omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
UNCOL. UNCOL (Universal Computer Oriented Language) is a universal intermediate language for compilers. The idea was introduced in 1958, by a SHARE ad-hoc committee. It was never fully specified or implemented; in many ways it was more a concept than a language.

UNCOL was intended to make compilers economically available for each new instruction set architecture and programming language, thereby reducing an N×M problem to N+M.  Each machine architecture would require just one compiler back end, and each programming language would require one compiler front end. This was a very ambitious goal because compiler technology was in its infancy, and little was standardized in computer hardware and software.

History
The concept of such a universal intermediate language is old: the 
SHARE report (1958) already says "[it has] been discussed by many independent persons as long ago as 1954." Macrakis (1993) summarizes its fate:

UNCOL is sometimes used as a generic term for the idea of a universal intermediate language. The Architecture Neutral Distribution Format is an example of an UNCOL in this sense, as are various bytecode systems such as UCSD Pascal's p-code, and most notably Java bytecode.

See also
LLVM
GIMPLE

Notes

References

 Jean E. Sammet, Programming Languages: History and Fundamentals, Prentice-Hall, 1969. Chapter X.2: UNCOL (Significant Unimplemented Concepts), p. 708.
 SHARE Ad-Hoc Committee on Universal Languages (J. Strong, J. Olsztyn, J. Wegstein, O. Mock, A. Tritter, T. Steel), "The Problem of Programming Communication with Changing Machines", Communications of the ACM 1:8:12–18 (August 1958) and 1:9:9–15 (September 1958).
 Stavros Macrakis, "From UNCOL to ANDF: Progress in Standard Intermediate Languages", White Paper, Open Software Foundation Research Institute, RI-ANDF-TP2-1, January, 1992. Available at CiteSeer
 T.B. Steel, Jr., "UNCOL: Universal Computer Oriented Language Revisited", Datamation (Jan/Feb 1960), p. 18.
 T.B. Steel, Jr., "A First Version of UNCOL", Proc. Western Joint Computer Conference 19:371 (Los Angeles, May 9–11, 1961).
 T.B. Steel, Jr., "UNCOL: The Myth and the Fact", Annual Review in Automatic Programming 2:325 (1961).

Compilers
Airbus Military. Airbus Military was a business unit of Airbus, which was part of European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS) from 2009 to 2013.

The company was formally created in April 2009 by the integration of the former Military Transport Aircraft Division (MTAD) and Airbus Military Sociedad Limitada (AMSL) into Airbus. In January 2014, former EADS divisions Airbus Military, Astrium, and Cassidian merged to form Airbus Defence and Space.

History
The predecessor company, headquartered in Blagnac, was established in January 1999 as Airbus Military Company SAS, to manage the Airbus A400M project, taking over from the Euroflag consortium. In May 2003, the company was restructured as Airbus Military Sociedad Limitada (AMSL) prior to the contract being awarded and its headquarters moved to Madrid, Spain.

The Military Transport Aircraft Division (MTAD) was a division of EADS which designed, manufactured and sold EADS-CASA light and medium transport aircraft, headquartered in Madrid, Spain.

On 16 December 2008, EADS announced that MTAD and AMSL would be integrated into Airbus as part of Airbus Military.

In February 2009, Domingo Ureña-Raso was appointed chair and CEO of Airbus Military.

On July 31, 2013, parent company EADS announced its reorganization as the Airbus Group. Airbus Military, Astrium, and Cassidian were merged and reorganized to form a new division: Airbus Defence and Space, marking the end of the Airbus Military corporate entity. Airbus Group's two other divisions are Airbus and Airbus Helicopters

Evolution

Products
 Airbus A330 MRTT
 Airbus A400M
 CASA C-212 Aviocar
 CASA/IPTN CN-235
 EADS CASA C-295

Gallery

See also
 CASA FITS

References

External links
 Airbus Military website

Airbus Defence and Space
Multinational aircraft manufacturers
Manufacturing companies based in Madrid
Former Airbus subsidiaries and divisions
Super-iron battery. The Super-iron battery is a moniker for a proposed class of rechargeable electric battery.  Such batteries feature cathodes composed of ferrate salts, commonly potassium ferrate () or barium ferrate ().  One attraction to the proposed device is that the spent cathode would consist of a rust-like material, which is preferable to batteries based on toxic cadmium, manganese and nickel. Another attraction is potentially higher energy capacity.

See also

Other iron-based batteries
 Lithium iron phosphate battery
 Lithium iron disulfide battery
 Nickel–iron battery

Other battery technologies
 List of battery types
 Lithium-ion battery
 Nanotechnology
 Nickel–cadmium battery
 Nickel–metal hydride battery

References

Further reading
Super Battery.
Battery Bimonthly,  Vol. 34 No. Pp. 247–249. 2004
Energetic Iron(VI) Chemistry: The Super-Iron Battery, Science, Volume 285, p. 1039, 13 August 1999. "Super-Iron" Comes to the Rescue of Batteries, Science, Volume 285, p. 995, 13 August 1999.

Rechargeable batteries
Selective surface. In solar thermal collectors, a selective surface or selective absorber is a means of increasing its operation temperature and/or efficiency. The selectivity is defined as the ratio of solar radiation absorption (αsol) to thermal infrared radiation emission (εtherm).

Selective surfaces take advantage of the differing wavelengths of incident solar radiation and the emissive radiation from the absorbing surface:
 Solar radiation covers approximately the wavelengths 350 nm to 4000 nm; UV-A, visible and near infrared (NIR, or IR-A plus IR-B).
 Thermal infrared radiation, from materials with temperatures approximately in the interval -40 to 100 °C, covers approximately the wavelengths 4000 nm to 40,000 nm = 4 um to 40 um; The thermal infrared radiation interval being named or covered by: MIR, LWIR or IR-C.

Materials 
Normally, a combination of materials is used.  One of the first selective surfaces investigated was a semiconductor-metal tandem – simply copper with a layer of black cupric oxide. Silicon on metal is also another example. A different design has ceramic–metal composites (cermets) on metal substrates. Black chromium ("black chrome") and nickel-plated anodized aluminum is another selective surface that is very durable, highly resistant to humidity or oxidizing atmospheres and extreme temperatures, while being able to retain its selective properties, but expensive. One of the more popular designs – a multi-layer broadband solar absorber – consists of a metal substrate coated with multiple layers of metal and dielectric materials. While those have to be vacuum-deposited, they have been widely adopted due to their suitability for vacuum tubes.

Although ordinary black paint has high solar absorption, it also has high thermal emissivity, and thus it is not a selective surface.

Typical values for a selective surface might be 0.90 solar absorption and 0.10 thermal emissivity, but can range from 0.8/0.3 for paints on metal to 0.96/0.05 for commercial surfaces. Thermal emissivities as low as 0.02 have been obtained in laboratories.

Other applications 
Selective surfaces are used for other applications than solar thermal collectors, such as low emissivity surfaces used in window glasses, which reflect thermal radiation and have high transmittance factors (being transparent) for visible sunlight.

See also
Insulated glazing
Solar cooker
Solar power
Trombe wall

References

External links
Selective Surface for efficient Solar Thermal Conversion
Table of absorption and emissivity for various materials

Solar thermal energy
Optical filters
ROP. ROP or RoP may refer to:

Science and technology
 Retinopathy of prematurity, a condition of the eyes causing blindness
 Right occiput posterior, in obstetrics
 Ring-opening polymerization, a type of polymerization
 Rop protein, a helical protein found in E. coli

Computing
 Raster Operations Pipeline, graphics processing component
 Raster Operator in a bit blit operation
 Return-oriented programming, an exploit technique
 Role-oriented programming, a programming paradigm

Organizations
 Royal Oman Police, Sultanate of Oman
 Ruch Odbudowy Polski, the Movement for Reconstruction of Poland, a Polish political party

Places
 Rop rock shelter, an archeological site in Nigeria
 Rota International Airport, Northern Mariana Islands, US Commonwealth, IATA code
 Sovereign states with the abbreviation:
 Palau (Republic of Palau)
 Panama (Republic of Panama)
 Paraguay (Republic of Paraguay)
 Peru (Republic of Peru)
 Philippines (Republic of the Philippines)
 Poland (Republic of Poland)

Other uses
 Rate of penetration, in drilling for oil
 Regional Occupational Program
 Reorder point, a term used in supply chain management
 The Lord of the Rings: The Rings of Power, a fantasy TV series based on the works of J. R. R. Tolkien
 Rop (name), name of Kenyan origin

See also
 Rops (disambiguation)
ARL. ARL may refer to:

Military
 A US Navy hull classification symbol: Landing craft repair ship (ARL)
 Admiralty Research Laboratory, UK
 United States Army Research Laboratory
 ARL 44, a WWII French tank

Organizations
 Aero Research Limited, a UK adhesives company
 Air Resources Laboratory of US NOAA
 Association of Research Libraries, US and Canada
 Pennsylvania State University Applied Research Laboratory, US
 Animal Rescue League of Western Pennsylvania, US

Sports
 Albanian Rugby League
 Auckland Rugby League
 Australian Rugby League

Transportation
 Airport Rail Link (Bangkok), Thailand
 Autolinee Regionali Luganesi, Swiss bus company
 Arlesey railway station (National Rail code), UK
 Armour Refrigerator Line, a refrigerator car line
 Arly Airport (IATA airport code), Burkina Faso
 Arriva Rail London, operators of London Overground rail services

Computing
 Authority revocation list, in cryptosystems

Other 
 Argyll, historic county in Scotland, Chapman code
Jerry Junkins. Jerry Ray Junkins (December 9, 1937 – May 29, 1996) was a U.S. electronics businessman who served as the president, chairman, and CEO of Texas Instruments, Incorporated from 1988 until his death in Germany, during a business trip.

Junkins was born in Fort Madison, Iowa. He was the salutatorian of his high school class of 25 students in Montrose, Iowa. Junkins would later marry the class valedictorian, Sally Schevers. Junkins graduated from Iowa State University's electrical engineering program in 1959, where he was a member and chapter president of Theta Xi fraternity.  Upon graduation, he moved to Dallas where he joined Texas Instruments, and on a part-time basis attended Southern Methodist University.

A Dallas ISD elementary school in Carrollton, Texas named Junkins Elementary School was named after Junkins. The school opened in fall 2006.

Jerry Junkins died from a myocardial infarction at the age of 58.

References

Businesspeople from Dallas
People from Fort Madison, Iowa
1937 births
1996 deaths
Iowa State University alumni
Southern Methodist University alumni
20th-century American businesspeople
Robert James Eaton. Robert James "Bob" Eaton (born February 13, 1940) is an American businessman. He served as chairman and chief executive officer of Chrysler Corporation.

Early life
Eaton was born in Buena Vista, Colorado and was raised in Arkansas City, Kansas. He graduated with a B.S. degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Kansas in 1963. He was a member of Kappa Sigma fraternity.

Career
Eaton joined General Motors upon graduation. In 1973, he was appointed chief engineer of GM's new front-wheel-drive X-body cars. In 1982 he was promoted to the post of vice president of advanced engineering before being named president of GM Europe in 1988. Chrysler Corporation CEO Lee Iacocca found Eaton and hired him to be his successor as CEO. This was a controversial decision because Bob Lutz had been Iacocca's expected successor. Iacocca later admitted that Lutz would have been the better choice as his successor.

Eaton was the chairman and CEO of Chrysler from 1993 until 1998. In that position, he was responsible for the sale of Chrysler Corporation to Daimler-Benz, which formed DaimlerChrysler.

Eaton was elected as a member into the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) in 1989 for leading design and development of modern front-wheel-drive, body-frame-integral automobiles and for introducing advanced automotive manufacturing techniques. He was also a chairman of the NAE.

He was elected a director of Chevron in September 2000. Eaton has served on the board of International Paper. He is a trustee of the University of Kansas Endowment Association.

Awards
1994: Distinguished Service Citation from the University of Kansas Alumni Association
1994: Man of the Year from the Kappa Sigma Fraternity
1995: Distinguished Engineering Service Award from the University of Kansas School of Engineering
1995: Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement
2005: Inducted into the University of Kansas Business Hall of Fame

References

External links
"Engineering building christened Eaton Hall"

1940 births
Living people
Chrysler executives
Directors of Chevron Corporation
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
20th-century American businesspeople
University of Kansas alumni
Automotive businesspeople
Chrysler people
Kansas Business Hall of Fame inductees
John Quincy Stewart. John Quincy Stewart (September 10, 1894 – March 19, 1972) was an American astrophysicist.

He obtained his Ph.D. in physics from Princeton University in 1919.  He taught astrophysics at Princeton from 1921 until he retired in 1963.

Stewart was a civilian aeronautical engineer, an Army 1st Lieutenant, and later served as a chief instructor in the Army Engineering School, during World War I. He was later a research engineer in the American Telephone and Telegraph Company. He became interested in social physics in 1946, (first investigated in 1693 by astronomer Edmond Halley), demonstrating the use of physical laws in the area of social sciences, for example, demographic gravitation.

He co-wrote an influential two-volume textbook in 1927 with Raymond Smith Dugan and Henry Norris Russell: Astronomy: A Revision of Young’s Manual of Astronomy (Ginn & Co., Boston, 1926–27, 1938, 1945).  This became the standard astronomy textbook for about two decades.  There were two volumes: the first was The Solar System and the second was Astrophysics and Stellar Astronomy.

References

External links
 John Q. Stewart biography, John Q. Stewart Papers (C0571) — Princeton U.
 Photos

1894 births
1972 deaths
American astronomers
People from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania
Princeton University alumni
Princeton University faculty
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Transportation systems management. Transportation systems management is a set of techniques used to increase the capacity of a piece of transportation infrastructure without increasing its physical size. Most often, these techniques are used in the context of roadways. In this context, transportation systems management techniques may include changes to traffic signals, such as coordinating them or introducing ramp metering, or minor changes to road geometry, such as straightening corners or lengthening merge lanes. These low-cost interventions can be very effective in reducing congestion under some circumstances.

Due to the low cost of transportation systems management, it is often included as a reference option in cost-benefit analyses and environmental impact statements for new roadways or mass transit links, such as busways, metros, and light rail lines. It is typically considered in conjunction with the default "no-build" option.

References 

Transportation planning
Traffic management
Enterprise resource planning terminology
Freight transport
TAE connector. TAE (Telekommunikations-Anschluss-Einheit or telecommunications connection unit) is the German standard for telephone plugs and sockets.

The standard covers two TAE types: F  ("Fernsprechgerät": for telephones) and N  ("Nebengerät" or "Nichtfernsprechgerät": for other devices such as answering machines and modems). U coded sockets and plugs are universal connectors that are suitable for both device types.

E-coded connectors that are used in EAD-sockets are not intended for telephony applications.

History
The TAE system was introduced in the late 1980s before the German government-owned institution Deutsche Bundespost (DBP, German Federal Post) was divided into Deutsche Post (postal service), Deutsche Telekom (telecommunication services) and Postbank (financial services). Previously, the older  type connectors had been used, or telephones had been hardwired to their () wall sockets, and only officially approved telephones (legally distributable only by the DBP) were allowed to be connected to the telephone system. Furthermore, telephones and other communication devices could only be leased from the DBP and not be sold or bought on the free market.

The introduction of the TAE system was the practical enabling technology of the legal specification in Germany that communication terminal equipment should be in the responsibility of end users. Subsequently, many communication devices became available in the open market that could be plugged into standard TAE sockets. Adaptors allow for connecting devices with registered jacks that are more prevalent internationally.

Today, TAE connectors are common in Germany and other central European countries like Liechtenstein and Luxembourg. Modern TAE sockets also contain circuits referred to as passiver Prüfabschluss, meaning passive test termination. This provides a discernible condition to the telephone exchange indicating that the line is continuous to the TAE-connected device.

TAE socket

A typical TAE installation is a multi-socket junction box with at least one N connector and one F connector socket in the box, but having usually two N and one F connector. Up to three N connectors are possible. Network service enters the box and connects to pins 1 and 2 on the right-most N connector. Service is daisy-chained from pins 5 and 6 on the N connector to pins 1 and 2 on the next N connector to the left. The F connector is attached to pins 5 and 6 on the last N connector at the end of the chain.

TAE plug

(Image shown with flat side of connector down and the metallic pins facing you. The cable pigtail exits at the bottom of the connector)

When wiring a TAE plug, a mirror image of the illustration (pins 1 through 3 are on the left side) should be used, if wiring the connector with the flat side up.

Observations 

As the TAE connector does not have gold contacts, the contacts may oxidize, which can cause sizzling and crackling noises in analog voice transmission.

Looping the a2 and b2 wires out of the TAE is related to the routing the line through instruments in a house in order that no extension may overhear another.

Pin-out

See also 
 TDO connector

Telephone connectors
Shallow donor. A shallow donor refers to a donor that contributes an electron that exhibits energy states equivalent to atomic hydrogen with an altered expected mass i.e. the long range coulomb potential of the ion-cores determines the energy levels. Essentially the electron orbits the donor ion within the semiconductor material at approximately the bohr radius. This is in contrast to deep level donors where the short range potential determines the energy levels, not the effective mass states.  This contributes additional energy states that can be used for conduction.

Overview
Introducing impurities in a semiconductor which are used to set free additional electrons in its conduction band is called doping with donors. In a group IV semiconductor like silicon these are most often group V elements like arsenic or antimony. However, these impurities introduce new energy levels in the band gap affecting the band structure which may alter the electronic properties of the semiconductor to a great extent.

Having a shallow donor level means that these additional energy levels are not more than  (0.075 eV at room temperature) away from the lower conduction band edge. This allows us to treat the original semiconductor as unaffected in its electronic properties, with the impurity atoms only increasing the electron concentration. A limit to donor concentration in order to allow treatment as shallow donors is approximately 1019 cm−3.

Energy levels due to impurities deeper in the bandgap are called deep levels.

References
 

Semiconductor properties
AS-104. AS-104 was the fourth orbital test of a boilerplate Apollo spacecraft, and the second flight of the Pegasus micrometeoroid detection satellite. It was launched by SA-8, the ninth Saturn I carrier rocket.

Objectives
The primary mission objective was to demonstrate the launch vehicle's iterative guidance mode and to evaluate system accuracy. The launch trajectory was similar to that of mission AS-103.

The Saturn launch vehicle SA-8 and payload were similar to those of mission AS-103, except that a single reaction control engine assembly was mounted on the boilerplate service module (BP-26). The assembly was instrumented to acquire additional data on launch environment temperatures. This assembly also differed from the one on the AS-101 mission in that two of the four engines were of a prototype configuration instead of all engines being simulated.

Launch
This was the first nighttime launch in the Saturn I series. A built-in 35 minute hold was used to ensure that launch time coincided with the opening of the launch window.

AS-104 was launched from Cape Kennedy Launch Complex 37B at 2:35:01 a.m. EST (07:35:01 GMT) on May 25, 1965. The launch was normal and the payload was inserted into orbit approximately 10.6 minutes after lift-off. The total mass placed in orbit, including the spacecraft, Pegasus B, adapter, instrument unit, and S-IV stage, was 34,113 pounds (15,473 kg). The perigee and apogee were 314.0 and 464.1 miles (505 and 747 km), respectively; the orbital inclination was 31.78'. The 1397 kilogram (3080-pound) Pegasus 2 satellite was also carried to orbit by SA-8, being stowed inside the boilerplate's service module, and remaining attached to the S-IV stage.

The actual trajectory was close to the one predicted, and the spacecraft was separated 806 seconds after lift-off. Several minor malfunctions occurred in the S-I stage propulsion system; however, all mission objectives were achieved.

References

External links

NSSDC: SA-8
Manned space flight network performance analysis for the SA-8 mission

Apollo program
Spacecraft launched in 1965
1965 in the United States
Test spaceflights
Spacecraft launched by Saturn rockets
Saturn I