass of the gas (SI unit kg)
 is the mean energy required to produce an ion pair in  divided by the charge of an electron (SI units Joules/Coulomb)

See also
 Ionizing radiation
 Ionization chamber

Sources
 Khan, F. M. (2003). The physics of radiation therapy (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia. .

 Attix, F.H. (1986). Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry, Wiley-Interscience: New York. .

Physics theorems
Slant. Slant can refer to:

Bias 
Bias or other non-objectivity in journalism, politics, academia or other fields

Technical 
 Slant range, in telecommunications, the line-of-sight distance between two points which are not at the same level
Slant drilling (or Directional drilling), the practice of drilling non-vertical wells
 Slant height, is the distance from any point on the circle to the apex of a right circular cone

Automotive 
Slant-4 engine (disambiguation), a type of car engine
Triumph Slant-4 engine, an engine developed by Triumph
Chrysler Slant-6 engine, an engine developed by Chrysler
R40 (New York City Subway car), Slant version.

Publications 
Slant (journal), a Catholic journal
The Slant, a student humor magazine at Vanderbilt University
/ (novel) (or Slant), a book by science fiction writer Greg Bear
 Slant Magazine, a film, TV, and music review website
Slant (fanzine), a fanzine by Walt Willis, winner of the 1954 Retrospective Hugo Award for Best Fanzine
Slant Six Games, a video game developer founded in 2005

Bands 
The Slant (band), an American alternative rock band from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Slant (band), a South Korean hardcore punk band
Slant 6, an all-female punk rock trio based in Washington, D.C.
The Slants, an American dance-rock group from Portland, Oregon

Other 

 A growth medium such as agar set in an inclined glass tube for growing microbiological cultures.
 Slant (route), an American football play pattern.
Slant (handwriting), an attribute of Western handwriting
 A racial slur for people of Asian descent, in reference to the shape of their eyes; see List of ethnic slurs
 Gokigen Naname, a logic puzzle also known as Slant.

See also
 Piccadilly Slant-Abraham's Cove, a designated place in the province of Newfoundland and Labrador