omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Allotropes of plutonium. Plutonium occurs in a variety of allotropes, even at ambient pressure. These allotropes differ widely in crystal structure and density; the α and δ allotropes differ in density by more than 25% at constant pressure.

Overview
Plutonium normally has six allotropes and forms a seventh (zeta, ζ) under high temperature and a limited pressure range. These allotropes have very similar energy levels but significantly varying densities and crystal structures. This makes plutonium very sensitive to changes in temperature, pressure, or chemistry, and allows for dramatic volume changes following phase transitions. Unlike most materials, plutonium increases in density when it melts, by 2.5%, but the liquid metal exhibits a linear decrease in density with temperature. Densities of the different allotropes vary from 16.00 g/cm3 to 19.86 g/cm3.

Machining plutonium
The presence of these many allotropes makes machining plutonium very difficult, as it changes state very readily. For example, the alpha (α) phase exists at room temperature in unalloyed plutonium. It has machining characteristics similar to cast iron but changes to the beta (β) phase at slightly higher temperatures. 

The reasons for the complicated phase diagram are not entirely understood; recent research has focused on constructing accurate computer models of the phase transitions. The α phase has a low-symmetry monoclinic structure, hence its poor conductivity, brittleness, strength and compressibility.

Stabilization
Plutonium in the delta (δ) phase normally exists in the 310 °C to 452 °C range but is stable at room temperature when alloyed with a small percentage of gallium, aluminium, or cerium, enhancing workability and allowing it to be welded in weapons applications. The δ phase has more typical metallic character and is roughly as strong and malleable as aluminium. In fission weapons, the explosive shock waves used to compress a plutonium core will also cause a transition from the usual δ phase plutonium to the denser α phase, significantly helping to achieve supercriticality. The plutonium–gallium alloy is the most common δ-stabilized alloy.

Gallium, aluminium, americium, scandium and cerium can stabilize the δ phase of plutonium for room temperature. Silicon, indium, zinc and zirconium allow formation of a metastable δ state when rapidly cooled. High amounts of hafnium, holmium and thallium also allows retaining some of the δ phase at room temperature. Neptunium is the only element that can stabilize the α phase at higher temperatures. Titanium, hafnium and zirconium stabilize the β phase at room temperature when rapidly cooled.

References

Plutonium
Plutonium
Jörn Koblitz. Jörn Koblitz (born 1961) is publisher of MetBase - the Meteorite Information Database and Bibliography of Meteoritics and Planetary Sciences and curator of the MetBase Library of Meteoritics and Planetary Sciences, located in Bremen, Germany. 

He is also a co-founder and managing director of microFAB Bremen GmbH, a silicon wafer foundry active in the field of MEMS.

As a member of the Meteoritical Society since 1983, he served on the Society's Nomenclature Committee from 1997 to 2003.

Joern received the first Meteoritical Society's Service Award in 2006.

References

[1] https://web.archive.org/web/20110716201457/http://meteoriticalsociety.org/simple_template.cfm?code=home_awardees

1961 births
German curators
Meteorites
Living people
Harry H. Goode Memorial Award. The Harry H. Goode Memorial Award is an IEEE Computer Society annual awards in honor of Harry H. Goode for achievements in the information processing field which are considered either a single contribution of theory, design, or technique of outstanding significance, or the accumulation of important contributions on theory or practice over an extended time period, the total of which represent an outstanding contribution.

Recipients 
Recipients include:

See also 

 List of computer science awards

References

External links 
 Harry H. Goode Memorial Award - IEEE Computer Society. Info and winner list.
 IEEE Computer Society Award List. Small info about the award.

Computer science awards
IEEE society and council awards
Fliegerfaust. The Fliegerfaust (lit. "pilot fist","plane fist", or "aviator fist"), also known as the "Luftfaust" (lit. "air fist"), was a German prototype of a man-portable, multi-barreled, unguided rocket launcher, designed to destroy enemy ground attack planes.

Ordered into production in the last year of World War II, only a few were made and used before the end of the war in Europe.

Design and development 
Designed by Hugo Schneider AG (HASAG) of Leipzig in 1944, the Luftfaust was produced in two different versions.

The first version, which has been called Luftfaust A, had four one-metre long 20mm barrels stacked one on top of another. These fired 20mm calibre projectiles (weighing 90g and containing 19g of explosive) which were standard 20 mm Minengeschoss as used in German aircraft cannon, propelled by a small rocket and stabilised with fins. These were disposable weapons.

The second version, the Luftfaust B, renamed to Fliegerfaust in February 1945, increased the number of barrels to nine arranged in a circle, and increased the barrels' length. The total length was 150cm and it weighed 6.5 kg loaded. The firing sequence was four rounds from every other barrel followed by the remaining five after a 0.1 second delay. The delay was meant to prevent the projectiles from getting damaged by the previous launches' exhaust fumes, which could also interfere with their courses. Some sources, however, state that the barrels were fired individually with a delay of 2 seconds between each ignition.

The Fliegerfaust rocket projectiles were spin stabilized; some of the rocket exhaust was directed out through four small angled holes drilled around the exhaust. causing it to rotate. 

A six barrel 30 mm prototype was also constructed.

Combat use 
The Fliegerfaust was not a successful weapon because of its small effective range. The dispersion of its projectiles - up to 20% of the range - proved to be too large, and the anticipated range of  was never attained.  

Although 10,000 launchers and 4 million rockets were ordered in 1945 few were produced. About 80 of these weapons were used in combat trials by a unit based at Saarbrücken in April 1945.

However, a 1945 photograph of the Hotel Adlon, directly opposite the Brandenburg gate in Berlin, clearly shows at least 3 expended Fliegerfaust B's lying in the rubble.

Examples of the Luftfaust and Fliegerfaust are held Militärhistorische Museum (MHM) Dresden.

See also
Panzerfaust

References

Bibliography

External links 

Surface-to-air missiles of Germany
World War II infantry weapons of Germany
Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1945
Boardman's Windmill. Boardman's Drainage Windmill is located at How Hill in the English county of Norfolk It is on the east bank of the River Ant close to the large Edwardian building houses the Norfolk Broads Study Centre. The Drainage mill is  west of the village of Ludham. The structure is a grade II* listed building.

Description
Boardman's Drainage Windmill is of an interesting design being constructed from an open framed timber trestle method. The mill has a miniature cap, sails and fantail similar to the  traditional tower drainage mills which can be seen on other parts of the Norfolk Broads. The windmill was restored by the Norfolk Windmills Trust in partnership with the Broads Authority. Just to the north of this windmill on the same side of the river Ant is another small interesting drainage windmill called Clayrack Drainage Mill.

History 
Boardman's drainage windmill was built in 1897 by a local millwright Daniel England of Ludham. Trestle mills or Skeleton mills as they are sometimes described, were a later and less expensive alternative to a brick built windmill. As a result of their mainly timber construction very few have survived the ravages of the weather and of time. Boardman's mill is one of only three Trestle mills left on the Broads. The others being at Horning (OS Map Ref: TG344175) and at St Olaves (OS Map Ref: TM459995). The mill was originally fitted with a scoopwheel but this was later replaced with a turbine pump. Boardman's mill stopped pumping in 1938 when it was blown over in a Gale.

References 

Windmills of the Norfolk Broads
Smock mills in England
Grade II* listed buildings in Norfolk
Windmills completed in 1897
Windpumps in the United Kingdom
Grade II* listed windmills
Ludham
Czesław Zbierański. Czesław Michał Zbierański (1885–1982) was a Polish engineer, pioneer of Polish aviation, major of Polish Army. In 1910–1911, with Stanisław Cywiński, he constructed an aircraft with two pairs of wings, the first Polish aircraft constructed partially with metal. In the 1920s, Zbierański was producing cars, motorcycles and rail draisines. He was also a Polonia activist, and founder of an English language book collection of the Aviation Institute in Warsaw (1962). He was awarded the 5th Class Virtuti Militari.

Biography
Zbierański was born on 6 December 1885 in Warsaw.

He developed aviation interests after graduating at Lviv Polytechnic. He co-founded Aviators Circles () in which, with Stanisław Cywiński (who joined to the circles later), he planned, designed and constructed an aircraft, Zbierański i Cywiński. The first attempt to fly, in May 1911, failed. The reason for failure was that a part of the aircraft skin burned. On September 25, 1911 in Warsaw, Michał Scipio del Campio successfully flew the aircraft for a distance of about 15–20 kilometers in 15 minutes.

During World War I, Zbierański was in Polish Legions. During World War II, he worked on the construction of anti-aircraft warfare, and as a technical supervisor in production of Avro Anson V at the Federal Aircraft Company. Before the end of World War II he moved to U.S., dying in New York City on 31 May 1982.

See also
 List of aviation pioneers

References

 
 
 

1885 births
1982 deaths
Engineers from Warsaw
Polish aerospace engineers
Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party members
Polish legionnaires (World War I)
Blue Army (Poland) personnel
Polish Army officers
Polish aviators
Aviation pioneers
Lviv Polytechnic alumni
Polish emigrants to the United States
Illustra. Illustra was a commercialized version of the Postgres object-relational database management system (DBMS) sold by Illustra Information Technologies, a company founded in 1992 and formed by Michael Stonebraker, Gary Morgenthaler and several of Michael Stonebraker's current and former students including: Wei Hong, Jeff Meredith, Michael Olson, Paula Hawthorn, Jeff Anton, Cimarron Taylor and Michael Ubell.

The technology's extensibility model centered on DataBlade modules that defined types and associated index methods, operators, and functions for purposes and data domains that included Web publishing, search and manipulation of text, and management of geospatial information. It enabled all kinds of structured and unstructured multimedia data types to be stored as true objects in existing databases, and not just as parcels of data with object wrappers a la Oracle Corp.

In 1995, NASA decided Illustra would be the right tool to store and manipulate millions of satellite photographs. The only stumbling block was the company size: with only 150 employees, Illustra didn't have the manpower or the scale to support the NASA project.

The company was sold to Informix Corporation in 1996 by $400 million in stock, 40 times revenue. Stonebraker's share was $6.5 million, and he became CTO of Informix after the merger, a position he held until September 2000.  The technology was folded into the Informix 7 OnLine product line, shipped in December 1996, leading eventually to the creation of the unified Informix Universal Server (IUS) product line, or more generally, Version 9.

The entire Informix product line was sold to IBM, which continued to extend Informix, offering several editions for use under various license metrics (including two editions which are free of charge). In April 2017, IBM delegated active development and support to HCL Technologies for 15 years while keeping part of the marketing responsibilities.

References

External links
"Informix leaps to objects: Informix Universal Server promises to raise the database technology bar," by Bill Rosenblatt

Proprietary database management systems
Fokker D.XI. 

The Fokker D.XI was a 1920s Dutch single-seat fighter designed and built by Fokker

Design and development
The D.XI was designed by Reinhold Platz for Fokker and first flew on 23 March 1923. It was a single-seat sesquiplane (the lower wing was smaller than the upper) with a fixed tailskid landing gear. Due to financial problems, the Dutch government did not place an order, but 117 were built for export. There was some minor changes in design between customers, but all had the single-bay v-strut wing and powered by a 224 kW (300 hp) Hispano-Suiza piston engine. The twin radiators for the engine were mounted on the sides of the nose.

Operational history
The main customer was the USSR who operated the aircraft until 1929. The United States Army bought three aircraft for evaluation with the designation PW-7 and powered by a 328 kW (440 hp) Curtiss D.12. 50 aircraft on order for Germany were cancelled.

Operators

Argentine Army Aviation operated one aircraft

Royal Romanian Air Force - 50 purchased 1925

Soviet Air Force

Spanish Air Force

Swiss Air Force

United States Army Air Service

Specifications

Notes

References

 
 
 John Andrade, U.S.Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909, Midland Counties Publications, 1979,  (Page 160)
 The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982-1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing, pages 1874/5
 Los Fokker argentinos (Período 1919-1942)

1920s Dutch fighter aircraft
D 11
Sesquiplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Watermark (data synchronization). A Watermark for data synchronization describes an object of a predefined format which provides a point of reference value for two systems/datasets attempting to establish delta/incremental synchronization; any object in the queried data source which was created, modified, or deleted after the watermark's value will be qualified as "above watermark" and should be returned to the client requesting data.

This approach allows the client to retrieve only the objects which have changed since the latest watermark, and also enables the client to resume its synchronization job from where it left off in the event of some pause or downtime.

Methodology
Watermark term is often used in Directory Synchronization software development projects. For example, products such as Microsoft Exchange Server, Active Directory, Active Directory Application Mode (ADAM), and Microsoft Identity Integration Server 2003/ Microsoft Identity Lifecycle Manager Server 2007, as well as Cisco Unified Communications Manager or Sun Microsystems IPlanet and other LDAP-based directory products are using DirSync and consequently will consume "watermark" object to provide efficient synchronization between directories. Watermark object sometimes can be referred as "cookie".
DirSync control implementation can differ from product to product, however concept of watermark will allow any product to read changes in the directory incrementally.

See also
 Watermark (disambiguation)
 Microsoft Active Directory
 Microsoft Identity Integration Server
 High-water mark (computer security)

References

 "LDAP Control for Directory Synchronization" Microsoft Corporation

External links
 Understanding run profiles in MIIS 2003
 Microsoft Publishes Open Directory-Synchronization Interface
 Understanding the Directory
 LDAP Control for Directory

Data synchronization
Directory services
Bridge and Roof Company (India). Bridge And Roof Company (India) Limited is a Central Public Sector Enterprises (CPSE) of the Government of India, based in Kolkata, India. The company began in 1920. Bridge And Roof Co. (India) Ltd., is a construction organization, encompassing industrial and infrastructure sectors in India as well as abroad. It also undertakes EPC and Turnkey contracts.

In fiscal 2016, the company reported aggregated revenues of .

In 2019, the company completed their 100 years.

References

External links 
 Bridge and Roof Co. (India) website

Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1920
Construction and civil engineering companies of India
Companies based in Kolkata
Indian companies established in 1920
ATLO. In aerospace, Assembly, Test, and Launch Operations (ATLO), also known as Mission System Integration and Test (MSIT) is the phase of a spacecraft project that comprises building the spacecraft, testing it, and getting it launched.

Pictured to the right is John Wirth (left) and Kieran McKay (right) at Kennedy Space Center with ISS-RapidScat, the radar scatterometer which was built at JPL. Specifically, they were testing the rotating radar's capabilities at the Space Station Processing Facility.

References 

Aerospace engineering
Duan Yongping. Duan Yongping (; born 1961) is a Chinese-American billionaire entrepreneur and electrical engineer. He was the director of the Subor Electronics Industry Corporation and founded BBK Electronics Group (also the former Chairman). Duan's net worth was estimated at $1.5 billion, according to the 2018 Hurun China Rich List.

Early life and education
Born on 10 March 1961 in Nanchang, Jiangxi, China, Duan entered Zhejiang University in 1978, majoring in wireless electronics engineering. After graduation, he became a teacher at the adult education center of the Beijing Radio Tube Factory (now BOE Technology). Later, he studied at Renmin University, where he majored in econometrics. He also studied in CEIBS as an EMBA student for two years.

Career
In 1989, he was appointed director of Nihwa Electronics Factory in Zhongshan by the parent Yihua Group. Over six years, he transformed the business's fortunes. The company only had 20 workers including himself. They only had 3000 RMB cash but owed 2 million RMB debts. But after Duan's struggle, it quickly became top producer of the "learning computer" (). Branded as Subor (Xiao Ba Wang, ) it was very successful at producing famiclones for the Chinese and other markets. It also produced video-game facilities, which made a profit of more than 200 million RMB during 1994–1995.

In 1995, he left Xiao Ba Wang and founded BBK Electronics.

Founding of BBK
On 28 August 1995, Duan resigned from Subor, and founded BBK Electronics Industrial Group in Dongguan, Guangdong Province. Its main product was DVD players.  It is a well-known brand in cell phone, telephone and stereo devices.

From 2002 to 2004, he was the second largest individual shareholder (with more than 10% at peak) of NetEase after William Ding Lei.

Personal life and philanthropy
Together with William Ding Lei, Duan donated  to Zhejiang University in September 2006. This is the biggest endowment in recent years for higher education in mainland China.

In 2007, Duan spent US$620,100 to have lunch with Warren Buffett ("Power Lunch with Warren Buffett"), the money was donated to the Glide Foundation. Due to his success in the stock market, and philanthropic activities, he has been called the "Chinese Buffett".

Duan founded the Enlight Foundation in 2004. It is run by his spouse Xin Liu, who is also the director and co-founder of Xinhe Foundation (previously Xinping Foundation) in China.

References

Further reading 
 

1961 births
Living people
Chinese billionaires
Businesspeople from Jiangxi
Zhejiang University alumni
Renmin University of China alumni
People from Nanchang
Businesspeople in electronics
OnePlus people
Chinese technology company founders
Meisei University. is a private university in Tokyo, Japan. The school's two campuses are in Hino (along with the headquarters) and Ōme. It also offers correspondence courses which it introduced in 1967.

History
The university developed from the Meisei Gakuen Institute, that had been founded in 1951 as a parent to several schools that had been founded since 1923. The university was opened in 1964 with just one faculty, the Faculty of Physical Sciences and Engineering. Further faculties were added:
Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1965.
Department of Economics, 1966.
Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1971.
Graduate School of Physical Sciences and Engineering, 1972.
Faculty of Japanese Culture, 1992.
Faculty of Informatics, 1992.
Graduate School of Informatics, 1998.

Notable alumni
Naoki Urasawa - Japanese manga artist

References

External links
Official English Homepage

1964 establishments in Japan
Universities and colleges established in 1964
Private universities and colleges in Japan
Universities and colleges in Tokyo
Hino, Tokyo
Ōme, Tokyo
Downey Studios. The Downey Studios was a production studio in Downey, California.
The studio featured  of indoor and outdoor production space including a  building and a  building which was home of the largest indoor water tank in North America. A suburban residential street backlot built especially for Christmas with the Kranks, with 5 complete homes and 11 facades, was also available at the studio.

The studios were created out of the former Rockwell International plant where the Space Shuttle orbiters as well as some vehicles for the Apollo space program were assembled. The studios occupied only a portion of the former plant with the Downey Landing shopping complex, a Kaiser Permanente hospital, a park, and Columbia Memorial Space Center museum taking up the remainder of the space.

In October 2012 demolition of Downey Studios had begun. The Promenade at Downey retail power center is located on the site today.

TV and film credits

 Iron Man 2 (2010)
 Deep in the Valley (2009)
 Couples Retreat (2009)
 G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra (2009)
 Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull (2008)
 Iron Man (2008)
 Pineapple Express (2008)
 Cloverfield (2008)
 Top Gear (2008)
 The No Sit List (2008)
 Out of Jimmy's Head (2007–2008)
 Zodiac (2007)
 Charlie Wilson's War (2007)
 Smash Lab (2007)
 Yo Gabba Gabba!, Season 1, 2007, Season 3, 2009
 The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause (2006)
 The Prestige (2006)
 Déjà Vu (2006)
 Smokin' Aces (2006)
 Free Ride (2006)
 The Slaughterhouse Massacre (2005)
 The Island (2005)
 Fun with Dick and Jane (2005)
 Van Helsing (2004)
 Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004)
 Christmas with the Kranks (2004)
 In Enemy Hands (2004)
 The Italian Job (2003)
 Terminator 3: Rise of the Machines (2003)
 Daredevil (2003)
 Clockstoppers (2002)
 Catch Me If You Can (2002)
 Spider-Man (2002)
 Space Cowboys (2000)
 Life (1999)
 Can't Hardly Wait (1998)

Music Videos
 "Alejandro" - Lady Gaga (2009)
 "White & Nerdy" - "Weird Al" Yankovic (2010)
 “Otis” - Kanye West (2011)
 "Famous Last Words" - My Chemical Romance (2006)
 "Welcome To The Black Parade" - My Chemical Romance (2006)
 " Neighborhoods" - Blink - 182 (2011)

References

External links
Downey Studios website

IMDb Profile
Columbia Memorial Space Center — near former site.

Mass media companies established in 1998
Mass media companies disestablished in 2012
Defunct American film studios
Downey, California
Buildings and structures demolished in 2012
Demolished buildings and structures in California