omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cold-cranking simulator. The cold-cranking simulator (CCS) is a device used to determine the low temperature performance of lubricants, when starting a cold engine (i.e. cold-cranking). In this condition, the only energy available to turn the engine comes from the starter motor and the battery, and it has been widely assumed that the system acts as a constant power viscometer. The use of this device for this purpose is standardized as ASTM D5293.

Test development

The cold-cranking simulator was invented developed by Dr. Dae Sik Kim of Esso Research and Engineering Company in 1964. The first prototype was built on his apartment kitchen table with Unimat, a miniature lathe/milling machine, to minimize and avoid proper company procedures. He reported the results of his developmental work, titled: "Results of Cold Cranking Simulator and a Comment" at SAE Fuels and Lubricants Meeting in Palmer house, Chicago on May 18, 1965. Although the device was initially called "Kimometer", he refused to put his name on it and he named it for what it was intended.

Purpose of this test
Cold-cranking simulator simulates rheological process of "an average engine" during cold starting. The engine's starter motor was replaced with a small series wound universal motor, a typical sewing machine motor, and the engine, with a specially designed cold cylinder and an insulated cylindrical rotor with a pair of parallel flats. The sample oil is continuously sheared under a periodically varying shear rate, lower when the flats pass. Oils in real engines are similarly sheared, high in the journal bearings, oscillatory on piston rings and low in galley. Most developmental work went into proper sizing of the flat to simulate relative shear rate distribution in an "average engine". Both an engine and simulator is calibrated with a set of Newtonian standard crank case oils with known viscosities.

When SAE and ASTM decided to use the simulator for their future standard instrument, Esso R & E Company gave a free exclusive license to Cannon Instrument Co of State College, PA to avoid conflict of interest.

During the past four decades many marginal improvements have been made but the basic design and idea remains the same. Various generations of the CCS have been made over the years, with the latest Cannon CCS-2100 utilising Peltier cooling and an associated chiller to operate essentially the same instrument as the original 1960s design.

In the late 1980s Ravenfield Designs, Heywood, England, redesigned the entire system from the ground up, utilising a novel system to accurately model the old instruments and created a new machine offering higher repeatability and reproducibility than former methods. The Ravenfield apparatus, designated Model CS is markedly smaller than the Cannon apparatus, incorporating the cooler, the PC, the instrument and sample pumping in a 600 mm square footprint.

The Society of Automotive Engineers adopted the CCS test as part of the J300 specification, and is the subject of ASTM test method D5293.

References

Engine tuning instruments
Lubrication
Viscosity
Rational R1000. The R1000 was a workstation released in 1985 by Rational Software for the design, documentation, implementation, and maintenance of large software systems written using the Ada programming language. The R1000 featured an extensive tool set, including:

 an Ada-83-compatible program design language
 an integrated development environment that doubled as an operating system shell
 automatic generation of design documentation
 source-language debugging
 interactive design-rule checking and semantic analysis
 incremental compilation
 configuration management and version control.

Optimizing code generators and cross-debuggers provided support for several popular application architectures.

As a successor to the R1000, Rational produced a new IDE called Rational Apex.  Rational Apex took many of the features that the R1000 introduced and extended (ported) them onto commonly available workstations from Sun Microsystems and IBM.

Several R1000 units exist in museums and private collections, but, because of the classified nature of much Ada programming, these units had been wiped; efforts have been made to boot one of these systems, with little or no luck as of 2013. On 28 October 2019 the DataMuseum.dk successfully got one unit back into running condition.

References

External links
Evaluation of the Rational Environment report on analysis of the R1000 by Software Engineering Institute
Rational Announces Shipment of Apex 3.0 With Integrated Family of Products
Use of the Rational R1000 Ada development environment for an IBM based command and control system. by Charles B. Williams, 1987

Integrated development environments
Computer workstations
Ada (programming language)
High-ozone shock treatment. High ozone shock treatment or ozone blasting is a process for removing unwanted odour, and killing mold, vermin and microorganisms in commercial and residential buildings. The treatment is less expensive than some alternative methods of sterilizing indoor spaces - cleaning or removal of building material, or in extreme cases the abandonment of sick buildings.

Process
High ozone shock treatment involves using an ozone generator with a timer to create lethal levels of ozone in an enclosed odour ridden or mold-affected room or building for a short period of time, between one and several hours.  For safety reasons, the affected area must be evacuated of people, animals and live plants for the duration of the exposure, and for a long enough period afterwards to allow the ozone to dissipate.

Results
Exposure to high levels of ozone kills living organisms and weakens odours.

By killing microorganisms and mold, ozone treatment slows ripening and reduces spoilage of stored fruit.

Concerns
Critics point to a 1997 study which found exposure to high levels of ozone ineffective at mold decontamination, and to the lack of studies showing high ozone shock treatment to be effective. They also point out that killing mold inside walls does not remove the mold, and that dead mold may continue to have adverse health effects on building inhabitants. 

The Federal Trade Commission ruled in 1996 against a manufacturer of an Ozone generator, ordering them to cease representing their product's ability to "eliminate, remove, clean or clear any indoor air pollutant from a user's environment" 

Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent which could damage rubber and other materials, and ozone reactions with other material present in buildings could lead to increased levels of noxious chemicals such as formaldehyde.

References

 
 "Ozone and Mold", Jim Holland
Ozone
Building biology
Indoor air pollution
Chasing Nature. Chasing Nature is a reality television series on Animal Planet. On the show, teams of engineering students compete to create devices that simulate the abilities of animals.  Episodes include simulating bat sonar and a bird's talon. It premiered in December 2005. Self-driving car engineer Anthony Levandowski competed in an episode. The show, filmed in Australia, was described in The Boston Globe as "Survivor for really, really, smart people".

References 

Animal Planet original programming
American reality television series
Common Lisp Interface Manager. The Common Lisp Interface Manager (CLIM) is a Common Lisp-based programming interface for creating user interfaces, i.e., graphical user interfaces (GUIs). It provides an application programming interface (API) to user interface facilities for the programming language Lisp. It is a fully object-oriented programming user interface management system, using the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) and is based on the mechanism of stream input and output. There are also facilities for output device independence. It is descended from the GUI system Dynamic Windows of Symbolics' Lisp machines between 1988 and 1993.

The main development was CLIM 2.0, released in 1993. It is free and open source software released under a GNU Library General Public License (LGPL).

CLIM has been designed to be portable across different Common Lisp implementations and different windowing systems. It uses a reflective architecture for its window system interface. CLIM supports, like Dynamic Windows, so-called Presentations.

CLIM is available for Allegro CL, LispWorks, Macintosh Common Lisp, and Symbolics Genera

A free software implementation of CLIM is named McCLIM. It has several extensions to CLIM and has been used for several applications like Climacs, an Emacs-like editor. It also provides a mouse-sensitive Lisp Listener, a read–eval–print loop (REPL) for Common Lisp.

Applications using CLIM
 BB1 Blackboard Kernel (BBK)
 CLASP: analyzes data from experiments via graphics, statistical tests, and various data manipulation types
 CLIB, a prototype interface builder for CLIM
 Direct Labor Management System (DLMS), manages automobile manufacturing process system at Ford assembly plants
 DLMAPS, an ontology-based spatial query language and environment, a predecessor of GeoSPARQL
 GenEd, editor with generic semantics for formal reasoning on visual notations
 Grasper-CL, graph management system
 KONWERK, a domain independent configuration tool
 Mirage, an editor for building gadget-oriented graphical user interfaces.
Pathway Tools, a comprehensive bioinformatics software package that spans genome data management, systems biology, and omics data analysis.
 Petri nets, a Petri net editor and simulator 
 SENEX, a CLOS/CLIM application for molecular pathology
 SPIKE, scheduling system for the Hubble space telescope observations. Also used for ASTRO-D, an X-Ray observation astronomy mission
 SpyGlass, an analysis environment for viewing packet traces, from BBN.
 VITRA Workbench, an integrated vision and natural language processing system
 VISCO, a visual spatial query language
 Climaxima, a Maxima (software) graphical front-end.
 Tangram, a Tangram Puzzle Solver capable of solving arbitrary geometric tiling problems.

References

External links
 , McCLIM
 CLIM 2.0 Specification as multiple HTML pages; (McCLIM tarballs contain the specification's TeX sources)

Common Lisp
Common Lisp (programming language) software
Charles F. Van Loan. Charles Francis Van Loan (born September 20, 1947) is an emeritus professor of computer science and the Joseph C. Ford Professor of Engineering at Cornell University, He is known for his expertise in numerical analysis, especially matrix computations.

In 2016, Van Loan became the Dean of Faculty at Cornell University.

Biography
Originally from Orange, New Jersey, Van Loan attended the University of Michigan, where he obtained the B.S. in applied mathematics (1969) and the M.A. (1970) and Ph.D. (1973) in mathematics. His PhD dissertation was entitled "Generalized Singular Values with Algorithms and Applications" and his thesis adviser was Cleve Moler. Following a postdoctorate at the University of Manchester, he joined the Department of Computer Science at Cornell University in 1975, and served as the Department Chair from 1999 to 2006.

During the 1988–1989 academic year, Van Loan taught at Oxford University for his sabbatical.

Van Loan ran the Computer Science Graduate Program from 1982 to 1987 at Cornell and was the Director of the Undergraduate Studies from 1994 to 1998 and 1999–2003. He was awarded the Ford chair in 1998.  He held the position of chairman from July 1999 to June 2006.

In the spring of 2016, Van Loan retired from the Computer Science Department and was promoted to Dean of Faculty, replacing Joseph Burns.  Van Loan is the first emeritus professor to hold the position of Dean of Faculty.

Honors and awards
Van Loan won the Robert Paul Advising Award in 1998 and the James and Martha D. McCormick Advising Award in 2003.  Other awards Van Loan won include the Merrill Scholar Faculty Impact Award in 1998 and 2009 and the James and Mary Tien Teaching Award, College of Engineering in 2009.

In 2018, he was awarded the John von Neumann Lecture prize by the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics.

Books
Van Loan's best-known book is Matrix Computations, 3/e (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, ), written with Gene H. Golub. He is also the author of Handbook for Matrix Computations (SIAM, 1988, ), Computational Frameworks for the Fast Fourier Transform (SIAM, 1992, ), Introduction to Computational Science and Mathematics (Jones and Bartlett, 1996, ), and Introduction to Scientific Computation: A Matrix-Vector Approach Using MATLAB (2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, 1999, ).  His latest book is Insight Through Computing: A MATLAB Introduction to Computational Science and Engineering  (SIAM, 2009, ) written with K-Y Daisy Fan.

References

External links 
Home page at Cornell University

Living people
Numerical analysts
Mathematicians from New Jersey
University of Michigan College of Literature, Science, and the Arts alumni
Cornell University faculty
Fellows of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
1947 births
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American people of Dutch descent
People from Orange, New Jersey
Β-Propiolactone. β-Propiolactone, often simply called propiolactone, is an organic compound with the formula .  It is a lactone family, with a four-membered ring. It is a colorless liquid with a slightly sweet odor, highly soluble in water and organic solvents.  The carcinogenicity of this compound has limited its commercial applications.

Production
β-Propiolactone is prepared industrially by the reaction of formaldehyde and ethenone in the presence of aluminium- or zinc chloride as catalyst:

In the research laboratory, propiolactones have been produced by the carbonylation of epoxides.

Reactions and applications
It reacts with many nucleophiles in a ring-opening reactions.  With water hydrolysis occurs to produce 3-hydroxypropionic acid (hydracryclic acid).  Ammonia gives the β-alanine, which is a commercial process.

Propiolactone was once widely produced as an intermediate in the production of acrylic acid and its esters. That application has been largely displaced in favor of safer and less expensive alternatives. β-Propiolactone is an excellent sterilizing and sporicidal agent, but its carcinogenicity precludes that use.  It is used to inactivate a wide variety of viruses, for instance the influenza virus, as a step in vaccine production.  The principal use of propiolactone is an intermediate in the synthesis of other chemical compounds.

Safety
β-Propiolactone is "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" (IARC, 1999). It is one of 13 "OSHA-regulated carcinogens," chemicals regarded occupational carcinogens by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration, despite not having an established permissible exposure limit.

See also
 3-Oxetanone, an isomer of β-propiolactone
 Malonic anhydride (2,4-oxetanone)
 α-Propiolactone

References

Beta-lactones
Sweet-smelling chemicals
Joule effect. Joule effect and Joule's law are any of several different physical effects discovered or characterized by English physicist James Prescott Joule. These physical effects are not the same, but all are frequently or occasionally referred to in the literature as the "Joule effect" or "Joule law" These physical effects include:
 "Joule's first law" (Joule heating), a physical law expressing the relationship between the heat generated and the current flowing through a conductor.
 Joule's second law states that the internal energy of an ideal gas is independent of its volume and pressure, depending only on its temperature.
 Magnetostriction, a property of ferromagnetic materials that causes them to change their shape when subjected to a magnetic field.
 The Joule effect (during Joule expansion), the temperature change of a gas (usually cooling) when it is allowed to expand freely.
 The Joule–Thomson effect, the temperature change of a gas when it is forced through a valve or porous plug while keeping it insulated so that no heat is exchanged with the environment.
 The Gough–Joule effect or the Gow–Joule effect, which is the tendency of elastomers to contract if heated while they are under tension.

Joule's first law
Between 1840 and 1843, Joule carefully studied the heat produced by an electric current.  From this study, he developed Joule's laws of heating, the first of which is commonly referred to as the Joule effect.  Joule's first law expresses the relationship between heat generated in a conductor and current flow, resistance, and time.

Magnetostriction
The magnetostriction effect describes a property of ferromagnetic materials which causes them to change their shape when subjected to a magnetic field.  Joule first reported observing the change in the length of ferromagnetic rods in 1842.

Joule expansion
In 1845, Joule studied the free expansion of a gas into a larger volume. This became known as Joule expansion.  The cooling of a gas by allowing it to expand freely is occasionally referred to as the Joule effect.

Gough–Joule effect
If an elastic band is first stretched and then subjected to heating, it will shrink rather than expand.  This effect was first observed by John Gough in 1802, and was investigated further by Joule in the 1850s, when it then became known as the Gough–Joule effect.
Examples in Literature:
 Popular Science magazine, January 1972:  "A stretched piece of rubber contracts when heated.  In doing so, it exerts a measurable increase in its pull.  This surprising property of rubber was first observed by James Prescott Joule about a hundred years ago and is known as the Joule effect."
 Rubber as an Engineering Material (book), by Khairi Nagdi:  "The Joule effect is a phenomenon of practical importance that machine designers must consider.  The simplest way of demonstrating this effect is to suspend a weight on a rubber band sufficient to elongate it by at least 50%.  When an infrared lamp warms up the stretched rubber band, it does not elongate because of thermal expansion, as may be expected, but it retracts and lifts the weight."

See also 
 Joule–Thomson effect

References

Thermodynamics
Michael Faraday Memorial. The Michael Faraday Memorial is a monument to the Victorian scientist Michael Faraday. It is located at Elephant Square in Elephant and Castle, London, England.

Description
The stainless steel box-shaped structure was designed by modern movement architect Rodney Gordon in 1959 and built in 1961, on the centre of what was the northern roundabout of the Elephant and Castle gyratory system. It commemorates Michael Faraday's importance as a scientist and was placed at Elephant and Castle because Faraday's birthplace is nearby in Newington Butts.The interior of the construction contains a London Underground electrical substation for the Northern line and Bakerloo line (somewhat appropriate for a memorial to one of the great pioneers of electricity). Rodney Gordon originally designed the box clad in glass, intending the workings of the transformer to be seen. The possibility of vandalism prevented this, so the design was changed to a metal casing.

Aspects of Gordon's design which explained the connection to Faraday were left out when it was constructed, so few people realise why it is there.  However, there is an inscription in the concrete paving nearby explaining that it is the Faraday Memorial.

In 1996, the monument was given Grade II listed building status.

Proposed and actual changes
In 1996, the memorial was given a new lighting scheme designed by a local schoolgirl from English Martyrs R.C primary school, the result of a competition held by Blue Peter, the BBC children's programme.

Plans in the early 2000s to redevelop the Elephant and Castle included turning the roundabout into a peninsula and moving the Michael Faraday Memorial 400 metres south-east to the Walworth Road, where it would stand next to the Cuming Museum and possibly become part of a proposed science museum. These plans were shelved as the regeneration of Elephant and Castle evolved into a scheme that retained the roundabout, before changing into a scheme that retained the memorial in its current position by "peninsulaising" it, in the process making it easier to access.

In May 2012, the 16-year-old lighting scheme (which had long since stopped working) was replaced with a new disco theme by Southwark Council, animating every evening after dark.

In Popular Culture
Many fans of electronic musician Aphex Twin have believed that he bought the structure and lived inside it. This was a playful lie begun by the artist himself in a 2001 interview.

The structure briefly appears in the official video for Aphex Twin's "T69 Collapse"

References

External links

20th Century Society Risky Buildings listing for the memorial
Elephant & Castle Roundabout "Making a Space a Place"
Elephant & Castle official regeneration website

1961 sculptures
Brutalist architecture in London
Monuments and memorials in London
Grade II listed buildings in the London Borough of Southwark
Tourist attractions in the London Borough of Southwark
Michael Faraday
Expansive clay. Expansive clay is a clay soil that is prone to large volume changes (swelling and shrinking) that are directly related to changes in water content. Soils with a high content of expansive minerals can form deep cracks in drier seasons or years; such soils are called vertisols. Soils with smectite clay minerals, including montmorillonite and bentonite, have the most dramatic shrink–swell capacity.

The mineral make-up of this type of soil is responsible for the moisture retaining capabilities. All clays consist of mineral sheets packaged into layers, and can be classified as either 1:1 or 2:1. These ratios refer to the proportion of tetrahedral sheets to octahedral sheets. Octahedral sheets are sandwiched between two tetrahedral sheets in 2:1 clays, while 1:1 clays have sheets in matched pairs. Expansive clays have an expanding crystal lattice in a 2:1 ratio; however, there are 2:1 non-expansive clays.

Mitigation of the effects of expansive clay on structures built in areas with expansive clays is a major challenge in geotechnical engineering. Some areas mitigate foundation cracking by watering around the foundation with a soaker hose during dry conditions. This process can be automated by a timer, or using a soil moisture sensor controller. Even though irrigation is expensive, the cost is small compared to repairing a cracked foundation. Admixtures can be added to expansive clays to reduce the shrink-swell properties, as well.

One laboratory test to measure the expansion potential of soil is ASTM D 4829.

See also
Argillipedoturbation
Dispersion (soil)

References

Types of soil
Soil mechanics
Soil physics
Sediments