omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bundy tube. Bundy tube, sometimes called Bundy pipe, is type of double-walled low-carbon steel tube manufactured by rolling a copper-coated steel strip through 720 degrees and resistance brazing the overlapped seam in a process called Bundywelding. Some key sources are Shelley Automation ltd in the UK and SVS Refcomp Pvt Ltd in India

History
It may be zinc or terne coated for corrosion protection. It is used in automotive hydraulic brake lines in cars manufactured in the US since the 1930s.

The Bundy Tubing Company, started in the US, was bought in the 1980s by what is now the British company TI Fluid system
.

Kunifer pipe
A 1969 study by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) recommended the replacement of Bundy tube with 90-10 copper-nickel alloy UNS C70600 (Kunifer pipe) because of corrosion concerns. Kunifer pipe has since been adopted by European automakers Volvo, Rolls-Royce, Lotus Cars, Aston-Martin, Porsche, and Audi. Bundy tube still retains the advantage of higher rigidity, which means less volume expansion under pressure.

References

Tubing (material)
RDM. RDM may refer to:

Businesses
 Rheinmetall Denel Munition, a military technology group, Germany
 Rheinmetall Denel Munition South Africa, a military technology group, South Africa
 Richardson Devine Marine, an Australian shipbuilding company
 Rotterdamsche Droogdok Maatschappij, a Netherlands shipbuilding and repair company

Military
 Radar Doppler Multifunction, a French stopgap radar for the Mirage 2000 fighter plane
 Radarman, a former rank of the United States Navy

Music
 Rhythms del Mundo, a nonprofit salsa and mambo album by Cuban musicians
 Il Rovescio della Medaglia, an Italian symphonic rock band

Science and technology
 Rapid Development Methodology, a software development process developed by Lynn G. Gref and Dr. William Spuck
 Raw Disk Mapping, hard disk mapping for use by a virtual disk image
 Reduced density matrix, in the Contracted Schrödinger Equation method for finding the electronic structure of molecules
 RDM (lighting) (Remote Device Management), an electronic protocol used in stage lighting
 Research data management, the organisation of research data

Transportation
 Riding Mill railway station (National Rail station code), Northumberland, England
 Roberts Field (IATA airport code), an airport in Redmond, Oregon, US

People
 Robert Douglas McIntyre (1913–1998), Scottish nationalist politician
 Roberto Di Matteo (born 1970), Italian football player
 Ronald D. Moore (born 1964), American screenwriter and TV producer of Star Trek and Battlestar Galactica
 Raphael Maklouf (born 1937), British sculptor and designer of the third coinage portrait of Elizabeth II
 Robert Duncan McNeill (born 1964), American producer, director, and actor

Other uses
 Roy D. Mercer, a fictional prank-calling radio character
 Robust decision-making, a framework that helps identify and evaluate robust strategies under deep uncertainty
 Red Mage, a character class from the Dungeons & Dragons and Final Fantasy games
  (Moldavian Democratic Republic), a former state

See also
 RDMS (disambiguation)
Simon Ingersoll. Simon Ingersoll (March 3, 1818 – July 24, 1894) was an American  inventor who created the steam-powered percussion rock drill, which replaced the hand drill and was a major advancement in the mining and construction industries. The drill vastly increased efficiency. However, despite lower labor costs, there was no recorded upturn in unemployment. Instead, workers were assigned to more meaningful tasks.

Ingersoll was born in Stanwich, Connecticut. He was a farmer, and in his spare time an inventor. Based on his percussion drill, in 1871 he founded the Ingersoll Rock Drill Company, a predecessor of today's Ingersoll Rand. Simon Ingersoll later sold his patents and died destitute in 1894.

References

External links 
 Bio at National Inventors Hall of Fame

1818 births
1894 deaths
19th-century American inventors
Ingersoll Rand people
19th-century American businesspeople
Inventors from Connecticut
Pegeen Hanrahan. Margaret "Pegeen" Hanrahan (born ) was the mayoress of Gainesville, Florida, her native city, from 2004 through 2010. Described by The Nation as a "vegetarian, bike-riding environmentalist", Hanrahan has been active in politics since she was a teenager. An environmental engineer, she was elected to the Gainesville City Commission in 1996, and was elected mayor in 2004. In the 2007 mayoral election she was re-elected to another term.

Early life and career
Hanrahan received her bachelor's and master's degrees in environmental engineering, as well as a B.A. in sociology, all with honors from the University of Florida.  In 2003 she married Tony Malone, a professional engineer in civil infrastructure.  Together they have a daughter, Evyleen Mary, born in 2005; a son, Quinn Joseph, born in 2007; and a daughter, Tess Lucille, born in 2011.

Electoral history

Mayor Hanrahan was re-elected on March 6, 2007, beating her opponent Wesley Watson with 73% of the vote.

References

External links
 Mayor's page at City of Gainesville Web site
 Campaign Web site
 Profile by The Independent Florida Alligator

21st-century American women
Florida Democrats
Living people
Mayors of Gainesville, Florida
Mayors of places in Florida
University of Florida alumni
Women mayors of places in Florida
Year of birth uncertain
1960s births
Tiong Bahru MRT station. Tiong Bahru MRT station is an underground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the East West line in Bukit Merah, Singapore. This is the first and last underground station for eastbound and westbound trains respectively.

Directly connected to Tiong Bahru Plaza, this station serves the residential precincts of Tiong Bahru and Bukit Ho Swee.

History

On 5 April 1985, construction of Tiong Bahru MRT station and tunnels from Outram Park to Redhill was awarded to Ong Chwee Kou-Boris SAE joint venture under Contract 201.

Tiong Bahru station opened on 12 March 1988, which is part of the Phase 1B of the MRT line. It travels from Outram Park to Clementi.

To commemorate Total Defence Day in 2000, the Singapore Civil Defence Force conducted the first ever Shelter Open House at this station on 15 and 16 February, together with Somerset and Lavender.

Before the HarbourFront MRT station opened in 2003 on the North East line, it was the nearest MRT station to Sentosa. Shuttle bus services linking Sentosa to Tiong Bahru MRT operated for several years until it was eventually withdrawn in 2004.

The station's upgrading, which included a new lift for the disabled, was completed on 29 December 2005.

References

External links
 

Railway stations in Singapore opened in 1988
Bukit Merah
Mass Rapid Transit (Singapore) stations
Hudson Soft HuC6280. The HuC6280 8-bit microprocessor is Japanese company Hudson Soft's improved version of the WDC 65C02 CPU, an upgraded CMOS version of the popular NMOS-based MOS Technology 6502 8-bit CPU, manufactured for Hudson by Seiko Epson and NEC. The most notable product using the HuC6280 is NEC's TurboGrafx-16 video game console.

Description

The HuC6280 contains a 65C02 core which has several additional instructions and a few internal peripheral functions such as an interrupt controller, a memory management unit, a timer, an 8-bit parallel I/O port, and a programmable sound generator (PSG). The processor operates at two speeds, 1.79 MHz and 7.16 MHz.

A slightly revised HuC6280A was released and used in the PC Engine CoreGrafx and SuperGrafx. This revision reportedly fixed some minor audio issues in those systems.

Memory mapping

The HuC6280 has a 64 KB logical address space, but a 2 MB physical address space. The HuC6280 uses a Memory Management Unit that splits the memory space into segments of 8 KB.
Each logical 8 KB segment is associated with one of 256 physical 8 KB sized segments. This can be set up with an 8-bit register (MPR0-7) that contains the most significant eight bits of the address of the 8 KB segment in physical memory. Thus the logical 64 KB address space can be overlapping, continuous or scattered in physical address space, depending on the eight MPR registers.

Two special instructions are used to access these registers:

TAMi - transfer the content of the accumulator (A) into an MPR register (0-7).

TMAi - transfer an MPR register into the accumulator.

Sound generator
PSG-styled wavetable synthesis provides six sound channels, which can be conveniently paired according to the functionality they provide:

        0-1 - Waveform playback
              Frequency modulation (channel 1 muted)
        2-3 - Waveform playback only
        4-5 - Waveform playback
              White noise generation

Waveform playback is the most common and allows a 32-byte, 5-bit unsigned linear sample to be played back at selected frequencies. Frequency modulation takes this one step further, allowing the playback frequency to be dynamically adjusted according to a specified pattern. White noise is used to simulate percussion instruments and effects, such as explosions, by means of a pseudo-random square wave.

Alternatively, each channel can be individually switched to "Direct D/A" mode in which the programmer can send data directly to the sound mixer, allowing more complex sound patterns to be generated, such as speech. Inevitably, this requires more programming effort and CPU time.

External links
http://shu.emuunlim.com/download/pcedocs/pce_cpu.html
http://www.magicengine.com/mkit/
http://www.interlog.com/~daves/pce_info/info.html
https://www.copetti.org/writings/consoles/pc-engine/

65xx microprocessors
TurboGrafx-16
Hudson Soft
Magnus Volk. Magnus Volk FII (1851–1937) was a British-German inventor and pioneering electrical engineer.

He is most notable for having built Volk's Electric Railway, the world's oldest operating electric railway.

Career

Aside from the Volk's Electric Railway, he also built the unique but short-lived Brighton and Rottingdean Seashore Electric Railway, together with its unusual Daddy Long Legs vehicle. He also built another short-lived line, similar to the VER, in the pleasure grounds at Aston Hall, Birmingham.

In 1887 he attracted attention in Brighton by building a three-wheeled electric carriage powered by an Immisch motor. In 1888 he built another electric car, this time a four-wheeled carriage which was made to the order of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, for which he was awarded an Order of Osmali, presented to Magnus by the Sultan in person whilst in Constantinople.

Other projects of Magnus included inventing a fire-alarm system, early successful attempts at electricity in the home, telecommunications and installing electricity to the Royal Pavilion for the first time.

Personal life

Magnus Volk was the son of a German clockmaker and was born on 19 October 1851 in Brighton. He lived at 38 Dyke Road in Brighton. On 8 April 1879, he married Anna Banfield in Burgess Hill. George Herbert Volk, his second son, is noted as a pioneer builder of seaplanes, whilst another son, Conrad Volk, wrote a biography of his father. His descendants include the musician Joe Volk and the journalist Scott Campbell.

Magnus Volk died in Brighton on 20 May 1937, and is buried at St Wulfran's churchyard in Ovingdean near Brighton.

References

Bibliography
 Conrad Volk: Magnus Volk of Brighton. London & Chichester: Phillimore, 1971.

External links

 Magnus Volk in My Brighton and Hove site
  of 'Daddy Longlegs' seashore electric railway

1851 births
1937 deaths
British electrical engineers
British railway civil engineers
British railway pioneers
People from Brighton
Rkhunter. rkhunter (Rootkit Hunter) is a Unix-based tool that scans for rootkits, backdoors and possible local exploits. It does this by comparing SHA-1 hashes of important files with known good ones in online databases, searching for default directories (of rootkits), wrong permissions, hidden files, suspicious strings in kernel modules, and special tests for Linux and FreeBSD. rkhunter is notable due to its inclusion in popular operating systems (Fedora, Debian, etc.)

The tool has been written in Bourne shell, to allow for portability. It can run on almost all UNIX-derived systems.

Development 
In 2003, developer Michael Boelen released the version of Rootkit Hunter. After several years of development, early 2006, he agreed to hand over development to a development team. Since that time eight people have been working to set up the project properly and work towards the much-needed maintenance release. The project has since been moved to SourceForge.

See also 

 chkrootkit
 Lynis
 OSSEC
 Samhain (software)
 Host-based intrusion detection system comparison
 Hardening (computing)
 Linux malware
 MalwareMustDie
 Rootkit

References

External links
 
 Old rkhunter web page

Computer security software
Unix security-related software
Rootkit detection software
Techno Games. Techno Games is a robot competition television programme that aired on BBC Two from 20 March 2000 to 28 March 2003. It is a spin-off from the hugely successful Robot Wars.

Format
Schools, colleges, individuals and technology clubs competed to break world records, win medals and the grand series prize. For most events lifelike movement was required, so, for example, in the swimming event propellers were banned in favour of legs, paddles, flippers and fins.

Events
Not all the events appeared in all of the series.

Assault Course
Cycling
Football (previously appeared on Robot Wars)
Gymnastics
High Jump
Long Jump
Micromouse (Wall following)
Micromouse (Maze solving)
Relay Cars
Rocket Cars and Funny Cars
Solar Challenge Cars
Tug-of-War (previously appeared on Robot Wars)
Rocketry (Spot landing and Egg Protection)
Rope Climbing (Natural movement-arms and legs)
Rope Climbing (Artificial movement-wheels and rollers)
Sprint (Two, three, four, six and eight legged walkers)
Sumo (previously appeared on Robot Wars)
Swimming
Water Polo
Outdoor Events (Penalty kick, Shot Put)

Transmissions

References

External links

Martin Smith's Techno Games website
What is Techno Games?
Techno Games, Rules and Guidelines 2000
Skeletron, The Rope Climbing Robot

2000 British television series debuts
2003 British television series endings
BBC television game shows
2000s British game shows
Robot Wars (TV series)
Robot combat competitions
Robotics competitions
Robotics in the United Kingdom
Television series about robots
Sports entertainment
Tinopolis
ISO 10303 Application Modules. The STEP ISO 10303 Application modules define common building blocks to create modular Application Protocols (AP) within ISO 10303. Higher-level modules are built up from lower-level modules. 

The modules on the lowest level are wrappers of concepts, defined in the Integrated Resources (IR) or Application Integrated Constructs (AIC). Modules on a medium level link lower level modules with each other and specialize them. Only modules on the highest levels completely cover a particular area so that they can be implemented.

See also
 List of STEP (ISO 10303) parts

References
 SMRL Table of content iso.org

Computer-aided design
Application Modules
Charles F. Hoffmann. Charles Frederick Hoffmann (February 29, 1838 – June 20, 1913) was a German-American topographer working in California U.S. from 1860 to 1880.

Life
Hoffmann was born in Frankfurt, Germany on February 29, 1838. After receiving an education in engineering, he emigrated to America. In 1857 he was topographer for Frederick Lander's survey to the Rocky Mountains. He came to California in 1858. He was recruited by Josiah Whitney to join the California Geological Survey because of his valuable skill as a topographer. Hoffmann is largely responsible for introducing topography to the United States. He helped explore the Sierra Nevada of California, from 1860 through 1870, and 1873 through 1874. As a member of the Survey, Hoffmann created the official maps from the expeditions made by the survey team. Hoffmann achieved a number of first ascents in the Sierra Nevada:
Mount Brewer
Mount Dana
Mount Silliman
Tower Peak

In 1870 he married Lucy Mayotta Browne. In 1871 and 1872 he was Professor of Topographical Engineering at Harvard University. Later, he was a mining engineer at Virginia City, Nevada, San Francisco, California, and Mexico.
Charles Hoffmann died in Oakland, California on June 20, 1913.

Legacy
Mount Hoffmann, a high peak in central Yosemite National Park, is named after him.

References

External links

Biographical sketch by Francis P. Farquhar, ed., in Up and Down California
Charles F. Hoffmann, "Notes on Hetch-Hetchy Valley", Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences (San Francisco: CAS, 1868), ser. 1, 3:5]

1838 births
1913 deaths
Immigrants to the United States
American cartographers
German mountain climbers
German explorers of North America
Explorers of the United States
California Geological Survey
Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis. The Leimgruber–Batcho indole synthesis is a series of organic reactions that produce indoles from o-nitrotoluenes 1. The first step is the formation of an enamine 2 using N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal and pyrrolidine. The desired indole 3 is then formed in a second step by reductive cyclisation.

In the above scheme, the reductive cyclisation is effected by Raney nickel and hydrazine.  Palladium-on-carbon and hydrogen, stannous chloride, sodium hydrosulfite, or iron in acetic acid are also effective reducing agents.

Reaction mechanism
In the initial enamine formation, dimethylamine (a gas) is displaced by pyrrolidine from the dimethylformamide dimethylacetal, producing a more reactive reagent. The mildly acidic hydrogens of the methyl group in the nitrotoluene can be deprotonated under the basic conditions, and the resultant carbanion attacks to produce the enamine shown, with loss of methanol. The sequence can also be performed without pyrrolidine, via the N,N-dimethyl enamine, though reaction times may be much longer in some cases. In the second step the nitro group is reduced to -NH2 using hydrogen and a Raney nickel catalyst, followed by cyclisation then elimination of the pyrrolidine. The hydrogen is often generated in situ by the spontaneous decomposition of hydrazine hydrate to H2 and N2 in the presence of the nickel.

The reaction is a good example of a reaction that was widely used in industry before any procedures were published in the mainstream scientific literature. Many indoles are pharmacologically active, so a good indole synthesis is important for the pharmaceutical industry. The process has become a popular alternative to the Fischer indole synthesis because many starting ortho-nitrotoluenes are commercially available or easily made. In addition, the reactions proceed in high chemical yield under mild conditions.  

The intermediate enamines are electronically related to push–pull olefins, having an electron-withdrawing nitro group conjugated to an electron-donating group. The extended conjugation means that these compounds are usually an intense red color.

Variations

Dinitrostyrene reductive cyclization
The reductive cyclization of dinitrostyrenes (2) has proven itself effective when other more common methods have failed.

Most of the standard reduction methods listed above are successful with this reaction.

See also
Bartoli indole synthesis
Fischer indole synthesis
Reissert indole synthesis

References
  Batcho, A. D.; Leimgruber, W.  & 
  Batcho, A. D.; Leimgruber, W. Organic Syntheses 1985, 63, 214–220. (Article)
  Clark, R. D.; Repke, D. B. Heterocycles 1984, 22, 195–221. (Review)
  Maehr, H.; Smallheer, J. M. J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 1753. ()
  Garcia, E. E.; Fryer, R. I. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 1974, 11, 219.
  Ponticello, G. S.; Baldwin, J. J. J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 4003. ()
  Chen, B.-C.; Hynes, Jr., J.; Randit, C. R.; Zhao, R.; Skoumbourdis, A. P.; Wu, H.; Sundeen, J. E.; Leftheris, K. Heterocycles 2001, 55, 951-960.

Indole forming reactions
Carbon-heteroatom bond forming reactions
Name reactions
Airwork. Airwork is an aviation business based in Auckland, New Zealand. The Airwork Group is New Zealand's largest general aviation company. It focuses on fixed wing maintenance, leasing, and operations working with private and public entities on aviation operations, with a fleet of 737 freighters.

It operates freight services in Australia for Toll Priority, Qantas and FedEx. It operates night postal services for New Zealand Post and Freightways through a joint venture agreement.  Its main fixed wing base is Auckland Airport in New Zealand. The Australian freighter fleet has its headquarters at Brisbane Airport, with operational bases in Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne, and Darwin.

History
The Airwork group is one of New Zealand's oldest aviation companies. Airwork was first established in 1936 by aircraft engineers Charles and Arthur (Bill) Brazier as an aircraft maintenance company originally assembling Tiger Moth biplanes at Rongatai Airfield. As the industry developed, Airwork moved into the engine overhaul business and in the 1970s became a listed company in which Brierley Investments built up a substantial shareholding. The business was purchased in 1984 by Hugh Jones and Alan Hubbard, and in 1988 Hugh Jones took control of the whole business.

Airwork Holdings Limited was listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange (NZX) in 2013 with the code AWK at an IPO price of $2.60 per share. Airwork's profit has increased 52% in the year ending 30 June 2014. In October 2016, Chinese Zhejiang Rifa Holding Group offered $5.40 per share for 75 percent of the business. The offer closed in early March 2017 with 94.7 percent shareholder acceptance.  On 27 September 2017, Rifa Jair Company, a unit of Zhejian Rifa Holding group Co, made a full takeover offer for all fully paid ordinary shares of Airwork Holdings at a 21 percent premium to the closing price on 26 September 2017. 

In January 2020 Airwork began services across the Tasman with the start of Auckland to Sydney flying in conjunction with Fedex.
In December 2022 Airwork sold its helicopter business to Salus Aviation.

Fleet

As of January 2020 the Airwork fleet consists of the following aircraft:

Incidents and accidents
On 26 November 1993, two aircraft operated by Airwork, under contract to the New Zealand Police, collided in mid-air over central Auckland. The collision of the Aérospatiale TwinStar helicopter and Piper Archer fixed wing aeroplane resulted in the deaths of all four occupants.
On 2 May 2005 a Fairchild SA227-AC Metro III registration ZK-POA broke up in flight 6 km East of Stratford. The flight was a NZ Post service from Auckland to Blenheim. The crash killed the two occupants.
 On 26 January 2014 a Boeing 737-300F ZK-TLC conducting a Toll freight service from Brisbane was involved in an incident while landing at Henderson field, Honiara in the Solomons Islands. The right landing gear collapsed during the roll out. None of the three crew were hurt in the incident.

References

External links

Airwork Group

Airlines of New Zealand
Airlines established in 1984
New Zealand companies established in 1984
Sodium propionate. Sodium propanoate or sodium propionate is the sodium salt of propionic acid which has the chemical formula Na(C2H5COO). This white crystalline solid is deliquescent in moist air.

Reactions
It is produced by the reaction of propionic acid and sodium carbonate or sodium hydroxide.

Uses
It is used as a food preservative and is represented by the food labeling E number E281 in Europe; it is used primarily as a mold inhibitor in bakery products. It is approved for use as a food additive in the EU, USA and Australia and New Zealand (where it is listed by its INS number 281).

Structure

Anhydrous sodium propionate is a polymeric structure, featuring trigonal prismatic Na+ centers bonded to six oxygen ligands provided by the carboxylates.  A layered structure is observed, with the hydrophobic ethyl groups projecting into the layered galleries.  With hydrated sodium propionate, some of these Na-carboxylate linkages are displaced by water.

See also
 Propionic acid, E 280
 Calcium propionate, E 282
 Potassium propionate, E 283

References

External links
 Sodium propanoate at Sci-toys.com

Propionates
Organic sodium salts
E-number additives