omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
IBM Business System 12. Business System 12, or simply BS12, was one of the first fully relational database management systems, designed and implemented by IBM's Bureau Service subsidiary at the company's international development centre in Uithoorn, Netherlands.  Programming started in 1978 and the first version was delivered in 1982. It was never widely used and essentially disappeared soon after the division was shut down in 1985, possibly because IBM and other companies settled on SQL as the standard.

BS12's lasting contribution to history was the use of a new query language based on ISBL, created at IBM's UK Scientific Centre. Developers of the famous System R underway in the US at the same time were also consulted on certain matters concerning the engine, but the BS12 team rejected SQL unequivocally, being convinced that this apparently unsound and difficult-to-use language (which at that time was also relationally incomplete) would never catch on.

BS12 included a number of interesting features that have yet to appear on most SQL-based systems, some a consequence of following the ISBL precedent, others due to deliberate design. For instance, a view could be parameterised and parameters could be of type TABLE. Thus, a view could in effect be a new relational operator defined in terms of the existing operators.  Codd's DIVIDE operator was in fact implemented that way.

Another feature that could have easily been included in SQL systems was the support for update operations on the catalog tables (system tables describing the structure of the database, as in SQL).  A new table could be created by inserting a row into the TABLES catalog, and then columns added to it by inserting into COLUMNS.

In addition, BS12 was ahead of SQL in supporting user-defined functions and procedures, using a Turing complete sublanguage, triggers, and a simple "call" interface for use by application programs, all in its very first release in 1982.

Example
Sample query for determining which departments are over their salary budgets:

 T1 = SUMMARY(EMP, GROUP(DEPTNUM), EMPS=COUNT, SALSUM=SUM(SALARY))
 T2 = JOIN(T1, DEPT) 
 T3 = SELECT(T2, SALSUM > BUDGET)

Note the "natural join" on the common column, DEPTNUM. Although some SQL dialects support natural joins, for familiarity, the example will show only a "traditional" join. Here is the equivalent SQL for comparison:
-- (SQL version) 
SELECT d.Deptnum, Count(*) as Emps, 
  Sum(e.Salary) as Salsum, Budget
FROM Emp as e
JOIN Dept as d ON e.Deptnum = d.Deptnum
GROUP BY d.Deptnum, Budget
HAVING Sum(e.Salary) > Budget

References

External links
Business System 12 (BS12)
TQL/SMEQL - A draft query language influenced by BS12

Business System 12
Proprietary database management systems
1982 software
Query languages
Cargo cult programming. Cargo cult programming is a style of computer programming characterized by the ritual inclusion of code or program structures that serve no real purpose. Cargo cult programming is symptomatic of a programmer not understanding either a bug they were attempting to solve or the apparent solution (compare shotgun debugging, deep magic). The term cargo cult programmer may apply when anyone inexperienced with the problem at hand copies some program code from one place to another with little understanding of how it works or whether it is required.

Cargo cult programming can also refer to the practice of applying a design pattern or coding style blindly without understanding the reasons behind that design principle. Some examples are adding unnecessary comments to self-explanatory code, overzealous adherence to the conventions of a programming paradigm, or adding deletion code for objects that garbage collection automatically collects.

Etymology

Cargo cults are millenarian movements that arose in Melanesia under colonial rule, and inspired Richard Feynman to coin the expression cargo cult science. In Feynman's description, after the end of the Second World War practitioners believed that air delivery of cargo would resume if they carried out the proper rituals, such as building runways, lighting fires next to them, and wearing headphones carved from wood while sitting in fabricated control towers. "The form is perfect.  It looks exactly the way it looked before.  But it doesn’t work."

The term then became used more widely as a metaphor for empty rituals. The term "cargo-cult programming" appeared in version 2.5.1 of the Jargon File, a glossary of computing slang, released in January 1991. The term "cargo cult" in anthropology, meanwhile, is increasingly avoided for failing to represent the complexity of Melanesian beliefs.

Cargo cult software engineering
A related term to cargo cult programming in software engineering is cargo cult software engineering, coined by Steve McConnell.

McConnell describes software development organizations that attempt to emulate more successful development houses, either by slavishly following a software development process without understanding the reasoning behind it, or by attempting to emulate a commitment-oriented development approach (in which software developers devote large amounts of time and energy toward seeing their projects succeed) by mandating the long hours and unpaid overtime, while in successful companies these might instead be consequences of high motivation instead of causes of success.

In both cases, McConnell contends that competence ultimately determines whether a project succeeds or fails, regardless of the development approach taken; furthermore, he claims that incompetent "imposter organizations" (which merely imitate the form of successful software development organizations) are in fact engaging in what he calls cargo cult software engineering.

See also
Black box
Cargo cult science
Copy and paste programming
GitHub Copilot
Magic (programming)
Magical thinking

References

Further reading

Computer programming folklore
Software engineering folklore
Timeline of computing hardware before 1950. This article presents a detailed timeline of events in the history of computing software and hardware: from prehistory until 1949. For narratives explaining the overall developments, see History of computing.

Prehistory–antiquity

Medieval–1640

1641–1850

1851–1930

1931–1940

1941–1949

Computing timeline
Timeline of computing
1950–1979
1980–1989
1990–1999
2000–2009
2010–2019
2020–present
History of computing hardware

Notes

References

External links
 A Brief History of Computing, by Stephen White. An excellent computer history site; the present article is a modified version of his timeline, used with permission.
 The Evolution of the Modern Computer (1934 to 1950): An Open Source Graphical History, article from Virtual Travelog
 Timeline: exponential speedup since first automatic calculator in 1623 by Jürgen Schmidhuber, from "The New AI: General & Sound & Relevant for Physics, In B. Goertzel and C. Pennachin, eds.: Artificial General Intelligence, pp. 175–198, 2006."
 Computing History Timeline,  a photographic gallery on computing history
 Computer History by Computer Hope
 Timeline of Computer History by Computer History Museum

1949
History of computing hardware
Bucher's Mill Covered Bridge. The Bucher's Mill Covered Bridge or Butcher's Mill Covered Bridge is a covered bridge that spans Cocalico Creek in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States.  After the Landis Mill Covered Bridge, it is the second shortest covered bridge in the county.  A county-owned and maintained bridge, its official designation is the Cocalico #2 Bridge.

The bridge has a single span, wooden, double Burr arch trusses design with the addition of steel hanger rods.  The deck is made from oak planks.  It is painted red, the traditional color of Lancaster County covered bridges, on both the inside and outside.  Both approaches to the bridge are painted in the traditional white color.

The bridge's WGCB Number is 38-36-12.  In 1980 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as structure number 80003514.  It is located at  (40.20783, -76.134667) to the northeast of Ephrata, Pennsylvania off Pennsylvania Route 272 on Cocalico Creek Road.

History 
The Bucher's Mill Covered Bridge was built in 1891Note:  by Elias McMellen, using single span, wooden, double Burr arch truss construction,  at a cost of $1167.  A year later, in 1892, the bridge was damaged heavily in a flood and was rebuilt by McMellen for $1025. At only 64 feet long, it is one of the shortest covered bridges in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.

Gallery

See also
 List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
 List of covered bridges in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania

References 

Bridges completed in 1891
Covered bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Covered bridges in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
1891 establishments in Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Wooden bridges in Pennsylvania
Burr Truss bridges in the United States
Keller's Mill Covered Bridge. The Keller's Mill Covered Bridge is a covered bridge that spans Cocalico Creek in Ephrata Township, Lancaster County in the US state of Pennsylvania. A county-owned and maintained bridge, its official designation is the Cocalico No. 5 Bridge. It is also sometimes known as the Guy Bard Covered Bridge (after a local jurist) and Rettew's Covered Bridge (after the person for whom Rettew's Road is named).

Due to heavy road traffic on the aging one-lane bridge, construction on a new steel and concrete bridge to bypass the covered bridge took place in the summer of 2006. According to Ephrata Township supervisor Clark Stauffer, the bridge has been disassembled and will be reassembled a few miles downstream to replace an existing one-,lane Middle Creek Road bridge. It was located at  (40.16983, −76.20467) before being disassembled.

History
Keller's Mill Covered Bridge was originally built by Elias McMellen in 1873 at a cost of US$2,075. After being swept away in flooding, the bridge was rebuilt in 1891, again by McMellen. It remained in place until it was disassembled and moved in 2006. The bridge was reconstructed in 2009 and reopened on Middle Creek Road in December 2010.

Design 
Keller's Mill Covered Bridge has a single span, wooden, double Burr arch trusses design with the addition of steel hanger rods. The deck is made from oak planks. The bridge is the only all white bridge in the county, not red. In fact, just about all covered bridges were whitewashed both inside and out. the only bridge to have survived the transition from whitewashing to the red color commonly used in barns throughout the county. The bridge is not painted on the inside.

Length:  span and  total length
Width:  clear deck and  total width
Overhead clearance: 
Underclearance:  

Rebuilt in 2010
Length:  span and  total length
Width:  clear deck and  total width
Overhead clearance: 
Underclearance:

See also 

 List of covered bridges in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
 National Register of Historic Places listings in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania

References 

Bridges completed in 1873
Covered bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Covered bridges in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Wooden bridges in Pennsylvania
Burr Truss bridges in the United States
AWT. AWT may stand for:

The Abstract Window Toolkit, part of the Java programming language
Antony Worrall Thompson, the British chef
Aphrodite World Tour, a 2011 concert tour by Australian pop/dance singer Kylie Minogue
Armathwaite railway station, England; National Rail station code AWT
Airborne wind turbine, a concept design wind turbine
Withholding tax, Automatic Withholding Tax (also known as WHT)
Advanced World Transport, Czech cargo railway operator
Alternative Waste Treatment, a subset of waste treatment. List of solid waste treatment technologies
High pressure. In science and engineering the study of high pressure examines its effects on materials and the design and construction of devices, such as a diamond anvil cell, which can create high pressure. High pressure usually means pressures of thousands (kilobars) or millions (megabars) of times atmospheric pressure (about 1 bar or 100,000 Pa).

History and overview
Percy Williams Bridgman received a Nobel Prize in 1946 for advancing this area of physics by two magnitudes of pressure (400 MPa to 40 GPa). The list of founding fathers of this field includes also the names of Harry George Drickamer, Tracy Hall, Francis P. Bundy, , and .

It was by applying high pressure as well as high temperature to carbon that synthetic diamonds were first produced alongside many other interesting discoveries. Almost any material when subjected to high pressure will compact itself into a denser form, for example, quartz (also called silica or silicon dioxide) will first adopt a denser form known as coesite, then upon application of even higher pressure, form stishovite. These two forms of silica were first discovered by high-pressure experimenters, but then found in nature at the site of a meteor impact.

Chemical bonding is likely to change under high pressure, when the P*V term in the free energy becomes comparable to the energies of typical chemical bonds – i.e. at around 100 GPa. Among the most striking changes are metallization of oxygen at 96 GPa (rendering oxygen a superconductor), and transition of sodium from a nearly-free-electron metal to a transparent insulator at ~200 GPa. At ultimately high compression, however, all materials will metallize.

High-pressure experimentation has led to the discovery of the types of minerals which are believed to exist in the deep mantle of the Earth, such as silicate perovskite, which is thought to make up half of the Earth's bulk, and post-perovskite, which occurs at the core-mantle boundary and explains many anomalies inferred for that region.

Pressure "landmarks": typical pressures reached by large-volume presses are up to 30–40 GPa, pressures that can be generated inside diamond anvil cells are ~1000 GPa, pressure in the center of the Earth is 364 GPa, and highest pressures ever achieved in shock waves are over 100,000 GPa.

See also
 Synthetic diamond
 D-DIA

References

Further reading

Materials science
Pressure
HDL. HDL may refer to one of the following:

Science and technology
 Hardware description language, in computer engineering
 Handle System identifier (Hdl.handle.net)
 High-density lipoprotein, complex particles
 Huntington's disease-like syndromes, a family of genetic neurological diseases

Other uses
 GE HDL, a diesel engine
 HDL System, HDL Universal Tactical role-playing game system produced by Tremorworks, LLC
 Harry Diamond Laboratories, a U.S. Army laboratory
 Headstone Lane railway station (National Rail station code), London, England
 Les Hurlements d'Léo, an alternative rock band from France
Ratchet. Ratchet may refer to:

Devices 
 Ratchet (device), a mechanical device that allows movement in only one direction
 Ratchet, metonymic name for a socket wrench incorporating a ratcheting device
 Ratchet (instrument), a  musical instrument and a warning device

Film and television 
 Ratchet (Robots), a character in the film Robots
 Ratchet, a character in the Widget the World Watcher television series
 Ratchet, a character in the Red Lantern Corps DC Comics series
 Ratchet (Transformers), a character
 Ratchet, a 1986 thriller film by John Johnson

Video games 
 Ratchet (Ratchet & Clank), a video game character
 Ratchet: Deadlocked, a video game

Music 
 “Ratchet (song)” Millionaires (group) featuring Kreayshawn, 2012
 "Ratchet" (Bloc Party song), 2013
 Ratchet (Shamir album), 2015
 Ratchet, another name for the RnBass genre

Other 
 Ratchet option, a financial derivative also known as cliquet option
 Double Ratchet Algorithm, an algorithm for managing cryptographic keys
 Ratchet (slang), a derogatory term
 Ratchet Gearloose, a Disney character, paternal grandfather of Gyro Gearloose

See also 
Nurse Ratched
 Ratched (TV series)
Pike (programming language). Pike is an interpreted, general-purpose, high-level, cross-platform, dynamic programming language, with a syntax similar to that of C. Unlike many other dynamic languages, Pike is both statically and dynamically typed, and requires explicit type definitions. It features a flexible type system that allows the rapid development and flexible code of dynamically typed languages, while still providing some of the benefits of a statically typed language.

Pike features garbage collection, advanced data types, and first-class anonymous functions, with support for many programming paradigms, including object-oriented, functional and imperative programming. Pike is free software, released under the GPL, LGPL and MPL licenses.

History 
Pike has its roots in LPC, which was a language developed for MUDs. Programmers at Lysator in Linköping, Sweden, most notably Fredrik Hübinette and Per Hedbor, separated the language and virtual machine from the rest of the MUD driver, and used it as a rapid prototyping language for various applications, calling it LPC4.

LPC's license did not allow use for commercial purposes, and so a new GPL implementation was written in 1994, called μLPC (micro LPC).

In 1996, μLPC was renamed to Pike in order to provide a more commercially viable name. Although the name of the company has changed over the years, the company now known as Roxen Internet Software employed many Pike developers, and provided resources for Pike's development. Roxen is also the name of a web server developed by the company in Pike. In 2002, the programming environment laboratory at Linköping University took over maintenance of Pike from Roxen. Several Pike programmers have found their way to the Linköping office of Opera Software, where the language plays a central role in the server/gateway parts of the Opera Mini application.

Example
int main()
{
  write("Hi there! What's your name?\n");
  string name = Stdio.stdin->gets();
  write("Nice to meet you, " + name + "!\n");
  return 0;
}

See also

 LPMud family tree

References

External links
 
 Community Page
 

Class-based programming languages
Scripting languages
Free and open source interpreters
Cross-platform software
Object-oriented programming languages
Software using the Mozilla Public License
Software using the GNU General Public License
Software using the GNU Lesser General Public License
Mathew Evans. Matthew Evans is one of two Canadians who developed and patented an incandescent light bulb, on July 24, 1874, five years before Thomas Alva Edison's U.S. patent on the device.

Evans, from Toronto, Ontario, and his friend Henry Woodward, made the light bulb by sending electricity through a filament made of carbon. Evans was a hotelier.

External links
 The First Electric Light Bulb

Canadian inventors
People from Old Toronto
Year of death missing
Year of birth missing
Canadian hoteliers
Web (programming system). Web is a computer programming system created by Donald E. Knuth as the first implementation of what he called "literate programming": the idea that one could create software as works of literature, by embedding source code inside descriptive text, rather than the reverse (as is common practice in most programming languages), in an order that is convenient for exposition to human readers, rather than in the order demanded by the compiler.

Web consists of two secondary programs: TANGLE, which produces compilable Pascal code from the source texts, and WEAVE, which produces nicely-formatted, printable documentation using TeX.

CWEB is a version of Web for the C programming language, while noweb is a separate literate programming tool, which is inspired by Web (as reflected in the name) and which is language agnostic.

The most significant programs written in Web are TeX and Metafont.  Modern TeX distributions use another program Web2C to convert Web source to C.

Philosophy
Unlike most other documentation generators, which relegate documentation to comments, the WEB approach is to write an article to document the making of the source code.  Much like TeX articles, the source is divided into sections according to documentation flow.  For example, in CWEB, code sections are seamlessly intermixed in the line of argumentation.

CWEB

CWEB is a computer programming system created by Donald Knuth and Silvio Levy as a follow-up to Knuth's WEB literate programming system, using the C programming language (and to a lesser extent the C++ and Java programming languages) instead of Pascal.

Like WEB, it consists of two primary programs: 

 CTANGLE, which produces compilable C code from the source texts, and
 CWEAVE, which produces nicely-formatted printable documentation using TeX.

Features
 Can enter manual TeX code as well as automatic.
 Make formatting of C code for pretty printing.
 Can define sections, and can contain documentation and codes, which can then be included into other sections.
 Write the header code and main C code in one file, and can reuse the same sections, and then it can be tangled into multiple files for compiling.
 Use #line pragmas so that any warnings or errors refer to the .w source.
 Include files.
 Change files, which can be automatically merged into the code when compiling/printing.
 Produces index of identifiers and section names in the printout.

References

External links
The TeX Catalogue entry for Web
CWEB homepage
Examples of programs written in Web, By Donald Knuth (1981 and onward)

Free documentation generators
Literate programming
TeX
Lattice C. The Lattice C Compiler was released in June 1982 by Lifeboat Associates and was the first C compiler for the IBM Personal Computer. The compiler sold for $500 and would run on PC DOS or MS-DOS (which at the time were the same product with different brandings). The first hardware requirements were given as 96KB of RAM and one (later two) floppy drives. It was ported to many other platforms, such as mainframes (MVS), minicomputers (VMS), workstations (UNIX), OS/2, Amiga, Atari ST, and Sinclair QL.

The compiler was subsequently repackaged by Microsoft under a distribution agreement as Microsoft C version 2.0. Microsoft developed their own C compiler that was released in April 1985 as Microsoft C Compiler 3.0. Lattice was purchased by SAS Institute in 1987 and rebranded as SAS/C. After this, support for other platforms dwindled until compiler development ceased for all platforms except IBM mainframes. The product is still available in versions that run on other platforms, but these are cross compilers that only produce mainframe code.

Some of the early 1982 commercial software for the IBM PC was ported from CP/M (where it was written for the BDS C subset of the C language) to MS-DOS using Lattice C including Perfect Writer, PerfectCalc, PerfectSpeller and PerfectFiler. This suite was bundled with the Seequa Chameleon and Columbia Data Products.
 LMK, make tool
 LSE, screen editor
 TMN, text management utilities

Reception
In a 1983 review of five C compilers for the IBM PC, BYTE chose Lattice C as the best in the "superior quality, but expensive and unsuited to the beginner" category. It cited the software's "quick compile and execution times, small incremental code, best documentation and consistent reliability". PC Magazine that year similarly praised Lattice C's documentation and compile-time and runtime performance, and stated that it was slightly superior to the CI-C86 and c-systems C compilers.

References

External links 
 
 Note: As of 2023, the domain lattice.com is used by a new company

C (programming language) compilers
Amiga development software
Atari ST software
DOS software
IBM mainframe software