omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Joint Force Air Component Headquarters. The Joint Force Air Component Headquarters (JFACHQ) is the United Kingdom's deployable air command and control unit. The JFACHQ is run by the Royal Air Force with representation from the other services.

The JFACHQ has members from the operations and operations support branches of the RAF to both plan and execute the air war as well as support the deployed air components from A1 to A9.

The unit is based at RAF High Wycombe. It can deploy worldwide at short notice to run an air campaign.

The constituent parts of the JFAC are broken down according to the Continental staff system:

A1 – PANDA (Personnel and administration)
A2 – RAF Intelligence
A3 – Air operations (both plans and current operations)
A4 – Air logistics
A5 – Air strategy and contingency planning
A6 – Air CIS (Communication and Information Systems)
A7 – Air training
A8 – Finance and budgets
A9 – POLAD (Political advice) and LEGAD (Legal adviser)

Further reading
https://web.archive.org/web/20080608071022/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj04/win04/thompson.html

External links

References

Military units and formations of the Royal Air Force
Command and control
SNCF Class X 4500. The SNCF Class X 4500 diesel multiple units were built by ANF between 1963 and 1970. The X4500 class are one of four classes of similar design (X 4300, X4500, X4630, X4750) known as "Caravelles". This name comes from when built the engine sound reminded railwaymen of the contemporary French SE210 'Caravelle' jet airliner. 
X4500 are identical to the earlier Class X4300 except for having a different engine. The motor cars operate with unpowered trailers from either class XR8300 or XR8500 depending on seating demand. 

The last 3 members of the class, X 4624, X 4625 and X 4626, were rebuilt from the similar X 4300 class X4351, X4371 and 4385 respectively.

The class has now been withdrawn, some being sold to other countries such as Romania (used by Regiotrans and Via Terra). 
The last examples in France (14 as at April 2009) worked around Burgundy (Nevers depot).

Usage
The class was used across France on regional services.

Preserved units
A number of the class have been preserved with organisations in France.

 X 4506, CFT Viaduc 07 
 X 4545, Train du pays Cathare et du Fenouillèdes (TPCF).
 X 4554, TPCF.
 X 4567, Train touristique du centre-Var (ATTCV).
 X 4573, TPCF.
 X 4590, ATTCV.
 X 4607, TPCF.
 X 4620, Chemin de fer touristique de la Sarthe (Tansvap).

RegioTrans
The following units have seen further use in Romania with the company Regiotrans.

 X 4504
 X 4512
 X 4515
 X 4520
 X 4522
 X 4534
 X 4542
 X 4546
 X 4553
 X 4564
 X 4565
 X 4571
 X 4572
 X 4578
 X 4587
 X 4600
 X 4606
 X 4624
 X 4626

References

4500
Diesel multiple units of France
Eugen Systems. Eugen Systems is a French video game developer based in Paris, France. It was founded in January 2000 by the brothers Alexis Le Dressay, a DPLG architect, and Cedric Le Dressay, a software engineer. The company currently focuses on developing real-time strategy games for the PC and Macintosh platforms, but also has developed games for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in the past.

List of video games

2018 strike
On February 14, 2018, a statement was released through Le Syndicat des Travailleurs et Travailleuses du Jeu Vidéo (STJV, Union of Video Game Workers) in which 21 out of 44 workers claimed that Eugen Systems had denied overtime pay, delayed paychecks, reduced gross wages below French minimum wage requirements, and failed to honour contractual and collectively bargained obligations, and that they were going on strike until their demands were met. Eugen Systems released a statement denying the majority of these allegations, but admitting to two instances of delayed payrolls due to technical issues, rather than malicious intent. STJV set up a crowdfunding campaign to raise money to support the employees on strike. A statement from STJV a week later indicated that the strike was representative of a deeper lack of respect within the video game industry of programmers' experience and other abilities. Employees who were on strike met at each other's homes to support each other and plan meetings with the press, labour advocates, and politicians.

Staff representative Félix Habert stated that it took two weeks for Eugen Systems leadership to approach him and others to resolve the issues, and the first meeting did not take place until March 5. A statement from STJV about this meeting stated that Eugen Systems denied that the employees' contracts were accurate or enforceable, and that the following day they sent a proposal for ending the strike that was "incomplete" and "not serious."

French Deputy Sébastien Leclerc spoke out against the strike in favour of Eugen Systems, saying that the strike was motivated by the "political positioning" of the strikers and calling it a "hostage taking". Le Monde later revealed that Leclerc and the wife of Cedric Le Dressay, one of the co-founders of Eugen Systems, were politically connected and that she was one of his supporters during the 2017 election campaign, creating a conflict of interest in dealing with the strike.

On April 3, 2018, the strike was ended by employees saying: "We do not think we will gain any additional ground with this strike, despite the fact our grievances are simply about conforming to labour laws and collective labour agreements". Fifteen of the 21 employees sought to take their grievances to the French Labour Court. The website for collecting donations was shut down a few days after this announcement.

References

External links
Official website
Eugen Systems profile at MobyGames

Companies based in Paris
French companies established in 2000
Video game companies established in 2000
Video game companies of France
Video game development companies
Pipecutter. A pipecutter is a type of tool used to cut pipe. Depending on the metal of the pipe, a pipecutter can often provide a faster, cleaner and more convenient way of cutting pipe than using a hacksaw.

There are two types of pipe cutters. Plastic tubing cutters, which resemble a pair of pruning shears, may be used for thinner pipes and tubes, such as sprinkler pipe.  For use on thicker pipes, there is a pipecutter with a sharp wheel and adjustable jaw grips. These are used by rotating it around the pipe and repeatedly tightening it until it cuts all of the way through. They are also used to quietly remove the catalytic converters off of cars and trucks of any kind, because of their precious metals.

Pipecutters vs. hacksaws
Hacksaws will cut nearly any size pipe made out of metals and plastics. Pipecutters, on the other hand, are more limited. In the situations where they work, they are generally accepted to leave cleaner cuts on the outer surface of the tube. The cut can leave a burr around the inside of the tube. This burr should be cleaned or reamed when cutting electrical conduit to prevent stripping of the insulating coating from the wires.  In fluid handling applications, the burr should also be removed, as it can restrict the flow and cause turbulence.

References

Cutting tools
American inventions
Noncovalent solid-phase organic synthesis. Noncovalent solid-phase organic synthesis (NC-SPOS) is a form of solid-phase synthesis whereby the organic substrate is bonded to the solid phase not by a covalent bond but by other chemical interactions.

Synthesis
This bond may consist of an induced dipole interaction between a hydrophobic matrix and a hydrophobic anchor. As long as the reaction medium is hydrophilic (polar) in nature the anchor will remain on the solid phase. Switching to a nonpolar solvent releases the organic substrate containing the anchor.  

In one experimental setup the hydrophobic matrix is RP silica gel (C18) and the anchor is acridone. Acridone is N-alkylated and the terminal alkene group is converted into an aldehyde by ozonolysis. This compound is bonded to RP silica gel and this system is subjected to a tandem sequence of organic reactions. The first reaction is a Barbier reaction with propargylic bromide in water (green chemistry) and the second reaction is a Sonogashira coupling. Substrates may vary in these sequences and in this way a chemical library of new compounds can be realized.

References 

Solid-phase synthesis
Frankley Reservoir. Frankley Reservoir is a semi-circular reservoir for drinking water in Birmingham, England, operated by Severn Trent Water. Its construction was authorised by the Birmingham Corporation Water Act 1892 (55 & 56 Vict. c. clxxiii) It was built by Birmingham Corporation Water Department to designs by Abram Kellett of Ealing in 1904.

It contains  of water received from the Elan Valley Reservoirs,  away, in Wales, which arrives via the Elan aqueduct, by the power of gravity alone, dropping  – an average gradient of 1 in 2,300.

Before 1987 it was leaking  per second. In that year ground-penetrating radar was used successfully to isolate the leaks.

See also
List of reservoirs and dams in the United Kingdom
Frankley Water Treatment Works

References

External links 
History

Drinking water reservoirs in England
Reservoirs in Birmingham, West Midlands
Fahnestock clip. A Fahnestock clip is an early type of spring clamp electrical terminal for connections to bare wires.  It is still used in educational electronic kits and teaching laboratories in schools.  It is designed to grip a bare wire securely, yet release it with the push of a tab. The clip was patented in the United States on  by John Schade Jr., assigned to Fahnestock Electric Co.  Less than two weeks after the patent was issued they filed for reissue.

It consists of a single flat piece of springy metal, bent over itself to form a clip.   Pushing down on the end of the metal tab opens a hole through which a bare or stripped wire can be inserted.  Releasing pressure allows the tab to spring back, closing the hole and gripping the wire to form an electrically sound mechanical connection.  Pushing the tab again releases the grip on the wire so it can be withdrawn.

Fahnestock clips were commonly made of phosphor bronze or spring steel and plated with tin or copper for good electrical conductivity and corrosion-resistance. Most Fahnestock clips seen today are nickel-plated.

Fahnestock clips were seen on early radio receiver breadboard construction, model train power connections, and the like. They were also available on early dry batteries. Today, they have largely been supplanted by binding posts. However, they remain in use in elementary schools especially, where their ease of use and visible connections make them a popular way for science instructors to teach the creation of simple circuits, and most university physics departments still have them on apparatus.

Fahnestock clips are also used as safety devices on the arming wires of aircraft bombs; their grip on smooth bare steel wire is sufficient to prevent the wire from being withdrawn from a fuze during normal handling but light enough to allow the wire to be withdrawn when the weapon is released.

References

Electrical signal connectors
DC power connectors
Molecular memory. Molecular memory is a term for data storage technologies that use molecular species as the data storage element, rather than e.g. circuits, magnetics, inorganic materials or physical shapes. The molecular component can be described as a molecular switch, and may perform this function by any of several mechanisms, including charge storage, photochromism, or changes in capacitance. In a perfect molecular memory device, each individual molecule contains a bit of data, leading to massive data capacity. However, practical devices are more likely to use large numbers of molecules for each bit, in the manner of 3D optical data storage (many examples of which can be considered molecular memory devices). The term "molecular memory" is most often used to mean very fast, electronically addressed solid-state data storage, as is the term computer memory. At present, molecular memories are still found only in laboratories.

Examples
One approach to molecular memories is based on special compounds such as porphyrin-based polymers which are capable of storing electric charge. Once a certain voltage threshold is achieved the material oxidizes, releasing an electric charge. The process is reversible, in effect creating an electric capacitor. The properties of the material allow for a much greater capacitance per unit area than with conventional DRAM memory, thus potentially leading to smaller and cheaper integrated circuits.

Several universities and a number of companies (Hewlett-Packard, ZettaCore) have announced work on molecular memories, which some hope will supplant DRAM memory as the lowest cost technology for high-speed computer memory. NASA is also supporting research on non-volatile molecular memories.

In 2018, researches from the University of Jyväskylä in Finland, developed a molecular memory which can memorize the direction of a magnetic field for long periods of time after being switched off at extremely low temperatures, which would aid in enhancing the storage capacity of hard disk drives without enlarging their physical size.

References

External links
 Nonvolatile Molecular Memory - NASA
 Molecular memory a game-changer - article from Phys.Org
 DNA-interfaced Molecular Memory - article from  Acs.org
 Graphene flash memory- nanowerk

Computer memory
Molecular electronics
Nanoelectronics
Limbo (weapon). Limbo, or Anti Submarine Mortar Mark 10 (A/S Mk.10), was the final development of the forward-throwing anti-submarine weapon Squid, designed during the Second World War and was developed by the Admiralty Underwater Weapons Establishment in the 1950s.

Limbo was installed on the quarterdeck of Royal Navy escort ships from 1955 to the mid-1980s, Australian-built  destroyer and s. Limbo was widely employed by the Royal Canadian Navy, being incorporated into all destroyer designs from the late 1950s to the early 1970s, including the , , ,  and  classes and the Type 12 President Class frigates built for the South African Navy in the 1960s.

Operation
Limbo was loaded and fired automatically with the crew under cover and was stabilised in pitch and roll. The firing distance of the mortars was controlled by opening gas vents; rounds could be fired from . The weapon was linked to the sonar system of the ship, firing on command when the target was in range. The rounds were projected so that they fell in a triangular pattern around the target in any direction around the ship.

The weapon was used in the 1982 Falklands War and remained in service in the Royal Navy and Commonwealth navies until the 1990s.

Sonar control of the A/S Mortar Mk 10
The firing of the Mortar Mk 10 was controlled by the Type 170 (and later the 502) attack sonar from the Sonar Control Room (SCR), which was generally located next to the operations room in the warship.  The 170 sonar had three operators who maintained sonar contact with the target and aimed the weapon in bearing, range and depth.  Firing was done by means of a pistol grip and trigger mounted to the deckhead.

Surviving examples
 Explosion Museum of Naval Firepower, Gosport, Hampshire.
 Dutch Navy Museum, Den Helder, Netherlands. 
  The Naval Museum of Alberta, Calgary, Alberta.

General characteristics
 Total system weight: 35 tons including 51 projectiles (17 salvos).

References

305 mm artillery
Anti-submarine mortars
Explosive weapons
Military equipment introduced in the 1950s
Naval weapons of the Cold War
Naval weapons of the United Kingdom
Iodine heptafluoride. Iodine heptafluoride is an interhalogen compound with the chemical formula IF7.  It has an unusual pentagonal bipyramidal structure, with D5h symmetry, as predicted by VSEPR theory. The molecule can undergo a pseudorotational rearrangement called the Bartell mechanism, which is like the Berry mechanism but for a heptacoordinated system.

Below 4.5 °C, IF7 forms a snow-white powder of colorless crystals, melting at 5-6 °C.  However, this melting is difficult to observe, as the liquid form is thermodynamically unstable at 760 mmHg: instead, the compound begins to sublime at 4.77 °C.  The dense vapor has a mouldy, acrid odour.

Preparation
IF7 is prepared by passing F2 through liquid IF5 at 90 °C, then heating the vapours to 270 °C.  Alternatively, this compound can be prepared from fluorine and dried palladium or potassium iodide to minimize the formation of IOF5, an impurity arising by hydrolysis.  Iodine heptafluoride is also produced as a by-product when dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate is used to prepare other platinum(V) compounds such as potassium hexafluoroplatinate(V), using potassium fluoride in iodine pentafluoride solution:

2 O2PtF6 + 2 KF + IF5 → 2 KPtF6 + 2 O2 + IF7

Reactions
Iodine heptafluoride decomposes at 200 °C to fluorine gas and iodine pentafluoride.

Safety considerations
IF7 is highly irritating to both the skin and the mucous membranes. It also is a strong oxidizer and can cause fire on contact with organic material.

References

Common sources

External links
 WebBook page for IF7
National Pollutant Inventory - Fluoride and compounds fact sheet
web elements listing

Fluorides
Iodine compounds
Interhalogen compounds
Oxidizing agents
Hypervalent molecules
Storage Resource Manager. Storage resource manager is a storage resource management (SRM) tool by the Scientific Data Management Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). This group is part of the Computational Research Division at LBNL and focuses on developing technologies for efficient data access, storage, analysis, and the management of massive scientific datasets. It is also a suite of software solutions developed to address the needs of managing large datasets across various storage systems.

The SRM Middleware Project, specifically, provides tools for dynamic storage management which helps prevent data loss, and ensures the efficient handling of large volumes of data. This project is part of an international collaboration that includes CERN, DESY, FNAL, ICTO, INFN, LBNL, RAL, TJNAF

The SRM Working Group is an international collaboration that has been involved in creating specifications for SRM, detailing its functionality and interface design.

The SRM specifications have evolved, with the current version being SRM v2.2, which was revised with minor changes in 2009. These specifications have formed a standardized approach to storage resource management across different platforms.

See also 
 List of SAN network management systems

External links 
 Storage Resource Management working group
 SRM Functionality and interface design written by Arie Soshani

References

External links 
 About the Berkeley Applied Mathematics & Computational Research Division
 Storage Resource Management (SRM) Working Group

Storage software
Bernard Forest de Bélidor. Bernard Forest de Bélidor (1698, Catalonia, Spain – 8 September 1761, Paris, France) was a French engineer, significant to the development of the science of hydraulics and ballistics.

He was the son of Jean Baptiste Foret de Belidor, an officer of dragoons, and his wife, Marie Héber but was orphaned at five months old and brought up by the family of his godfather, an artillery officer named de Fossiébourg. Bélidor enlisted in the army at a young age. After leaving the army, he developed an interest in science and engineering, and became professor at the school of artillery of La Fère in Aisne. For a while he worked on measuring the arc of the earth. In the years to come he published several works of great importance, on a wide range of subjects, including hydraulics, mathematics, and civil and military engineering. His most famous book is L'architecture hydraulique (published in four volumes from 1737 to 1753). Here, integral calculus is used for the first time in solving technical problems.

Bélidor was the teacher of Peter the Great's Ethiopian favourite, Abram Petrovich Gannibal. In November 1726, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.

He married the daughter or granddaughter of de Fossiébourg.

Works
Nouveau cours de mathématiques, 1725 (first use of the term sinusoid)
La science des ingénieurs dans la conduite des travaux de fortification et d'architecture civile, 1729
Le bombardier français, ou, nouvelle méthode pour jeter des bombes avec précision. Tables, 1731
L'architecture hydraulique, ou l'art de conduire, d'élever et de ménager les eaux pour les différents besoins de la vie, (1737-1753)
Dictionnaire portatif de l'ingénieur, 1758

References

External links
Bélidor works in the French National Library

1698 births
1761 deaths
French engineers
18th-century French mathematicians
Ballistics experts
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
Japanese plane. The Japanese plane or  is a plane pulled towards the user rather than pushed in the manner of western style planes. They are made of hardwood, usually Japanese white or red oak. The laminated steel and iron blade is stout compared to western planes. Tapered in length and thickness, the plane blade is its own wedge, as it fits into a correspondingly-shaped mortice in the body of the plane, thus dispensing the need for a separate wedge to hold the blade in place, as is the case in most other traditional wooden planes. The chip breaker is held in place with a simple nail inserted some distance away from and perpendicular to the axis of the main blade. The chip breaker is not tapered like the main blade; instead, it has bent "ears" that bear down on the plane blade. Chip breakers in Japan were introduced relatively recently, during the Meiji period. The soles of Japanese planes also have different configurations for varying applications. The apparently simple design disguises a great deal of complexity.

Types
  is the usual type of flat plane used for smoothing wood. There are several types, depending on the level of finish.
  is used for the first planing.
 .
 .
  is used for finishing work.
  is a shoulder plane. The blade is angled and inserted into the centre of the plane block at an angle.
  is a groove plane used for cutting kamoi and shikii (see fusuma).
  is a plane with a convex base used for scooping out curved surfaces.
 is used to plane the surface of other planes. Its blade is held at 90 degrees to its base.
 is a spear-like plane, the original plane used in the most ancient buildings. Its use has been revived in Japanese temple carpentry.
 is a spokeshave with two handles.
 is a push style kanna. These planes existed historically in Japan.

The name changes from kanna to ganna are due to rendaku.

See also

Japanese carpentry

References

External links

Japanese plane at the Takenaka carpentry tools museum

Planes
Planes
Japanese chisel. The Japanese chisel or  is made on similar principles to the Japanese plane. There is a hard blade, called hagane attached to a softer piece of metal called the jigane.

Types

 The  is the most usual type of Japanese chisel. The name literally means rabbeting chisel.
 The  has beveled edges for making dovetail joints.

Preparation

A Japanese chisel usually requires some set-up, called . The metal ring attached to the handle must be removed, the wood and ring filed to match, the ring replaced on the chisel and then the wood beaten down around the ring so that the mallet strikes the wood. The function of the metal ring is to prevent the wooden handle from splitting.

Sharpening

Japanese carpenters use waterstones for sharpening.

See also

Japanese carpentry

Handles
The handles are often made of Red or White Oak .

Woodworking chisels
Chisel

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