omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
COPASI. COPASI (COmplex PAthway SImulator) is an open-source software application for creating and solving mathematical models of biological processes such as metabolic networks, cell-signaling pathways, regulatory networks, infectious diseases, and many others.

History 
COPASI is based on the Gepasi simulation software that was developed in the early 1990s by Pedro Mendes. The initial development of COPASI was funded by the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, and the Klaus Tschira Foundation. Current development efforts are supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, the BBSRC, and the German Ministry of Education.

Development team 
COPASI is the result of an international collaboration between the University of Manchester (UK), the University of Heidelberg (Germany), and the Virginia Bioinformatics Institute (USA). The project principal investigators are Pedro Mendes and Ursula Kummer. The chief software architects are Stefan Hoops and Sven Sahle.

Features 
COPASI includes features to define models of biological processes, simulate and analyze these models, generate analysis reports, and import/export models in SBML format.

 Model definition:  Models are defined as chemical reactions between molecular species. The dynamics of the model is determined by Rate law associated with individual reactions. Models can also include compartments, events, and other global variables that can help specify the dynamics of the system. 
 Tasks: Tasks are different types of analysis that can be performed on a model. They include steady-state analysis, stoichiometric analysis, time course simulation using deterministic and stochastic simulation algorithms, metabolic control analysis, computation of Lyapunov exponent, time scale separation, parameter scans, optimization, and parameter estimation. 
 Importing and Exporting: COPASI can read models in  SBML format as well as in Gepasi format. COPASI can write models in several different formats including the SBML, source code in the C programming language, Berkeley Madonna files, and XPPAUT  files.

See also 
 List of systems biology modeling software

References

External links 
 COPASI home page
 Mendes group, 
 Department Modeling of Biological Processes, Heidelberg University

Systems biology
Ordinary differential equations
Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester
Software using the Artistic license
Kenneth Keith Kelley. Kenneth Keith Kelley (1901–1991) was an American chemist who worked in the fields of physical chemistry and metallurgy.

Career
Kelley obtained his Ph.D. in physical chemistry from Stanford University in 1926 under George Sutton Parks (1894–1966), a noted researcher in the field of chemical thermodynamics. From 1927 to 1928, Kelley served as a National Research Council Fellow in Chemistry at the University of California.  From 1928 to 1929, he was appointed an acting assistant professor at Stanford.  In 1929, Kelley went to work as an associate physical chemist for the Region III Pacific Experiment Station of the Metallurgical Division of the United States Bureau of Mines in Berkeley, California.  He eventually became a chemist (1937), senior chemist (1941), and finally Chief of the Minerals Thermodynamics Branch (1959).  He retired from this post in 1964.  From 1964 to 1969, Kelley was a lecturer in metallurgy at UC-Berkeley.

Research papers
Kelley is well known for a large number of technical papers (≈85) on the thermochemical properties (e.g. free energy, enthalpy, entropy, heat capacity, vapor pressure) of many different inorganic substances (including elements, compounds, and alloys) from the 1930s to the 1960s,  published primarily in the U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin.  Some of these articles were independent research (particularly high-temperature calorimetry) and some were compilations of data from many sources (review articles), in which he assessed, tabulated, summarized, and/or correlated the results from different studies.  With Ralph Hultgren, P. D. Anderson, and R. L. Orr, Kelley published the Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of Metals and Alloys (Wiley & Sons, New York, ) in 1963.  This was a 963-page treatise that was subsequently revised by the American Society for Metals in 1973 with two companion books:  Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Alloys and Selected Values of Thermodynamic Properties of the Elements. These two books contained new data that was either not available at the time of the original publication or that replaced less reliable data from outdated measurement techniques. 
 
Kelley's work is still often cited in theoretical metallurgy. His research was very influential in, and was expanded on later by, that of others, such as UC-Berkeley metallurgy professor Ralph Hultgren (1905–1993), as well as Lawrence B. Pankratz, Alia D. Mah, and Edward G. King of the U.S. Bureau of Mines.  Kelley was named an honorary member of the American Ceramic Society in 1985.

References

20th-century American chemists
1991 deaths
1901 births
Stanford University alumni
University of California, Berkeley staff
Gum metal. Gum metal, also called TNTZ, is a unique titanium alloy with high elasticity, ductility, and yield strength. While originally developed with a composition of 23% niobium, 0.7% tantalum, 2% zirconium, and 1% oxygen, it can exist over a range of compositions and also include vanadium and hafnium.

Applying cold work to gum metal actually decreases its elastic modulus, with reported shear moduli as low as .
At the same time, cold work increases gum metal's yield strength. By using a heat treatment after this cold work, some elasticity can be sacrificed for even greater strength, with yield strengths ranging as high as , on par with some of the strongest steels.

"Gum metal" is a registered trademark of Toyota Central R&D Labs and was initially developed there. The results of that research were first published in April 2003.

References 

Titanium alloys
Lesher Nomad. The Lesher Nomad is an innovative two-place homebuilt aircraft.

Design and development
Designer Edgar J Lesher had previously worked at Stinson Aircraft Company in Wayne, Michigan on the Stinson 106 Skycoach.  The Skycoach was a four-place aircraft with a pusher propeller, a configuration which captured Lesher's imagination.

In August 1958, he attended one of the early Experimental Aircraft Association Fly-Ins.  The homebuilt aircraft he saw there inspired him to design one himself.  Remembering the Skycoach, he began the design of an all-aluminum two-place, side-by-side, pusher propeller aircraft.  Construction began in February 1959.  In October 1961, after 5,000 hours of construction, he first flew his aircraft, the Lesher Nomad (N1066Z) at Willow Run Airport in Ypsilanti, Michigan.  A novel design feature was his use of a Dodge Flexidyne Coupling in the drive train to dampen torsional vibrations.  The aircraft was powered by a 100 hp Continental O-200 engine driving a 72-inch Hartzell ground-adjustable propeller.

Operational history
Lesher flew the Nomad to the 1962 EAA Fly-In in Rockford, Illinois, where the design attracted a lot of interest.  In 1964, flying Nomad, he took the grand prize in the AC Spark Plug Rally.  The aircraft was regularly flown until Lesher's death in 1998.

The aircraft is on display in the atrium of the Francois-Xavier Bagnoud building at the University of Michigan.

Specifications

See also 
Lesher Teal

References

External links 
 Picture of the Lesher Nomad aircraft

Homebuilt aircraft
Prathyusha Engineering College. Prathyusha Engineering College was founded in 2001 by Shri P. Raja Rao, and is located in Tamil Nadu, India. It offers engineering courses at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The college is affiliated with Anna University.

History
Prathyusha Engineering College, founded in 2001 by Shri .P. Raja Rao through the Prathyusha Educational Trust, began its journey with six initial courses. The establishment of the college was driven by Rao's role as Chairman of the Prathyusha Group of Companies, aiming to contribute to the field of engineering education. In 2012, the institution expanded its research capabilities by opening a new research and development center.

References

External links
Chennai team comes second in Microsoft contest, The Hindu, 22 July 2010
Solar Energy Centre inaugurated, The New Indian Express, 13 November 2014

Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Education in Tiruvallur district
Educational institutions established in 1999
1999 establishments in Tamil Nadu
C. Barry Carter. C. Barry Carter is a professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Connecticut in Storrs, Connecticut. He is a CINT Distinguished Affiliate Scientist at Sandia National Laboratories and editor-in-chief of the Journal of Materials Science. Carter's research areas of focus include Transmission Electron Microscopy and Atomic-force microscopy.

Education

Carter received his B.A. (1970), M.A. (1974), and Sc.D. (2005) in Natural Sciences from Cambridge University, his M.Sc. in Materials Science in 1971 from Imperial College, and his D. Phil. in Metallurgy & Science of Materials from Oxford University in 1976.

Career
Carter spent 14 years as a professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science at Cornell University. He then spent 16 years as a professor and the 3M Endowed Multidisciplinary Chair in the Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science at the University of Minnesota. Carter chaired the University of Connecticut's Department of Chemical, Materials, and Biomolecular Engineering for 5 years. He had earlier held visiting positions at LANL (as the Bernd T. Matthias Scholar), Chalmers (as the 2004 Jubilee Professor), NIMS in Tsukuba, Bristol University, Max Planck Institute in Stuttgart, the Institute for Physical Chemistry in Hanover and the Ernst Ruska Center in Jülich. Carter is a Distinguished Affiliate Scientist at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnology.

Books and publications
Carter is the co-author of three textbooks: Transmission Electron Microscopy: A Textbook for Materials Science (2009), Ceramic Materials: Science and Engineering (2013), and Transmission Electron Microscopy: Diffraction, Imaging, and Spectrometry (2016). He is editor-in-chief of the Journal of Materials Science.

Awards and organizations
Carter has received a Guggenheim Fellowship and the Alexander von Humboldt Senior Award. He is a Fellow of AAAS, Materials Research Society, Microscopy Society of America, American Ceramic Society, and the Royal Microscopical Society and is an elected member of the Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering. He served as the 1997 president of MSA, the 2003-2010 general secretary of the International Federation of Societies for Microscopy (IFSM), the president of IFSM from 2011 to 2014, and now serves as vice president.

Honors
Ceramic Education Council (ACerS) Outstanding Educator Award Oct. 2014
JSPS Fellowship May 2014 MSA
Distinguished Physical Scientist, August 2013
Elected Fellow of AAAS (2011), MRS (2009), MSA (2009), RMS (1996), ACerS (1995)
Elected Member of the Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering (CASE) 
ACerS Roland B Snow Award 1989, 1993, 1995, 2000-2002
Alexander von Humboldt Senior Award 1997
Bernd Matthias Scholar, LANL, Los Alamos, NM
1997 Guggenheim Fellow 1985

References

External links 
 Carter group web page at the University of Connecticut

Academic journal editors
University of Connecticut faculty
Living people
Presidents of the International Federation of Societies for Microscopy
Sandia National Laboratories people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Paul H. Brunner. Paul H. Brunner (* 1946) is a material flow analysis methodology and urban metabolism specialist. He is a professor emeritus of the Institute for Water Quality, Resource and Waste Management, Vienna University of Technology in Austria.

Biography
Dr. Brunner held the Chair for Waste Management at the Vienna University of Technology from 1991 to 2015, and specialized in waste and resource management. His research focused on the "metabolism of the anthroposphere", in particular on methods to analyze, evaluate and control material flows through urban regions.

On April 21, 2016 Prof. Paul H. Brunner was awarded the "Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria" by Minister Dr. Reinhold Mitterlehner.

Literature

Books
 2016. Handbook of Material Flow Analysis: For Environmental, Resource and Waste Engineers, 2nd ed., CRC Press, with Helmut Rechberger
 2012. Metabolism of the Anthroposphere: Analysis, Evaluation, Design, with Peter Baccini, 2nd ed., MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 
 2005. Integrated Resource and Waste Management (Advanced Methods in Resource & Waste Management), CRC Press, with Helmut Rechberger.
 2004. Practical Handbook of Material Flow Analysis, with Helmut Rechberger, CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Florida. 
 1991. Metabolism of the Anthroposphere, with Peter Baccini, Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London.

References

Academic staff of TU Wien
Living people
Industrial ecology
Year of birth missing (living people)
Denel Dynamics Umbani. The Umbani (Ndebele/Zulu: lightning) is a precision-guided bomb kit manufactured by Denel Dynamics in South Africa. It consists of a number of modules fitted to NATO standard Mk81, Mk82 or Mk83 low drag free-fall bombs to convert them into guided glide bombs.

Design
The modular kit consists of a number units that are attached to a standard Mk80-series bomb. A guidance system and large tail fins are the most basic form of the system, optional folding wings and a rocket motor may be added to increase the stand-off range up to  or add a low-level launch capability.

Range using different configurations:
 Standard bomb kit - 40 km
 With folding wing kit - 120 km
 With wing kit and Extended Range (ER) module - 200 km

Guidance
The weapon's all-weather, day and night capability is due to the GPS–INS guidance system. Increasing accuracy to a claimed 3m CEP is possible by adding an imaging infrared or a semi-active laser seeker terminal guidance system.

Testing and qualification
The system was first tested on the Atlas Cheetah, later an Aerosud-owned former South African Air Force (SAAF) Dassault Mirage F1 was used after the Cheetah retired. The system has been integrated on the SAAF's BAE Hawk Mk120 lead-in fighter trainer aircraft. Qualification on the SAAF's Saab JAS 39 Gripen was not considered due to the high costs associated with integration on a supersonic aircraft. The Gripens have been armed with GBU-12 Paveway II bombs instead.

Sales
The manufacturer has expressed optimism at the export potential of the system following qualification on the Hawk as a number of air forces worldwide operate Hawks.

An unnamed country has placed an order worth ZAR1.2 billion for the weapon. Although the SAAF has funded most of the development costs of the weapon system it has not yet placed a firm order for any.

Tawazun Dynamics, the joint venture company created by Denel and Tawazun, has been awarded a US$492.74 million contract from the United Arab Emirates Air Force for precision guided munitions (PGMs) for its Mirage 2000-9 fighters. The fighter jets will receive the Tawazun Dynamics developed Al Tariq bomb guidance kit which is the renamed Denel Dynamics Umbani.

Joint venture
On September 20, 2012, at the Africa Aerospace and Defence 2012 show in Pretoria, South Africa, Denel Dynamics announced a joint venture with the EDGE Group of the United Arab Emirates. Their collaboration aims to develop and manufacture a range of precision weapons. The initial product from this partnership will be a variant of the Umbani known as the "Al-Tariq,"marking the inaugural offering from the newly established  EDGE Group company.

References

Post–Cold War weapons of South Africa
Guided bombs
Denel
M7 Spider. The M7 Spider is a networked United States anti-personnel munitions system that provides a secure remote command and control capability of up to 1500 meters for a hand-emplaced munition field.  The system was developed by  Alliant Techsystems (ATK) with its joint venture partner  Textron Systems as a part of the Non-Self-Destruct Alternative (NSD-A) program and is intended to replace the Matrix remote trigger system currently deployed in Iraq which works with pre-existing mines like the M18 Claymore. Day & Zimmermann and General Dynamics are prime subcontractors.

Design

The system is composed of Munition Control Units (MCUs), a Remote Control Station (RCS), and a repeater for extending the communication range.  Up to 63 MCUs can be configured for each RCS. Each MCU can attach up to six Miniature Grenade Launchers (MGL) each of which covers a sixty-degree arc. The MCUs are hand emplaced after which the operator can optionally command to deploy six triplines to provide a sensing network. The operator can be situated up to a mile away from the munition or further with the use of a repeater. When a tripline is activated, the MCU connected to the line signals wirelessly to the Remote Control Station using either the U.S. Army battlefield key management infrastructure or the Navy Electronic Key Management System (EKMS). The operator at the RCS can at that point choose to fire one or more of the attached munitions (grenades or other.)

The M-7 Spider can also be ordered to "zeroize", and purge all data stored in its memory to prevent the systems from being removed by the enemy. Additionally, if the system is tampered with or transported while armed it will become disabled. The M7 Spider does not have the ability to self-destruct (although it can be command destructed by the operator) or become a victim-activated mine.

History
Developed to bridge the gap between remote battlefield sensors and anti-personnel mines, the M7 Spider Networked Munition System was originally designed to be either victim-activated or operator-initiated. In accordance with the 2004 U. S. National Landmine Policy, The M7 Spider was permanently configured as a "Man-In-The-Loop" (MITL) weapon system with all victim activated capabilities removed.

Wired reported in 2004 that the Army intended to purchase 290,000 spider munitions at a cost of $513 million US dollars.

External links
 PM Close Combat Systems: Spider 
 Human Rights Watch: Back in Business? U.S. Landmine Production and Exports

References

Area denial weapons
Proposed weapons of the United States
Peter Kogge. Peter Michael Kogge is an American computer engineer and IBM Fellow.

Background
Kogge has been at the forefront of several innovations that have shaped the computing industry over the past three decades. While working on his PhD at Stanford in the 1970s, Kogge invented what is still today considered the fastest way of adding numbers in a computer, the Kogge–Stone Adder process, an approach still used in microprocessors by Intel and other companies.

After receiving his degree, Kogge joined the computer engineering team at IBM. During his time there, he was a co-inventor on over three dozen patents.  His design of the Space Shuttle I/O processor at IBM was one of the first multithreaded computers, and the first to fly in space.

Contributions
Peter was the author of the first textbook on pipelining, a now ubiquitous technique for executing multiple instructions in a computer in parallel.  At IBM, Kogge was also the inventor of the world's first multi-core processor, EXECUBE, which Kogge and his team placed on a memory chip in an early effort to solve the data bottleneck problem that Emu is solving today.

In 1994, Kogge joined the University of Notre Dame as a faculty member, the Ted H. McCourtney Professor of Computer Science and Engineering. He received the IEEE Computer Society Charles Babbage Award in 2014.

References

IBM Fellows
Engineers from California
Living people
University of Notre Dame faculty
Year of birth missing (living people)
Space Action. Space Action is a horizontally scrolling shooter created for the Commodore 64 by Arne Fernlund. The game took three months to develop and was distributed on cartridge by the Swedish company Handic. More than 10,000 copies were sold world-wide. The game became popular in Italy, where about 7,000 of the copies were sold, and was also a minor success in Australia.

Legacy
Space Action made an appearance at an exhibition that the Swedish National Museum of Science and Technology held in 2008.

Fernlund did some work on a sequel, Space Action 2, but it was never completed.

The history behind Fernlund creating Space Action was featured in the Swedish documentary "Det svenska spelundret" (eng. "The Swedish gaming wonder").

References

External links 
Space Action at Gamebase 64

1983 video games
Horizontally scrolling shooters
Commodore 64 games
Commodore 64-only games
Video games developed in Sweden
SNMP simulator. An SNMP simulator is a type of computer simulation, that simulates the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) agent. Contrary to network simulation, which models the behavior of a network within a computer, the SNMP simulator actually interfaces with outside systems, for example network management application software.

An SNMP simulator fools the network management application software into believing it is talking via the SNMP protocol to one or more devices, just like a flight simulator allows a pilot to believe they are flying a plane.

Uses 
SNMP Simulators are used for development, testing, and training of network management system software. Before the advent of simulators,
actual physical equipment was used. The scalability of simulators dramatically reduces the cost in this area.

Features in this area vary widely, from the no-cost to commercial offerings. It is not uncommon for higher-end simulators to simulate thousands of devices on common PC hardware or virtual machines. Setting up any number of instances of any number of device type is standard functionality. The better simulators will allow creation of any type of dynamic scenario, both in terms of MIB object behavior as well as trap generation. Since current network management standards comprise a set of protocols, the better simulators integrate the current network management standards, such as NetFlow, command-line interfaces (CLI), etc.

Typically, SNMP simulators are deployed in laboratories which contain both Network Management Application software and devices to
exercise the software for the above purposes.

References

Network management
Jabiru 1600. 

The Jabiru 1600 is a horizontally opposed direct drive four-stroke, air-cooled aircraft piston engine produced by Jabiru Aircraft.

Design and development
Jabiru designed and built the Jabiru 1600 to power the light sport aircraft it produced when it could not obtain supplies of the Italian KFM 112M engine used to power its early production aircraft. The 1600 was approved in Australia in November 1993  and was used on Jabiru production aircraft.

In November 2014 the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority proposed restricting all Jabiru-powered aircraft to day-visual flight rules only, without passengers or solo students and within gliding distance of a safe place to land due to the engine line's safety record. Both the manufacturer and Recreational Aviation Australia opposed the restrictions as unnecessary and unwarranted. The final rule adopted somewhat softened the restrictions, allowing the carriage of passengers and students, but requiring them to sign an acknowledgement of risk before flying and restricting equipped aircraft to day VFR flight and within gliding distance of a safe place to land.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

Boxer engines
1990s aircraft piston engines
Jabiru aircraft engines