omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant. The Grafenrheinfeld nuclear power plant () is a now-offline electricity-generating facility near Grafenrheinfeld, south of Schweinfurt at the river Main. The plant operated from 1981 to June 28, 2015, when it was taken offline as part of the phase out policy for nuclear power in Germany. As a result of the plant's closure, Germany has relied heavily on coal and natural gas, primarily from Russia, to generate electricity.

Construction and history
Construction took place between 1974 and 1981, which cost around 2.5 billion DM. The reactor, a German third-generation pressurized water reactor with an electrical net power output of 1,345 megawatts, achieved first criticality on December 9, 1981.

The plant is managed by PreussenElektra GmbH. The two  tall cooling towers were visible from far away. As with almost all other nuclear plants, temporary storage facilities for spent nuclear fuel are present on site. There is an information center at the power station.

Under the phase out policy for nuclear power in Germany, the plant was scheduled to shut down on 31 December 2015. Citing economical reasons, E.ON declared intent to shut down the plant earlier, originally at end of May 2015.

Since its closure the plant was inoperative, and on 16th August 2024 the cooling towers were demolished using explosives. The demolition was delayed momentarily by a pro-nuclear protester who had climbed ten meters up a power pole within the blast radius.

Plant taken offline
The Grafenrheinfeld plant was taken offline on June 28, six months before scheduled to close on December 3, 2015 as part of Germany's ongoing policy to shut all nuclear power plants down in the country by 2022. The plant owners decided it was uneconomic to continue operation as planned.

In the media
In the anti-nuclear teen novel Die Wolke (1987), the power plant undergoes a meltdown.

References

Former nuclear power stations in Germany
Economy of Bavaria
Schweinfurt (district)
Buildings and structures in Lower Franconia
Energy infrastructure completed in 1981
1981 establishments in West Germany
2015 disestablishments in Germany
Microtech Gefell. Founded by Georg Neumann, Microtech Gefell was originally known as Georg Neumann & Company Gefell.

Gefell is the name of the town to which Georg Neumann fled from Berlin in 1943. An incendiary bomb had destroyed most of his original factory earlier that year. He brought his family, his technical director Erich Kühnast, his legal adviser Mr. Drechsler and around 20 employees with him, and soon set up shop in an abandoned textile factory. Production continued in Gefell of the microphone models made since the 1930s in Berlin, including the M7 capsule developed by Walter Weber and Hans Joachim von Braunmuhl of the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft. By 1948, Neumann had moved back to his home in Berlin, which was finally relinquished by the military, and started up a new company called Georg Neumann GmbH. When the Berlin Wall was erected in 1961, Neumann's Berlin and Gefell workshops were separated. 

In 1972, pressured by the GDR, the company changed its name to VEB Mikrofontechnik Gefell.  As a January 2004 Sound on Sound article stated: "Currently under the technical supervision of Kühnast's son, Microtech Gefell still produces the M7 capsule in exactly the same way Georg Neumann taught the elder Kühnast in the 1940s — hand drilling each hole in the backplate, making the PVC membrane, and gluing it all together by hand just as Neumann specified!"

Throughout the GDR period, the Gefell factory grew and supplied measurement and studio microphones to much of the east bloc. The original operation grew to about 160 employees by the late 1980s, and the East German government funded construction of a new building which now houses research and production for measurement and studio microphones. The company is owned by Georg Neumann KG, the descendant of the original firm that was nationalised by the GDR in 1972 and which is now owned by the Kühnast and Drechsler families.

Today the Microtech Gefell factory produces a range of studio and measurement microphones that are sold through distributors worldwide. Three generations of the Kühnast family and two of the Drechsler family are involved in management of the enterprise.

Sources
"Microtech Gefell 75 Year History"; https://web.archive.org/web/20040502160450/http://www.microtechgefell.de/eng/history/HistoriePDF/E_History%20Microtech%20Gefell%20_pdf.pdf
Cucoo, Jeremy; "Microtech-Gefell M296"; Recording.org; 
"The History of Microtech Gefell"; Mercenary Audio; https://web.archive.org/web/20070914105604/http://www.mercenary.com/hiofmige.html
Robjohns, Hugh; "Microtech Gefell M930"; Sound on Sound January 2004; http://www.soundonsound.com/sos/jan04/articles/microtechgefell.htm?print=yes

See also
List of microphone manufacturers

References

Companies based in Thuringia
German brands
Audio equipment manufacturers of Germany
Microphone manufacturers
Concrete cancer. Concrete cancer may refer to: 

 Rebar corrosion and spalling of the concrete cover above rebar caused by the rust expansion and accelerated by chloride attack and pitting corrosion of the steel reinforcements. 
 Alkali–silica reaction (ASR), also known as alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR), when reactive amorphous silica aggregates exposed to alkaline conditions (high pH) swell inside the concrete matrix leading to the development of a network of cracks.

It may also refer to: 
 Sulfate attacks, an hat appellation covering different concrete degradation mechanisms:
 Delayed ettringite formation (DEF), also known as internal sulfate attack (ISA) when the temperature of fresh concrete exceeds 65 °C during its setting and hardening;
 External sulfate attack (ESA), and;
 Thaumasite form of sulfate attack (TSA).

Concrete
Corrosion
Materials degradation
Hahn Fire Apparatus. Hahn Fire Apparatus, also known as Hahn Motors, was a fire engines and apparatus and truck builder formerly located in Hamburg, within Berks County, Pennsylvania. 

It was in operation from 1916 until its closure in 1989.

Products
The company manufactured custom and commercial fire engines and firefighting apparatus.

Hahn manufactured its own chassis for its fire engines. They were also for commercial trucks it built, such as delivery vehicles and construction vehicles.

The company also built buses.

See also

References

Fire service vehicle manufacturers
Emergency services equipment makers
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Pennsylvania
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Defunct bus manufacturers of the United States
Companies based in Berks County, Pennsylvania
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1916
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1989
1916 establishments in Pennsylvania
1989 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania
Defunct truck manufacturers of the United States
Iron nanoparticle. Nanoscale iron particles are sub-micrometer particles of iron metal. They are highly reactive because of their large surface area. In the presence of oxygen and water, they rapidly oxidize to form free iron ions. They are widely used in medical and laboratory applications and have also been studied for remediation of industrial sites contaminated with chlorinated organic compounds.

Synthesis 
Iron nanoparticles can be synthesized by the reduction of Fe(II) or Fe(III) salt with sodium borohydride in an aqueous medium.

Reactivity 
When exposed to oxygen and water, iron oxidizes. This redox process can occur under either acidic or neutral/basic conditions:

2 Fe0(s) + 4 H+(aq) + O2(aq) → 2 Fe2+(aq) + 2 H2O(l)

 Fe0(s) + 2 H2O (aq) → Fe2+(aq) + H2(g) + 2 OH−(aq)

Research
Research has shown that nanoscale iron particles can be effectively used to treat several forms of ground contamination, including grounds contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated organic solvents, and organochlorine pesticides.  Nanoscale iron particle are easily transportable through ground water, allowing for in situ treatment.  Additionally, the nanoparticle-water slurry can be injected into the contaminated area and stay there for long periods of time. These factors combine to make this method cheaper than the most currently used alternative.

Researchers have found that although metallic iron nanoparticles remediate contaminants well, they tend to agglomerate on the soil surfaces.  In response, carbon nanoparticles and water-soluble polyelectrolytes have been used as supports to the metallic iron nanoparticles.  The hydrophobic contaminants adsorb to these supports, improving permeability in sand and soil.

In field tests have generally confirmed lab findings.  However, research is still ongoing and nanoscale iron particles are not yet commonly used for treating ground contamination.

See also
Health and safety hazards of nanomaterials
Environmental implications of nanotechnology

References
 
2.http://www.chalcogen.infim.ro/1771_Yuvakkaur.pdf

External links
National Nanotechnology Initiative
Nanotechnology methods to clean up water pollution
 Largescale production and applications of zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI)

Nanoparticles by composition
Environmental science
Pollution control technologies
Iron
Operational Reactor Safeguard Examination. An Operational Reactor Safeguards Examination (ORSE) is an examination conducted by United States Navy personnel onboard U.S. Navy nuclear-powered ships.  The purpose of an ORSE is to ensure that the Engineering (submarines) or Reactor (aircraft carriers) department of a nuclear-powered vessel is operating their reactor(s) in a safe manner. The exam also ensures the readiness of the ship's engineering or reactor department to safely respond to nuclear power plant casualties.

The ORSE board is made up of three Junior Board Members, usually prior Engineers, and a Senior Board Member (a prior Commanding Officer) Nuclear Propulsion Examining Board, or NPEB.

Typical Schedule 

An ORSE is scheduled during an underway period. There are a few surprise ORSE's when the boat or ship is given only a few days of notice. The first task of the ORSE board is to review all of the ship's records from the date of the most recent ORSE. During the review of records, the engineering department takes a written exam. After the review, a battery of intense simulation drills will begin. On submarines, each of the 3 watch sections stands one drill watch, is casualty assistance team for another, and finally drill monitors for a third.  After the drills, oral interviews test the department's level of knowledge.  Additionally, there are monitored evolutions to evaluate the department's ability to perform selected maintenance items.  A typical ORSE lasts for 3 days.

Purpose 

The purpose of ORSE is to ensure that a ship's engineering or reactor department can respond to any casualty, and is properly following all procedures for operating and maintaining the propulsion plant.

Anecdotal Quotes
"It gets better after ORSE." - This is a cliche statement expressed by those in Reactor/Engineering department. The intent is to provide hope that the extra stress is temporary and that the quality of life will improve after ORSE. As ORSE is a reoccurring audit, the quality of life does not in fact change. Similar to a seafood restaurant's permanent advertisement for "Free Crabs Tomorrow!", tomorrow never arrives.

References 

 United States naval reactors
Herbert Bartlett. Sir Herbert Henry Bartlett, 1st Baronet (30 April 1842 – 23 June 1921) was a civil engineer and contractor responsible for many landmark buildings in London.

Life
Bartlett was born at Hardington Mandeville. Aged 23, he joined Perry & Company, a civil engineering contractor founded by East End carpenter John Perry, based in Bow, east London, in 1865. He became a partner in the business in 1872, and after the death of Perry's three sons, became sole proprietor in 1888. In 1897, Bartlett signed a £877,000 contract to construct a deep tube under the Thames from Waterloo to Baker Street - part of the present-day Bakerloo Line.

Bartlett was president of the Institute of Builders and the London Master Builders Association, and three times Master of the Worshipful Company of Pattenmakers. He was made a Baronet in 1913.

He married Ada Charlotte Barr, and had several children. He lived from 1900 at Cornwall Gardens in west London.

He is buried in the family grave, which lies in the western half of Highgate Cemetery in north London on the main central path, just below the entrance to the Egyptian Avenue.

On his death his baronetcy passed to his grandson, Basil, as his two eldest sons had predeceased him (Herbert Evelyn Barlett, 1875–1917, and Hardington Arthur Bartlett 1877–1920, lost at sea).

Memorials
In 1911, he gave £30,000 to University College London to fund a new building for the School of Architecture, along with the Department of Applied Statistics and studios for the teaching of sculpture. The donation was initially anonymous, but in 1919 he consented to his name being revealed, and The Bartlett (the Faculty of the Built Environment) now bears his name.

Bartlett also made a sizeable donation to Ernest Shackleton's first voyage to Antarctica, where the explorer named a peak 'Mount Bartlett' after him.

Notable works 
Bartlett's contracts and designs included:
 the rebuilt Waterloo station
 St Thomas' Hospital (his 1896 building was rebuilt in the 1970s)
 improvements at Somerset House
 various stations on the London Underground between Baker Street and Waterloo
 part of Tower Bridge

Bartlett was also a keen yachtsman, being commodore of the Royal London Yacht Club.

References and sources
References

Sources
The Times Obituary 4 Jul 1921
 The Peerage: Sir Herbert Henry Bartlett, 1st Bt. Retrieved 2012-11-08

1842 births
1921 deaths
English civil engineers
1
Burials at Highgate Cemetery
Curtiss D-12. The Curtiss D-12, sometimes identified with the military designation Curtiss V-1150, was an aircraft engine of 18.8 liter displacement. It was a water-cooled V12, producing 443 hp (330 kW) and weighing 693 lb (314 kg). It was designed by Arthur Nutt in 1921 and used in the Curtiss CR-3 for the 1923 Schneider Trophy race. Fairey Aviation of England imported 50 Curtiss-built examples in 1926, renaming them the Fairey Felix.

The D-12 was one of the first truly successful aluminum cast-block engines and was extremely influential in the interwar period. Numerous engines trace their design to the D-12, among them the Packard 1A-1500, Rolls-Royce Kestrel and Junkers Jumo 210.

Applications

D-12
 Boeing Model 15
 Curtiss CR
 Curtiss Falcon
 Curtiss P-5
 Curtiss PW-8
 Curtiss R2C
 Fokker D.XII
 Macchi M.33
 Wittman D-12 Bonzo

Felix
 Fairey Firefly I
 Fairey Fox

Specifications (Curtiss D-12/Felix)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. .

External links

 Great Aircraft Engines - Curtiss D-12
 "The Curtiss Model CD-12 400 H.P. Aero Engine" a 1922 Flight article on the CD-12

D-12
1920s aircraft piston engines
V12 aircraft engines
Anderson orthogonality theorem. The Anderson orthogonality theorem is a theorem in physics by the physicist P. W. Anderson.

It relates to the introduction of a magnetic impurity in a metal. When a magnetic impurity is introduced into a metal, the conduction electrons will tend to screen the potential  that the impurity creates. The N-electron ground state for the system when , which corresponds to the absence of the impurity and , which corresponds to the introduction of the impurity are orthogonal in the thermodynamic limit .

References
 
 

Condensed matter physics
Uon. UoN may stand for various universities:

 University of Nairobi, Kenya
 University of Newcastle, Australia
 University of Nicosia, Cyprus
 University of Nizwa, Oman
 University of Northampton, UK
 University of Nottingham, UK

UON may stand for:

 Urgent Operational Need, a phrase that especially used by the military.

uon may stand for:

 unless otherwise noted, abbreviation used in electrical engineering and other engineering fields. A common project parameter may be listed to have a certain default value, unless otherwise noted. For example, the legend for a set of construction plans may specify that every receptacle shown on plans is to be mounted at 18" above finished floor, uon. Those few receptacles that will need to be mounted at a different height will each get a note next to them on the plans.
Density logging. Density logging is a well logging tool that can provide a continuous record of a formation's bulk density along the length of a borehole.  In geology, bulk density is a function of the density of the minerals forming a rock (i.e. matrix) and the fluid enclosed in the pore spaces.  This is one of three well logging tools that are commonly used to calculate porosity, the other two being sonic logging and neutron porosity logging

History & Principle
The tool was initially developed in the 1950s and became widely utilized across the hydrocarbon industry by the 1960s. A type of active nuclear tool, a radioactive source and detector are lowered down the borehole and the source emits medium-energy gamma rays into the formation.  Radioactive sources are typically a directional Cs-137 source.  These gamma rays interact with electrons in the formation and are scattered in an interaction known as Compton scattering.  The number of scattered gamma rays that reach the detector, placed at a set distance from the emitter, is related to the formation's electron density, which itself is related to the formation's bulk density () via

where   is the atomic number, and  is the molecular weight of the compound. For most elements  is about 1/2 (except for hydrogen where this ratio is 1). The electron density () in g/cm3 determines the response of the density tool.

General tool design

The tool itself initially consisted of a radioactive source and a single detector, but this configuration is susceptible to the effects of the drilling fluid.  In a similar way to how the sonic logging tool was improved to compensate for borehole effects, density logging now conventionally uses 2 or more detectors.  In a 2 detector configuration, the short-spaced detector has a much shallower depth of investigation than the long-spaced detector so it is used to measure the effect that the drilling fluid has on the gamma ray detection.  This result is then used to correct the long-spaced detector.

Inferring porosity from bulk density

Assuming that the measured bulk density () only depends on matrix density () and fluid density (), and that these values are known along the wellbore, porosity () can be inferred by the formula

Common values of matrix density  (in g/cm3) are:

 Quartz sand - 2.65
 Limestone - 2.71
 Dolomite - 2.87

This method is the most reliable porosity indicator for sandstones and limestones because their density is well known.  On the other hand, the density of clay minerals such as mudstone is highly variable, depending on depositional environment, overburden pressure, type of clay mineral and many other factors. It can vary from 2.1 (montmorillonite) to 2.76 (chlorite) so this tool is not as useful for determining their porosity.  A fluid bulk density  of 1 g/cm3 is appropriate where the water is fresh but highly saline water has a slightly higher density and lower values should be used for hydrocarbon reservoirs, depending on the hydrocarbon density and residual saturation.

In some applications hydrocarbons are indicated by the presence of abnormally high log porosities.

See also
Sonic logging

References

Well logging
Drilling technology
Aluminium bottle. An aluminium bottle, also sometimes called a bottlecan, is a bottle made of aluminium.

History and overview 
Aluminium bottles are made through an impact extrusion process. The aluminium bottle was introduced to the North American beverage market in the fall of 2001, as an alternative to plastic bottles by Coca-Cola under the Powerade brand (Psych and Raize) at the National Association of Convenience Stores Show.

"Cooler longer" claim 
A study conducted by engineering science students at Loyola College in Maryland suggested that the liquid content of aluminium bottles stays slightly colder than the liquid content of glass bottles, when allowed to warm at room temperature.  These results were not corroborated by a 2005 study at Bucknell University, which found that “The fluid in the aluminium bottle cools much faster than the glass bottle, and once removed from a cold source and exposed to room temperature, the glass bottle remained cooler longer than the aluminium bottle.”

See also
 Aluminium recycling
 Bottle recycling
 List of bottle types, brands and companies

References

External links
 The rise of aluminium drink bottles

Bottle
Bottles
Aluminum objects
Found FBA-1. The Found FBA-1 was a 1940s Canadian four-seat cabin monoplane produced by Found Brothers Aviation.

Design and development
Found Brothers Aviation was formed in 1946 to produce a new design by Captain S.R. Found, the Found FBA-1A. The FBA-1 was a high-wing monoplane powered by a 140 hp (104 kW) de Havilland Gipsy Major engine, designed from its inception to be operated on wheels, tundra tires, skis and on floats. 

The aircraft first flew on 13 July 1949. It was later developed into an all-metal four/five seater the Found FBA-2.

Specifications (FBA-1A)

References

Citations

Bibliography
 Bridgman, Leonard. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1951–52. London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Ltd, 1951.
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985). London: Orbis Publishing.

1940s Canadian civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1949
Single-engined tractor aircraft
FBA-1