omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
RAF Hythe. RAF Hythe was an RAF base situated in Hythe, Hampshire,  south of Southampton on the western side of Southampton Water.

Hangars were first erected here by May-Harden-May Ltd and acquired by Supermarine in 1925. The site was used for the final assembly of marine aircraft. The site again changed hands in 1937, being acquired by Imperial Airways (later BOAC) who used the site for flying boat maintenance until November 1950. Later, from 1967, the facilities were used by the US Field Army Support Brigade/Combat Equipment Battalion-Hythe, mainly for small boat repairs. At this time, the base became known as RAF Hythe.

The station, the last U.S. Army installation in the United Kingdom, closed on 30 September 2006 after the American Army left following a cost-cutting exercise. The site was acquired by the South East England Development Agency in October 2007, and has since been developed into the Hythe Marine Park, home to a number of maritime and marine production facilities.

References

External links
 http://wikimapia.org/6060125/RAF-Hythe

Royal Air Force stations in Hampshire
1925 establishments in England
2006 disestablishments in England
Hythe, Hampshire
Military installations of the United States in the United Kingdom
Acrylic trophy. An acrylic trophy is an alternative to the traditional glass, or crystal trophy. Acrylic glass can be molded into a variety of forms, and corporations will often create custom promotional items shaped like their products. They are manufactured by pouring acrylic sheets casting resin into a mold. Embedments are acrylic trophies that have an item embedded into the resin. Many materials can be placed in an embedment – paper, metal, acetate sheets, etc. This creates the effect of an item floating within the acrylic statue.

These trophies are commonly made from Lucite, a branded form of acrylic developed by DuPont. One of the earliest uses of Lucite was in windshields for fighter planes during World War II. Following the war, DuPont promoted various consumer applications of Lucite, including its use in lamps, beer taps, hairbrushes, and jewelry. By virtue of its versatility, Lucite opened up a range of possible design options for deal toys and trophies, often resulting in keen competition among investment banks for the most creative and sophisticated pieces.

Acrylic trophies can be manufactured in a variety of shapes, colors and sizes. The most common styles are clear rectangular “Billboards”, star shapes, circles, and pyramids. These are often engraved with corporate logos and personalized with the name of the recipient. They are also used in awards ceremonies for many organizations.

Deal toys are acrylic trophies used in the financial industry in recognition of sales achievements. Deal toys are most commonly used within the financial industry, especially among investment banks, as a means of celebrating successful transactions. Since their beginnings in the 1970s, deal toys have become a fixture in the investment banking industry, and as multi-national and cross-border transactions have become increasingly common, they have done much to popularize the use of acrylic in gifts and trophies internationally.

References 

Rosato, Dominick V. Plastic Encyclopedia and Dictionary. Hanser Publications, 1993

Trophies
Bodo Lafferentz. Bodo Lafferentz (27 July 1897 – 17 January 1974) was a member of the Nazi Party from 1933 and an SS-Obersturmbannführer (Lieutenant Colonel) from 1939. In  1937, he was made a manager along with Ferdinand Porsche and Jakob Werlin of the Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH ("Association for the Preparation of the German People's Car"). He founded and oversaw the "Institute for Physical Research", an outpost of the Flossenbürg concentration camp, to further develop the V-2 rocket.

Life 

Lafferentz served in World War I and received the Iron Cross 2nd Class in 1916.

In 1928, he completed his doctorate at the University of Kiel in "Economic Planning and Price Regulation". He subsequently worked in the management of the German Employers' Association, and from 1929 was voluntarily on the management board of the National Institute of Benefits and Insurance for the Unemployed.

On 1 May 1933, Lafferentz became a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party, and was made leader of the "Office for Travelling, Rambling and Holidays" (which was later amalgamated into the Strength Through Joy organisation).

In January 1938, Lafferentz was promoted to Reich Agency Leader, and was given sole leadership of the Agency in the Central Office of the German Labour Front in Berlin. In May 1937, he was made a manager (along with Ferdinand Porsche and Jakob Werlin) of the Gesellschaft zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagens mbH ("Association for the Preparation of the German People's Car"), and in 1938 voluntarily became one of the CEOs of the company. He travelled extensively, searched for a good company location, and his recommendation of Fallersleben was accepted.

From 1939, he was a high-ranking officer in the SS (SS-Obersturmbannführer), and on the staff of the SS "Race and Settlement Central Agency". In 1942 he founded an "Association for Research and Development", to research oil shale sites and the use of wind power. In Bayreuth he founded and oversaw the "Institute for Physical Research", an outpost of the Flossenbürg concentration camp, to develop the V-2 rocket.

Lafferentz organised the Bayreuth "War Festival", as he had married Verena Wagner, the daughter of Siegfried and Winifred Wagner, and the granddaughter of Richard Wagner in 1943. He would have five children with her: Amelie (born 1944), Manfred (born 1945), Winifred (born 1947), Wieland (born 1949) and Verena (born 1952).

At the end of World War II, Bodo Lafferentz was interned during the Allies’ de-Nazification program and released in 1949.

References

Literature 
 Hans Mommsen, Manfred Grieger: Das Volkswagenwerk und seine Arbeiter im Dritten Reich (The Volkswagen Factory and its Employees in the Third Reich), ECON, Düsseldorf 1996,

Sources 
Most of the material in this article is from the German Wikipedia article

External links 
Photograph of Lafferentz
references
references

1897 births
1974 deaths
German Army personnel of World War I
University of Kiel alumni
Officials of Nazi Germany
SS-Obersturmbannführer
Volkswagen Group executives
Wagner family
20th-century German composers
Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
Color engraving. Color Laser Engraving is a marking process that uses a MOPA fiber laser source to mark color on a metal surface, such as stainless steel or titanium.

Color marking in this way is not often used as it can be a laborious process, impermanent and is costly - largely due to the machinery involved.

MOPA refers to a configuration consisting of a master laser (or seed laser) and an optical amplifier to boost the output power. A special case is the master oscillator fiber amplifier (MOFA), where the power amplifier is a fiber device. In other cases, a MOPA may consist of a solid-state bulk laser and a bulk amplifier, or of a tunable external-cavity diode laser and semiconductor optical amplifier.
Engraving
engraving
Fairchild J83. The Fairchild J83  turbojet was developed starting in 1955 to power cruise missiles used as un-armed decoys for bomber aircraft. The engine's development was terminated in November 1958.

Design and development

In March 1953, the United States Air Force released General Operational Requirement (GOR) 16, which called air- and ground-launched decoy missiles to increase the effectiveness of Strategic Air Command bombers by confusing and saturating an air defense system. In December 1955, Fairchild was awarded a contract to develop the ground-launched decoy Weapon System 123A which included the XSM-73 Goose. McDonnell Aircraft was chosen in February 1956 to build the ADM-20 Quail air-launched decoy.

Two engine contracts were awarded in November 1954 to minimize development risk for both decoys. Each engine was in the 2,450 lbf (10.9 kN) thrust class with a thrust to weight ratio goal of 10:1. General Electric was awarded a contract for the development of the J85 and Fairchild was awarded a contract for a competing engine, the J83. Fairchild proposed a lightweight engine of conventional design. GE used a more advanced design which yielded a higher thrust to weight ratio.

A J83 was operating by early 1957. A B-57 Canberra was modified and used as a flying engine testbed for the J83. The J83 powered the XSM-73 Goose on 15 test flights.

Fairchild competed with two other engine manufacturers to provide the powerplant for the Canadair Tutor. A license-built J85 was chosen. The Northrop XQ-4A, was developed to use the J83 engine, but when the engine could not be developed in time the XQ-4A was canceled.

In November 1958, the J83 was canceled one month before the XSM-73. The USAF determined that the J85 had a higher probability of meeting the desired performance goals. The J85 could also be used to power the ADM-20 Quail decoy, the XSM-73 missile, and the T-38 Talon trainer. The J83 could only be used to power the XSM-73.

After the J83 was canceled, Fairchild had no other applications for the engine. As a result, operations at the Fairchild Engine Division plant at Deer Park in Long Island ended in the summer of 1959.

The McDonnell 119, an unsuccessful early business jet, was originally designed in 1957 to use the J83, but McDonnell had to modify the prototype to accept the Westinghouse J34 after the termination of the J83 program.

Applications
 XSM-73 Goose
 Northrop XQ-4A (never built)
 McDonnell 119 (redesigned to accept alternate engines)

Specifications

See also

References

 The History of North American Small Gas Turbine Aircraft Engines, William Fleming and Richard Leyes, AIAA, 1999

1950s turbojet engines
Abandoned military aircraft engine projects of the United States
Ivan Selin. Ivan Selin (born March 11, 1937) is an American businessman, and former chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and Under Secretary of State for Management. Selin is a Fulbright Scholar and graduate of Yale University (PhD, Electrical Engineering, 1960) and University of Paris (Doctor of Science, Mathematics, 1962). He was born in New York City.

Early career
From 1960 to 1965, Selin was a research engineer at the RAND Corporation, working on national security issues and statistical communication theory. In 1965, Selin went to work for the Office of the Secretary of Defense, one of Robert S. McNamara's Whiz Kids. From 1965 to 1970, Selin worked for McNamara, becoming Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for Systems Analysis by the end of that period. While serving in this capacity, Selin represented the Office of the Secretary of Defense at the commissioning of the . He received the Department of Defense Distinguished Civilian Service Medal in 1970.

In 1970, Selin and several DOD colleagues co-founded American Management Systems, a technology and management consulting firm. Selin served as chief executive officer from the company's founding to the late 1980s.

Selin served as chairman of the Military Economic Advisory Panel to the Director of Central Intelligence (1978–1989); member (1979–1989) and chairman (1988–1989) of the board of governors of the United Nations Association-USA; member of the advisory board on the USSR and Eastern Europe at the National Academy of Sciences (1986–88); and member of the Council on Foreign Relations (1979–present).

Later public service
Selin was Under Secretary of State for Management from May 23, 1989, to June 30, 1991. He received the Secretary of State's Distinguished Service Award in 1991.

On July 1, 1991, Selin became chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, serving in that capacity until he resigned on June 30, 1995. Selin was sworn in by outgoing NRC chairman Kenneth Monroe Carr and also had a ceremonial swearing-in ceremony at which Vice President Dan Quayle presided and Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor administered the oath. Selin was founding chairman of the board of the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History.

For his government service, he received the Pentagon's Distinguished Civilian Service medal in 1970.

References

External links

Living people
Nuclear Regulatory Commission officials
Yale School of Engineering & Applied Science alumni
University of Paris alumni
1937 births
United States Under Secretaries of State
Ernst Geissler. Ernst Geissler (3 August 1915 in Chemnitz, Saxony, Germany – 3 June 1989 in Huntsville, Alabama, United States) was a German-American aerospace engineer. After World War II, he went to the United States on 16 November 1945 as part of the Argentina group, Operation Paperclip.

Geissler became director of the Aeroballistics Division at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in 1960.

Geissler was the recipient of the NASA Certificate of Appreciation in 1973.
He was awarded the 1973 NASA Distinguished Service Medal.
He was elected a Fellow of the American Astronautical Society.

References

External links
 Ernst Geissler Collection, The University of Alabama in Huntsville Archives and Special Collections

1915 births
1989 deaths
German aerospace engineers
German spaceflight pioneers
NASA people
People from Huntsville, Alabama
Operation Paperclip
Engineers from Chemnitz
Resource contention. In computer science, resource contention is a conflict over access to a shared resource such as random access memory, disk storage, cache memory, internal buses or external network devices. A resource experiencing ongoing contention can be described as oversubscribed.

Resolving resource contention problems is one of the basic functions of operating systems. Various low-level mechanisms can be used to aid this, including locks, semaphores, mutexes and queues. The other techniques that can be applied by the operating systems include intelligent scheduling, application mapping decisions, and page coloring.

Access to resources is also sometimes regulated by queuing; in the case of computing time on a CPU the controlling algorithm of the task queue is called a scheduler.

Failure to properly resolve resource contention problems may result in a number of problems, including deadlock, livelock, and thrashing.

Resource contention results when multiple processes attempt to use the same shared resource. Access to memory areas is often controlled by semaphores, which allows a pathological situation called a deadlock, when different threads or processes try to allocate resources already allocated by each other. A deadlock usually leads to a program becoming partially or completely unresponsive.

In recent years, research on the contention is focused more on the resources in the memory hierarchy, e.g., last-level caches, front-side bus, and memory socket connection.

See also
 Bus contention
 Cache coherence
 Collision avoidance (networking)
 Resource allocation

References

Computational resources
XML/EDIFACT. XML/EDIFACT is an Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) format used in Business-to-business transactions. It allows EDIFACT message types to be used by XML systems.

EDIFACT is a formal machine-readable description of electronic business documents. It uses a syntax close to delimiter separated files. This syntax was invented in the 1980s to keep files as small as possible. Because of the Internet boom around 2000, XML started to become the most widely supported file syntax. But for example, an invoice is still an invoice, containing information about buyer, seller, product, due amount. EDIFACT works perfectly from the content viewpoint, but many software systems struggle to handle its syntax. So combining EDIFACT vocabulary and grammar with XML syntax makes XML/EDIFACT.

The rules for XML/EDIFACT are defined by ISO TS 20625.

Use-cases 

XML/EDIFACT is used in B2B scenarios as listed below:

 Newer EAI or B2B systems often cannot handle EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) syntax directly. Simple syntax converters do a 1:1 conversion before. Their input is an EDIFACT transaction file, their output an XML/EDIFACT instance file.
 XML/EDIFACT keeps XML B2B transactions relatively small. XML element names derived from EDIFACT tags are much shorter and more formal than those derived from natural language since they are simply expressions of the EDIFACT syntax. 
 A company does not want to invest into new vocabularies from scratch. XML/EDIFACT reuses business content defined in UN/EDIFACT. Since 1987, the UN/EDIFACT library was enriched by global business needs for all sectors of industry, transport and public services. 
 Large companies can order goods from small companies via XML/EDIFACT. The small companies use XSLT stylesheets to browse the message content in human readable forms, as shown in Example 3.

Example 1: EDIFACT source code 
A name and address (NAD) segment, containing customer ID and customer address, expressed in EDIFACT syntax:
NAD+BY+CST9955::91++Candy Inc+Sirup street 15+Sugar Town++55555'

Example 2: XML/EDIFACT source code 

The same information content in an XML/EDIFACT instance file:

<S_NAD>
  <D_3035>BY</D_3035>
  <C_C082><D_3039>CST9955</D_3039><D_3055>91</D_3055></C_C082>
  <C_C080><D_3036>Candy Inc</D_3036></C_C080>
  <C_C059><D_3042>Sirup street 15</D_3042></C_C059>
  <D_3164>Sugar Town</D_3164>
  <D_3251>55555</D_3251>
</S_NAD>

Example 3: XML/EDIFACT in a browser 

The same XML/EDIFACT instance presented with help of an XSLT stylesheet:

External links 
 UN/EDIFACT Main Page
 ISO/TS 20625:2002 - This document by the ISO costs CHF 158,00 to access.
 www.edifabric.com - A .NET framework for converting EDIFACT and X12 messages into XML and vice versa.
 Edifact-XML - A free complete java parser library for converting UN EDIFACT messages to XML.
 Edifact<->XML Converter plus Edifact xsd generator - UN/EDIFACT<->ISO/TS 20625 XML.

XML-based standards
Electronic data interchange
Virtual facility. A Virtual Facility (VF) is a highly realistic digital representation of a data center, used to model all relevant aspects of a physical data center with a high degree of precision.

The term "virtual" in Virtual Facility refers to its use of virtual reality, rather than the abstraction of computer resources as seen in platform virtualization. The VF mirrors the characteristics of a physical facility over time and allows for detailed analysis and modeling.

VF Model features
A standard VF model includes: 
 Three-dimensional physical facility layout
 Network connectivity of facility equipment
 Full inventory of facility equipment, including electronics and electrical systems such as power distribution units (PDUs) and uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs)
 Full air conditioning system (ACUs) and controls within the room

The term Virtual Facility was introduced to address the emerging environmental problems facing modern Mission Critical Facilities (MCFs). This concept combines virtual reality (VR), computer simulation, and expert systems applied to the domain of facilities.

The VF type of computer simulation allows for detailed analysis and prototyping of airflow in the data center using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) techniques. This enables the visualization and numerical analysis of airflow and temperatures within the facility, helping to predict real-world outcomes.

VF applications
The VF model can be used to assist with the following:
 Greenfield design
 Asset management
 Troubleshooting existing data centers
 Making existing data centers more resilient
 Making existing data centers more energy efficient
 Cost prediction
 Staff training
 Capacity planning
 Load growth management

Many organizations use VF models to virtually assess scenarios before committing resources to physical changes. This allows for better decision-making regarding the addition or modification of equipment, helping to avoid logistical or thermal problems.

References

Data management
Tsūjun Bridge. Tsūjun Bridge (通潤橋 -kyō) is an aqueduct in Yamato, Kumamoto, Japan. It is an arch bridge completed in 1854 and is 84.0m long. The arch spans 27.3m. It is the largest stone aqueduct in Japan.

The Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs has designated the bridge an National Treasure.

History and technology
This bridge exemplifies the high level of stone bridge technology in existence at the time of its construction. Yasunosuke Futa (1801–1873), who was the head of the then Yabe village, planned it and, after obtaining funding, succeeded in building the bridge in 1854 with the help of the group of 41 stone technicians and many farmers. Its purpose was to let water flow into a higher area (Shiroito Plateau) for farming. After placing wooden frames, stones were placed on the frames and three stone aqueducts were made. After that, the wooden frames were removed. Because the aqueducts were lower than the upper part of the waterway by , a reversed siphon mechanism works when water flows through the aqueducts. The stone aqueducts were made watertight with mortar. The bridge was completed in 1854.

Because the aqueduct is lower than the upstream and downstream waterways, sand and mud may accumulate in the aqueduct. To clean the accumulated dirt, the bridge is able to occasionally release water (and dirt) into the river below. This is mostly done in the farmers' off-season.

See also
History of Kumamoto Prefecture

References

External links

 YouTube Tuujunkyo

Bridges in Japan
Bridges completed in 1854
Transport buildings and structures in Kumamoto Prefecture
Aqueducts in Japan
Important Cultural Properties of Japan
Tourist attractions in Kumamoto Prefecture
1854 establishments in Japan
Fax modem. A fax modem enables a computer to transmit and receive documents as faxes on a telephone line. A fax modem is similar to a data modem but is designed to transmit and receive documents to and from a fax machine or another fax modem. Some, but not all, fax modems do double duty as data modems. As with other modems, fax modems can be internal or external. Internal fax modems are often called fax boards.

In the early 1990s small business PCs commonly had a PC-based fax/modem card and fax software (typically WinFax Pro). Largely replaced by email, PC-based faxing with a fax/modem declined at the turn of the century. Where faxing from a PC is required there are a number of Internet-based faxing alternatives. Where businesses still had one or more traditional fax machines churning out pages, they were usually outnumbered by PCs processing E-mail.

PC faxing
Computer users may set up a PC fax/modem with card, telephone line access and software. A special printer driver may be included to allow treating a fax modem as a printer. Fax integration is available in unified communications (e.g. E-mail, Voice Mail and Fax managed together), in a number of Hosted PBX products where standard features allow users to send a fax by using the fax phone number as the address of a E-mail message, and receive incoming faxes via E-mail with the Fax content presented as a PDF attachment.

Medical systems continue to use this technology into the 21st century, but many home and business users dropped the use of fax modems in favor of high speed internet.

Illustrations

See also

 Fax
 Fax demodulator
 Fax server
 Internet fax
 Modem
 Pulse-code modulation
 Telephony

References

External links
 

Modems
Fax