omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Brock Avion. The Brock Avion () is an American ultralight aircraft that was designed and produced by Ken Brock Manufacturing, a company usually noted for its gyroplanes. The Avion was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The Avion has a standard empty weight of . The Avion features a strut-braced high-wing, single-seat, open cockpit, single pusher engine configuration, and is equipped with tricycle landing gear.

The aircraft is made from bolted together aluminum tubing, with the wing ribs constructed from stamped aluminum. The wing and tail covering is Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is supported by "V" lift struts. The tail is mounted to a straight aluminum tube that passes above the pusher propeller. Both the elevator and rudder are all-flying surfaces; the ailerons are full-span. The standard engine fitted was the Rotax 277 of . The fuel tank was integral with the pilot's seat and common with Brock's gyroplane designs. The pilot sits on the seat in the open air, with no windshield. The landing gear is of tricycle configuration and features a steerable nosewheel and hydraulic brakes. The Avion can be assembled for flight in 30 minutes.

The Avion underwent a complete engineering stress analysis by Bob Hovey, the designer of the Hovey Delta Bird and Hovey Whing Ding II. The Avion was designed to +6/-4g.

Specifications (Avion)

References

External links
Photo of a Brock Avion

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Ken Brock aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Honeywell T87. The Honeywell T87 Round Thermostat is a thermostat that Honeywell International, Inc. first manufactured in 1953. Henry Dreyfuss designed the thermostat based on a concept by Honeywell engineer Carl Kronmiller.

References

External links 
 "Honeywell Round Thermostat" in MNopedia, the Minnesota Encyclopedia

Products introduced in 1953
Honeywell
Temperature control
MCST-R500S. The MCST R500S () is a 32-bit system-on-a-chip, developed by Moscow Center of SPARC Technologies (MCST) and fabricated by TSMC.

MCST R500S Highlights
implements the SPARC V8 instruction set architecture (ISA)
dual-core
the two cores can work in redundancy to increase reliability of the system.
core specifications:
in-order, single-issue 
5-stage integer pipeline
7-stage floating-point pipeline
16 KB L1 instruction cache 
32 KB L1 data cache
shared 512KB L2 cache
integrated controllers:
memory
PCI
RDMA (to connect with other MCST R500S)
MSI (Mbus and SBus)
EBus
PS/2 
Ethernet 100
SCSI-2
RS-232
500 МHz clock rate
130 nm process
die size 100 mm2
~45 million transistors
power consumption 5W

References
 "https://web.archive.org/web/20151101211823/http://www.mcst.ru/b_18-19.shtml" (In Russian)

SPARC microprocessors
32-bit microprocessors
Ehrenfest–Tolman effect. In general relativity, the Ehrenfest–Tolman effect (also known as the Tolman–Ehrenfest effect), created by Richard C. Tolman and Paul Ehrenfest, argues that temperature is not constant in space at thermal equilibrium, but varies with the spacetime curvature. Specifically, it depends on the spacetime metric. In a stationary spacetime with timelike Killing vector field , the temperature  satisfies instead the Tolman-Ehrenfest relation: , where  is the norm of the timelike Killing vector field.

This relationship leads to the concept of thermal time which has been considered as a possible basis for a fully general-relativistic thermodynamics. It has been shown that the Tolman–Ehrenfest effect can be derived by applying the equivalence principle to the concept that temperature is the rate of thermal time with respect to proper time.

References

General relativity
Quantum mechanics
X32 ABI. The x32 ABI is an application binary interface (ABI) and one of the interfaces of the Linux kernel. The x32 ABI provides 32-bit integers, long and pointers (ILP32) on Intel and AMD 64-bit hardware. The ABI allows programs to take advantage of the benefits of x86-64 instruction set (larger number of CPU registers, better floating-point performance, faster position-independent code, shared libraries, function parameters passed via registers, faster syscall instruction) while using 32-bit pointers and thus avoiding the overhead of 64-bit pointers.

Details
Though the x32 ABI limits the program to a virtual address space of 4 GiB, it also decreases the memory footprint of the program by making pointers smaller. This can allow it to run faster by fitting more code and more data into cache. The best results during testing were with the 181.mcf SPEC CPU 2000 benchmark, in which the x32 ABI version was 40% faster than the x86-64 version. On average, x32 is 5–8% faster on the SPEC CPU integer benchmarks compared to x86-64. There is no speed advantage over x86-64 in the SPEC CPU floating-point benchmarks. There are also some application benchmarks that demonstrate the advantages of the x32 ABI.

History
Running a userspace that consists mostly of programs compiled in ILP32 mode and which also have principal access to 64-bit CPU instructions has not been uncommon, especially in the field of "classic RISC" chips. For example, the Solaris operating system does so for both SPARC and x86-64. On the Linux side, Debian also ships an ILP32 userspace. The underlying reason is the somewhat "more expensive" nature of LP64 code, just like it has been shown for x86-64. In that regard, the x32 ABI extends the ILP32-on-64bit concept to the x86-64 platform.

Several people had discussed the benefits of an x86-64 ABI with 32-bit pointers in the years since the Athlon 64's release in 2003, notably Donald Knuth in 2008. There was little publicly visible progress towards implementing such a mode until August 27, 2011, when Hans Peter Anvin announced to the Linux kernel mailing list that he and H. J. Lu had been working on the x32 ABI.

That same day, Linus Torvalds replied with a concern that the use of 32-bit time values in the x32 ABI could cause problems in the future. This is because the use of 32-bit time values would cause the time values to overflow in the year 2038. Following this request, the developers of the x32 ABI changed the time values to 64-bit.

A presentation at the Linux Plumbers Conference on September 7, 2011, covered the x32 ABI.

The x32 ABI was merged into the Linux kernel for the 3.4 release with support being added to the GNU C Library in version 2.16.

In December 2018 there was discussion as to whether to deprecate the x32 ABI, which has not happened as of April 2023. Neither it has happened
as of May 2024, and even more, it got some new development.

Adoption

References

External links

 x32 ABI Development Website
 x32 ABI Presentation Slides from the Linux Plumbers Conference

Interfaces of the Linux kernel
X86 architecture
AutoCAST. AutoCAST is a software program for casting methods design, simulation and optimization developed by Indian Institute of Technology Bombay.

Software 
AutoCAST uses geometric reasoning for automating the design of casting methods elements – cores, mold cavity layout, feeders, feed aids and gating channels. Fast and intelligent simulation technology is employed to visualize mold filling and casting solidification in near-real time. Foundry engineers can quickly import a 3D model of cast part, create methods elements, simulate the casting, predict internal defects (like shrinkage porosity and sand inclusion), and modify the methods design to improve quality and yield. Product designers can improve the casting design for manufacturability by minor modifications, such as fillets at junctions. This enables better compatibility between part requirements and process capability, leading to zero defects.

Applications
The latest version AutoCAST-X1 incorporates many innovations, including part thickness analysis, multi-cavity mould layout, multi-neck feeder design, vector element method for solidification simulation, automatic optimisation of feeders and gating system, tooling cost estimation and methods report generation. The database includes all major metal families and casting processes; which can be customised to accommodate new alloys and mould materials.

History
The software has a 20-year history of technology development at the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, supported by several Ph.D. and Masters-level researchers. It is maintained and supported by 3D Foundry Tech, a company incubated at the institute. The software is used in industry (especially, SME foundries) for quality and yield improvement, and in academic institutes for simulation labs.

References

External links 

Casting (manufacturing)
Computer-aided design software
R. Paul Smith Power Station. The R. Paul Smith Power Station is a closed electric generating plant owned by FirstEnergy (formerly Allegheny Energy) in Williamsport, Maryland.

Description
The facility consists of 2 coal-fired steam generating units generating a total capacity of 116 MW. The units can use fuel oil as an alternate energy source. Condenser cooling for these units is accomplished with once-through cooling water from the Potomac River.

The plant is located on land in between the Potomac River and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, north of Lock 44 of the canal. Coal was delivered to the plant originally by rail until the mid-1950s, and intermittently by rail and trucks until late 1974 when all coal deliveries were diverted to trucks. Coal ash from the plant was disposed at ash ponds in West Virginia, across the river from the plant.

The plant is subject to the federal Clean Air Act. Because of the age of the power plant units, and the need to maintain the plant's capabilities to ensure reliability of the regional power grid, the Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE) had exempted the plant from compliance with a state law, the Healthy Air Act, which sets stringent air pollution limits for sulfur oxide and NOx. However, FirstEnergy decided to cease plant operations in 2012, and in 2013 MDE proposed reinstating the stringent state emission requirements, in case the plant resumes operations in the future.

History
Construction of the first power plant at Williamsport began in 1922 by the Potomac Public Service Company. In 1923 the company became part of the Potomac Edison Company, and in 1925 Potomac Edison joined West Penn Electric Company. The first generating unit began service in 1927. Coal was delivered to the plant by the Western Maryland Railway. The plant was named for R. Paul Smith, the company's first president.

The 1927 unit was replaced by a new unit in 1947 with a nameplate capacity of 34.5 MW.  An additional 75 MW operating unit was constructed in 1958. In 1960 the West Penn Electric Company was renamed Allegheny Power System, Inc. Circa 1970 the plant began to receive coal deliveries by truck, and rail deliveries ended.

On January 26, 2012 parent company FirstEnergy announced that the station would be closed due to the cost of retrofitting the plant to comply with environmental regulations due to take effect in 2015. The R. Paul Smith station was one of six FirstEnergy stations to be retired in 2012.  In its last years the plant was operated intermittently. FirstEnergy ceased plant operations on September 1, 2012.

See also

List of power stations in Maryland

References

Energy infrastructure completed in 1927
Energy infrastructure completed in 1947
Energy infrastructure completed in 1958
Former power stations in Maryland
Buildings and structures in Washington County, Maryland
FirstEnergy
1927 establishments in Maryland
Relationship between chemistry and physics. The relationship between chemistry and physics is a topic of debate in the philosophy of science. The issue is a complicated one, since both physics and chemistry are divided into multiple subfields, each with their own goals. A major theme is whether, and in what sense, chemistry can be said to "reduce" to physics.

Background
Although physics and chemistry are branches of science that both study matter, they differ in the scopes of their respective subjects. While physics focuses on phenomena such as force, motion, electromagnetism, elementary particles, and spacetime, chemistry is concerned mainly with the structure and reactions of atoms and molecules, but does not necessarily deal with non-baryonic matter.  However, the two disciplines overlap in subjects concerning the behaviour of fluids, the thermodynamics of chemical reactions, the magnetic forces between atoms and molecules, and quantum chemistry. Moreover, the laws of chemistry highly depend on the laws of quantum mechanics. 

In some respects the two sciences have developed independently, but less so towards the end of the twentieth century. There are many areas where there is major overlap, for instance both chemical physics and physical chemistry combine the two, while materials science is an interdisciplinary areas which combines both as well as some elements of engineering. This was deliberate, as recognized by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine there are limitations to trying to force science into categories rather than focusing on the issues of importance, an approach now common in materials science.

Historical views 
In the 19th century, Auguste Comte in his hierarchy of the sciences, classified chemistry as more dependent than physics, as chemistry requires physics.

References

Physical sciences
chemistry
Robertson B1-RD. The Robertson B1-RD is an American ultralight aircraft that was designed by Glen Bashforth and Bruce Bashforth and produced by the Robertson Aircraft Corporation. The aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction with production starting in June 1982.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The B1-RD has a standard empty weight of . It has a cable-braced high-wing, single-seat, open cockpit, single engine in tractor engine configuration, and is equipped with conventional landing gear.

The aircraft is made from bolted together aluminum tubing with the wings and tail surfaces covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its  span wing is cable-braced to a top surface inverted "V" kingpost. The wing is a single-surface airfoil with a double-surface wing covering optional. The controls are conventional three-axis, including Junkers-style flaperons. The main fuselage structure is an aluminum keel tube that runs from the tail, mounts the wings and then the engine at the front. The original standard engines were the  Cuyuna 430R and the  Cuyuna 215. The landing gear has bungee-suspension on all three wheels and the tailwheel is steerable.

Production of the B1-RD was curtailed circa 1984 due to liability concerns.

Variants
In addition to the standard single-seat model, a two-seat version of the B1-RD was also marketed.

Specifications (B1-RD)

References

External links
Photo of B1-RD
Photo of B1-RD 
Photo of B1-RD

1980s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
B1-RD
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined piston aircraft
Ultimate Aircraft 10 Dash. The Ultimate Aircraft 10 Dash is a Canadian single-seat sport and aerobatic biplane designed and built by Ultimate Aircraft Corporation of Guelph, Ontario.

Design and development
The 10 Dash Model 100 was designed as sport biplane that could be either bought assembled or for amateur construction from either plans or a kit. The first prototype 10 Dash 100 first flew on 6 October 1985. It is designed to have either a  or  engine fitted for example a  Continental O-200 engine. It is a braced biplane with wooden wings,  a welded steel tube fuselage, fixed conventional landing gear with a tailwheel and a single open cockpit. An aerobatic variant, the 10 Dash 200, is powered by a 180-200 hp engine. A competition aerobatic variant, the 10 Dash 300 can be fitted with either a  or  Lycoming engine with a three-bladed propeller. The 10 Dash 300 has a longer fuselage and longer-span wings with full-span symmetrical ailerons. A tandem two-seat variant, the 20 Dash 300, also joined the family.

Variants
10 Dash 100
Basic single-seat sport variant.
10 Dash 200
Single-seat aerobatic variant.
10 Dash 300
Higher-power single-seat competition variant.
20 Dash 300
Tandem two-seat variant with a single-piece bubble canopy.

Specifications (10 Dash 300)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography 

1980s Canadian sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
10 Dash
Aerobatic aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1985
Tupolev ANT-41. The Tupolev ANT-41 was a prototype Soviet twin-engined torpedo-bomber of the 1930s. A single prototype was built, which was destroyed in a crash. No production followed, with the Ilyushin DB-3 serving as a torpedo bomber instead.

Design and development
In March 1934, the Tupolev design bureau (OKB) began work on a multi-role aircraft for Soviet Naval Aviation, intended to serve as a high-speed, long-range torpedo bomber, reconnaissance aircraft and "cruiser" (i.e. long-range heavy fighter), and available in both landplane and floatplane versions. The task of designing the new aircraft, given the OKB designation ANT-41 and the Navy designation T-1 (Torpedonosets – i.e. torpedo carrier) was assigned to the team led by Vladimir Myasishchev.

The ANT-41 was of similar layout to the contemporary SB bomber, which had been designed by another team (led by Alexander Arkhangelsky) at the Tupolev OKB, but was larger and more powerful. Like the SB, it was a mid-winged cantilever monoplane of all-metal stressed skin construction. It was powered by two Mikulin AM-34 liquid-cooled V12 engines in close-fitting cowlings driving 3-bladed propellers and cooled by radiators mounted inside the wings inboard of the engines, which were fed by narrow ducts on the leading edge of the wing. A long () weapons bay under the fuselage could hold two  torpedoes, or a single  torpedo or an equivalent weight in bombs. The undercarriage of the landplane version was a retractable tailwheel undercarriage, based on that of the SB but strengthened to deal with the ANT-41's greater weight.

History
The first prototype ANT-41, a landplane, made its maiden flight from Khodynka Aerodrome, Moscow on 2 June 1936, with severe tail flutter encountered. It was destroyed in a crash during the 14th test flight on 3 July 1936, with the test crew escaping by parachute. The accident was caused by flutter causing wing failure, which was traced to inadequate aileron design.  Later that year, the Ilyushin DB-3 was chosen to meet Soviet Naval Aviation's requirements for a torpedo bomber, and the ANT-41 was cancelled, with the second prototype unbuilt.

Specifications

Notes

Citations

References
 Duffy, Paul and Andrei Kandalov. Tupolev: The Man and His Aircraft. Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife, 1996. .
 Gordon, Yefim and Vladimir Rigmant. OKB Tupolev: A History of the Design Bureau and its Aircraft. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2005. .
 Gunston, Bill. The Osprey Encyclopedia of Russian Aircraft 1875–1995. London: Osprey, 1995. .
 Gunston, Bill. Tupolev Aircraft since 1922. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press, 1995, .

External links
"Мясищев АНТ-41 (Т-1)". Уголок Неба.(in Russian)

1930s Soviet bomber aircraft
ANT-41
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Olmsted Station Powerhouse. The Olmsted Power Station is a historic building located in Orem, Utah, United States. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The hydropower plant was dedicated on April 12, 1904 and decommissioned on September 21, 2015. The plant will become a museum after a seismic refit of the building.

Olmsted Station Power House * Off U.S. Highway 189 * Provo, Utah 
The Olmsted Station Power House was built in 1904, by L. L. Nunn and his brother and chief engineer, P. N. Nunn.  The plant received its name in honor of Fay Devaux Olmsted, who played a key role in helping the Nunn brothers design the plant, contracted and died from Tuberculosis before the plant was completed.  The plant, when running at full capacity, was able to provide twelve megawatts of power, which is enough for about 3,000 homes.  Along with the Power station, these men established an institute, known as the Telluride Institute, which was home to approximately forty students.  This institute was the first corporation sponsored electrical school in the U.S. and continued to operate until 1912 when Utah Power and Light Company attained the property.

History 
In order to harvest the power of falling water, new technology needed to be invented.  To facilitate this, the Nunn brothers worked with George Westinghouse, hoping he would be able to use falling water to power transformers, switches, and water powered generators.  The Nunn brothers provided Westinghouse with a pouch of gold worth $50,000, and eventually, the technology was available so that the plant could be built and become an efficient energy source.  The Olmsted power station was decommissioned in 2015.

Original equipment 
Although there have been extensions to the original equipment in both 1917 and 1948, the Olmsted Station Power House still retains some original equipment.  The original equipment comprises Three general Electric generators (2300 volts), Three Lambard governors, One general electric water driven exciter with Pelton wheel (125 DC volts), Nine general electric transformers (2300–44,000 volts), Nine Westinghouse oil switches, One sycrometer, and Four general electric field rheostats.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972; the listing included two contributing buildings on .

References 

 Beall, Burtch W.  "National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination Form.  Historic American Engineering Record.  Salt Lake City, Utah.  December 1971.
 http://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/central/provo/article_9bec53ca-01d7-5a60-901a-578fde41c1e0.html

External links
NRHP Listings in Provo Utah

Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
Historic American Engineering Record in Utah
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah
National Register of Historic Places in Orem, Utah