omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SJ X14. X14 is a series of two-car electric multiple units operated by Statens Järnvägar (SJ) of Sweden as local trains. They were built in 18 copies by Asea Brown Boveri between 1994 and 1995, and based on the older X12-series. In addition two X12 units was converted to X14. It is operated by SJ, Västtrafik and Tåg i Bergslagen (TiB).

References

External links
Järnväg.net on X14 
Fagersta-posten om X14 

ASEA multiple units
X14
X14
1994 establishments in Sweden
15 kV AC multiple units
Source reduction. Source reduction is activities designed to reduce the volume, mass, or toxicity of products throughout the life cycle.  It includes the design and manufacture, use, and disposal of products with minimum toxic content, minimum volume of material, and/or a longer useful life. 

The term is also used to describe measures to reduce or eliminate breeding places for disease-carrying mosquitoes.

Synonyms 
Pollution prevention and toxics use reduction are also called source reduction because they address the use of hazardous substances at the source.

Examples
 Reusable packaging - for example the use of a reusable shopping bag at the grocery store; although it uses more material than a single-use disposable bag, the material per use is less.
 Overpackaging - Some packaging uses more materials than is necessary for product containment and protection. Redesign can often reduce the size and materials usage in packaging.

Procedures 
Source reduction is achieved through improvements in design, production, use, reuse, recycling, and through environmentally preferable purchasing (EPP). A Life-cycle assessment is useful to help choose among several alternatives and options.

Source reduction in the United States
In the United States, the Federal Trade Commission offers guidance for labelling claims: "Source reduction" refers to reducing or lowering the weight, volume or toxicity of a product or package. To avoid being misleading, source reduction claims must qualify the amount of the source reduction and give the basis for any comparison that is made. These principles apply regardless of whether a term like "source reduced" is used.

The Massachusetts Toxics Use Reduction Program (TURA) offers six strategies to achieve source reduction:

 Toxic chemical substitution
 Production process modification
 Finished product reformulation
 Production modernization
 Improvements in operations and maintenance
 In-process recycling of production material

See also
Bioplastic
Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles
Circular economy
Design life
Litter
Manufacturing resource planning
Miniwaste
Pre-waste
Product life
Remanufacturing
Service life
Sustainable packaging
Throwaway society
Waste

References

External links 
United States National Pollution Prevention Information Center
United States  Pollution Prevention Regional Information Center
NPPR Finds P2 Programs Effective
TURI
P2Gems Pollution prevention directory
Southwest Network for Zero Waste

Waste minimisation
Industrial ecology
Design for X
Industrial engineering
Castle Lime Works Quarry. Castle Lime Works Quarry is a  geological Site of Special Scientific Interest near South Mimms in Hertfordshire. The site was notified in 1986 under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. The site is a disused chalk quarry and according to Natural England:
This reveals extensive piping in the top of the chalk resulting from solution at the Chalk - Tertiary sediment interface. Believed to have formed during the Tertiary and Pleistocene, it is the finest exposure of clay-filled pipes in the Chalk Karst of England.

The site is on private land and there is no public access.

See also
List of Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Hertfordshire

References

Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Hertfordshire
Sites of Special Scientific Interest notified in 1986
Hertsmere
Geological Conservation Review sites
Quarries in Hertfordshire
Wing Derringer. The Wing D-1 Derringer is an American light twin-engined two-seat monoplane tourer designed by John Thorp and developed by the Hi-Shear Corporation and built by the Wing Aircraft Company.

Development
The D-1 Derringer light twin design was originally designed in 1958 by John Thorp as the Thorp T-17 a twin-engined development of his Thorp T-11 Sky Scooter. The design was taken over by George Wing of the Hi-Shear Corporation. The Derringer is a low-wing cantilever monoplane with a retractable tricycle landing gear. It had room for two in an enclosed cockpit with an unusual up and backward opening canopy. It was powered by two 100 hp Continental O-200 engines, one mounted on the leading edge of each wing. The prototype aircraft (registered N3621G) first flew on May 1, 1962 at Torrance.

A second prototype flew in November 1964 but crashed a few weeks later due to an in-flight airframe failure. A static test aircraft and two more aircraft were built for testing which resulted in the award of FAA type certificate A9WE on December 20, 1966. The aircraft did not go into production due to internal problems within the Hi-Shear Corporation.

The Derringer used manufacturing techniques that were considered new at the time it was developed.  Butt-joined, flush-riveted, chemically-milled and stretched skins are used throughout the airframe.

Development of a two-seat Coin/military trainer version designated Wing D-2M Derringer was begun but failed to develop further than the design stage.

In 1978 George Wing left Hi-Shear and started the Wing Aircraft Company. The company built one pre-production aircraft followed by six production aircraft and then entered bankruptcy in July 1982, after which only one further aircraft was built before seven unfinished airframes were sold.

As of June 3, 1998, the D-1’s type certificate number A9WE was held by Emerald Enterprises LTD of San Diego, CA. 

Nine D-1 aircraft were on the U.S. civil aircraft register in May 2009.

Specifications (D-1)

See also

References

 

 

1960s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1962
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Retroglo. Retroglo is a reflective yarn designed to increase nighttime safety. It is made of 3M Scotchlite Reflective Material and laminated to a polyester film for added strength. Retroglo is used for a wide variety of applications including high-visibility clothing for joggers, walkers, bicycle riders, and highway workers.

Characteristics

Retroglo is composed of 50,000 minute glass beads per square inch. The material is retroreflective, meaning it reflects light back to a light source, such as toward a car's headlights.  The glass beads used in Retroglo are much smaller than the beads used in reflective road surface marking paint used on highways.  Retroglo can be woven, braided or knit into fabrics or into trim to be applied to fabric.

Construction

3M Scotchlite Reflective Material is laminated in wide rolls on either one or both sides of a polyester film. The wide rolls are slit to narrow widths to make Retroglo yarns which have a rectangular cross section. The width, which has the retroreflective surface, is always wider than the thickness with standard widths of 1/69", 1/32", and 1/23".  The breaking strength of Retroglo is 250 grams and yield point is 15-20 grams.

Composition

References

Synthetic fibers
SJ Tc. SJ Tc is a diesel-hydraulic locomotive used in Sweden for line service and snowploughing. Twenty locomotives were built for Swedish State Railways () in 1969-1971 by Nydquist & Holm for combined freight, line service and snowploughing service, alongside 10 of the larger Tb diesel-electric locomotives. SJ used the locomotives for freight and track work trains during the summer and for snow removal in the winter. In 1984, the locomotives were transferred to the service fleet and they were then mainly used for track work trains.

When the Swedish Rail Administration (Banverket) was created as a demerger from the Swedish State Railways in 1988, all Tc locomotives were transferred to the latter. Since the early-2000s, many units have been taken out of service. As of 2017, only three Tc locomotives remain in operation, two operated by Strukton Rail AB and one operated by Infranord.

They are fitted with a lifting plate in between the driving axles which allows the locomotive to lift itself off the tracks and so be turned around. This feature allows the cab and snowploughs to always face forward. The large snowploughs can also be removed when they are not required for a particular occasion. 

Power for the Tc is provided by a 600 hp (450 kW) diesel prime mover which is manufactured by German engine builder Deutz. This prime mover is attached to a hydraulic transmission which drives the locomotives four driving wheels. The Tc is capable of speeds up to 90 km/h (56 mph).

The Tc is controlled by a single operator from a control cab mounted on one end of the locomotive. The cab features large windows to provide good visibility to the front and sides which assist in safely operating the locomotive.  Alongside this, a Tc locomotives is capable of working in conjunction with another Tc locomotive via a multiple unit arrangement.

Gallery

See also
 SJ Tb - a similar and larger Swedish locomotive

References

External links

 Järnväg.net on Tc
 Photo Gallery regarding the SJ Tc 

NOHAB locomotives
Tc
B locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of Sweden
Railway locomotives introduced in 1969
Interbol. Interbol () is an international space project under the leadership of the Russian Space Agency and the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The list of participants includes the Institute of Atmospheric Research of the Czech Academy of Sciences,  NASA,  European Space Agency, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, and the Canadian Space Agency. The goal of the project is to study the correlations between plasma processes in the tail of the magnetosphere and in the Van Allen radiation belt (auroral particles acceleration region) with a high time-space resolution. Two space probes have been launched into high-altitude elliptical orbits:

auroral probe was launched August 29, 1996 into orbit with  an apogee of  20 000 km. The probe was sent to space in the same month as the FAST spacecraft, which studies aurora at both poles;
tail probe was launched  August 3, 1995 into orbit with  an apogee of  200 000 km;

Both orbits are almost parallel to the ecliptic. Each probe consists of a pair satellite-subsatellite. Subsatellites “Magion-4” (auroral) and “Magion-5” (tail) were procured by the Institute of atmospheric Research of the Czech Academy of Sciences.  The communication with “Magion-5” was interrupted August 30, 1996 and was restored May 7, 1998. The life expectancy of space vehicles is 12 years.

Related projects 
GEOTAIL,  WIND, POLAR, SOHO, FAST,  RELICT-1, RELICT-2

References

External links
Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Satellites of Russia
Satellites orbiting Earth
1995 in spaceflight
1996 in spaceflight
Weather satellites of Russia
Northern Engineering Industries. Northern Engineering Industries plc (NEI) was a British engineering firm, which for over 10 years was one of the largest employers on Tyneside. Its headquarters were based at the Regent Centre at Gosforth in Newcastle upon Tyne.

History
The company was established by way of a merger between Clarke Chapman and Reyrolle Parsons in 1977. It manufactured cranes (Clarke Chapman), transformers (Bruce Peebles & Co. Ltd.),  switchgear (A. Reyrolle & Company), boilers (Power Engineering Ltd), control systems (Control and Instrumentation Ltd.), and turbines (C. A. Parsons and Company).

In 1981 the company acquired Amalgamated Power Engineering (APE), a leading manufacturer of engines. APE was itself the result of a merger in 1968 of W.H. Allen, Sons & Co. (founded in 1880 and based in Bedford), Belliss and Morcom of Birmingham, and Crossley Engines (founded in 1867 and based in Manchester).

Northern Engineering Industries was led through much of its existence by Sir Duncan McDonald, first as Group Managing Director (1977 to 1980) and then as Chairman (1980 to 1986) and by Sir Terence Harrison first as Chief Executive (1983 to 1986) and then as Chairman (1986 to 1989).

The company was acquired by Rolls-Royce plc in 1989 later becoming known as the Rolls-Royce Industrial Power Group.

See also

References

Manufacturing companies established in 1977
Engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Electrical engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Former defence companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Newcastle upon Tyne
Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1989
Rolls-Royce
Technology companies established in 1977
Technology companies disestablished in 1989
1989 mergers and acquisitions
Romeite. Roméite is a calcium antimonate mineral with the chemical formula . It is a honey-yellow mineral crystallizing in the hexoctahedral crystal system. It has a Mohs hardness of 5.5-6.0.  It occurs in Algeria, Australia, Brazil, China, Europe, Japan, New Zealand, and the United States in metamorphic iron-manganese deposits and in hydrothermal antimony-bearing veins.

Its type locality is Prabornaz Mine, Saint-Marcel, Aosta Valley, Italy.  It was named after Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de l'Isle.  Brugger, et al. (1997) used infrared spectroscopy to measure water content in Roméite crystals.

References

Further reading
Brugger, J., R. Gieré, Stefan Graeser, Nicolas Meisser, The crystal chemistry of roméite, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, Volume 127, Numbers 1-2 / March, 1997, pp. 136–146
Dana, James Dwight (1853) Manual of Mineralogy: Including Observations on Mines, Rocks, Reduction of Ores and the Application of the Science to the Arts, Durrie and Peck (5th edition), p. 303
romeine. (n.d.). Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary. Retrieved March 24, 2008, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/romeine
Webmineral data
Mindat with location data
Atencio, D., Andrade, M. B., Christy, A. G., Gieré, R., & Kartashov, P. M. (2010). The pyrochlore supergroup of minerals: nomenclature. The Canadian Mineralogist, 48(3), 673-698.doi: 10.3749/canmin.48.3.673

Oxide minerals
Calcium minerals
Fokker B.I (1922). The Fokker B.I was a reconnaissance flying boat built in the Netherlands in 1922. The B.I was followed by an improved version, the B.III in 1926. It was a conventional biplane flying boat design, with staggered sesquiplane wings braced by struts arranged as a Warren truss. The engine was mounted pusher-wise on the top wing. The duralumin hull featured three open cockpits - one at the nose for a gunner, one in front of the lower wing for the pilot and engineer and one behind the wings for another gunner. The B.I was amphibious, equipped with main undercarriage that folded back along the hull, but this feature was omitted in the B.III. The B.I was flown in the Dutch East Indies by the Naval Air Service for a number of years, and although it gave good service, no further examples were ordered from Fokker.

The manufacturer hoped that the modernised and improved B.III flying boat would stimulate renewed interest in the type. When the aircraft failed to sell to the Dutch Navy Fokker had a passenger cabin installed in the hope of attracting commercial customers.  This was not to be, however, and the renamed B.IIIC remained unsold. It was eventually sent to Fokker's US subsidiary where the hull design was to serve as the basis for the Fokker F.11's hull. The modifications necessary were so extreme as to require the design of a new hull for the F. 11. The aircraft finally found a buyer in Harold  Vanderbilt.

Specifications (B.III)

References

Bibliography
 
 
 

1920s Dutch military reconnaissance aircraft
Flying boats
B 01 (1922)
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Sesquiplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1922
EDSAC 2. EDSAC 2 was an early vacuum tube computer (operational in 1958), the successor to the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC). It was the first computer to have a microprogrammed control unit and a bit-slice hardware architecture.

First calculations were performed on the incomplete machine in 1957. Calculations about elliptic curves performed on EDSAC-2 in the early 1960s led to the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture, a Millennium Prize Problem, unsolved as of 2024. And in 1963, Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews used EDSAC 2 to generate a magnetic anomaly map of the seafloor from data collected in the Indian Ocean by H.M.S. Owen, key evidence that helped support the theory of plate tectonics. EDSAC-2 was decommissioned in 1965, having been superseded by the Titan computer.

References

External links
 

1950s computers
1958 establishments in England
1958 in computing
Computer-related introductions in 1958
1965 disestablishments in England
Early British computers
One-of-a-kind computers
40-bit computers
University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory
History of the University of Cambridge
Fokker B.II (1923). The Fokker B.II was a prototype sesquiplane shipboard reconnaissance flying boat built in the Netherlands in 1923.

Development
It was a conventional flying boat with a duralumin hull and sesquiplane wings braced with N-struts. The tractor configuration engine was mounted on the leading edge of the upper wing driving a four-bladed propeller. Open cockpits were provided for the crew under the upper wing and in a dorsal position amidships.

The Royal Dutch Navy tested the prototype, but no production orders followed.

Specifications

References

 
 

1920s Dutch military reconnaissance aircraft
Flying boats
B 02 (1923)
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Sesquiplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Bermuda kite. A Bermuda kite is a kite made using traditional geometric designs, are quite colorful, and is an art form as much as a recreational tool. They are traditionally flown in Bermuda only at Easter. The kites are typically hexagonal, though larger examples, particularly, may be octagonal, or have even more sides. They are constructed from flat sticks arrayed like spokes of a wheel, with a nail at the axis. A string passes around the ends of the sticks, marking out the edges, and concentric strings are arranged inside of this, all contributing to the rigidity of the structure. Colored tissue paper is glued into the spaces created between strings and sticks. Using different colors, patterns are created. The kite has a single stick secured at one end to the axis, and rising at a shallow angle from the plane created by the other sticks. This stick, which forms the head of the kite, extends considerably beyond the perimeter of the hexagon. It passes over the midpoint of one side of the hexagon, and a string creates a triangular shape from the corner at one side of the head stick, to its tip, and back to the opposite corner. Strips of paper are folded and glued along this string. A long, cloth strip tail is fitted to the kite, without which it would be unable to fly.

Every Good Friday, Bermudians of all ages fly kites, usually of traditional Bermudian type (though plastic, store-bought kites have made inroads), which are flown to symbolize Christ's resurrection. Bermudian kites are very airworthy, holding world records for altitude and duration of flight.

References

External links
Chello: Bermuda Kite History
Mark Carey: Bermuda Kite Flying on Good Friday

Culture of Bermuda
Kites
Pothead. A pothead is a type of insulated electrical terminal used for transitioning between overhead line and underground high-voltage cable or for connecting overhead wiring to equipment like transformers. Its name comes from the process of potting or encapsulation of the conductors inside the terminal's insulating bushing.

Description
Potheads are used where higher-voltage power lines go underground, generally voltages of 600 volts or greater. They are used mostly for service drops for commercial and industrial buildings.   For lower voltages such as those used for residential service drops, another weather seal called a weatherhead is used.

The device consists of a molded plastic housing that attaches to the end of an electrical conduit that carries the underground cables up the utility pole to the crossarm.  Multiple bushing insulators project from the plastic body, each ending at an electrical terminal.  Each overhead wire is connected to a bushing terminal from which the current passes through a rod down the center of the bushing to the interior of the housing, where it is connected to a wire from the conduit.  Thus the device allows the overhead conductors to pass into the conduit while serving as a seal to keep out water.   The purpose of the bushings, which have corrugations moulded into their surfaces, is to provide enough creepage distance along their surface to prevent leakage current from the high voltage terminal from flowing to the grounded metal conduit.

Superseded
Pothead was once defined in Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Std 48-1962 "Standards for Potheads."  This standard was superseded by IEEE Std 48-1975 "IEEE Standard Test Procedures and Requirements for High-Voltage Alternating-Current Cable Terminations," and "pothead" was dropped from usage.  The current standard is IEEE Std 48–2020.

What was once called a pothead is now called a "Class I High-Voltage Cable Termination," which must meet these requirements:

 Electrical stress control
 Insulation between the conductors and ground
 An environmental seal

Alternatives
Formerly, medium- and high-voltage cables (from about 2.5 kV and above) were terminated with hand-made "stress cones" composed of multiple layers of insulating tape, semi-conductive tape, and insulating putty. By tapering the layers of tape carefully, the potential gradient from the inside of the cable to free air was reduced so as not to cause electrical breakdown and tracking along the surface of the termination. Current practice for these terminations is to use a pre-molded rubber stress cone, which can be slipped over the cable end and shrunk to fit snugly around the exposed cable insulation. This saves considerable installation labor and reduces the chance of errors.

High voltage terminations conforming to IEEE Std 48-1990 and not requiring potting compound are illustrated below:

See also
 Weatherhead

References 

Electrical components
Electric power distribution