omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Monnett Monerai. The Monnett Monerai is a sailplane that was developed in the United States in the late 1970s for homebuilding. It is a conventional pod-and-boom design with a V-tail and a mid-mounted cantilever wing of constant chord.

The kit assembles in approximately 600 hours. It has bonded wing skins and incorporates 90° flaps for glide path control. The pod-and-boom fuselage consists of a welded steel tube truss encased in a fiberglass shell, with an aluminum tube for the tailboom. A spar fitting modification was released in 1983.

A powered version was designed as the Monerai P with an engine mounted on a pylon above the wings. A Sachs Rotary Engine was chosen for the prototype. A version with extended wing tips is also available (Monerai Max) which increases the span to 12 m (39 ft) and raises the glide ratio from 28:1 to more than 30:1.

The powered Monerai P and the unpowered Monerai S versions are identical structurally.

Variants
Monerai S
unpowered glider
Monerai P
powered glider equipped with the  Zenoah G-25 or the  KFM 107 engine.
Monerai Max
Monerai P version with extended wing tips

Aircraft on display
US Southwest Soaring Museum
 Serial Number 22 on display at the New England Air Museum, Bradley International Airport, Windsor Locks, CT
 S/N 323, Museum of Flying, Santa Monica Airport, CA

Specifications (Monerai S)

References

External links 

Monerai entry at aero-web.org

1970s United States sailplanes
Glider aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Monnett aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1978
V-tail aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Entropy: A New World View. Entropy: A New World View is a non-fiction book by Jeremy Rifkin and Ted Howard, with an Afterword by Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen. It was first published by Viking Press, New York in 1980 ().

A paperback edition was published by Bantam in 1981, in a paperback revised edition, by Bantam Books, in 1989 (). The 1989 revised edition was titled: Entropy: Into the Greenhouse World ().

Contents 
In the book the authors analyze the world's economic and social structures by using the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The first and second law of thermodynamics — the second of which is known as the law of entropy — both deal with energy. The authors argue that technological nations are wasting resources such as fossil fuels and minerals at an increasing rate, which if unchecked will lead to the destruction of civilization, which has happened before on a smaller scale to past societies. The authors also argue that the societies wasting resources are exploiting the "Third World", now called "developing nations". The wasting of resources is a parallel to wasting energy in the laws of thermodynamics.

The Book promotes the use of sustainable energy sources and slow resource consumption as the solution to delay or forestall death by entropy including resource wars and the collapse of society.

See also
Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed, by Jared Diamond, which presents a similar set of arguments.

References

External links
Entropy, Algeny & The End of Work a review by Howard Doughty
Entropy: A Limit to Energy Use a criticism by K. Eric Drexler

1980 non-fiction books
1980 in the environment
Ecology books
Environmental non-fiction books
Viking Press books
EMT Luna X-2000. Luna X 2000 is a German unmanned surveillance and reconnaissance aerial vehicle in service with the Bundeswehr (German Army) and produced by EMT Penzberg of Germany.

It is intended for close reconnaissance (over the hill, up to  away), transmitting live video data (visual or infrared) or taking higher resolution still images, but it can also perform other tasks such as particle sampling, ESM/Electronic countermeasures (radio/radar jamming), depending on its payload.

The UAV is launched with a simple bungee catapult and then follows a preprogrammed course, that can be altered in flight if necessary. After its mission it automatically lands with the help of a parachute and impact dampers.

Luna X UAVs are in use by German KFOR forces since 2000 and were also used by German troops in Afghanistan.

In mid-2009 the German Army ordered another 4 systems with a total of 40 UAVs.

The Pakistan Navy signed a contract on the 27 June 2012 with EMT for purchase of LUNA UAV Systems.

Houthi fighters reportedly shot down a Luna drone operated by Saudi Arabia, where they are produced under license, in Yemen around February 12, 2019.

In 2019 the German Army began the replacement of Luna and Rheinmetall KZO with the new Luna NG, which has much increased capabilities.

In April 2023, Rheinmetall unveiled plans to develop a drone carrier based on the Luna NG that acts as a mothership to carry and deploy up to eight rotary wing loitering munitions in order to deliver them beyond ranges they would be capable of traveling themselves.

On 14 August 2023, Rheinmetal announced it will supply the Luna drone to Ukraine in 2023.

Specifications
 Propulsion: two cylinder two stroke engine, driving pusher propeller
 Typical speed: 
 Service ceiling:  AMSL
 Endurance: 6 hours (8 hours optional)
 Length: 
 Wingspan: 
 Take-off weight: < 
 Data Link range: >  (dependent on line of sight)

References

External links
Luna UAV System  @ EMT (manufacturer)
Nahaufklärungs-Austattung LUNA X (in German) @ deutschesheer.de (Official homepage of the German Army)
LUNA X-2000 @ defense update
LUNA Aerial Reconnaissance and Surveillance UAV
@Luna UAS for Pakistan Navy.

Unmanned military aircraft of Germany
German military reconnaissance aircraft
Aircraft manufactured in Germany
Enterprise unified process. The Enterprise Unified Process (EUP) is an extended variant of the Unified Process and was developed by Scott W. Ambler and Larry Constantine in 2000, eventually reworked in 2005 by Ambler, John Nalbone and Michael Vizdos.  EUP was originally introduced to overcome some shortages of RUP, namely the lack of production and eventual retirement of a software system. So two phases and several new disciplines were added.  EUP sees software development not as a standalone activity, but embedded in the lifecycle of the system (to be built or enhanced or replaced), the IT lifecycle of the enterprise and the organization/business lifecycle of the enterprise itself. It deals with software development as seen from the customer's point of view.

In 2013 work began to evolve EUP to be based on Disciplined Agile Delivery instead of the Unified Process.

Phases
The Unified Process defines four project phases
 Inception
 Elaboration
 Construction
 Transition
To these EUP adds two additional phases
 Production
 Retirement

Disciplines
The Rational Unified Process defines nine project disciplines
 Business Modeling
 Requirements
 Analysis and Design
 Implementation
 Test
 Deployment
 Configuration and Change Management
 Project Management
 Environment
To these EUP adds one additional project discipline
 Operations and Support
and seven enterprise disciplines
 Enterprise Business Modeling
 Portfolio Management
 Enterprise Architecture
 Strategic Reuse
 People Management
 Enterprise Administration
 Software Process Improvement

Best Practices of EUP
The EUP provide following best practices:-
Develop iteratively
Manage requirements
Proven architecture
Modeling
Continuously verify quality.
Manage change
Collaborative development
Look beyond development.
Deliver working software on a regular basis
Manage risk

See also
 Disciplined Agile Delivery
Rational Unified Process
Software development process
Extreme programming

References

Bibliography

External links
 Scott W. Ambler's website on the Enterprise Unified Process

Software development process
Software project management
Contact microphone. A contact microphone is a form of microphone that senses audio vibrations through contact with solid objects. Unlike normal air microphones, contact microphones are almost completely insensitive to air vibrations but transduce only structure-borne sound. Often used as acoustic leakage probes, they also enjoy wide usage by electroacoustic music artists experimenting with sound. Contact microphones can be used to amplify sound from acoustic musical instruments, to sense drum hits, for triggering electronic samples, and to record sound in challenging environments, such as underwater under high pressure.

Piezoelectric contact microphones 

A piezoelectric sensor is the most commonly available contact microphone. It is made of a thin piezoelectric ceramic disc glued to a thin brass or alloy metal disc (see image). The voltage produced from the sound vibrations can be measured across them. Contact microphones based on piezoelectric materials are passive and high-impedance, and they sound tinny without a matching preamp.

Instead of being used as a microphone, they alternatively may be used to produce sound (typical used as the buzzer in computer motherboards) by sending voltages to them.

Coil-based contact microphones 
Moving coil microphone contact microphones operate by suspending a coil of wire within a magnetic field or alternatively by suspending a magnet above a fixed coil, to induce a signal directly from the object's vibrations.

See also
 Throat microphone

References 

Microphones
Pipeline roller coaster. A pipeline roller coaster is a type of roller coaster where the trains ride between the tracks as opposed to a traditional roller coaster where they ride above them. The concept was first developed by Japanese ride company TOGO as the Ultratwister model. They built six installations of the design, four of which are still in existence. Arrow Dynamics created an alternate version of the concept, but it never made it past the prototype stage in development. Intamin developed a version known as the Spiral Coaster model, building only one installation, which is no longer in operation.

History 
The first pipeline coasters were manufactured by TOGO as their Ultratwister model. The company manufactured six of the model, with the first two opening in 1986 at Tokyo Dome City in Tokyo, Japan, and Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, New Jersey, United States, both named "Ultra Twister."

TOGO's Ultratwister model features an 85-degree lift hill followed by three heartline roll inversions. Between the second and third rolls is a switch track that tilts trains to an approximately 45 degree angle, sending them through the remainder of the course backwards. The Ultratwister at Rusutsu Resort is the only S-II model built by TOGO, featuring a dive loop instead of a switch track.

Arrow Dynamics attempted to develop a pipeline roller coaster, building a prototype at Arrow's facility in Utah. In 1990, John Wardley worked with Alton Towers to attempt to build one at the park. This was later scrapped in favor of Nemesis after Wardley rode the prototype and disliked the experience it offered.

In the 1996, Intamin built Sky Plaza Comet, a Spiral Coaster at Sky Plaza in South Korea. In 2000, the coaster was relocated to Al-Sha'ab Leisure Park in Kuwait (now known as Winter Wonderland Kuwait), before permanently closing in 2005. The ride remained standing but not operating until its removal in 2017.

Installations

References

External links 

Intamin's Official Website

 
Types of roller coaster
Yeast display. Yeast display (or yeast surface display) is a protein engineering technique that uses the expression of recombinant proteins incorporated into the cell wall of yeast. This method can be used for several applications such as isolating and engineering antibodies and determining host-microbe interactions.

Development
The yeast display technique was first published by the laboratory of Professor K. Dane Wittrup and Eric T. Boder. The technology was sold to Abbott Laboratories in 2001.

How it works
A protein of interest is displayed as a fusion to the Aga2p protein on the surface of yeast.  The Aga2p protein is used by yeast to mediate cell–cell contacts during yeast cell mating. As such, display of a protein via Aga2p likely projects the fusion protein from the cell surface, minimizing potential interactions with other molecules on the yeast cell wall. The use of magnetic separation and flow cytometry in conjunction with a yeast display library can be highly effective method to isolate high affinity protein ligands against nearly any receptor through directed evolution.

Advantages and disadvantages 
Advantages of yeast display over other in vitro evolution methods include eukaryotic expression and post translational processing, quality control mechanisms of the eukaryotic secretory pathway, minimal avidity effects, and quantitative library screening through fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS). Yeast are eukaryotic organisms that allow for complex post-translational modifications to proteins that no other display libraries are able to provide.

Disadvantages include smaller mutant library sizes compared to alternative methods and differential glycosylation in yeast compared to mammalian cells. Alternative methods for protein evolution in vitro are mammalian display, phage display, ribosome display, bacterial display, and mRNA display.

References

Further reading
 Boder, E.T., Wittrup, K.D.;  Biotechnol. Prog., 1998, 14, 55–62.
 Boder E.T., Midelfort K.S., Wittrup K.D.; Proc Natl Acad Sci, 2000, 97(20):10701-10705.
 Graff, C.P., Chester, K., Begent, R., Wittrup, K.D.; Prot. Eng. Des. Sel., 2004, 17, 293–304.
 Feldhaus M, Siegel R.; Methods in Molecular Biology 263:311–332 (2004).

Display techniques
EMT Aladin. EMT Aladin (German: Abbildende Luftgestützte Aufklärungsdrohne im Nächstbereich, airborne reconnaissance drone for close area imaging) is a small, man-portable light reconnaissance miniature unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) employed by the Bundeswehr (German Army).

The UAV can be radio-controlled via a portable control station, or fly according to previously set GPS coordinates. It features a day and night camera and video-relay.  It can be transported in two suitcases, which contain the disassembled drone, and a backpack with the control station. The aircraft can be assembled and disassembled without tools in the field within five minutes.

The aircraft can be launched by hand or with a bungee catapult.

This UAV is used by the German Army in the northern part of Afghanistan. In May 2006, The Netherlands bought 10 Aladins for use in southern Afghanistan (Uruzgan), though in 2008 the Dutch program procured 24 systems of the AeroVironment Raven B.

Also Fennek reconnaissance vehicles of the German Army are equipped with Aladin UAVs.

Specifications

Air vehicle
 Wingspan: 1.46 m
 Length: 1.53 m
 Height: 0.36 m (including antenna)
 Mass: 3.20 kg 
 Allowed windspeeds: 8 m/s for launch and landing, 10 m/s in flight
 Propulsion: brushless DC electric motor, 12 V
 Battery: lithium ion polymer battery, 14 V, 9 A·h
 Speed: 45–90 km/h
 Range: more than 15 km
 Endurance: 30-60 min
 Altitude: Minimum 30 m above ground, typical 100 – 300 m, ceiling 4.500 m density altitude (ISA)

Ground control station
 Weight: 17 kg
 Uplink: UHF Band
 Downlink: C Band

Gallery

References
 Aladin UAV System  @ EMT (manufacturer)
 Aladin Mini UAV Defense-Update

Unmanned military aircraft of Germany
Plugtest. A plugtest or plugfest is an event based on a certain technical standard where the designers of electronic equipment or software test the interoperability of their products or designs with those of other manufacturers. It could be literally plugging company A's cable into company B's socket, or a more elaborate test resembling a realistic scenario.

The technical goal is twofold: check compliance to the standard, and test the effectiveness of the standard. The latter could be the case when the standard is ambiguous. A simplified example is: the width of a plug is prescribed but vendors use different lengths.

Plugtests can be formal and have public test scores or informal and private. Besides helping vendors improve their interoperability, plugtests help create awareness about the standard and can improve transparency on compliancy.

Examples
 The CEA organizes PlugFests for interoperability testing between HDMI, sink, and repeater devices. 
 VESA organizes PlugTests for DisplayPort device designers and vendors. 
 PlugTests organized for USB device vendors, and cable operators testing DOCSIS interoperability. 
 OpenDoc Society arranges OpenDocument ODF Plugfests in conjunction with industry associations including the OpenForum Europe, OpenUK and the UK Government Digital Service
 The SCSI Trade Association organizes regular Serial Attached SCSI plugfests to test for early device interoperability.
 The EEBUS Initiative e.V. organizes plugfests before releasing new use case specifications in order to test the practicability and robustness of device interoperability. The participants define in advance a set of cross-industry use cases, which they then implement and test for mutual interoperability (E.g. the electric vehicle communicates with the household energy management system in order to avoid load peaks).

References

Electrical safety
Triple Play (FIRST). Triple Play was the name of the 2005 season FIRST Robotics Competition game.

Events

The following regional events were held in 2005:
 Arizona Regional - Phoenix
 BAE Systems Granite State Regional - Manchester, NH
 Boilermaker Regional - West Lafayette, IN
 Buckeye Regional - Cleveland, OH
 Chesapeake Regional - Annapolis, MD
 Colorado Regional - Denver
 Detroit Regional - Detroit
 Finger Lakes Regional - Rochester, NY
 Florida Regional - Orlando
 GM/Technion University Israel Pilot Regional - Haifa, Israel (pilot)
 Great Lakes Regional - Ypsilanti, MI
 Greater Toronto Regional - Mississauga, ON
 Las Vegas Regional - Las Vegas
 Lone Star Regional - Houston
 Midwest Regional - Chicago
 NASA/VCU Regional - Richmond, VA
 New Jersey Regional - Trenton, NJ
 New York City Regional - New York City
 Pacific Northwest Regional - Portland
 Palmetto Regional - Columbia, SC
 Peachtree Regional - Duluth, GA
 Philadelphia Regional - Philadelphia
 Pittsburgh Regional - Pittsburgh
 St. Louis Regional - St. Charles, MO
 Sacramento Regional - Davis, CA
 SBPLI Long Island Regional - Hempstead, NY
 Silicon Valley Regional - San Jose, CA
 Southern California Regional - Los Angeles
 UTC New England Regional - Hartford, CT
 Waterloo Regional - Waterloo, ON
 West Michigan Regional - Allendale, MI

The championship was held in the Georgia Dome, Atlanta.

References

Official FIRST documentation for this game

2005 in robotics
FIRST Robotics Competition games
Digitek. Digitek was an early system software company located in Los Angeles, California, United States.

Digitek, co-founded in the early 1960s by three equal partners (James R. Dunlap, President plus Vice Presidents Donald Ryan and Donald Peckham who had worked together at Hughes Aircraft Company, in Culver City, California), authored many of the programming language systems (compiler + runtime + intrinsic library) on various manufacturers' computer systems, including IBM, SDS, and many others.  In the 1960s Digitek advertised frequently in Scientific American and Datamation magazines.

Digitek dissolved when taken to task by GE for failing to deliver a promised PL/I compiler for the Multics project. Don Peckham was bought out. With Dave McFarland, also from Digitek, Don Ryan founded Ryan−McFarland which continued the compiler writing work.

History
Digitek's first compiler customer was Scientific Data Systems (SDS), a computer mainframe hardware company founded by Max Palevsky in 1961 and later acquired by Xerox in 1969.

Digitek wrote language systems for almost every popular programming language at the time including FORTRAN, PL/I, SIMSCRIPT, COBOL, and BASIC.  Digitek compilers included the IBM System 360 G Level FORTRAN.  Due to their implementation in a virtual machine technology called POPS (for "Programmed Operators"), the company's compilers could be developed rapidly and had a common "footprint".  This later allowed a successor company, Ryan-McFarland Corporation, to capitalize on the rapid expansion of the microcomputer market in the late 1970s and early 1980s by providing POPS-based compilers to virtually all of the emerging computer vendors at the time. Among these products were RM/COBOL and RM/BASIC for Tandy's TRS-80, and IBM Professional FORTRAN (and its twin, RM/FORTRAN) for MS-DOS.  Ryan-McFarland was sold to an Australian company (Austec) in 1987, and the POPS-based compiler technology was subsequently sold to Language Processors, Inc. (later renamed Liant Software Corporation).  Liant was purchased by Micro Focus International in 2008, where the technology, in the form of the RM/COBOL-85 compiler and runtime system, is being sold. In 2020, applications built using this POPS implementation of COBOL are still in widespread use throughout the world.

Lahey Computer Systems F77L was also a POPS-based Fortran 77 compiler, for MS-DOS.  Don Ryan, Thomas M Lahey, Doug Ahl, Noel Vasquez, David McFarland, and Jack Perrine (developer of Univac 1108 Fortran V and Athena Fortran) had all worked at Digitek at the same time.

References

Further reading 
 Cocke, John; Schwartz, Jacob T., Programming Languages and their Compilers: Preliminary Notes, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences technical report, New York University, 1969. This has a section with a technical exposition of the Digitek compiler technique.

Defunct software companies of the United States
Compilers
Defunct companies based in Greater Los Angeles
John Rarity. John G. Rarity is a British physicist who is professor of optical communication systems in the department of electrical and electronic engineering at the University of Bristol, a post he has held since 1 January 2003. He is an international expert on quantum optics, quantum cryptography and quantum communication using single photons and entanglement. Rarity is a member of the Quantum Computation and Information group and quantum photonics at the University of Bristol.

Education
Rarity was educated at the University of Sheffield (BSc) and awarded a PhD from the Royal Military College of Science in 1984 for research on spectroscopy applied to coagulating dispersions.

Research and career 
Prior to moving to the University of Bristol in 2001, Rarity worked as a physicist at the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA) arm of the Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom).

Notable early achievements while at DERA included demonstrations of quantum interference and non-locality over large distances, demonstrating a violation of Bell's Inequality over 4 km of optical fibre in 1994. These experiments were followed by work in quantum cryptography, resulting in his team at DERA setting a world record of 1.9 km range for free space secure quantum cryptography. A collaboration with Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich in 2002 successfully demonstrated an open air quantum cryptography experiment over a distance of 23.4 km.

Since moving to the University of Bristol, Rarity has built up a group working in experimental quantum optics. One project which has received substantial publicity recently in collaboration with the Quantum Information Processing group at HP Labs is developing affordable quantum key distribution systems. The scheme reduces the cost by using pulsed LEDs rather than lasers as the source of transmitted qubits.

In 2007 Rarity collaborated in a demonstration of quantum key distribution using free space optical communications over 144 km between the islands of Tenerife and La Palma.

Publications
His books include Microcavities and Photonic Bandgaps: Physics and Applications and highly cited papers include Practical quantum cryptography based on two-photon interferometry and Experimental violation of Bell's inequality based on phase and momentum.

Awards and honours
Rarity won the Thomas Young Medal and Prize in 1995.

Rarity was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2015.

References 

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People associated with Malvern, Worcestershire
Academics of the University of Bristol
British physicists
British quantum physicists
Fellows of the Royal Society