omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cryptographic Modernization Program. The Cryptographic Modernization Program is a Department of Defense directed, NSA Information Assurance Directorate led effort to transform and modernize Information Assurance capabilities for the 21st century.  It has three phases:
Replacement- All at risk devices to be replaced.
Modernization- Integrate modular (programmable/ embedded) crypto solutions.
Transformation- Be compliant to GIG/ NetCentrics requirements.

The CM is a joint initiative to upgrade the DoD crypto inventory.  Of the 1.3 million cryptographic devices in the U.S. inventory, 73 percent will be replaced over the next 10 to 15 years by ongoing and planned C4ISR systems programs, Information Technology modernization initiatives and advanced weapons platforms.

All command and control, communications, computer, intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, information technology and weapons systems that rely upon cryptography for the provision of assured confidentiality, integrity, and authentication services will become a part of this long-term undertaking.  The Cryptographic Modernization program is a tightly integrated partnership between the NSA, the military departments, operational commands, defense agencies, the Joint Staff, federal government entities and industry.

The program is a multibillion-dollar, multi-year undertaking that will transform cryptographic security capabilities for national security systems at all echelons and points of use.  It will exploit new and emerging technologies, provide advanced enabling infrastructure capabilities, and at the same time, modernize legacy devices that are now operationally employed.

The program also directly supports the DoD vision of the Global Information Grid.  The security configuration features enable new cryptosystems to provide secure information delivery anywhere on the global grid while using the grid itself for security configuration and provisioning—seamless integration.

Technology

Cryptography
Most modernized devices will include both Suite A (US only) and Suite B support. This allows for protection of sensitive government data as well as interoperability with coalition partners, such as NATO. The program includes the DOD's Key Management Initiative which is designed to replace cumbersome special purpose channels for distribution of cryptographic keys with a network-based approach by 2015.

Interoperability
The NSA has also led the effort to create standards for devices to prevent vendor lock in.

High Assurance Internet Protocol Encryptor (HAIPE)
Link Encryptor Family (LEF)
Secure Communications Interoperability Protocol (SCIP)

Devices
The modernized devices that are being built usually include the ability to add to or replace the current algorithms as firmware updates as newer ones become available.

References

Military communications
National Security Agency
Bromine trifluoride (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on bromine trifluoride.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may require substantial safety precautions. It is highly recommended you obtain the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source  such as AirGas, and follow its directions.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Spectral data

References 

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Bromine pentafluoride (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on bromine pentafluoride.

Material Safety Data Sheet 
The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommended that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source  such as Matheson Trigas, and follow its directions.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Spectral data

References

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Calcium hydroxide (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on calcium hydroxide.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source and follow its directions. 
SIRI
Science Stuff

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Spectral data

References 

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Traffolyte. Traffolyte, sometimes spelled Traffolite, was a brand name for multi-layered phenolic plastic sheets suitable for engraving. Each layer was a different colour so engraved letters or shapes would be a different colour from the unengraved portions. Thus it could be used for name tags, labels and signs.

History
The material dates back to 1927, when it was first produced by Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Ltd. at their Trafford Park factory in Manchester, UK for transformer labels. The complete business was sold to De La Rue Insulation Ltd in 1945; De La Rue exited this business in the early 1960s. There are a large number of companies manufacturing bi- and tri-layer phenolic engraving stock and it has become a generic term; no record of its having been a registered trademark in the United States or UK has been found.

Hazards
Traffolyte signs and labels are cheap to produce, and were very popular in the past. However, phenolic dust is now recognized as a health hazard and so precautions must be taken during label production.

References

External links 
 Metropolitan-Vickers Electrical Co. Ltd. 1899 - 1949 by John Dummelow M.A., A.M.I.E.E 

 Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Ltd advertisement from 1939
 What is Traffolyte and How is it Made?

Phenol formaldehyde resins
Engraving
Metropolitan-Vickers
Plastic brands
Tour of the Universe. Tour of the Universe was a Space Shuttle simulation ride located in the basement level of the CN Tower. Operating between 1985 and 1992, it was the world's first flight simulator ride.

The ride was the idea of Moses Znaimer and designed by SimEx.  The name of the ride, Tour of the Universe, and its content were adapted from a work of the same name cowritten in 1980 by Robert Holdstock and Malcolm Edwards, who sold the rights for the ride.

Construction began in 1984 and the ride began operations in 1986. Built by Showscan Film, the ride used two Boeing 747 simulators designed and built by Redifusion Ltd in Crawley, UK.  Showscan designed and built the spacecraft themed cabin that seated the 40 passengers.  Director, special effects expert and Showscan owner Douglas Trumbull produced the show film.  The ride system and its controls were later the basis for Disneyland's Star Tours ride.

The ride was replaced in 1992 with a similar attraction entitled "Space Race." It was later dismantled and replaced by two other SimEx rides in 1998 and 1999.

Similar rides were proposed for Japan and Australia.

Story
The ride featured a round trip spaceflight to Jupiter. Passengers first boarded an elevator that took them into the depths of the CN Tower and forward to the year 2019, arriving at Spaceport Toronto. Operated by CP Air Interplanetary (or Canadian Interplanetary after CP Air was absorbed by Canadian in 1987), the shuttle resembled the US Space Shuttle, but instead of a cargo bay the ship had a passenger compartment.

Before boarding their flight, passengers moved through various themed areas of the spaceport such as Customs, Security and Medical. Passengers would be able to print out their tickets and be inoculated against space diseases such as "Ganymede Rash".

When aboard the interplanetary shuttle, passengers were launched upward through the hollow core of the CN Tower, arriving at a space station in orbit, and traveling to Jupiter while dodging an asteroid.

See also

 CN Tower

Notes

References
 SimEx (last accessed February 3, 2010)

Culture of Toronto
Space Shuttle tourist attractions
Outer space in amusement parks
Simulator rides
Transistor (disambiguation). A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical power.

Transistor may also refer to:

Music
 Transistor (311 album), 1997
 "Transistor" (song), the title track by the band 311 from the album Transistor
 Transistor (TNT album)
 "Transistor," a song by Kraftwerk from the 1975 album Radio-Activity
 Twisted Transistor, a song written and recorded by the American band Korn
 Transister, band

Other uses
 Transistor (video game), a 2014 video game by Supergiant Games

See also
 Transistor radio, a small portable radio receiver using transistor-based circuitry
Transport Construction Authority. The Transport Construction Authority (TCA), formerly Transport Infrastructure Development Corporation (TIDC) prior to July 2010, was an agency of the Government of New South Wales that was responsible for new railway projects in the city of Sydney, Australia. On 1 November 2011 the Transport Construction Authority was subsumed into the newly formed Transport for NSW.

History
The Transport Infrastructure Development Corporation (TIDC) was formed as part of the Transport portfolio and was charged with delivering a number of major public transport, in particular commuter rail, construction projects across the greater Sydney metropolitan area. The authority oversaw the process of planning, design, regulatory approval and community relations for its projects. Construction was performed by private-sector construction companies. When built, the infrastructure was turned over for management by CityRail.

The former chairman of TIDC was Ron Finlay, who served the role for 5 years. In 2006-2007 the TIDC was responsible for 11 projects under construction, collectively worth over  billion, with another nine projects in the planning phase. Project expenditure for the year totaled A$629 million.

The TIDC was renamed the Transport Construction Authority on 1 July 2010. On 1 November 2011, the Transport Construction Authority was abolished and subsumed into Transport for NSW.

Projects

Transferred to Transport for New South Wales
 Rail Clearways Program
Macarthur turnback
Liverpool turnback
Kingsgrove to Revesby quadruplication
Schofields to Vineyard duplication
 South West Rail Link
 Northern Sydney Freight Corridor Program
Auburn stabling
Commuter Car Park and Interchange Program (remaining projects)

Completed
Rail Clearways Program
Bondi Junction turnback
Berowra third platform
Macdonaldtown stabling
Revesby turnback
Hornsby fifth platform
Lidcombe turnback
Sutherland to Cronulla duplication
Homebush turnback
Quakers Hill to Schofields duplication
 Parramatta Transport Interchange
 Epping to Chatswood railway line
 Chatswood Transport Interchange
 North Sydney station upgrade
Commuter Car Park and Interchange Program (some projects)

See also
 Sydney Metro Authority

References

External links
Transport Construction Authority website

Defunct government entities of New South Wales
Transport in Sydney
Defunct transport organisations based in Australia
2011 disestablishments in Australia
Adolphe Van Tiggelen. Adolphe Van Tiggelen (1914–1969) was a Belgian scientist and professor at the University of Louvain (UCLouvain). He made important contributions to the understanding of flame processes. In 1961, he was awarded the Francqui Prize on Exact Sciences.

See also
Combustion Institute

External links
 The Combustion Institute (history of Belgian section)

Belgian physicists
Academic staff of the Université catholique de Louvain
1914 births
1969 deaths
Jules Duchesne. Jules Charles Gérard Léon Duchesne (1911–1984) was a Belgian scientist. He was awarded the Francqui Prize on Exact Sciences and the Gold Medal of the Francqui Foundation in 1961, for his work on molecular physics.

Work
At the laboratory of atomic and molecular physics, Duchesne studied the dynamic behaviour of molecules and identified the role of molecular vibrations in chemical reactivity.   In 1950 this gave rise to the theory of infra-red photoactivation.

Duchesne studied the properties of the solid state.   He was the first to establish the law governing the broadening of quadripolar nuclear resonance in crystals containing isomorphic impurities.   In this way he discovered the effects of charge transfer, the fraction of the transfer and the location of the transferred electron.

From 1957 he concentrated on the properties of nitrogen and presented his findings to the academy as "La molécule de N2O4 et un nouveau type de liaison chimique" ("The N204 molecule and a new type of chemical bond")

In 1964, free radicals in various meteorites were identified at Liege.   As a recognized expert in the field of carbonate rocks, Jules Duchesne was chosen by the NASA to study lunar samples collected by the Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 missions.

From 1975, while continuing to write on atomic physics and molecular biophysics, he also broadened his scope, to include medical matters.

Personal
In 1948 he married Audrey Madeline Cripps (b 1919), who was English.  This subsequently resulted in two recorded children.

References
 J. Duchesne, De la physique à la vie dans l' univers, Dialectica, Volume 36 Issue 1 pages 7–14, March 1982

Sources
 Laureates of the Franqui Prize 
 Obituary/Biography from Leuven/Louvain university

Belgian physicists
1911 births
1984 deaths
Millennium Tower (Frankfurt). The Millennium Tower is a planned skyscraper whose construction will start in 2025. When completed in 2030, it will be the European Union's second tallest building and Germany's tallest building. It will contain Germany's tallest observation deck with a panoramic view over Frankfurt. The tower will have a height of  and 67 stories. The architect of the tower is Ferdinand Heide and the client is CA Immo.

History

The first plans of the Millennium tower were introduced in 1998. The plans proposed a tower with a height of 

The client was EIM (Eisenbahn Immobilien Management) and the concept was created by Albert Speer & Partner, as a component of the high-rise master plan of Frankfurt in 1998.

The design and engineering of the DMC Landmark Building was performed by Albert Speer Jr. The building was to house an observation deck on 70th floor at , from which visitors will be able to see the entire metropolis of Frankfurt and it would have been the tallest building in Europe at that time. It would have been an observation deck less high than those of Willis Tower on the 103rd floor at  and the 102nd floor of the Empire State Building at . Five-star hotels would have been located on the 85th–102nd floors, surpassing the Shangri-La Hotel (34th–52nd floors) in the Shard, as the highest hotel rooms in the European country. All functions of a futuristic, 21st century city were to be incorporated into the building, including the most luxurious office and residential spaces, a department store, luxury shopping malls, a large convention center, and the subway underground that connects to the building.

By the end of 2000, Donald Trump stated that he would plan to make the Millennium Tower the tallest residential skyscraper worldwide and started the TD Trump Deutschland AG as a corporate venture with the German company Marseille-Kliniken. TD Trump Deutschland was dissolved in 2005 and several lawsuits followed.

On the real estate exhibition Cityscape, which took place in Dubai, the project was presented as cubic model in October 2007.

With the property owned by Vivico Real Estate GmbH, the Millennium Tower would be located in the Gallus district, just east of Messe Frankfurt near the business quarter development Europaviertel. An official construction permit was granted in May 2001.

It could be marketed as the European headquarters for global companies. Due to the economic crisis starting in 2008, marketing efforts for the tower were reduced. The general situation of the real estate market improved in the early 2010s and neighbouring projects are in the process of realisation, with completion of the Millennium Tower becoming more likely again.

See also
 List of tallest buildings in Frankfurt
 List of tallest buildings in Europe

References

External links
 
 architekci.pl  (link broken)

Skyscrapers in Frankfurt
Proposed skyscrapers in Germany
BaseKing. In cryptography, BaseKing is a block cipher designed in 1994 by Joan Daemen. It is very closely related to 3-Way, as the two are variants of the same general cipher technique.

BaseKing has a block size of 192 bits–twice as long as 3-Way, and notably not a power of two as with most block ciphers. The key length is also 192 bits. BaseKing is an 11-round substitution–permutation network.

In Daemen's doctoral dissertation he presented an extensive theory of block cipher design, as well as a rather general cipher algorithm composed of a number of invertible transformations that may be chosen with considerable freedom. He discussed the security of this general scheme against known cryptanalytic attacks, and gave two specific examples of ciphers consisting of particular choices for the variable parameters. These ciphers are 3-Way and BaseKing.

BaseKing is susceptible to the same kind of related-key attack as 3-Way. Daemen, Peeters, and Van Assche have also demonstrated potential vulnerabilities to differential power analysis, along with some techniques to increase the resistance of a given implementation of BaseKing to such an attack.

References
 
 

Broken block ciphers
Richard Llewelyn Davies, Baron Llewelyn-Davies. Richard Llewelyn Davies, Baron Llewelyn-Davies (24 December 1912 – 27 October 1981), was a British architect and life peer.

Life and career
Llewelyn Davies was educated at a private school in Ireland and at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied mechanical sciences and graduated in 1934. During his time at Cambridge he was a member of the Cambridge Apostles, associating with left-wing students such as Anthony Blunt and Victor Rothschild. He later studied at the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, and the Architectural Association (AA) in London, where his contemporaries included Elizabeth Chesterton and Ann MacEwen.
     
Llewelyn Davies was Professor of Architecture at The Bartlett, University College London from 1960 to 1969, and Professor of Urban Planning and Head of the School of Environmental Studies from 1970 to 1975. He was the designer of Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire.

On 16 January 1964, he was created a life peer with the title Baron Llewelyn-Davies, of Hastoe in the County of Hertfordshire.

He was married to Patricia Parry, having three children. As his wife was made a life peeress, they were one of the few couples who both held titles in their own right.

Llewelyn-Davis was the son of Moya Llewelyn Davies and the grandson of Irish MP James O'Connor and a first cousin of the Llewelyn Davies boys.

Professional career

In 1960, Richard Llewelyn Davies and John Weeks formed the architectural and planning practice Llewelyn-Davies Weeks, which became one of the most influential hospital design and master planning companies in the UK. Major early commissions included the design of Northwick Park Hospital and offices for The Times newspaper.

The company grew with the addition of Walter Bor in 1964 and became Llewelyn-Davies, Weeks, Forestier-Walker, and Bor, and was known for the master planning of Milton Keynes. The company now trades as 'Llewelyn Davies' and retains the name 'Llewelyn Davies Weeks Ltd' in memory of the founding partners.

Arms

References

1912 births
1981 deaths
Life peers
British urban planners
20th-century English architects
Academics of University College London
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Architects from London
Spouses of life peers
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
Mars Space Flight Facility. The Mars Space Flight Facility is located at Arizona State University in Tempe, Arizona.

The facility is a research center in Arizona State University's School for Earth and Space Exploration. Scientists, researchers, and students there specialize in using instruments on spacecraft at Mars for remote sensing research primarily concerning the geology and mineralogy of the planet.

The instruments based at the facility include the Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) on NASA's Mars Odyssey orbiter and two Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometers (Mini-TES) on the Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity. (A full-size Mars rover model, bedded on reddish-brown sand, dominates the building's lobby.) Before the loss of NASA's Mars Global Surveyor in November 2006, the facility also operated the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) aboard the spacecraft.

On May 25, 2011, NASA announced a New Frontiers Mission, OSIRIS-REx, to a carbonaceous asteroid. The mission will include OTES, an updated and modified version of the Mini-TES Spectrometer from the MER missions.

The facility's director is Dr. Phil Christensen; he is the principal investigator of the THEMIS instrument, a co-investigator on the Mars Exploration Rover project, and the principal investigator of the Mini-TES instrument on board the rovers. He was also the principal investigator for Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES).

In addition, the facility houses the Mars Education Program, which provides workshops, field trips, and other opportunities for teachers and students to join with scientists in Mars exploration.

References

External links 
 Mars Space Flight Facility homepage

 Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) homepage
 Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) homepage
 Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) homepage
 NASA/ASU Mars Education Program home page
 OSIRIS-REx Thermal Emission Spectrometer website at ASU

Arizona State University
Buildings and structures in Tempe, Arizona
Education in Maricopa County, Arizona
Exploration of Mars
Thomas Longridge Gooch. Thomas Longridge Gooch (1 November 1808 – 23 November 1882) was civil engineer of the Manchester and Leeds Railway from 1831 to 1844.

Biography
Gooch was born on 1 November 1808. He was the eldest son of John and Anna Gooch; John was from Bedlington, Northumberland, and Anna was the daughter of Thomas Longridge of Newcastle. John and Anna had ten children, and of their five sons, four became railway engineers: Thomas Longridge Gooch; John Viret Gooch; Daniel Gooch and William Frederick Gooch.

On 6 October 1823, Gooch was apprenticed for six years to George Stephenson; with Stephenson, he surveyed the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway and for  years from 1826 acted as Stephenson's secretary and draughtsman on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway (L&MR), living in Stephenson's house in Liverpool. In January 1829, Gooch became Resident Engineer for the Liverpool end of the L&MR, but in April the same year he took a temporary appointment as Resident Engineer of the Bolton and Leigh Railway.

In 1830, Stephenson was appointed to survey the route of the proposed Manchester and Leeds Railway, and Gooch was appointed his assistant. Gooch carried out most of the actual surveying for the new line, and was in charge of the construction.

Notes

References

 

British railway civil engineers
British railway pioneers
1808 births
1882 deaths
Engineers from Tyne and Wear
People from Newcastle upon Tyne
19th-century British businesspeople