omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Frame (networking). A frame is a digital data transmission unit in computer networking and telecommunications. In packet switched systems, a frame is a simple container for a single network packet. In other telecommunications systems, a frame is a repeating structure supporting time-division multiplexing.

A frame typically includes frame synchronization features consisting of a sequence of bits or symbols that indicate to the receiver the beginning and end of the payload data within the stream of symbols or bits it receives. If a receiver is connected to the system during frame transmission, it ignores the data until it detects a new frame synchronization sequence.

Packet switching
In the OSI model of computer networking, a frame is the protocol data unit at the data link layer. Frames are the result of the final layer of encapsulation before the data is transmitted over the physical layer. A frame is "the unit of transmission in a link layer protocol, and consists of a link layer header followed by a packet." Each frame is separated from the next by an interframe gap.  A frame is a series of bits generally composed of frame synchronization bits, the packet payload, and a frame check sequence.  Examples are Ethernet frames, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) frames, Fibre Channel frames, and V.42 modem frames.

Often, frames of several different sizes are nested inside each other.  For example, when using Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) over asynchronous serial communication, the eight bits of each individual byte are framed by start and stop bits, the payload data bytes in a network packet are framed by the header and footer, and several packets can be framed with frame boundary octets.

Time-division multiplex
In telecommunications, specifically in time-division multiplex (TDM) and time-division multiple access (TDMA) variants, a frame is a cyclically repeated data block that consists of a fixed number of time slots, one for each logical TDM channel or TDMA transmitter. In this context, a frame is typically an entity at the physical layer. TDM application examples are SONET/SDH and the ISDN circuit-switched B-channel, while TDMA examples are Circuit Switched Data used in early cellular voice services. The frame is also an entity for time-division duplex, where the mobile terminal may transmit during some time slots and receive during others.

See also 
 Application-layer framing
 Datagram
 Jumbo frame
 Multiplex techniques
 Overhead bit

References 

Computer networks
Link protocols
Packets (information technology)
Units of information

it:Ethernet#Frame
FTS2000. Federal Telecommunications System 2000 (FTS2000) is a long distance telecommunications service for the United States federal government, including services such as switched voice service for voice or data up to 4.8 kbit/s, switched data at 56 kbit/s and 64 kbit/s, switched digital integrated service for voice, data, image, and video up to 1.544 Mbit/s, packet switched service for data in packet form, video transmission for both compressed and wideband video, and dedicated point-to-point private line for voice and data. 

Note 1:  Use of FTS2000 contract services is mandatory for use by U.S. Government agencies for all acquisitions subject to 40 U.S.C. 759. 

Note 2:  No U.S. Government information processing equipment or customer premises equipment other than that which are required to provide an FTS2000 service are furnished. 

Note 3:  The FTS2000 contractors will be required to provide service directly to an agency's terminal equipment interface. For example, the FTS2000 contractor might provide a terminal adapter to an agency location in order to connect FTS2000 ISDN services to the agency's terminal equipment. 

Note 4:  GSA awarded two 10-year, fixed-price contracts covering FTS2000 services on December 7, 1988. 

Note 5:  The Warner Amendment excludes the mandatory use of FTS2000 in instances related to maximum security.
FTS2000 was completed in 2000, then replaced by FTS2001, and thereafter, in 2008, by Networx.

References
FTS2000 was completed in 2000, and was replaced by FTS2001.

Telecommunication services
Telecommunications in the United States
Fuse. Fuse or FUSE may refer to:

Devices
 Fuse (electrical), a device used in electrical systems to protect against excessive current
 Fuse (automotive), a class of fuses for vehicles
 Fuse (hydraulic), a device used in hydraulic systems to protect against sudden loss of fluid pressure
 Fuse (explosives) or fuze, the part of the device that initiates function
 Fuze or fuse, a mechanism for exploding military munitions such as bombs, shells, and mines

Computing
 Fuse ESB, an open-source integration platform based on Apache Camel
 Filesystem in Userspace, a virtual file system interface for Unix-like operating systems
 Fuse (emulator), the Free Unix Spectrum Emulator of the ZX Spectrum
 Fuse Internet Service, a former Cincinnati Bell Internet service provider based in Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
 Fuse Universal, a learning platform
 Adobe Fuse CC, formerly Fuse Character Creator, 3D computer graphics program, originally developed by Mixamo, used to create 3D characters.
 e-fuse

Science
 Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer, a space-based ultraviolet telescope and spectroscope
 Intramembranous ossification, the fusing of bones of the skeletal system
 Cell fusion, several biological cells combining
 Fuse (thermonuclear)
 Fused compound, a class of multi-ring chemical structures

Entertainment
 Fuse (film), a 2003 film by Pjer Žalica, original Bosnian title Gori vatra
 Fuse Teppō Musume no Torimonochō, a 2012 Japanese animated film
 Fuse (magazine), a Canadian arts and culture magazine

Music
 Fuse (band), an American rock group
 Fuse (Fuse album), 1970
 Fuse (Joe Henry album), 1999
 Fuse (Colin James album), 2000
 Fuse (Everything but the Girl album), 2023
 Fuse (Keith Urban album), 2013
 The Fuse (band), a band from the East of Scotland
 The Fuse (album), by Pennywise, 2005
 Fused (album), a 2005 album by Tony Iommi
 F.U.S.E., an alias for electronic artist Richie Hawtin
 Fuse Festival, an Australian contemporary music event
 Fuse (club), an electronic dance music club in Brussels
 "Fuse", an instrumental by Chaz Jankel from his 1980 album Chas Jankel
 "The Fuse", a song by Bruce Springsteen from his 2002 album The Rising
 "The Fuse", a song by Jackson Browne from his 1976 album The Pretender
 "The Fuse", a song by Heaven 17 from their 1984 album How Men Are

Radio and television
 Fuse (TV channel), an American cable television station
 Fuse (radio program), a musical radio program on CBC
 The Fuse (game show), a UK game show broadcast on ITV1

Games
 Fuse Games, a game developer
 Fuse (video game), a video game by Insomniac Games
 Fuse, a playable character in the game Apex Legends

Other uses
 Fuse, a consumer electronics company started by Tony Fadell
 Fuse (chocolate bar), a brand of chocolate bar made by Cadbury
 Fuse (surname), a Japanese surname
 Fuse, Shimane, a village located in Oki District, Shimane, Japan
 FUSE Glass Prize, an Australian prize for glass art
 Fuse Station, a station in Osaka, Japan
 Scion Fuse, a concept car

See also
 Fews, Swedish-American rock band 
 Flare, also known as a fusee
 Fusee (disambiguation)
 Fusion (disambiguation)
 Fuze (disambiguation)
Heuristic routing. Heuristic routing is a system used to describe how deliveries are made when problems in a network topology arise. Heuristic is an adjective used in relation to methods of learning, discovery, or problem solving. Routing is the process of selecting paths to specific destinations. Heuristic routing is  used for traffic in the telecommunications networks and transport networks of the world.

Heuristic routing is achieved using specific algorithms to determine a better, although not always optimal, path to a destination. When an interruption in a network topology occurs, the software running on the networking electronics can calculate another route to the desired destination via an alternate available path.

According to :
The heuristic approach to problem solving consists of applying human intelligence, experience, common sense and certain rules of thumb (or heuristics) to develop an acceptable, but not necessarily an optimum, solution to a problem. Of course, determining what constitutes an acceptable solution is part of the task of deciding which approach to use; but broadly defined, an acceptable solution is one that is both reasonably good (close to optimum) and derived within reasonable effort, time, and cost constraints. Often the effort (manpower, computer, and other resources) required, the time limits on when the solution is needed, and the cost to compile, process, and analyze all the data required for deterministic or other complicated procedures preclude their usefulness or favor the faster, simpler heuristic approach. Thus, the heuristic approach is generally used when deterministic techniques or are not available, economical, or practical.

Heuristic routing allows a measure of route optimization in telecommunications networks based on recent empirical knowledge of the state of the network. Data, such as time delay, may be extracted from incoming messages, during specified periods and over different routes, and used to determine the optimum routing for transmitting data back to the sources.

IP routing

The IP routing protocols in use today are based on one of two algorithms: distance vector or link state. Distance vector algorithms broadcast routing information to all neighboring routers. Link state routing protocols build a topographical map of the entire network based on updates from neighbor routers, and then use the Dijkstra algorithm to compute the shortest path to each destination. Metrics used are based on the number of hops, delay, throughput, traffic, and reliability.

Distance vector algorithms
RIP uses number of hops, or gateways traversed, as its metric
IGRP uses bandwidth, delay, hop count, link reliability, load, and MTU
EIGRP uses the (DUAL) Diffusing Update Algorithm
BGP uses the distance vector algorithm

Link state algorithms
OSPF uses the Dijkstra algorithm.

See also
Heuristic (computer science)
Ford–Fulkerson algorithm
Bellman–Ford algorithm
Turn restriction routing

References
 
 
 
 

Heuristic algorithms
Routing
Hierarchical routing. Hierarchical routing  is a method of routing in networks that is based on hierarchical addressing.

Background
Most Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) routing is based on a two-level hierarchical routing in which an IP address is divided into a network portion and a host portion. Gateways use only the network portion until an IP datagram reaches a gateway that can deliver it directly. Additional levels of hierarchical routing are introduced by the addition of subnetworks.

Description
Hierarchical routing is the procedure of arranging routers in a hierarchical manner. A good example would be to consider a corporate intranet. Most corporate intranets consist of a high speed backbone network. Connected to this backbone are routers which are in turn connected to a particular workgroup. These workgroups occupy a unique LAN. The reason this is a good arrangement is because even though there might be dozens of different workgroups, the span (maximum hop count to get from one host to any other host on the network) is 2. Even if the workgroups divided their LAN network into smaller partitions, the span could only increase to 4 in this particular example.

Considering alternative solutions with every router connected to every other router, or if every router was connected to 2 routers, shows the convenience of hierarchical routing. It decreases the complexity of network topology, increases routing efficiency, and causes much less congestion because of fewer routing advertisements. With hierarchical routing, only core routers connected to the backbone are aware of all routes. Routers that lie within a LAN only know about routes in the LAN. Unrecognized destinations are passed to the default route.

References

External links
http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/doc-stable/node310.html

Routing
Input. Input may refer to:

Computing
 Input (computer science), the act of entering data into a computer or data processing system
 Information, any data entered into a computer or data processing system
 Input device
 Input method
 Input port (disambiguation)
 Input/output (I/O), in computing

Other
 Input (talk show)
 Input (typeface)
 International Public Television Screening Conference (INPUT), an international public television organization
 Input (online magazine), an online technology and culture magazine owned by Bustle Digital Group

See also
 
 Independent variable in a mathematical function
 In economics, a factor of production, a resource employed to produce goods and services
 Advice (opinion)
 Impute (disambiguation)
 Output (disambiguation)
Inside plant. In telecommunications, the term inside plant has the following meanings:

All the cabling and equipment installed in a telecommunications facility, including the main distribution frame (MDF) and all the equipment extending inward therefrom, such as PABX or central office equipment, MDF heat coil protectors, and grounding systems.  
In radio and radar systems, all communications-electronics (C-E) equipment that is installed in buildings.

Around the turn of the 21st century, DSLAMs became an important part of telephone company inside plant. Inside plant will also have distribution frames and other equipment including passive optical network (name depends on the Service Provider).

Power
A typical power system for a switching office in an inside plant consists of the elements listed below: 
AC power system
AC input switch gear
Standby AC plant (where appropriate)
AC distribution system (essential and non-essential loads)
AC backup systems for uninterruptible loads and protected loads
DC power system
Rectifiers and plant controls
Storage batteries
DC distribution system.
For safety and reliability reasons, it is desirable that all telecommunications loads be DC powered with minimal AC-powered devices used. Telcordia GR-513, Power Requirements in Telecommunications Plant (LSSGR Section 13), contains detailed industry requirements for using power in an inside plant.

Both integrated and isolated bonding networks as per Telcordia GR-295, Mesh and Isolated Bonding Networks: Definition and Application to Telephone Central Offices, are a technically viable means to ground and bond the equipment in a safe and effective manner. However, the integrated or mesh bonding schemes are preferred over isolated bonding networks because of the added costs and efforts required to manage, control, and maintain the isolation for the equipment, particularly during equipment upgrade and modifications to the plant. This preference is based on a pragmatic desire for lower costs and ease of management, and to simplify operations during plant modifications/upgrades.

For a comprehensive analysis of the energy efficiency and environmental soundness of a power system, one should ideally consider a wider range of factors than strict energy conversion AC-to-DC power efficiency. These environmental factors cover a wider vision known as Industrial Ecology within which each manufacturing step of the products need to be considered from a Design for Environment (DfE) factors standpoint.

See also
 Outside plant

Sources

Telecommunications infrastructure
Interface functionality. In telephony, interface functionality is the characteristic of interfaces that allows operators to support transmission, switching, and signaling functions identical to those used in the enhanced services provided by the carrier. 

As part of its comparably efficient interconnection (CEI) offering, the carrier must make available standardized telephone networking hardware and software interfaces that are able to support transmission, switching, and signaling functions identical to those used in the enhanced services provided by the carrier.

References

Telephony
Intermediate distribution frame. An intermediate distribution frame (IDF) is a distribution frame in a central office or customer premises, which cross connects the user cable media to individual user line circuits and may serve as a distribution point for multipair cables from the main distribution frame (MDF) or combined distribution frame (CDF) to individual cables connected to equipment in areas remote from these frames.

IDFs are used for telephone exchange central office, customer-premises equipment, wide area network (WAN), and local area network (LAN) environments, among others.

In central office environments the IDF may contain circuit termination equipment from various auxiliary components. In WAN and LAN environments IDFs can hold devices of different types including backup systems (hard drives or other media as self-contained, or as RAIDs, CD-ROMs, etc.), networking (switches, hubs, routers), and connections (fiber optics, coaxial, category cables) and so on.

References
 

Telephony equipment
Interposition trunk. In telecommunications, the term interposition trunk has the following meanings: 

1.  A single direct communication channel, e.g., voice-frequency circuit, between two positions of a large switchboard to facilitate the interconnection of other circuits appearing at the respective switchboard positions. 

2.  Within a technical control facility, a single direct transmission circuit, between positions in a testboard or patch bay, which circuit facilitates testing or patching between the respective positions. 

Communication circuits
Isochronous burst transmission. Isochronous burst transmission is a method of  transmission.  In a data network where the information-bearer channel rate is higher than the input data signaling rate, transmission is performed by interrupting, at controlled intervals, the data stream being transmitted.

Note 1: Burst transmission in isochronous form enables communication between data terminal equipment (DTE) and data networks that operate at dissimilar data signaling rates, such as when the information-bearer channel rate is higher than the DTE output data signaling rate.

Note 2:  The binary digits are transferred at the information-bearer channel rate. The data transfer is interrupted at intervals in order to produce the required average data signaling rate.

Note 3:  The interruption is always for an integral number of unit intervals.

Note 4:  Isochronous burst transmission has particular application where envelopes are being transferred between data circuit terminating equipment (DCE) and only the bytes contained within the envelopes are being transferred between the DCE and the DTE. Synonyms: burst isochronous (deprecated), interrupted isochronous transmission.

References

Quantized radio modulation modes
Isochronous signal. In telecommunications, an isochronous signal is a signal in which the time interval separating any two significant instants is equal to the unit interval or a multiple of the unit interval. Variations in the time intervals are constrained within specified limits.

"Isochronous" is a characteristic of one signal, while "synchronous" indicates a relationship between two or more signals.

See also
 Synchronization in telecommunications
 Synchronous network
 Mesochronous network
 Plesiochronous system
 Asynchronous system

References

Telecommunications engineering
Synchronization
Joint multichannel trunking and switching system. The Joint multichannel trunking and switching system is that composite multichannel trunking and switching system formed from assets of the Services, the Defense Communications System, other available systems, and/or assets controlled by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to provide an operationally responsive, survivable communication system, preferably in a mobile/transportable/recoverable configuration, for the joint force commander in an area of operations.

References

Military communications
K-factor. K-factor or K factor may refer to:

Engineering and technology
 K-factor (aeronautics), the number of pulses expected for every one volumetric unit of fluid passing through a given flow meter
 K-factor (centrifugation), relative pelleting efficiency of a given centrifuge rotor
 K factor (crude oil refining), a system for classifying crude oil
 K-factor (fire protection), formula used to calculate the discharge rate from a fire system nozzle
 K-factor (metalurgy), formulae used to calculate the bending capacity of sheet metal
 K factor (traffic engineering), the proportion of annual average daily traffic occurring in an hour

Mathematics and statistics
 K-factor (actuarial), the ratio of the value of deferrable expenses to the value of estimated gross profits
 k-factor (graph theory), a spanning k-regular subgraph in graph theory

Telecommunications
 K-factor, the circular segment of earth profile that blocks off long-distance communications in line-of-sight propagation

Other uses
 K-factor (Elo rating system), a constant used in Elo rating system
 K-factor (marketing), the growth rate of websites, apps, or a customer base
 K-factor (sheet metal), the ratio of location of the neutral line to the material thickness
 The K Factor, a fictional TV show within Harry Hill's TV Burp
 Bondi k-factor, the "k" in Bondi k-calculus

See also 
 K (disambiguation)
 K-value (disambiguation)
Launch numerical aperture. In telecommunications, launch numerical aperture (LNA) is the numerical aperture of an optical system used to couple (launch) power into an optical fiber.  

LNA may differ from the stated NA of a final focusing element if, for example, that element is underfilled or the focus is other than that for which the element is specified. 
LNA is one of the parameters that determine the initial distribution of power among the modes of an optical fiber.

References

Fiber optics
Layer. Layer or layered may refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media
Layers (Kungs album)
Layers (Les McCann album)
Layers (Royce da 5′9″ album)
“Layers”, the title track of Royce da 5′9″’s sixth studio album
Layer, a female Maverick Hunter in the Mega Man X series
Layer, an element in a digital painting
Layer (film), a 2022 Russian film

Science
 Stratum, a layer of rock or soil with internally consistent characteristics
 Thermocline, a layer within a body of water where the temperature changes rapidly with depth
Layer, an area in the neocortex with specific structure and connection pattern among neurons

Technology

Computing
 Layer (object-oriented design), a group of classes that have the same set of link-time module dependencies to other modules
 Layers (digital image editing), used in digital image editing to separate different elements of an image
 Layers, in 2D computer graphics
 Abstraction layer, a way of hiding the implementation details of a particular set of functionality
 Internet protocol suite layers
 OSI model layers
 Layer element, a deprecated -like tag, unique to Netscape 4 browsers
 Layer of objects, a term in CAD
 Map layer, a set of graphical information, especially in geographic information systems
 Layer (deep learning), a structure in the architecture of a deep learning model, which take information from the previous layers and then pass information to the next layer

Electronics
 Layer (electronics), a single thickness of some material covering a surface
 Dual layer recording, a DVD layer
 F region, or Appleton Layer in telecommunications

Other uses
 Layer, a tier of archaeological deposits in an excavation
 Layer hen, a hen raised to produce eggs
 Layer cake, a cake consisting of stacked layers
 Layered, Inc., an American software company 
 Layered clothing, the wearing of multiple layers of clothing for practical or fashion purposes
 Layered hair, a popular hair-styling technique
 Walter Francis Layer (1907-1965), American politician and U.S. Marine Corps colonel

See also
 Layering (disambiguation)
 Multilevel (disambiguation)