omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cessna 411. The Cessna Model 411 is an American twin-engined, propeller-driven, non-pressurized light aircraft built by Cessna Aircraft. It was that company's largest business aircraft to enter production when it first flew in 1962.

Design and development

The 411 is an eight-seat low-wing twin-engined cabin-class monoplane with retractable landing gear, pressurized cabin, and an airstair entrance door, which first flown on 18 July 1962. It has two  Continental GTSIO-520-C engines with three-bladed propellers. During 1965 Cessna developed two generally similar and lower-cost versions, the Model 401 and Model 402. Production of the 411 finished in 1968 whilst a pressurized version of the 411 was developed as the Cessna 421.

Variants
Cessna 411
Production variant, obtained type certificate awarded in 1964, 252-built.
Cessna 411A
A 411 with larger nose baggage capacity but the same overall length fuselage and optional tanks in engine nacelles, type certificate awarded in 1967, 50 built.

Operators

Military operators

 French Air and Space Force - Six 411s were delivered between 1966 and 1969 as communications aircraft, the four surviving aircraft were transferred to the CEV in 1973 and 1974. Two were used by Groupe de Liaisons Aériennes Ministérielles for VIP transport duties.

Specifications

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

411
1960s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1962
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Clovelly Dykes. Clovelly Dykes is an Iron Age hill fort or earthwork near Clovelly, Devon, England. Situated on the high plateau behind the coast at approx 210 metres above sea level, it is one of the largest and most impressive Early Iron Age hill-forts in Devon. It is a complex series of earthworks covering more than .

An excavation was carried out at Clovelly Dykes in about 1903, but it is poorly documented. The site was designated a scheduled monument in 1924. Substrata carried out geophysical surveys south of the scheduled monument in 2017 and 2018, and surveys of the fort's interior in 2019. Excavations were carried out in 2018 and 2019.

References

Further reading

External links
North Devon Archaeological Society - Clovelly Dykes
Clovelly Dykes, Lundy, Isle of Avalon

Hill forts in Devon
Scheduled monuments in Devon
Kirk Bryan (oceanographer). Kirk Bryan Jr. (born July 21, 1929) is an American oceanographer who is considered to be the founder of numerical ocean modeling. He is the son of Kirk Bryan, Sr. (geologist, 1888–1950). Starting in the 1960s at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, then located in Washington, D.C., Bryan worked with a series of colleagues to develop numerical schemes for solving the equations of motion describing flow on a sphere. His work on these schemes led to the so-called "Bryan-Cox code" with which many early simulations were made, and which led to the Modular Ocean Model currently used by many numerical oceanographers and climate scientists.

In addition to his important contributions in developing numerical codes, Bryan was also involved in early efforts to apply them to understanding the global climate system. In 1967, he and Michael Cox published the first model of the 3-dimensional circulation of the ocean, forced by both winds and thermodynamic forcing. In 1969, a paper with Syukuro Manabe was the first to present integrations of a fully coupled atmosphere-ocean model, demonstrating the importance of ocean heat transport to the climate. This work was named one of the top ten breakthroughs in the history of the National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. Bryan's 1971 paper with the noted dynamicist Adrian Gill demonstrated the important role played by bottom topography in setting the structure of the global ocean circulation, and played a major role in suggesting links between changes in continental topography and climate, continuing a long-term interest in the role of oceanic heat transport in determining global climate. Dr. Bryan was a lead author of the "Transient Climate Change" section of the 1989 scientific assessment report to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

Bryan has been awarded the Maurice Ewing Medal of the American Geophysical Union for his contributions to the field of ocean science. In 2023, he was awarded the Alexander Agassiz Medal.

Notable scientific papers

 Manabe, S.; Bryan, K. (1969), "Climate Calculation with a combined ocean-atmosphere model," Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 26(4), 786–789, https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1969)026<0786:CCWACO>2.0.CO;2

References

External links
 http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/breakthroughs/climate_model/welcome.html#model
 http://www.agu.org/inside/honors.html#Ewing 
 http://www.gfdl.noaa.gov/bibliography/results.php?author=1003
 Oral History interview transcript with Kirk Bryan on 20 December 1989, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library & Archives

American oceanographers
1929 births
Living people
Foreign members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Sverdrup Gold Medal Award Recipients
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Space-based economy. Space-based economy is economic activity in outer space, including asteroid mining, space manufacturing, space trade, space burial, space advertising and construction performed in space such as the building of space stations.

Space-based industrial efforts are presently in their infancy. Most such concepts would require a considerable long-term human presence in space and relatively low-cost access to space. The majority of proposals would also require technological or engineering developments in areas such as robotics, solar energy, and life support systems.

A major catalyst in the development of a space economy has come from the rise of reusable launch vehicles and spacecraft in 2010s and the 2020s.

Some analysts have argued for creating an International Bank, to support deep space exploration.

Law
The 1967 Outer Space Treaty establishes that space, as the "province of all mankind," shall be freely explored and used by all nations, and that the use of the moon and all other celestial bodies shall be for peaceful purposes.

In 2015, the U.S. Congress passed a law explicitly allowing American companies to use resources from the moon and asteroids, the Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015. 

In April 2020, the U.S. Executive Order 13914 clarified the position of the U.S. government on the use of space resources and how the United States will foster the commercial development of space resources. “Americans should have the right to engage in commercial exploration, recovery, and use of resources in outer space,” the order states.

See also
 NewSpace
 Space colonization
 Chinese economic reform
 Colonization of the Moon
 Colonization of Mars
 Planetary habitability
 NASA lunar outpost concepts
 DARPA lunar programs
 In situ resource utilization
 Space architecture
 Outer space treaty
 Commercial Space Launch Competitiveness Act of 2015

References
Engineering Development Trust. The Engineering Development Trust is a UK not for shareholder profit organization, which administers a number of schemes designed to encourage school pupils to have an interest and involvement in science and engineering

History
The EDT was established in 1984.

In September 2017, long standing CEO Gordon Mizner retired from his position to be replaced by Julie Feest.

Structure
It has a main office situated near Ridgeway Academy in the east of Welwyn Garden City, not far from the B195. Other regional office locations include Southampton, Plymouth and Glasgow.

Operation
It runs the Go4Set residential courses to link school pupils with companies in the STEM or SET (Science, Engineering and Technology) field. It claims to be the largest provider of STEM enrichment activities for young people in the UK. All of the Engineering Development Trust's schemes are part of the Royal Academy of Engineering's BEST programme.

See also
 Engineering Education Scheme
 Year in Industry
 Royal Academy of Engineering

References

External links
 Engineering Development Trust website
 Engineering Education Scheme (England) website 
 Headstart website 
 Year in Industry website 
 Royal Academy of Engineering's BEST Programme website
 An overview of the Engineering Development Trust's programmes, Ingenia Magazine, September 2007
 Weltech Business Centre

1984 establishments in the United Kingdom
Engineering education in the United Kingdom
Engineering societies based in the United Kingdom
Non-profit organisations based in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Hertfordshire
Organizations established in 1984
Science and technology in the United Kingdom
Welwyn Hatfield
Youth science
Albatros J.II. The Albatros J.II was a German single-engine, single-seat, biplane ground-attack aircraft of World War I.

Design and development
Albatros J.II was a development of the Albatros J.I with increased fuselage armour and a more powerful engine.  The J.II dispensed with the propeller spinner of the earlier aircraft.

Operators

Luftstreitkräfte

 Lithuanian Air Force - 3 units (production No. 705, 710, 714)

Specifications (J.II)

See also

References

Bibliography

 

Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1910s German attack aircraft
J.II
Albatros G.II. The Albatros G.II, (Company post-war designation L.11), was a twin-engined German biplane bomber of World War I.

Development
Designed as a medium bomber, the G.II did not share any attributes with the larger G.I, being a single bay biplane with thick section upper wings and rigid X member inter-plane struts. The graceful lines of the fuselage were spoilt by the twin nose-wheel assembly, intended to reduce damage on nose-overs and at rest with a forward centre of gravity. A conventional tail-unit terminated the rear fuselage. The engines were installed in pusher nacelles, supported by struts from the fuselage and the lower wing trailing edges had cut-outs to allow the engines to be mounted further forward than otherwise possible. Only a single prototype was built which demonstrated a relatively poor performance so further development was concentrated on the more powerful Albatros G.III.

Operators

Luftstreitkräfte

Specifications (G.II)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

G.II
1910s German bomber aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Air Création. Air Création is a French manufacturer of ultralight and light-sport aircraft. The company was founded in 1982 and has since produced more than 5,500 aircraft. Current product portfolio includes the two seat Tanarg and the GTE Trek. The single-seat FAR 103 compliant Racer was produced for 25 years, from 1985 to 2010.

The company is located at Aubenas airfield in Ardèche, France.

Gallery

Aircraft
Air Creation Clipper
Air Creation GT
Air Creation Pixel
Air Creation Racer
Air Creation Skypper
Air Creation Tanarg
Air Creation Trek
Air Creation Twin

References

External links

 Air Création Home Page

Aircraft manufacturers of France
Manufacturing companies established in 1982
French companies established in 1982
Companies based in Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Albatros L 58. 

The Albatros L 58 was a German airliner of the 1920s. It was a single-engine cantilever monoplane which accommodated the pilot in an open cockpit at the top of the fuselage, and seated five-six passengers within it.

Variants
 L 58 – original production version with Maybach Mb.IVa engine and eight-passenger capacity
 L 58a – version with Rolls-Royce Eagle VIII engine and six-passenger capacity

Operators
 
 Deutsche Luftreederei
 Deutsche Aero-Lloyd
 Deutsche Luft Hansa

Specifications (L 58)

See also

References
 
 German Aircraft between 1919–1945((2005=Secret Agent 420))
 "Albatros 8-Seater Cabin Monoplane" Aviation And Aircraft Journal Vol. 10 1921 page 505
 "The Albatros Commercial Monoplane, Type L.57" Flight Vol. XIV 1922 page 587 (Although still referred to as the L.57, appears to describe an early version of the L 58.)

Single-engined tractor aircraft
1920s German airliners
L 058
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Engineering analysis. Engineering analysis involves the application of scientific/mathematical analytic principles and processes to reveal the properties and state of a system, device or mechanism under study.  

Engineering analysis is decompositional: it proceeds by separating the engineering design into the mechanisms of operation or failure, analyzing or estimating each component of the operation or failure mechanism in isolation, and re-combining the components according to basic physical principles and natural laws.

Applied/engineering mathematical analysis
Engineering analysis and applied analysis are synonym terms for mathematical analysis/calculus beyond basic differential equations such as applied for various advanced physics & engineering topics (including Fourier analysis, Lagrangian & Hamiltonian mechanics, Laplace transforms, Sturm–Liouville theory, and others) but still can involve mathematical proofs.

Remote systems
Engineering analysis is the primary method for predicting and handling issues with remote systems such as satellites and rovers. Engineering analysis for remote systems must be ongoing since the health and safety of the remote system can only be affected remotely (and because any failure could have fatal consequences). 

The capabilities of engineering analysis therefore must incorporate trending as well as analysis. Trending should be proactive, predictive, comprehensive and automated. Analysis must be reactive, investigative, targeted and hands-on. Together trending and analysis allow operators to both predict potential situations and identify anomalous events that threaten a remote system.

See also
Calculus
Differential equations
Fourier analysis
Mathematical analysis
Multivariable Calculus
Pinch analysis
Structural analysis

References

Engineering concepts
Analysis
Crazy Machines. Crazy Machines is a puzzle video game created by German studio FAKT Software. Crazy Machines based many of its ideas on The Incredible Machine series of games. The player is given a set of mechanical components to construct a Rube Goldberg-style or Heath Robinson-style intricate machine to solve a goal and advance to the next puzzle in the game.

An iOS version of the game was released in 2009.

Gameplay
In the game, players build imaginative machines that turn cranks, rotate gears, pull levers, and more to build a unique contraption. The player can solve more than 200 challenging puzzles and experiment with gears, robots, explosives, and more in a virtual lab. The game uses a physics engine to simulate various in-game variables such as air pressure, electricity, gravity, and particle effects.

See also
Crazy Machines 2
The Incredible Machine

References

External links 
Review in School Library Journal, September 2007.
 Review in Power to Learn.
 Machines is Up to the Challenge Washington Post, March 2006.

2005 video games
IOS games
MacOS games
Nintendo DS games
Puzzle video games
Video games developed in Germany
Wii games
Windows games
DTP Entertainment games
Single-player video games
Viva Media games
Fakt Software games
Material transfer agreement. A material transfer agreement (MTA) is a contract that governs the transfer of tangible research materials between two organizations when the recipient intends to use it for his or her own research purposes. The MTA defines the rights of the provider and the rights and obligations of the recipient with respect to the materials and any progeny, derivatives, or modifications.

The material can be of any kind, from chemicals, electronics, biological, or any other material. Biological materials, such as  cell lines, plasmids, and vectors, are the most frequently transferred materials. But MTAs are also used for other types of materials, such as chemical compounds, reagents, mouse models, and even some types of software.

MTA types
Three types of MTAs are most common at academic institutions: transfer between academic or research institutions, transfer from academia to industry and transfer from industry to academia. Each calls for different terms and conditions.

For simple transfers not involving intellectual property, in the US the National Institutes of Health (NIH) recommends a simple letter agreement. For materials that may be patented or for which more protection is desired, the NIH has developed a Uniform Biological Material Transfer Agreement (UBMTA). Many U.S. educational institutions have signed the UBMTA Master Agreement.  AUTM (previously the Association of University Technology Managers) serves as the repository for the original UBMTA Master Agreement and maintains the list of the signatories. Signatories to the UBMTA Master Agreement only have to sign an implementing letter with the details of the particular transfer since they have already agreed to all the terms of the Master Agreement.

References

External links

Bibliography
 Rodriguez, Victor (2005). Material transfer agreements: open science vs. proprietary claims. Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 489–491.
 Rodriguez, Victor (2007a). Material transfer agreements: Avoiding collisions with technology managers. BNA's Patent, Trademark and Copyright Journal, Vol. 73, No. 1802, pp. 305–308.
 Rodriguez, Victor (2007b). Merton and Ziman’s modes of science: The case of biological and similar material transfer agreements. Science and Public Policy, Vol. 34, No. 5, pp. 355–363.
 Rodriguez, Victor (2008). Governance of material transfer agreements. Technology in Society, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 122–128.
 Rodriguez, Victor and Koenraad Debackere (2007). Strategies for satisfying the need of research materials. Les Nouvelles, September, pp. 529–533.
 Rodriguez, Victor et al. (2007a). Do material transfer agreements affect the choice of research agendas? The case of biotechnology in Belgium. Scientometrics, Vol. 71, No. 2, pp. 239–269.
 Rodriguez, Victor et al. (2007b). Material transfer agreements and collaborative publication activity: The case of a biotechnology network. Research Evaluation, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 123–136.
 Rodriguez, Victor et al. (2008). On material transfer agreements and visibility of researchers in biotechnology. Journal of Informetrics, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 89–100.

Contract law
Time-of-flight ultrasonic determination of 3D elastic constants. The three-dimensional elastic constants of materials can be measured using the ultrasonic immersion method. This was pioneered by Zimmer and Cost from the National Physical Laboratory in the 1960s. It has mainly been used for polymer composite materials. Knowledge of the elastic constants can be used to feed back into models of the material's behaviour or that of the composite manufacturing process used.

Immersion technique

The ultrasonic immersion method makes use of a temperature stabilised water bath which has a pair of ultrasonic transducers located on either side of the sample which can be rotated using a stepper motor.

The time of flight of an ultrasonic pulse that has been transmitted through the material is measured using an electronic timer that determines the start of the transmitted pulse and the start of the received pulse using threshold detection. This timer is typically accurate to microsecond or better resolution.

By rotating the sample, time of flight measurements can be obtained a range of angles of incidence, typically up to 40 degrees. From the time of flight, the phase velocity can be determined as a function of the angle of incidence of the ultrasonic pulse.

Using Christoffel's equations, the measured data can be fitted using a least squares numeric method to determine six of the nine elastic constants.

By slicing the composite material and re-arranging the slices, the method can be re-applied to obtain the remaining three constants not found from the original measurements.

References
 Zimmer JE, Cost JR. "Determination of elastic constants of a uni- directional fiber composite using ultrasonic velocity measurements", in Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 47, 795–803 (1970)
 Enderby MD, Clarke AR, Patel M, Ogden P, Johnson AA, "An automated ultrasonic immersion technique for the determination of three-dimensional elastic constants of polymer composites", in Ultrasonics, 1998, vol. 36, no 1–5 (8 ref.), pp. 245–249.
 Goldmann T, Seiner H, Landa M, "Experimental determination of elastic coefficients of dry bovine bone", in Bulletin of Applied Mechanics 4, 262–275 (2005)

Further reading
  Mechanist’s Jotter 2006

Nondestructive testing
Rhodium(II) acetate. Rhodium(II) acetate  is the coordination compound with the formula Rh2(AcO)4, where AcO− is the acetate ion (). This dark green powder is slightly soluble in polar solvents, including water. It is used as a catalyst for cyclopropanation of alkenes. It is a widely studied example of a transition metal carboxylate complex.

Preparation
Rhodium(II) acetate is usually prepared by the heating of hydrated rhodium(III) chloride in a methanol-acetic acid mixture.  The crude product is the bis(methanol) complex, but it is easily desolvated.

Structure and properties
The structure of rhodium(II) acetate features a pair of rhodium atoms, each with octahedral molecular geometry, defined by four acetate oxygen atoms, water, and a Rh–Rh bond of length 2.39 Å. The water adduct is exchangeable, and a variety of other Lewis bases bind to the axial positions.  Copper(II) acetate and chromium(II) acetate adopt similar structures.

Chemical properties
The dimer binds a number of classical Lewis bases to form 2:1 adducts:

Its Lewis acidity is eclipsed by the enhanced reactivity of rhodium(II) trifluoroacetate, which even binds arenes and alkenes.

The acetate group can be replaced by other carboxylates of strong acids.  The yields are nearly quantitative.

Like almost all rhodium complexes, rhodium(II) acetate catalyzes many reactions such as hydrogenation and hydrosilylation.  No evidence exists for mechanisms and the behavior has not motivated further work.  The important observation that rhodium(II) acetate catalyzes reactions of diazo compounds has led to considerable research, but mostly focused on the trifluoroacetate or chiral derivatives.

References

Rhodium(II) compounds
Acetates
Dimers (chemistry)
Chemical compounds containing metal–metal bonds
Cliff-former. A cliff-former is a geological unit of bedrock that is more resistant to erosion than overlying or underlying strata and consequently produces outcrops with high slope angles.  It is more or less equivalent to ridge-former, and may be contrasted with slope-former.  In humid environments, sandstones are typically cliff-formers.  In arid environments, limestones are often cliff-formers also.  Recent lavas may be cliff-formers as well.

In the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians of the eastern United States the major ridge-formers are the Tuscarora, Pocono, and Pottsville Formations.

References

 
Erosion landforms
Geomorphology