omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
IM Flash Technologies. IM Flash Technologies, LLC was the semiconductor company founded in January 2006, by Intel Corporation and Micron Technology, Inc. IM Flash produced 3D XPoint used in data centers and high end computers. It had a 300mm wafer fab in Lehi, Utah, United States.

It built a second 300mm wafer fab, IM Flash Singapore, which opened in April 2011. IM Flash took the leading edge in NAND flash scaling by moving to 34 nm design rules in 2008. IM Flash has been able to devise 25-nm NAND chips with 193-nm immersion lithography, plus self-aligned double-patterning (SADP) techniques, where it is widely believed that it is using scanners from ASML Holdings NV and SADP technology. In 2011 IM Flash moved to a 20 nm process– which was the smallest NAND flash technology at the time.

On July 16, 2018, Micron and Intel announced that they would cease joint development of 3D XPoint after the 2nd generation technology is finalized, which is expected to be completed in the first half of 2019. Technology development beyond the 2nd generation will be pursued independently by the two companies in order to optimize the technology for their respective product and business needs. The two companies will continue to manufacture memory based on 3D XPoint technology at the Intel-Micron Flash Technologies (IMFT) facility in Lehi, Utah.

On October 18, 2018, Micron announced their intention to exercise its right to call the remaining interest in the parties' joint venture, IM Flash Technologies, LLC. Micron is to exercise the call option starting January 1, 2019 and the timeline to close the transaction is between six and twelve months after the date Micron exercises the call. At the time of close, Micron expects to pay approximately $1.5 billion in cash for the transaction, dissolving Intel's non-controlling interest in IM Flash as well as IM Flash member debt, which was approximately $1 billion as of Aug. 30, 2018.

On October 31, 2019, Micron closed the acquisition of all of Intel's stake in IM Flash Technologies. IM Flash Technologies is now legally known as Micron Technology Utah, LLC.

On October 22, 2021, Texas Instruments purchased the Lehi fab for $900 million.

References

External links 
IM Flash 
Timelineof products and accomplishments 
IM Flash @ Facebook
IM Flash @ YouTube
 

Intel
Defunct semiconductor companies of the United States
Electronics companies established in 2006
Micron Technology
2006 establishments in Utah
Defunct computer companies of the United States
Defunct computer hardware companies
Joint ventures
Electronics companies disestablished in 2019
2019 disestablishments in Utah
American companies established in 2006
American companies disestablished in 2019
Yakovlev Yak-50 (1949). Yakovlev Yak-50 was an early experimental turbojet interceptor aircraft designed in 1948 by the Yakovlev OKB in the USSR. The aircraft was essentially a stretched version of the Yakovlev Yak-30 (1948), with a more powerful engine and greater wing sweep. The Yak-50 is perhaps most significant as the first Yakovlev aircraft equipped with velosipednoye (bicycle) landing gear, a trademark of later Yakovlev designs. The Yak-50 designation was later reused for a propeller-driven aerobatic and trainer aircraft.

Development and design
On February 21, 1949 a Sovmin order requested the Yakovlev OKB to design a lightweight, radar-equipped, all-weather and night interceptor capable of Mach 0.97 at 4,000 m (13,000 ft). The aircraft was to utilize the Klimov VK-1 engine which first appeared on Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 and MiG-17 fighters. This engine was itself a Soviet copy of the British Rolls-Royce Nene centrifugal turbojet initially known as the RD-45. The leading fighter OKBs each created a prototype to meet the requirement, which included the Lavochkin La-200, MiG I-320, Sukhoi Su-15 (unrelated to the later aircraft with the same designation) and the Yak-50 (again, unrelated to the later aircraft). A major difference was that while Yakolev used one engine, the other design bureaus used two.

Testing 
The aircraft first flew on 15 July 1949, with test pilot Anokhin achieving supersonic speed (Mach 1.03 at 10,000 m (33,000 ft)) in a shallow dive during one of the test flights.

Ultimately, none of the newly developed aircraft was selected, and an upgraded MiG-17 was eventually employed. Yakolev later used the velosipednoye landing gear in the Yak-140 fighter and the Yak-120, and later in the Yak-25 and Yak-28 where it proved highly successful.

The Yak-50 never received an ASCC name or USAF reporting number.

Operators 

 Soviet Air Force

Specifications

See also

References

 Gunston, Bill. Yakovlev Aircraft since 1924. London, UK: Putnam Aeronautical Books, 1997. .

External links

 Repair Yak-50

Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
1940s Soviet fighter aircraft
Yak-050
Yakovlev Yak-50 (1975). The Yakovlev Yak-50 () aerobatic aircraft is a single-seat all-metal low-wing monoplane with retractable main wheels and exposed tail wheel. The control surfaces are fabric-covered to save weight. The aircraft is not equipped with flaps.

The supercharged engine may be the Vedeneyev M14P (standard production line version), M14PF or M14R, producing between 360 and 450 hp and driving the propeller via a reduction gearbox. The landing gear, brakes and engine starter are operated by compressed air. Replenished by an engine-driven compressor, the main and emergency air bottles are contained within the forward fuselage between the firewall and fuel tanks.

The Yak-50 has fine handling characteristics enhanced by a relatively high power-to-weight ratio. It has a tough and agile airframe - the type was twice World Aerobatic Champion. It has been used as a military trainer by several countries.

Aircraft serving with the Soviet National Aerobatic team were typically scrapped after about 50 flight hours, due to the intense stresses imposed on the airframe during unlimited aerobatics. There were numerous cases of main spar failure; among its victims were the 1976 World Aerobatic Champion Viktor Letsko and many others.

Two modifications (Service Bulletin 61DA for S/N 0102-2007 and Service Bulletin 79 for S/N 1201-2806) were made to strengthen the wings spars for the extreme loads experienced during unlimited aerobatics, and no further failures occurred.

Other aircraft serving with DOSAAF were "officially" scrapped or placed into storage after they were superseded by the Yak-55 and Su-26.

It is these aircraft that form the bulk of airworthy "survivors" today. Only a few (approx. 90+) are airworthy and remain in private hands in Europe, the USA, Australia and Canada.

Operators

Lithuanian National Defence Volunteer Forces - Ex DOSAAF aircraft

 DOSAAF Russia

 DOSAAF Ukraine

 DOSAAF

Specifications

References

Aerobatic aircraft
1970s Soviet sport aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1975
Yak-50
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Ohmsett. Ohmsett is the National Oil Spill Response & Renewable Energy Test Facility, located in Leonardo, New Jersey.  The name Ohmsett is an acronym for "Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank".

Facility 
This is the only facility of its kind where full-scale oil spill response equipment testing, research, and training can be conducted in a marine environment with oil under controlled environmental conditions.  Variables such as waves, temperature, and oil types are able to be controlled. A benefit of this facility is that it provides an environmentally safe place to conduct objective testing and to develop devices and techniques for the control of oil and hazardous material spills.

The mission of Ohmsett is to strengthen awareness of oil spill pollution prevention and response methods, while at the same time remaining committed to the well being of its customers, employees, and associates.

The facility, located an hour south of New York City, located on the ground of Naval Weapons Station Earle in Leonardo, New Jersey, is maintained and operated by the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE), a bureau of the U.S. Department of the Interior that manages the nation's natural gas, oil and other mineral resources on the outer continental shelf (OCS). Applied Research Associates performs the operation and maintenance of Ohmsett for the BSEE.

History 
in 1974 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency built the Ohmsett facility in Leonardo, NJ and operated it until 1987. At that time, it was known as the Oil and Hazardous Materials Simulated Environmental Test Tank, or OHMSETT.  It is now just referred to by the acronym. In 1989, Ohmsett was closed and responsibility for the facility was transferred to the U.S. Navy  because the facility is located on the Naval Weapons Station Earle.

in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Alaska Title VII of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) gave Minerals Management Service (MMS) the lead responsibility for reactivation of Ohmsett.  The MMS was charged to continue operation and maintenance of the facility as a national test facility. The MMS refurbished Ohmsett beginning in 1990 and reopened it for testing in 1992. Costs for the yearly operation and maintenance of Ohmsett are covered by the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSTLF). The OSTLF derives its funds from a tax on companies that produce or transport oil. Because of this, no appropriated taxpayer dollars are used to support this unique oil spill response technology testing, training, and research facility.

In 2011, the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement took over the task of the MMS.

See also
Petroleum in the United States
Environmental issues in the United States

References

External links
Ohmsett
 MMS Ohmsett web site 
 Oil Pollution Act of 1990 

Buildings and structures in Monmouth County, New Jersey
Oil spills in the United States
Middletown Township, New Jersey
Ground lift. In sound recording and reproduction, ground lift or earth lift is a technique used to reduce or eliminate ground-related noise arising from ground loops in audio cables. It may also increase or decrease noise from other sources. Activating the ground lift on a particular piece of equipment opens the connection between the equipment ground and the shielding conductor of audio cables attached to the equipment, leaving those cables grounded only at their opposite end.

If all pieces of equipment are tied to a common ground reference without establishing ground loop, no current flows in the ground conductors and cable shields, and no noise is introduced into signal circuits. In applications such as sound reinforcement for a concert, however, it is difficult to ensure all equipment shares a common ground reference.

Ground lift switch 
Professional audio equipment intended for use with balanced lines may have a ground lift switch for the cable shield.  The ground lift switch eliminates unwanted hum and buzz by interrupting the ground loops between equipment, preventing current flow along the cable shield between two devices. The switch disconnects pin 1 on the XLR jack, which is connected to the braid or foil shield in the cable and acts as the ground point of the circuit.

Ground lifts do not conform to Audio Engineering Society standard AES48.

Other ways of isolating the cable shield
Specially wired signal adaptors may leave the shield connection disconnected, or connected to safety ground through an RF bypass capacitor.  Isolation transformers may be used to convert from balanced lines to single-ended inputs, and also to isolate the cable shield from the equipment safety ground.

Safety
Removal of the safety ground connection on equipment can expose users to an increased danger of electric shock and may contradict wiring regulations. The safety ground is disconnected by an adaptor (cheater plug) in a power lead in which the ground conductor is deliberately disconnected, or by cutting a ground pin in the power plug. If a fault develops in any line-operated equipment, cable shields and equipment enclosures may become energized, creating an electric shock hazard. For example, the metal shell of a stage microphone or the strings of a guitar may become energized, creating a hazard to performers. British musicians Leslie Harvey and Keith Relf were, in the 1970s, examples of this type of electrocution, in both cases fatal.  Many other musicians have experienced electric shock due to ungrounded or improperly grounded equipment with less severe consequences.

See also 
 Electromagnetic compatibility

References

Electrical signal connectors
Mantena (company). Mantena is a Norwegian rolling stock maintenance company owned by the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries. It has workshops at Grorud and Lodalen in Oslo, Marienborg in Trondheim as well as in Skien, Drammen, Stavanger and Oresund. In addition to NSB, customers include CargoNet, Kollektivtransportproduksjon, Ofotbanen, Green Cargo, Hector Rail and Tågkompaniet. The company was separated from NSB as a separate limited company in 2002. It has 900 employees and head offices in downtown Oslo. MiTrans, that performs rebuilding of rolling stock, is a wholly owned subsidiary of Mantena.

References

External links
 Company web site

Engineering companies of Norway
Companies established in 2002
Companies based in Oslo
Norwegian State Railways
2002 establishments in Norway
Breda Ba.15. The Breda Ba.15 was a two-seat light aircraft produced in Italy in 1928.

Design and development
The Ba.15 was a high-wing braced monoplane of conventional design that seated the pilot and passenger in tandem within a fully enclosed cabin. Ba.15s were fitted with a wide variety of engines. The most popularly selected was the Walter Venus, but examples also left the factory powered by Cirrus III, de Havilland Gipsy, Colombo S.63, Walter Mars I, and Isotta Fraschini 80 T engines.

Operational history
Breda Ba.15s took part in several competitions. Among others, in August 1930 Col. Sacchi won the race Giro Aereo d'Italia flying Breda Ba.15S (altogether 10 Bredas took part in this contest).
Besides their civil use, some Ba.15s were operated by the Regia Aeronautica. An example is preserved at the Museo Nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnologia in Milan.
One Ba.15 was bought in 1929 by an Italian resident in Paraguay, Nicola Bo. The plane had the Italian civil registration I-AAUG. This plane was later sold to the Paraguayan Military Aviation and used in the Chaco War as a light transport plane with the serial T-8. It was destroyed in an accident in 1933.

Variants

 Ba.15 : Two-seat cabin touring, sporting aircraft.
 Ba.15S : Improved version.

Operators

Ethiopian Air Force

Regia Aeronautica

Paraguayan Air Arm

Specifications (Ba.15S)

References

 
 aerei-italiani.net
 "La Contribución Italiana en la Aviación Paraguaya". Antonio Luis Sapienza Fracchia. Author's edition. Asunción, 2007. 300pp.

Ba.015
1920s Italian civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Breda Ba.19. The Breda Ba.19 was an Italian single-seat aerobatic biplane aircraft developed as an air force trainer in 1928.

Design and development
The Breda Ba.19 was a single-bay, unequal-span, unstaggered biplane of conventional configuration which seated its pilot in an open cockpit. A few Ba.19s were produced as two-seaters with a second open cockpit in tandem with the first.

Operational history
The Ba.19s were used throughout the 1930s for display flights by the Squadriglia di Alta Acrobazia Aerea, performing formation aerobatics.

Operators

Regia Aeronautica
Squadriglia di Alta Acrobazia Aerea

Specifications

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Angelucci, Enzo. The Rand McNally Encyclopedia of Military Aircraft, 1914–1980. San Diego, California: The Military Press, 1983. .
 Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions, 1989, p. 195.

External links

 "Breda 19."

Ba.019
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1920s Italian military trainer aircraft
Biplanes
Aerobatic aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1928
Dayton-Wright Cabin Cruiser. The Dayton-Wright KT Cabin Cruiser was a 1920s American three-seat touring aircraft built by the Dayton-Wright Airplane Company in Dayton, Ohio. Often known as the "Honeymoon Express", it was one of several civilian aircraft the company developed from the de Havilland DH.4.

Design and development
The Dayton-Wright Airplane Company had built 3,106 de Havilland DH.4s under license during the First World War.  After the war ended, the company looked to develop civil transports. The resulting KT Cabin Cruiser was a standard production DH.4 with a glazed enclosure for two passengers in tandem-seat configuration in the front, and a pilot in the rear, under a continuous glazed canopy.

Specifications (KT Cabin Cruiser)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

1920s United States civil utility aircraft
Cabin Cruiser
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1921
Jodel D.9 Bébé. The Jodel D.9 Bébé is a French single-seat ultralight monoplane designed by Jean Délémontez for amateur construction.

Design and development
In March 1946, Edouard Joly and Jean Délémontez formed the Société des Avions Jodel to supply kits, materials and plans to allow homebuilders to construct an ultralight monoplane designed by Délémontez and named the Jodel D.9 Bébé. The D9 was a wooden low-wing cantilever monoplane with a single-seat open cockpit and a fixed tailskid landing gear. The wing had an inner section of parallel chord and no dihedral, joined to outer tapered sections with strong (14°) dihedral. This became a standard feature of many subsequent Jodel models. 

The prototype D.9, registered F-WEPF, first flew on 21 January 1948.

The D.9 was powered by a single 25 h.p. Poinsard flat two-cylinder engine, the D.91 by a 34 h.p. A.B.C. Scorpion flat-two and the D.92 by flat-four Volkswagen engines of either  or . The D.93 had a  Poinsard.

Although designed for amateur construction and built in large numbers, it was also built commercially and the Wassmer company built 12. Plans were also sold by a number of companies including Falconair in Canada. Over 800 plans have been sold and over 500 aircraft have been built by amateurs and flying clubs.

Ben Keillor translated the French kit plans to English in 1959, and constructed and demonstrated a D9 in Canada and America. The design was further developed into the two-seat Jodel D.11.

Variants
D.9 Bébé Powered by a  Poinsard.
D.91 Powered by a  ABC Scorpion.
D.92 Powered by a  or  Volkswagen
D.93 Powered by a  Poinsard.
D.97 Powered by a  Saroléa Vautour
D.98 Powered by a  Ava 4A-00

Jodel D.10
Jean Delmontez scaled up the D.9 to produce plans for a three-seater powered by a  engine, but was persuaded by SALS (the Light Sport Aircraft Service of the French Government) to build the two-seat D.11 to provide training aircraft for French aero clubs using the wing of the D.10.

Aircraft on display
 The prototype F-PEPF was displayed at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, Paris, France, from 1962 to 2006

Specifications (D.92)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

 
 
Simpson, R. Airlife's world aircraft (2001)  Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing Ltd.  .

External links 

 PFA Specification Sheet 
 The Jodel D9 Bebe
 Avions Jodel - le D9 : le bébé Jodel - French page about the D9

1940s French civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Jodel aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1948
Procion. Procion is a brand of fibre reactive dyes. They are commonly used in tie dye and other textile crafts. They are dichlorotriazine dyes and were originally made by Imperial Chemical Industries. The brand name is now owned by Dystar, but, since the patent on the dyes has expired, many manufacturers around the world now make them.

Procion dyes 
Procion MX are a class of cold reactive dyes.  
Procion H-E and H-EXL are hot water dyes
Procion P and SP are designed for textile printing

References

External links

Procion MX codes

Dyes
Stabilization (architecture). In civil engineering, stabilization is the retrofitting of platforms or foundations as constructed for the purpose of improving the bearing capacity and levelness of the supported building.
Soil failure can occur on a slope, a slope failure or landslide, or in a flat area due to liquefaction of water-saturated sand and/or mud. Generally, deep pilings or foundations must be driven into solid soil (typically hard mud or sand) or to underlying bedrock.

See also
Landslide mitigation
Foundation (engineering)

Construction
Polyvinyl toluene. Polyvinyltoluene (PVT, polyvinyl toluene) is a synthetic polymer of  alkylbenzenes with a linear formula [CH2CH(C6H4CH3)]n.  Commercial vinyl toluene is a mixture of methyl styrene isomers.

Uses 
PVT can be doped with anthracene or other wavelength-shifting dopants to produce a plastic scintillator.  When subjected to ionizing radiation (both particle radiation and gamma radiation), the amount of visible radiation emitted is proportional to the absorbed dose as long as the energy loss per length is not too large.  A relation applicable to a wide range of values for energy loss per unit length is given by Birks' Law.

PVT can be damaged by radiation with high stopping power, e.g. ion beams or by any kind of ionizing radiation.  A review of radiation damage for PVT and other similar plastic scintillators can be found in Instrumentation in High Energy Physics. Such radiation breaks the C-H bonds and creates color centers which absorb the produced light, significantly reducing the light output.

Following the increase in interest in Vinyl Records (as of 2022), PVT is being looked at as a replacement for PVC, the usual and historic material used to make Vinyl Records. PVT is considered more environmentally friendly than its older cousin PVC.

References

Vinyl polymers
Phosphors and scintillators