omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Backlog. Backlog may refer to:

Science, technology and business 
 Product backlog, a list of requirements for a software product in development; see 
 Backlog (academic journals), the phenomenon of a number of accepted papers waiting a significant time to be published
 Backlog of unexamined patent applications, all patent applications that have been filed and still remain to be examined
 An argument to Berkeley sockets "listen" function representing the number of pending connections 
 Customer lead time in sales and operations planning

Music 
 Backlog (album), a compilation by Leftfield/Djum Djum
 Backlog 1987–1991 (1995), an album by Show of Hands
 Backlog 2 (2011), an album by Show of Hands

See also 
 Tardiness (scheduling), a measure of a delay in executing certain operations
Verbmobil. Verbmobil was a long-term interdisciplinary Language Technology (esp. Machine Translation) research project with the aim of developing a system that could recognize, translate and produce natural utterances and thus "translate spontaneous speech robustly and bidirectionally for German/English and German/Japanese". 

Verbmobil research was carried out between 1993 and 2000 and received a total of 116 million German marks (roughly 60 million euros) in funding from Germany's Federal Ministry of Research and Technology, the Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie; industry partners (such as DaimlerChrysler, Siemens and Philips) contributed an additional 52 million DM (26 million euros).

In the Verbmobil II project, the University of Tübingen created semi-automatically annotated treebanks for German, Japanese and English spontaneous speech.
TüBa-D/S contains approximately 38,000 sentences or 360,000 words. 
TüBa-E/S  contains approximately  30,000 sentences or 310,000 words. 
TüBa-J/S contains approximately  18,000 sentences or 160,000 words.

Notes

External links
 DFKI Verbmobil Overview German Artificial Intelligence Research Institute - Verbmobil overview (in English)
 DFKI Verbmobil Portal German Artificial Intelligence Research Institute -   Verbmobil portal page (in German)

Computational linguistics
Machine translation
Si 363. Si 363 is a bifunctional organosilane chemical used in the reinforcement of rubber articles, especially tires. SI363 is the trade name of a silane bonding agent in the trialkoxymercaptoalkyl-silane class and of formula SH(CH2)H3Si(OCHH2CHH3)(O(CHH2CHH2O)H5(CHH2)H12CHH3)H2.

When applied to tires, Si 363 reduces rolling resistance, thus leading to increased fuel economy. Both alkoxsilicon and sulfur entities are present within its molecular structure.

References

Rubber
United States Senate Environment Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure. The U.S. Senate Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure is a subcommittee of the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works.

Jurisdiction
Transportation and Infrastructure Issues
 Federal Highway Administration
 Highway Program
 Construction and maintenance of highways
 Public works, bridges, and dams
 General Services Administration
 Public Buildings and improved grounds of the United States generally, including Federal Buildings in the District of Columbia
 Green Building Standards
Water Issues
 Army Corps of Engineers (Civil Works)
 Water Resources Development Act
 National Dam Safety Program
 Flood control and improvements of rivers and harbors, including environmental aspects of deepwater ports
 Water resources
Regional Economic Development
 Economic Development Administration
 Appalachian Regional Commission
 Northern Border Regional Commission
 Delta Regional Authority
 Mississippi River Commission
Transportation
Federal Highway Administration

During committee organization for the 110th Congress, the subcommittee's responsibility over transportation safety and security issues was transferred to a new Subcommittee on Transportation Safety, Infrastructure Security, and Water Quality.

Members, 118th Congress

References

External links
Official Subcommittee page

Environment and Public Works Senate Transportation and Infrastructure
ChaNGa. ChaNGa (Charm N-body GrAvity solver) is a computer program to perform collisionless N-body simulations. It can perform cosmological simulations with periodic boundary conditions in comoving coordinates or simulations of isolated stellar systems. It is based on the Barnes–Hut algorithm and uses Ewald summation for periodic forces.

ChaNGa makes use of the Charm++ parallel programming system, including its dynamic load balancing schemes, in order to scale to large processor configurations. Simulation results have been reported on up to 20,000 IBM Bluegene/L processors .

More information 

For more information on obtaining, building and running ChaNGa, please see the  Wiki documentation at
.

See also

 PKDGRAV 
 GADGET
 GRAPE

External links
 University of Washington ChaNGa website
 Charm++ web page at the Parallel Programming Lab, UIUC
 ChaNGa Wiki documentation

Physical cosmology
Cosmological simulation
Robert E. Glover. Robert Ellsworth Glover (1896 – 1984) was an American engineer, who was an instructor at Colorado State University, and who worked at the United States Bureau of Reclamation from 1920-1954.

Glover worked on the Gibson Dam, the Glen Canyon Dam, the Owyhee Dam and the Boulder (Hoover) Dam. He published widely on groundwater movement, hydraulics, the trial-load method and thermal properties of concrete. After 1954, he worked for Boeing Aircraft and then with the U.S. Geological Survey. Glover also developed and taught a course on groundwater at CSU.

Glover’s papers, which are archived at Colorado State University, include personal and professional aspects of his life, including diaries, maps, notes, photographs, publications and reports. The collection includes a large number of documents, photographs and maps pertaining to numerous Bureau of Reclamation dam projects.

Notable works
Glover, R. E. (1960) "Ground water-surface water relationships". In Ground Water Section, Western Resources Conference, Boulder, Colorado. Colorado Ground Water Comm., Dept. Natural Resources, Colorado State University Paper CER6ORG45, 8 pp.
Glover, R. E. (1964) "Ground-water movement". U. S. Bureau of Reclamation Eng. Mon. 31, 67 pp.
Glover, R. E. and C. G. Balmer (1954) "River depletion resulting from pumping a well near a river". Am. Geo-phys. Union Trans. v. 35. pt. 3, pp. 468–470.

References

Colorado State University faculty
20th-century American engineers
United States Bureau of Reclamation personnel
1984 deaths
1896 births
Esri grid. An Esri grid is a raster GIS file format developed by Esri, which has two formats:
A proprietary binary format, also known as an ARC/INFO GRID, ARC GRID and many other variations
A non-proprietary ASCII format, also known as an ARC/INFO ASCII GRID
The formats were introduced for ARC/INFO. The binary format is widely used within Esri programs, such as ArcGIS, while the ASCII format is used as an exchange, or export format, due to the simple and portable ASCII file structure.

The grid defines geographic space as an array of equally sized square grid points arranged in rows and columns. Each grid point stores a numeric value that represents a geographic attribute (such as elevation or surface slope) for that unit of space. Each grid cell is referenced by its x,y coordinate location.

File formats

ASCII
In Esri grid data, the first six lines indicate the reference of the grid, followed by the values listed in "English reading order" (left-right and top-down). For example, consider a grid, shown to the left. This could be encoded into an ASCII grid file, that would look like:

where
ncols and nrows are the numbers of columns and rows, respectively (represented as integers);
xllcorner and yllcorner are the western (left) x-coordinate and southern (bottom) y-coordinates, such as easting and northing (represented as real numbers with an optional decimal point), 
when the data points are cell-centered xllcenter and yllcenter are used to indicate such registration.
cellsize is the length of one side of a square cell (a real number); and,
nodata_value is the value that is regarded as "missing" or "not applicable"; this line is optional, but highly recommended as some programs expect this line to be declared (a real number).

The remainder of the file lists the raster values for each cell, starting at the upper-left corner. These real numbers (with optional decimal point, if needed) are delimited using a single space character.

Binary format
A binary Esri grid is stored in several files contained in at least two directories: the name directory and an info directory, where name has strict naming conventions. The grid name must begin with an alphabetic character and must only include alphanumeric characters or the underscore ("_") character. A multiple-band grid (a collection of grids also known as a "stack" in ArcGIS) cannot have more than 9 characters in its file name, and a single-band raster dataset cannot have more than 13 characters.

References

Binary grid
Arc/INFO GRID file structure
AIG driver for GDAL
ASCII grid
ASCII grid format
AAIGrid driver for GDAL

GIS raster file formats
Blackburn Blackburn. The Blackburn R-1 Blackburn was a 1920s British single-engine fleet spotter/reconnaissance aircraft built by Blackburn Aircraft.

History
The Blackburn was developed to meet a naval requirement (Specification 3/21) for a carrier-based reconnaissance aircraft and gun spotting aircraft. Blackburn designed a new fuselage and used the wing and tail surfaces from the Blackburn Dart. The pilot sat in an open cockpit above the engine, a navigator sat inside the fuselage and a gun position was located at the rear of the fuselage cabin. The aircraft's two-bay wings could fold for stowage aboard aircraft carriers, with the upper wing attached directly to the fuselage, which filled the interplane gap.  Armament was a single forward-firing Vickers machine gun mounted externally to the left of the pilot, with a Lewis gun on a Scarff ring for the gunner.

Three prototypes were flown during 1922, leading to an initial production contract for 12 aircraft. The production aircraft were designated Blackburn I and the first deliveries to the Fleet Air Arm at Gosport began in April 1923. 18 more Blackburn Is were built in 1923–1924. Its first operational deployment was with No. 422 Fleet Spotter Flight, which deployed aboard  in the Mediterranean in 1923.

A further order was placed for 29 Blackburns with the more powerful Napier Lion V engine, designated the Blackburn II. The upper wing was raised 22½ in (0.57 m) to improve handling. A few Blackburns were used as dual-control trainers and all the Blackburn Is were converted to II standard before the type became obsolete in 1931, when they were replaced by the Fairey IIIF.

Variants
Blackburn
 Prototype, three built.
Blackburn I
 Production version with a 449 hp (335 kW) Napier Lion IIB engines, 33 built.
Blackburn II
 Improved production version with a 464 hp (346 kW) Napier Lion V, and increased gap between wings. 29 built.

Blackburn Trainer
 Trainer version of Blackburn I, fitted with side-by-side cockpit and dual controls. Known by the Fleet Air Arm as the Bull. Two out of Blackburn I batch.

Operators
 
 Royal Air Force
No. 422 (Fleet Spotter) Flight RAF – 1923-28
 Royal Navy
 Fleet Air Arm
No. 420 (Fleet Spotter) Flight RAF – 1926-28
No. 449 (Fleet Spotter Reconnaissance) Flight FAA – 1929-31
No. 450 (Fleet Spotter Reconnaissance) Flight FAA – 1929-31

Specifications (Blackburn I)

See also

References

Bibliography

 
 
 

Blackburn
1920s British military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1922
Carrier-based aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
STS-62-A. STS-62-A was a planned NASA Space Shuttle mission to deliver a reconnaissance payload (Teal Ruby) into polar orbit. It was expected to use Discovery. It would have been the first crewed launch from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, and the first crewed mission to go into polar orbit. 

The mission designation, STS-62-A, meant: 6=fiscal year 1986, 2=Vandenberg (1=Kennedy Space Center), and A=first flight in that fiscal year.

Crew

Post-Challenger accident 
The destruction of Challenger and subsequent halt of the Space Shuttle program led to the cancellation of the mission.

Guy Gardner, Jerry Ross, and Mike Mullane were members of the second post-Challenger mission STS-27 — a classified mission for the DoD — during which the Lacrosse-1 radar reconnaissance spacecraft was allegedly deployed.

References

External links 
 STS-62-A mission patch draft designs
 Article on the Teal Ruby satellite that would have been STS-62-A's payload
 National Museum of the United States Air Force page on Teal Ruby

Cancelled Space Shuttle missions
1986 in spaceflight
Sportster. Sportster may refer to several things, such as:

Harley-Davidson Sportster, a line of motorcycles manufactured since 1957.
ADI Sportster aircraft
Sportster line of modems, manufactured by USRobotics
 a term used in Britain to describe 18th- and early 19th-century wealthy men of leisure who frequented sporting events such as horse-racing
 Theiss Sportster, an American biplane aircraft design of the 1990s.
Warner Sportster, American light-sport aircraft
Rusty Russell. Rusty Russell is an Australian free software programmer and advocate, known for his work on the Linux kernel's networking subsystem and the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard.

Software development 

Russell wrote the packet filtering systems ipchains and netfilter/iptables in the Linux operating system kernel. Linus Torvalds referred to him as one of his "top deputies" in 2003. 
In 2002, Russell announced the creation of the Trivial Patch Monkey, an email address for kernel hackers to submit trivial patches such as spelling errors, one-liners, documentation tweaks and other minor amendments to the code base. Adrian Bunk took over the role in 2005.
In 2006 Russell started work as the major developer of the "lguest" virtualisation system in the Linux Kernel. In October 2009, he was officially given a SAMBA Team T-shirt welcoming him to the Samba Team. In 2014 he started pettycoin, a cryptocurrency project.
Rusty Russell authored the majority part of Bitcoin's Lightning Network protocol specification.

Australian Free Software community 

Russell conceived and conducted the Conference of Australian Linux Users at Monash University in 1999, the forerunner of the annual linux.conf.au conference series.

Russell is intellectual property advisor to Linux Australia and is active in advocating against and critiquing intellectual property elements of the Free Trade Agreement between Australia and the United States. He was also a member of the Linux Australia committee in 2004.

Russell was the recipient of the inaugural (and eponymous) Rusty Wrench award for service to the free software community at linux.conf.au 2005.

Bibliography

References

"Popping Kernels", Interview in Linux Magazine (UK), 2001
Trivial Patch Monkey explained in Linux Journal, 2006

External links
Rusty's Linux Kernel Page
Rusty Russell's blog

Pettycoin project
Twitter profile

Living people
Australian computer programmers
Linux kernel programmers
Australian male bloggers
1973 births
Airlock (parachute). A parachute airlock, often abbreviated to airlock, is a safety mechanism built into some parachute models which helps them resist losing their shape while open. It uses a ram air structure to stiffen each section of the outer edge.

The design was first developed by parachute inventor Brian Germain following a near-fatal ram-air wing collapse in 1994. Germain made a full recovery and went on to personally test many of the airlock prototype parachutes, often in extreme conditions. Specific parachute designs utilizing the airlock technology include the following: Jedei, Sweptwing, Genesis, Warlock, (AirTimeDesigns.com) Vengeance, (PerformanceDesigns.com) Samurai, Lotus, Sensei R1 (BigAirSportz.com).

While the airlock approach to canopy design has generated an enthusiastic user base, the design also has its problems. For example, a ram-air parachute designed with airlocks will not deflate quickly upon landing on a windy day. This may result in dragging a parachutist across the ground. Parachute packers have also noted that these canopies take longer to pack due to the extra time it takes to squeeze the air out. However, proponents of the design prefer the safety advantages of a stable canopy in flight over the convenience of other designs on the ground.

Patent abstract

Valve apparatus for ram-air wings 

This invention describes a ram-air type inflatable wing that is resistant to deflation. The inflatable air wing includes a plurality of cells disposed between the top and bottom skins of the wing, with at least one valve positioned within each of a plurality of cells. Each valve generally inhibits deflation of the cells when the air pressure inside the cells is greater than the air pressure outside the cells and permits the cells to inflate when the air pressure outside the cell is greater than the air pressure inside the cells.

Inventors: Germain; Brian S. (Kensington, Maryland)

Appl. No.: 08/617,471

Filed: March 15, 1996

References

External links 
 Airlocks: A discussion of the empirical and theoretical issues relating to valve parachutes. (illustrated)
 Turbulence: The Invisible Hazard

Parachuting
1996 introductions
Gas technologies
Living Linen. 
The Living Linen Project was set up in 1995 as an oral archive of the knowledge of the Irish linen industry still available within a nucleus of people who were formerly working in the industry in Ulster.

For over three hundred years linen manufacture has been an important industry, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries. In Northern Ireland practically every town and village had a mill or a factory.

By 1921 there were almost one million spindles and 37,000 looms, with over 70,000 directly employed, representing 40% of the registered working population, with closer to 100,000 people dependent on the linen industry. At end of the 20th century only 10 significant companies, at most, remained employing 4,000 people.

This then was the motivation for the Living Linen Project, which aimed to collect recollections of this great industry while it was still possible.

Phase One

Phase I of the Project a team of volunteers conducted almost ninety interviews. These oral recordings, and transcriptions being placed in the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Cultra, County Down.

The interviews were with the former managers of the industry and members of the families whose firms made up the industry in the twentieth century. After four years, it became clear to the Living Linen Management Committee that the interviews should be carried on with a much wider range of people.

Phase Two

Phase II, in 1999 the Heritage Lottery Fund awarded Living Linen a grant for the employment of an oral history researcher to conduct interviews, with all levels of employees. This covered managers, foremen, charge-hands, engineers; spinning, weaving, marketing, bleaching and dyeing firms' employees; machine operatives, cloth inspectors, clerical, bookkeepers, chemical and dye suppliers, mill furnishers, accountants, stores and shops that sold linen, and finally couturiers and fashion designers who used linen.

Living Linen Index 
An index, is available from the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, which lists the linen companies with the associated names of people who were interviewed. The recordings may be listened to at the Library, Administration Building, Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, Museums and Galleries of Northern Ireland, Cultra, County Down, Northern Ireland. A telephone call to the museum would be advisable at 00 44 (0) 28 9042 8428 before accessing the collection.

References

External links 
 Irish Linen - The Fabric of Ireland
 Living Linen Archive Ulster Folk & Transport Museum
 History of Irish linen

Archives in Northern Ireland
Linen industry in Ireland
David Vernon (professor). David Vernon (born 1958) is the Coordinator of the European Network for the Advancement of Artificial Cognitive Systems and he is a research professor at the Institute for Artificial Intelligence, University of Bremen. He is also a member of the management team of the RobotCub integrated working on the development of open-source cognitive humanoid robot.

Career
Vernon has held positions at Westinghouse Electric, Trinity College Dublin, the European Commission, the National University of Ireland Maynooth, Science Foundation Ireland,  Etisalat University College, Etisalat University College, and the University of Skövde. 

During his tenure as Head of School of Computer Science in the National University of Ireland Maynooth he was responsible for introducing the first stand-alone Computer Science degree programme to that university.

He has authored two and edited three books on computer vision and has published over eighty papers in the fields of Computer Vision, Robotics, and Cognitive Systems. His research interests include Fourier-based computer vision and enactive approaches to cognition.

Before moving to Bremen, he was a professor at Carnegie Mellon University in Kigali, Rwanda, focusing on Masters programs by research in Computing fields.".

Cognitive system framework
Vernon's objective is to provide a framework to design cognitive system by elaborating a comprehensive and structured overview of the entire research area concerned with cognitive systems; referring to it as a pre-paradigmatic discipline. 

He differentiates two global approaches: the cognitivist and the emergent. As the first one has its origins in cybernetics (1943-53) and is based on logical calculus immanent in nervous activity, the second one comes from the study of self-organized systems (1958), focuses on embodiment and can be refined in three subcategorizes: Connectionist, Dynamical, and Enactive.

While he is engaged in measuring up those four foregoing paradigms, he is also advocating the Enactive Systems Model to offer the framework by which successively richer orders of cognitive capability can be achieved, and by which the system itself will become part of an existing world of meaning (ontogeny) or shapes a new one (phylogeny).

Works
 Machine Vision - Automated Visual Inspection and Robot Vision, Prentice Hall Europe, 1991. 
 Fourier Vision - Segmentation and Velocity Measurement Using the Fourier Transform, Springer, 2001. 
 A short Course on Cognitive Systems, version 2.0, University of Genoa, Italy
 Artificial Cognitive Systems: A Primer, MIT Press, 2014.

References

External links

Vernon's Machine Vision

Artificial intelligence researchers
1958 births
Living people