omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Immittance. Immittance is a term used within electrical engineering and acoustics, specifically bioacoustics and the inner ear, to describe the combined measure of electrical or acoustic admittance and electrical or acoustic impedance. Immittance was initially coined by H. W. Bode in 1945, and was first used to describe the electrical admittance or impedance of either a nodal or a mesh network. Bode also suggested the name "adpedence", however the current name was more widely adopted. In bioacoustics, immittance is typically used to help define the characteristics of noise reverberation within the middle ear and assist with differential diagnosis of middle-ear disease. Immittance is typically a complex number which can represent either or both the impedance and the admittance (ratio of voltage to current or vice versa in electrical circuits, or volume velocity to sound pressure or vice versa in acoustical systems) of a system. 

Immittance does not have an associated unit because it applies to both impedance, which is measured in ohms () or acoustic ohms, and admittance, which is commonly measured in siemens () and historically has also been measured in mhos (), the reciprocal of ohms.

Notable usage

Bioacoustics
In audiology, tympanometry is sometimes referred to as immittance testing. Tympanometry is especially effective when both the impedance and admittance of the inner ear are accounted for. Immittance allows for the analysis of both, and therefore is crucial to multiple-component, multiple-frequency tympanometry. Clinically, few cases require the use of this technique for accurate diagnosis; but for the fewer than 20% of cases which do require it, the technique is a necessity.  Multiple-component, multiple-frequency tympanometry is invaluable for the differential diagnosis of fixation of the lateral ossicular chain from fixation of the stapes, profound mixed hearing losses, clinical otosclerosis from disruption of the ossicular chain, hypermobility of the incudostapedial joint, and congenital ossicular fixation in children.

Electrical engineering
In electronics, an immittance Smith chart can be created by overlaying both the impedance and admittance grids, which is useful for cascading series-connected with parallel-connected electric circuits. This allows for the visualization of changes in impedance or admittance in the system caused by components of either the series or parallel circuit.

External links

 Network Analysis and Feedback Amplifier Design (H. W. Bode, 1945)

References

Physical quantities
Electrical parameters
Vesijärvi. Vesijärvi is a lake of  near Lahti in southern Finland. It suffered severe effects of eutrophication in the 1960s and a restoration programme began in the 1970s; by the start of the 2020s, the lake's water quality and ecosystem had significantly improved. The Enonselkä Basin is a part of Vesijärvi.

The name of the lake means literally 'Water Lake'.

Cyanobacteria bloom remediation
 Biomanipulation is an approach that applies the top-down model of community organization to alter ecosystem characteristics.
 Ecologists used cyanobacteria blooms as an alternative to using chemical treatments.
 Lake Vesijärvi was polluted by city sewage and industrial wastewater until 1976, at which point pollution controls reduced these inputs. By 1986 massive blooms of cyanobacteria began occurring, as well as dense populations of roach, a fish that benefited from the pollution's mineral nutrients. Roach eat zooplankton that otherwise keep cyanobacteria in check. To remediate this problem, ecologists removed about a million of kilograms of fish, reducing roach to 20% of their former abundance, between 1989 and 1994, and stocked the lake with pike perch which eats roach. The water has since become clear, and the last cyanobacteria bloom was in 1989.

In popular culture
 The ninth track on Geographer's 2012 album Myth is titled "Vesijärvi".

See also
 Enonsaari – an island located in the lake.
 Kajaanselkä Basin - a lake basin that connects to lake Vesijarvi
 Pikku-Vesijärvi

References

External links 

Kymi basin
Lakes of Lahti
De Havilland Leopard Moth. The de Havilland DH.85 Leopard Moth is a three-seat high-wing cabin monoplane designed and built by the de Havilland Aircraft Company in 1933.

Design and construction
It was a successor to the DH.80 Puss Moth and replaced it on the company's Stag Lane and later Hatfield production lines. It was similar in configuration to the earlier aircraft, but instead of a fuselage with tubular steel framework, a lighter all-plywood structure was used which allowed a substantial improvement in range, performance and capacity on the same type of engine.  The pilot is seated centrally in front of two side-by-side passengers and the wings can be folded for hangarage.

Operational history
The prototype first flew on 27 May 1933 and in July won the King's Cup Race at an average speed of 139.5 mph (224.5 km/h), piloted by Geoffrey de Havilland. A total of 133 aircraft were built, including 71 for owners in the British Isles, and 10 for Australia, including one delivered to Nancy Bird Walton, the first female commercial air operator in Australia. Other examples were exported to France, Germany, India, South Africa and Switzerland. Production of the Leopard Moth ended in 1936.

44 Leopard Moths were impressed into military service in Britain and others in Australia during World War II, mostly as communications aircraft. Only a few managed to survive six years of hard usage although a small number were still airworthy seventy years after the last was completed. Six remained operational in the U.K. in 2009.

Operators

Military operators

Aviation militaire de la Force publique First aircraft (C-1) entered service 9 October 1940.

L'Armée de l'Air

Luftwaffe (small numbers)

Royal Indian Air Force

Dutch Army Aviation Group

Portuguese Air Force

South African Air Force

Southern Rhodesian Air Force operated one aircraft only.

Spanish Air Force

Malayan Volunteer Air Force

Royal Air Force impressed into service a number of former civil aircraft, using them as communications and liaison aircraft during the Second World War.
Royal Navy impressed into service two former civil aircraft.

Royal Yugoslav Air Force operated one aircraft only.

Airline operators

Air India

Specifications (DH.85)

See also

References

Bibliography

 

Leopard Moth
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1930s British civil utility aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Operation Desert Badger. Operation Desert Badger was a U.S. plan for response if a U.S. airman was shot down while patrolling the Iraqi no-fly zones. It was designed to disrupt the Iraqis' ability to capture the pilot by attacking Saddam's command and control centers in downtown Baghdad. It included an escalating attack if the pilot was captured. This attack would allow for the President of the United States to order a small attack within four hours—either with U.S. aircraft or some fifty Tomahawk cruise missiles from Navy ships in the Persian Gulf.  The plan was not devised as a way to invade Iraq, but was designed to be a larger attack than 1998's Operation Desert Fox.

References

Iraqi no-fly zones conflict
United States Department of Defense plans
Theodore Burr. Theodore Burr (August 16, 1771 – November 22, 1822) was an inventor from Torrington, Connecticut,  who was credited with the Burr Arch Truss bridge design. He designed and built one of the first bridges across the Hudson River and several bridges that crossed the Susquehanna River.

Patent
Burr was awarded US Patent No. 2769 on April 4, 1817, for his arch and truss bridge design. The "Burr arch truss" used two long arches, resting on the abutments on either end, that typically sandwiched a multiple kingpost structure. Theodore Burr built nearly every bridge that crossed the Susquehanna River from Binghamton, New York, to Maryland in the early 19th century. His successes made him the most distinguished architect of bridges in the country.

Professional life
Theodore Burr came to Oxford, New York in 1792. By 1794, he had built a grist mill (once owned by Fletcher & Corbin), and a dam to power the mill. In 1800, he built the first stringer bridge across the Chenango River in Oxford.

Around 1804, Burr built the first "sizable bridge" crossing New York's Hudson River, at Waterford, New York. It stood for over a century until it was destroyed by fire in 1909.

A few miles from the Waterford bridge, in 1808 the 997-foot Burr Bridge in Schenectady, NY was opened, held up by 7 piers. It was a suspension bridge rather than an arched bridge, the suspension cables being made of wood. It originally consisted of four very long spans across three piers, but it soon started to sag and four additional piers were added to support it.

From 1809 to 1811, he built an impressive Federal style house for his family at 8 Fort Hill Park in Oxford. Wings were added to both sides of the house at a later and unknown date. The building still stands and houses the Oxford Memorial Library.

Between 1811 and 1818, Burr designed, then constructed or supervised five crossings of the Susquehanna River.  The first four were in Pennsylvania at Nescopeck Falls (Berwick), Columbia, Harrisburg, and Northumberland.  The last was the  Susquehanna River Bridge near Port Deposit, Maryland.

Personal life 
In 1789, Burr married Asenath Cook in Hartford, Connecticut. On April 13, 1794, they had a daughter named Philomela Burr.

See also
Burr Truss

References

Sources

External links
 Direct link to US Patent No. 2769 image

American civil engineers
19th-century American inventors
1771 births
1822 deaths
American people of English descent
Theodore
People from Oxford, New York
Armstrong Siddeley Adder. The Armstrong Siddeley ASA.1 Adder was an early British turbojet engine developed by the Armstrong Siddeley company and first run in November 1948.

Design and development
The Adder, a turbojet derivative of the Armstrong Siddeley Mamba, was originally developed as an expendable engine to power the Jindivik 1 target drone. The engine was then developed into a longer-life engine before evolving into the more-powerful Armstrong Siddeley Viper.

The ASA.1 Adder was flight tested in the rear-turret position of the Avro Lancaster III SW342, the aircraft also having been previously modified and used for icing trials of the Mamba by Armstrong Siddeley's Flight Test Department at Bitteswell.

Applications
GAF Pika
Saab 210

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading

External links

 Minijets website
 "Adder" a 1951 Flight article

Adder
1940s turbojet engines
Burr Truss. The Burr Arch Truss—or, simply, Burr Truss or Burr Arch—is a combination of an arch and a multiple kingpost truss design. It was invented in 1804 by Theodore Burr, patented on April 3, 1817, and used in bridges, usually covered bridges.

Design
The design principle behind the Burr arch truss is that the arch should be capable of bearing the entire load on the bridge while the truss keeps the bridge rigid.  Even though the kingpost truss alone is capable of bearing a load, this was done because it is impossible to evenly balance a dynamic load crossing the bridge between the two parts.  The opposite view is also held, based on computer models, that the truss performs the majority of the load bearing and the arch provides the stability.  Either way, the combination of the arch and the truss provides a more stable bridge capable of supporting greater weight than either the arch or truss alone.

The U.S. state of Indiana has a large collection of Burr Truss bridges.  Of its 92 extant bridges, 53 are Burr Trusses, many of which reside in Parke County.

Design specification

References

External links

Truss bridges by type
American inventions
Trusses
Fusible link. A fusible link is a mechanical or electrical safety device. They are used in fire sprinkler heads to activate the sprinkler in the presence of heat. They are used in automobile electrical systems as a fuse.

Mechanical fusible link

A mechanical fusible link is a device consisting of two strips of metal soldered together with a fusible alloy that is designed to melt at a specific temperature, thus allowing the two pieces to separate.  Mechanical fusible links are utilized as the triggering device in fire sprinkler systems and mechanical automatic door release mechanisms that close fire doors in warehouses, etc.  Fire dampers in ventilation systems have fusible links so that the dampers close automatically in case of fire, limiting the spread of flame or hot gases through a building. Some high-security safes also utilize fusible link-based relockers as a defense against torches and heat-producing tools. Mechanical fusible links come in a variety of designs and different temperature ratings.

Electrical fusible link
An electrical fusible link is a type of electrical fuse that is constructed simply with a short piece of wire typically four American wire gauge (AWG) sizes smaller than the wire that is being protected. For example, an AWG 16 fusible link might be used to protect AWG 12 wiring. Electrical fusible links are common in high-current automotive applications.  The wire in an electrical fusible link is encased in high-temperature fire-resistant insulation to reduce hazards when the wire melts.

See also
 Thermal fuse
 Fuse (automotive)

References

Safety equipment
Link
Kesternich. Kesternich testing is a common name for sulfur dioxide testing. There are several test methods available, including DIN 50018, ISO 3231, and ASTM G87, which are some of the more common methods. Industrial objects (especially metal objects subject to corrosion) often are rated in Kesternich cycles (a measure of resistance to corrosion).

See also
For chambers to run this test see: Kesternich test

Sulfur
Khaibar-1. The Khaibar-1  (), also known as the Khyber-1, M-302, B-302 and the R160 is a Syrian-made 302 mm unguided artillery rocket. It is best known for being used by Hezbollah against targets in northern Israel during the 2006 Lebanon War, and has also been used in the Syrian Civil War. It is a derivative of the Chinese WS-1 rocket.

The Khaibar-1 is significant because the rocket has a 100 km range, longer than the BM-21 Grad rockets that make up most of the Hezbollah rocket force. It uses a unique Syrian-designed launcher and possibly a cluster munition or fragmentation warhead. The rocket is easily recognizable by its fixed tail fins. In its M-302 incarnation, it is capable of 150km range.

The rocket is often misidentified as Iranian or as a variant of Iranian Fajr-3 or Fajr-5 rockets.

Hamas claims to be able to manufacture its own version of the M-302, named the R-160, named after one of its former leaders Abdel Aziz Al Rantisi.

Characteristics
The Khaibar-1 is a rocket with a range capability of 100 kilometers when carrying a payload weighing 150 kilograms. This projectile is generally armed with large warheads designed for anti-personnel effects. It measures 6.3 meters in length, has a body diameter of 0.302 meters, and a launch weight of approximately 750 kilograms. The launch apparatus consists of a two-tiered structure, with each layer comprising three firing tubes. The Khaibar-1, while being unguided, boasts greater accuracy compared to the majority of locally produced rockets utilized by Hezbollah and Hamas. It also benefits from enhanced storage options due to its increased durability. Unlike the Fajr-5, the Khaibar-1 does not employ a spin mechanism during flight, which may affect its precision adversely.

Origin of the name
Khaibar, also spelled Khaybar, is an oasis approximately 95 miles north of Medina, which was once the largest Jewish settlement in Arabia. The name was chosen as a reminder of the Battle of Khaybar, a battle that took place in 629 between Muhammad and his followers against the Jewish people who inhabited the settlement. The name of the rocket was first revealed on July 28, 2006 by Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah in a speech on Al-Manar television station.

Usage

The rocket's first use was being fired at the town of Afula during the 2006 Lebanon War. In early August 2006, Khaibar-1 rockets were reported to hit Beit Shean, about 70 km south of the Lebanese border, Hadera, and Haifa, Israel's third-largest city.

Iran has attempted to ship the Khaibar-1 rocket to Gaza as well.
28 rockets to the according distination 5ddbe83j8twhw9gw

Operators

Current

Non-state operators
  Hamas
  Hezbollah

See also
2006 Lebanon War
WS-1 on which the Khaibar-1 is based.

References

Tactical ballistic missiles
Hezbollah rocket systems
Weapons of Syria
Surface-to-surface missiles of Syria
XML Events. In computer science and web development, XML Events is a W3C standard for handling events that occur in an XML document. These events are typically caused by users interacting with the web page using a device, such as a web browser on a personal computer or mobile phone.

Formal definition 
An XML Event is the representation of some asynchronous occurrence (such as a mouse button click) that gets associated with a data element in an XML document. XML Events provides a static, syntactic binding to the DOM Events interface, allowing the event to be handled.

Motivation 
The XML Events standard is defined to provide XML-based languages with the ability to uniformly integrate event listeners and associated event handlers with Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 event interfaces. The result is to provide a declarative, interoperable way of associating behaviors with XML-based documents such as XHTML.

Advantages of XML Events 
XML Events uses a separation of concerns design pattern, and is technology-neutral with regard to handlers. It gives authors freedom in organizing their code and allows separation of document content from scripting.

Legacy HTML and early SVG versions bind events to presentation elements by encoding the event name in an attribute name, such that the value of the attribute is the action for that event at that element. For example, (with JavaScript’s onclick attribute):

Stay <a href="http://www.example.org" onclick="window.alert('Hello!'); return false;">here</a>!

This design has three drawbacks:
 it hard-wires the events into the language, so that adding new event types requires changes to the language
 it forces authors to mix the content of the document with the specifications of the scripting and event handling, rather than allowing them to separate them.
 it restricts authors to a single scripting language per document.

Relationship to other standards 
Unlike DOM Events, which are usually associated with HTML documents, XML events are designed to be independent of specific devices. XML Events are used extensively in XForms and in version 1.2 of the SVG specification, , which is still a working draft.

Example of XML Events using a listener in XForms 
The following is an example of how XML events are used in the XForms specification:

<html
   xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"
   xmlns:ev="http://www.w3.org/2001/xml-events"
   xmlns:xf="http://www.w3.org/2002/xforms">
   <head>
      <ev:listener event="DOMActivate" observer="myButton" 
          handler="#doit"/>
   </head>
   
<xf:trigger xml:id="myButton"><xf:label>Do it!</xf:label></xf:trigger>
<script xml:id="doit" type="application/ecmascript">
alert("test");
</script>
</html>

In this example, when the DOMActivate event occurs on the data element with an id attribute of myButton, the handler doit (for example, a JavaScript element) is executed.

See also 
 ECMAScript
 JavaScript
 DOM Events
 XForms
 XHTML

References

External links 
 W3C XML Events Specification was a W3C Recommendation on 14 October 2003
 W3C XML Events for HTML Authors tutorial

World Wide Web Consortium standards
XML
Videoface. Videoface Digitizer is a video digitizer interface for the ZX Spectrum home computer.  It was produced by Data-Skip from The Netherlands and later on by Romantic Robot UK Ltd from UK in 1987.  It was originally sold for GBP 69, but the price dropped to 30 GBP within few years.

Videoface takes signal from any video source with composite video out capability. It produces a 256 × 192 pixel 4-bit screen.  Scanning speed is just below four frames per second.  These screens can be saved as single pictures or animations with variable speed, and later loaded into any drawing program for editing.  During scanning, the contrast of the picture can be adjusted by turning the knob on top of the Videoface, and the picture can be shifted horizontally and vertically.

External links

References

ZX Spectrum
Home computer peripherals
International Conference on Microreaction Technology. The International Conference on Microreaction Technology (IMRET) is a scientific conference series
in the field of micro process engineering and the science of microreactors.

Chronology
 IMRET 1,  Frankfurt, Germany, February 1997
 IMRET 2,  New Orleans, United States, March 1998
 IMRET 3, Frankfurt, Germany, April 1999
 IMRET 4, Atlanta, United States, March 2000
 IMRET 5,  Strasbourg, France, May 2001
 IMRET 6, New Orleans, United States, March 2002
 IMRET 7,  Lausanne, Switzerland, September 2003
 IMRET 8,  Atlanta, United States, April 2005
 IMRET 9, Potsdam, Germany, September 2006
 IMRET 10,  New Orleans, United States, April 2008
 IMRET 11,  Kyoto, Japan, March 2010
 IMRET 12,  Lyon, France, February 2012
 IMRET 13,  Budapest, Hungary, June 2014
 IMRET 14,  Beijing, China, September 2016
 IMRET 15,  Karlsruhe, Germany, October 2018

Chemical engineering organizations
Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay. Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) is a program initiated by the World Meteorological Organization. 
AMDAR is used to collect meteorological data worldwide by using commercial aircraft.

Data is collected by the aircraft navigation systems and the onboard standard temperature and static pressure probes.
The data is then preprocessed before linking them down to the ground either via VHF communication (ACARS)
or via satellite link ASDAR.

A detailed description is given in the AMDAR Reference Manual (WMO-No 958) available from the World Meteorological Organization, 
Geneva, Switzerland

Usage 
AMDAR transmissions are most commonly used in forecast models as a supplement to radiosonde data, to aid in the plotting of upper-air data between the standard radiosonde soundings at 00Z and 12Z.

See also
 Solar-powered aircraft

References

Meteorological data and networks
Meteorological instrumentation and equipment