omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Quasielastic neutron scattering. Quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) designates a limiting case of inelastic neutron scattering, characterized by energy transfers being small compared to the incident energy of the scattered particles. In a more strict meaning, it denotes scattering processes where dynamics in the sample (such as diffusive dynamics) lead to a broadening of the incident neutron spectrum, in contrast to, e.g., the scattering from a diffusionless crystal, where the scattered neutron energy spectrum consists of an elastic line (corresponding to no energy transfer with the sample) and a number of well-separated inelastic lines due to the creation or annihilation of phonons with specific energies.

The term quasielastic scattering was originally coined in nuclear physics. It was applied to thermal neutron scattering since the early 1960s, notably in an article by Leon van Hove and in a highly cited one by Pierre Gilles de Gennes.

QENS is typically investigated on high-resolution spectrometers (neutron backscattering, neutron time-of-flight scattering, neutron spin echo).

It is used to investigate topics like
 solid-state diffusion (e.g. hydrogen in metals)
 slow modes in crystals (e.g. methyl group rotation)
 relaxation of viscous liquids

Conference Series 

Starting in 1992, there is a conference series entitled QENS. Since 2012, it is being held together with the Workshop on Inelastic Neutron Spectrometry (WINS).

Textbooks 

 M. Beé, Quasielastic Neutron Scattering, Adam Hilger: Bristol (1988).
 R. Hempelmann, Quasielastic Neutron Scattering and Solid State Diffusion, Clarendon Press: Oxford (2000).

References

Neutron scattering
NEMA enclosure types. The National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) defines standards used in North America for various grades of electrical enclosures typically used in industrial applications.  Each is rated to protect against personal access to hazardous parts, and additional type-dependent designated environmental conditions.  A typical NEMA enclosure might be rated to provide protection against environmental hazards such as water, dust, oil or coolant or atmospheres containing corrosive agents such as acetylene or gasoline.  A full list of NEMA enclosure types is available for download from the NEMA website.

Enclosure types 
Below is a list of NEMA enclosure types; these types are further defined in NEMA 250- Enclosures for Electrical Equipment.  Each type specifies characteristics of an enclosure, but not, for example, a specific enclosure size. Note that higher numbers do not include the lower-numbered tests.  For example, types 3, 4 and 6 are intended for outdoor use, but type 5 is not.

A NEMA enclosure rating does not mean that it also meets the same UL enclosure rating.

NFPA is National Fire Protection Association, and NEC is National Electrical Code (U.S.A.)

See also 
 Electrical equipment in hazardous areas
 NEMA connector – Another common, but mostly unrelated, set of standards from NEMA

References 

NEMA standards
Electrical enclosures
Utilization categories. In electrical engineering utilization categories are defined by IEC standards and indicate the type of electrical load and duty cycle of the loads to ease selection of contactors and relays.

Definition
The utilization categories category for low-voltage switchgear defines the characteristic operating conditions for switchgear such as contactors, circuit-breakers, circuit-breaker-fuse units, contactor relays, etc. These devices are dimensioned for different electrical loads and for different operating conditions.

The characteristic of the load to be switched or controlled determines the requirements for the switchgear and its correct selection for the intended application. In particular, the stress on the switching path caused by current and voltage during switching on and off is of enormous importance. For example, the switch-on and switch-off current at resistance load corresponds to the continuous operating current, while, for example, squirrel cage motors consumes multiple of the rated operating current during switch-on and in the acceleration phase.

Utilization categories in IEC standard

Contact load in amperes for heaters (AC1) and motors (AC3) can be found directly on the contactor.
The "Utilization category" are mainly categorized in IEC 60947 in the following volume:

 Volume 1: General requirements
 Volume 2: Circuit-breakers
 Volume 3: Circuit-breakers, circuit-breakers, switch-disconnectors and switch-fuse units
 Volume 4-1: Contactors and motor starters; electromechanical contactors and motor starters[1]
 Volume 4-2: Contactors and motor starters - Semiconductor motor controllers and starters for a.c. voltage
 Volume 5-1: Control apparatus and switching elements - Electromechanical control apparatus[1]
 Volume 6-1: Multi-function switchgear and controlgear - Mains switches (categories AC-32A/B)
 Volume 6-2: Multi-function switchgear and controlgear - Control and protective switchgear (CPS)
 Volume 7-1: Auxiliary equipment; Terminal blocks for copper conductors
 Volume 7-2: Ancillary equipment; protective conductor terminal blocks for copper conductors
In addition, IEC/EN 61095 also defines categories for "household and similar applications".

Table
The following table provides an overview of the various abbreviations. Within a utilization category, the suitable size may be selected for the respective type. This depends on the rated current, the rated voltage and the electrical load to be switched.

See also 
 NEMA contact ratings

References 

IEC standards
Gusztáv Klados. Gusztáv Klados (Budapest, 1947) is a Hungarian tunnel building engineer, known as one of the leading tunnel builders, having worked around the world on several projects.

Early life 
He graduated from the Mátyás Hunyadi High School in Pestlőrinc in 1966). During his university years he worked at the construction of Budapest's Metro line 2 and 3 during the summer. He holds two engineering degrees from the famous Budapest Technical University earned in 1972 and 1976, later he also gained another external trade related degree, unrelated to engineering.

Work 
Klados worked as lead engineer or project supervisor on several big projects including the SMART Tunnel in Malaysia, the
Channel Tunnel
, the metro systems in Delhi, Athens, Calcutta and Budapest. Klados also worked as a building manager in Lesotho, South Africa, where he was building a section of the northern water transport tunnel, later he acted as the chief building manager for the metro lines 2 and 3 of Athens. From 2002-2007, Klados was the senior project manager of the Smart Tunnel project in the Malaysian capital, Kuala Lumpur.

See also 

SMART Tunnel
Channel Tunnel

References

External links 
Index Interview
 videotar.mtv.hu TV interview, MTV
TV Interview part 1
TV Interview part 2
 radio enterview
TV interview ATV

Living people
Engineers from Budapest
1947 births
High-Speed SECS Message Services. The High-Speed SECS Message Services (HSMS) protocol is a Session layer protocol for communication between production equipment and factory control systems in semiconductor factories. HSMS defines a TCP/IP based session for use with sending SECS-II messages. It is intended as a high speed alternative to the serial (RS-232 based) SECS-I protocol. HSMS is defined in the standard SEMI E37, and its subordinate standards: SEMI E37.1, and the withdrawn SEMI E37.2.

The E37 standard, labelled Generic Services defines how to establish and break a TCP/IP connection, begin and end a logical link over that connection, send data (particularly SECS-II messages), recognize error conditions, and test connection integrity. The E37.1 standard, labelled Single Selected-Session Mode (HSMS-SS) restricts E37 to scenarios involving a single connection between host and equipment, for point-to-point communication, directly replacing the use cases of SECS-I.

References

Semiconductor device fabrication

de:SEMI Equipment Communication Standard
Prue 215. The Prue 215 is an American high-wing, V-tailed, single-seat glider that was designed by Irving Prue in 1949.

Design and development
The Prue 215 is an all-metal design with a short  wing with a relatively high aspect ratio of 20:1. The wing uses a NACA 23012 airfoil at the wing root, becoming a NACA 8318 at the wing tip. Airfoil-shaped flaps are mounted below and behind the wing for glidepath control. The aircraft uses a retractable monowheel landing gear.

Three Prue 215s were built, all as amateur-builts from plans. The initial one was Prue's prototype. The second one was built by Ed Minghelli and later owned by Max Dreher, who mounted a jet engine on it. The second and third built are designated 215A.

Operational history
The second Prue 215 built was flown to second place in the 1958 US Nationals by Harold Hutchinson.

Only one Prue 215 remains listed on the Federal Aviation Administration registry.

Variants
215
The first aircraft constructed was designated as a Prue 215.
215A
The second and third aircraft constructed were given the designation Prue 215A.
Brown Rebel
Prue 215 fuselage mated to wings from the Lyle Maxey Jennie Mae

Aircraft on display
National Soaring Museum - one, listed as in storage in June 2011.

Specifications (215)

See also

References

1940s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1949
V-tail aircraft
Engineering Installation. Engineering and Installation, better known as E&I, is a functionary of the United States Air Force that
provides the engineering and installation of telecommunications into permanent facilities. This includes
removal and relocation of old or outdated ground communication-electronics systems, and to provide
for emergency and programmed, mobile, on-site, maintenance and modification of these systems.

Engineering and Installation Missions deploy worldwide to engineer, install, remove, and relocate Command, Control, Communications, Computers, and Intelligence (C4I) information systems and infrastructure such as antennas, cabling, radios, navigational aids, and meteorological equipment. E&I can be described as a corps of telecommunication engineers and the functional
intermediary between civil engineers and information technology professionals.
Engineering and Installation Squadrons fall under the Major Command of the Air Force Space Command.

There are currently 1 active duty E&I unit, 15 Air National Guard E&I squadrons, and 1 E&I team assigned to a combat support agency.

References

United States Air Force
Star Micronics. is a Japanese multinational electronic components and printer manufacturing company headquartered in Shizuoka, Japan. It was founded in 1947 as a precision processor of miniature components, later expanding into automatic lathes, printers, micro audio components, and other fields.

Star Micronics employs around 2,500 staff in several countries and had total revenues of £267 million in 2010.

History 
Star Manufacturing Co., Ltd. was established in 1950 with a capital of ¥ 500,000, in Tegoshi, Shizuoka, to manufacture and sell wristwatches and camera parts.

In May 2022, Star Micronics introduced its TSP100IV, a thermal POS receipt printer which offers features for omnichannel retailing. The features also extend to its TSP143IV UE model, which provides multi-connectivity for mobile, cloud, and traditional POS applications.

Products
The following is a partial list of products manufactured under the Star Micronics brand.

Printers

Dot Matrix Printers
 Star NX-2420
 STAR LC-10C

Desktop Printers
 TSP143IV
 SP742
 TSP743II
 TSP847II

Label Printers

Kiosk & Portable Printers
 SK1
 SM-S230i
 SM-T300i
 SM-T400i

References

Further reading 
 

Electronics companies of Japan
Point of sale companies
Companies based in Shizuoka Prefecture
Electronics companies established in 1950
Japanese companies established in 1950
Japanese brands
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Shizuoka (city)
Computer companies of Japan
Ingersoll Rand Industrial Technologies. Ingersoll Rand Industrial Technologies is a division of Ingersoll Rand. The division manufactures products including air compressors, compressed air treatment and control equipment, turn-key compressed air systems, consumer and commercial tools, pumps and fluid handling systems and material handling and lifting equipment.

Brands in the Industrial Technologies sector include Ingersoll Rand, ARO pumps and Thunder Gun impact tools. Until 2021, the Industrial Technologies division included Club Car, a maker of golf and utility vehicles for businesses and individuals.

References

External links 
 Ingersoll Rand Industrial Technologies Sector

Manufacturing companies based in North Carolina
Reststrahlen effect. The Reststrahlen effect (German: “residual rays”) is a reflectance phenomenon in which electromagnetic radiation within a narrow energy band cannot propagate within a given medium due to a change in refractive index concurrent with the specific absorbance band of the medium in question; this narrow energy band is termed the Reststrahlen band.

As a result of this inability to propagate, normally incident Reststrahlen band radiation experiences strong-reflection or total-reflection from that medium. The energies at which Reststrahlen bands occur vary and are particular to the individual compound. Numerous physical attributes of a compound will have an effect on the appearance of the Reststrahlen band. These include phonon band-gap, particle/grain size, strongly absorbing compounds, compounds with optically opaque bands in the infrared.

Appearance 
The term Reststrahlen was coined following the observation by Heinrich Rubens in 1898 that repeated reflection of an infrared beam at the surface of a given material suppresses radiation at all wavelengths except for certain spectral intervals, and Rubens detected wavelengths of sizes around 60 μm. The measured intensity for these special intervals (the Reststrahlen range) indicates a reflectance of up to 80% or even more, while the maximum reflectance due to infrared bands of dielectric materials are usually <10%. After four reflections, the intensity of the latter is reduced by a factor of 10−4 compared to the intensity of the incident radiation, while the light in the Reststrahlen range can maintain 40% of its original intensity by the time it reaches the detector. Obviously, this contrast increases with the number of reflections and explains the observation made by Rubens and the term Reststrahlen (residual rays) used to describe this spectral selection.

Reststrahlen bands manifest in diffuse reflectance infrared absorption spectra as complete band reversal, or in infrared emission spectra as a minimum in emissivity.

Application
The Reststrahlen effect is used to investigate the properties of semiconductors, it is also used in geophysics and meteorology.

See also
 Absorbance
 Ellipsometry
 Emissivity
 Transmittance
 Reflectivity
 Lyddane–Sachs–Teller relation

References

 Elachi, C. et al. (2006) Introduction to the physics and techniques of remote sensing. John Wiley and Sons.
 Griffiths, P.R. (1983) Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. Science, 222, 297–302.
 Goldberg, A. et al. (2003) Detection of buried land mines using a dual-band LWIR/LWIR QWIP focal plane array. Infrared Physics & Technology, 44 (5–6), 427–437.
 Anderson, M. S. et al. (2005) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for Mars science. Rev. Sci. Instrum., 76 (3).

Spectroscopy
Infrared technology
Scientific techniques
Prue Two. The Prue Two was an American high-wing, two-seat glider that was designed and built by Irving Prue, first flying in 1959.

Design and development
Prue designed the Prue Two as a high-performance two-seater, completing it and flying it in 1959.

The aircraft was of all-metal construction, except for its fiberglass nose cone. The wing was of a  span, employed a NACA 63-618A airfoil and featured large dive brakes. The wing was a three-piece design, with a centre section and two wing tips. Due to its large wing area it was nicknamed "Aluminum Overcast". The tail was a conventional low tail, in contrast to Prue's favoured V-tail on earlier designs. The landing gear was a retractable monowheel.

The Prue Two was the basis for the Prue IIA, which first flew in October 1964 and was used to set several world multi-place records.

Operational history
Soaring Magazine reported in 1983 that Prue still owned the machine and was still flying it at that time. The Federal Aviation Administration reports that it was destroyed and removed it from their aircraft register 10 February 1992.

Specifications (Prue Two)

See also

References

1950s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1959
David Crowe (software engineer). David K. Crowe (born 7 June 1966) is an American businessman and software engineer. He is the President of Tucson Embedded Systems, Inc.

Personal life
David Crowe was born in Yuma, AZ on June 7, 1966. He moved to Tucson, AZ to attend the University of Arizona. He graduated in 1989 with a B.S. in Electrical and Computer Engineering. He is married with two children.

Professional career
From 1990 to 1994, Crowe worked as a Software Engineer for E-Systems. While working there, he also co-founded The Software Firm, Inc., in order to "design and develop MS Windows based database applications." In 2010, Crowe was appointed to the Board of Directors of the Arizona Technology Council, a not-for-profit trade association providing support to the state's technology industry.

Tucson Embedded Systems
Crowe co-founded Tucson Embedded Systems in 1998. TES offers a variety of engineering and manufacturing services for commercial and military industries. In addition to serving as President of the company, Crowe has continued his work in "development, support, testing, and verification of flight critical embedded systems. " 

Under Crowe's leadership, TES has been named:

2007-2010 Inc. Magazine 5000 fastest growing companies in the US

2006 Minority/Technology Company of the Year in Southern Arizona

TES has sponsored several student projects from the University of Arizona, and Crowe himself has been recognized as a supporter of the College of Engineering

US Senate seat
David Crowe, a Democrat, explored a run for the US Senate seat held by Republican Jon Kyl, who stated that he would not seek reelection in 2012. Crowe's exploratory campaign emphasis was on job creation and education, specifically with regards to the tech industry

Sources

1966 births
Living people
People from Yuma, Arizona
21st-century American businesspeople
American software engineers
Thiospinel group. The thiospinel group is a group of sulfide minerals with a general formula  where A is nominally a +2 metal, B is a +3 metal and X is -2 sulfide or similar anion (selenide or telluride). Thio refers to sulfur and spinel indicates their isometric spinel-like structure.

As the chalcogens S, Se and Te are less electronegative than oxygen, the bonding in these materials is generally more covalent than in the oxospinels. Some are (magnetic) semiconductors but others display, at times complicated, metallic behavior, often coupled with equally complicated magnetic properties. The assignment of oxidation states is also not always as straightforward as in the more ionic oxocompounds, as is shown in the case of carrollite.

Group members include:
 Cadmoindite – 
 Carrollite – 
 Fletcherite – 
 Greigite – 
 Indite – 
 Kalininite – 
 Linnaeite – 
 Polydymite - 
 Siegenite – 
 Tyrrellite – 
 Violarite –

References
SS Empire Dew. Empire Dew was a  Cargo ship that was built in 1940 by Lithgows Ltd, Port Glasgow, United Kingdom for the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) . She was torpedoed and sunk by  in 1941.

Description
The ship was built in 1940 by Lithgows Ltd, Port Glasgow. She was yard number 940.

The ship was  long, with a beam of . She had a depth of  and a draught of . She was assessed at . .

The ship was propelled by a  triple expansion steam engine, which had cylinders of ,  and  diameter by  stroke. The engine was built by Rankin & Blackmore Ltd, Greenock.

History
Empire Dew was built for the MoWT. Launched on 21 November 1940, she was completed in January 1941. She was placed under the management of R Chapman & Son Ltd, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The Official Number 166993 and Code Letters GPFM were allocated. Her port of registry was Greenock.

Empire Dew departed from the Clyde on her maiden voyage on 2 February 1941 as a member of Convoy OB 281, which departed from Liverpool, Lancashire on 1 February and dispersed at sea on 5 February. Her destination was Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, where she arrived on 24 February. From Halifax, a return trip was made to Saint John, New Brunswick, arriving back at Halifax on 10 March. Empire Dew was a member of Convoy SC 26, which departed from Halifax on 20 March and arrived at Liverpool on 8 April. She was carrying a cargo of flour destined for Leith, East Lothian. She left the convoy at the Clyde on 8 April. Empire Dew was a member of Convoy WN 114, which departed from the Clyde on 13 April and arrived at Methil, Fife on 16 April. She departed from Methil on 28 April as a member of Convoy FS 475, which arrived at Southend, Essex on 30 April.

Empire Dew was a member of Convoy EC 27, which departed from Southend on 31 May and arrived at the Clyde on 6 June. She left the convoy at Oban, Argyllshire on 5 June, to join Convoy OG 64, which departed from Liverpool on 4 June and arrived at Gibraltar on 18 June. She detached from the convoy and headed for Father Point, New Brunswick, Canada. Her intended destination was Montreal.

At 02:51 (German time) on 12 June, Empire Dew was torpedoed when north of the Azores, Portugal () by , under the command of Herbert Schultze. 23 crew members died. Seventeen crew and two DEMS gunners were rescued by . They were landed at Liverpool. Those killed serving on Empire Dew are commemorated on the Tower Hill Memorial, London.

References

1940 ships
Ships built on the River Clyde
Steamships of the United Kingdom
Empire ships
Ministry of War Transport ships
Maritime incidents in June 1941
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
World War II shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
Deegree. deegree supplies the building blocks of a Spatial Data Infrastructure, while implementing the standards of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) and ISO/TC 211. The Java-based deegree framework is the most extensive implementation of OGC/ISO standards in the field of Free Software.

The software graduated an OSGeo project as of January 4, 2012.

External links

OSGeo project page
Ohloh project overview

References 

Free GIS software
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Geographic information systems