omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
NSB El 16. NSB El 16 is an electric locomotive which is used on the Norwegian railway system by CargoNet to haul freight trains. Until it was replaced by the El 18, the El 16 engines also pulled passenger trains on the Norwegian State Railways.

History
In the 1970s NSB was faced with a challenge on the steep and wintry Bergen Line and the El 14 was not adequate for the task. The solution seemed to be thyristor locomotive that had successfully been tested by ASEA and Canadian Pacific Railway with possibilities to pull 50% heavier trains than equivalent diesel electric locomotives were capable of. This was partly due to a system of dynamic slip control, where speed of traction motors was controlled and adjusted to avoid slippage and loss of adhesion. The Swedish Rc4 locomotives were tested on the Northeast Corridor with success and NSB also chose to try the units on the Bergen Line. In 1976 NSB ordered six units of a modified Rc4 design, with dynamic brakes, increased traction power (from 4x900 kW on Rc4 to 4x1100 kW on El16) and a pointed nose which is able to force through the occasional snowdrifts. In 1980 another four units were delivered and the final seven in 1984. The sets were numbered 16 2201 to 16 2217.

The engines were used throughout the electrified rail network, both passenger and freight trains, with the exception of the northern section of the Gjøvik Line and the Sørland Line west of Kristiansand, due to too weak power supply systems. But the systems have since been upgraded.

Retirement from passenger service started with the fissioning of Norwegian State Railways. 8 engines were transferred to the CargoNet freight company. In 2002, a further six engines were sold to the Swedish operator Tågkompaniet and the remaining three engines were purchased by CargoNet. In 2007 all engines from Tågkompaniet were sold back to Norway. Two 16 engines were lost when burnt up by fire during cargo services across the Swedish border.

References

External links

 Jernbane.net article on the El 16 (in Norwegian)

ASEA locomotives
Bo-Bo locomotives
15 kV AC locomotives
El 16
El 16
Electric locomotives of Norway
Railway locomotives introduced in 1977
El 16
Standard gauge locomotives of Norway
Oropesa (minesweeping). An oropesa is a streamlined towed body used in the process of minesweeping. The role of the oropesa is to keep the towed sweep at a determined depth and position from the sweeping ship. Oropesa are standard devices used on Avenger-class mine countermeasures ships.

The device derives its name from the ship on which it was developed, HMS Oropesa, a converted British steam trawler.

See also
 Paravane
 Naval mine

References

External links
Vrienden van de Koninklijke Marine. , Mechanical minesweeping

Minesweepers
NSB El 15. NSB El 15 is a class of electric locomotives which are now operated by the Norwegian company Grenland Rail. The locomotives were originally built for the Norwegian State Railways (NSB) in 1967 to replace the NSB El 3 and NSB El 4 engines on Ofoten Line. The main task there is to pull heavy iron ore freight trains, and the El 15 is the most powerful engine which NSB has ever used.

History

After the electrification of Ofotbanen in 1923 NSB had been using El 3 and El 4 stock on the line. But in the 1960s these were getting worn out, and NSB decided that it needed to get new stock. NSB first acquired the El 12 stock parallel to the Swedish acquisition of the Dm3 locomotive. But unlike Statens Järnvägar, NSB chose to instead buy a newer technology locomotive from ASEA, based on the Romanian CFR 060 EA. Thus NSB managed to get the same power out of their two-engined El 15s as the Swedish got out of their three-engined Dm3s. Since the locomotives were to be operated in pairs, NSB considered only installing driver cabins on one end, but chose in the end to install them on both ends to allow the locomotives to operate more flexibly, including allowing them to operate passenger trains. The locomotives were numbered 15 2191 to 15 2196.

In 1996 the operation of the ore trains was taken over by Malmtrafik, owned by NSB, SJ and LKAB, the owner of the mines. The new company ordered 18 new IORE locomotives from Bombardier and in 2004 the ageing engines were sold to Hector Rail. After deliveries of new locomotives to Hector Rail in 2019, they were taken out of service and were sold to the Norwegian company Grenland Rail in 2020, where they have been painted dark-blue and reclassified as El 15.

References

Jernbane.net article on the El 15 
Hector Rail fact page

El 15
Electric locomotives of Norway
Standard gauge locomotives of Norway
ASEA locomotives
Co′Co′ locomotives
15 kV AC locomotives
Ofoten Line
Railway locomotives introduced in 1967
Electric locomotives of Sweden
Co′Co′ electric locomotives of Europe
Surface Water Simulation Modelling Programme. Surface Water Simulation Modelling Programme (SWSMP) launched in 1986 by the Ministry of Water Resources of Bangladesh Government under the Master Planning Organization to develop a high level of analytical capabilities by use of state-of-the-art mathematical water modelling which was the genesis of what at present is known as the Institute of Water Modelling (IWM).

References

Science and technology in Bangladesh
1986 establishments in Bangladesh
Water supply and sanitation in Bangladesh
Network Data Representation. Network Data Representation (NDR) is an implementation of the presentation layer in the OSI model. It is used for DCE/RPC and Microsoft RPC (MSRPC).

Network Data Representation (NDR) is a data encoding and decoding method used in  distributed systems, specifically in  Remote Procedure Call (RPC) systems. NDR is part of the Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) RPC, allowing different computers and systems to communicate by exchanging data in a standardized format. NDR facilitates data transfer between systems with different architectures, ensuring that data is correctly represented and understood on both ends.

See also
 DCE/RPC
 Microsoft RPC

References

External links
NDR Specification

Internet Standards
Internet protocols
Presentation layer protocols
Freight Rover. Freight Rover was a British commercial vehicle manufacturer based in the Washwood Heath area of Birmingham, England.

History

Freight Rover was created as a division of the Land Rover Group of British Leyland (BL) in 1981, creating a new single brand for BL's light commercial vehicle range, which had previously been sold under the Leyland and Austin-Morris brands - (although car derived vans such as those based on the Morris Ital and Austin Metro continued to be sold under either the Austin or Morris brands). Essentially Freight Rovers were face-lifted, badge engineered 1st gen Leyland Sherpas.

Under later company organisation changes, Freight Rover became part of the Leyland Trucks division of BL.

In 1987, the Leyland Trucks division of, what was by then, the Rover Group (following the renaming of BL in 1986), merged with the Dutch truck company DAF Trucks to form DAF NV (Which in the UK traded as Leyland DAF), which was later floated on the Dutch stock market. The new company has three plants; two truck plants Eindhoven and Leyland, and a van plant in Washwood Heath.

Following the collapse of DAF NV in 1993, the van plant was the subject of a management buyout and a new independent van company, LDV Group, was established.

Vehicles
Sherpa/200 Series
300 Series

References

External links

British Leyland
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Manufacturing companies based in Birmingham, West Midlands
Defunct truck manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1981
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1987
1981 establishments in England
1987 disestablishments in England
1987 mergers and acquisitions
British companies established in 1981
British companies disestablished in 1987
GLEEP. GLEEP, which stood for Graphite Low Energy Experimental Pile, was a long-lived experimental nuclear reactor in Oxfordshire, England. Reaching criticality for the first time on 15 August 1947, it was the first reactor to operate in western Europe, and the second in Eurusian, beat only by the F-1 in the USSR.

In an effort led by John Cockcroft, GLEEP was built at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, a former Royal Air Force airfield, near Harwell in Oxfordshire (then in Berkshire), in an aircraft hangar.  It was a graphite moderated, air-cooled reactor and used 11,500 natural uranium fuel aluminium-clad rods inserted into 676 horizontal fuel channels. Radiation shielding was provided by 5 feet of baryte concrete. Designed for a power output of 100 kilowatts, for the first 1.5 years of its life GLEEP was run at 80 kW for the production of radioisotopes, until this activity was taken over by the BEPO reactor, after which time it was operated at 3 kW. GLEEP was also used for investigations into reactor design and operation, primarily the qualification of graphite and uranium, and the determination of cross sections of various materials, among other purposes. Later on, its primary use shifted to the calibration of instruments for measuring neutron flux.

It had an exceptionally long life for a reactor of 43 years, being shut down in 1990. The fuel was removed in 1994 and the control rods and external equipment the following year.  A project to completely dismantle it was started in 2003 and completed in October 2004.

See also

List of nuclear reactors

External links
 Research Sites Restoration Limited
 Aerial photographs of reactor site

1947 establishments in England
1990 disestablishments in England
Graphite moderated reactors
Nuclear research institutes in the United Kingdom
Gleep
Nuclear technology in the United Kingdom
Research institutes in Oxfordshire
Vale of White Horse
Defunct nuclear reactors
UUM-125 Sea Lance. The UUM-125 Sea Lance, known early in development as the Common ASW Standoff Weapon, was to be an American standoff anti-submarine missile, initially intended to carry a W89 thermonuclear warhead. It was conceived in 1980 as a successor to both the UUM-44 SUBROC and RUR-5 ASROC anti-submarine missiles. The Sea Lance was to be available in two versions, known as UUM-125A and RUM-125A. The former would be a submarine-launched version, the latter surface-launched. It was cancelled in 1990 as its importance was obviated by the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Design and development
In 1982, Boeing was awarded the main contract to develop the system, named the Sea Lance. By the following year, it had become apparent that developing two different versions of the missile was too ambitious, and further development of the RUM-125 was suspended. The RUM-139, a vertical-launch model of the ASROC, was developed as a stopgap weapon in this role.

The Sea Lance was to be housed inside a watertight capsule which could be launched from an ordinary 21 inch torpedo tube. The Mk 117 digital fire-control system provided targeting information to the missile prior to launch. After being fired, the capsule would float to the surface where the rocket would ignite and its fins would deploy. An inertial guidance system would direct the missile to the general location of the target. Initial plans were to have the surface-launched version operate in a similar manner: launched from the Mk 41 vertical launching system. When the missile reached the intended area, the payload would separate from the missile, then deploy a parachute to decelerate the warhead or torpedo. Both missiles were initially planned to carry a depth charge with a 200 kiloton W89 thermonuclear warhead. Such a yield would have given the missile a lethal radius against submarines of around . This massive warhead, combined with the fact that the target would be unable to detect the missile until the payload hit the water, made it virtually impossible for a target to escape.

In the mid-1980s, a conventional variant of this missile was proposed which would carry the new Mark 50 torpedo submarine-seeking weapon. This version was dubbed the UUM-125B.

A contract for the full-scale development of the Sea Lance was awarded in 1986. In 1988, it was decided to proceed again with the surface-launched RUM-125 version. The nuclear warhead was canceled in favor of a purely conventional missile.
In 1990, the entire program was canceled as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union. Today the U.S. Navy attack submarines do not have any long-range supersonic stand-off anti-submarine weapon, while U.S. Navy surface warships do have the new, vertical-launch version of the ASROC.

Gallery

See also

Suggested Reading

External links
 Directory of US Military missiles
 Global Security

Cold War anti-submarine weapons of the United States
Anti-submarine missiles of the United States
Ballistic missiles of the United States
Abandoned military rocket and missile projects of the United States
Anti-tromboning. Anti-tromboning (also referred to as anti-hairpinning or media release) is a feature employed in telecommunication networks, such as voice over IP networks, that optimises the use of the access network and reduces excess processing and traffic. Tromboning is a type of situation that occurs when data is transferred through a path that goes to a large exchange node and back, much in the way that the path of the sound waves inside a trombone can be elongated by extending the trombone's slide, despite the air entry and exit points remaining the same. For example, in a poorly optimised network a local telephone call may be routed through an international exchange; or internet traffic between an internet user and a website may be needlessly diverted through a data center, adding to latency and costs.

A network border node, such as a session border controller, handling calls as they pass from the access network to the core network can examine the IP address or domains of both the caller and called parties and if they reside in the same part of the network the media path can be released allowing media to flow directly between the two parties without entering the access network.  The benefits of this action are twofold: 1) the caller is not paying for any bandwidth usage on the carrier network (but may be arbitrarily paying for the carrier's handoff service) and 2) The carrier's network is less congested. 

In mobile networks servicing a large number of geographically dense peers, any two peers who wish to communicate between one another may exchange their media data through a separate path that exploits localised and lower-power transmission, as a form of sub-band signalling. This extends into situations where bulk data can be sent over a less reliable but higher-bandwidth (capacity) and cheaper or faster link, whilst parity data for reconstructing bad packets or supporting determinancy in fuzzy-state weakly determined data can be sent over more reliable but lower-bandwidth and more expensive or more latency-incurring link. 

The session and control data can be completely decentralised, removing the tromboned line altogether, under a suitable multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) network system. In this case, the aggregate media and session control data may be distributed across the network in a dynamic best-possible solution form that meets the link criteria of both the individual peer and the constraints of the network infrastructure (other peers, basestations, etc.), which may vary between each individual peers. A subscription service may primarily support paying members, but allocate a certain amount of under-utilised bandwidth to provide longhaul access to non-paying members, with the assumption that these members will in turn provide paying members with traversal of bulk media data within a geographical area, or even high-latency propagation across cells. The lowered cost to the service provider that results from resource sharing is the economic rationale for these network provision schemes.

See also
 Multicast
 Session border controller

References

Voice over IP
INTERBUS. INTERBUS is a serial bus system which transmits data between control systems (e.g., PCs, PLCs, VMEbus computers, robot controllers etc.) and spatially distributed I/O modules that are connected to sensors and actuators (e.g., temperature sensors, position switches).

The INTERBUS system was developed by Phoenix Contact and has been available since 1987. It is one of the leading Fieldbus systems in the automation industry and is fully standardized according to European Standard EN 50254 and IEC 61158.

At the moment, more than 600 manufacturers are involved in the implementation of INTERBUS technology in control systems and field devices.

Since 2011 the INTERBUS technology is hosted by the industry association Profibus and Profinet International.

See also
BiSS interface

External links
www.interbusclub.com
www.phoenixcontact.com
Explanation of Bit-based Sensor networks including SeriPlex

Serial buses
Industrial computing
Industrial automation
SAP Graphical User Interface. SAP GUI is the graphical user interface client in SAP ERP's 3-tier architecture of database, application server and client. It is software that runs on a Microsoft Windows, Apple Macintosh or Unix desktop, and allows a user to access SAP functionality in SAP applications such as SAP ERP and SAP Business Information Warehouse (BW). It is used for remote access to the SAP central server in a company network.

Family
 SAP GUI for the Windows environment and Apple Macintosh
 SAP GUI for the Java(TM) environment 
 SAP GUI for HTML / Internet Transaction Server (ITS)

Microsoft Windows releases

Java releases – for other operating systems

Single sign-on
SAP GUI on Microsoft Windows or Internet Explorer can also be used for single sign-on. There are several portal-based authentication applications for single sign-on. SAP GUI can have single sign-on with SAP Logon Ticket as well. Single sign-on also works in the Java GUI.

Criticism of using SAP GUI for authentication to SAP server access
SAP is a distributed application, where client software (SAP GUI) installed on a user's workstation is used to access the central SAP server remotely over the company's network. Users need to authenticate themselves when accessing SAP. By default, however, SAP uses unencrypted communication, which allows potential company-internal attackers to get access to usernames and passwords by listening on the network. This can expose the complete SAP system, if a person is able to get access to this information for a user with extended authorization in the SAP system. Information about this feature is publicly accessible on the Internet.

SAP Secure Network Communications
SAP offers an option to strongly protect communication between clients and servers, called Secure Network Communications (SNC).

Security 
In total, the vendor has released 25 security patches (aka SAP Security Notes). One of the most notorious vulnerabilities was closed among the set of fixes released in  March 2017. The vulnerability in the SAP GUI client for Windows allows remote code execution. Also, researchers who identified the security issues pointed out that the vulnerability allows an attacker to download ransomware on the SAP server that would be automatically installed on every workstation within a company.

Screen editing with Personas 

Since 1998 SAP GUI screens (so-called "DynPros") can be adjusted and customized with GuiXT. Now this can also be achieved with "SAP Screen Personas". Personas is installed on one of the SAP NetWeaver ABAP 7.0x or 7.3x servers in the system landscape. Then it can be used on all SAP NetWeaver ABAP servers with a kernel of 7.21 or higher, including on NetWeaver ABAP 7.11 systems (on which Personas cannot be installed directly).

iOS and Android implementations 
Native iOS and Android implementations of SAP GUI are available from GuiXT.

See also
Public key infrastructure
Single sign-on
Secure Network Communications
Smartcard

References

External links
SAP Support Portal (User-ID required).
GUI 770 installation guide on windows

GUI
Clients (computing)
Enterprise resource planning terminology
André Waterkeyn. André Waterkeyn (23 August 1917 – 4 October 2005) was a Belgian engineer, born in Wimbledon, London, best known for creating the Atomium.

Waterkeyn was the economic director of Fabrimetal (now Agoria), a federation of metallurgical companies when in 1954 he was asked to design a building for the 1958 Brussels World's Fair (Expo '58) that would symbolise Belgian engineering skills.

Waterkeyn owned the copyrights of all reproductions of the Atomium until he passed it over to the organisation owning the original building around the year 2000. He was chairman of the board of the Atomium until 2002, when his son took over. He died in Brussels in 2005. After his death, the top sphere was named after him.

Waterkeyn was also a field hockey player. At the 1948 London Olympics he participated with the Belgian team in the 1948 hockey tournament, playing the position of forward.

References

1917 births
2005 deaths
Belgian architects
Structural engineers
Belgian male field hockey players
Olympic field hockey players for Belgium
Field hockey players at the 1948 Summer Olympics
20th-century Belgian sportsmen
Symmetric Phase Recording. Symmetric Phase Recording is a tape recording (computer storage media) technology developed by Quantum Corporation packs data across a tape's recording surface by writing adjacent tracks in a herringbone pattern:
 track 0 = \\\\\, track 1 = /////, track 2 = \\\\\, track 3 = /////, etc. 
This eliminates crosstrack interference and guard bands so that more tracks of data can be 
stored on a tape.

See also 
Azimuth recording,  Slant Azimuth recording
Digital Equipment Corporation
Digital Linear Tape
Linear Tape-Open
Digital Tape Format
Helical scan
Magnetic tape
Magnetic tape data storage
Storage Technology Corporation

References

Further reading 

Storage media
Nils J. Diaz. Nils J. Diaz is a former chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, having worked for the commission between 1996 and 2006. He was the chairman of the commission between 2003 and 2006.

He was a nuclear engineering professor and chairman at the University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida, from the 1970s to the 1990s.  Diaz holds a Ph.D. and M.S. in nuclear engineering from the University of Florida, and a B. S. degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Villanova, Havana.

After departing the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, he became the chief strategic officer for Blue Castle Project. He is a former paid consultant for Bechtel.

References

External links
Chairman Nils J Diaz, Ph.D. at Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Cuban emigrants to the United States
Heads of United States federal agencies
Nuclear Regulatory Commission officials
University of Florida faculty
University of Florida College of Engineering alumni
Living people
Clinton administration personnel
George W. Bush administration personnel
1938 births
Tweak programming environment. Tweak is a graphical user interface (GUI) layer written by Andreas Raab for the Squeak development environment, which in turn is an integrated development environment based on the Smalltalk-80 computer programming language. Tweak is an alternative to an earlier graphic user interface layer called Morphic. Development began in 2001.

Applications that use the Tweak software include Sophie (version 1), a multimedia and e-book authoring system, and a family of virtual world systems: Open Cobalt, Teleplace, OpenQwaq, 3d ICC's Immersive Terf and the Croquet Project.

Influences
An experimental version of Etoys, a programming environment for children, used Tweak instead of Morphic. Etoys was a major influence on a similar Squeak-based programming environment known as Scratch.

References

External links
Tweak 

Programming tools
Smalltalk programming language family