omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Atmel AT89 series. The Atmel AT89 series is an Intel 8051-compatible family of 8 bit microcontrollers (μCs) manufactured by the Atmel Corporation.

Based on the Intel 8051 core, the AT89 series remains very popular as general purpose microcontrollers, due to their industry standard instruction set, their low unit cost, and the availability of these chips in DIL (DIP) packages.  This allows a great amount of legacy code to be reused without modification in new applications.  While less powerful than the newer AT90 series of AVR RISC microcontrollers, new product development has continued with the AT89 series for the aforementioned advantages.

More recently, the AT89 series has been augmented with 8051-cored special function microcontrollers, specifically in the areas of USB, I²C (two wire interface), SPI and CAN bus controllers, MP3 decoders and hardware PWM.

Atmel has also created an LP (low power) series of these chips with a "Single Cycle Core", making the execution speed of these chips considerably faster.

AT89 Series Microcontrollers

Port Structures and Operation

All four ports in the AT89C51 and AT89C52 are bidirectional. Each consists of a latch (Special Function Registers P0 through P3), an output driver, and an input buffer. The output drivers of Ports 0 and 2, and the input buffers of Port 0, are used in accesses to external memory. In this application, Port 0 outputs the low byte of the external memory address, time-multiplexed with the byte being written or read. Port 2 outputs the high byte of the external memory address when the address is 16 bits wide. Otherwise the Port 2 pins continue to emit the P2 SFR content. All the Port 3 pins, and two Port 1 pins (in the AT89C52)are multifunctional. The alternate functions can only be activated if the corresponding bit latch in the port SFR contains a 1. Otherwise the port pin is stuck at 0.

External links
Atmel's 8051 family product page, updated link 09/23/2012

References 

Atmel microcontrollers
Jesús Villasante. Jesús Villasante is the head Net Innovation Unit of the Communications Networks, Content and Technology (Connect) Directorate General in the European Commission.

He read Telecommunications Engineering at the Technical University of Madrid in Madrid, Spain and later obtained a master's degree in Public Management from the Université libre de Bruxelles in Brussels, Belgium.

See also
 CNet news IT giants accused of exploiting open source
  Jesús Villasante, Future Internet Assembly

References

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Place of birth missing (living people)
Animation camera. An animation camera, a type of rostrum camera, is a movie camera specially adapted for frame-by-frame shooting of animation. It consists of a camera body with lens and film magazines, and is most often placed on a stand that allows the camera to be raised and lowered above a table often having both top and underneath lighting. The artwork to be photographed is placed on this table.

For stop motion photography, the camera can also be mounted on a tripod or other support, pointing in any desired direction.

Since most animation is now produced digitally, new animation cameras are not widely manufactured. Image scanners, video cameras and digital SLRs have taken their place.

Examples of professional animation cameras (16 and 35 mm)

A partial list of manufacturers of animation cameras includes:
 Acme Tool and Manufacturing (USA)
 Crass (Germany)
 Neilson-Hordell (UK)
 Oxberry (USA)

 Double M Industries (USA)
 A.I.A. Productions (USA)
 Mechanical Concepts (USA)

The Bell & Howell 2709 (design 27, first made in 1909) is the prototype of the Acme, and the Acme is the prototype of the Oxberry. Each employs a fixed pin and shuttle movement mechanism for film registration and film advancement, respectively. Other names associated with Acme were Producer's Service Corporation and Photo-Sonics, both of which firms manufactured Acme products at various times.

16 mm 
The 16 mm Bolex camera is often used for amateur and semi-professional single frame filming, either using its built-in spring drive, or an attached electric single-frame motor.

See also 
Multiplane camera

References

External links
 Animation camera movement mechanisms, from the personal website of a Finnish animator

Animation technology
Cameras by type
Nukernel. NuKernel is a microkernel that was developed at Apple Computer during the early 1990s. It was the basis for the Copland operating system. It was written from scratch and designed using concepts from the Mach 3.0 microkernel, with extensive additions for soft real-time scheduling to improve multimedia performance. Only one NuKernel version was released, with a Copland alpha release. Development ended in 1996 with the cancellation of Copland.

The External Reference Specification (ERS) for NuKernel is contained in its entirety in its patent.

The one-time technical lead for NuKernel, Jeff Robbin, was one of the leaders of iTunes and the iPod.

Apple's NuKernel is not the microkernel in BeOS, nukernel.

See also
XNU, the microkernel in Mac OS X

References

Apple Inc. operating systems
Microkernels
Gigantothermy. Gigantothermy (sometimes called ectothermic homeothermy or inertial homeothermy) is a phenomenon with significance in biology and paleontology, whereby large, bulky ectothermic animals are more easily able to maintain a constant, relatively high body temperature than smaller animals by virtue of their smaller surface-area-to-volume ratio. A bigger animal has proportionately less of its body close to the outside environment than a smaller animal of otherwise similar shape, and so it gains heat from, or loses heat to, the environment much more slowly.

The phenomenon is important in the biology of ectothermic megafauna, such as large turtles, and aquatic reptiles like ichthyosaurs and mosasaurs. Gigantotherms, though almost always ectothermic, generally have a body temperature similar to that of endotherms. It has been suggested that the larger dinosaurs would have been gigantothermic, rendering them virtually homeothermic.

Disadvantages 
Gigantothermy allows animals to maintain body temperature, but is most likely detrimental to endurance and muscle power as compared with endotherms due to decreased anaerobic efficiency. Mammals' bodies have roughly four times as much surface area occupied by mitochondria as reptiles, necessitating larger energy demands, and consequently producing more heat to use in thermoregulation. An ectotherm the same size of an endotherm would not be able to remain as active as the endotherm, as heat is modulated behaviorally rather than biochemically. More time is dedicated to basking than eating.

Advantages 
Large ectotherms displaying the same body size as large endotherms have the advantage of a slow metabolic rate, meaning that it takes reptiles longer to digest their food.  Consequently gigantothermic ectotherms would not have to eat as often as large endotherms that need to maintain a constant influx of food to meet energy demands.  Although lions are much smaller than crocodiles, the lions must eat more often than crocodiles because of the higher metabolic output necessary to maintain the lion's  heat and energy.  The crocodile needs only to lie in the sun to digest more quickly and synthesize ATP.

See also
 Allen's rule
 Bergmann's rule
 Bradyaerobic
 Bradymetabolism
 Physiology of dinosaurs
 Tachyaerobic

References

External links
 Gigantothermy at Davidson

Animal size
Thermoregulation
WAF. WAF, or waf, may refer to:

Computing
Waf, a software build system written in the Python programming language
Web application firewall, a proxy device with protocol awareness of HTTP
Web application framework, a software framework that is designed to support the development of dynamic websites, Web applications and Web services

Culture
World Architecture Festival, an annual festival and awards ceremony for architecture
"Wabash Always Fights," the rallying cheer of Wabash College

Organisations
Welsh Automotive Forum, a company that lobbies the UK government on behalf of the automotive industry in Wales 
Women's Air Force (WAF), organized in 1948 and active until 1976
Workers Autonomous Federation, one of several underground trade unions in the People's Republic of China
World Archery Federation, a governing sports body
World Apostolate of Fátima, a Roman Catholic movement to promote a faith according to the apparitions at Fátima
World Armwrestling Federation, a federation of arm wrestling associations which organises world championships
Wydad de Fès (Wydad Athletic de Fès), a Moroccan association football club

Science and technology
WAF1, a protein implicated in p53 transcriptional regulation
Weather and Forecasting, an American Meteorological Society journal
Width across flats, the distance between the two flats of a wrench (UK: spanner) or socket 
Wife acceptance factor (or wife approval factor or wife appeal factor), a colloquialism used in discussions related to hi-fi and home theater equipment, home automation

Transport
Wah Fu station, a proposed MTR station in Hong Kong (MTR station code)
Wallyford railway station, East Lothian, Scotland (National Rail station code)

Other 
'With all faults', a phrase used as a disclaimer of any implied warranty of merchantability (often appears in descriptions of second-hand books, cars, knowledge, etc.)
Safety barrier. A safety barrier is a component which prevents passage into a dangerous area, and is commonly used to mitigate risk.

Description 
A safety barrier is a component which prevents passage into a dangerous area. It is commonly used to mitigate risk in the Hazard-Barrier-Target model, as studied in safety science. Work Safe Victoria (an Australian organization) defines a Safety Barrier as a device that:
 physically separate the work area and the traveled way,
 are designed to resist the penetration of an out-of control vehicle, and
 have properties which redirect an out-of-control vehicle back on to the road away from the work area.

Types of barriers 
Hard barriers are fixed or removable guards which prevent entry. These include fences, traffic barriers, and crush barriers.

Soft barriers are devices such as light curtains. They detect the presence of a foreign body and are tied into the control circuit to stop the machine.

Components 
Hard barriers are fixed into the ground as a bollard or gate, removable on stands, or clipped to a structure. Regardless of the barrier type, the components and overall assembly will be similar.

The material of rails used to stop the flow of objects into the protected area must be durable and strong enough to withstand any impacts related to the environment in which it is installed; for example, a guard rail on the side of the road must be able to contain and safely stop or drastically slow down a vehicle weighing up to 40 tons (cable barriers are most effective against tractor trailers), whereas a pedestrian safety barrier only needs to be tall enough, designed with a lattice effect to keep people from climbing through it, or highly visible when being used to display caution.

Applications 
Safety barriers vary depending on their application. In an industrial setting, a safety barrier may be a fence or window, designed to keep the operator away from moving parts or other hazards. Railings should be closed cornered with rounded or flared edges to prevent any further damage to personnel or machinery in the event of a collision. Safety barriers can also be used to protect the corners of fixtures, support columns, exposed pipes or cables, or designated areas on the work floor.

In an automotive setting, the barrier may be a traffic barrier or Jersey barrier, separating lanes/directions of traffic flow. In crowd control, terraces use crush barriers to reduce the risk of human crush in large crowds.

See also
 Platform screen doors

References 

Protective barriers
Perimeter security
Aleph kernel. Aleph is a discontinued operating system kernel developed at the University of Rochester as part of their Rochester's Intelligent Gateway (RIG) project in 1975. Aleph was an early step on the road to the creation of the first practical microkernel operating system, Mach.

Aleph used inter-process communications to move data between programs and the kernel, so applications could transparently access resources on any machine on the local area network (which at the time was a 3-Mbit/s experimental Xerox Ethernet). The project eventually petered out after several years due to rapid changes in the computer hardware market, but the ideas led to the creation of Accent at Carnegie Mellon University, leading in turn to Mach.

Applications written for the RIG system communicated via ports. Ports were essentially message queues that were maintained by the Aleph kernel, identified by a machine unique (as opposed to globally unique) ID consisting of a process id, port id pair. Processes were automatically assigned a process number, or pid, on startup, and could then ask the kernel to open ports. Processes could open several ports and then "read" them, automatically blocking and allowing other programs to run until data arrived. Processes could also "shadow" another, receiving a copy of every message sent to the one it was shadowing. Similarly, programs could "interpose" on another, receiving messages and essentially cutting the original message out of the conversation.

RIG was implemented on a number of Data General Eclipse minicomputers. The ports were implemented using memory buffers, limited to 2 kB in size. This produced significant overhead when copying large amounts of data. Another problem, realized only in retrospect, was that the use of global ID's allowed malicious software to "guess" at ports and thereby gain access to resources they should not have had. And since those IDs were based on the program ID, the port IDs changed if the program was restarted, making it difficult to write servers with clients that could rely on a specific port number for service.

References

Monolithic kernels
University of Rochester
Technical High School of Limeira. The Technical High School of Limeira (Portuguese: Colégio Técnico de Limeira, COTIL) is a public high school maintained by the State University of Campinas. Its campus is located in Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil. The school was founded in 1967.

COTIL provides courses in computer science, mechanical engineering, nursing, civil engineering, geomatics, and quality & productivity.

External links 
 COTIL webpage
 UNICAMP webpage

Schools in Brazil
University of Campinas
Limeira
Product Support Services. Product Support Services, more commonly referred to as PSS, is the Microsoft business unit with primary responsibility for responding to end-user and partner requests for assistance with the company's products and services.

Feedback and product development
PSS also gives feedback to Microsoft development groups for use in the development of future products or product features. The Windows 2000 recovery console, for instance, was developed in large part to address difficulty that PSS agents had when attempting to assist customers with non-functional Windows NT installations. Additionally, PSS identifies major issues with products, and works with the responsible product teams in order to create "hotfixes" for these issues, and/or make sure that the issues are addressed in service packs or future product versions. It is a type of Call Center.

Support options
PSS offers a wide variety of support options, with varying prices. Options include assistance with:
Basic usage
"Break-fix" support
Security patch installation
Onsite and offsite consulting

Offices
PSS has major offices worldwide, including:
Las Colinas, Texas, United States
Issaquah, Washington, United States
Charlotte, North Carolina, United States
Embassy Golf Links, Bangalore, India

See also
Technical support

External links
Microsoft Corporation Home
Microsoft Product Support Services Home

Microsoft divisions

References
EMD SW8. The EMD SW8 is a diesel switcher locomotive manufactured by General Motors Electro-Motive Division and General Motors Diesel between September 1950 and February 1954.  Power is supplied by an EMD 567B 8-cylinder engine, for a total of . A total of 
309 of this model were built for United States railroads and 65 for Canadian railroads. Starting in October 1953 a number of SW8s were built with either the 567BC or 567C engine.

US Army SW8s
 
The United States Army ordered 41 SW8s, numbered 2000–2040, for service in Korea during the Korean War. These were shipped in the spring of 1951.

After the Korean War, many US Army-owned SW8s were turned over to the South Korean government while others were retained by the Army and assigned to various Army posts, depots and ammunition plants. Most were retired around 1990 and replaced in service by rebuilt geeps, such as GP10s from VMV in Paducah, KY, and other rebuilders.

Of all of the locomotives turned over to the Korean National Railroad, only one, KNR #2001, believed to be ex-USAX #2011, still exists. As of May 2011 it was stored in the back of a locomotive shed in the Korea Railroad Busan Rolling Stock Workshop, 125 Sincheon-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, Korea 614–765. Diesel Locomotive Team Leader Kim Hyun-Sik stated KORAIL is in talks with the city of Pusan to put the locomotive on display in the city as a part of Korea's heritage, as it is the oldest diesel locomotive in the country.

Two examples of these locomotives, ex-USAX #2019 and #2022, are preserved at the Heart of Dixie Railroad Museum in Alabama. After serving in Korea, #2019 was sent back to the manufacturer for reconditioning in 1953. #2022 was rebuilt in 1955. Both served in military bases in the United States until the early 1990s, finishing their careers at Fort Campbell, Ky. The Heart of Dixie Railroad Museum acquired them in 1995.

Other models
In addition, 12 TR6 cow–calf paired sets were produced.

In May 1953, a single example of the SW8 was built with a hydraulic transmission as model DH2. This locomotive was displayed at a trade show in 1955, but no sales of the DH2 followed. The locomotive was rebuilt with a standard electrical transmission, and served EMD as plant switcher #105 until 1968.

The first TR6A, Southern Pacific 4600, later numbered 1100, is preserved at the Western Pacific Railroad Museum at Portola, California.

Original buyers

SW8

Locomotives built by Electro-Motive Division, USA

Locomotives built by General Motors Diesel, Canada

TR6

See also 
List of EMD locomotives
List of GMD Locomotives

References

 
 EMD Product Reference Data Card dated January 1, 1959 has the 567BC and 567C engine data used in the as-built roster.

SW0008
SW0008
B-B locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1950
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Locomotives with cabless variants
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Standard gauge locomotives of Canada
Standard gauge locomotives of South Korea
Diesel–electric locomotives of Canada
Diesel–electric locomotives of South Korea
Shunting locomotives
Anticaking agent. An anticaking agent is an additive placed in powdered or granulated materials, such as table salt or confectioneries, to prevent the formation of lumps (caking) and for easing packaging, transport, flowability, and consumption.  Caking mechanisms depend on the nature of the material.  Crystalline solids often cake by formation of liquid bridge and subsequent fusion of microcrystals. Amorphous materials can cake by glass transitions and changes in viscosity. Polymorphic phase transitions can also induce caking. 

Some anticaking agents function by absorbing excess moisture or by coating particles and making them water-repellent. Calcium silicate (CaSiO3), a commonly used anti-caking agent, added to e.g. table salt, absorbs both water and oil.

Anticaking agents are also used in non-food items such as road salt, fertilisers, cosmetics, and detergents.

Some studies suggest that anticaking agents may have a negative effect on the nutritional content of food; one such study indicated that most anti-caking agents result in the additional degradation of vitamin C added to food.

Examples 

An anticaking agent in salt is denoted in the ingredients, for example, as "anti-caking agent (554)", which is sodium aluminosilicate. This product is present in many commercial table salts as well as dried milk, egg mixes, sugar products, flours and spices. In Europe, sodium ferrocyanide (535) and potassium ferrocyanide (536) are more common anticaking agents in table salt. "Natural" anticaking agents used in more expensive table salt include calcium carbonate and the magnesium carbonate.

Diatomaceous earth, mostly consisting of silicon dioxide (SiO2), may also be used as an anticaking agent in animal foods, typically mixed at 2% rate of a product dry weight.

List of anticaking agents
The most widely used anticaking agents include the stearates of calcium and magnesium, silica and various silicates, talc, as well as flour and starch. Ferrocyanides are used for table salt.
The following anticaking agents are listed in order by their number in the Codex Alimentarius by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN.
 341 tricalcium phosphate
 460(ii) powdered cellulose
 470b magnesium stearate
 500 sodium bicarbonate
 535 sodium ferrocyanide
 536 potassium ferrocyanide
 538 calcium ferrocyanide
 542 calcium phosphate
 550 sodium silicate
 551 silicon dioxide
 552 calcium silicate
 553a magnesium trisilicate
 553b talcum powder
 554 sodium aluminosilicate
 555 potassium aluminium silicate
 556 calcium aluminosilicate
 558 bentonite
 559 aluminium silicate
 570 stearic acid
 900 polydimethylsiloxane

References

Food additives
EMD SW9. The EMD SW9 is a model of diesel switcher locomotives built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division between November 1950 and December 1953. Additional SW9s were built by General Motors Diesel in London Ontario Canada from December 1950 to March 1953. Power was provided by an EMD 567B 12-cylinder engine, producing .

786 examples of this model were built for American railroads and 29 were built for Canadian railroads.

Design and production 
The SW9 was EMD's successor to the SW7. Like the SW7, the SW9 retained a power output of 1,200 hp and the same general design. It differed in lacking the upper hood vents found on the SW7, and with the installation of a 567B engine to replace the 567A found in the SW7.

Starting in October 1953 a number of SW9s were built with the 567BC engine. In December 1953, one locomotive, Weyerhaeuser 305, was built with a 567C engine. The 567C was subsequently installed on the SW9's successor, the SW1200.

In addition to the single units produced, ten TR5 cow–calf paired sets were produced (eight for the Union Pacific Railroad, and two for the Union Railroad of Pittsburgh). The Union Railroad also bought an additional two TR5B "calves".

Original buyers

SW9 locomotives built by Electro-Motive Division, USA

SW9 locomotives built by General Motors Diesel, Canada

TR5 locomotives built by Electro-Motive Division, USA

SW1000R 

In 1994 Amtrak acquired nine SW9s from various railroads and had them rebuilt by the National Railway Equipment Company. These switchers were reclassified as EMD SW1000R.

See also 
List of GM-EMD locomotives
List of GMD Locomotives
 Detailed specs

References

External links 

SW0009
SW0009
B-B locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1950
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Locomotives with cabless variants
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Standard gauge locomotives of Canada
Diesel–electric locomotives of Canada
Shunting locomotives