omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Polarization ripples. Polarization ripples are parallel oscillations which have been observed since the 1960s  on the bottom of pulsed laser irradiation of semiconductors. They have the property to be very dependent to the orientation of the laser electric field.

Since the wide availability of femtosecond lasers, such structures have been observed on metals, semiconductors, but also on dielectrics. 
Moreover, the ripples can reach far sub-wavelength periodicities until 100 nm as recently observed in titanium. The "cumulative" changes occurring from pulse to pulse in the material properties are still under investigation.

Formation mechanisms 

The formation mechanisms are still under debate. However, two types of formation mechanisms can be underlined: 
 the resonant mechanisms, which are based on electromagnetic aspects, as periodic energy deposition due to roughness, as surface plasmon polariton excitation during the laser illumination;
 the non-resonant mechanisms, more related with thermal consequences of the irradiation of the target by the laser, like capillary waves formed in the melted layer.

The set of resonant mechanisms leading to formation of ripple is defined by the strong link between ripple periodicity and laser wavelength. It includes the excitation of surface electromagnetic wave such as surface plasmon polariton, and surface waves excited by an isolated defect or surface roughness, especially under femtosecond irradiation

An alternative mechanism that assumes the synergy of electron excitation and capillary wave  solidification has been also proposed to explain both the formation of ripples and the observed ripple periodicity. An extension of the mechanism was also proposed to account for the development of periodic structures with periodicity larger than the laser beam's wavelength (i.e. grooves) that are formed perpendicularly to the subwavelength-sized ripples; the proposed physical mechanism assumes the erasing of periodic energy deposition followed by the formation of hydrothermal convection rolls that propagate parallel to the electric field polarisation.

The analogy of the structure shape with the solution of Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equations is often mentioned to support different theories such as defect accumulation, or ultrafast modification of the atomic lattice.

Applications 

Their interest is about potential applications in building microfluidic channels, changing the color of materials, modifying local electrical properties, and building sub-diffraction-limit optical diffraction gratings.

They also constitute the first stage of the Black Silicon formation process by femtosecond irradiation.

References 

Oscillation
Biel–Magglingen Funicular. The Biel–Magglingen Funicular (German: Magglingenbahn; French: Funiculaire Bienne–Macolin) is a funicular railway in the bilingual city of Biel/Bienne in the Swiss canton of Bern. The funicular links Biel/Bienne at 435 m with Magglingen/Macolin at 873 m in the Jura mountains above the town. The line with a length of 1693 m has a maximum incline of 32% and a difference of elevation of 442 m. The funicular with two cars has a single track with a passing loop.

The line is owned and operated by Verkehrsbetriebe Biel/Transports publics biennois (short: VB/TPB) since 2014, when it absorbed "FUNIC AG" that also operated nearby Bienne–Evilard Funicular.Initially it was built by Drahtseilbahn-Gesellschaft Biel-Magglingen in 1887.

The funicular isn't operating in spring 2023.

Operation 
The line has the following parameters:

See also 
 List of funicular railways
 List of funiculars in Switzerland

Gallery

References

External links 

Official web site of the FUNIC company (in German and French)

Funicular railways in Switzerland
Public transport in Switzerland
Transport in Biel/Bienne
Magglingen
Alec Bangham. Alec Douglas Bangham FRS (10 November 1921 Manchester – 9 March 2010 Great Shelford) was a British biophysicist who first studied blood clotting mechanisms but became well known for his research on liposomes and his invention of clinically useful artificial lung surfactants.

Life
Bangham was the son of Donald Bangham, and Edith Kerby. He studied at the Downs School, and then Bryanston School, and proceeded to earn an MB MS in medicine from University College London.

He was appointed to Addenbrooke's Hospital, where he served as a pathologist, in the Royal Army Medical Corps, becoming a captain in 1948.

Bangham worked at the Babraham Institute in Cambridge from 1952 to 1982.
He is best known for his research on liposomes.

Family
He was married to Rosalind; they had four children and eleven grandchildren.

His brother was Derek Bangham.

Awards
1965 doctorate of medicine from London University
1977 Fellow of the Royal Society
1981 Fellow of University College London
1997 distinguished fellow of the Royal College of Physicians

References

External links

1921 births
2010 deaths
British physiologists
Fellows of the Royal Society
Royal Army Medical Corps officers
British pathologists
Alumni of University College London
People educated at Bryanston School
Fellows of the Royal College of Physicians
Scientists from Manchester
People from Great Shelford
Doug Turner (Mozilla). Doug Turner is the ex-Director of Engineering at Mozilla Corporation and long-time contributor to Mozilla. The Mozilla Foundation hired Turner in December 2004 to work full-time on mobile projects such as Minimo and Mozilla Joey. He was the Foundation's 12th hire. Turner was previously employed by Netscape before the creation of the Mozilla Foundation.

Doug Turner invented Geolocation on the Web, Device Orientation on the web, and is a leader in device access. Doug Turner invented Simple Push Notifications. Push Notification are a way for application developers to send messages to their web applications.

Doug Turner was the maintainer of the now-defunct Minimo project and worked on its successor Firefox for mobile. Doug Turner led the effort to rewrite the Firefox Mobile browser in order to improve performance, responsiveness, and memory usage.

Doug Turner left Mozilla in September 2016.

References

External links 
 Doug Turner's blog
 Doug Turner's Mozillian profile

News & Media 
On Mozilla and the mobile web with Doug Turner  — Interview with Doug Turner at Mozilla Links September 5, 2007

Living people
American computer scientists
Computer systems engineers
Silicon Valley people
People from Mountain View, California
Mozilla developers
Free software programmers
Mozilla people
Open source people
1975 births
San Jose State University alumni
Metal Aircraft Corporation. Metal Aircraft Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer of transport aircraft. The company was a pioneer in all-metal construction at a time when the technology was in its infancy.

History 

In October 1927, Thomas E. Halpin, the former chief inspector of the Stout Metal Airplane Company, moved to Cincinnati and founded the Halpin Development Corporation to begin work on a new airplane design. He was joined by Ralph R. Graichen, the co-designer of the Ford Trimotor, who became vice-president and chief engineer of the company. By January 1928, construction of the Halpin Flamingo had started. Following the first flight of the airplane at Lunken Airport on 9 April 1928, the company was offered $10,000 if it would remain in Cincinnati. Within two weeks the company was purchased by a group of Cincinnatians and on 2 May 1928 it was reincorporated as the Metal Aircraft Corporation. Production of the Metal Aircraft Flamingo transport was continued at its factory at the Lunken Airport with several variations.

In September 1928, construction on a new factory was started at Lunken Airport. Later, by July 1929, Mason-Dixon Air Lines installed a ticket counter and waiting room in the building.

Following a merger with the Johnson Airplane and Supply Company of Dayton, Ohio and the Kansas City Airport in September 1929, Robert H. Shryver, president of Columbus Flying Service, purchased a controlling interest in the company.

By 1932, the former Metal Aircraft Corporation factory was being used by the Vermilya-Huffman Flying Service and the Jones-Graichen Aircraft Corporation.

Aircraft

See also
 Aeronca Aircraft
 International Aircraft

References

Footnotes

Notes

Bibliography

External links

 The Flamingo Takes Flight: Cincinnati's First All-Metal Airplane, Pt. 1 – Cincinnati Museum Center
 The Flamingo Takes Flight: Cincinnati's First All-Metal Airplane, Pt. 2 – Cincinnati Museum Center

Aviation in Ohio
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Defunct companies based in Cincinnati
Aeromarine AM-1. The Aeromarine AM-1 was a biplane built to pursue a US Air Mail Service requirement for a nighttime transport.

Design and development
The AM-1 was completed 122 days from the announcement of a 1924 requirement for a nighttime mail plane capable of hauling  of mail. The contest was lost to Douglas aircraft.

The AM-1 was a biplane with conventional landing gear, it featured an all-metal fuselage with metal covering  thick. The engine was fully cowled with the exhaust stacks stretching behind the pilot. The water-cooled engine used a centrally mounted radiator mounted above the top wing for visibility. Two streamlined fuel tanks sat on top of the wings. The upper wing was larger than the lower wing, each using spruce spars. The tail surfaces were aluminum framed with fabric covering. Many components were common with the design of the Aeromarine AMC flying boat.

Variants
Aeromarine AM-1
Base version
Aeromarine AM-2
A slight redesign to address nose drop with engine out, and drag. The aircraft was the same as an AM-1 except the radiator was relocated under the fuselage.
Aeromarine AM-3
Radiator moved to the front of the engine, tested with 350hp engine, found to be under-performing.

Specifications (Aeromarine AM-1)

See also

References

Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
AM-1
1920s United States cargo aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Aeromarine BM-1. The Aeromarine BM-1 was a new mail plane design to meet a request for proposal by the US Postal Service in the 1920s.

Design and development
Aeromarine developed the AM-1, AM-2, and AM-3 designs in 1923 for an earlier proposal. The BM-1 was a clean-sheet design for the new effort.

The BM-1 was a single place biplane with conventional landing gear and a steerable tail skid. The aircraft used a dropable main fuel tank between the main gear to meet crashworthiness requirements and a small header tank of 10 gallons in the upper wing. Control cables were designed not to use pulleys. The wings had optional metal or wood spars with doped aircraft fabric covering. The fuselage used an all-metal aluminum girder structure with aluminum covering. The horizontal stabilizer used a jack screw for trim adjustment. The engine featured a radiator mounted to the front with a pass-through for the propeller shaft.

The BM-1 did not progress beyond design phase.

Specifications (Aeromarine BM-1)

See also

References

Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
BM-1
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
IBUS (device). iBUS, or Intelligent BUS Utility System, is a bus monitoring and management system device. It helps solve traffic problem in the worsening traffic congestion of mass transport systems in the developing country metro cities.

Overview 
iBUS digitally identifies a vehicle by using machine readable tags that will be part of a database. Its operation is managed through computers which system offers a playing field for everyone involved in the traffic problem: the bus drivers, the enforcers, the operators, the passengers. This would make the buses load and unload passengers in the proper designated areas only.

The iBUS system can organize the buses based on the machine readable tags. It can group the buses and allocate designated stop or pick up points. It will also impose a time limit on a bus stop usage. The bus will be programmed to stop and open its doors at allocated areas only. It also prides on the Real Time Location System (RTLS) to track the buses and project the exact arrival of buses at the designated loading and unloading areas.

References 

Electronic circuits
Electrical components
Azary Lapidus. Azary Abramovich Lapidus  (; born 23 May 1958) is chairman of SUIholding. He graduated in 1980 from Moscow State University of Civil Engineering. In 1997, he was awarded Order of Honour.

He is also a Laureate of the Government of the Russian Federation in the field of science and technology (2023).

Bibliography 
Author of 18 monographs.

 Lapidus, Organizational design and management of large-scale investment projects, and — Around the World. — Moscow, LR 040 058, 1997. — 224. — (Monograph). — 500 copies.
 Lapidus, Telichenko; Terent’ev. Technology Building — High School. — Textbook for High School Students in the direction of training, "Construction, " 2001. — 320. — 500 copies. — .
 Lapidus, Telichenko; Terent’ev. The technology of construction processes. Part 1 — High School. — Textbook for High School Students, 2002.
 Lapidus, Telichenko; Terent’ev. The technology of construction processes. Part 2 —  High School. — Textbook for High School Students, 2003.
 Lapidus, Telichenko; Terent’ev. Design. Article — "Building Association of Universities. — System engineering construction, Collegiate Dictionary, 2nd edition, 2004.
 Lapidus, Telichenko. Information Modeling technology and business processes in construction. (Monograph) — Association of Building schools. — 2008.
 Lapidus. Road Show or Love Oligarch.   — OOO  Astrel. — 2008. — S. 222. — 5000 copies. — .

References

External links
 Азарий Лапидус: «Моя маленькая империя – Большой театр». Pravda.ru

1958 births
Living people
Russian civil engineers
Moscow State University of Civil Engineering alumni
Recipients of the Order of Honour (Russia)
Businesspeople from Moscow
Indore Monorail. The Indore Monorail is a rapid transit line proposed for the city of Indore, India. The state government is conducting a feasibility study with the help of Delhi Metro. The expected cost of laying the railway line in the city will be around 125-150 crore per km. The Municipal Corporation and Indore Development Authority (IDA) are seeking help of Larsen & Toubro (L&T) officials in relation to conceptualise the possibilities of introducing the monorail in the city.
 
The status of the monorail project is unclear as rail technology may be used instead.  In 2021 construction was begun on the first of six lines of the Indore Metro, using railway technology.

See also
 лох Metro

References

Proposed monorails in India
Transport in Indore
Torre Millenium. Torre Millenium is a skyscraper in Sabadell, Catalonia, Spain. The building was completed in 2002, has 22 floors and rises 90 metres. It lies near other two skyscrapers, Paddock Bulevard and Les Orenetes de l'Eix.

See also 

 List of tallest buildings and structures in Barcelona

References 

Skyscraper office buildings in Barcelona
Buildings and structures completed in 2002
2002 establishments in Spain
Centre for Ships and Ocean Structures. The Centre for Ships and Ocean Structures (CeSOS) is a research centre located at the Marine Technology Centre in Trondheim, Norway. The research centre's goal is to create fundamental knowledge about the design and operation of ships and ocean structures. The centre has been active since 2002, when it was established as a Centre of Excellence (CoE) by the Research Council of Norway and the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). Although the financing period by the Research Council of Norway finished in 2012, research activities are still ongoing in 2013 and 2014, financed by external means.

Research areas 
Research at CeSOS focuses on the creation of fundamental knowledge about the design and operation of future ships and ocean structures, using analytical, numerical and experimental studies. The centre has furthermore made it its responsibility to integrate marine hydrodynamics, structural mechanics and automatic control in its research. The knowledge that is being produced by this kind of research is vital, both now and in the future, for the design of safe, cost effective and environmentally friendly structures as well as in the planning and execution of marine operations. The importance of such work cannot be over-emphasised: In tonnage terms, 95 per cent of all international transport is by sea, and 20 per cent of the world’s oil and gas is produced from subsea reservoirs via offshore structures and pipelines. In the future, food production in aquacultural plants and the exploitation of renewable energy from the oceans is expected to play a growing role. The scientific and engineering research carried out in the centre takes account of such future needs, and extends current knowledge in relevant disciplines. The emphasis is on the synergy between hydrodynamics, structural mechanics and automatic control.

Facts and Figures
Personnel at the end of 2012: 
6 key professors,
2 administrative staff,
11 postdocs/researchers,
43 PhD candidates,
7 graduated PhD candidates,
28 graduated MSc students,
2 adjunct professors,
3 adjunct associate professors, 
4 visiting professors (short term),
3 visiting INSEAN and MIT researchers (short term) 
and 5 visiting PhD candidates.

Revenues in 2012: 
Income NOK 43 388 000,
Costs NOK 43 198 000.

Publications in 2012: 
2 books,
14 book chapters,
10 international keynote lectures,
57 refereed journal papers
and 95 refereed conference papers.

Commitment of the key persons to international journals, conferences and workshops in 2012: 
21 editorial boards of journals 
and 14 international conference organising committees.

References

External links 
CeSOS på NTNU's nettsted

Engineering research institutes
Marine engineering organizations
Web Services Flow Language. Web Services Flow Language 1.0 (WSFL) was an XML programming language proposed by IBM in 2001 for describing Web services compositions. Language considered two types of compositions. The first type was for describing business processes as a collection of web services and the second was for describing interactions between partners. WSFL was proposed to be layered on top of Web Services Description Language.

In 2003 IBM and Microsoft combined WSFL and Xlang to BPEL4WS and submitted it to OASIS for standardization. Oasis published BPEL4WS as WS-BPEL to properly fit the naming of other WS-* standards.

Web Services Endpoint Language (WSEL) 
Web Services Endpoint Language (WSEL) was an XML format proposed to be used to description of non-operational characteristics of service endpoints, such as quality-of-service, cost, or security properties. Format was proposed as a part of report which published Web Service Flow Language . It never gained wide acceptance.

Notes

References 
Leymann, Frank. (2001). "Web Services Flow Language (WSFL 1.0)". IBM Corporation.
Hung, Patrick C. K. (2002). "Specifying Conflict of Interest in Web Services Endpoint Language (WSEL)". "ACM SIGecom Exchanges", Volume 3 Issue 3

Web service specifications
World Wide Web Consortium standards
XML-based standards
Web services
University College of Engineering Tindivanam. The University College of Engineering Tindivanam (UCET) is part of Anna University Chennai. It was founded in 2018 and was inaugurated by Dr M. Karunanithi, the then-honorable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, on September 1, 2008. University College of Engineering Tindivanam is a constituent college of Anna University Chennai (AUC). The first-year classes for the Engineering students were initiated on September 8, 2008, in the presence of Dr. K. Ponmudy, Honorable Minister of Higher Education, Tamil Nadu, and Dr. R. Raju, Special Officer of UCET. It is proposed that the Regional Research Centre at UCET be started.

Departments

UCET was started with four Departments. They are:

 Department of Civil Engineering,
 Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering,
 Department of Information Technology.

See also
 List of Tamil Nadu Government's Educational Institutions

References

Engineering colleges in Tamil Nadu
Colleges affiliated to Anna University
Education in Viluppuram district
2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu
Universities and colleges established in 2008
College of Engineering Vadakara. The College of Engineering Vadakara (CEV) is an engineering college in Kozhikode district of  Kerala, established in 1999.

The first engineering college under the Co-operative Academy of Professional Education (CAPE), Thiruvananthapuram, established by Govt. of Kerala, started functioning in June 1999. The college is affiliated to APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University  and approved by All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE).

Student organisations
The college houses and promotes various students organisations like:
ISTE Student Chapter
IEEE Student Branch
National Service Scheme
Innovation and  Entrepreneurship Development Cell (IEDC)
Computer Society of India

Notable alumni
Hemanth Menon, Malayalam film actor

Facilities
Digital Library
Central Computing Facility
Hostels
Innovation centre
Basketball court
WiFi connectivity

References

External links 
Official Website
 Google Plus Page

Engineering colleges in Kerala
Cooperatives in Kerala
Universities and colleges in Kozhikode district
Educational institutions established in 1999
1999 establishments in Kerala
Bismuth selenide. Bismuth selenide () is a gray compound of bismuth and selenium also known as bismuth(III) selenide.

Properties 
Bismuth selenide is a semiconductor and a thermoelectric material. While stoichiometric bismuth selenide should be a semiconductor with a gap of 0.3 eV, naturally occurring selenium vacancies act as electron donors, so Bi2Se3 is intrinsically n-type.

Bismuth selenide has a topologically insulating ground-state. Topologically protected Dirac cone surface states have been observed in Bismuth selenide and its insulating derivatives leading to intrinsic topological insulators, which later became the subject of world-wide scientific research.

Bismuth selenide is a van der Waals material consisting of covalently bound five-atom layers (quintuple layers) which are held together by van der Waals interactions and spin-orbit coupling effects. Although the (0001) surface is chemically inert (mostly due to the inert-pair effect of Bi), there are metallic surface states, protected by the non-trivial topology of the bulk. For this reason, the Bi2Se3 surface is an interesting candidate for van der Waals epitaxy and subject of scientific research. For instance, different phases of antimony layers can be grown on Bi2Se3, by means of which topological pn-junctions can be realised. More intriguingly, Sb layers undergo topological phase transitions when attached to the Bi2Se3 surface and thus inherit the non-trivial topological properties of the Bi2Se3 substrate.

Production 
Although bismuth selenide occurs naturally (as the mineral guanajuatite) at the Santa Catarina Mine in Guanajuato, Mexico as well as some sites in the United States and Europe, such deposits are rare and contain a significant level of sulfur atoms as an impurity. For this reason, most bismuth selenide used in research into potential commercial applications is synthesized. Commercially-produced samples are available for use in research, but the concentration of selenium vacancies is heavily dependent upon growth conditions, and so bismuth selenide used for research is often synthesized in the laboratory.

A stoichiometric mixture of elemental bismuth and selenium, when heated above the melting points of these elements in the absence of air, will become a liquid that freezes to crystalline . Large single crystals of bismuth selenide can be prepared by the Bridgman–Stockbarger method.

See also
Thermoelectric materials
Thermoelectric effect
Topological insulators

References

Bismuth compounds
Selenides
Semiconductor materials