omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SDSF. The System Display and Search Facility (SDSF) is a component of IBM's mainframe operating system, z/OS, which allows users and administrators to view and control various aspects of the mainframe's operation and system resources using an interactive user interface. Some of the information displayed in SDSF includes Batch job output, Unix processes, scheduling environments, and the status of external devices such as printers and network lines, batch and system log files and dumps.

History
When it was a field-developed program offering, SDSF was known as the SPOOL Display and Search Facility The word SPOOL was changed to System when it became a program product in the late 1980s.

With z/OS Release 1.9, SDSF supports a REXX interface, allowing batch programs to use SDSF facilities. This support includes stem variables containing SDSF-originated information.

Prior to z/OS Release 1.10, SDSF was only supported for use with JES2 and not JES3, although ISV products from Phoenix Software International and Tone Software were available with similar functionality for JES3. At and beyond z/OS Release 1.10, SDSF fully supports JES3, including some new commands (JDS and ODS) to display the data/sets and job output for JES3 jobs.

With the release of z/OS V1R13, SDSF came packed with some interesting features like cursor-sensitive sort or point-and-shoot sort and extensive support for open logs from Rexx and Java-programmed environments.

Features

SDSF is organized as a collection of panels where each panel displays information about a specific aspect of the mainframe's operations. These panels are currently provided:

 LOG: To see the current log of system activity.
 DA: "Display Active users/jobs" or running processes.
 I: Input Queue - shows jobs waiting execution.
 H: Jobs on HOLD - either waiting to be released into Input or Output or actual copies of job JCL (Job Control Language) or previously executed jobs.
 ST: Displays current status of all jobs. Job list can be filtered using the PRE primary command.
 PR: Displays printers.
 INIT: Displays Initiators (areas where jobs execute or run).
 O: Output Queue
 LINE: Network Job Entry (NJE) Lines
 SR: System Requests
 MAS: Members in a MAS (Multiple Access Spool)
 JC: Job Classes
 PS: z/OS UNIX Processes
 RES: WLM ( Workload Manager) Resources
 ENC: Enclaves
 SE: Scheduling Environments
 PUN: Punches
 RDR: Readers
 NODE: NJE (Network Job Entry) Nodes
 SO: Spool offload
 SP: Spool volumes
 RM: Resource monitor
 CK: Health checker
 ULOG: User session log

On the ST panel, SDSF supports the following commands for each batch job. These commands are translated into a JES2 or JES3 command that performs the desired function:
 C: Cancel a running job
 S: Select job (view only)
 SE: Select edit job (view in edit mode)
 SJ: Show job (view original JCL of the job)
 P: Purge a job (remove entirely)

See also
 z/OS operating system, and its originator MVS

References

External links
 IBM System Display and Search Facility

IBM mainframe operating systems
MEMS sensor generations. MEMS sensor generations represent the progress made in micro sensor technology and can be categorized as follows:

1st Generation MEMS sensor element mostly based on a silicon structure, sometimes combined with analog amplification on a micro chip.

2nd GenerationMEMS sensor element combined with analog amplification and analog-to-digital converter on one micro chip.

3rd Generation Fusion of the sensor element with analog amplification, analog-to-digital converter and digital intelligence for linearization and temperature compensation on the same micro chip.

4th Generation Memory cells for calibration- and temperature compensation data are added to the elements of the 3rd MEMS sensor generation.

References

Microtechnology
Scandium chloride. Scandium(III) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula ScCl3. It is a white, high-melting ionic compound, which is deliquescent and highly water-soluble. This salt is mainly of interest in the research laboratory.  Both the anhydrous form and  hexahydrate (ScCl3•6H2O) are commercially available.

Structure
ScCl3 crystallises in the layered BiI3 motif, which features octahedral scandium centres. Monomeric ScCl3 is the predominant species in the vapour phase at 900 K, the dimer Sc2Cl6 accounts for approximately 8%. The electron diffraction spectrum indicates that the monomer is planar and the dimer has two bridging Cl atoms each Sc being 4 coordinate.

Reactions

ScCl3 is a Lewis acid that absorbs water to give aquo complexes.  According to X-ray crystallogrphy, one such hydrate is the salt trans-[ScCl2(H2O)4]Cl·2H2O. With the less basic ligand tetrahydrofuran, ScCl3 yields the adduct ScCl3(THF)3 as white crystals. This THF-soluble complex is used in the synthesis of organoscandium compounds. ScCl3 has been converted to its dodecyl sulfate salt, which has been investigated as a "Lewis acid-surfactant combined catalyst" (LASC) in aldol-like reactions.

Reduction
Scandium(III) chloride was used by Fischer et al. who first prepared metallic scandium by electrolysis of a eutectic melt of scandium(III) chloride and other salts at 700-800 °C.

ScCl3 reacts with scandium metal to give a number of chlorides where scandium has an oxidation state <+3, ScCl, Sc7Cl10, Sc2Cl3, Sc5Cl8 and Sc7Cl12. For example, reduction of ScCl3 with scandium metal in the presence of caesium chloride gives the compound CsScCl3 which contain linear chains of composition ScIICl3−, containing ScIICl6 octahedra sharing faces.

Uses
Scandium(III) chloride is found in some halide lamps, optical fibers, electronic ceramics, and lasers.

References

Scandium compounds
Chlorides
Metal halides
Thionyl fluoride. Thionyl fluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula . This colourless gas is mainly of theoretical interest, but it is a product of the degradation of sulfur hexafluoride, an insulator in electrical equipment.  The molecule adopts a distorted pyramidal structure, with Cs symmetry. The S-O and S-F distances are 1.42 and 1.58 Å, respectively. The O-S-F and F-S-F angles are 106.2 and 92.2°, respectively.

Synthesis and reactions
Thionyl fluoride can be produced by the reaction of thionyl chloride with fluoride sources such as antimony trifluoride.

Alternatively, it arises via the fluorination of sulfur dioxide:

Thionyl fluoride arises as a fleeting intermediate from the decomposition of sulfur hexafluoride as the result of electrical discharges which generate sulfur tetrafluoride.  SF4 hydrolyzes to give thionyl fluoride, which in turn hydrolyzes further as described below.

As expected from the behavior of the other thionyl halides, this compound hydrolyzes readily, giving hydrogen fluoride and sulfur dioxide:

In contrast to thionyl chloride and bromide, thionyl fluoride is not useful for halogenation.  The related derivative, sulfur tetrafluoride is however useful for that purpose.

References

External links

Thionyl compounds
Oxyfluorides
Sulfur(IV) compounds
Sulfur oxohalides
Sulfuryl chloride. Sulfuryl chloride is an inorganic compound with the formula SO2Cl2.  At room temperature, it is a colorless liquid with a pungent odor.  Sulfuryl chloride is not found in nature, as can be inferred from its rapid hydrolysis.

Sulfuryl chloride is commonly confused with thionyl chloride, SOCl2.  The properties of these two sulfur oxychlorides are quite different: sulfuryl chloride is a source of chlorine whereas thionyl chloride is a source of chloride ions. An alternative IUPAC name is sulfuryl dichloride.

Sulfur is tetrahedral in SO2Cl2 and the oxidation state of the sulfur atom is +6, as in sulfuric acid.

Synthesis
SO2Cl2 is prepared by the reaction of sulfur dioxide and chlorine in the presence of a catalyst, such as activated carbon.
SO2 + Cl2 → SO2Cl2

The product can be purified by fractional distillation.

Legacy routes
Sulfuryl chloride was first prepared in 1838 by the French chemist Henri Victor Regnault.

Older routes include oxidation of thionyl chloride:
5 SOCl2 + HgO → ClSSCl + HgCl2 + 3 SO2Cl2
2 SOCl2 + MnO2 → SO2 + MnCl2 + SO2Cl2

Reactions
Sulfuryl chloride reacts with water, releasing hydrogen chloride gas and sulfuric acid:
2 H2O + SO2Cl2 → 2 HCl + H2SO4

For sulfuryl chloride, this happens at room temperature, but the related sulfuryl fluoride does not hydrolyse at temperatures up to 150 °C.

SO2Cl2 will also decompose when heated to or above 100 °C, about 30 °C above its boiling point.

Upon standing, SO2Cl2 decomposes to sulfur dioxide and chlorine, which gives the older samples a slightly yellowish color.

SO2Cl2 can be used as a source of chlorine in alkane chlorination, initiated by chemicals (usually a peroxide) or light:

CH4 + SO2Cl2 → CH3Cl + SO2 + HCl

Uses
Sulfuryl chloride is used as a source of Cl2.  Because it is a pourable liquid, it is considered more convenient than Cl2 to dispense.  

Sulfuryl chloride is used in the conversion of C−H to C−Cl adjacent to activating substituents such as carbonyls and sulfoxides:

It also chlorinates alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, ethers (such as tetrahydrofuran) and epoxides.  Such reactions occur under free radical conditions using an initiator such as AIBN. It convert thiols or disulfides into the corresponding sulfenyl chlorides:

Occasionally, sulfinyl chlorides result from such reactions.  SO2Cl2 can also convert alcohols to alkyl chlorides. In industry, sulfuryl chloride is most used in producing pesticides. Phosphorus pentachloride is prepared by the reaction of white phosphorus with sulfuryl chloride.

Sulfuryl chloride can also be used to treat wool to prevent shrinking.

Precautions
Sulfuryl chloride is toxic, corrosive, and acts as a lachrymator.  It releases hydrogen chloride upon contact with water, as well as donor solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethylformamide.

References

Further reading

 
 
 
 
 

Oxychlorides
Sulfuryl compounds
Sulfur oxohalides
Aleksandr Bereznyak. Aleksandr Yakovlevich Bereznyak ( – 7 July 1974) was a Soviet aircraft and missile designer. He was the chief designer of MKB Raduga, from March 1957.

Biography 
Aleksandr Bereznyak was born on 29 December 1912 in Boyarkino, Ozyorsky District, Moscow Oblast.

He was employed in aviation industries since 1931. Bereznyak was a graduate of the Moscow Aviation Institute named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze (1938). He was an engineer in the experimental design bureau of V. F. Bolkhovitinov. While working in the bureau, he designed the first soviet jet, the BI-1, which was equipped with liquid fuel to power a rocket engine. The BI-1 was created in 1942 in co-operation with A. M. Isaev). He became Vice-chief designer of OKB-2 in 1946, later to become the chief designer in 1957. Other his developments include:
 BI-1 — an early rocket-powered aircraft rocket fighter developed by Bereznyak and Isaev in 1940-1944. It flew after German's experimental He 176, but still was the first Soviet rocket plane. Eight test planes (usually referred as BI-1 — BI-8) were built.
 302P
 346 — experimental, trans-sonic speed, 1946.
 468 — jet, project, 1948–1949.

In March 1957 he was assigned to lead the newly established MKB Raduga in the village of Ivankovo, Moscow Oblast. This had started in 1951 as Branch 2 of Artem Mikoyan's OKB-155 to produce the KS-1 Komet missile. Raduga specialized in a range of tactical missiles.

Bereznyak was a Doctor in Engineering (1968).

Aleksandr Bereznyak died on 7 July 1974 in Dubna.

Awards 
 Merited engineering scientist of the RSFSR (1973)
 Lenin Prize
 USSR State Prize
 Order of Lenin
 Order of the October Revolution
 Order of the Red Banner of Labour and numerous medals

Memorials 

 There is a bronze bust of Bereznyak installed at the MKB Raduga headquarters building where he once worked
 A street and a high school in Dubna were named after Bereznyak

See also 
 List of Russian inventors

External links

 История МКБ «Радуга» имени Александра Березняка

Sources

References
 Great Soviet Encyclopedia, Vol.30, 3rd edition, Moscow, 1978, p. 579.
 Aleksandr Bereznyak 

1912 births
1974 deaths
Moscow Aviation Institute alumni
Recipients of the Lenin Prize
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner of Labour
Recipients of the USSR State Prize
Aircraft manufacturers of the Soviet Union
Soviet aerospace engineers
Soviet inventors
Soviet scientists
Burials at Vvedenskoye Cemetery
Russian scientists
Mohammad Kaykobad. Mohammad Kaykobad () is a Bangladeshi computer scientist, educator, author, and columnist. Along with Muhammed Zafar Iqbal, he started the national mathematics olympiad. He was a professor of computer science and engineering in Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology,
and became a faculty member of computer science and engineering at Brac University in 2020. Also a faculty member of University of Information Technology and Sciences.

Education
In 1970, Kaykobad finished his SSC from Manikganj Govt. High School and, in 1972, his HSC from Debendra College. He did his M.S. in engineering at the Institute of Marine Engineers, Odesa, Ukraine (then in the USSR), in 1979. He undertook his M.Eng. in computer applications technology at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand, in 1982. He undertook his PhD at the Flinders University of South Australia, in 1986 under the supervision of Dr FJM Salzborn.

Career
Kaykobad served as an adviser to ICT Projects for e-Governance in Bangladesh. He was awarded the gold medal for contribution in ICT education at a ceremony at Bangabandhu International Conference Center by Bangladesh Computer Society and was presented the award by the President of Bangladesh on 26 July 2005. He was recognized as the best coach of ACM International Collegiate Programming Contest by IBM at 26th World Finals of ACM ICPC at Honolulu, Hawaii on 22 March 2002. He researched the computerization of class scheduling of different universities of Bangladesh, which was submitted to the University Grants Commission in 1995. He is a member of the Bangladesh Academy of Sciences.

Honors and awards
 Received the Best Coach award in 2002 at Honolulu, Hawaii
 Recognized as a distinguished alumnus by the Flinders University of South Australia.

References

1954 births
Living people
Fellows of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences
Asian Institute of Technology alumni
Academic staff of Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology
People from Manikganj District
Bangladeshi computer scientists
Flinders University alumni
IBM SQL/DS. SQL/DS (Structured Query Language/Data System), released in 1981, was IBM's first commercial relational-database management system. It implemented the SQL database-query language.

SQL/DS ran on the DOS/VSE and VM/CMS operating systems. A little later, IBM also introduced Db2, another SQL-based DBMS, this one for the MVS operating system.  The two products have coexisted since then; however, SQL/DS was rebranded as "DB2 for VM and VSE" in the late 1990s.

Third party software
Software AG's Natural 4GL was an early third-party software product that facilitated using SQL/DS. Software AG used the name Natural 2/SQL-DS and, later on, for a related offering, Natural 2/DB2.

References

External links
 SQL Reunion 1995: System R, SQL/DS
 A History and Evaluation of System R

Sql DS
SQL/DS
SQL/DS
Relational database management systems
Forge (disambiguation). A forge is the hearth where the blacksmith keeps the fire for heating metals to be formed by plastic deformation, usually with hammer on an anvil.

Forge may also refer to:

Industry
 Forging, the process of deforming a metal workpiece by working with localized compressive forces
 Finery forge, a works where pig iron was fined and forged (drawn out) into bars of wrought iron
 Bloomery, a forge where iron ore was smelted to produce wrought iron

Media and arts
 Forge (comics), a mutant superhero in the Marvel Comics universe who is associated with the X-Men
 Forge, a book of poetry by Jan Zwicky, 2011
 Forge,  a 2010, a historical fiction book by Laurie Halse Anderson
 Forge, a website on productivity published by Medium
 The Forge (Goya), a painting by Francisco Goya
 "The Forge" (Star Trek: Enterprise), an episode of Star Trek: Enterprise
 The Forge, a novel by Radclyffe Hall published in 1924
 The Forge, a British TV production company founded by George Faber
 Forged (film), a 2010 drama film
 The Forge, a 2024 Christian biblical drama film

Computer gaming
 Forge (level editor), a map editor for the Halo series of video games
 A planned but canceled sequel to LucasArts's adventure game Loom
 Forge (video game), a game by Dark Vale Studios

Roleplaying gaming

 The Forge (roleplaying game website), dedicated to indie roleplaying games

Computer software
 Forge (software), a collaborative software development management system
 Sound Forge, a digital audio editing and creation suite

Places
 Forge, Cornwall, England
 Forge, Powys, Wales
 Clifton Forge, Virginia, USA
 Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, USA
 Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, USA

People with the name
 Andrew Forge (1923-2002), English painter
 Tobias Forge (born 1981), Swedish singer, musician, and songwriter

Other uses
 FORGE Program, a United Nations-sanctioned NGO that links Western students to African refugees
 Forge FC, a Canadian soccer club
 The Forge (restaurant), a restaurant in Miami Beach, Florida
 The Forge Shopping Centre, Glasgow, Scotland
 Ponds Forge, sports centre in Sheffield, England

See also 
 Forge World
 The Forge of God
 Forgery (disambiguation)
 La Forge (disambiguation)
 Old Forge (disambiguation)
 Forgy (disambiguation)
Random orbital sander. A random orbital sander (also known as a palm sander) is a hand-held power tool which sands in a random-orbit action. That is, in constant irregular overlapping circles. This technology was first commercially utilized in 1968 by Rupes Tools. Random orbital sanders combine the speed and aggressiveness of a belt sander with the ability to produce a finer finish than that available from a standard, slow speed orbital finishing sander. Random orbital sanders generally come in three different types: electric powered, air powered, and orbital floor sanders. The electric and air powered orbital sanders are handheld, while the floor orbital sanders are large machines that roll.

The random orbit sanding pattern is produced by simultaneously spinning the sanding disk and moving it in small ellipses. This ensures that no single part of the abrasive material travels the same path twice during the same rotation. Because of this random sanding action, the tool does not leave swirl marks, and is not sensitive to the direction of the wood grain. This makes it useful when sanding two pieces of wood that will be fastened at right angles. Random-orbital sanders use sandpaper disks, and many include integrated dust collectors. Disks are attached using either pressure-sensitive adhesives or a hook and loop system. On models equipped with a dust collection feature, a vacuum sucks discharged dust through holes in the paper and pad, feeding it to a bag, shop vac, or canister.

References

External links

"Choosing a Random Orbital Sander" by John C. Harris

Woodworking hand-held power tools
Sarah Gordon (computer scientist). Sarah Gordon is a computer security researcher, responsible for early scientific and academic work on virus writers, hackers, and social issues in computing.  She was among the first computer scientists to propose a multidisciplinary approach to computer security. Known primarily for work relating to people and computers, the bulk of her original technical work was published or presented between the late 1980s and mid-1990s.

Two of the first "concept viruses" for Microsoft products were discovered by Gordon, refuting the common belief that it was impossible to contract a virus via email and demonstrating the vulnerability of Microsoft Word to macro viruses in 1995. She also wrote the first report on Linux viruses in the wild. She is known for inventing the term "vX" to refer to Virus Exchange. Gordon has always been fascinated with linguistics, and has introduced several other terms into the computer lexicon,  including "trigger foot" and "meaningfulness".

Dr. Gordon was appointed to the computer science graduate faculty of the Florida Institute of Technology  in 2004. Although she has worked for several computer security companies, including Dr. Solomon's Software, Command Software, IBM Research, and Symantec Corporation, her work has continued to be primarily academic. Sarah Gordon is an alumnus of Indiana University South Bend, where she obtained a Bachelor of Science degree in 1997. She has a master's degree in Human Behaviour and Professional Counseling, and a Ph.D in Computer Science from Middlesex University.

External links 
 Sarah Gordon's personal website

References 

Living people
Computer security academics
American computer scientists
American women computer scientists
Florida Institute of Technology faculty
IBM Research computer scientists
Gen Digital people
Indiana University South Bend alumni
Alumni of Middlesex University
Year of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women academics
21st-century American academics
21st-century American scientists
21st-century American women scientists
Atomic diffusion. In chemical physics, atomic diffusion is a diffusion process whereby the random, thermally-activated movement of atoms in a solid results in the net transport of atoms. For example, helium atoms inside a balloon can diffuse through the wall of the balloon and escape, resulting in the balloon slowly deflating. Other air molecules (e.g. oxygen, nitrogen) have lower mobilities and thus diffuse more slowly through the balloon wall. There is a concentration gradient in the balloon wall, because the balloon was initially filled with helium, and thus there is plenty of helium on the inside, but there is relatively little helium on the outside (helium is not a major component of air). The rate of transport is governed by the diffusivity and the concentration gradient.

In crystals 

In the crystal solid state, diffusion within the crystal lattice occurs by either interstitial or substitutional mechanisms and is referred to as lattice diffusion.  In interstitial lattice diffusion, a diffusant (such as C in an iron alloy), will diffuse in between the lattice structure of another crystalline element.  In substitutional lattice diffusion (self-diffusion for example), the atom can only move by substituting place with another atom.   Substitutional lattice diffusion is often contingent upon the availability of point vacancies throughout the crystal lattice. Diffusing particles migrate from point vacancy to point vacancy by the rapid, essentially random jumping about
(jump diffusion).

Since the prevalence of point vacancies increases in accordance with the Arrhenius equation, the rate of crystal solid state diffusion increases with temperature.

For a single atom in a defect-free crystal, the movement can be described by the "random walk" model.  In 3-dimensions it can be shown that after  jumps of length  the atom will have moved, on average, a distance of:

 

If the jump frequency is given by  (in jumps per second) and time is given by , then  is proportional to the square root of :

 

Diffusion in polycrystalline materials can involve short circuit diffusion mechanisms.  For example, along the grain boundaries and certain crystalline defects such as dislocations there is more open space, thereby allowing for a lower activation energy for diffusion.  Atomic diffusion in polycrystalline materials is therefore often modeled using an effective diffusion coefficient, which is a combination of lattice, and grain boundary diffusion coefficients.  In general, surface diffusion occurs much faster than grain boundary diffusion, and grain boundary diffusion occurs much faster than lattice diffusion.

See also 

 Kirkendall effect
 Mass diffusivity

References

External links 
 Classical and nanoscale diffusion (with figures and animations)

Diffusion
Crystallographic defects