omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
LHA. LHA may refer to:
Flughafen Lahr (IATA code)
 LHA (for [Leading Helicopter Academies]), "Raising flying standards in Europe"
 A US Navy hull classification symbol: Landing helicopter assault (LHA)
 Lateral hypothalamic area, a part of the brain that has been implicated in the control of feeding behavior
 Lesbian Herstory Archives, a New York–based lesbian history archive and museum.
 Lha, a letter of Cyrillic alphabet
 LHA (file format), a freeware compression utility and associated file format
 Lincoln Highway Association
 Livonia Hockey Association, amateur hockey league in Livonia, Michigan
 LHA, the local hour angle of an astronomical object
 Local Housing Allowance, welfare benefit in the UK to help tenants with low incomes pay their rent
 Stock ticker for Lufthansa on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange
 LaurenHill Academy, in Saint-Laurent, Montreal
IBM 709/90 9PAC. 9PAC is a common abbreviation for 709 PACkage. It was a report generator developed in 1959 for the IBM 709 and used on its successor, the IBM 7090. It was developed by SHARE, an early IBM users' group, and based on the File Maintenance and Report Generator System developed by General Electric for the IBM 702, led by Harry Tellier.
Charles Bachman worked on its design in 1957, and although his company's order for the 709 was cancelled, he later included some of its general concepts into the more generalized idea of navigational databases.
Engineers at companies such as Union Carbide, Northwest Power Company, Philips Petroleum, Dow Chemical, and Chrysler cooperated on the project.

Further reading
 Jean E. Sammet 1969, p. 314. "IBM 7090 Prog Sys, SHARE 7090 9PAC Part I: Intro and Gen Princs", IBM J28-6166, White Plains, 1961.

References

709 90 9PAC
A-0 System. The A-0 system (Arithmetic Language version 0) was an early compiler related tool developed for electronic computers, written by Grace Murray Hopper in 1951 and 1952 originally for the UNIVAC I. The A-0 functioned more as a loader or linker than the modern notion of a compiler. A program was specified as a sequence of subroutines and its arguments. The subroutines were identified by a numeric code and the arguments to the subroutines were written directly after each subroutine code. The A-0 system converted the specification into machine code that could be fed into the computer a second time to execute the said program.

The A-0 system was followed by the A-1, A-2, A-3 (released as ARITH-MATIC), AT-3 (released as MATH-MATIC), and B-0 (released as FLOW-MATIC).

The A-2 system was developed at the UNIVAC division of Remington Rand in 1953 and released to customers by the end of that year.  Customers were provided the source code for A-2 and invited to send their improvements back to UNIVAC. Thus, A-2 could be considered an example of the result of an early philosophy similar to free and open-source software.

See also
 History of compiler construction

Notes

External links
 Proceedings of the 1954 MIT Summer Session on "Digital Computers - Advanced Coding Techniques, section 7 - A2 Compiler and Associated Routines for use with Univac

References

Procedural programming languages
Programming languages created in 1951
ARITH-MATIC. ARITH-MATIC is an extension of Grace Hopper's  A-2 programming language, developed around 1955. ARITH-MATIC was originally known as A-3, but was renamed by the marketing department of Remington Rand UNIVAC.

Some ARITH-MATIC subroutines

See also
 A-0 System

References

External links
 Website at Boise via Internet Archive

Numerical programming languages
AAP. Aap or AAP may refer to:

Aerospace
 Apollo Applications Program, NASA's vision for long-range space exploration based on technologies developed for Project Apollo

Aviation
 Aappilattoq Heliport (Avannaata) in Aappilattoq, Greenland
 Agrupación Aérea Presidencial, the Argentine president's personal air fleet
 Aircraft Acceptance Point, a term used by the Royal Flying Corps to designate Lympne Aerodrome (later RAF Lympne)
 Airport Armed Police in Bangladesh
 Andrau Airpark, a former airport in Houston, Texas, United States
 IATA airport code for Aji Pangeran Tumenggung Pranoto International Airport in Samarinda, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia

Business
 Accredited ACH Professional, an Electronic Payments Professional
 Advance Auto Parts, an American vehicle parts retailer
 Associated Artists Productions, a film distributor
 Association of American Publishers, a United States trade association

Language, linguistics, vocabulary
 Ap (water), a Sanskrit word
 Pará Arára language, a Cariban language of Brazil

Media
 ArtAsiaPacific, a contemporary art and culture magazine
 Australian Associated Press, Australia's national news agency

Medicine and dentistry
 Alanine aminopeptidase, a medical biomarker enzyme
 Atypical antipsychotic, a group of antipsychotic drugs
 American Academy of Pediatrics, an American and Canadian professional medical fellowship
 American Academy of Periodontology, a professional organization for periodontists
 Association of Academic Physiatrists, an organization to support the advancement of physical medicine and rehabilitation
 Association of American Physicians, a medical honor society

Miscellaneous organizations
 Association of Australasian Palaeontologists
 Australasian Association of Philosophy
 Automobile Association Philippines, a member of the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile

Places
 Alexandra Palace railway station in London, UK
 Ann Arbor Pioneer High School, a high school in Michigan, United States
 Cornell University College of Architecture, Art, and Planning, New York, United States

Politics
 Aam Aadmi Party, a political party in India

Technology
 A-A-P, a computer software build and installation utility
 Advanced Active Partition, a special type of active partition in a MBR

Other uses
 Argumentum ad populum, a logical fallacy
 Aerobic anoxygenic phototroph, a metabolic classification of bacteria

See also

 
 AAPS (disambiguation)
 2AP (disambiguation)
 AP (disambiguation)
 APP (disambiguation)
 APA (disambiguation)
 PAA (disambiguation)
Alternating bit protocol. Alternating bit protocol (ABP) is a simple network protocol operating at the data link layer (OSI layer 2) that retransmits lost or corrupted messages using FIFO semantics. It can be seen as a special case of a sliding window protocol where a simple timer restricts the order of messages to ensure receivers send messages in turn while using a  window of 1 bit.

Design 
Messages are sent from transmitter A to receiver B. Assume that the channel from A to B is initialized and that there are no messages in transit.  Each message from A to B contains a data part and a one-bit sequence number, i.e., a value that is 0 or 1.  B has two acknowledge codes that it can send to A: ACK0 and ACK1.

When A sends a message, it resends it continuously, with the same sequence number, until it receives an acknowledgment from B that contains the same sequence number.  When that happens, A complements (flips) the sequence number and starts transmitting the next message.

When B receives a message that is not corrupted and has sequence number 0, it starts sending ACK0 and keeps doing so until it receives a valid message with number 1.  Then it starts sending ACK1, etc.

This means that A may still receive ACK0 when it is already transmitting messages with sequence number one.  (And vice versa.)  It treats such messages as negative-acknowledge codes (NAKs).  The simplest behaviour is to ignore them all and continue transmitting.

The protocol may be initialized by sending bogus messages and acks with sequence number 1.  The first message with sequence number 0 is a real message.

Bounded Retransmission Protocol 
Bounded Retransmission Protocol (BRP) is a variant of the alternating bit protocol introduced by Philips. The service it delivers is to transfer in a reliable manner, if possible, large files (sequence of data of arbitrary length) from a sender to a receiver. Unlike ABP, BRP deals with sequence numbers of datum in the file and interrupts transfer after fixed number of retransmissions for a datum.

History 
Donald Davies' team at the National Physical Laboratory introduced the concept of an alternating bit protocol in 1968 for the NPL network. An ABP was used by the ARPANET and by the European Informatics Network.

See also
 Acknowledge character
 Information theory
 Negative-acknowledge character
 Stop-and-wait ARQ

References

Network protocols
ABR. Abr or ABR may refer to:

Technology
 Available Bit Rate, a service used in ATM networks
 Average bitrate, the average amount of data transferred per second
 Area border router, in the Open Shortest Path First protocol
 Adaptive bit rate, a method of video transmission through the Internet
 Anaerobic baffled reactor, a type of decentralized wastewater system

Transport
 ABR, IATA airport code for Aberdeen Regional Airport,in South Dakota, United States 
 ABR, ICAO designation for ASL Airlines Ireland, a freight airline
 Abercynon North railway station, a closed railway station formerly serving the village of Abercynon in the Cynon Valley, South Wales
 Athens Line, a railroad operating in the U.S. state of Georgia

Other uses
 Abr, a village in Iran
 abr, ISO 639-3 code for the Abron dialect, a dialect of the Akan language of Central Ghana
 Accredited Buyer Representative, a designation of the National Association of Realtors
 Addison Brown (1830–1913), American jurist and botanist (standard author abbreviation: A. Br.)
 American Board of Radiology
 Auditory brainstem response, an electrical signal evoked from the brainstem of a human or other mammal 
 August Burns Red, a metalcore band from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
 Australian Biblical Review, academic journal
 Australian Book Review, a literary magazine
 Australian Business Register, government body tasked with issuing and maintaining Australian Business Numbers (ABNs)
Automatic baud rate detection. Automatic baud rate detection (ABR, autobaud) refers to the process by which a receiving device (such as a modem) determines the speed, code level, start bit, and stop bits of incoming data by examining the first character, usually a preselected sign-on character (syncword) on a UART connection. ABR allows the receiving device to accept data from a variety of transmitting devices operating at different speeds without needing to establish data rates in advance.

Process
During the autobaud process, the baud rate of received character stream is determined by examining the received pattern and its timing, and the length of a start bit. These type of baud rate detection mechanism are supported by many hardware chips including processors such as STM32 MPC8280,  MPC8360, and so on.  

When start bit length is used to determine the baud rate, it requires the character to be odd since UART sends LSB bit firstthis particular bit order scheme is referred to as little-endian. Often symbols 'a' or 'A' (0x61 or 0x41) are used. For example, the MPC8270 SCC tries to detect the length of the UART start bit for autobaud.

Many protocols begin each frame with a preamble of alternating 1 and 0 bits that can be used for automatic baud rate detection. For example, the TI PGA460 uses a 'U' ( 0x55 ) sync byte for automatic baud rate detection as well as frame synchronization, and so does the LIN header (Local Interconnect Network#Header).

For example, the UART-based FlexWire protocol begins each frame with a 'U' (0x55) sync byte. FlexWire receivers use the sync byte to precisely set their UART bit-clock frequency without a high-precision oscillator. For example, the  Ethernet preamble contains 56 bits of alternating 1 and 0 bits for synchronizing bit clocks.

Support
Most modems currently on the market support autobaud. Before receiving any input data, most modems use a default baud rate of 9600 for output. For example, the following modems have been verified for autobaud and default output baud rate 9600: 
 USRobotics USR5686G 56K Serial Controller Fax modem
 Hayes V92 External modem
 Microcom DeskPorte 28.8P
The baud rate of modems are adjusted automatically after receiving input data by the autobaud process.

See also
 Autonegotiation
 Telecommunications

References

 "17.2 Autobaud Operation on a UART in MPC8280 PowerQUICC™ II Family Reference Manual"   http://www.nxp.com/files/netcomm/doc/ref_manual/MPC8280RM.pdf
 "Automatic Baud Rate Detection on the MSP430"    https://web.archive.org/web/20161026080239/http://www.ti.com/lit/an/slaa215/slaa215.pdf
 "How to implement “auto baud rate detection” feature on Cortex-M3"  https://stackoverflow.com/q/38979647
  "mpc8270 SCC2 UART issue"   https://community.nxp.com/message/906833

Data transmission
Units of measurement
Telecommunications techniques
Visual Instruction Set. Visual Instruction Set, or VIS, is a SIMD instruction set extension for SPARC V9 microprocessors developed by Sun Microsystems. There are five versions of VIS: VIS 1, VIS 2, VIS 2+, VIS 3 and VIS 4.

History 
VIS 1 was introduced in 1994 and was first implemented by Sun in their UltraSPARC microprocessor (1995) and by Fujitsu in their SPARC64 GP microprocessors (2000).

VIS 2 was first implemented by the UltraSPARC III. All subsequent UltraSPARC and SPARC64 microprocessors implement the instruction set.

VIS 3 was first implemented in the SPARC T4 microprocessor.  

VIS 4 was first implemented in the SPARC M7 microprocessor.

Differences vs x86 

VIS is not an instruction toolkit like Intel's MMX and SSE. MMX has only 8 registers shared with the FPU stack, while SPARC processors have 32 registers, also aliased to the double-precision (64-bit) floating point registers.

As with the SIMD instruction set extensions on other RISC processors, VIS strictly conforms to the main principle of RISC: keep the instruction set concise and efficient.

This design is very different from comparable extensions on CISC processors, such as MMX, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, SSE4, 3DNow!.

Sometimes, programmers must use several VIS instructions to accomplish an operation that can be done with only one MMX or SSE instruction, but it should be kept in mind that fewer instructions do not automatically result in better performance.

Functionality 
VIS re-uses existing SPARC V9 64-bit floating point registers to hold multiple 8, 16, or 32-bit integer values. In this respect, VIS is more similar to the design of MMX than other SIMD architectures such as SSE/SSE2/AltiVec.

VIS includes a number of operations primarily for graphics support, so most of them are only for integers. These include 3D to 2D conversion, edge processing and pixel distance.

There are four ways to use VIS in code:
The GCC - option
Use inline assembly
Use inline template in VSDK, similar to compiler intrinsics, which have C function like interfaces
Use the mediaLib multimedia library, which has C function interfaces. It uses VIS on SPARC platforms (and MMX/SSE/SSE2 on x86/x64 platforms) to accelerate multimedia application execution

References 

 Gwennap, Linley (5 December 1995). "UltraSparc Adds Multimedia Instructions". Microprocessor Report.
 Tremblay, Marc et al. (August 1996). "VIS Speeds New Media Processing". IEEE Micro.

External links
An introduction to SPARC’s SIMD offerings (small tutorial)
 UltraSPARC and VIS Instruction Set Extensions
 GCC SPARC VIS Built-in Functions

SIMD computing
Sun Microsystems hardware
SPARC microprocessor architecture
Peripheral. A peripheral  device, or simply peripheral, is an auxiliary hardware device that a computer uses to transfer information externally. A peripheral is a hardware component that is accessible to and controlled by a computer but is not a core component of the computer.

A peripheral can be categorized based on the direction in which information flows relative to the computer:

 The computer receives data from an input device; examples: mouse, keyboard, scanner, game controller, microphone and webcam

 The computer sends data to an output device; examples: monitor, printer, headphones, and speakers

 The computer sends and receives data via an input/output device; examples: storage device (such as disk drive, solid-state drive, USB flash drive, memory card and tape drive), modem, router, gateway and network adapter

Many modern electronic devices, such as Internet-enabled digital watches, video game consoles, smartphones, and tablet computers, have interfaces for use as a peripheral.

See also

 Display device
 Expansion card
 Punched card input/output
 Punched tape
 Video game accessory

References

External links 
Peripheral – Encyclopædia Britannica
Skull crucible. The skull crucible process was developed at the Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow to manufacture cubic zirconia. It was invented to solve the problem of cubic zirconia's melting-point being too high for even platinum crucibles.

In essence, by heating only the center of a volume of cubic zirconia, the material forms its own "crucible" from its cooler outer layers. The term "skull" refers to these outer layers forming a shell enclosing the molten volume. Zirconium oxide powder is heated then gradually allowed to cool. Heating is accomplished by radio frequency induction using a coil wrapped around the apparatus.  The outside of the device is water-cooled in order to keep the radio frequency coil from melting and also to cool the outside of the zirconium oxide and thus maintain the shape of the zirconium powder.
 
Since zirconium oxide in its solid state does not conduct electricity, a piece of zirconium metal is placed inside the gob of zirconium oxide. As the zirconium melts it oxidizes and blends with the now molten zirconium oxide, a conductor, and is heated by radio frequency induction.

When the zirconium oxide is melted on the inside (but not completely, since the outside needs to remain solid) the amplitude of the RF induction coil is gradually reduced and crystals form as the material cools. Normally this would form a monoclinic crystal system of zirconium oxide.

In order to maintain a cubic crystal system a stabilizer is added, magnesium oxide, calcium oxide or yttrium oxide as well as any material to color the crystal. After the mixture cools the outer shell is broken off and the interior of the gob is then used to manufacture gemstones.

References 

Ceramic engineering
Soviet inventions
Methods of crystal growth
Radio-frequency induction. For the common use of RF induction process of heating a metal object by electromagnetic induction, see induction heating

Radio-frequency induction (RF induction) is the use of a radio frequency magnetic field to transfer energy by means of electromagnetic induction in the near field. A radio-frequency alternating current is passed through a coil of wire that acts as the transmitter, and a second coil or conducting object, magnetically coupled to the first coil, acts as the receiver.

See also
 Radio-frequency identification (RFID)
 Radio antenna 
 Electromagnetic radiation 
 Electromagnetic induction 
 Induction plasma technology
 List of electronics topics 
 List of radiation topics
 Transformer

External articles
 Budyansky, A. and A. Zykov, "Static current-voltage characteristics for radio-frequencyinduction discharge".  Plasma Science, 1995. IEEE Conference Record - Abstracts., 1995 Page(s):146  
 IBM Research Division, T. J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598. 
 Maurizio Vignati and Livio Giuliani "Radiofrequency Exposure Near High-voltage Lines". 
 Tenforde, T. S., and W. T. Kaune, "Interaction of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields with humans". Health Phys 53(6):585-606 (1987).

Radio electronics
Florence flask. A Florence flask/boiling flask is a type of flask used as an item of laboratory glassware and is named after the city Florence. It is used as a container to hold liquids. A Florence flask has a round body, a long neck, and often a flat bottom. It is designed for uniform heating, boiling, distillation and ease of swirling; it is produced in a number of different glass thicknesses to stand different types of use. They are often made of borosilicate glass for heat and chemical resistance.  Traditional Florence flasks typically do not have a ground glass joint on their rather longer necks, but typically have a slight lip or flange around the tip of the neck.  The common volume for a Florence flask is 1 litre.

See also 
 Erlenmeyer flask
 Round-bottom flask

References

Laboratory glassware
Octahedrite. Octahedrites are the most common structural class of iron meteorites. The structures occur because the meteoric iron has a certain nickel concentration that leads to the exsolution of kamacite out of taenite while cooling.

Structure

Octahedrites derive their name from the crystal structure paralleling an octahedron. Opposite faces are parallel so, although an octahedron has 8 faces, there are only 4 sets of kamacite plates.

Due to a long cooling time in the interior of the parent asteroids, these alloys have crystallized into intermixed millimeter-sized bands (from about 0.2 mm to 5 cm). When polished and acid etched the classic Widmanstätten patterns of intersecting lines of lamellar kamacite, are visible.

In gaps between the kamacite and taenite lamellae, a fine-grained mixture called plessite is often found.  An iron nickel phosphide, schreibersite, is present in most nickel-iron meteorites, as well as an iron-nickel-cobalt carbide, cohenite. Graphite and troilite occur in rounded nodules up to several cm in size.

Subgroups

Octahedrites can be grouped by the dimensions of kamacite lamellae in the Widmanstätten pattern, which are related to the nickel content:
 Coarsest octahedrites, lamellae width >3.3 mm, 5-9% Ni, symbol Ogg
 Coarse octahedrites, lamellae 1.3-3.3 mm, 6.5-8.5% Ni, symbol Og
 Medium octahedrites, lamellae 0.5-1.3 mm, 7-13% Ni, symbol Om
 Fine octahedrites, lamellae 0.2-0.5 mm, 7.5-13% Ni, symbol Of
 Finest octahedrites, lamellae <0.2 mm, 17-18% Ni, symbol Off
 Plessitic octahedrites, kamacite spindles, a transitional structure between octahedrites and ataxites, 9-18% Ni, symbol Opl

Mineral
Octahedrite is an obsolete synonym for anatase, one of the three known titanium dioxide minerals.

See also
 Glossary of meteoritics

References

External links
Webmineral
Meteorites Australia
ObjectPAL. ObjectPAL is short for Object-Oriented Paradox Application Language, which is the programming language used by the Borland Paradox database application (now owned by Corel).

Paradox, now in its 11th version, is a constituent of Corel's Word Perfect X3 office suite, for 32-bit Microsoft Windows.  The language is tightly-bound to the application's forms, and provides a very rapid and robust development environment for creating database applications for Windows.  ObjectPAL is not a full free-standing object-oriented language. It belongs to the family of languages inspired by Hypercard, with influences from PAL (wherever functionality could be kept the same), Smalltalk, and Garnet (a UI language created by Brad Myers).  While its objects do encapsulate source code, there is no support for polymorphism, and only a very limited inheritance concept, which is wedded to objects on a form which can be controlled by code placed on a higher object in a form's object hierarchy.  However, for what it is, ObjectPAL provides a wideranging and versatile language for creating Paradox applications.  The syntax and structure of the language resembles Visual Basic, but knowing Visual Basic would only help someone new to ObjectPAL in the sense that any other programming skill would be transferable to ObjectPAL.  ObjectPAL was the successor to PAL, which was the Paradox for DOS programming language.  With the advent of Paradox for Windows 1.0 in 1993, which was then owned by Borland Corporation, ObjectPAL was born. Version 1.0 was quickly succeeded by version 4.5 that same year.

It can be used as such as a web server scripting language when combined with the Corel Web Server Control OCX, which implements a server API similar to the CGI, and its standalone console, the Corel Web Server.

See also 
Comparison of web servers

References

Domain-specific programming languages
Borland