omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Leich Electric. Leich Electric was a manufacturing company of telecommunications equipment in the United States.
Leich produced telephone sets, switchboards, telephone exchange equipment, and associated tools and materials for the independent telephone market in the United States and Canada.

The company was created as the Cracraft-Leich Electric Company as a result of a merger of the Advance Electric Company and the Eureka Electric Company. The name was changed to the Leich Electric Co. in 1917. In 1950 it was acquired by  General Telephone Corporation. GTE grouped the company with another acquisition, the Automatic Electric Company, for which Leich also manufactured telephone sets.

Leich Electric was located in Genoa, Illinois in 1903, after its predecessors had been located in McCordsville, Indiana and Chicago, Illinois.

References

Defunct telecommunications companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in Illinois
DeKalb, Illinois
Telecommunications companies established in 1903 
American companies established in 1903
Hellmuth Walter Kommanditgesellschaft. Hellmuth Walter Kommanditgesellschaft (HWK), Helmuth Walter Werke (HWM), or commonly known as the Walter-Werke, was a German company founded by Professor Hellmuth Walter to pursue his interest in engines using hydrogen peroxide as a propellant.

Having experimented with torpedoes and submarines, Walter began to design rocket engines for aircraft and founded the HWK in Kiel in 1935.

During World War II the HWK developed and built a variety of rocket engines for assisted take-off (RATO), and guided missiles, before developing main propulsion engines for rocket-powered interceptor aircraft, notably the Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet and the Bachem Ba 349 Natter.

HWM designed the steam catapult that launched the V-1 flying bomb.  The steam was generated through the combination of T-Stoff and Z-Stoff.

The company was wound up in 1945 and Walter subsequently continued his work in the United States.

See also 
 C-Stoff – another chemical fuel developed by HWK
 Walter HWK 109-500 – RATO-podded Starthilfe, self-contained booster rocket engine unit
 Walter HWK 109-509 – Germany's primary aircraft rocket engine
 Gotha Go 242 – rocket-assisted glider
 Heinkel He 176 – rocket aircraft
 Henschel Hs 293 - radio-controlled rocket-assisted anti-ship glide-bomb
 DFS 228 – rocket aircraft
 DFS 346 – rocket aircraft
 HMS Meteorite – HTP-powered submarine

References

External links
 http://www.walterwerke.co.uk/walter/index.htm

Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of Germany
Rocket engine manufacturers of Germany
Nanosystems Initiative Munich. The Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) is a German research cluster in the field of nano sciences. It is one of the excellence clusters being funded within the German Excellence Initiative of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.

The cluster joins the scientific work of about 60 research groups in the Munich region and combines several disciplines: physics, biophysics, physical chemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, biology, electrical engineering and medical science. Using the expertise in all these fields the cluster aims to create new nanosystems for information technology as well as for life sciences.

The participating institutions of the Nanosystems Initiative Munich are the Ludwig Maximilians University, the Technical University of Munich, the University of Augsburg, the Max Planck Institutes of Quantum Optics and Biochemistry, the Munich University of Applied Sciences, the Walther Meissner Institute and the "Center for New Technologies" at Deutsches Museum.

References

External links
 Nanosystems Initiative Munich
 NIM on the LMU Excellent website of Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich 
  https://www.dfg.de/forschungsfoerderung/koordinierte_programme/exzellenzinitiative/exzellenzcluster/liste/exc_detail_4.html
  http://idw-online.de/pages/de/news179797

Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
Munich University of Applied Sciences
Nanotechnology institutions
Research institutes in Munich
University of Augsburg
Hermann Arthur Jahn. Hermann Arthur Jahn (born 31 May 1907, Colchester, England; d. 24 October 1979 Southampton) was a British scientist of German descent. With Edward Teller, he identified the Jahn–Teller effect.

He is not to be confused with Hermann Jahn, the 20th Century German politician, or Hermann Jahn the 20th Century German biologist.

Early life
He was the son of Friedrich Wilhelm Hermann Jahn and Marion May Curtiss. He attended City School in Lincoln.

Jahn received his Bachelor of Science degree in chemistry at University College, London in 1928. He received his PhD on 14 February 1935 under the supervision of Werner Heisenberg at the University of Leipzig. The title of his dissertation was "The rotation and oscillation of the methane molecule". From 1935 to 1941 he did research at the Davy Faraday Research Laboratory at the Royal Institution in London.

Career
From 1941 to 1946, he was based at the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough Airfield. He was (the first) Professor of Applied Mathematics at the University of Southampton from 1949 to 1972. He published scientific papers on quantum mechanics and group theory.

Personal life
He married Karoline Schüler in 1943 in Hendon. They had a son (born 1944) and a daughter (born 1946).
Jahn died in 1979 aged 72.

References
This article has been translated from the article in the German-language Wikipedia. It has then had subsequent modifications made to it to clarify some points.

1907 births
1979 deaths
Alumni of University College London
English chemists
English people of German descent
Leipzig University alumni
Academics of the University of Southampton
People from Lincoln, England
Strength tester. Strength tester may refer to:

Grippers, a device used for testing and increasing the strength of the hands
High striker, a attraction that operates by utilizing the lever where one end holds a puck attached to the tower and the other end is struck by the person or contestant using a hammer or mallet
Strength tester machine, a type of amusement personality tester machine, which upon receiving credit rates the subject's strength, according to how strongly the person presses levers, squeezes a grip or punches a punching bag

See also
Container compression test, a test that measures the compressive strength of packages
Izod impact strength test, a method of determining the impact resistance of materials 
Universal testing machine, a machine used to test the tensile strength and compressive strength, flexural strength, bending, shear, hardness, and torsion testing, providing valuable data for designing and ensuring the quality of materials
Roscoelite. Roscoelite is a green mineral from the mica group that contains vanadium.
The chemical formula is K(V3+, Al, Mg)2AlSi3O10(OH)2.
Crystals of roscoelite take on the monoclinic form, and are from the 2/m point group.
The appearance is semi transparent to translucent coloured olive brown to green brown.  The lustre is pearly.  The mineral shows pleochroism with X showing green-brown, and Y and Z axes showing olive-green colour.  The mineral was named after Henry Enfield Roscoe who first produced vanadium metal.

Chemical properties
Roscoelite is a muscovite with aluminium substituted with vanadium.  Vanadium can also be substituted by magnesium, iron, or manganese.

Physical properties
It is soft and the density is 2.93±0.01.  The unit cell has dimensions 
a = 526 pm 
b = 909 pm
c = 1025 pm, 
with an angle between axes of β=101.0°.  The tetrahedral cation-oxygen atom distance is 164.1 pm,  The distance from the cation to the oxygen in the octahedral plan is 202 pm.

Formation
Two kinds of mineral deposits contain roscoelite, either gold-silver-tellurium low temperature epithermal deposits where it occurs along with quartz, fluorite, pyrite and carbonates, or oxidized low temperature uranium-vanadium ores in sedimentary rocks, where it occurs with corvusite, hewettite, carnotite and tyuyamunite.  Roecoelite is considered a gangue mineral of no value when found with gold.  However it has also been used as a vanadium ore.

In the Mt. Kare mine in New Guinea the mineral occurs with gold and is an important maker of gold deposits.  The temperature of the geothermal fluid that deposited the roscoelite was from .  The fluid contained a high level of salt and also contained carbon dioxide, methane, carbonyl sulfide and other minor amounts of rock forming elements.

Occurrence
The mineral has been found in numerous places in US, Australia, Japan, Gabon, Fiji, New Guinea and Czech Republic.  In the United States, it was the principal vanadium ore mineral at the mines at Placerville, Colorado.  In Australia roscoelite has been found at Kalgoorlie, Radium Hill and the Kintore Open Cut at Broken Hill.

References

Potassium minerals
Mica group
Vanadium minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 12
Mixed metal oxide electrode. Mixed metal oxide (MMO) electrodes, also called Dimensionally Stable Anodes (DSA), are devices with high conductivity and corrosion resistance for use as anodes in electrolysis.  They are made by coating a substrate, such as pure titanium plate or expanded mesh, with several kinds of metal oxides. One oxide is usually RuO2, IrO2, or PtO2, which conducts electricity and catalyzes the desired reaction such as the production of chlorine gas. The other metal oxide is typically titanium dioxide which does not conduct or catalyze the reaction, but is cheaper and prevents corrosion of the interior.

The loading or amount of precious metal on the substrate (that is, other than the titanium) can be in the order of around 10 to 12 grams per square metre.

Applications 
Applications include use as anodes in electrolytic cells for producing free chlorine from saltwater in swimming pools, in electrowinning of metals, in printed circuit board manufacture, electrotinning and zinc electro-galvanising of steel, as anodes for cathodic protection of buried or submerged structures.

History 

Henri Bernard Beer registered his patent on mixed metal oxide electrodes in 1965. The patent named "Beer 65", also known as "Beer I", which Beer claimed the deposition of Ruthenium oxide, and admixing a soluble titanium compound to the paint, to approximately 50% (with molar percentage RuO2:TiO2 50:50). 
His second patent, Beer II, reduced the Ruthenium oxide content below 50%.

See also
 Chloralkali process

References

MMO & PLATINUM COATED TITANIUM ANODES by Titan

Oxides
Electrodes
Microjet. Microjet may refer to:

Aviation
Bede BD-5J, a series of small, single-seat homebuilt aircraft
Microjet 200, a small jet trainer aircraft built by Microjet SA
Microturbo, manufacturer of small turbojet engines
US Microjet LLC, an American manufacturer of very small turbine engines
SubSonex, a small homebuilt jet built by Sonex Aircraft
An early term for the type of aircraft now known as Very Light Jets

Other
MicroJet Technology Co. Ltd, a Taiwanese manufacturer of inkjet printing technology
A very small rocket fired by a type of hand-held firearm called the Gyrojet
Ferroelasticity. Ferroelasticity is a phenomenon in which a material may exhibit a spontaneous strain, and is the mechanical equivalent of ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism in the field of ferroics. A ferroelastic crystal has two or more stable orientational states in the absence of mechanical stress or electric field, i.e. remanent states, and can be reproducibly switched between the states by applying a stress or an electric field greater than some critical value. The application of opposite fields leads to Hysteresis as the system crosses back and forth across an energy barrier. This transition dissipates an energy equal to the area enclosed by the hysteresis loop.

The transition of the crystal's parent structure to one of its stable ferroelastic strains is typically accompanied by a reduction in the crystal symmetry. The spontaneous change in strain and crystal structure can be associated with a spontaneous change in other observable properties, such as birefringence, optical absorption, and polarizability. In compatible materials, Raman spectroscopy has been used to directly image ferroelastic switching in crystals.

Landau theory has been used to accurately describe many ferroelastic phase transitions using strain as the Order parameter since nearly all ferroelastic transitions are second order. The free energy is formulated as an expansion in even powers of strain.

The shape memory effect and superelasticity are manifestations of ferroelasticity. Nitinol (nickel titanium), a common ferroelastic alloy, can display either superelasticity or the shape-memory effect at room temperature, depending on the nickel-to-titanium ratio.

Role in Transformation Toughening

Ferroelastic transitions can be used to toughen ceramics with the most notable example being Zirconia. A crack propagating through tetragonal zirconia opens up extra space, which allows the region around the crack to transform into the monoclinic phase, expanding as much as 3-4%. This expansion causes a compressive stress ahead of the crack tip, requiring extra work in order to further propagate the crack.

See also 
Ferroics
Multiferroic
Flexoelectricity

Further reading

References

Materials science
Hysteresis
MAPATS. The MAPATS (man portable anti-tank system, also a Hebrew word for explosion) is a laser guided, beam riding anti-tank guided missile (ATGM) developed by Israel Military Industries as a possible successor to United States' wire-guided missile, BGM-71 TOW. The MAPATS is sometimes nicknamed Hutra (in Hebrew: חוטרא) – an Aramaic word for stick.

The MAPATS can operate day or night, while the gunner must direct a laser designator on the target until missile impact. First revealed in 1984, it has no trailing wire, so it can be fired over water at naval targets or from sea to land, unlike wire-guided ATGMs. The launcher has an elevation ability up to +30°. Externally, the MAPATS is very similar in appearance to the TOW 2.

Versions 
The newer version of the MAPATS, developed in the early 1990s, has a new solid-propellant rocket and better laser guidance. Some new warheads were developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems, including a tandem-charge high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT), and a high explosive (HE) bunker buster.

Operators

 
 
  No longer in service
  No longer in service

Characteristics
Effective range: 5,000 meters
Length: 145 cm
Caliber: 156 mm
Weight
Missile itself: 18 kg
Missile in canister: 29.5 kg
Launcher: 66 kg
Propulsion: two-stage solid-propellant rocket
Penetration: 800 mm (original); 1200 mm (tandem-charge)
Guidance: laser-beam riding
Warhead: high-explosive anti-tank](HEAT), high explosive (HE)

Comparable systems

References

Anti-tank guided missiles
Anti-tank guided missiles of Israel
Military equipment introduced in the 1980s
Polytechnic University of the Philippines Maragondon. The Polytechnic University of the Philippines, Maragondon Extension () is one of the extension campuses of the university system. It is located in Maragondon, Cavite, Philippines; and was established in 1987.

Undergraduate programs
College of Business (CB)
 Bachelor of Science in Business Administration (BSBA)
 
College of Education (COED)
 Bachelor of Science in Secondary Education Major in English (BSE-English)

College of Engineering (CE)
 Bachelor of Science in Electronics Engineering (BSEcE)
 Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering(BSME)
 Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering (BSEE)

College of Technology (CT)
 Diploma in Office Management Technology (DOMT)
 Diploma in Information and Communications Management Technology (DICMT)
 Diploma in Electrical Engineering Technology (DEET)

Graduate Program
 Master in Educational Management (MEM)

External links 
 Polytechnic University of the Philippines – Official website

Universities and colleges in Cavite
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
1987 establishments in the Philippines
Universities and colleges established in 1987
The Transformers (1986 video game). The Transformers is a platform shoot 'em up game based on the Transformers franchise. It was written by Denton Designs and released by Ocean Software for the Sinclair Spectrum and Commodore 64 home computers in 1986.

Gameplay
In the game, the Autobots are searching for four parts of an energon cube which have been scattered around a city, which consists of a number of platforms and ladders. The Decepticons are also seeking the energon cube, and will destroy the Autobots in order to retrieve it.

The player controls five Autobots: Optimus Prime, Hound, Jazz, Mirage and Bumblebee, one at a time. When not in use, the Autobots hide in Defensa-Pods; while inside these pods they cannot be harmed, and slowly recharge their energy. The Decepticons are represented by Megatron, Soundwave, Starscream, Buzzsaw, Skywarp, Laserbeak, Ravage, Frenzy and Rumble. The Decepticons can regenerate and do not transform.

Each Autobot has three attributes (Shields, Power and Weapons) with each character having them in different distributions (Optimus Prime has a high Power rating, average Shields and low Weapons, while Mirage has a high Weapons rating but lower Power and Shields).

Each character can transform between their vehicle and robot forms by facing forward and pressing the fire button. Unlike the cartoon, all the Autobots can fly while in robot form, although they travel faster by using their vehicle modes. Driving off the end of platforms or into stationary objects will cause the character to die.

Reception

The game's received mixed reviews - Sinclair User gave the game 4 stars out of five, while Your Sinclair gave it 6/10 and Crash gave it 60%.
Max Phillips from Your Sinclair said the game was "slick but nothing new, the keyboard controls are awful and the cassette inlay is diabolical" while John Gilbert of Sinclair User said "Transformers is a game where a high score is all-important, and I am sure that once you have found the energy cube you will still enjoy a scrap with the Decepticons".

When asked, in an interview with Julian Rignall of Crash, which of their games they were least pleased with, Ally Noble, one of the developers of The Transformers admitted that it was "definitely Transformers... it's really a personal thing, we all like different products, but I think Transformers was an embarrassment".

References

External links

1986 video games
Commodore 64 games
Denton Designs games
Ocean Software games
Platformers
Shoot 'em ups
Single-player video games
Transformers: Generation 1 video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
Video games scored by Fred Gray
Video games set in the United States
ZX Spectrum games
Louis Dominique Girard. Louis Dominique Girard (1815- Paris, 1871) was a French hydraulic engineer.

A friend and colleague of Léon Foucault, Girard was most notable for his work with impulse turbines. His 1856 design greatly improved on the Jonval turbines that were then common, although it was in turn supplanted by the Pelton wheel in the latter portion of the 19th century.

References

External links 
 La turbine Girard radiale
 Le chemin de fer de Girard

French engineers
Hydraulic engineers
1815 births
1871 deaths
China Railways ND2. ND2 is the name for a Romanian diesel-electric locomotive, produced by Electroputere, exported to and employed in China by China Railway. It was made for the purpose of heavy transport.

History
ND2 is a derivative of LDE2100 (060DA) locomotive. The Chinese Ministry of Railways started importing this locomotive in 1974 under a barter arrangement to fill a gap in the domestic locomotive production.

Most of the class were based at Shanghai Bureau, with some others working as far south as Guangzhou. At its apex, ND2 class was the predominant passenger power south of Yangtze River.

Rated at 2300 hp UIC, ND2 traces its lineage back to a Swiss design created by SLM and Sulzer. Externally, ND2 bears resemblance to Ae 6/6 Swiss electric locomotives.

Production

A total number of 284 ND2 locomotives were produced. The ND2s are now being withdrawn but a few were exported back to Romania.
Romanian private freight operator GFR now operates a few ND2 locomotives that were exported back to Romania, repainted and had their couplers changed.

References

External links

 Railways of China
  a history of ND2, Sulzer and its Swiss lineage

ND2
Co′Co′ locomotives
Electroputere locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1972
Standard gauge locomotives of China
French Bronze. French Bronze is a form of bronze typically consisting of 91% copper, 2% tin, 6% zinc, and 1% lead.

Other uses
The term French bronze was also used in connection with cheap zinc statuettes and other articles, which were finished to resemble real bronze, and some older texts call the faux-bronze finish itself "French bronze". Its composition was typically 5 parts hematite powder to 8 parts lead oxide, formed into a paste with spirits of wine. Variations in tint could be obtained by varying the proportions. The preparation was applied to the article to be bronzed with a soft brush, then polished with a hard brush after it had dried.

Notes

Bronze
Brass
Copper alloys
Journal of Biomolecular NMR. The Journal of Biomolecular NMR publishes research on technical developments and innovative applications of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for the study of structure and dynamic properties of biopolymers in solution, liquid crystals, solids and mixed environments. Some of the main topics include experimental and computational approaches for the determination of three-dimensional structures of proteins and nucleic acids, advancements in the automated analysis of NMR spectra, and new methods to probe and interpret molecular motions.

The journal was founded in 1991 by Kurt Wüthrich, who later received a Nobel prize in Chemistry in 2002 for his seminal contributions to the field of NMR. Now, the current editor-in-chief is Gerhard Wagner (Harvard Medical School).

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 2.835.

Associate Editors 
Accompanying Gerhard Wagner (editor-in-chief), the Associate Editors of the Journal of Biomolecular NMR are:

 Ad Bax (NIH, USA)
 Martin Billeter (Göteborg University, Sweden)
 Lewis E. Kay (University of Toronto, Canada)
 Rob Kaptein (Utrecht University, The Netherlands)
 Gottfried Otting (Australian National University, Australia)
 Arthur G. Palmer (Columbia University, USA)
 Tatyana Polenova (University of Delaware, USA), and
 Bernd Reif (TU Munich, Germany)

Most cited articles 
According to the Web of Science, as of August 2018, there are seven Journal of Biomolecular NMR articles with over 1,500 citations:
  – cited 9,252 times.
  – cited 3,527 times.
  – cited 3,199 times.
  – cited 2,540 times.
  – cited 2,288 times.
  – cited 1,781 times.
  – cited 1,723 times.

References

External links 
 

Biochemistry journals
Physics journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1991
Monthly journals
Samsung R&D Institute India, Bengaluru. Samsung R&D Institute India - Bangalore (SRI - Bangalore), earlier known as Samsung Electronics India Software Operations (SISO), is one of the 30 Research & Development centers of Samsung Electronics globally, housed in the IT hub of India, Bangalore. SRI - Bangalore is the largest R&D center of the South Korean conglomerate outside its home country, South Korea.

The organisation has executed close to 300 projects since its formation. SRI-B works with many organisations involved in the field of software and technology in India.

In 2012, the main office was shifted to Bagmane Constellation Business Park near Doddanekkundi, Bangalore.

Divisions
 Advanced Technologies Division
 B2B
 Digital Printing Division
 System LSI Division
 Memory Solutions Division
 Telecom and Network Division
 Wireless Terminals Division
 Android Platform Division
 Samsung Health Care and SmartSchool solutions
 Tizen Platform Division
 CRL

References

India Software Operations
India Software Operations
Companies based in Bengaluru
Software companies of India
Indian subsidiaries of foreign companies
Indian companies established in 1996
1996 establishments in Karnataka