omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Edward G. Jefferson. Edward G. Jefferson (July 15, 1921, London – February 9, 2006) was a British-born American chemical engineer, chemist, businessman, CEO and Chairman of DuPont corporation.

 During Jefferson's leadership as Chairman, DuPont suffered from numerous controversies; such as polluting public waterways.

Early life 
Jefferson served in the Royal Artillery during World War II and took part in the Normandy invasion in 1944. He later graduated with honors in chemistry from King's College at the University of London, where he also received a doctorate.

Career 
He joined DuPont in 1951, and was named the chief operating officer and president of the company in 1980 and was named the chairman and CEO in 1981 before retiring from the company in 1986. In 1981, while the chief operating officer and president of DuPont, Jefferson led the acquisition of Conoco and during his tenure pushed biochemical and bioengineering initiatives.

Jefferson also served on the University of Delaware board of trustees between 1980 and 1997 when he retired from the board and was awarded trustee emeritus status. He served on multiple other educational boards such as the advisory board for the School of International and Public Affairs at Columbia University and as a trustee for the University of Pennsylvania and Tuskegee University. Jefferson was also a Robert S. Hatfield fellow in economic education at Cornell and a Warren K. Lewis lecturer at MIT.

Jefferson was a member of the American Philosophical Society, a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,  a trustee of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and a member of the National Academy of Engineering (elected in 1986 "for outstanding research leadership and exceptional contributions to university-industry cooperation in science and engineering, and for creative direction of one of the world’s largest industrial organizations"). He was also a member of the American Section of the Society of Chemical Industry, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, a former member of the President's Export Council and a member of US Council for International Business amongst others.

Personal life 
At his death he had been married to his wife Naomi Love for 52 years and was predeceased by two of his four sons.

References 

1921 births
2006 deaths
Alumni of King's College London
Businesspeople from London
British emigrants to the United States
American chemical engineers
20th-century American chemists
American chief executives of manufacturing companies
DuPont people
Members of the American Philosophical Society
British Army personnel of World War II
Royal Artillery personnel
20th-century American engineers
20th-century English businesspeople
Military personnel from London
Hamburger Flugzeugbau Ha 136. 

The Hamburger Flugzeugbau Ha 136 was an all-metal, single-seat training monoplane. It was the first design for the company by Dr. Richard Vogt and the first to feature his trademark tubular steel wing spar which doubled as the main fuel tank. Two prototypes were built but it was not ordered into production.

Design
Hamburger Flugzeugbau had been set up by the owners of Blohm & Voss shipbuilders to manufacture advanced all-metal aircraft. Dr. Richard Vogt had decided to adopt as a signature feature the use of a hollow welded steel tubular main wing spar, which could be filled with fuel to act as an armoured fuel tank. In other respects the design was relatively conventional.

A conventional low-wing cantilever monoplane with nose-mounted engine and fixed spatted tailwheel undercarriage, the plane accommodated its pilot in an open cockpit above the wing aft section. The fuselage tapered sharply towards the top so that a slight bulge on either side of the cockpit was needed to make room for the pilot's shoulders.

Two examples were produced, differing mainly in their engines. One was fitted with a  Bramo Sh 14A radial engine and the other with an Argus As 8R in-line engine.

History

The Ha 136 was designed to a requirement for an advanced fighter trainer that was as difficult to fly as a frontline fighter.

The aircraft first flew in the autumn of 1934 and the fighter-like handling characteristics were confirmed.

However, the RLM changed its mind and decided that advanced fighter training should be carried out on the fighter aircraft themselves. The requirement for the Ha 136 was dropped, and so it never entered production.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography
Hans Amtmann; "Blohm & Voss Remembered", Aeroplane Monthly, February 1998, pp.22-27.
Hermann Pohlmann; Chronik Eines Flugzeugwerkes 1932-1945, 2nd Impression, Motorbuch, 1982. (In German).

External links

Ha 136
1930s German civil trainer aircraft
254 Squadron (Israel). 254 Squadron, also known as the Midland Squadron (), is a former unit of the Israeli Air Force.

History 
254 Squadron was formed in April 1980 at Hatzor to operate the IAI Kfir C-1. These had served with 109 Squadron which had begun to equip with the C-2 variant. Manned mainly by reserve pilots, 254 Squadron was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Giora Epstein, Israel's highest scoring fighter ace, and a reserve pilot himself.

A year later the squadron received an additional aircraft type, the Dassault Mirage III. The Mirage had once stood at the vanguard of the Israeli Air Force, claiming over 280 aerial victories to its name. By the late 1970s, however, these veteran French aircraft were superseded by the IAF's next generation of fighter aircraft, the American F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon. The first squadron to re-equip with the Falcon, 117 Squadron, had in 1979 transferred its former mounts to 253 Squadron at Eitam, and the latter was soon slated to receive the Falcon as well. Coinciding with Israel's withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula following the Camp David Accords, and in order to continue operating the Mirages pending their sale to Argentina, when 253 left Eitam for Ramon in late 1981, the remaining 22 Mirages made their way to Hatzor to join 254 Squadron.

254 Squadron was operating both types when the 1982 Lebanon War broke out, during which the Mirages continued flying combat air patrols. On at least one occasion they were even vectored towards enemy aircraft, but these were soon dispatched by F-15s also on the scene. They were soon thereafter retired. In 1984, as more Kfir C-2s were rolling off the production line, the Kfir C-1s were leased to the US military and 254 Squadron was deactivated.

Markings 
The 254 Squadron badge was a stylized bird over the outline of Israel's coastline. Its Kfirs wore the standard four-tone camouflague used by all IAF delta-winged fighters at the time, though usually without the black identifications triangles common on the Mirages and IAI Neshers. They also carried serials in the 700 range, which were applied on the tail and nose gear.

While with 253 Squadron, the Mirages had received blue rudders with two white chevrons separated by a black band. At the end of their tenure with the squadron some aircraft were seen with the top chevron changed to red. When the Mirages joined 254 Squadron, not only were the different rudders maintained, but both were applied to the Kfirs as well. The different markings may have been an attempt at disinformation, meant to mislead uninformed observers.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Israeli Air Force squadrons
George Murray (engineer). George Thomas Murray (4 November 1859 – 25 July 1947) was a New Zealand civil engineer and surveyor. He was born in Dunedin, New Zealand on 4 November 1859.

References

1859 births
1947 deaths
New Zealand surveyors
Engineers from Dunedin
20th-century New Zealand engineers
19th-century New Zealand engineers
New Zealand engineers
Colony of New Zealand people
Thomas Rawlings Mould. Major General Thomas Rawlings Mould  (31 May 1805–13 June 1886) was an English military engineer of the Corps of Royal Engineers and Colonel of the Auckland Regiment of New Zealand Militia.

Mould was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Engineers in 1826. He served on the Ordnance Survey of Ireland from November 1827 to 17 August 1835, in the West Indies from 7 May 1836 to 30 September 1839, and designed covered slips at Chatham Dockyard in the 1840s. He went to New Zealand in 1855. He designed the Upper Hutt blockhouse, built in 1860 to protect European settlers during the Wellington Wars, and planned the same type of structure at Blockhouse Bay in Auckland. He also did work in connection with Albert Barracks in Auckland.

Publications

References

1805 births
1886 deaths
Royal Engineers officers
British military personnel of the New Zealand Wars
New Zealand engineers
19th-century New Zealand engineers
19th-century New Zealand military personnel
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Albatros W.8. The Albatros W.8 was a German biplane fighter  floatplane that saw service during First World War. It patrolled the seas around 1918. The fuselage of the aircraft was made of wood, similar to most aircraft designs of that period. The W.8 had a water-cooled Benz Bz.IIIb eight-cylinder engine fitted with a fixed two-bladed wooden propeller.

Specifications (W.8)

References

Bibliography

External links

Albatros W.8

W.8
1910s German fighter aircraft
Floatplanes
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Dornier Kiebitz. The Dornier Kiebitz was an unmanned military reconnaissance mobile platform used for battlefield reconnaissance duties such as moving target detection and tracking.

Variants
Do 32K (experimental)
Initial variant using the rotor and BMW 6012 powerplant of the Dornier Do 32 manned helicopter. 
Do 32K Kiebitz I (operational)
Tip jet rotor using air from an Allison 250-C2 driven compressor.
Do 34 Kiebitz II
Larger variant, used for ARGUS (Autonomes Radar Gefechtsfeld Uberwachungs System) battlefield reconnaissance system development.

Specifications (Do 34 Kiebitz)

See also

References

Bibliography

Cyril von Gersdorff, Kurt Knobling and Carl Bode. Helicopters and Gyroplanes. Bernard & Graefe Verlag Publishers. 1999. 
 Taylor, John W.R. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1972-73., London, Sampson Low, Marston and Company Ltd, 1972. ISBN . 
 Taylor, John W.R. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1982-83., London, Jane's Publishing Company Ltd, 1982. . 

1970s military reconnaissance aircraft
Kiebitz
Aircraft first flown in 1970
Helicopters
Single-turbine helicopters
Single-rotor helicopters
Tipjet-powered helicopters
Aircraft with skid landing gear
Gear housing. The gear housing is a mechanical housing that surrounds the mechanical components of a gear box.
It provides mechanical support for the moving components, a mechanical protection from the outside world for those internal components, and a fluid-tight container to hold the lubricant that bathes those components.

Types of housings

A split housing is like a walnut shell, the housing is divided in two parts, and lower part that tie down the Gear Box to the structure, support all the components during the assembly stage and hold the lubrication oil; and the upper part that complete the enclosure and provide mechanical integrity to the Housing. The upper and lower parts of the housing have a mating surface that seals perfectly the housing to avoid oil leaks and fatigue of the housing.

A bathtub housing is made on a single piece and have a top opening for servicing the gear box and side opening to accommodate the bearing housing associated to the gear shafts. Have in general a better leak free performance but is more difficult to assemble and repair.

Methods of manufacture
Traditionally, it is made from cast iron or cast aluminium, using methods of permanent mold casting or shell molding. Experimentally, though, composite materials have also been used.

See also
Overdrive (mechanics)
Spiral bevel gear
Ford Type 9 transmission
Tremec TR-3650 transmission

References

Bibliography

Automotive transmission technologies
Froehde reagent. The Froehde reagent is used as a simple spot-test to presumptively identify alkaloids, especially opioids, as well as other compounds. It is composed of a mixture of molybdic acid or a molybdate salt dissolved in hot, concentrated sulfuric acid, which is then dripped onto the substance being tested.

The United States Department of Justice method for producing the reagent is the addition of 100 ml of hot, concentrated (95–98%) sulfuric acid to 0.5 g of sodium molybdate or molybdic acid.

The Virginia Department of Forensic Science method uses 0.5 g ammonium molybdate per 100 ml H2SO4 (conc.)

Unheated sulfuric acid can be used to prepare the reagent in a less dangerous manner, but 2–4 hours must be allowed for the molybdate to dissolve.

See also
Reagent testing
Drug checking
Dille–Koppanyi reagent
Folin's reagent
Liebermann reagent
Mandelin reagent
Marquis reagent
Mecke reagent
Simon's reagent
Zwikker reagent

References

Chemical tests
Analytical reagents
Drug testing reagents
RWD 22. RWD 22 was a Polish twin-engine torpedo bomber and naval reconnaissance floatplane design. Developed by Leszek Dulęba and Andrzej Anczutin of Doświadczalne Warsztaty Lotnicze (Experimental Aeronautical Workshops, DWL) in 1939, the project was to be developed under the brand of the RWD design bureau. The outbreak of World War II interrupted the design and it never left the planning stage.

Design and development
In late 1930s the Polish Navy sought a replacement for the ageing R-XIIIter and Lublin R-VIII. The new design was to replace those aircraft in both the torpedo bomber and close-range reconnaissance roles. Design of the RWD 22 started in October 1938 and by January 1939 the basic three projects were ready, each with different engine and armament configuration, but with a similar silhouette. The first version was to be equipped with a German-built Argus As-10c with  of power and would carry up to  of bombs. The second variant was equipped with second generation Walter Minor 12-JMR with a projected power of  and was to carry  of bombs. The third and final version was to be equipped with a Polish-built third generation  PZL G-1620B Mors II engine, already being used with the RWD-14 Czapla. Alternatively, American Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior SB could also be used. A land-based version of the aircraft was also being considered under a separate designation RWD 24. It was most likely to receive two Gnome-Rhône 14M Mars engines of .

In the summer of 1939 the third, heaviest variant was chosen by the Polish Navy and a wooden mock-up was completed for aerodynamic trials. The designers also received 150.000 Polish złoty for the prototype, which was to be completed by mid-1940. The first serial run was to be started in 1940 and by early 1942 the Naval Air Squadron was to receive the first 12 planes. However, the Nazi and Soviet invasion of Poland and the outbreak of World War II interrupted further works.

Specifications (RWD 22 estimated)

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

1930s Polish bomber aircraft
1930s Polish military reconnaissance aircraft
RWD aircraft
Forced Rayleigh scattering. Forced Rayleigh scattering (FRS) is an experimental method in physics and chemistry based on light scattering and is usually used to measure diffusion on length scales of roughly 10 μm. Many FRS experiments have been carried out on thermal and mass diffusion in liquids, and thermophoresis (Soret effect) has been measured in polymer solutions.

The FRS method employs the interference fringes of two absorbed coherent “pump” laser beams within the sample to create a spatially sinusoidal variation in the temperature and, if dye molecules are present, the population of long-lived excited dye states.  A third “probe” laser is incident at a wavelength at which the (complex) index of refraction n is different in the bright and dark regions of the interference pattern, so that the periodic variation in n serves as a diffraction grating for the probe beam.  A photodetector is used to measure the diffracted light, and after the pump beams are turned off, the detected signal decays at an exponential rate proportional to the relevant diffusion coefficient(s).

FRS studies of molecular mass diffusion are somewhat more involved than studies of thermal diffusion or thermophoresis because the ground and excited dye states may have different diffusion coefficients.  When this is the case, two gratings differing in phase by 180 degrees are present: the excited state grating and a complementary ground-state grating.  The diffracted signal is then  a combination of two exponential decays rather than one.  Although unique determination of the two separate diffusion coefficients is not easy, the average of the two diffusion coefficients can be obtained from the diffracted signal without difficulty.

References 

Physics experiments
Scattering, absorption and radiative transfer (optics)
Allen (brand). Allen is a brand of hand tools, most widely recognized for its wrenches, known generically as "Allen wrenches". As a brand, it is owned by Apex Tool Group.

History
Allen created the Allen key in 1913 and created the Allen Manufacturing Company Inc advertisement for the Allen Safety Set Screw, a brand of set screw, in the Automobile Trade Directory, January 1913.
Originally named Allen Manufacturing Company, the business produced hexagonal set screws and wrenches to fasten them. The terms "Allen wrench" (American English, though "Allen key" is also common in the US) and "Allen key" (British English) are derived from the Allen brand name and refer to the generic product category "hex keys".

W.G. Allen filed the first related patent in 1909 for its recessed hex-driven safety screws, a safety improvement over fasteners which protruded from machinery. While other hex keys were patented before and after this date, the name would persist. Allen left the company shortly after.  

An advertisement for Allen safety screws would appear in the 1910 Annual Convention of International Association of Factory Inspectors.

In 1922, Allen Manufacturing Company produced sets of tools under the company name "Bay State", suggesting that they may have privately acquired another hardware manufacturer, namely the Bay State Pump Company.

Apex Tool Group owns the current trademark and has since renewed it.

End of production 
In January 2017, Apex Tool Group announced they would end the manufacturing of Allen and Armstrong hand tools in their Sumter, South Carolina manufacturing plant. With this, Apex Communications Director Kelly Rhoads confirmed the line would cease production on March 31. This ended production of the Allen brand in hex keys, L-key, and T-handle styles.

In 2018, Apex began manufacturing official hex keys under their company brand Crescent, referred to as Crescent Apex. The previous Allen website routes to them. They are sold in thirteen piece sets as well as three piece holding tools and no longer use the term "allen wrench" in official branding or marketing.

As of 2021, the Apex Tool Group website's Allen page has been purged of all content except for the rebranded Allen logo, the Armstrong logo erroneously referred to as the brand image, and the brand site URL, now a redirect to Crescent. No public announcement has been made for the end of productions under the Allen name.

Gallery

References

External links
 Allen web site

Apex Tool Group brands
Tool brands
Oxamyl. Oxamyl is a chemical used as a pesticide that comes in two forms: granulated and liquid. The granulated form has been banned in the United States. It is commonly sold under the trade name Vydate.

It is classified as an extremely hazardous substance in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the U.S. Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities which produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.

Structure and uses
Oxamyl is a carbamate pesticide. According to the WHO Food and Agriculture Organization, "Oxamyl is a colourless crystalline solid with a melting point of 100-102 °C changing to a dimorphic form with a melting point of 108-110 °C. It has a slightly sulfurous odour. Oxamyl is non-corrosive. It has a specific gravity of 0.97 (25°/4°)."

According to the United Nations Environment Programme, "This product is efficient in controlling most nematode species in addition to a large number of sucking and chewing insects such as aphids and thrips." Oxamyl is extremely toxic to humans whether ingested, inhaled, or contact with the skin. Its overuse can also lead to residue accumulation in food, though its chemical composition—once coming into contact with the soil—rapidly degrades. Signs of Oxamyl poisoning include: Malaise, muscle weakness, dizziness, sweating, Headache, salivation, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, Miosis with blurred vision, incoordination, muscle twitching and slurred speech—though symptoms can worsen with severe poisoning. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, "Contact with the skin, inhalation of dust or spray, or swallowing may be fatal."

Because of its toxicity, its use is restricted in the EU with maximum residue limits for apples and oranges being 0.001 mg/kg since 2024. This is after a 2023 review by the European Food Safety Authority identified areas of concern and chronic consumer exposure concerns.

References

External links 
 

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Carbamate insecticides
Nematicides
Oxime carbamates
Spartan DFD Aerotome. The Spartan DFD Aerotome, or DFS Aerotome Dual, is an American two-seat ultralight trike that was designed and produced by Spartan Microlights.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed as a US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules two-seat trainer. It features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-tandem open cockpit, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its single surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame control bar. Unlike the Spartan DFS Trike the Aerotome uses only a trike delta wing and cannot be converted for powered parachute use.

The standard engine supplied was the twin cylinder, two-stroke, air-cooled  Rotax 503, with a  fuel tank. When in production it came with optional dual controls, aero-towing hardware, larger engines and  fuel tank. Thirty had been completed and flown by February 2000.

Specifications (Aerotome)

References

1990s United States ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Ultralight trikes
Spartan Microlights aircraft
MT-Propeller. MT-Propeller Entwicklung GmbH, founded in 1980 by Gerd Muehlbauer, is a manufacturer of composite propellers for single and twin engine aircraft, airships, wind tunnels and other special applications.

The company headquarters is located at Straubing Wallmuhle Airport in Bavaria, Germany.

History
In 2010 the company developed a special propeller design for restorations of the North American F-82 Twin Mustang.

Applications

Factory installed

Installed under an STC

Source:

Installed on unmanned combat aerial vehicle (UCAV)

See also
List of aircraft propeller manufacturers

References

External links 

Aircraft component manufacturers of Germany
Aerospace companies of Germany
Aircraft propeller manufacturers
Companies established in 1981