omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
DMS. DMS may refer to:

Science and technology

Computing
 Document management system
 Digital Media Server, a category within the Digital Living Network Alliance standard
 Disk Masher System, compression software for the Amiga computer
 Unisys DMS, a Unisys OS 2200 database
 Unisys DMSII
 Digital Microsystems, Inc., an early microcomputer company
 Digital Multiplex System, a telephone exchange system
 Dealership management system, for car dealerships
 DMS Software Reengineering Toolkit, program transformation tools
 DMS-59, a video connector supporting two displays

Chemistry and materials science
 Differential mobility spectrometry in ion-mobility spectrometry–mass spectrometry
 Dilute magnetic semiconductor, semiconductors with magnetic properties
 Dimethyl sulfate, a methylating agent
 Dimethyl sulfide, an organosulfur compound
 N,N-Dimethylsphingosine
 Dimethylstilbestrol, a nonsteroidal estrogen

Other uses in science and technology
 Data management and sharing, an abbreviation used by the U.S. National Institutes of Health in connection with a policy on data management plans updated in 2023 (sharing.nih.gov)
 Dead man's switch
 Degree-Minute-Second, sexagesimal degree divisions
 Diagnostic medical sonography, in ultrasound imaging
 Distribution management system, of electrical energy
 Dynamic message sign, a variable-message traffic sign
 Delusional misidentification syndrome - a class of mental delusions, caused by various neurological diseases.
 Driver Monitoring System - monitors that the driver of a car is awake and alert

Education
 Delft Management Society, a student society of Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
 Post-Graduate Diploma in Management Studies (post-nominal letters D.M.S.)
 Doctor of Medical Science, a professional doctorate for physician assistants (post-nominal letters DMS or DMSc)
 Dartmouth Medical School
 Demonstration Multipurpose School (DMS), Mysore, India

Military
 Decoration for Meritorious Services, South Africa until 1987
 Distinguished Military Service Medal, Papua New Guinea
 Defence Medical Services, UK
 Director Medical Services (UK), Army Medical Services
 DMS Maritime, providing services to the Australian navy
 Defense Message System, in the US Department of Defense
 A US Navy hull classification symbol: High speed/Destroyer minesweeper (DMS)

Other uses
 Design Manufacture Service, an outsourcing business model
 Daimler/Leyland Fleetline London Transport double-decker bus prefix
 Diminishing manufacturing sources
 Directly Moulded Sole - Where the rubber sole of a shoe is melted onto the body

See also
DM (disambiguation)
DOMS (disambiguation)
Marquis reagent. Marquis reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of formaldehyde and concentrated sulfuric acid, which is dripped onto the substance being tested. The United States Department of Justice method for producing the reagent is the addition of 100 mL of concentrated (95–98%) sulfuric acid to 5 mL of 40% formaldehyde. Different compounds produce different color reactions. Methanol may be added to slow down the reaction process to allow better observation of the colour change.

History
Marquis reagent was first discovered in 1896 and described by the Russian (Estonian) pharmacologist, Eduard Markus (1871–1944) () in his magister dissertation in 1896; and named after him, and was tested for the first time at the University of Dorpat. The reagent should be stored in the freezer for maximum shelf life.

It is the primary presumptive test used in Ecstasy reagent testing kits. It can also be used to test for such substances as opiates (e.g. codeine, heroin), and phenethylamines (e.g. 2C-B, mescaline).

The test is performed by scraping off a small amount of the substance and adding a drop of the reagent (which is initially clear and colorless).  The results are analyzed by viewing the color of the resulting mixture, and by the time taken for the change in color to become apparent:

Results
Reagent test results develop very quickly and due to reactions with moisture and oxygen in air, any changes after the first 60 seconds should be discarded.

Mechanism
The colour change from morphine is proposed to be a result of two molecules of morphine and two molecules of formaldehyde condensing to the dimeric product which is protonated to the oxocarbenium salt.

See also
Drug checking
Drug test
Dille–Koppanyi reagent
Folin's reagent
Froehde reagent
Liebermann reagent
Mandelin reagent
Mecke reagent
Simon's reagent
Zwikker reagent

References

External links
Marquis reagent colors list, very comprehensive
Marquis Reagent Testing Kit - WIM Scientific Laboratories
DHPedia - Marquis reagent: A comprehensive list of colour reactions

Chemical tests
Analytical reagents
Drug testing reagents
C-Stoff. C-Stoff (; "substance C") was a reductant used in bipropellant rocket fuels (as a fuel itself) developed by Hellmuth Walter Kommanditgesellschaft in Germany during World War II. It was developed for use with T-Stoff (a high-test peroxide) as an oxidizer, which together with C-Stoff as the fuel, forms a hypergolic mixture.

The proportions of the components in C-Stoff were developed to catalyse the decomposition of T-Stoff, promote combustion with the oxygen released by the decomposition, and sustain uniform combustion through sufficient quantity of the highly reactive hydrazine.  The combination of the C-Stoff, used as a rocket fuel, with the T-Stoff used as the oxidizer, often resulted in spontaneous explosion from their combined nature as a hypergolic fuel combination, necessitating strict hygiene in fueling operations; there were numerous catastrophic explosions of the Messerschmitt Me 163 aircraft that employed this fuel system.  Another hazard was toxicity to humans of each of the propellants.

C-fuel 
After the war, Allied studies into rocket propellants continued with engines such as the Armstrong Siddeley Beta, under the name "C-fuel".

See also
 List of stoffs
 UDMH

References 

German inventions of the Nazi period
Rocket fuels
CW. CW may stand for:

Science and technology
 centiwatt (cW), one hundredth of a watt
 Cω, a programming language
 CW complex, a type of topological space
 Carrier wave, in radio communications
 CodeWarrior, an integrated development environment by Metrowerks
 Constructed wetland, a man-made wetland to treat wastewater
 Continuous wave, a method of radio transmission (telegraphy) that carries Morse code, and a microwave theory
 ClarisWorks, an office suite now known as AppleWorks
 Drag coefficient, a measure of air resistance commonly denoted 
 Contention Window, a network traffic technique
 chemical formula of tungsten carbide

Arts and media

Gaming
 Castle Wolfenstein, a 1981 video game
 Cube World, a video game

Publications
 Computerworld, an information technology magazine
 The Crimson White, a student-run newspaper of the University of Alabama

Other media
 The CW, an American television network/programming service
The CW Plus, a national feed of the network
 Creative writing, any writing that goes outside the bounds of normal professional, journalistic, academic, or technical forms of literature
 CloverWorks, a Japanese animation studio

Companies
 Cable & Wireless plc, a British telecommunications company
 Camping World, an outdoor equipment retailer
 Colonial Williamsburg
 Curtiss-Wright, an engineering company (NYSE: CW)

Military
 Chemical warfare, using the toxic properties of chemical substances as weapons
 Chemical weapon, munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans
 Chief warrant officer (when followed by a numerical designation of rank), an officer in a military organisation who is designated an officer by a warrant
 Cold War, a state of geopolitical tension following World War II

Places
 CW postcode area around Crewe, England
 Canada West, an obsolete designation for the western part of Canada
 Canada's Wonderland, an amusement park in Vaughan, Ontario, Canada
 Cook Islands (FIPS Pub 10-4 and obsolete NATO designation), a self-governing island country in the South Pacific Ocean 
 County Carlow, in Ireland
 Curaçao (ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code CW), a Lesser Antilles island in the southern Caribbean Sea and the Dutch Caribbean region
 Calw, a city in southern Germany

Other uses
 Air Marshall Islands (IATA code CW), an airline based in Majuro, in the Marshall Islands
 Calendar week
 Christian Worship: A Lutheran Hymnal, a hymnal used by the WELS
 Clockwise, motion that proceeds in the same direction as a clock's hands
 Common Worship, a liturgy of the Church of England
 Conventional wisdom, a description of ideas that are generally accepted as true
 Cruiserweight (boxing), a weight class in professional boxing between light heavyweight and heavyweight
 Content warning
 Culture war
 C. W. Anderson (born 1970), professional wrestler
 A suffix for the cool-white halophoshate fluorescent lamp phosphor. See here: Fluorescent-Lamp Formats
VDC. VDC may refer to:

Military
 Volunteer Defence Corps (Australia)
 Volunteer Defense Corps (Thailand)

Technology
 Vehicle Dynamics Control, a means of increasing vehicle stability through a combination of throttle restriction and braking
 Voltage direct current, a contraction often found in electronics when specifying voltage in a mixed AC/DC environment
 Video display controller, a computer graphics chip
 Virtual design and construction, modeling software and techniques to design and evaluate possible construction processes
 Virtual DataCine, a digital image processing technique for converting motion picture film to video

Other uses
 Valletta Design Cluster, a culture and creativity centre in Malta
 Valve Developer Community, the official wiki for developers of games and mods based on the computer game Half-Life 2
 Velocity : Design : Comfort, the 2nd studio album by Sweet Trip
 Vietnam Day Committee, an anti-war group formed at Berkeley, California in 1965 by activist Jerry Rubin
 Violations Documentation Center in Syria, a Syrian organisation documenting deaths, detentions, missing persons and kidnappings due to the Syrian civil war
 Vitória da Conquista Airport (IATA airport code VDC), Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
 Virtual Digital Cable, a defunct media and technology company that delivered television to desktop computers and mobile devices
 Virtual Dining Concepts, American company specializing in virtual restaurants

See also
 Village development committee (disambiguation)
Cornell box. The Cornell box is a test aimed at determining the accuracy of rendering software by comparing the rendered scene with an actual photograph of the same scene, and has become a commonly used 3D test model. It was created by Cindy M. Goral, Kenneth E. Torrance, Donald P. Greenberg, and Bennett Battaile at the Cornell University Program of Computer Graphics for their paper Modeling the Interaction of Light Between Diffuse Surfaces published and presented at SIGGRAPH'84.

A physical model of the box is created and photographed with a CCD camera. The exact settings are then measured from the scene: emission spectrum of the light source, reflectance spectra of all the surfaces, exact position and size of all objects, walls, light source and camera.

The same scene is then reproduced in the renderer, and the output file is compared with the photograph.

The basic environment consists of:
One light source in the center of a white ceiling
A green right wall
A red left wall
A white back wall
A white floor

Objects are often placed inside the box. The first objects placed inside the environment were two white boxes. Another common version first used to test photon mapping includes two spheres: one with a perfect mirror surface and one made of glass.

The physical properties of the box are designed to show diffuse interreflection. For example, some light should reflect off the red and green walls and bounce onto the white walls, so parts of the white walls should appear slightly red or green.

Today, the Cornell box is often used to demonstrate renderers in a similar way as the Stanford bunny and the Utah teapot are; computer scientists often use the scene just for its visual properties without comparing it to test data from a physical model.

See also 
3D modeling
Utah teapot
Stanford bunny
Stanford dragon
List of common 3D test models

References

External links

The Cornell Box website

3D graphics models
Test items
Cornell University
FY. Fy or FY may refer to:

Aerospace 
 Convair XFY Pogo, an experimental aircraft
 Fengyun, a series of Chinese weather satellites
 Firefly (airline), Malaysia (IATA code: FY)

Places 
 FY postcode area, England
 North Macedonia (NATO country code:FY)
 Fengyang, China

Science 
 Yield strength, of a material
 Feynmanium, or untriseptium

Other uses 
 Fushigi Yûgi, a manga (1991–1996)
 Fiscal year, in business
 West Frisian language, spoken in the Netherlands (ISO 639-1: fy)
AFZ. AFZ may refer to:

 Air Force of Zimbabwe
 Ajman Free Zone, United Arab Emirates
 Aras Free Zone, Iran
 AFZ ()
 Atacama Fault Zone
 Obokuitai language
 Sabzevar Airport, an airport in Sabzevar, Iran
 Women's Antifascist Front of Yugoslavia and its branches
 Air Fighter Zone, a zone of the Air Defence of Great Britain
 SMS language meaning "acronym free zone"
 AFZ: an EEG electrode site according to the 10-20 system
PRS. PRS or prs may refer to:

Science and technology
 Peripheral Reflex System, an implementation of autonomous peripheral operations in microcontrollers
 Personal response system, in audience response
 Phenotypic response surfaces, in medicine
 Pierre Robin syndrome, a congenital condition of facial abnormalities
 Polygenic risk score, in genetics
 Present tense, in linguistics
 Procedural reasoning system, for developing intelligent agents
 Products Requirement Specification, another term for the Product Requirements Document

Places
 Prees railway station (National Rail station code), England
 Pacific Ridge School, California, US

Organisations
 PRS for Music (formerly the Performing Right Society), UK copyright collective
 PRS Legislative Research, parliamentary service in New Delhi, India
 PRS Guitars, the guitar brand of luthier Paul Reed Smith
 Polish Register of Shipping, a classification society
 Pilots Right Stuff, former German paraglider manufacturer

Political
 Party for Social Renewal, Guinea-Bissau
 Radical Socialist Republican Party, Spain
 Republican-Socialist Party, France
 Parti Rakyat Sarawak, Malaysia

Other uses
 Precision Rifle Series, shooting sport
 President of the Royal Society of London
 Poverty Reduction Strategy, required by the IMF and World Bank
 Dari (Persian dialect) of Afghanistan, ISO code
 Phocaean red slip, Late Roman and Early Byzantine pottery

See also
 PR (disambiguation)
 PR5 (disambiguation)
 PRSS (disambiguation)
I486 OverDrive. Intel's i486 OverDrive processors are a category of various Intel i486s that were produced with the designated purpose of being used to upgrade personal computers. The OverDrives typically possessed qualities different from 'standard' i486s with the same speed steppings. Those included built-in voltage regulators, different pin-outs, write-back cache instead of write-through cache, built-in heatsinks, and fanless operation — features that made them more able to work where an ordinary edition of a particular model would not.

It is based on the Intel486 DX2 microprocessor technology.  Each 486 Overdrive typically came in two versions, ODP and ODPR variants. The ODPR chips had 168 pins and functioned as complete swap-out replacements for existing chips, whereas the ODP chips had an extra 169th pin, and were used for inserting into a special 'Overdrive' (PGA 169) socket on some i486 boards, which would disable the existing CPU without needing to remove it (in case that the existing CPU is surface-mounted). ODP chips will not work in Pre-Socket 1 486 boards due to the extra pin. The ODP and ODPR labeling can be found in the CPU's model number(i.e.: DX2ODPR66).

Models
Models available included:
 20 MHz FSB, 40 MHz clock speed.  This version of the 20-MHz Overdrive (ODP) was available for the 16- and 20-MHz Intel486 SX CPU for USD $549.
 25 MHz FSB, 50 MHz clock speed. The 25-MHz OverDrive (ODP) version was available for USD $699.
 33 MHz FSB, 66 MHz clock speed
 25 MHz FSB, 75 MHz clock speed
 33 MHz FSB, 100 MHz clock speed

Two P54 core Pentium-based CPUs were released for PGA 238 Socket 2/Socket 3-based systems, for more information, see Pentium OverDrive

See also
RapidCAD

References 

80486 OverDrive
32-bit microprocessors
Computer-related introductions in 1992
Coprocessors
Parrot assembly language. The Parrot assembly language (PASM) is the basic assembly language used by the Parrot virtual machine.

PASM is the lowest level assembly language in the Parrot stack. The Parrot intermediate representation (PIR) is PASM extended to simplify development of compilers.

The hello world program in PASM is simply:
 print "Hello world!\n"
 end

Although it appears similar to source code in some high-level programming languages, more complex PASM programs will resemble other assembly languages. The main exceptions to this low level programming in PASM are string handling and, as shown above, input and output. Additionally, PASM has automatic garbage collection from the virtual machine, and it does not allow pointer arithmetic.

Parrot assembly language has more instructions than hardware assembly languages, even  CISC processors. This is because the marginal cost of creating a new instruction in Parrot is low compared to the marginal cost of doing so in hardware, and the creators of Parrot had no particular goal of minimalism.

External sources

References

Assembly languages
Perl
Dedicated line. In computer networks and telecommunications, a dedicated line is a communications cable or other facility dedicated to a specific application, in contrast with a shared resource such as the telephone network or the Internet. It is a communication path between two points.

In practice, such services may not be provided by a single, discrete, end-to-end cable, but they do provide guarantees of constant bandwidth availability and near-constant latency, properties that cannot be guaranteed for more public systems.  Such properties add a considerable premium to the price charged.  

As more general-purpose systems have improved, dedicated lines have been steadily replaced by intranets and the public Internet, but they are still useful for time-critical, high-bandwidth applications such as video transmission.

Some institutions such as NPR and other news agencies have large numbers of private lines with people that they frequently interview, (often government agencies) though these are being phased out in favor of VoIP systems.

See also
Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Frame Relay
T-carrier
E-carrier
Hotline
Leased line
Private line
Ringdown
Resource reservation protocol

References

Communication circuits
American System. American System may refer to:

 American System (economic plan), an 1800s economic program of Henry Clay and the Whig Party based on the "American School" ideas of Alexander Hamilton
 American system, an informal name for the Universal Numbering System dental notation introduced in the US in the 1800s
 American system of manufacturing, a set of manufacturing methods that evolved in the 19th century in the US
American system passenger coach or "open coach", a style of railway passenger coach first introduced in the 1800s in the US
 United States customary units, a system of measurement used in the US
SEAL (cipher). §
In cryptography, SEAL (Software-Optimized Encryption Algorithm)  is a stream cipher optimised for machines with a 32-bit word size and plenty of RAM with a reported performance of around 4 cycles per byte.  SEAL is actually a pseudorandom function family in that it can easily generate arbitrary portions of the keystream without having to start from the beginning.  This makes it particularly well suited for applications like encrypting hard drives.

The first version was published by Phillip Rogaway and Don Coppersmith in 1994. The current version, published in 1997, is 3.0. SEAL, covered by two patents in the United States, both of which are assigned to IBM.

References
  "Software-efficient pseudorandom function and the use thereof for encryption"
  "Computer readable device implementing a software-efficient pseudorandom function encryption"

Stream ciphers
Code Co-op. Code Co-op is the peer-to-peer revision control system made by Reliable Software.

Distinguishing features
Code Co-op is a distributed revision control system of the replicated type.

It uses peer-to-peer architecture to share projects among developers and to control changes to files. Instead of using a centralized database (the repository), it replicates its own database on each computer involved in the project.

The replicas are synchronized by the exchange of (differential) scripts. The exchange of scripts may proceed using different transports, including e-mail (support for SMTP and POP3, integration with MAPI clients, Gmail) and LAN.

Code Co-op has a built-in peer-to-peer wiki system, which can be used to integrate documentation with a software project. It is also possible to create text-based Wiki databases, which can be queried using simplified SQL directly from wiki pages.

Standard features
Distributed development support through E-mail, LAN, or VPN
Change-based model—modifications to multiple files are checked in as one transaction
File additions, deletions, renames, and moves are treated on the same level as edits—they can be added in any combination to a check-in changeset
File changes can be reviewed before a check-in using a built-in or user-defined differ
Synchronization changes can be reviewed in the same manner by the recipients
Three-way visual merge
Project history is replicated on each machine. Historical version can be reviewed, compared, or restored
Integration with Microsoft SCC clients, including Visual Studio

History
Code Co-op was one of the first distributed version control systems. It debuted at the 7th Workshop on System Configuration Management in May 1997.

The development of Code Co-op started in 1996, when Reliable Software, the distributed software company that makes it, was established. Reliable Software needed a collaboration tool that would work between the United States and Poland. The only dependable and affordable means of communication between the two countries was e-mail, hence the idea of using e-mail for the exchange of diffs. Of course, with such slow transport, using a centralized repository was infeasible. Each user of Code Co-op had to have a full replica of the repository, including the history of changes.

The problem was reduced to that of designing a distributed database that uses slow and unreliable transport for synchronization (later, faster LAN transport was also added). It also followed that the synchronization between multiple sites must use some kind of peer-to-peer protocol.

In 2018, the C++ source code for Code Co-op was released under the MIT License.

Theoretical foundations
Code Co-op is an example of a distributed database. Local repositories are considered the replicas of this virtual database. Each check-in corresponds to a distributed commit—a non-blocking version of a two-phase commit.

References

External links

Distributed version control systems
Formerly proprietary software
Free software programmed in C++
Free version control software
Software using the MIT license
Version control systems