omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
FLOX. FLOX  is a flameless combustion process developed by WS Wärmeprozesstechnik GmbH.

History 
In experiments with industrial gasoline engines conducted in April 1990, Joachim Alfred Wünning found that when combustion occurred at a temperature greater than 850 °C, the flames were blown away. Although this observation was initially thought to be an error, it turned out to be a discovery which led to the invention of what he called FLOX-Technology, a name derived from the German expression "flammenlose Oxidation" (flameless oxidation). The advantages of this technology attracted funding for a project at Stuttgart University called FloxCoal, a programme aiming to engineer a flameless atomizing coal burner. The reduced pollutant emission in FLOX combustion has been considered a promising candidate for use in coal pollution mitigation and the higher efficiency combustion in FLOX received increased interest as a result of the 1990 oil price shock. FLOX burners have since been used within furnaces in the steel and metallurgical industries.

Technology 
FLOX requires the air and fuel components to be mixed in an environment in which exhaust gases are recirculated back into the combustion chamber. Flameless combustion also does not display the same high energy peaks as the traditional combustion observed within a swirl burner, resulting in a more smooth and stable combustion process.

When combustion occurs, NOx is formed at the front of the flame: suppression of peak flame offers the theoretical possibility of reducing NOx production to zero. Experiments with FLOX-Technology have established that it can reduce the amount of NOx generated by 20% in the case of Rhenisch brown coal, and by 65% in the case of Polish black coal. 

The role of combustion temperature in NOx formation has been understood for some time.  Reduction of the combustion temperature in gasoline engines, by reducing the compression ratio, was among the first steps taken to comply with the U.S. clean air act in the 1970s. This lowered the NOx emissions by lowering the temperature at the flame front.

References

External links 
 
 list of article at WS Wärmetechnik 

Combustion
A8. A8, A08, A 8 or A-8 may refer to:

Electronics
 ARM Cortex-A8, a processor used in mobile devices
 Apple A8, a 64-bit system on a chip (SoC) designed by Apple Inc.
AMD A8, an AMD APU
 Samsung Galaxy A8, various smartphones
 Atari 8-bit computers, a series of 8-bit home computers

Military
 Curtiss A-8, a United States attack aircraft used in the 1930s 
 General Dynamics Model 100, a development project which may have entered service as the A-8A
 A8, the military staff designation in the continental staff system for air force headquarters staff concerned with finance
 A8, a model of German Aggregate Series Rocket from World War II
 A 8, a Swedish artillery regiment

Transport, vehicles and vessels
 Arrows A8, a 1985 British racing car
 Audi A8, a flagship full-sized luxury sedan
 , an A-class submarine of Britain's Royal Navy
 LNER Class A8, a British 4-6-2T steam locomotive class

Air transport
 Curtiss A-8, a United States attack aircraft used in the 1930s 
 A08, the FAA Location Identifier for Vaiden Field
 A8, the aircraft registration prefix for Liberia
 A8, the IATA code for Benin Golf Air airlines

Other uses
 A8 (classification), an amputee sport classification
 ATC code A08 Antiobesity preparations, excluding diet products, a subgroup of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
 A08, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code for Réti Opening
 A8, in the aquatic communities in the British National Vegetation Classification system
 A8, an ISO 216 international standard paper size
 A8 road, in several countries
 Subfamily A8, in the rhodopsin-like receptors subfamily of proteins
 The A8 countries, short for "accession eight", the ex-communist European countries that acceded to the EU in 2004
Asphalt 8, a Gameloft mobile racing game

See also
8A (disambiguation)
Rational Software. Rational Machines is an enterprise founded by Paul Levy and Mike Devlin in 1981 to provide tools to expand the use of modern software engineering practices, particularly explicit modular architecture and iterative development. It changed its name in 1994 to Rational Software, and was sold for US$2.1 billion (equivalent to current US$) to IBM on February 21, 2003.

See also

Rational Automation Framework
IBM DevOps Code ClearCase
Rational DOORS
Rational Performance Tester
Rational Rhapsody
Rational Rose
Rational Software Modeler
Rational Synergy
Rational Unified Process

References

External links
 

Defunct software companies of the United States
IBM acquisitions
Package. Package may refer to:

Containers or enclosures
 Packaging and labeling, enclosing or protecting products
 Mail, items larger than a letter
 Chip package or chip carrier
 Electronic packaging, in electrical engineering
 Automotive package, in automobile production and marketing
 Package holiday, in tourism

Computing
 Modular programming, a software component
 Java package, a mechanism for organizing Java classes
 Package (package management system), a file used by a package management system to install an application or library
 Package (macOS), a directory hierarchy normally treated as a single object in the Finder in macOS
 Package (UML) in the context of UML, which is used to groups elements
 Package format, a type of archive containing computer programs and additional metadata

Entertainment and sports
 Movie packaging, in which a talent agency bundles its clients with a film or TV project
 Formation (American football), sometimes referred to as "packages" rather than "formations"
 Personnel grouping (gridiron football), often called a "(personnel) package", a numeric code denoting the specific offensive skill position players used for a play

See also
 Pack (disambiguation)
 Package film (disambiguation)
 Packager (disambiguation)
 Packaging (disambiguation)
 Packet (disambiguation)
 PKG (disambiguation)
 Software package (disambiguation)
 Surprise Package (disambiguation)
 The Package (disambiguation)
Reality hacker. Reality hacker, reality cracker or reality coder may refer to:

 Reality hacking, any phenomenon that emerges from the nonviolent use of illegal or legally ambiguous digital tools in pursuit of politically, socially, or culturally subversive ends.
 Reality Hacker, a character class in the game Realmwalkers: Earth Light by Mind's Eye Publishing.
 Reality Hackers, an earlier name for Mondo 2000 magazine.
 Reality Coders, a faction of the Virtual Adepts, a secret society of mages whose magick revolves around digital technology, in the  Mage: The Ascension role-playing game.

See also
Life hack
Urban Exploration
Hacktivism
Pervasive game
Back-side bus. In personal computer microprocessor architecture, a back-side bus (BSB), or backside bus, was a computer bus used on early Intel platforms to connect the CPU to CPU cache memory, usually off-die L2. If a design utilizes a back-side bus along with a front-side bus (FSB), the design is said to use a dual-bus architecture, or in Intel's terminology Dual Independent Bus (DIB) architecture. The back-side bus architecture evolved when newer processors like the second-generation Pentium III began to incorporate on-die L2 cache, which at the time was advertised as Advanced Transfer Cache, but Intel continued to refer to the Dual Independent Bus till the end of Pentium III.

History

BSB is an improvement over the older practice of using a single system bus, because a single bus typically became a severe bottleneck as CPUs and memory speeds increased. Due to its dedicated nature, the back-side bus can be optimized for communication with cache, thus eliminating protocol overheads and additional signals that are required on a general-purpose bus.  Furthermore, since a BSB operates over a shorter distance, it can typically operate at higher clock speeds, increasing the computer's overall performance.

Cache connected with a BSB was initially external to the microprocessor die, but now is usually on-die. In the latter case, the BSB clock frequency is typically equal to the processor's, and the back-side bus can also be made much wider (256-bit, 512-bit) than either off-chip or on-chip FSB.

The dual-bus architecture was used in a number of designs, including the IBM and Freescale (formerly the semiconductor division of Motorola) PowerPC processors (certain PowerPC 604 models, the PowerPC 7xx family, and the Freescale 7xxx line), as well as the Intel Pentium Pro, Pentium II and early Pentium III processors, 
which used it to access their L2 cache (earlier Intel processors accessed the L2 cache over the FSB, while later processors moved it on-chip).

See also 

 CPU cache
 Bus (computing)
 Front-side bus

References 

Computer buses
Robotfindskitten. robotfindskitten (rfk) is a "Zen simulation", originally written by Leonard Richardson for MS-DOS.

Game
It is a free video game with an ASCII interface in which the user (playing the eponymous robot and represented by a number sign "") must find kitten (represented by a random character) on a field of other random characters. Walking up to items allows robot to identify them as either kitten, or any of a variety of "Non-kitten Items" (NKIs) with whimsical, strange or simply random text descriptions. It is not possible to lose (though there is a patch that adds a 1 in 10 probability of the NKI killing robot). Simon Carless has characterized robotfindskitten as "less a game and more a way of life ... It's fun to wander around until you find a kitten, at which point you feel happy and can start again".

The original robotfindskitten program was the sole entrant to a contest in 1997 at the now-defunct webzine Nerth Pork — the object: create a depiction of "robotfindskitten". (The robotfindskitten concept was originally created by Jacob Berendes, but the only submission he received depicted kittens meeting an untimely end at the hands of malevolent robots.)

When the author rewrote the program for Linux in 1999, it gained popularity and now has its own website and mailing lists. Since then, it has been ported to and/or implemented on over 30 platforms, including POSIX, the Dreamcast, Palm OS, TI-99/4A, the Z-machine, the Sony PSP, Android, and many more. Graphical versions, such as an OpenGL version with  emblazoned on an otherwise featureless cube, also exist. Remakes of it are also used as programming tutorials, such as for Gambas.

References

External links

robotfindskitten in a Java applet
Fictional Back-story to the game, detailing robot's creation
"The Ultimate robotfindskitten Fan Site" on the original author's web site

1997 video games
Amiga games
Android (operating system) games
Apple II games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Dreamcast homebrew games
Game Boy Advance games
Free and open-source Android software
Java platform games
Linux games
Open-source video games
Palm OS games
Unix games
Video games developed in the United States
Video games with textual graphics
ZX Spectrum games
A38. A38 or A-38 may refer to:

 A38 (ship), a party boat on the Danube in Budapest, Hungary
 A38 motorway (Netherlands)
 A38 road (England)
 A38(M) motorway
 A38 (Sydney), an arterial route in Sydney, Australia
 Bundesautobahn 38, an autobahn in Germany
 English Opening, Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code
 Aero A.38, a Czech airliner of the 1930s
 Iceberg A-38
 Valiant tank, a WWII-era prototype British tank
 XA-38 Grizzly, a prototype American attack aircraft of the 1940s
A34. A34 or A-34 may refer to:

Roads
 A34 autoroute (France), connecting Sedan and Reims
 A34 highway (Sri Lanka), connecting Mankulam and Mullaitivu
 A34 road (England), connecting Winchester, Hampshire to Salford
 A34 road (Isle of Man), connecting Ballasalla and the A3
 

 A34 (Sydney), Australia

Other uses
 Aero A.34, a Czech touring plane of the 1930s
 Brewster A-34 Bermuda, USAAF designation for lend-lease SB2As dive bombers built for the British
 HLA-A34, a human serotype
 Painter of Berlin A 34, a vase painter during the pioneering period of Attic black-figure vase painting
 A-34 Comet (tank), a British tank used in World War II
 An Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code for the English Opening in chess
 Samsung Galaxy A34 5G, an Android smartphone by Samsung Electronics
Slow flight. In aviation, slow flight is the region of flight below the maximum lift to drag ratio, where induced drag becomes more significant than parasitic drag. Slow flight can be as slow as 3-5 knots above stall airspeed.

Slow flight is sometimes referred to as the “region of reversed command” or the “back side of the power curve”. This is because in slow flight, more power is required to maintain straight and level flight at lower airspeeds. A very high angle of attack is required to maintain altitude in slow flight.

At these low airspeeds, flight control surfaces begin to lose their effectiveness due to the reduction in airflow over them. Ailerons are the most affected, and roll control is significantly degraded. If ailerons are used in slow flight, there is a possibility that the high wing will stall due to the increased angle of attack, sending the aircraft into a spin. In many modern aircraft, flight envelope protection in the aircraft flight control system prevents this from happening. The rudder remains effective in slow flight, and yaw provided by it can be used to control the bank angle and direction of the aircraft.

References

Aerodynamics
Ingeo. Ingeo is a range of polylactic acid (PLA) biopolymers owned by NatureWorks. Resinex Group distributes Ingeo in Europe.

Ingeo is created using carbon stored in plants via photosynthesis and takes the form of dextrose sugar. These sugars are then converted into a biopolymer through the processes of fermentation and separation. The resulting resin can then be injection molded into plastic goods, extruded for film applications, thermoformed into packaging, or extruded for use in textiles. However, its use in textiles is limited because of its limited comfort properties. Due to its biodegradability, PLA is applied in geotextiles, where the objective is that the material over time disappears.

PLA is more resistant to ultraviolet light than some synthetic plastics and has relatively low flammability. Due to its relatively higher hydrophobic character compared to the common polyester fibers, Ingeo is often blended with cotton and wool. This blend of materials results in lighter garments that can repel more moisture. PLA can be disposed of in the biological waste stream. In addition, like most polyesters, it can be recycled. 

Ingeo is also used in packaging and plastic bottles. Its appearance can range from clear to opaque, and it can be flexible or rigid. The biopolymer is similar to polystyrene in exhibiting tensile strength and modulus comparable to hydrocarbon-based thermoplastics. Much like polyester, it resists grease and oil. Similarly, it also offers a flavor and odor barrier. Ingeo provides heat seal-ability at temperatures equivalent to those of polyolefin sealant resins.

See also
 Bioplastics
 Biodegradable plastic

References

Synthetic fibers
ASIS. ASIS may refer to:

 Alam Shah Science School, a fully residential school in Malaysia
 Australian Secret Intelligence Service
 Ada Semantic Interface Specification (ISO/IEC 15291)
 American Society for Information Science and Technology (ASIS&T), sometimes known as the American Society for Information Science (ASIS)
 ASIS International, a professional organization focused on the security industry, formerly the American Society for Industrial Security
 Anterior superior iliac spine, a bony projection of iliac bone
 Avans School of International Studies, the business studies faculty of Avans University of Applied Sciences
 Automatic Surface Inspection Systems, see Machine vision
 A Study in Scarlet, an 1887 mystery novel by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle featuring Sherlock Holmes
 Anterior superior iliac spine, a bony projection of the ilium 
 Africa Social Impact Summit

See also 
 As is (disambiguation)
 Ashish, an Indian male given name
Chase plane. A chase plane is an aircraft that "chases" a "subject" aircraft, spacecraft or rocket, for the purposes of making real-time observations and taking air-to-air photographs and video of the subject vehicle during flight.

Background

Safety can be one function of a chase plane; others are to photograph or video the target vehicle, or to collect engineering data from it. Chase planes may be used during flight tests, and for many years the best way to ensure the safety of an experimental aircraft was to fly alongside it and observe the flight.

This "chase" airplane's crew would keep a constant lookout for problems with the "subject" or test aircraft, and if problems did arise, they would provide warnings and critical information to the test aircraft's crew, and to the mission controllers on the ground. They would also monitor the surrounding airspace for other aircraft that could pose a hazard to the flight, either by straying into their flightpath or threatening any kind of secrecy associated with that particular project. 

Since the early days of United States Air Force testing, the chase aircraft have been crewed by test pilots just like the experimental planes they accompany, providing a common language and bond between test pilot and observer. The experienced pilots in the chase aircraft could guide distressed test aircraft down to safe landings should experiments go wrong.

See also
Index of aviation articles

References

External links

Aircraft operations
Alexander Binnie. Sir Alexander Richardson Binnie (26 March 1839 – 18 May 1917) was a British civil engineer responsible for several major engineering projects, including several associated with crossings of the River Thames in London.

He was born in London to a Scottish father, Alexander Binnie, and Hannah Carr from Castle Sowerby, Cumberland. He was baptised at the Swallow Street Scotch Church, where his grandfather Alexander Birnie was an elder. He trained as an engineer by being articled in 1858 to Terence Flannagan and afterwards to Frederic la Trobe Bateman. He then worked on railways in mid-Wales before moving in 1868 to India to engineer the Nagpur water supply system. He received the Telford Medal of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1875 for his paper on the Nagpur waterworks.

In 1875, he returned to England as Chief Engineer for Waterworks for the City of Bradford, West Yorkshire where he was concerned with the repair and construction of reservoirs and large water supply projects, such as Upper Barden Reservoir. He was then offered the post of Chief Engineer for London County Council in 1890, a post he held until 1902.

As chief engineer for London County Council, his design feats included the first Blackwall Tunnel (1897) and Greenwich foot tunnel (1902) (both in Greenwich, London) and, further upstream, Vauxhall Bridge (1906).

He was knighted in 1897 by Queen Victoria for services to engineering and elected President of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1905.

He also designed, with Sir Benjamin Baker, major parts of London's drainage system, including east London sewage treatment works at Crossness and Barking on the south and north sides of the Thames respectively (these were sited at the ends of the sewer outfalls created by Sir Joseph Bazalgette during the late 19th century).

Legacy
Like several other notable engineers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries (e.g. Sir William Halcrow, Sir Alexander Gibb), Binnie founded a firm under his name, which his son William took over on his father's retirement. In 1909, Sir Alexander Binnie and Son merged with another engineering consultancy to become Sir Alexander Binnie, Son & Deacon; later it became Binnie & Partners, and from the 1990s it was part of the multi-national Black & Veatch consultancy. In January 2021, the Europe and Asian water businesses of Black & Veatch were acquired by RSK Group and renamed Binnies.

Personal life
Binnie married, in 1865, Mary Frances Eames, the daughter of Dr. William J. Eames, of Londonderry. Lady Binnie died in London 21 September 1901.

References 

        
        
        
        
        
        

1839 births
1917 deaths
English civil engineers
Presidents of the Institution of Civil Engineers
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
Knights Bachelor
Engineers from London
A20. A20, A 20, A.20 or A-20 may refer to:

Vehicles
 A-20 Havoc, a U.S.-designed attack aircraft used in World War II
 A20 heavy tank, a British tank which did not enter production but of which a downsized version became the A22 Churchill tank
 A-20 tank, one of the prototypes of Soviet T-34 tank
 Aero A.20, a Czech fighter plane
 Arrows A20, a race car
 Fiat A.20, an engine powering the 1925 Italian Ansaldo A.120 aircraft
 Focke-Wulf A 20, a 1927 German airliner
 JAC Heyue A20, a subcompact car
 Junkers A 20, a predecessor of the Junkers A 35 aircraft

Other uses
 A20 cell line, a cell line.
 A20 line, an address line on the system bus of x86 processors
 University of Aberdeen (UCAS institution code)
 British NVC community A20 (Ranunculus peltatus community), a plant community
 Dance Dance Revolution A20, the latest version of Konami's arcade rhythm game series
 English Opening (Encyclopedia of chess openings code)
 List of A20 roads
 Oshiage Station (station code), a train station in Sumida, Tokyo, Japan
 Samsung Galaxy A20, smartphone released in 2019
 TNFAIP3 or A20, a zinc finger protein that inhibits NF-kappa B activation
 A-20, a character in the Japanese .hack//Sign anime, whose voice is given by Atsuko Enomoto

See also

 AXX (disambiguation)
GNU Go. GNU Go is a free software program by the Free Software Foundation that plays Go. Its source code is quite portable, and can be easily compiled for Linux, as well as other Unix-like systems, Microsoft Windows and macOS; ports exist for other platforms.

The program plays Go against the user, at about 5 to 7 kyu strength on the 9×9 board. Multiple board sizes are supported, from 5×5 to 19×19.

Strength 
At this level of performance, GnuGo was between six and seven stones weaker than the top commercial programs on good hardware as of early 2009, but comparable in strength to the strongest programs not using Monte Carlo methods. It did well at many computer Go tournaments. For instance, it took the gold medal at the 2003 and 2006 Computer Olympiad and second place at the 2006 Gifu Challenge.

Protocols 
Although ASCII-based, GNU Go supports two protocols—the Go Modem Protocol and the Go Text Protocol—by which GUIs can interface with it to give a graphical display. Several such GUIs exist. GTP also allows it to play online on Go servers (through the use of bridge programs), and copies can be found running on NNGS, KGS, and probably others.

Versions 
The current (stable) version of GNU Go is 3.8. The latest experimental release was 3.9.1. There is also an experimental feature for using Monte Carlo methods for 9×9 board play.

A version called Pocket GNU Go, based on GNU Go 2.6, is available for the Windows CE operating system (Pocket PC). Versions based on the much weaker 1.2 engine also exist for the Game Boy Advance and Palm Pilot.

See also 

Computer Go
Go
Go software
GNU Chess
 List of open source games

References

External links

Go engines
Go
Open-source video games
Linux games
Windows games
MacOS games
GP2X games
Game Boy Advance games