omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Defence Evaluation and Research Agency. The Defence Evaluation and Research Agency (DERA) was a part of the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) between 1995 and 2 July 2001. At the time it was the United Kingdom's largest science and technology organisation. It was regarded by its official history as 'a jewel in the crown' of both government and industry.

Formation and operation 
DERA was formed in April 1995 as an amalgamation of: 
Defence Research Agency (DRA) which was set up in April 1991 and comprised 
Royal Aerospace Establishment (RAE)
Admiralty Research Establishment (ARE)
Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment (RARDE)
Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE)
Defence Test and Evaluation Organisation (DTEO)
Chemical and Biological Defence Establishment (CBDE at Porton Down), which became part of the Protection and Life Sciences Division (PLSD)
Centre for Defence Analysis (CDA).

The chief executive throughout DERA's existence was John Chisholm. DERA's staffing level was around 9,000 scientists, technologists and support staff.

Dissolution 
DERA was split into two organisations, based on short-lived transition bodies known as PDERA ("privatised" DERA) - becoming a commercial firm, QinetiQ - and "RDERA" ( "retained" in Government DERA) - becoming the Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl).

At the split, QinetiQ was formed from the majority (about 3/4 of the staff and most of the facilities) of DERA, with Dstl assuming responsibility for those aspects which were best done in government. A few examples of the work undertaken by Dstl include nuclear, chemical, and biological research. In the time since the split both organisations have undergone significant change programmes. QinetiQ has increased its focus on overseas research with a number of US and other foreign acquisitions, whereas Dstl has a major rationalisation programme.

References

External links
 QinetiQ website
 Dstl website

Government munitions production in the United Kingdom
Evaluation
Government agencies established in 1995
Government agencies disestablished in 2001
2001 disestablishments in the United Kingdom
Defence agencies of the United Kingdom
Defunct executive agencies of the United Kingdom government
1995 establishments in the United Kingdom
Redox indicator. A redox indicator (also called an oxidation-reduction indicator) is an indicator which undergoes a definite color change at a specific electrode potential.

The requirement for fast and reversible color change means that the oxidation-reduction equilibrium for an indicator redox system needs to be established very quickly. Therefore, only a few classes of organic redox systems can be used for indicator purposes.

There are two common classes of redox indicators:
 metal complexes of phenanthroline and bipyridine.  In these systems, the metal changes oxidation state.
 organic redox systems such as methylene blue.  In these systems, a proton participates in the redox reaction. Therefore, sometimes redox indicators are also divided into two general groups: independent or dependent on pH.

The most common redox indicator are organic compounds.
Redox Indicator example:
The molecule 2,2'- Bipyridine is a redox Indicator. In solution, it changes from light blue to red at an electrode potential of 0.97 V.

pH independent

pH dependent

See also
Chemical analysis
pH indicator
Complexometric indicator

References

External links
Redox Indicators. Characteristics And Applications

Redox indicators
Physical chemistry
Sistina Software. Sistina Software was a US company that focused on storage solutions designed around a Linux platform. It originated in the University of Minnesota.

Their three primary offerings were Global File System (GFS), logical volume management (LVM) and device mapper (DM).

Sistina Software was acquired by Red Hat in December, 2003 for $31 million in stock. After acquisition GFS was merged into Red Hat Cluster Suite and open sourced.

GFS
GFS is a cluster file system on Linux that allows servers to transparently access a single file system on a storage area network (SAN).  Its highlights are performance and reliability (journaling filesystem, scalability through parallelism, etc.).

LVM
LVM has become a part of the Linux kernel.  It is a subsystem which allows arbitrary physical storage to be recognized as a virtual disk device.  The physical storage can be remote, or it can even consist of multiple physical devices, but LVM abstracts those distinctions away from the operating system user.  LVM also provides services for backing up data.

References

Red Hat
Half-cell. In electrochemistry, a half-cell is a structure that contains a conductive electrode and a surrounding conductive electrolyte separated by a naturally occurring Helmholtz double layer. Chemical reactions within this layer momentarily pump electric charges between the electrode and the electrolyte, resulting in a potential difference between the electrode and the electrolyte.  The typical anode reaction involves a metal atom in the electrode being dissolved and transported as a positive ion across the double layer, causing the electrolyte to acquire a net positive charge while the electrode acquires a net negative charge. The growing potential difference creates an intense electric field within the double layer, and the potential rises in value until the field halts the net charge-pumping reactions. This self-limiting action occurs almost instantly in an isolated half-cell; in applications two dissimilar half-cells are appropriately connected to constitute a Galvanic cell.

A standard half-cell consists of a metal electrode in an aqueous solution where the concentration of the metal ions is 1 molar (1 mol/L) at 298 kelvins (25 °C). In the case of the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), a platinum electrode is used and is immersed in an acidic solution where the concentration of hydrogen ions is 1M, with hydrogen gas at 1atm being bubbled through solution. The electrochemical series, which consists of standard electrode potentials and is closely related to the reactivity series, was generated by measuring the difference in potential between the metal half-cell in a circuit with a standard hydrogen half-cell, connected by a salt bridge.

The standard hydrogen half-cell:
2H+(aq) + 2e− → H2(g)

The half-cells of a Daniell cell:
Original equation
Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu
Half-cell (anode) of Zn
Zn → Zn2+ + 2e−
Half-cell (cathode) of Cu
Cu2+ + 2e− → Cu

See also 
 Standard electrode potential (data page)

References

Electrochemistry
Electrochemical cells
Boris Hagelin. Boris Caesar Wilhelm Hagelin (2 July 1892 – 7 September 1983) was a Swedish businessman and inventor of encryption machines.

Biography
Born of Swedish parents in Adshikent, Russian Empire (now Azerbaijan), Hagelin attended Lundsberg boarding school and later studied mechanical engineering at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, graduating in 1914. He gained experience in engineering through work in Sweden and the United States.

His father Karl Wilhelm Hagelin worked for Nobel in Baku (part of the Russian Empire at the time), but the family returned to Sweden after the Russian Revolution. Karl Wilhelm was an investor in Arvid Gerhard Damm's company Aktiebolaget Cryptograph, established to sell rotor machines built using Damm's 1919 patent. Boris Hagelin was placed in the firm to represent the family investment. In 1925, Hagelin took over the firm, later reorganising it as Aktiebolaget Cryptoteknik in 1932. His machines competed with Scherbius' Enigma machines, but sold rather better.

At the beginning of World War II, Hagelin moved from Sweden to Switzerland, all the way across Germany and through Berlin to Geneva, carrying the design documents for the company's latest machine, and re-established his company there. That design was small, cheap and moderately secure, and he convinced the US military to adopt it. Many tens of thousands of them were made, and Hagelin became quite wealthy as a result. After his company, Crypto AG, was secretly sold to foreign intelligence agencies (the American CIA and German BND) in 1970, it fraudulently sold compromised machines to a variety of customers, including governments. Historian David Kahn has suggested that Hagelin was the only cypher-machine maker who ever became a millionaire.

Boris is the great-grandfather of Carl Hagelin, former NHL player for the Washington Capitals.

Patents
 
 	(C-35)
 
 
 	(CD-57)

See also
 C-36 (cipher machine)
 M-209
 C-52 (cipher machine)

References

Further reading
 Boris CW Hagelin, The Story of the Hagelin Cryptos, Cryptologia, 18(3), July 1994, pp 204–242.

External links
 History of Boris Hagelin
 Chart of the evolution of Hagelin / CRYPTO AG machines
 Hagelin BC-52 Cipher Machine Simulator
 Hagelin US M-209 Cipher Machine Simulator
 

1892 births
1983 deaths
KTH Royal Institute of Technology alumni
Cipher-machine cryptographers
20th-century Swedish businesspeople
20th-century Swedish inventors
Swedish cryptographers
Swedish expatriates in Switzerland
People from Goygol District
Swedish expatriates in the Russian Empire
SAF. SAF, S.A.F or saf might refer to:

Companies 
 SAF Tehnika, a producer of digital microwave data transmission equipment
 Strip Art Features, a comic book publishing house
 Svenska Automobilfabriken, a Swedish auto manufacturer

Computing 
 Service automation framework, a set of best practices for the automated delivery of services
 Service Availability Forum, (SAF or SA Forum), highly available systems model
 Storage Access Framework

Law enforcement
 Special Action Force, of the Philippine National Police

Locations 
 Salfords railway station (station code SAF), Surrey, England, UK
 Santa Fe Regional Airport (IATA airport code SAF), Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA
 South Africa (UNDP country code SAF)

Military 
 Secretary of the Air Force
 Singapore Armed Forces
 Slovenian Armed Forces
 Somali Air Force
 Somali Armed Forces
 Spanish Air Force
 Spanish Armed Forces
 Sudanese Air Force
 Sudanese Armed Forces
 Swedish Air Force
 Swedish Armed Forces
 Soviet Air Force
 Swiss Air Force

Organizations 
 Second Amendment Foundation, a US gun rights organization
 Škola Animiranog Filma (ŠAF), a Croatian school of animation
 Société astronomique de France, astronomical society
 Society of American Foresters
 Students for Academic Freedom, hosted by the David Horowitz Freedom Center
 Swedish Employers Association ()

Other 
Safety (common abbreviation in journal titles: "Saf.")
Sociedade Anônima do Futebol, a type of public limited company in Brazil
System access fee, a Canadian telephone surcharge
Sustainable aviation fuel
Sir Alex Ferguson, a Scottish former football manager
Safaliba language (ISO 639 language code saf), a language found in Ghana

See also

 
 
 
 Safe (disambiguation)
 Saif (disambiguation)
 Saph
DKE. DKE may refer to:
 DKE Records, a record label associated with Hall & Oates
 Data & Knowledge Engineering, an academic journal
 Delta Kappa Epsilon, an American student organization
 German Commission for Electrotechnical, Electronic & Information Technologies of DIN and VDE, a German standards organization
 The Dunning–Kruger effect, a form of cognitive bias which causes people with limited competence to overrate their understanding and abilities.
 Dresden-Kemnitz station (DS100 code), a railway station in Dresden, Germany
 , a brand of early , a type of radio
 Department of Data Science and Knowledge Engineering, at Maastricht University, Netherlands
 Dihakho Station (station code), a railway station in Assam, India
 Jubilee Airways (ICAO code), a British airline
Digital Display Working Group. The Digital Display Working Group (DDWG) was a group whose purpose was to define and maintain the Digital Visual Interface standard, which was formed in 1998. It was organized by Intel, Silicon Image, Compaq, Fujitsu, HP, IBM, and NEC. The best-known published specification is the DVI interface.

The group developed the Digital Visual Interface (DVI) standard in 1999.

In 2011, founding member HP reported that the group had not met in 5 years.

References

External links
 

Technology consortia
Organizations established in 1998
.net (disambiguation). .net is a top-level domain on the Internet.

.net or .NET may also refer to:

Science and technology

Software frameworks
 .NET (formerly called .NET Core), an open-source cross platform software framework and successor to .NET Framework
 .NET Framework, a software framework by Microsoft
 .NET Standard, an implementation standard

Other
 .net filename extension for a network configuration/info file
 net (magazine), formerly .net magazine
 .NET strategy, an unsuccessful marketing strategy of Microsoft from early 2000s

See also
 Net (disambiguation)
 NET (disambiguation)
McDonnell Douglas X-36. The McDonnell Douglas (later Boeing) X-36 Tailless Fighter Agility Research Aircraft is an American stealthy subscale prototype jet designed to fly without the traditional empennage found on most aircraft. This configuration was designed to reduce weight, drag and radar cross section, and increase range, maneuverability and survivability.

Design and development

The X-36 was built to 28% scale of a possible fighter aircraft and was controlled by a pilot in a ground-based virtual cockpit with a view provided by a video camera mounted in the canopy of the aircraft.

For control, a canard forward of the wing was used as well as split ailerons and an advanced thrust vectoring nozzle for directional control. The X-36 was unstable in both pitch and yaw axes, so an advanced digital fly-by-wire control system was used to provide stability.

First flown on 17 May 1997, it made 31 successful research flights. It handled very well, and the program is reported to have met or exceeded all project goals. McDonnell Douglas merged with Boeing in August 1997 while the test program was in progress; the aircraft is sometimes referred to as the Boeing X-36.

The X-36 possessed high maneuverability that would be ideal for use as a fighter. Despite its potential suitability, and highly successful test program, there have been no reports regarding further development of the X-36 or any derived design as of 2024.

Preservation
The first X-36 is at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio. It arrived on July 16, 2003, the same day as the Boeing Bird of Prey and is displayed in the Museum's Research & Development Gallery.
The second X-36 is displayed outside the Air Force Test Flight Center Museum at Edwards Air Force Base in California.

Specifications (X-36)

Gallery

See also

References

External links

 NASA fact sheet on the X-36 Tailless Fighter Agility Research Aircraft 
 "X-36 Proving Its Agility In Flight Testing". Boeing, 1997.
 Boeing X-36 (1997): Tailless Agility Aviation Week & Space Technology

X-36, McDonnell Douglas
Canard aircraft
X-36
Aircraft first flown in 1997
Mid-wing aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Two dimension thrust vectoring aircraft
Stealth aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Vase. A vase ( or ) is an open container. It can be made from a number of materials, such as ceramics, glass, non-rusting metals, such as aluminium, brass, bronze, or stainless steel. Even wood has been used to make vases, either by using tree species that naturally resist rot, such as teak, or by applying a protective coating to conventional wood or plastic. Vases are often decorated, and they are often used to hold cut flowers. Vases come in different sizes to support whatever flower is being held or kept in place.

Vases generally share a similar shape. The foot or the base may be bulbous, flat, carinate, or another shape. The body forms the main portion of the piece. Some vases have a shoulder, where the body curves inward, a neck, which gives height, and a lip, where the vase flares back out at the top. Some vases are also given handles.

Various styles and types of vases have been developed around the world in different time periods, such as Chinese ceramics and Native American pottery. In the pottery of ancient Greece "vase-painting" is the traditional term covering the famous fine painted pottery, often with many figures in scenes from Greek mythology.  Such pieces may be referred to as vases regardless of their shape; most were in fact used for holding or serving liquids, and many would more naturally be called cups, jugs and so on. In 2003, Grayson Perry won the Turner Prize for his ceramics, typically in vase form.

History 
There is a long history of the form and function of the vase in nearly all developed cultures, and often ceramic objects are the only artistic evidence left from vanished cultures. In the beginning stages of pottery, the coiling method of building was the most utilized technique to make pottery. The coiling method is the act of working the clay into long cylindrical strips that later become smooth walls.

Potter's wheel 
The potter's wheel was probably invented in Mesopotamia by the 4th millennium BCE, but spread across nearly all Eurasia and much of Africa, though it remained unknown in the New World until the arrival of Europeans. The earliest discovery of the origins of the potter's wheel was in southern Iraq.  The discovery of this technique was beneficial to the people of south Iraq because it served as a substitute for their previous inefficient traditions.  Upon this new technique, it would then grow gradually and even be adopted for the use of decorating pottery.

Garden vase 
Garden vases are usually V-shaped but they can also be cylindrical or bowl-shaped. They are usually made of ceramic or, today, plastic.  Examples are the Torlonia Vase and the Medici Vase in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence.

Shapes

Gallery

Material types 

 Ceramic
 Crystal 
 Glass
 Metal
 Plastic
 Porcelain
 Wood

See also

Ceramic art
Corning Museum of Glass
Pottery
Urn

References

External links

 
Containers
Vessels
Decorative arts
Pottery shapes
PROIV. PROIV (pronounced "pro-four"), also known as 'Pro-IV', is  a low code development platform owned by Zellis Holdings, a British HR services company.

PROIV was originally developed as a fourth-generation programming language (4GLs). PROIV and other 4GL are aiming to simplify and reduce efforts to create and develop computer programs compared to third-generation programming languages (3GLs) such as Cobol and Fortran.

PROIV's usual application domain is database-centric business applications.

PROIV programs consist of declarative/non-procedural specifications that control the overall structure of the program and database access and that have an implicit sequence of execution (which PROIV programmers refer to as the timing cycle). Procedural subroutines can be added by the programmer; these are written in a 3GL-like language, which PROIV calls "Logic".

History 
PROIV was developed by Sushil K. Garg, working in Hawaii in 1976 on a General Automation System. In the early 1980s, it was licensed to McDonnell Information Systems (MDIS).

MDIS converted PROIV to run on their Pick-based systems, and this spin-off was known as ALL (Application Language Liberator).

PROIV was ported to several different platforms by separate teams. Garg brought these ports together as one company, Pro Computer Sciences (PCS), headquartered in Laguna Hills, California.  PCS was subsequently acquired by MDIS in 1988.

During the second half of the 1980s, a PROIV team entered the 4GL Grand Prix contests in1987, 1988, and 1990 and the product finished second on each occasion.

In 2000, McDonnell Information Systems changed its name to Northgate Information Solutions.

Implementation 
PROIV runs OS-independent application code in an OS-specific virtual machine, allowing a user application to run unaltered on different computing platforms.  , Zellis claims support for PROIV on Microsoft Windows (workstation and  server), Red Hat Linux, IBM AIX, and Oracle Solaris; with Oracle, SQL Server, PostgreSQL, and IBM C-ISAM as the database backend.

The PROIV-supplied "GUI client", which renders the rich-client UI for applications written in PROIV, is based around ActiveX technology and works only on Windows client platforms.  Consequently, the programmers' development environments supplied with more-recent PROIV releases also work only on a Windows client platform.

Major applications 
In the United Kingdom it was used in the London congestion charge system.

References

Notes

Footnotes

Sources

External links
PROIV website
ProIV Resource Centre (unaffiliated with Zellis Holdings)

 Fourth-generation programming languages
Engine Alliance. The Engine Alliance (EA) is an American aircraft engine manufacturer based in East Hartford, Connecticut. The company is a 50/50 joint venture between GE Aerospace and Pratt & Whitney, a subsidiary of RTX. Engine Alliance was established in August 1996 to develop, manufacture, sell, and support a family of aircraft engines for new high-capacity, long-range aircraft.

The main application for such an engine, the GP7100, was originally for the Boeing 747-500/600X projects, before these were cancelled due to lack of demand from airlines.

Instead, the GP7000 has been re-optimized for use on the Airbus A380 superjumbo. In that market it competed with the Rolls-Royce Trent 900, the launch engine for the aircraft. The two EA variants are the GP7270 and the GP7277.

On September 30, 2017, an Engine Alliance GP7270 engine suffered from an uncontained failure during the passenger flight of Air France Flight 66.

References

External links
 

Aircraft engine manufacturers of the United States
General Electric subsidiaries
Joint ventures
Multinational aircraft engine manufacturers
Manufacturing companies established in 1996
Pratt & Whitney aircraft engines
Manufacturing companies based in Connecticut
Companies based in Hartford County, Connecticut
East Hartford, Connecticut
Hexapod. Hexapod may refer to:

Things with six limbs, e.g. a hexapod chair would have six not the traditional four limbs

Biology
 Hexapoda, a subphylum of arthropods including the insects
 Hexapodidae, a family of crabs

Technology
 Hexapod (robotics), a mechanical vehicle that walks on six legs
 Stewart platform, a machine platform supported by six struts, used in robotics
 Hexapod-Telescope, a telescope in Chile mounted on a Stewart platform chassis frame

See also
 Tetrapod
 Octopod