omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Styrene-acrylonitrile resin. Styrene acrylonitrile resin (SAN) is a copolymer plastic consisting of styrene and acrylonitrile. It is widely used in place of polystyrene owing to its greater thermal resistance. The chains of between 70 and 80% by weight styrene and 20 to 30% acrylonitrile. Larger acrylonitrile content improves mechanical properties and chemical resistance, but also adds a yellow tint to the normally transparent plastic.

Properties and uses
SAN is similar in use to polystyrene. Like polystyrene itself, it is transparent and brittle.  The copolymer has a glass transition temperature greater than 100 °C owing to the acrylonitrile units in the chain, thus making the material resistant to boiling water.  It is structurally related to ABS plastic, where polybutadiene is copolymerised with SAN to give a much tougher material. The rubber chains form separate phases which are 10-20 micrometers in diameter. When the product is stressed, crazing from the particles helps to increase the strength of the polymer. The method of rubber toughening has been used to strengthen other polymers such as PMMA and nylon.

Uses include food containers, water bottles, kitchenware, e.g., blenders and mixers, healthcare materials, cosmetic jars, computer products, packaging material, household equipment e.g., shower trays, battery cases and plastic optical fibers.

References

Plastics
Household chemicals
Packaging materials
Copolymers
HABU equivalent. The HABU equivalent is a unit of measurement used by United States Department of Defense's High Performance Computing Modernization Program to evaluate the performance of large computers systems.

"The [HPCMP method for measuring system performance] is as follows: the ratio of time [for a given benchmark application] at a target processor count provides a relative measure of the system's performance on that application test case compared with the DoD standard system, stated in Habu-equivalents. Habu, the first DoD standard system, is an IBM POWER3 formerly located at the US Naval Oceanographic Office (NAVO) Major Shared Resource Center. One Habu-equivalent is the performance of 1,024 system-under-study processors compared with 1,024 Habu processors.

References

Standards of the United States
Benchmarks (computing)
Equivalent units
Nene Whitewater Centre. The Nene Whitewater Centre is a whitewater centre which was the UK's first pumped artificial whitewater course. It is located on the River Nene in Northampton.

The 300m course was designed by slalom designers, Proper Channels Ltd and built in 1999 by Wrekin Construction. Water can be partially diverted around a weir via an automatically controlled sluice gate. Additionally, three individually controlled electric pumps allow the centre to pump water from below the weir into the course. The course can be configured to cater for novices, or intermediates.

See also 
Other UK artificial whitewater centres
 Lee Valley White Water Centre
 Cardington Artificial Slalom Course
 Holme Pierrepont National Watersports Centre
 Teesside White Water Course
 Cardiff International White Water

External links 
 Northampton Active, Nene Whitewater Centre Official Website
 Northampton Canoe Club
 Northampton Rowing Club

References 

Artificial whitewater courses in the United Kingdom
Sports venues in Northampton
River Nene
Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval. SIGIR is the Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group on Information Retrieval. The scope of the group's specialty is the theory and application of computers to the acquisition, organization, storage, retrieval and distribution of information; emphasis is placed on working with non-numeric information, ranging from natural language to highly structured data bases.

Conferences 
The annual international SIGIR conference, which began in 1978, is considered the most important in the field of information retrieval. SIGIR also sponsors the annual Joint Conference on Digital Libraries (JCDL) in association with SIGWEB, the Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM), and the International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (WSDM) in association with SIGKDD, SIGMOD, and SIGWEB.

SIGIR conference locations

Awards 
The group gives out several awards to contributions to the field of information retrieval. The most important award is the Gerard Salton Award (named after the computer scientist Gerard Salton), which is awarded every three years to an individual who has made "significant, sustained and continuing contributions to research in information retrieval". Additionally, SIGIR presents a Best Paper Award  to recognize the highest quality paper at each conference. "Test of time" Award  is a recent award that is given to a paper that has had "long-lasting influence, including impact on a subarea of information retrieval research, across subareas of information retrieval research, and outside of the information retrieval research community". This award is selected from a set of full papers presented at the main SIGIR conference 10–12 years before.

SIGIR Academy 
The ACM SIGIR Academy is a group of researchers honored by SIGIR. Each year, 3-5 new members are elected (in addition to other "very senior members of the IR community" who will be "automatically" inducted) for having made significant, cumulative contributions to the development of the field of information retrieval and influencing the research of others. These are the principal leaders of the field, whose efforts have shaped the discipline and/or industry through significant research, innovation, and/or service.

Inductees by year 

Here are the inductees into the SIGIR Academy by year:

See also
 Conference on Information and Knowledge Management

References

External links
 
 SIGIR awards website

Association for Computing Machinery Special Interest Groups
Information retrieval organizations
Magnetic alloy. A magnetic alloy is a combination of various metals from the periodic table such as ferrite that exhibits magnetic properties such as ferromagnetism. Typically the alloy contains one of the three main magnetic elements (which appear on the Bethe-Slater curve): iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), or cobalt (Co). However, alloys such as Heusler alloys exhibit ferromagnetic properties without any of the preceding 3 elements, and alloys of iron and manganese such as stainless steels may be essentially nonmagnetic at room temperature. Magnetic properties of an alloy are highly dependent not only on the composition but also on heat treatment and mechanical processing.

Magnetic alloys have become common, especially in the form of steel (iron and carbon), alnico (iron, nickel, cobalt, and aluminum), and permalloy (iron and nickel). So-called "neodymium magnets" are alloys of neodymium, iron and boron forming the crystal structure Nd2Fe14B. After magnetization, items made out of these alloys will remain magnetized depending on their remanence and coercivity.

Samarium–cobalt magnets are made from an alloy of samarium and cobalt, known for their high magnetic strength, excellent temperature stability and resistance to demagnetization. They are often used in applications requiring powerful and stable magnets, such as in motors, aerospace, military equipment, and high-temperature environments.

See also
 Ferroalloy
 Ferromagnetism
 Ferromagnetic materials

References

External links
 Magnetic Alloys. Cobalt Institute. 2017.

Magnetic alloys
William Shockley (disambiguation). William Shockley (1910–1989) was an English-born American physicist and Nobel Prize winner for co-inventing the transistor.

William Shockley may also refer to:

 Bill Shockley (1937–1992), American footballer
 William R. Shockley (1918–1945), Medal of Honor recipient
 William Shockley (actor) (born 1963), American actor and musician
 William Hillman Shockley, American mining engineer and plant collector, father of William Shockley
NS Class 1100. The Class 1100 locomotives of Nederlandse Spoorwegen were a class of 1,500 V DC Bo′Bo′ electric locomotives, introduced from 1950. They were built by Alsthom to an original design of the French BB 8100. They operated in the Netherlands.

They have been out of service since 1999, although many were out of service before then. They operated all services, freight and passenger, and were the NS' main locomotive until the arrival of Class 1600s. They were extensively rebuilt between 1978 and 1982.

1156 had an accident near Tilburg in 1961, and 1131 was involved in the largest railway accident in the Netherlands at Harmelen. 1129 was involved in an accident in Westervoort in 1978, this locomotive was not destroyed, and was put back in service. In 1986, 1141 derailed at Heeze. After the 1978 accident, the locomotives were rebuilt slightly to improve driver safety, with a crash-absorbing nose ahead of the cab inspired by the French 'Nez Cassé' design.

In 1991, some of the locos were withdrawn with the arrival of DD-AR double-deck coaching stock, and Class 1700 locos were introduced.

The 1100 series locomotives were unpopular with NS drivers. The locomotives used an unusual design: the buffers are attached to the bogie instead of the main body. Buffers attached to the main body are a common design feature, which provides a steady ride as the body is stabilized because it is pressed against the car it is pulling. The 1100 series lacked this stability, resulting in a very nervous bouncy ride which can be compared to a ride on a wooden roller coaster. The cabin was designed for French drivers in 1950, and anyone taller than  had a hard time in the nonadjustable driver seat, and air drafted around drivers' lower legs. In operation, cooling fans in the engine compartment produced a remarkably loud roar. For these reasons the locomotives were downright hated, and until 1980, their drivers were paid a special bonus, one originally designated for dirty or unpleasant work.

Preservation

References

External links

1100
Alstom locomotives
1500 V DC locomotives
Bo′Bo′ locomotives
Electric locomotives of the Netherlands
Railway locomotives introduced in 1950
Standard gauge locomotives of the Netherlands
Bo′Bo′ electric locomotives of Europe
Maestrovox. Maestrovox was a British company best known for its line of electron valve based electronic organs. They were designed and built by Victor Harold Ward. The first design model went on sale on 5 May 1952 at the British Industries Fair at Olympia, London, where it was hailed as the "Success of the Year" taking orders in excess of £80,000. Currently, only 24 are still known to exist.

References

Current total of known Maestrovox is 20

Further reading
 British Communications and Electronics, v. 1-2. Heywood & Co., 1954.

External links
The Official 1950's Maestrovox Information Centre Website

Electronic organ manufacturing companies
Musical instrument manufacturing companies of the United Kingdom
Instituto Militar de Engenharia. The Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME; ) is an engineering institute maintained by the Brazilian Army with federal support. IME is the oldest and one of the best ranked engineering schools in Brazil, according to the Brazilian Ministry of Education. 

Its current campus is located in Urca, Rio de Janeiro, opposite the entrance to the Sugar Loaf cable car.

History
The Institute was founded by the Maria I during colonial administration in 1792, as the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho (Royal Academy of Artillery, Fortification and Drawing), on the model of the Fortification, Artillery and Drawing Academy of Lisbon. IME is the third-oldest engineering school in the world and the oldest in Americas. The school is known for having produced some of Brazil's most notable researchers and public figures.

Teaching and admission
The school's undergraduate admission exam is considered one of the most difficult in the country, due to the high level of the questions presented on the tests. Applicants are evaluated through a set of examinations in Math, Physics, Chemistry, Portuguese and English. The exam questions feature exercises from previous Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry Olympiads, as well as new ones.

The Brazilian Ministry of Education develops a periodical evaluation (both through tests applied on undergraduate students and infrastructure and faculty evaluation), and IME is usually ranked among the top three schools of the country in each of its Engineering disciplines.

Engineering programs
 Civil Engineering Department
 Civil Engineering B.Sc.
 Transportation Engineering M.Sc.
 Electrical Engineering Department
 Electrical Engineering B.Sc.
 Electronics Engineering B.Sc.
 Electrical Engineering M.Sc.
 Telecommunications Engineering B.Sc.
 Mechanical Engineering Department
 Mechanical and Automotive Engineering B.Sc.
 Armament Mechanics Engineering B.Sc.
 Materials Engineering B.Sc.
 Materials Science M.Sc.
 Materials Science D.Sc.
 Chemical Engineering Department
 Chemical Engineering B.Sc.
 Chemistry M.Sc.
 Chemistry D.Sc.
 Cartography Engineering Department
 Cartography Engineering B.Sc.
 Cartography Engineering M.Sc.
 Computer Engineering Department
 Computer Engineering B.Sc.
 Computing and Systems M.Sc.
 Defense Engineering Graduate Program
 Defense Engineering M.Sc.
 Defense Engineering D.Sc.
 Nuclear engineering Department
 Nuclear Engineering M.Sc.

Notable alumni
 Euclides da Cunha, Writer and sociologist
 Casimiro Montenegro Filho, Founder of the Technological Institute of Aeronautics
 Francisca Fernández-Hall Zúñiga, Guatemalan, first female graduate—class of 1950
 Tarcísio de Freitas, Governor of São Paulo

References

External links

See also

Brazil University Rankings
Universities and Higher Education in Brazil
Escola de Comando e Estado-Maior do Exército (Brazil)

 
Rio de Janeiro
Universities and colleges in Rio de Janeiro (city)
1792 establishments in Brazil
Engineering universities and colleges in Brazil
Undergraduate military academies of Brazil
Brazilian Army
Tolapai. Tolapai is the code name of Intel's embedded system on a chip (SoC) which combines a Pentium M (Dothan) processor core, DDR2 memory controllers and input/output (I/O) controllers, and a QuickAssist integrated accelerator unit for security functions.

Overview 
The Tolapai embedded processor has 148 million transistors on a 90 nm process technology, 1088-ball FCBGA with a 1.092mm pitch, and comes in a 37.5mm × 37.5mm package. It is also Intel's first integrated x86 processor, chipset and memory controller since 1994's 80386EX.

Intel EP80579 integrated processor for embedded computing:
 CPU: Pentium M clocked from between 600 MHz and 1.2 GHz
 Cache: 256 KB
 Package: 1088-ball flip chip BGA
 Memory: DDR2 from 400- to 800 MHz; MCH supports DIMM or memory down with optional 32-/64-bit and ECC configurations
 Bus: One local expansion bus for general control or expanded peripheral connections
 PCI Express: PCIe root complex interface in 1 ×8, 2 ×4, or 2 ×1 configurations
 Storage: 2× SATA (Gen1 or Gen2) interfaces
 Networking: 3× 10/100/1000 Ethernet MACs supporting reduced gigabit media-independent interface (RGMII) or reduced media-independent interface (RMII), and Management Data Input/Output (MDIO)
 USB: 2× Universal Serial Bus (1.1 or 2.0) interfaces
 GPIO: 36× General Purpose Input/Output ports
 CAN: 2× Controller Area Network (CAN bus) 2.0b interfaces
 High Speed Serial (HSS): 3× ports for T1/E1 or FXS/FXO connections
 Serial: 1× Synchronous Serial Port (SSP)
 Universal asynchronous receiver-transmitters (UARTs): 2× 16550 UART-compatible
 SMB: 2× System Management Bus (SMBus) interfaces
 LPC: 1× Low Pin Count (LPC 1.1) interface
 SPI: 1× Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI) boot interface
 RTC: Integrated real-time clock (RTC) support
 EDMA: Enhanced DMA (EDMA) engine with low latency memory transfers; supports multiple peer-to-peer configurations
 Operating temperature: 0 to 70 degrees C (most models); −40 to 85 degrees C (some models)

List of Intel 80579 processors 
 All models support: MMX, Streaming SIMD Extensions (SSE), SSE2, SSE3, XD bit (an NX bit implementation)
 Die size: 225 mm²
 Steppings: B1

See also
Atom (system on chip)
Intel Quark

References

External links 
 Intel Introduces Future VPN Solution: Tolapai
 Ars Technica: Intel Confirms details of Tolapai, a SoC embedded processor
 Cnet News: Live from Hot Chips 19: Session 7, Networking 
 Intel QuickAssist Acceleration Technology for Embedded Systems
 Embedded Intel EP80579 Integrated Processor

Intel products
Intel x86 microprocessors
Computer-related introductions in 2008
Sliding sleeve. A sliding sleeve is a standard component for the completion of an oil or gas well. Their main uses are to shut off flow from one or more reservoir zones or to regulate pressure between zones.

There are two main categories of sliding sleeves: open/close and choking. Open/close sleeves are shifted between a full open position and a closed position. They are used to shut off flow from a zone for economic reasons or to shut off a zone that is depleting or producing too much water. In multi-zone wells, they are used to regulate which zones to produce from and which ones to shut off. Mechanically actuated sleeves are simple and inexpensive but require actuation by a "lock," which must be run in the well on wireline or coiled tubing. Hydraulically actuated sleeves are more complicated but can be actuated from a small pump at surface. King sleeves can be used to regulate the pressure between two or more zones. They are also used to regulate the flow of fluid into a well during proppant fracturing or hydraulic fracturing operations. Choking sleeves are all hydraulically actuated and have a much more complex design than open/close sleeves.

Operation
A separation tool is pinned in the open position when run by slickline. This provides a flow path through the center of the tool while it is being set in the sliding sleeve.

The separation tool adapts to most manufacturers' locks to match the nipple profile in the sliding sleeve. The lock and separation tool assembly are installed with the appropriate running tool and prong.

When production is desired from an upper zone while blanking off the lower zone, a sliding sleeve with a nipple profile above and a polished sub below is installed in the tubing string opposite the upper zone. Packers are used to isolate the zones.

The sliding sleeve can be shifted to the open position and the separation tool can be run and locked into the bore of the sliding sleeve by standard slickline methods. The separation tool allows flow to enter from the annulus and produce up the tubing. The tool blanks off the tubing below the sleeve to isolate the lower zone.

The separation tool assembly is run on an appropriate running tool complete with a running prong. The running prong is connected to the top of the internal seal prong with a shear pin, and the running tool is attached to the lock in the normal manner. After locating the sliding sleeve, the operator jars downward to set the lock, then pulls upward to close the isolation plug in the separation tool. As this happens, a garter spring in the isolation plug moves a steel shear pin into a groove on the sealing prong, and an O-ring on the internal prong seals to isolate the tubing below the sliding sleeve. The running prong that is pinned to the top of the internal prong is then sheared, and the slickline toolstring may be withdrawn from the well.

References

Oil wells
August Luebs. August A. Luebs (February 28, 1889 – September 8, 1989) was an American mechanical engineer and an expert on air conditioning and heating. He pioneered the science of air conditioning in the early part of the twentieth century.

Born in Nebraska, Luebs was a professor at the University of Nebraska from 1917 until retiring in 1958 in the university's mechanical engineering department. His early career was as a salesman for the International Harvester Company.

In the 1930s he perfected a method of measuring fuel requirements in air-conditioning called a degree-day, which represents one degree of variation from a standard average daily temperature. He also developed ratings for oil-heating and gas-heating equipment.

Luebs died in Lincoln, Nebraska, on September 8, 1989, at age 100.

References

External links

 https://web.archive.org/web/20071205233439/http://www.unl.edu/ucomm/ucomm/notables/alumni.shtml

Engineers from Nebraska
American men centenarians
1889 births
1989 deaths
University of Nebraska faculty
People from Lincoln, Nebraska
Featherboard. A featherboard is a safety device used when working with stationary routers or power saws such as table saws or bandsaws. The purpose of a featherboard is to apply pressure against a workpiece, keeping it flat against a machine table or fence.

Featherboard shapes and sizes vary depending on the tasks for which they are intended. A serviceable featherboard can be shop-fabricated from an approximately 3/4 × 3 × 11 inch piece of straight grained, defect-free wood cut crosswise at a 45-degree angle on one end. Several parallel cuts in the direction of the grain create fingers or "feathers" that flex in the direction of workpiece travel, preventing the workpiece from being dragged backwards by blade friction.

Featherboards are also useful for edge jointing, and making moulding on router tables.

References 

Woodworking jigs
Woodworking tools
Felix Kracht. Felix Kracht (born 13 May 1912 in Krefeld; died 3 October 2002 in Weyhe) was a German engineer.

After graduating from the Technical University of Aachen, he put his theoretical knowledge into practice at the aeronautical association Flugwissenschaftliche Vereinigung Aachen (FVA) by building the performance glider FVA-10 "Rheinland". Kracht made a name for himself when in 1937 he crossed the Alps in this aircraft. He was sent to Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug where he developed the  DFS 228 glider and the experimental DFS 346 rocket-powered airplane.

After the World War II, he went on to work in France with Nord Aviation before moving back to Germany to head Deutsche Airbus GmbH. Before joining Airbus he was especially known for co-ordinating French and German work on the Transall C-160 military transport aircraft. Felix Kracht joined the Airbus organisation in 1968 and was Airbus' first production director on the A300 programme. He focused on harnessing a broad selection of skills, eliminating redundancies, promoting trans-national collaboration and optimising a unique industrial organisation. Later he became the Senior Vice President and was responsible for production at the Toulouse site until his retirement in 1981. After his retirement, he often acted as an advisor to Airbus.

He died on Thursday 3 October 2002, at the age of 90 at Kirchweyhe near Bremen.

References

1912 births
2002 deaths
German aviation pioneers
German aerospace engineers
German glider pilots
Engineers from Krefeld
Airbus people
Burns temperature. The Burns temperature, Td, is the temperature where a ferroelectric material, previously in paraelectric state, starts to present randomly polarized nanoregions, that are polar precursor clusters. This behaviour is typical of several, but not all, ferroelectric materials, and was observed in lead titanate (PbTiO3),  potassium niobate (KNbO3), lead lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT), lead magnesium niobate (PMN), lead zinc niobate (PZN), K2Sr4(NbO3)10, and strontium barium niobate (SBN), Na1/2Bi1/2O3 (NBT).

The Burns temperature, named from Gerald Burns, who studied this phenomenon with collaboration of Frank H. Dacol, has not been well understood yet.

References
 
 

Electrical phenomena