omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Interior radiation control coating. Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS), sometimes referred to as radiant barrier coatings, are paints designed to provide thermal insulation to buildings.

Standards
The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the Reflective Insulation Manufacturer's Association (RIMA) have established an industry standard for evaluating paints claiming to have insulating characteristics.  The energy conserving property has been defined as thermal emittance (the ability of a surface to release radiant energy that it has absorbed).  Those coatings qualified as Interior Radiation Control Coatings must show a thermal emittance of 0.25 or less.  This means that an IRCCS will block 75% or more of the radiant heat transfer. 
These low "E" coatings were originally developed in 1978 at the Solar Energy Corporation (SOLEC) in Princeton, New Jersey for use in tubular evacuated solar collectors. The developer, Robert Aresty, designed them to be used as low emissivity surfaces 
on glass to replace vacuum deposited surfaces. While SOLEC was doing collaborative work with the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC), Phillip Fairey,  research director at FSEC and world-renowned researcher in radiant barriers discovered the availability of these coatings in the SOLEC labs. He immediately grasped that they might be used as a replacement for foil radiant barriers, and proceeded to perform experiments verifying their viability for this use. In 1986 these coatings were applied for the first commercial application in homes built by Centex Corporation.

Uses
Uses of IRCCS includes residential and commercial building insulation, as well as industrial and automotive applications.

References
 ASTM C1321-04 "Standard Practice for Installation and Use of Interior Radiation Control Coating Systems (IRCCS) in Building Construction"
 RIMA has recently made a survey of coatings that claim to have insulating characteristics. To view this study go to http://www.rima.net, click on "Technical Info - Coatings Study"
 Triangle Radiant Barrier

Radiation
Derek Atkins. Derek A Atkins is a computer scientist specializing in computer security.  He studied electrical engineering and computer science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.  In June 2014, he became the chief technology officer of SecureRF.

Atkins is an author or co-author of several computer security books, including Internet Security Professional Reference and Reputational Risk: A Question of Trust. In April 1994, he co-authored the paper The Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrage detailing the factorization of RSA-129.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Chief technology officers of computer security companies
CAMS 30E. 

The CAMS 30E was a two-seat flying boat trainer built in France in the early 1920s.  It was the first aircraft designed for CAMS by Raffaele Conflenti after he had been recruited by the company from his previous job at Società Idrovolanti Alta Italia (SIAI).  It was a conventional design for the era featuring a two-bay equal-span unstaggered biplane wing cellule.  The prototype was exhibited at the 1922 Salon de l'Aéronautique and evaluated the following year by the Aéronautique Maritime.  The type's favourable performance led to an order of 22 machines for the French military and an export order of seven for Yugoslavia and four for Poland.

A single civil example was produced as the CAMS 30T with two extra passenger seats.  In August 1924, Ernest Burri used this machine to break the world air speed record for a passenger-carrying seaplane.

Variants
 CAMS 30E - Production military flying-boat trainer.
 CAMS 30T - Passenger version of the CAMS30E with two extra seats.

Operators

 Aeronautique Maritime

 Yugoslav Royal Navy

Specifications (30E)

References

Bibliography

 
 

1920s French military trainer aircraft
Flying boats
30E
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1922
CAMS 33. 

The CAMS 33 was a reconnaissance flying boat built in France in the early 1920s.  It was designed in response to a French Navy requirement for new flying boats for various roles.

Design and development
Chantiers Aéro-Maritimes de la Seine (CAMS) submitted prototype aircraft in two categories for the Navy requirement - as both a reconnaissance aircraft and a transport.  The design was a conventional biplane flying boat with equal-span unstaggered wings and two engines mounted in a single nacelle in tractor-pusher configuration on struts in the interplane gap.  Accommodation consisted of an open cockpit for two, plus open bow and dorsal gun positions on the reconnaissance machine, or an enclosed cabin for seven passengers on the transport version.

Operational history
The transport (33C or 33T) was passed over, but the armed reconnaissance version was accepted for production as the 33B.  Twelve aircraft were eventually produced for the French Navy, these equipping Escadrille 1R1 at Cherbourg-Chantereyne. Yugoslavia purchased another six machines.  The 33T prototype flew under civil registration for a few years, but was unable to attract customers.

Operators

French Navy

Specifications (33B)

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Taylor, John W. R. and Jean Alexander. Combat Aircraft of the World. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. . 
 Taylor, Michael J. H. Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions, 1989. .   
 World Aircraft Information Files. London: Bright Star Publishing, File 891, Sheet 02.

33
1920s French military reconnaissance aircraft
Flying boats
Biplanes
Twin-engined push-pull aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Water conservation order. A water conservation order is a legal ruling to protect aspects of water bodies. It may be to protect the quantity of the water itself or for any issues relating to the water body as a whole.

New Zealand
In New Zealand, a Water Conservation Order is used to protect the natural, cultural and recreational values of any water body.  Water Conservation Orders came about as a result of lobbying by a group of stakeholders in the late seventies.  At that time rivers were managed through the Water & Soil Conservation Act, which was administered by an appointed statutory body (NWASCA) serviced by the Ministry of Works.  The engineers of the Ministry of Works argued that there was no need to legislate further as the Act contained provision for setting Minimum Flows.

There are currently 15 separate Water Conservation Orders:

Ahuriri River
Buller River
Grey River / Māwheranui
Kawarau River
Lake Ellesmere / Te Waihora
Lake Wairarapa
Manganuioteao River
Mataura River
Mohaka River
Motueka River
Mōtū River
Ōreti River
Rakaia River
Rangitata River
Rangitīkei River

A water conservation order has been proposed for the Hurunui River in the South Island.

Irrigation New Zealand, the national body representing agricultural irrigators and the irrigation industry, opposes water conservation orders. Irrigation NZ considers they no longer have relevance, they lock up the water resource and they may bankrupt the nation.

References

External links
Water Conservation Orders New Zealand Recreational Canoeing Association web pages describing New Zealand water conservation orders.
Water Conservation Orders Environmental Defence Society RMA Guide web page.

Water law
Environmental policy in New Zealand
Water and the environment
Water in New Zealand
Doctor of Computer Science. The degree of Doctor of Computer Science (DCS, DCompSci, DSc.Comp, D.C.Sc.) is an applied research doctorate in computer science awarded on the basis of advanced study and research in the field of computer science. While it is considered a terminal degree and requires coursework and research beyond the masters' level, the DCS is not considered equivalent to a Ph.D. or a Doctor of Science (D.Sc. or Sc.D) in computer science.

Structure
Typical entry requirements include master's degrees in computer science or a related field. The degree is intended for those who will make meaningful contributions to either the theory or practice of computing and as such involves both research and taught courses beyond master's degree level. Applied doctorates such as the DCS are aimed at practitioners with professional careers in the field rather than at those aiming for research careers in academia. The DCS is normally completed in three years, with a split of approximately two years of coursework and one year equivalent (36 credits out of a total of 96) spent on the dissertation.

Relationship to the Ph.D.

Structurally, the Doctor of Computer Science differs from the PhD in that the DCS has, as noted above, a three-year duration, with only one year equivalent on the dissertation, while an American Ph.D. normally requires a minimum of four years, with at least three years spent on the dissertation.

There are two active definitions of what comprises a research doctorate or similar in the U.S. The National Center for Education Statistics defines a Doctor's degree-research/scholarship as "A Ph.D. or other doctor's degree that requires advanced work beyond the master's level, including the preparation and defense of a dissertation based on original research, or the planning and execution of an original project demonstrating substantial artistic or scholarly achievement." The awarding institution defines which degrees meet this description themselves. The National Science Foundation defines a research doctorate as "a doctoral degree that (1) requires completion of an original intellectual contribution in the form of a dissertation or an equivalent culminating project (e.g., musical composition) and (2) is not primarily intended as a degree for the practice of a profession." Under this definition, the 
DCS, which (as noted above) is intended for professionals in the field of computer science, is not recognized by the National Science Foundation as a research doctorate equivalent to a Ph.D. in Computer Science.

References

Computer Science
Information technology qualifications
Base conditions. Base conditions, also known as standard conditions, consist of a specified absolute pressure and temperature.  To ensure accuracy, it is important to refer to base conditions when measuring the volume of a sample of liquid or gas.  This applies to both static measurement and flow measurement.

Pressure and temperature
The density of both gases and liquids depends on the pressure and temperature of the fluid.  Thus volumes measured in cold conditions or in pressurised conditions will be lower than the same mass of fluid at warmer or depressurised conditions.  This fact gives rise to the necessity of choosing a benchmark pressure and temperature in which all 'net' volumes will be expressed.

Ideal gas law
The density of a gas at a specific pressure can be estimated by using the ideal gas law.  Doubling absolute pressure doubles the density of a gas, and doubling absolute temperature halves the density.  The number of molecules in a given gas volume depends on the pressure and temperature.  This is why the pressure and temperature must be stated in order for a volume measurement to mean anything.

Density correction
Density correction is also performed on liquids under measurement.  For instance, the sticker on gasoline pumps that states that the volume is corrected to 15 °C (59 °F, or 60 °F in the U.S.) means that the measured volume has been compensated for thermal expansion.  One would otherwise get a larger mass of gasoline in a tank filled in cold weather (which is unfair to the business) and less when it is warm (which is unfair to the consumer).
                                   
             UPDATE

 Gas at a filling station is stored underground and is therefore at a constant temperature. The outside temperature has no bearing on this constant ground temperature and therefore the pumped fuel will always be at that temperature and needs not be corrected to 15 degrees but measured at the ground temperature.

Ground gets warmer and cooler with varying temperatures. You'd have to dig down pretty deep to keep it constant.

Legal definitions
Legal regulations usually require that sales to end customers be compensated to the legally defined base conditions.  Where regulations do not require the use of a specific set of base conditions, contractual partners may be free to choose their own base conditions.

Base conditions are often defined jurisdictionally.  For example:

Canada
Pressure 101.325 kPa absolute, temperature 15 °C

United States
Pressure 14.696 psi absolute, temperature 60 °F

Mexico
Pressure  1 kgf/cm² (equivalent to 98.1 kPa absolute), temperature  20 °C

Scientific definitions

Flow computers
Flow computers generally need the base conditions for each flow meter to be configured.

References

See also 
 Standard conditions
 Flowing conditions

Fluid dynamics
Measurement
Nanodectes. Nanodectes is a genus of insects in the family Tettigoniidae. Species of the genus are found in Australia.

Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Nanodectes:
Nanodectes brachyurus 
Nanodectes bulbicercus 
Nanodectes dooloides 
Nanodectes dooloo 
Nanodectes formicivorae 
Nanodectes gladiator 
Nanodectes harpax 
Nanodectes platycercus 
Nanodectes triodiae 
Nanodectes veprephila

References 

Tettigoniinae
Tettigoniidae genera
Taxonomy articles created by Polbot
Boris Lisunov. Boris Pavlovich Lisunov (; 19 August 1898 – 3 November 1946) was a Soviet aerospace engineer.

Biography
Lisunov was born in Durnovskaya (now Rassvet) stanitsa, Yenotaevsky uyezd of the Governorate of Astrakhan, Russian Empire. His father was a Cossack officer.

In 1918 he graduated from the Saratov secondary school #2 and went to Moscow to study at the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy, where he made friends with another prominent Russian aircraft designer, Sergey Ilyushin. From 1926, he served as an engineer-mechanic to an aviation squadron in the Soviet Air Force, rising to the position of chief engineer at Aircraft Factory No. 39 in Kharkov.

In November 1936, Lisunov travelled to the Douglas Aircraft works in Santa Monica, California, to start the process of licensed production of the Douglas DC-3 in the Soviet Union. From November 1936 to April 1939, Lisunov documented every part of the DC-3 and its production tooling. He also documented post-delivery in-service support. Together with his boss, Vladimir Myasishchev, Lisunov started the process of re-engineering the DC-3 with the objective of putting the model into production. Most of the work involved conversion of the drawings and documents into the metric system.

On 27 January 1938, Lisunov was appointed technical director of the Aviation Plant No. 84 near Moscow, in Khimki. After Myasishchev was arrested, Lisunov was appointed to head the further development of the DC-3 derivative named Lisunov Li-2. Military and civil versions of Li-2 were produced by a few Soviet aircraft plants from 1939 to 1952, making it the most common Soviet airliner in the 1940s.

In September 1941 as the Nazis were approaching Moscow, Lisunov managed to swiftly evacuate the aircraft plant to the safe location that was chosen to be Tashkent, capital of the Uzbek SSR. Soon the newly-established aircraft plant, later known as Tashkent Aviation Production Association, started to contribute to the Soviet war effort with the domestically-made Li-2s.

Lisunov died in 1946 after having suffered a heart attack. Shortly before his death, he was appointed a managerial position with the Ministry of Aviation Industry and awarded the Order of Lenin and the Order of the Red Star for successful completion of the Li-2 project.

The Astrakhan State Archive and the Rassvet secondary school preserve Lisunov's memory.

See also 
 Lisunov Li-2
 Douglas DC-3
 Tashkent Aviation Production Association

References

External links 
 The Douglas C-47 Dakota at www.faqs.org

Soviet aerospace engineers
20th-century Russian engineers
1898 births
1946 deaths
Recipients of the Order of Lenin
EtherNet/IP. EtherNet/IP (IP = Industrial Protocol) is an industrial network protocol that adapts the Common Industrial Protocol (CIP) to standard Ethernet.  EtherNet/IP is one of the leading industrial protocols in the United States and is widely used in a range of industries including factory, hybrid and process. The EtherNet/IP and CIP technologies are managed by ODVA, Inc., a global trade and standards development organization founded in 1995 with over 300 corporate members.

EtherNet/IP uses both of the most widely deployed collections of Ethernet standards –the Internet Protocol suite and IEEE 802.3 – to define the features and functions for its transport, network, data link and physical layers. EtherNet/IP performs at level session and above (level 5, 6 and 7) of the OSI model. CIP uses its object-oriented design to provide EtherNet/IP with the services and device profiles needed for real-time control applications and to promote consistent implementation of automation functions across a diverse ecosystem of products. In addition, EtherNet/IP adapts key elements of Ethernet’s standard capabilities and services to the CIP object model framework, such as the User Datagram Protocol  (UDP), which EtherNet/IP uses to transport I/O messages.

Ethernet/IP was estimated to have about 30% share of the industrial Ethernet market in 2010 and 2018.

History 
Development of EtherNet/IP began in the 1990s within a technical working group of ControlNet International, Ltd.(CI), another trade and standards development organization.  In 2000, ODVA and CI formed a joint technology agreement (JTA) for the development of EtherNet/IP.   In 2009, the JTA was terminated and EtherNet/IP became under the sole control of ODVA and its members.  Today, EtherNet/IP is one of four networks that adapt CIP to an industrial network along with DeviceNet, ControlNet and CompoNet.  All of these networks are managed by ODVA, Inc.

Technical Detail 
EtherNet/IP classifies Ethernet nodes into predefined device types with specific behaviors. Among other things, this enables:
 Transfer of basic I/O data via User Datagram Protocol (UDP)-based implicit messaging
 Uploading and downloading of parameters, setpoints, programs and recipes via TCP (i.e., explicit messaging.)
 Polled, cyclic and change-of-state monitoring via UDP.
 One-to-one (unicast), one-to-many (multicast), and one-to-all (broadcast) communication via IP.
 EtherNet/IP makes use of TCP port number 44818 for explicit messaging and UDP port number 2222 for implicit messaging

Open-source implementation 
A portable open-source implementation named OpENer was started in 2009. The source code is available on GitHub, under an adapted BSD license.

An open-source C++ scanner library named EIPScanner is available on GitHub, under an MIT license.

See also
 Common Industrial Protocol
 Industrial Ethernet

References

External links 

Official ODVA website
ODVA EtherNet/IP page
EtherNet/IP developers guide from ODVA

Industrial computing
Serial buses
Industrial automation
Industrial Ethernet
Aircraft specific energy. Aircraft-specific energy is a form of specific energy applied to aircraft and missile trajectory analysis. It represents the combined kinetic and potential energy of the vehicle at any given time. It is the total energy of the vehicle (relative to the Earth's surface) per unit weight of the vehicle. Being independent of the mass of the vehicle, it provides a powerful tool for the design of optimal trajectories. Aircraft-specific energy is very similar to specific orbital energy except that it is expressed as a positive quantity.  A zero value of aircraft-specific energy represents an aircraft at rest on the Earth's surface, and the value increases as speed and altitude increases. As with other forms of specific energy, aircraft-specific energy is an intensive property and is represented in units of length since it is independent of the mass of the vehicle. That is, while the specific energy may be expressed in joule per kilogram (J/kg), the specific energy height may be expressed in meters by the formula (v^2 / 2g) + h, where V is the airspeed of the aircraft, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the altitude of the aircraft.

Applications
The field of trajectory optimization has made use of the concept since the 1950s in the form of energy analysis.  In this approach, the specific energy is defined as one of the dynamic states of the problem and is the slowest varying state. All other states such as altitude and flight path angle are approximated as infinitely fast compared to the specific energy dynamics. This assumption allow the solution of optimal trajectories in a relatively simple form.

The specific energy is computed by the total energy (as defined above relative the Earth's surface) divided by the mass of the vehicle. It is a key element in performance of aircraft and rockets. For a rocket flying vertically (in a vacuum), it is the apogee that the rocket would obtain. 

Aircraft-specific energy is used extensively in the energy–maneuverability theory governing modern aircraft dogfighting tactics. The primary goal of air combat manoeuvring is to maintain an optimal aircraft-specific energy. Speed allows an aircraft the ability to potentially outmaneuver adversaries, and altitude can be converted into speed, while also providing extended range for guided munitions (due to lower air density and therefore lower drag at any given velocity). Aircraft such as the F-16 Fighting Falcon were designed to be optimized in accordance to the energy-maneuverability theory, allowing for an aircraft to quickly gain aircraft-specific energy as fast as possible.

References

Aerodynamics
Jan A. Rajchman. Jan Aleksander Rajchman (10 August 1911 – 1 April 1989) was a Polish-American electrical engineer and computer pioneer.

Biography
Jan Aleksander was son of Ludwik Rajchman and Maria Bojańczyk. His father was a Polish bacteriologist and the founder of UNICEF. He was born in London, where his parents temporarily lived, and where his father held various positions at the Royal Institute of Public Health and King's College.

He received the Diploma of Electrical Engineering from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in 1935, and became a Doctor of Science in 1938.

Rajchman emigrated to America in 1935. He joined RCA Laboratory directed by Vladimir K. Zworykin in January 1936.

He was a prolific inventor with 107 US patents among others logic circuits for arithmetic. He conceived the first read-only memory, which was widely used in early computers. He conceived and developed the selectively addressable storage tube, the ill-fated Selectron tube, and the core memory.

He was a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and a member of the National Academy of Engineering. He is also a member of Sigma Xi, the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), the Physical Society, the New York Academy of Sciences, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the Franklin Institute. He received the 1960 IEEE Morris N. Liebmann Memorial Award and
the 1974 IEEE Edison Medal For a creative career in the development of electronic devices and for pioneering work in computer memory systems.

US patents
 – Magnetic System, 1957

Sources
IEEE History Site
Smithsonian Oral History, Interview with Rajchman
Memorial Tribute
Scientist of the Day - Jan Rajchman - Linda Hall Library

1911 births
1989 deaths
American electrical engineers
Polish emigrants to the United States
American people of Polish-Jewish descent
Fellows of the IEEE
IEEE Edison Medal recipients
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the American Physical Society
20th-century American engineers