omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
BotFighters. BotFighters is a location-based mobile game and a pervasive game, developed by It's Alive Mobile Games AB! (acquired by Digiment in 2007) designed to be a MMORPG played in an urban environment. It was possibly the world's first commercial location-based game. It was first released in Sweden on 14 March 2001, and later in Russia, Finland, Ireland and China.
In 2002, it was awarded with an Award of Distinction, Net Vision category in the Prix Ars Electronica.

The mission of the game was to locate and destroy other players. Each player was represented in the game as a robot warrior.  Successful battles were rewarded with money which could be traded in, via a website, for armor upgrades and other features for the player's robot. The game was temporally expansive, because there were no safe zones or timeouts; players were always playing. The likeness of the game has been compared to that of Paintball. The game is no longer playable.

Gameplay
BotFighters was a location-based mobile game and a pervasive game, that made use of the positioning technology of a mobile phone in playing the game.

See also
 Location-based mobile game
 Alternate reality game
 Location-based service
 Sentient computing
 Ubiquitous computing

References

External links
 BotFighters on GameSpot
 Have Cell Phone, Will Shoot – article on BotFighters and other location-based games from Wired
 Ready, aim, text – article on BotFighters from The Guardian

2001 video games
J2ME games
Java platform games
Location-based games
Video games developed in Sweden
USS Mockingbird (AMc-28). USS Mockingbird (AMc-28) was a coastal minesweeper acquired by the U.S. Navy for use in World War II. Her task was to clear minefields in coastal waterways.

The first Navy ship to be named Mockingbird,  AMc-28, a wooden dragger built in 1936 as Rio Douro by Morse Shipyards, Thomaston, Maine, was purchased by the U.S. Navy from L. C. McEwen and A. M. Pereira of Gloucester, Massachusetts, 30 October 1940; converted to a coastal minesweeper by the General Ship & Engine Works, East Boston, Massachusetts; renamed Mockingbird 14 November 1940; and placed in service at Boston 12 June 1941.

Mockingbird departed Boston 14 July 1941 for Yorktown, Virginia. Arriving there on the 18th, she underwent training at the Mine Warfare School and on 20 August reported for duty with the Experimental Mine Sweeping Group. She continued to operate in the 5th Naval District until 18 February 1944, when she was placed out of service at Norfolk, Virginia.

Struck from the Naval Register 29 July 1944, she was delivered to WSA for disposal at Little Creek, Virginia, 23 July 1945. Her subsequent status and fate are unknown.

References

External links 
 NavSource Online: Mine Warfare Vessel Photo Archive - Mockingbird (AMc 28)

Ships built in Thomaston, Maine
1936 ships
Minesweepers of the United States Navy
World War II minesweepers of the United States
Coastal minesweeper. Coastal minesweeper is a term used by the United States Navy to indicate a minesweeper intended for coastal use as opposed to participating in fleet operations at sea.

Because of its small size—usually less than 100 feet in length—and construction—wood as opposed to steel—and slow speed—usually about 9 or 10 knots—the coastal minesweeper was considered too fragile and slow to operate on the high seas with the fleet.

Minesweeping, in conjunction with fleet activities, was usually relegated to the diesel-driven steel-hulled AM-type minesweepers, later to be replaced by the wood-hulled MSO-type minesweeper with aluminum engines.

References

Ship types
Minor warship classes
Small combat vessel classes
Minesweepers
Irwin Lachman. Irwin M. Lachman (born August 2, 1930), is an American engineer, and is a co-inventor of the catalytic converter.

Biography 
Lachman was born August 2 in Brooklyn, New York in 1930, moved to and grew up in Jersey Homesteads, New Jersey, and attended the public Upper Freehold Township High School (later renamed Allentown High School). He received a B.S. in ceramic engineering from Rutgers University in 1952, and then a M.S. and a Ph.D. in ceramic engineering while at Ohio State University in 1953 and 1955. After serving in the United States Air Force, he worked for Thermo Materials, Inc. and Sandia National Laboratories before joining Corning’s ceramic research department in 1960. Lachman retired in 1994 and pursued his artistic interests by creating monoprints that he exhibits at galleries and shows.

Work 

At Corning Glass Works, Lachman was a member of the team that invented the first inexpensive, mass-producible catalytic converter for automobiles operating internal combustion engines. In addition to Irwin Lachman, the team consisted of engineer Rodney Bagley and geologist Ronald Lewis. While working at Corning, Irwin Lachman co-invented the ceramic substrate found in almost all catalytic converters, which greatly reduce the amount of harmful pollutants in automotive emissions.

Lachman and his colleagues were critical in developing an efficient and feasible catalytic converter. Lachman realized ceramics could be ideally suited to meet the demands placed on a catalytic converter. The composition he worked on offered better resistance to sudden and extreme temperature fluctuations. Lachman’s fundamental ceramics technology ultimately decreases pollution released into the environment. Their work was a response to the Clean Air Act (1970) and reduced polluting emissions from the combustion process by 95%. Additionally, because the catalyst they used in their invention, platinum, required removing lead from gasoline as an additive, their device offered a secondary benefit to the environment by reducing lead pollution.

Working together in the early 1970s at Corning Inc. in Corning, N.Y., Lachman, Bagley and Lewis all used cellular ceramic technology to create the ceramic honeycomb that became the essential core component of catalytic converters. Lachman and Lewis worked on the project for two years to develop a new ceramic material that had all the key characteristics they needed: high temperature durability, low thermal expansion, low thermal conductivity at high temperatures, light weight and controlled porosity.

Lachman, along with Bagley and Lewis, were inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2002 and received the 2003 National Medal of Technology at a White House ceremony. The team also won the International Ceramics Prize of the Academy for the Advanced Ceramics industry in 1996. Lachman holds 47 U.S. patents, and has authored numerous technical papers.

References 

21st-century American engineers
Living people
American automotive engineers
National Medal of Technology recipients
People from Roosevelt, New Jersey
1930 births
Locomotive wheelslip. Locomotive wheelslip is an event that affects railway motive power usually when starting from stationary, but can also affect an engine in motion.

Overview
The greatest effort is required from a locomotive when starting. At this time, if the engineer applies too much power to the wheels (i.e., for a steam locomotive, the engineer opens the regulator too far) the turning force applied to the wheel will greatly exceed the opposing friction force affected by the surface of the rail, and the wheel will turn without being able to move the train forward. If the engineer does not take quick corrective action (i.e. by closing the regulator) the locomotive can end up stationary with its wheels spinning: this can damage both the locomotive drive mechanism, through running too fast; and the rail surface, which, in extreme cases, can be left with a dip where the spin took place. Such a dip can be dangerous if not repaired.

Some locomotive types were more prone to this phenomenon than others. Also, the effect is much more likely to occur with a heavier train or where the rail surface is compromised, for example, during wet or icy weather, or when there is oil or leaves on the track.

Causes
The causes of locomotive wheelslip vary, but the predominant factor lies in the power-to-weight ratios.  Ideally, locomotive designs will have roughly equal power-to-weight ratios that enable smooth acceleration from a 'cold start', or stopping position.  However, if the power of a locomotive vastly exceeds its weight, then an imbalance ensues which causes the violent spinning of the wheels through loss of traction. 

Other causes include the contact of oil with the flanges and rims of wheels, which reduces adhesion with the surface of the rails, and a general loss of traction on steep gradients when pulling heavy loads.

Alleviation

Most locomotives are fitted with sandboxes, so that sand or Sandite can be dropped on the rails to improve adhesion.  Modern diesel locomotives and electric locomotives are fitted with electronic wheelspin detectors which automatically reduce the power supplied to the wheels if wheelspin is detected.

See also
 Slippery rail

References

Locomotives
List of ammonium nitrate incidents and disasters. 
When heated, ammonium nitrate decomposes non-explosively into nitrous oxide and water vapor; however, it can be induced to decompose explosively by detonation into oxygen, nitrogen, and water vapor. Large stockpiles of the material can be a major fire risk due to their supporting oxidation, and may also detonate, as happened in the Texas City disaster of 1947 which led to major changes in the regulations for storage and handling.

There are two major classes of incidents resulting in explosions:
 In the first case, the explosion happens by the shock induced detonation. The initiation happens by an explosive charge going off in the mass, by the detonation of a shell thrown into the mass, or by detonation of an explosive mixture in contact with the mass. Examples are Kriewald, Morgan, Oppau, Tessenderlo, and Traskwood.
 In the second case, the explosion results from a fire that spreads into the ammonium nitrate (AN) itself (Texas City, Brest, Tianjin, Beirut) or to a mixture of an ammonium nitrate with a combustible material during the fire. The fire must be confined at least to a degree for successful transition from a fire to an explosion (a phenomenon known as "deflagration to detonation transition", or DDT). Pure, compact AN is stable and very difficult to initiate.

Ammonium nitrate decomposes in temperatures above . Pure AN is stable and will stop decomposing once the heat source is removed, but when catalysts are present, the reaction can become self-sustaining (known as self-sustaining decomposition, or SSD). This is a well-known hazard with some types of NPK fertilizers and is responsible for the loss of several cargo ships.

Timeline of major incidents
The column AN states the amount of ammonium nitrate consumed in the disaster in metric tonnes.

See also 
 ANFO (Ammonium nitrate bomb)
 Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions, many of which involved ammonium nitrate

References 

Am
Nitrates
Explosives
Industrial fires and explosions
Chemical disasters
History of the chemical industry
Saltus-Werk Max Forst GmbH. SALTUS Industrial Technique GmbH, or SALTUS, located in Solingen/Germany is a part of the Swedish Atlas Copco Group with main office in Stockholm/Sweden. Saltus is integrated in the Group since 2013 as product company with focus of engineering and production of torque wrenches as well as sockets, bits and special, customized sockets.

Today
Around 90 employees are working at Saltus mainly in engineering and production.

History
 1919, Max Forst founded a metalworking business in Solingen which manufactured hot-formed metal parts and tools. 
 1931, the company was renamed Max Forst Werkzeugfabrik (tool manufacturers).
 1938, the company patented the world's first click-type torque wrench.
 1939, the first torque screwdriver was patented.
 1949, the company patented a ring-ratchet system with interchangeable tool inserts.
 1953, a design patent was registered for the multifunctional "3=1" combined open-jaw and joint-socket spanner.

 1957, Max Forst Werkzeugfabrik was renamed Saltus-Werk Max Forst KG.
 1987, The entirely electronic torque wrench, the DAZ-E, was developed which was able to display, save, analyse and document measurements for the first time. 
 1992, the EKDS, an electronic torque wrench particularly suited to fast production tasks, is patented internationally. 
 1995, Saltus filed an international patent application for the first electronic torque wrench with angle measurement not requiring a reference arm.
 1997, Saltus-Werk Max Forst GmbH becomes a wholly owned subsidiary of Saltus Technology AG.
 2004, the first mechatronic torque wrench (mechanical cut-out with wireless data transmission) is patented.} 
 2013, Saltus has been acquired by the Swedish Atlas Copco Group and has been integrated in the Group as product company focussing on torque wrenches and accessories.

The production facility, as of 2018, is in Tierp, Sweden.

References

Companies based in Solingen
Torque tool manufacturers
Tool manufacturing companies of Sweden
4th Engineer Battalion (Belgium). The 4th Engineer Battalion () is an engineer battalion in the Land Component of the Belgian Armed Forces.

Organisation
The 4th Engineer Battalion comprises:
 HQ staff
 CBRN company
 construction company
 light combat engineers company
 combat engineers company
 service company

External links
Section of the website of the Belgian Ministry of Defence about the 4th Engineer Battalion – Only available in French and Dutch.

Battalion, 4
Military units and formations established in 1913
1913 establishments in Belgium
Military units and formations of Belgium in World War II
Granolithic. Granolithic screed, also known as granolithic paving and granolithic concrete, is a type of construction material composed of cement and fine aggregate such as granite or other hard-wearing rock. It is generally used as flooring, or as paving (such as for sidewalks).  It has a similar appearance to concrete, and is used to provide a durable surface where texture and appearance are usually not important (such as outdoor pathways or factory floors). It is commonly laid as a screed. Screeds are a type of flooring laid on top of the structural element (like reinforced concrete) to provide a level surface on which the "wearing flooring" (the flooring which people see and walk on) is laid. A screed can also be laid bare, as it provides a long-lasting surface.

The aggregate mixed with the cement can be of various size, shape, and material, depending on the texture of the surface needed and how long-lasting it must be. The aggregate is usually sifted so that the particles are roughly the same size, which helps reduce air pockets in the material (which can weaken it). Generally, the mix of aggregate to cement is 2.5 to 1 by volume.

Granolithic screed or paving can be problematic. Because it is made with a high cement content and requires a great deal of water to mix, it may crack while drying. It can also come loose from the material below (especially if the lower material is not properly prepared). Pouring the material in layers is generally avoided. Cracking and curling can be reduced by dividing the area to be covered into smaller sections and then pouring the material. Debonding of the granolithic material can also be significantly avoided by using bonding agents like epoxy resins or polymer latex.

A high degree of skill in pouring and finishing the material is needed to prevent problems. Sealers and hardeners can be added to the granolithic material to improve its resistance to wear.

See also 
 roughcast (pebbledash): visually somewhat similar, but used mostly on outer walls

Footnotes

Bibliography
Emmitt, Stephen and Gorse, Christopher A. Barry's Introduction to Construction of Buildings. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
Harris, Cyril M. Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.
Ingham, Jeremy P. Geomaterials Under the Microscope: A Colour Guide. London: Manson, 2011.
Ransom, W.H. Building Failures: Diagnosis and Avoidance. Florence, Ky.:Taylor & Francis, 1987.
Snow, Dennis. Plant Engineer's Reference Book. 2d ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002.
O'Brien, Chris "Joseet, Rueben" 2014.

Concrete
Floors
Stan Shih. Stan Chen-Jung Shih (; born 18 December 1944) is a Taiwanese businessman and engineer who is the co-founder and honorary chairman of Acer Inc.

Education and career 
In 1976, after receiving bachelor's and master's degrees in electronic engineering from National Chiao Tung University, Shih founded Multitech with his wife Carolyn Yeh and five partners. He chaired Multitech through to 1987, when the company was renamed Acer. He remained the chairman until his retirement in late 2004. During Shih's tenure, Acer has grown from a local technology company to one of the largest companies by revenue in Taiwan; Acer itself became a recognized worldwide brand in consumer computer technology.

Shih remained active in charity work during his retirement, including serving as Taiwan's Special Envoy in  the APEC Australia 2007. In November 2013, Shih returned to Acer after being reinstated as president and chairman. He serves on the boards of Acer Inc., Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Nan Shan Life Insurance Co., Ltd., Taiwan Public Television Service Foundation and Chinese Television System. He is the Chairman of Cloud Gate Culture and Arts Foundation, the Head of Taiwan Connection Fun Club, One Song Orchestra Fun Club, the Convener of the Cultural Tech Alliance, Taiwan and the Chairman of CT Ambi Investment and Consulting Inc.

References

External links
 , Acer
 Stan Shih, Businessweek
 Stan Shih on Taiwan and China, Businessweek
 Q&A: STAN SHIH OF ACER, San Francisco Chronicle
 Stan Shih, 60 Years of Asian Heroes, Time Asia
 Stan Shih, CRN

1944 births
Acer Inc. people
Living people
Hokkien businesspeople
Taiwanese businesspeople
Taiwanese people of Hoklo descent
People from Changhua County
Solid ground floor. A solid ground floor consists of a layer of concrete, which in the case of a domestic building will be the surface layer brought up to ground floor level with hardcore filling under it. 

The advantage of a solid ground floor is the elimination of dry rot and other problems normally associated with hollow joisted floors. The disadvantage is that the floor is less resilient to walk upon and may be more tiring for the user. Solid ground floors are usually found or situated in a kitchen but will be necessary for other rooms where wood blocks and other similar finishes are required.

Finishes

Cement screed 
The concrete floor may be topped with a 25 mm thick cement and sand screed trowelled to a smooth finish. The usual mix is 1:3 and a colouring agent may be added to the mix to obtain a more attractive finish. The mix should be as dry as possible and the sand should be coarsely graded and clean to avoid shrinkage and cracking which might occur with a wet mix. The floor finish is carefully cured after laying.

Granolithic 
Granolithic is composed of cement and fine aggregate mortar, the aggregate being granite chippings, which will give the hard wearing quality of the finish. It will be laid with screed, troweled or floated to an even and fine finish. Granolithic paving will be suitable in areas which are to receive hard wear although its appearance would not normally be suitable for internal domestic work.

PVC tiles 

Polyvinyl Chloride Tiles- These are another commonly used floor finish. After the floor has been laid with screed, these tiles are fixed with adhesive. They are attractive, smooth and cool, and damage can be repaired very easily as they are made in small square size, usually 150 mm to 225 mm. Though due to poor workmanship and dust this type of floor finish fails through lifting.

Terrazzo 
Terrazzo consists of a colored element binder or matrix and marble chips mixed to specified proportions. The finish is hardwearing, attractive and resistant to chemical attack. Metal (or ebonite) strips divide the terrazzo into bays to avoid shrinkage and expansion.

References

Further reading

External links
Wood Flooring

Floors
Construction
Neath and Brecon Stephensons. The Neath and Brecon Stephensons were 0-6-2T tank locomotives introduced into traffic on the Neath and Brecon Railway in 1904 from a Rhymney Railway design.  There were three locos in the class. They were built by Robert Stephenson and Company and were almost identical to the successful Rhymney Railway M class.

Overview of similar classes
In similar vein, the Brecon and Merthyr Railway used the Rhymney Railway's Stephensons as a blueprint for locomotives (Brecon and Merthyr 0-6-2T locomotives) built from 1909 to the design of the Rhymney Railway R class.

The M class and related 1910 introduced R and A class were successful designs ideally suited to hauling heavy coal trains a relatively short distance. In 1922 the three Neath and Brecon locos were repaired by the GWR and lasted until 1929–1930.

Dimensions

Welsh 0-6-2T types 
The railways of South Wales seem to have had a particular liking for the 0-6-2T type. This was because the nature of the work they undertook demanded high adhesive weight, plenty of power with good braking ability, but no need for outright speed, nor large tanks or bunker as the distances from pit to port were short. These Welsh locomotives were taken over by the GWR at the grouping in 1923 and many (but not the N & B locos) were rebuilt with GWR taper boilers. All the similar Rhymney Stevenson derived locos passed into British Railways (BR) ownership in 1948. Others included (with some gaps in numbering):

 Brecon and Merthyr Railway, BR numbers 431-436
 Cardiff Railway, BR number 155
 Rhymney Railway, BR numbers 35-83
 Taff Vale Railway, BR numbers 204-399

For further information on these pre-grouping locomotives see Locomotives of the Great Western Railway.

See also
 Welsh 0-6-2T locomotives

External links
 Telford Steam Railway 5619 project 5643 6695
 Neath and Brecon Stephensons , edited by Alain S Mikhayhu

Steam locomotives of Great Britain
0-6-2T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1904
Robert Stephenson and Company locomotives