omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Electrohydraulic forming. Electrohydraulic forming is a type of metal forming process in which an electric arc discharge in liquid is used to convert electrical energy to mechanical energy and change the shape of the workpiece. A capacitor bank delivers a pulse of high current across two electrodes, which are positioned a short distance apart while submerged in a fluid (water or oil). The electric arc discharge rapidly vaporizes the surrounding fluid, creating a shock wave. The workpiece, which is kept in contact with the fluid, is deformed into an evacuated die.

The potential forming capabilities of submerged arc discharge processes were recognized as early as the mid-1940s (Yutkin L.A.). During the 1950s and early 1960s, the basic process was developed into production systems. This work principally was by and for the aerospace industries. By 1970, forming machines based on submerged arc discharge were available from machine tool builders. A few of the larger aerospace fabricators built machines of their own design to meet specific part fabrication requirements.

Electrohydraulic forming (EHF) is based on the ultra-high-speed deformation of metal using shockwaves in water. Using the discharge of current from a capacitor bank, an electric arc is generated in water between two electrodes. This electric arc vaporizes the surrounding water, converting electrical energy into an intense shockwave of mechanical energy.
 
The shockwave simultaneously transforms the metal workpiece into a visco-plastic state and accelerates it into a die, enabling forming of complex shapes at high speeds in cold conditions. All of which happens in a matter of milliseconds; total cycle time of seconds including charging time of the system. This process is not limited by size and allows forming of parts up to a few square meters in size. An array of electrodes can be placed over a large workpiece, enabling pressure distribution according to the product’s topology, still using a one-sided die to create complex shapes and fine details.

Very large capacitor banks are needed to produce the same amount of energy as a modest mass of high explosives - which is expensive for large parts. On the other hand, the electrohydraulic method was seen as better suited to automation because of the fine control of multiple, sequential energy discharges and the relative compactness of the electrode-media containment system.

Advantages of EHF
 A single-step process (rather than progressive stamping)
 Fine details and sharp lines can be easily formed
 Forming of male and female shapes (negative and positive)
 Only a single one-sided die is required
 Enables extremely deep forming (much more than is possible with conventional stamping)
 Even distribution and higher strength of thin material
 Extremely fast
 Equipment has small footprint
 No need for a press – the forming chamber is a self-balanced system
 Allows forming of parts up to a few square meters in size

See also 
 Ignitron
 Hydroforming

References

External links
 US department of Energy (2011) Electrohydraulic forming of near net automotive parts
 Electro-hydraulic forming illustration from Bmax

Metal forming
Cryptography Research. Cryptography Research, Inc. is a San Francisco based cryptography company specializing in applied cryptographic engineering, including technologies for building tamper-resistant semiconductors.  It was purchased on June 6, 2011, by Rambus for $342.5M.  The company licenses patents for protecting cryptographic devices against power analysis attacks. The company's CryptoFirewall-brand ASIC cores are used in pay TV conditional access systems and anti-counterfeiting applications. CRI also developed BD+, a security component in the Blu-ray disc format, and played a role in the format war between HD DVD and Blu-ray.  The company's services group assists with security testing, disaster recovery, and training.

Cryptography Research protects its core operations from outside attack by maintaining a secured local network that is not connected to the Internet at all.  Employees who need to work with sensitive data have two computers on their desks — one to access the secure network, and a separate computer to access the Internet.

References

External links
 

Cryptography companies
Computer companies of the United States
Computer hardware companies
Semiconductor companies of the United States
Production support. Production support covers the practices and disciplines of supporting the IT systems and applications which are currently being used by an organization, the organizations customers, and its end users. A production support analyst or engineer is responsible for monitoring the production environments, servers, scheduled jobs, incident management and receiving incidents and requests from end-users, analyzing these and either responding to the end user with a solution or escalating it to other IT teams.  These teams may include developers, system engineers and database administrators.

See also
 Information technology
 ITIL
 Production environment

External links
 Software Maintenance Costs
 Applying CMMI to a Production Support
 Production Support Process improvements
 Applying Incident Management to Production Support

Information technology management
Harbin Electric. Harbin Electric Company Limited, formerly Harbin Power Equipment Company Limited, is a Chinese enterprise engaged in the research and development, manufacturing and construction of power plant equipment. Along with Shanghai Electric and Dongfang Electric it is one of the three largest manufacturers of power plant equipment in China. According to Platts the company in 2009-10 was the second largest manufacturer of steam turbines by worldwide market share, tying Dongfang Electric and slightly behind Shanghai Electric.

History
In October 1994, the company was formed through the restructuring of Harbin Power Plant Equipment Corporation (currently Harbin Electric Corporation). It is headquartered in Harbin, Heilongjiang and listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.

References

External links
Harbin Electric Group
Harbin Electric Company Limited

Electrical engineering companies of China
Engine manufacturers of China
Government-owned companies of China
Companies based in Harbin
Energy companies established in 1994
Manufacturing companies established in 1994
H shares
Companies listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange
Water turbine manufacturers
Chinese brands
Chinese companies established in 1994
Race Rocks Tidal Power Demonstration Project. The Race Rocks Tidal Power Demonstration Project (official name: Pearson College - EnCana - Clean Current Tidal Power Demonstration Project at Race Rocks) was a joint project of the Lester B. Pearson College, EnCana Corporation and Clean Current Power Systems Incorporated to use tidal power at Race Rocks near Victoria, British Columbia in Canada. The Race Rocks Tidal Current Generator was installed from July to September 2006 and it was planned to replace two diesel generators at Race Rocks Ecological Reserve. It was the first in-stream tidal current generator in North America.

The water lubricated bearing system did not perform as expected, and the prototype was decommissioned in May 2007, so that the bearing system could be redesigned.
After changes to the bearings, shroud and turbine, Clean Current Power Systems reinstalled the unit on October 17, 2008. On September 17, 2011, the project ended when the turbine/generator was removed permanently.

The 65 kW direct drive variable speed permanent magnet generator with bi-directional ducted horizontal axis turbine is placed at the depth of  to .

References

External links

 Home page of racerocks.com website
The Integrated Energy System powering Race Rocks

Energy infrastructure completed in 2006
Tidal power stations in British Columbia
2006 establishments in British Columbia
2011 disestablishments in British Columbia
Automatic Transmitter Identification System (television). The Automatic Transmitter Identification System (ATIS) is a communications protocol used for the station identification of television channels carried on satellite television.

ATIS is only required for analog television transmission and only via satellites or earth stations under United States jurisdiction. It is continuously repeated whilst an earth station is using a transponder on a satellite. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules for ATIS are set forth in 47 CFR §25.281.

The system was developed in response to the "Captain Midnight" satellite jamming incident. In 2009, HBO and Elmer Musser were awarded a Technology & Engineering Emmy Award for ATIS.

ATIS is a Morse code transmission sent on a subcarrier of 7.1 MHz and must activate automatically any time the station is transmitting. The center frequency must be no more than 25 kHz from this nominal value and the frequency deviation must be no more than 25 kHz peak when being modulated. Injection must be at a minimum of −26dB referenced to the unmodulated carrier. The tone used to modulate the subcarrier is nominally 1200 Hz, but may vary by as much as 800 Hz (400 to 2000 Hz).

The ATIS message is sent at a transmission rate of 15 to 25 words per minute and must not exceed 30 seconds in its entire length. The message includes the FCC-assigned callsign of the earth station, its telephone number, a ten-digit serial number, and sometimes other information which is voluntary. The telephone number must immediately connect to personnel who can resolve radio interference and other frequency coordination issues. The serial number cannot be easily changed.

ATIS encoders must be included in the uplink airchain of all transmitters as of March 1, 1991 "in a method that cannot easily be defeated".

Other subcarriers piggybacked on the video carrier are also included in transmissions, often at 6.2 MHz and 6.8 MHz, just above the bandpass of the video signal (even if scrambled). These carry left and right stereo audio and second audio program, and sometimes radio stations or radio networks which may be unrelated to the television network. Backhauls are too intermittent for such uses but may carry in-house private audio channels instead. Because all of these, including ATIS, are all audio, they can all be tuned by an analog TVRO receiver. However, digital television has overtaken analog because multiple channels can be transmitted on one transponder. These signals carry their station ID as data instead.

References

Satellite television
Broadcast engineering
Content-addressable parallel processor. A content-addressable parallel processor (CAPP) also known as associative processor is a type of parallel processor which uses content-addressing memory (CAM) principles. CAPPs are intended for bulk computation. The syntactic structure of their computing algorithm are simple, whereas the number of concurrent processes may be very large, only limited by the number of locations in the CAM. The best-known CAPP may be STARAN, completed in 1972; several similar systems were later built in other countries.

A CAPP is distinctly different from a Von Neumann architecture or classical computer that stores data in cells addressed individually by numeric address. The CAPP executes a stream of instructions that address memory based on the content (stored values) of the memory cells.  As a parallel processor, it acts on all of the cells containing that content at once. The content of all matching cells can be changed simultaneously.

A typical CAPP might consist of an array of content-addressable memory of fixed word length, a sequential instruction store, and a general purpose computer of the Von Neumann architecture that is used to interface peripherals.

References 
 
 

Associative arrays
Computer memory
One-of-a-kind computers
Parallel computing
C63. C63 or C-63 may refer to:
 Caldwell 63, a planetary nebula
 Convention concerning Statistics of Wages and Hours of Work, 1938 of the International Labour Organization
 JNR Class C63, a proposed Japanese steam locomotive
 Lockheed C-63 Hudson, an American military transport aircraft
 Mercedes-AMG C 63, a German automobile
 Ruy Lopez, a chess opening
Charles Hotchkiss Norton. Charles Hotchkiss Norton (November 23, 1851, Plainville, Connecticut – October 27, 1942, Plainville, Connecticut) was an American mechanical engineer and designer of machine tools.

After working for the Seth Thomas Clock company in Thomaston, in 1886 Norton became Assistant Engineer with the Brown & Sharpe Manufacturing Company at Providence, Rhode Island, redesigning their universal grinding machine. In 1890 he became a partner in the newly established Leland, Faulconer & Norton Company at Detroit, Michigan, designing and constructing machine tools. Returning to Brown & Sharpe in 1896, he designed a grinding machine with larger and heavier grinding wheels, capable of supplying machine parts for the emerging automobile industry. In 1900 he left Brown & Sharpe to found the Norton Grinding Company in Worcester, Massachusetts with support from the Norton Emery Wheel Company (founded by an unrelated Norton); the two firms merged in 1919, with Norton as their Chief Engineer until 1934, when he became their Consulting Engineer. On April 8, 1925, he was a recipient of The John Scott Medal and Premium for his invention of "accurate grinding devices of high power".

Charles H. Norton House, the house in Plainville in which Norton lived until his death in 1942, is today a National Historic Landmark.

References

1851 births
1942 deaths
American mechanical engineers
Fastrac. Fastrac may refer to

 JCB Fastrac, a tractor by J. C. Bamford
 Fastrac rocket engine, NASA's (cancelled) project
 Fastrac (software), VTLS software
 Formation Autonomy Spacecraft with Thrust, Relnav, Attitude, and Crosslink, A University of Texas satellite

See also
 Fast Track (disambiguation)
 Fastrack (disambiguation)
Clayton Walnum. Clayton Walnum is a programmer who has written multiple books about programming in C#, DirectX and C++.

Clayton Walnum started programming computers in 1982, when he traded an IBM Selectric typewriter to buy an Atari 400 computer with 16K of RAM. He was hired as a Technical Editor for Atari 8-bit magazine ANALOG Computing in 1985, eventually becoming 
Executive Editor before leaving in 1989, the year the publication folded. He authored a number of type-in games for ANALOG, including Dragonlord (1985) and Moonlord (1986), mostly written in Atari BASIC.

Walnum has since acquired a degree in computer science, and written over 30 books (translated into many languages). He is also the author of hundreds of magazine articles and software reviews, as well as a large number of programs.

Books 
 Microsoft Direct3D Programming: Kick Start
 Sams Teach Yourself Game Programming With Directx in 21 Days
 C# for Visual Basic Programmers
 Sams Teach Yourself Game Programming With Visual Basic in 21 Days
 C++ Master Reference
 Visual Basic 6: Master Reference
 The Complete Idiot's Guide to Visual Basic 6

References 

American technology writers
Computer programmers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
GCR Class 8. The Great Central Railway Class 8, known as the London and North Eastern Railway Class B5 following the 1923 Grouping, was a class of fourteen 4-6-0 steam locomotives designed to haul fast goods trains, in particular fish trains.

They were nicknamed "Fish Engines" because of their designed role and due to their frequent use on the fast fish trains heading from Grimsby to places like London. They were passed on into service with British Railways in 1948 and the last locomotive was withdrawn in 1950.

Models
A 1/5 scale, 10.25 in gauge model of number 181 has been made by Andrew Simkins. This model is externally faithful to Robinson's design, but also uses a footwell to conceal most of the driver in the tender. It was showcased and won an award at the Model engineering exhibition in 2003. It has since been seen on several of the 10.25 in gauge railways around Britain.

References

Bibliography

External links

 LNER Encyclopedia

4-6-0 locomotives
2′C n2 locomotives
08
Neilson locomotives
Beyer, Peacock locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1902
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
2′C h2 locomotives
 Great Central Railway 4-6-0s

Freight locomotives
John J. Leonard. John J. Leonard is an American roboticist and Professor of Mechanical and Ocean Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A member of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), Leonard is a researcher in simultaneous localization and mapping, and was the team lead for MIT's team at the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge, one of the six teams to cross the finish line in the final event, placing fourth overall.

Life and career 
Leonard received his B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Pennsylvania in 1987  and his D.Phil. in Engineering Science from the University of Oxford in 1994, under the Thouron Award. He spent five years as a postdoctoral fellow and Research Scientist in the MIT Sea Grant Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) Laboratory, and joined the MIT faculty in 1996.

Leonard is one of the early pioneers of SLAM with Hugh F. Durrant-Whyte. Leonard has served as an associate editor of the IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering and of the IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation. He received the National Science Foundation Career Award in 1998, an E.T.S. Walton Visitor Award from Science Foundation Ireland in 2004, and the King-Sun Fu Memorial Best IEEE Transactions on Robotics Paper Award in 2006.

Leonard describes his primary research goal as persistent autonomy, i.e., the "capability for one or more robots to operate robustly for days, weeks and months at a time with minimal human supervision, in complex, dynamic environments". Leonard focuses on the problem of simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), particularly for autonomous underwater vehicles.

References

External links
 Home page
 MIT DGC home

American roboticists
MIT School of Engineering faculty
American control theorists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Alumni of the University of Oxford
University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Wildland fire emission. Wildland fire and wildland fire atmospheric emissions have been a part of the global biosphere for millennia. The major wildland fire emissions include greenhouse gases and several criteria pollutants that impact human health and welfare.:

Compared to the preindustrial era, wildland land fire in the conterminous U.S. has been reduced 90 percent with proportional reductions in wildland fire emissions. Land use changes (agriculture and urbanization) are responsible for roughly 50 percent of this decrease, and land management decisions (land fragmentation, suppression actions, etc.) are responsible for the remainder. Anthropogenic activities (e.g., industrial production, transportation, agriculture, etc.) today have more than replaced the lost preindustrial wildland fire atmospheric emissions.

The following charts compare preindustrial wildland fire emissions  with contemporary emissions.

In addition to greenhouse gas emissions, particulates and smoke released can scatter or absorb solar radiation and be deposited elsewhere where they may affect albedo particularly if landing on snow or glaciers.

References

Wildfire ecology
Climate forcing
Air pollution
Seth J. Teller. Seth Jared Teller (May 28, 1964 – July 1, 2014) was an American computer scientist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, whose research interests included computer vision, sensor networks, and robotics. In his Argus and Rover projects of the late 1990s, Teller was an early pioneer in the use of mobile cameras and geolocation to build three-dimensional models of cities.

Early life
Teller's parents were Joan Teller and Samuel H. Teller of Bolton, Connecticut; Samuel Teller was a senior judge in the Connecticut Superior Court in Rockville.

Teller received his undergraduate degree from Wesleyan University, and a Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley in 1992. His dissertation, "Visibility Computations in Densely Occluded Polyhedral Environments," was supervised by Carlo H. Séquin.

Academic career

He was a post-doctoral fellow at the Computer Science Institute of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Princeton University's Computer Science Department.

Teller was awarded a Sloan Research Fellowship by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation in 1997.

Teller was heading the Robotics, Vision, and Sensor Networks group at the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, conducting robotics and artificial intelligence research on developing robots with situational awareness. His work involved, in particular, creating various assistive technology robots and devices for people with disabilities. Teller's robotics projects included "a robotic, voice-controlled wheelchair, a wearable device for visually-impaired people that provides them with information about their surroundings, a self-driving car and an unmanned forklift". He also worked on developing technology for reducing the danger of first responders being hit by the passing vehicles while stopped to deal with highway accidents.

Teller was part of the MIT group developing software for a DoD robot, "Atlas", in the DARPA Robotics Challenge competition. Earlier, Teller's robotic car competed in the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge competition.

In 2015, the Robotics Science and Systems Foundation established a Best Systems Paper Award in honor of Teller.

Personal life and death
Seth Teller married Rachel Zimmerman, a journalist from New York, in September 2002. They had two daughters.

Teller was involved in neighborhood activism in Cambridge, Massachusetts and helped create the Neighborhood Association of East Cambridge.

Seth Teller died by suicide on July 1, 2014, at the age of 50, jumping off the Tobin Bridge. In 2024, Zimmerman published a book about the impact of her husband's death titled Us, After: A Memoir of Love and Suicide.

References

External links
 Home page
 
 Seth J. Teller at the Mathematics Genealogy Project

1964 births
2014 deaths
American roboticists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty
Sloan Research Fellows
Suicides in Massachusetts
20th-century American scientists
21st-century American scientists
American computer scientists
University of California, Berkeley alumni
2014 suicides
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory people
Suicides by jumping in the United States