omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Atomino. Atomino is a 1990 puzzle video game originally for the Amiga, Atari ST and MS-DOS. A version was made for the Commodore 64 in 1991. The objective is to build molecules from atoms, with gradually increasing difficulty and speed.

Rules 
The player is given a grid on which to place atoms, which are supplied at random into a stack. An atom needs a specific number of "bonds", from 1 to 4, which are made by placing atoms next to each other. When all connected atoms have exactly the correct number of bonds, a molecule is completed, and it is removed from the board.

Atoms can be placed on a space, or swapped with an existing atom, which will enter the stack. For instance, even if you place an atom needing 4 bonds on the edge, where it has only 3 neighbors, it can be overwritten with an atom needing fewer bonds.

At each level, an objective is given, like "Build 2 molecules" or "Build 4 molecules with at least 9 atoms". In addition to completing the objective, the player must remove all atoms from the board before the next level starts.

External links

1990 video games
Amiga games
Atari ST games
Blue Byte games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Psygnosis games
Puzzle video games
Single-player video games
Video games developed in Germany
Video games scored by Jochen Hippel
Threshold cryptosystem. A threshold cryptosystem, the basis for the field of threshold cryptography, is a cryptosystem that protects information by encrypting it and distributing it among a cluster of fault-tolerant computers.  The message is encrypted using a public key, and the corresponding private key is shared among the participating parties. With a threshold cryptosystem, in order to decrypt an encrypted message or to sign a message, several parties (more than some threshold number) must cooperate in the decryption or signature protocol.

History
Perhaps the first system with complete threshold properties for a trapdoor function (such as RSA) and a proof of security was published in 1994 by Alfredo De Santis, Yvo Desmedt, Yair Frankel, and Moti Yung.

Historically, only organizations with very valuable secrets, such as certificate authorities, the military, and governments made use of this technology. One of the earliest implementations was done in the 1990s  by Certco for the  planned deployment of the original Secure electronic transaction.
However, in October 2012, after a number of large public website password ciphertext compromises, RSA Security announced that it would release software to make the technology available to the general public.

In March 2019, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) conducted a workshop on threshold cryptography to establish consensus on applications, and define specifications. In July 2020, NIST published "Roadmap Toward Criteria for Threshold Schemes for Cryptographic Primitives" as NISTIR 8214A.

Methodology

Let  be the number of parties. Such a system is called (t,n)-threshold, if at least t of these parties can efficiently decrypt the ciphertext, while fewer than t have no useful information. Similarly it is possible to define a (t,n)-threshold signature scheme, where at least t parties are required for creating a signature.

Application 

The most common application is in the storage of secrets in multiple locations to prevent the capture of the secret and the subsequent cryptanalysis of that system. Most often the secrets that are "split" are the secret key material of a public key cryptography or of a Digital signature scheme. The method primarily enforces the decryption or the signing operation to take place only if a threshold of the secret sharer operates (otherwise the operation is not made). This makes the method a primary trust sharing mechanism, besides its safety of storage aspects.

Derivatives of asymmetric cryptography

Threshold versions of encryption or signature schemes can be built for many asymmetric cryptographic schemes. The natural goal of such schemes is to be as secure as the original scheme. Such threshold versions have been defined by the above and by the following:

 Damgård–Jurik cryptosystem
 DSA
 ElGamal
 ECDSA (these are used in protecting Bitcoin wallets)
 Paillier cryptosystem
 RSA
 Schnorr signature

See also 
 Broadcast encryption
 Distributed key generation
 Secret sharing
 Secure multi-party computation
 Shamir's Secret Sharing
 Threshold (disambiguation)

References

Public-key cryptography
Eric Neale. Eric William Neale (26 September 1910 – 1997) was a British car designer.

Biography

Born in Halesowen, Worcestershire and educated at Halesowen Grammar School. He served as an apprentice designer at Mulliners in Birmingham.

In 1929 he left Mulliners to join Samuel Holbrook Limited in Coventry who made bodies for Alvis, Triumph and Armstrong Siddeley. After only two years he moved on to join Singer in Birmingham as a body designer, and later to Daimler where he worked on Lanchester and Daimler saloons.

In the late 1930s Neale moved to Austin and then to Wolseley.

During World War II Neale served in the Royal Air Force. After the war Neale went back to Wolseley and then in 1946 moved to Jensen.

Neale resigned from Jensen in 1966 following Jensen's decision to drop his P66 design in favour of the Touring design for the new Jensen Interceptor although he played an important role in amending the Italian Interceptor design so as to improve its appearance and make it suitable for production. His reputation as a stylist was somewhat negatively affected for many years by the headlamp design for the C-V8, however he was too loyal to his former employer to reveal that the teardrop-shaped headlamp covers of his original design had been removed prior to production by Richard Jensen, thereby leading to the controversial appearance of the production cars.

Eric Neale died in 1997.

Some of his cars

 Singer Nine
 Austin A40 Sports (1951–1953)
 Jensen Interceptor (1950)
 Jensen 541
 Jensen C-V8 1962–1966
 Jensen P66
 Jensen Interceptor (1966–1976) co-stylist

References

 

1910 births
People from Halesowen
British automobile designers
1997 deaths
Date of death missing
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
Prototype (Star Trek: Voyager). "Prototype" is the 29th episode of science fiction television series Star Trek: Voyager, and the 13th episode in the second season. It was written by Nicholas Corea and directed by Jonathan Frakes. This episode was broadcast on UPN Network on January 15, 1996. In this episode, the crew of spaceship making their way back to Earth have an encounter with a race of warring robotic life forms.

Plot
Chief Engineer B'Elanna Torres recovers a robot floating in space. She convinces Captain Janeway to ignore Commander Tuvok's warnings and allow her to revive the robot. It introduces itself as "Automated Unit 3947" of the "Pralor" robot faction. He reveals their creators were destroyed during a war decades ago and many Pralors are falling apart; with no one to create additional units, the Pralors will soon become extinct. 3947 asks Torres to build a prototype, which would allow the Pralors to procreate.

Captain Janeway forbids this, citing the Prime Directive. The Automated Units were not designed to reproduce; giving them the capability to do so would interfere with its culture. When a Pralor ship approaches Voyager to retrieve 3947, 3947 abducts Torres. The Pralor ship is prepared to destroy Voyager until Torres agrees to create the prototype. Torres succeeds.

The Voyager crew require a diversion to rescue Torres. Suddenly a second ship piloted by Automated Units appears and attacks the Pralors. The second ship identifies itself as the "Cravic" faction. 3947 reveals that two planets, Pralor and Cravic, created Automated Units to wage war against each other several decades ago. When the two planets called a truce and attempted to terminate the robots, the robots destroyed their creators out of self-preservation and continued their war. Torres realizes her prototype will upset the balance of the war and destroys it. Using the battle as their diversion, the Voyager crew transport Torres off the Pralor ship and leave the battlefield.

Reception 
This had Nielsen ratings of 5.9 points when it was broadcast on television in 1996.

Cinefantastique rated this episode 2.5 out of four.
Tor.com rated it 7 out of 10.

In 2020, Gizmodo listed this episode as one of the nine "must watch" episodes from season two of the show.

References

External links

 
 
 

Star Trek: Voyager season 2 episodes
1996 American television episodes
Television episodes directed by Jonathan Frakes
Television episodes about abduction
Television episodes about artificial intelligence
Television episodes about space warfare
Television episodes written by Nicholas J. Corea
Chrysler Natrium. The Chrysler Natrium was a hybrid fuel cell-type hydrogen vehicle based on the Chrysler Town and Country. It was showcased by Chrysler in 2001. 

The Natrium was powered by a battery pack and a fuel cell using hydrogen produced by a sodium borohydride reformer inside the car. Because the reactant (sodium borohydride, NaBH4) contained no carbon, the vehicle produced no carbon dioxide. It had a range of , similar interior space to a standard van, and could produce 110 or 240 volt alternating current.

Name 
"Natrium" is the Latin name of sodium, a salt of which, sodium borohydride, is used in the car's fuel cell.

References

Sources
 V. Hovland, A. Pesaran, R. Mohring, I.Eason, R. Schaller, D. Tran, T. Smith, G. Smith, “Water and Heat Balance in a Fuel Cell Vehicle With a Sodium Borohydride Hydrogen Fuel Processor.” Society of Automotive Engineer Technical paper 2003-01-2271.
 A Schell, H. Peng, D. Tran, E. Stamos, C.C. Lin, M.J. Kim.  “Modeling and control strategy development for fuel cell electric vehicles.”  Annual Reviews in Control 29 (2005) 159–168.

External links 
 Chrysler Natrium at allpar

Natrium
Fuel cell vehicles
Citroën C-Métisse. The Citroën C-Métisse is a concept car which was produced by the car manufacturer Citroën in collaboration with coachbuilder Stola. It was first introduced in the autumn of 2006 at the Paris Motor Show. It has been stated that the reason for creating such a car was to show that any hybrid car can have the same performance as any petrol or diesel-powered car.

The car is designed as a five-door 2+2 shooting brake. The first official pictures were revealed in September 2006. This is not the first time that Citroën has produced a hybrid car; in January 2006, they revealed the hybrid-powered version of the Citroën C4 alongside the hybrid-powered Peugeot 307. The car can use front-wheel, rear-wheel and all-wheel drive depending on the situation.

Specifications
Engine: 2.7 L V6 diesel with  on the front axles and two electric-wheel motors, by TM4 Electrodynamic Systems, with  on the rear axles
0–100 km/h (0–62 mph): 6.2 s
Top Speed: 
Fuel Consumption:

See also
 List of hybrid vehicles

References

External links
 http://www.diseno-art.com/encyclopedia/concept_cars/citroen_c-metisse.html

C-Metisse
Sports cars
Coupés
Hybrid electric cars
All-wheel-drive vehicles
Cray X1. The Cray X1 is a non-uniform memory access, vector processor supercomputer manufactured and sold by Cray Inc. since 2003. The X1 is often described as the unification of the Cray T90, Cray SV1, and Cray T3E architectures into a single machine. The X1 shares the multistreaming processors, vector caches, and CMOS design of the SV1, the highly scalable distributed memory design of the T3E, and the high memory bandwidth and liquid cooling of the T90.

The X1 uses a 1.2 ns (800 MHz) clock cycle, and eight-wide vector pipes in MSP mode, offering a peak speed of 12.8 gigaflops per processor. Air-cooled models are available with up to 64 processors. Liquid-cooled systems scale to a theoretical maximum of 4096 processors, comprising 1024 shared-memory nodes connected in a two-dimensional torus network, in 32 frames. Such a system would supply a peak speed of 50 teraflops. The largest unclassified X1 system was the 512-processor system at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, though this has since been upgraded to an X1E system.

The X1 can be programmed either with widely used message passing software like MPI and PVM, or with shared-memory languages like Unified Parallel C programming language or Co-array Fortran. The X1 runs an operating system called UNICOS/mp which shares more with the SGI IRIX operating system than it does with the UNICOS found on prior-generation Cray machines.

In 2005, Cray released the X1E upgrade, which uses dual-core processors, allowing two quad-processor nodes to fit on a node board. The processors are also upgraded to 1150 MHz. This upgrade almost triples the peak performance per board, but reduces the per-processor memory and interconnect bandwidth. X1 and X1E boards can be combined within the same system.

The X1 is notable for its development being partly funded by United States 
Government's National Security Agency (under the code name
SV2).
The X1 was not a financially successful product and it seems doubtful that it
or its successors would have been produced without this support.

References

External links
ORNL X1 evaluation
Cray Legacy Products
Cray X1E at top500.org

X1
Vector supercomputers
Computer-related introductions in 2003
HKW Chemnitz-Nord. HKW Chemnitz-Nord (abbreviation for Heizkraftwerk Chemnitz) is a lignite-fired power station in the northern parts of Chemnitz with a power capacity of 120 megawatts. It has a 301.8 metre tall chimney. In 2013 the chimney was painted in pastel colours by Daniel Buren.

Towers in Germany
Coal-fired power stations in Germany
Chimneys in Germany
Buildings and structures in Chemnitz
Greengairs Landfill. The Greengairs Landfill is a landfill site in Scotland that receives non-hazardous household, commercial and industrial waste from the North Lanarkshire area.  Greengairs was opened in 1990 and features landfill gas collection systems which are used to generate electricity for export into the National Grid.

The landfill is owned and operated by FCC Environment.

See also
Avondale Landfill

References

Landfills in the United Kingdom
Buildings and structures in North Lanarkshire
Environment of North Lanarkshire
Herne Power Plant. Herne power plant is a coal-fired power plant located at Herne in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It was constructed in 1962. The installed capacity of the plant is 950 megawatts. The power plant is owned and operated by Evonik Steag GmbH, a subsidiary of Evonik Industries.

In the 1980s, a fourth unit was added to the three older blocks. During this construction the high, 300 metre tall chimney and the large cooling tower, whose shape is present in the picture of the power station, were built. The power station annually produces approx. 5.2 billion kWh electrical power and 800 million kWh of long-distance heating. Annual coal consumption amounts to approx. 2 million tons.

External links

 http://www.skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b5018

Energy infrastructure completed in 1962
Energy infrastructure completed in 1989
Towers completed in 1989
Towers in Germany
Coal-fired power stations in Germany
Buildings and structures in Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia
Chimneys in Germany
Economy of North Rhine-Westphalia
Rockport Generating Station. Rockport Generating Station is a coal-fired power plant, located along the Ohio River in Ohio Township, Spencer County, Indiana, in the United States, near Rockport. The power plant is located along U.S. Route 231 (segment known as the Abraham Lincoln Memorial Parkway), approximately one mile north of the William H. Natcher Bridge, spanning the Ohio River. It is operated by Indiana Michigan Power, a subsidiary of American Electric Power.

History
Two identical non-cyclonic Babcock & Wilcox units (1,300 MW each) were launched into service in December 1984 and December 1988.  They are among the largest coal units built. The plant is connected to the grid by 765 kilovolt transmission lines (the highest rated voltage used in the United States). The power plant features the tallest smokestack in Indiana, and is one of the tallest smokestacks in the world at .

Coal supply
The coal is delivered to the plant by barges along the Ohio River. The plant burns in excess of seven million short tons of coal a year. To minimize cost, AEP announced in February 2018 that Rockport will rely solely on coal from the Powder River Basin in Wyoming.

Retirement
In July 2019, AEP announced that Rockport's Unit 1 will retire by the end of 2028. This was made in an agreement modification between AEP, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), several northeastern states, the Sierra Club, and other parties. The agreement allows AEP to achieve emission reduction goals while also shutting down Unit 1 without adding costly pollution control systems.

In April, 2021  AEP announced that Rockport's Unit 2 will also be retired by the end of 2028.

See also

 List of largest power stations in the United States
 List of power stations in Indiana
 List of tallest chimneys in the world

References

External links
Chimney Diagram

Energy infrastructure completed in 1984
Towers completed in 1984
Energy infrastructure completed in 1989
Towers in Indiana
Coal-fired power stations in Indiana
Buildings and structures in Spencer County, Indiana
Southwestern Indiana
Chimneys in the United States
American Electric Power
Harrison Power Station. Harrison Power Station is a 1.9-gigawatt (1,984 MW) coal-fired electricity-generating power station located in Haywood, West Virginia, owned and operated by FirstEnergy. It has one of the tallest chimneys in the world , built in 1994.

Its three identical units, rated at 650 MW each at the time of completion, were launched into service in 1972, 1973, and 1974 by Allegheny Energy at a cost of $400 million to build.

See also

 List of tallest freestanding structures in the world

References

External links
Harrison Fact Sheet
Chimney Diagram

Energy infrastructure completed in 1972
Energy infrastructure completed in 1973
Energy infrastructure completed in 1974
Towers completed in 1994
Chimneys in the United States
FirstEnergy
Buildings and structures in Harrison County, West Virginia
Towers in West Virginia
Coal-fired power stations in West Virginia
1972 establishments in West Virginia
White Bluff Power Plant. The White Bluff Power Plant is a 1,800.0-megawatt (MW) coal-fired power station operated by Entergy Arkansas in Barraque Township, Arkansas. The plant is owned and operated by Entergy and has one of the tallest chimneys in the world at , which was built in 1980.

Retirement
In 2018, Entergy announced it will close the plant by 2028.

Emissions
In 2013, Environment America ranked the plant 42 on its list of the 100 dirtiest coal-fired power stations in the U.S., reporting that its 2011 emissions were equivalent to 2.16 million passenger vehicles.

The plant released 10,250,228 metric tons of greenhouse gases in 2012 according to the EPA. The emissions in metric tons comprised:

Carbon dioxide: 10,172,525
Methane: 24,688
Nitrous oxide: 53,015

See also
 List of coal-fired power stations in the United States
 List of power stations in Arkansas

References

External links

 Data on generation and fuel consumption from the Energy Information Administration Electricity Data Browser
 Drawings of White Bluff Power Plant at SkyscraperPage.com

1980 establishments in Arkansas
Barraque Township
Buildings and structures in Jefferson County, Arkansas
Buildings and structures on the Arkansas River
Chimneys in the United States
Coal-fired power stations in Arkansas
Energy infrastructure completed in 1980
Entergy
Towers completed in 1980
Towers in Arkansas
Secunda CTL. Secunda CTL is a synthetic fuel plant owned by Sasol at Secunda, Mpumalanga in South Africa. It uses coal liquefaction to produce petroleum-like synthetic crude oil from coal. The process used by Sasol is based on the Fischer–Tropsch process. It is the largest coal liquefaction plant and the largest single emitter of greenhouse gas in the world.

Secunda CTL consists of two production units. The Sasol II unit was constructed in 1980 and the Sasol III unit in 1984.  It has total production capacity of .

Greenhouse gas emissions
 it is the world's largest single emitter of greenhouse gas, at 56.5 million tonnes  a year. However, if Afşin-Elbistan C power station in Turkey is built and operated at planned capacity it would emit over 60 million tonnes a year, though this project was stopped on the grounds of possible soil and air pollution. 

Air Liquide acquired the 42,000 tons/day oxygen production in 2020, with plans for 900 MW power plants to reduce  emissions.

Unique plant infrastructure
The Sasol III Steam Plant has a  tall chimney built by Concor, which consists of a  high windshield and four  reinforced concrete flues which together with a  high temporary roof on the 4th flue make it the tenth tallest structure, and the second tallest free-standing structure in Africa. It remains the tallest structure in South Africa, and the tallest free-standing structure in sub-Saharan Africa.

In Media
As a major component of South Africa's economy, Secunda was in turn a major target of the African National Congress during the apartheid era.  Two ANC attacks (and their aftermath) were dramatized in the 2006 film Catch a Fire.

See also
Sasol
Coal gasification

References

External links 
 

Petroleum in South Africa
Coal in South Africa
Chimneys in South Africa
Synthetic fuel facilities
Coal infrastructure
Energy infrastructure in South Africa
Economy of Mpumalanga
Secunda, Mpumalanga