omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
REO Speed Wagon. The REO Speed Wagon (alternatively Reo Speedwagon) was a light motor truck model manufactured by REO Motor Car Company. It is an ancestor of the pickup truck.

First introduced in 1915, production continued through at least 1953, and made REO (the initials of its founder, Ransom Eli Olds) one of the better-known manufacturers of commercial vehicles in America prior to World War II. Although the basic design and styling of the chassis remained consistent, the Speed Wagon was manufactured in a variety of configurations (pickup and panel truck, passenger bus) to serve as delivery, tow, dump, and fire trucks, as well as hearses and ambulances. Other manufacturers provided refits for adapting the Speed Wagon for specialized purposes. The Speed Wagon used REO's "Gold Crown" series of engines, and was well regarded for power, durability, and quality.

While REO produced some wagons based on its automobile chassis (the Model H) starting in 1908 and had organized a division to produce trucks in 1910 with success, the Speed Wagon's introduction in 1915 was a significant step and a sales success. The company was soon offering a variety of Speed Wagon models with many options, and by 1925 had produced 125,000.

After years of roughly equal car and truck emphasis, REO shifted its focus completely to trucks, ending automobile production in 1936. Production for the civilian market was suspended during World War II, resuming in 1946. In 1967, Diamond T and Reo Trucks were combined to form the Diamond Reo Trucks Division of the White Motor Corporation.

The rock and roll quintet REO Speedwagon took its name from this vehicle, which was, in turn, later adapted into a main character in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure.

Models 
 1915 model featured 1-ton weight, four-cylinder engine, three speed transmission and aimed to be faster than the  average speed of contemporary trucks.
 1917 model featured 3.25-ton weight and canvas top and sides and cost $1125.
 1925 model featured six-cylinder engine
 1929 model featured REO's "Gold Crown" , , six-cylinder engine.
 1933 Model BN  featured REO's six-cylinder "Gold Crown" engine and combination of parts from the company's Flying Cloud and Royale luxury cars. It is a rare, relatively fast panel delivery truck with wooden body.

References

External links

 Reo Speed Wagon Camper on display at Woodland Auto Display, Paso Robles, CA
 montage of light delivery trucks including early model Reo Speed Wagon
 1924 Speed Wagon print advertisement
 1925 Speed Wagon print advertisement
 1928 Reo Speed Wagon print advertisement from Finland emphasizing the advantages of truck engines used in the Speed Wagon over engines from passenger cars.
 1936 REO Speedwagon print advertisement
 Iowa 80 Trucking Museum

Pickup trucks
Vehicles built in Lansing, Michigan
Data General RDOS. The  Data General RDOS (Real-time Disk Operating System) is a real-time operating system released in 1970. The software was bundled with the company's popular Nova and Eclipse minicomputers.

Overview
RDOS is capable of multitasking, with the ability to run up to 32 tasks (similar to the current term threads) simultaneously on each of two grounds (foreground and background) within a 64 KB memory space. Later versions of RDOS are compatible with Data General's 16-bit Eclipse minicomputer line.

A cut-down version of RDOS, without real-time background and foreground capability but still capable of running multiple threads and multi-user Data General Business Basic, is called Data General Diskette Operating System (DG-DOS or now—somewhat confusingly—simply DOS); another related operating system is RTOS, a Real-Time Operating System for diskless environments.  RDOS on microNOVA-based "Micro Products" micro-minicomputers is sometimes called DG/RDOS.

RDOS was superseded in the early 1980s by Data General's AOS family of operating systems, including AOS/VS and MP/AOS (MP/OS on smaller systems).

Commands
The following list of commands are supported by the RDOS/DOS CLI.

 ALGOL
 APPEND
 ASM
 BASIC
 BATCH
 BOOT
 BPUNCH
 BUILD
 CCONT
 CDIR
 CHAIN
 CHATR
 CHLAT
 CLEAR
 CLG
 COPY
 CPART
 CRAND
 CREATE
 DEB
 DELETE
 DIR
 DISK
 DUMP
 EDIT
 ENDLOG
 ENPAT
 EQUIV
 EXFG
 FDUMP
 FGND
 FILCOM
 FLOAD
 FORT
 FORTRAN
 FPRINT
 GDIR
 GMEM
 GSYS
 GTOD
 INIT
 LDIR
 LFE
 LINK
 LIST
 LOAD
 LOG
 MAC
 MCABOOT
 MDIR
 MEDIT
 MESSAGE
 MKABS
 MKSAVE
 MOVE
 NSPEED
 OEDIT
 OVLDR
 PATCH
 POP
 PRINT
 PUNCH
 RDOSSORT
 RELEASE
 RENAME
 REPLACE
 REV
 RLDR
 SAVE
 SDAY
 SEDIT
 SMEM
 SPDIS
 SPEBL
 SPEED
 SPKILL
 STOD
 SYSGEN
 TPRINT
 TUOFF
 TUON
 TYPE
 VFU
 XFER

Antitrust lawsuit
In the late 1970s, Data General was sued (under the Sherman and Clayton antitrust acts) by competitors for their practice of bundling RDOS with the Data General Nova or Eclipse minicomputer. When Data General introduced the Data General Nova, a company called Digidyne wanted to use its RDOS operating system on its own hardware clone. Data General refused to license their software and claimed their "bundling rights". In 1985, courts including the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled against Data General in a case called Digidyne v. Data General. The Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear Data General's appeal, although Justices White and Blackmun would have heard it. The precedent set by the lower courts eventually forced Data General to license the operating system because restricting the software to only Data General's hardware was an illegal tying arrangement.

In 1999, Data General was taken over by EMC Corporation.

References

External links
RDOS documentation at the Computer History Museum
RDOS 7.50 User Parameters definition
SimuLogics' ReNOVAte - Emulator to run NOVA/Eclipse Software on DOS / WindowsNT / UN*X / VMS

Data General
Disk operating systems
Real-time operating systems
Superstructure. A superstructure is an upward extension of an existing structure above a baseline. This term is applied to various kinds of physical structures such as buildings, bridges, or ships.

Aboard ships and large boats
On water craft, the superstructure consists of the parts of the ship or a boat, including sailboats, fishing boats, passenger ships, and submarines, that project above her main deck. This does not usually include its masts or any armament turrets. Note that, in modern times, turrets do not always carry naval artillery. They can also carry missile launchers and/or antisubmarine warfare weapons.

The size of a watercraft's superstructure can have many implications in the performance of ships and boats, since these structures can alter their structural rigidity, their displacements, and/or stability. These can be detrimental to any vessel's performance if they are taken into consideration incorrectly.

The height and the weight of superstructure on board a ship or a boat also affects the amount of freeboard that such a vessel requires along its sides, down to her waterline. In broad terms, the more and heavier superstructure that a ship possesses (as a fraction of her length), the less the freeboard that is needed.

Bridges
The span of a bridge, the portion that directly receives the live load, is referred to as the superstructure.  In contrast, the abutment, piers, and other support structures are  called  the 'substructure'.

Earthquake protection

In order to improve the response during earthquakes of buildings and bridges, the superstructure may be separated from its foundation by various civil engineering mechanisms or machinery. All together, these implement the system of earthquake protection called base isolation.

References

External links

Building engineering
Ship compartments
Shipbuilding
Nautical terminology
Bridge components

de:Suprastruktur
id:Superstruktur
tr:Üstyapı
Box kite. A box kite is a high-performance kite, noted for developing relatively high lift; it is a type within the family of cellular kites. The typical design has four parallel struts. The box is made rigid with diagonal crossed struts. There are two sails, or ribbons, whose width is about a quarter of the length of the box. The ribbons wrap around the ends of the box, leaving the ends and middle of the kite open. In flight, one strut is the bottom, and the bridle is tied between the top and bottom of this strut. The dihedrals of the sails help stability.

The box kite was invented in 1893 by Lawrence Hargrave, an English-born Australian, as part of his attempt to develop a manned flying machine. Hargrave linked several of his box kites (Hargrave cells) together, creating sufficient lift for him to fly some 16 ft (4.9 m) off the ground. A winged development of this kite is known as the Cody kite following its development by Samuel Franklin Cody. Military uses also involved a kite/radio transmitter combination issued to pilots during World War II for use in liferafts.

Large box kites are constructed as cellular kites. Rather than one box, there are many, each with its own set of sails.

Most of the altitude records for kite flying are held by large box kites, with Dacron sails, flown with Spectra cable. However in 2014 Robert Moore and a team of kite experts flew a 12 sq metre DT delta to 16,009 ft above their launch point. The location of the flights was near Cobar in Western NSW, Australia. While this was primarily a triangular winged delta kite, it has a triangular box centre cell for additional stability. Future attempts on either the single kite record or multiple kite record (trained), may use Hargrave box kites or a variant. Before Dacron, Spectra, and Kevlar were available, high performance box kites used oiled silk, linen or hemp sails, and were flown with steel cable. Silk, linen and hemp were used because they could be spun finer than cotton and stretched relatively little when wet. Steel had the highest available strength for its weight. After Hargrave invented the box kite, weather stations from around the world saw the potential for his design. Blue hill observatory and the German weather station at Lindenberg used kites routinely until weather balloons took over in the 1920s and 1930s.

See also 
Kite
Kite types

References

External links
Cellular kites at the Virtual Kite Zoo

Australian inventions
Kites
Climber. Climber, or Climbers may refer to:

Climber, a participant in the activity of climbing
Climber, general name for a vine or other climbing plant
Climber, or climbing specialist, a road bicycle racer who can ride especially well on highly inclined roads
Climber (BEAM), a robot that goes upward or downward on a track 
Climber (video game), by Nintendo
Climber Motor Company, a  motor vehicle manufacturer in Arkansas
Climbers (novel), a 1989 novel by M. John Harrison
The Climber (1917 film), a silent drama film
The Climber  (1966 film), a Yugoslav drama film
The Climber  (1975 film), an Italian crime film
The Climber (album), an album by Judge Smith
Dynamic Sport Climber, a Polish paramotor design
The Climber, or Kokou no Hito, a Japanese climbing manga

See also
Climbing (disambiguation)
The Climbers (disambiguation)
Crazy Climber, a 1980 coin-operated arcade game
Ice Climber, a 1984 video game by Nintendo
List of climbers
Nomad rover. The Nomad rover is an uncrewed vehicle designed as a test for such a vehicle to ride on other planets.

From June 15 to July 31 of 1997 on a mission, Carnegie Mellon University deployed the robotic rover Nomad to traverse the Atacama Desert of Northern Chile. Nomad traveled an unprecedented 215 km in 45 days, remotely controlled and driven from both the Kamin Science Center in Pittsburgh, PA, and the Intelligent Mechanisms Group laboratory at Ames Research Center (ARC). This NASA-funded research program tested technologies critical to planetary exploration and enabled scientists to perform remote geological experiments. The total cost of developing Nomad and conducting the desert trek was $1.6 million.

Nomad was operated entirely under remote control from the U.S., including telepresence and autonomous guidance with simulated 4- to 15-minute time delays such as those that would be encountered on missions to Mars. 20 of the 215 km it travelled were done under autonomous control. The distance was travelled in 45 days.

Nomad is about the size of a small car and has a mass of 550 kg. To maneuver through rough terrain, the robot has four-wheel drive and four-wheel steering with a chassis that expands to improve stability and travel over various terrain conditions. Four aluminum wheels with cleats provide traction in soft sand. For this terrestrial experiment, power was supplied by a gasoline generator that enabled the robot to travel at speeds up to about one mile per hour. Nomad employed a panospheric camera, a high-resolution video camera that focuses up into a hemispheric mirror similar to a store security mirror. The video view includes all of the ground up to the horizon in the circle surrounding Nomad. The robot also had three pairs of conventional stereo cameras and a laser rangefinder for 3D visualization.

Today, Nomad is on display at the Museo del Desierto de Atacama (Atacama Desert Museum) in Antofagasta, Chile.

See also

LORAX (robot)
Rover (space exploration)

References

Planetary rovers
1997 robots
Robots of the United States
Four-wheeled robots
Carnegie Mellon Vehicles and Rovers
Ames Research Center
Charm. Charm may refer to:

Social science
 Charisma, a person or thing's pronounced ability to attract others
 Superficial charm, flattery, telling people what they want to hear

Science and technology
 Charm quark, a type of elementary particle
 Charm (quantum number), the difference between the number of charm quarks and charm antiquarks in a particle

Computing
 Charm (programming language), devised in the 1990s, similar to RTL/2, Pascal and C
 Charm++, a parallel programming language based on C++
 Charms, part of the Windows shell user interface in Microsoft Windows 8 and 8.1

Magic and superstition
 Magic charm or incantation
 Charm, an object believed to have been magically charmed, such as an amulet
 Trinket, on a charm bracelet

Business
 BlackBerry Charm, a mobile phone
 Motorola Charm, a smartphone
 Charm (finance), in quantitative finance, a second order derivative of an option pricing function versus the underlying spot price and time
 Unicharm Corporation (ユニ·チャーム株式会社, Yuni Chāmu kabushiki kaisha), a Japanese company that manufactures disposable hygiene products, and household cleaning products
 The Charm Company, manufacturer of Charms Blow Pops candy; acquired by Tootsie Roll Industries
 Charms, a brand of cigarette manufactured by VST Industries

Arts and entertainment

Literature
 The Charm, play by Walter Besant 1896
 The Charm, poetry collection by Robert Creeley 1969
 The Charm, poetry collection by Kathy Fagan
 The Charm (play), a play by Christopher R. Shimmin

Music

Bands
 The Charms, an American garage rock band
 Otis Williams and the Charms, an American doo-wop group

Albums
 The Charm, by American rapper Bubba Sparxxx
 The Charm (T. S. Monk album), 1995
 Charm (Danny! album), by American producer and rapper Danny!
 Charm (Clairo album), by American singer-songwriter Clairo

Songs
 "Charm", a song by Wild Colonials from the album This Can't Be Life
 "Charm", a song by Tony Banks from the album The Fugitive 1983 
 "Charm", a song by Positive Noise	1981
 "Charm", a song by Virginia Astley 1987
 "Charms" (Bobby Vee song), 1963
 "Charms" (The Philosopher Kings song), 1996

People
 Daniel Charms, a pseudonym of Russian poet, writer and dramatist Daniil Kharms (1905–1942)
 Charm Tong (born 1981), teacher and human rights activist from Shan State, Burma

Other uses
 Charm, Ohio, an unincorporated community in the US
 Baltimore Charm, a franchise in the Legends Football League (formerly the Lingerie Football League)
 Miss Charm, an annual beauty pageant 
 Royal Ordnance L30, Challenger armament (CHARM) project to provide a new main armament for the British Challenger 2 tank
 The collective name for a group of finchs

See also

 Charmstone, a stone or mineral artifact of various types associated with various traditional cultures
 CHARMM (Chemistry at Harvard Macromolecular Mechanics), a widely used set of force fields for molecular dynamics
 Charmed (disambiguation)
 Charmer (disambiguation)
 Charming (disambiguation)
 Charmy (disambiguation)
 Charmi (disambiguation)
 Lucky charm (disambiguation)
Fork bomb. In computing, a fork bomb (also called rabbit virus) is a denial-of-service  (DoS) attack  wherein a process continually replicates itself to deplete available system resources, slowing down or crashing the system due to resource starvation.

History 
Around 1978, an early variant of a fork bomb called wabbit was reported to run on a System/360. It may have descended from a similar attack called RABBITS reported from 1969 on a Burroughs 5500 at the University of Washington.

Implementation 

Fork bombs operate both by consuming CPU time in the process of forking, and by saturating the operating system's process table. A basic implementation of a fork bomb is an infinite loop that repeatedly launches new copies of itself.

In Unix-like operating systems, fork bombs are generally written to use the fork system call. As forked processes are also copies of the first program, once they resume execution from the next address at the frame pointer, they continue forking endlessly within their own copy of the same infinite loop. this has the effect of causing an exponential growth in processes. As modern Unix systems generally use a copy-on-write resource management technique when forking new processes, a fork bomb generally will not saturate such a system's memory.

Microsoft Windows operating systems do not have an equivalent functionality to the Unix fork system call; a fork bomb on such an operating system must therefore create a new process instead of forking from an existing one, such as with batch echo %0^|%0 > $_.cmd & $_. In this batch script, %0|%0 is written to $_.cmd, which is then executed by & $_.

A classic example of a fork bomb is one written in Unix shell :(){ :|:& };:, possibly dating back to 1999, which can be more easily understood as
fork() {
    fork | fork &
}
fork
In it, a function is defined (fork()) as calling itself (fork), then piping (|) its result into itself, all in a background job (&).

The code using a colon : as the function name is not valid in a shell as defined by POSIX, which only permits alphanumeric characters and underscores in function names. However, its usage is allowed in GNU Bash as an extension.

Prevention 
As a fork bomb's mode of operation is entirely encapsulated by creating new processes, one way of preventing a fork bomb from severely affecting the entire system is to limit the maximum number of processes that a single user may own. On Linux, this can be achieved by using the ulimit utility; for example, the command ulimit -u 30 would limit the affected user to a maximum of thirty owned processes.
On PAM-enabled systems, this limit can also be set in /etc/security/limits.conf,
and on *BSD, the system administrator can put limits in /etc/login.conf.
Modern Linux systems also allow finer-grained fork bomb prevention through cgroups and process number (PID) controllers.

See also 
 Billion laughs attack
 Deadlock (computer science)
 Logic bomb
 Time bomb (software)

References

External links 
 

Denial-of-service attacks
Process (computing)
Giant Robot. Giant Robot may refer to:

 Giant Robot (magazine), magazine of Asian American popular culture
 Mecha, a piloted or remote-controlled limbed vehicle in science fiction, particularly Japanese anime and manga
 Giant Robot Week, week-long event that aired on Cartoon Network's Toonami in 2003

Music 
 Giant Robot (Buckethead album), 1994 solo album by Buckethead
 Giant Robot, 1996 album by  Buckethead with the band Giant Robot

See also
 Giant Robo, a tokusatsu, anime and manga series
 Robot (disambiguation)
Alphabet Synthesis Machine. The Alphabet Synthesis Machine (2002) is a work of interactive art which makes use of genetic algorithms to "evolve" a set of glyphs similar in appearance to a real-world alphabet. Users create initial glyphs and the program takes over. As the creators of the project put it, their goal was "to bring about the specific feeling of semi-sense one experiences when one recognizes—- but cannot read—- the unfamiliar writing of another culture." The project was developed by Golan Levin, a new-media artist, in collaboration with Cassidy Curtis and Jonathan Feinberg.

Notes

References
 https://www.pbs.org/art21/series/seasonone/online.html (PBS and Art21 commissioned the work)
 http://www.flong.com/storage/pdf/reports/alphabet_report.pdf (White paper by artists that describes the work in detail)
 https://web.archive.org/web/20071027165630/http://www.ciac.ca/magazine/archives/no_19/en/entrevue.htm (Interview with Golan Levin by CIAC's Electronic Magazine)

External links
 http://www.alphabetsynthesis.com/ (and a project page archived composed by Golan Levin)(link does not work)
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080513044335/http://www.alphabetsynthesis.com/ (Archived version of previous link)
 http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~ngo/font0000.htm (examples of fonts produced by the Machine)
 http://www.tug.org/TUGboat/Articles/tb26-1/tb82beet.pdf (brief mention in TUGboat)

Computer art
Gauge. Gauge ( ) may refer to:

Measurement 
 Gauge (instrument), any of a variety of measuring instruments
 Gauge (firearms)
 Wire gauge, a measure of the size of a wire
 American wire gauge, a common measure of nonferrous wire diameter, especially electrical
 Birmingham gauge, a measure of ferrous wire and hypodermic needle diameter
 Jewelry wire gauge, the size of wire used in jewelry making
 Sheet metal gauge, thickness of metal in sheet form
 Film gauge, a physical property of film stock which defines its size
 The size of objects used in stretching (body piercing), especially earrings
 Gauge block, a metal or ceramic block of precisely known dimension, used in measuring
 Sight glass, also known as a water gauge, for measuring liquid level heights in storage tanks and pressure vessels
 Boost gauge, a gauge used in conjunction with turbo-super-chargers
 Pressure gauge or vacuum gauge, see pressure measurement
 Gauge pressure, pressure above ambient pressure
 Stream gauge, for measuring height and discharge of a river or stream
 Air core gauge, a type of rotary actuator often used in automotive instruments
 Gauger, one who gauges or measures, typically dutiable commodities, such as wine, landed from ships at docks

Sizes

Railway practice 
 Track gauge, the distance between the two rails forming a railway track
 Loading gauge, the maximum width and height of vehicles (engines, loaded wagons, etc.).
 Structure gauge, the minimum size of bridges, tunnels, platforms, etc.
 Axle load, the weight that an axle exerts on track
 Variable gauge, system to allow railway vehicles to travel across a break of gauge

Medicine
 Birmingham gauge, for metal wire and tube products
 French gauge, mainly for catheters

Mathematics and physics 
 Gauge theory
 Gauge integral
 Gauge fixing
 Gauge boson
 Gauge (Minkowski functional)

Other uses 
 Gauge (knitting), the number of stitches in a given length
 Gauge (actress), American pornographic actress
 Gauge (band), post-hardcore band from Chicago, Illinois, USA
 Gauge, Inc., a manufacturer of microphones and audio accessories
 Change of gauge (aviation), when an aircraft type changes at a stopping point of a direct flight
 Gauge (software), cross-platform test automation tool

See also 
 Gage (disambiguation)
 Gaige (disambiguation)