omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Buoyant density centrifugation. Buoyant density centrifugation (also isopycnic centrifugation or equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation) uses the concept of buoyancy to separate molecules in solution by their differences in density.

Implementation
Historically a cesium chloride (CsCl) solution was often used, but more commonly used density gradients are sucrose or Percoll. This application requires a solution with high density and yet relatively low viscosity, and CsCl suits it because of its high solubility in water, high density owing to the large mass of Cs, as well as low viscosity and high stability of CsCl solutions.

The sample is put on top of the solution, and then the tube is spun at a very high speed for an extended time, at times lasting days. The CsCl molecules become densely packed toward the bottom, so a continuous gradient of layers of different densities (and CsCl concentrations) form.  Since the original solution was approximately the same density, they go to a level where their density and the CsCl density are the same, to which they form a sharp, distinctive band.

Isotope separation
This method very sharply separates molecules, and is so sharp that it can even separate different molecular isotopes from one another. It has been utilized in the Meselson-Stahl experiment.

DNA separation
Buoyant density of the majority of DNA is 1.7g/cm3 which is equal to the density of 6M CsCl solution. Buoyant density of DNA changes with its GC content. The term "satellite DNA" refers to small bands of repetitive DNA sequences with distinct base composition floating above (A+T rich) or below (G+C rich) the main component DNA.

See also
Isopycnic
 Satellite DNA

References

Further reading

Separation processes
Laboratory techniques
Allen O-675. The Allen Aircraft Engine Co. of Compton, a suburb of Los Angeles California, developed an eight-cylinder horizontally opposed aircraft engine during 1928–1929.

Little is known about this engine, other than that it was never given a Type Certificate and that it was not used on any known aircraft.

Specifications (O-675)

References

Aeroengines
Aerofiles.com
Ricardo Miguel, VidalLos Motores Aeroespaciales A-Z, (Spanish), 2002, p. 157, 

Air-cooled aircraft piston engines
Raad Shallal al-Ani. Raad Shallal al-Ani (born January 1960) is an Iraqi politician who was Electricity Minister from February to August 2011.

Early life and education
Shallal graduated from University of Sulaymaniyah on 1981 and holds a Master of Engineering degree.

The Iraqi Electricity Ministry 

When Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki formed his second government in December 2010, ten of the ministries, including the Electricity Ministry, were left unfilled with acting ministers. The appointment to this position of Raad Shallal, described as a "technocrat", was approved by parliament on 13 February 2011.

When he was appointed, Iraq was producing only 7 gigawatts of electricity, despite being the 12th largest producer of oil. The country also imported around 5 gigawatts, giving the national grid only six hours per day of electricity. The start of his term coincided with protests by thousands of Iraqis nationwide against corruption and poor services, including lack of electricity, inspired by the Arab Spring. The protests subsided by the end of February after al-Maliki gave his ministers 100 days to improve their performance and reduce corruption.

In March Shallal announced a $6.25 billion deal with Caterpillar Inc., MAN Diesel and STX Corporation to install 50 mini power stations across the country. Each power station would contain 25 diesel generators, increasing total electricity production by 5 gigawatts and allowing 16 hours per day of supply. This would be a temporary solution until medium-term power projects come online in 2013.

In July Shallal signed two contracts to expand electricity provision, the first, worth $1.2 billion, with Capgent, a Canadian firm, and the second, for $500 million, with Maschinenbau Halberstadt, a German firm.  However, an investigation by the former Planning Minister, Jawad Hashem, found that the first company did not exist and the second had entered bankruptcy six months before signing the contract, these informations appeared to be lies from the corrupted Jawad Hashem with the help from some dirty politicians who were trying to get to the ministry of electricity as the government signed the same contracts with the same companies again shortly after Mr.Shallal resignation. Shallal resigned on 15 August because of the government's corruption. However, the US Congressional Research Service said he had been used as a "scapegoat for continued electricity shortages", and Shallal's party claimed that the contracts had also been signed by Prime Minister al-Maliki and the Deputy Prime Minister for Energy, Hussain al-Shahristani.

On 28 September Shallal was called for investigations on an order from the Commission on Integrity. He agreed to testify in front of the commission.

References 

University of Sulaymaniyah alumni
Electricity ministers of Iraq
Date of birth missing (living people)
1960 births
Living people
Paramount Model 120 Sportster. The  Paramount Model 120 Sportster floatplane, also called the Paramount Model 120 Speedster for the landplane version, was an attempt to build a low production aircraft suitable for the small high-end market during the depression era economy.

Design and development

Walter J. Carr and Ed Behse founded the Paramount Aircraft Corporation to build the Paramount Cabinaire enclosed biplane. After poor sales of the aircraft, Carr left the company and Behse pursued a new design using the Warner engine used in the Cabinaire.

The Sportster was a two-seat side-by-side configuration open-cockpit, strut-braced, low-wing monoplane with a radial engine and float landing gear sourced from Aircraft Products. The prototype was built in six weeks and featured a red leather interior.

Operational history
The prototype was test flown and then demonstrated at the 1931 National Aircraft Show in Detroit, receiving several orders. On 16 May 1931 company owner Behse gave demonstration rides in the aircraft. On the second flight of the day, his passenger was Whitney Merritt, who helped assemble the aircraft. The aircraft took off, climbed to 150 feet of altitude and dove into the water, killing both occupants. The company was dissolved soon after.

Specifications (Paramount Model 120 Sportster)

References

1930s United States civil utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
List of automobile manufacturers of the Czech Republic. This is a list of automobile current and defunct automobile manufacturers of the Czech Republic (and Czechoslovakia and Bohemia).

Current manufacturers
 Praga (1907–present) (racing - karts - sports cars)
 Škoda Auto (1925–present) (The only major automobile company in Czech Republic)
 Kaipan (1992—present) (roadsters)
 Gordon Roadster (1997-present) (sports cars)
 MWM (2017–present) (electric vintage Luca EV car)
 Sigma Motor (2018-present) (engineering - manufacturing)

Foreign manufacturers building in the Czech Republic
 Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Czech (2008–present)
 Toyota Peugeot Citroën Automobile Czech (2002–present)

Former manufacturers
 4ekolka (2016) (prototype only)
 Aero (1929–1947)
 AKA (1925)
 AM (1948)
 Aspa (1924–1925)
 Avia (1919–present) (no longer manufactures cars)
 Gatter Autowerk Reichstadt (1930–1937)
 Hoffmann & Novague (2008–2021)
 Innotech (1992, prototype only)
 Jawa Moto (1919–present) (no longer manufactures cars)
 Laurin & Klement (1895–1925) (replaced by Škoda Auto)
 MTX (1969–present) (no longer manufactures cars)
 Ocelot Auto (1994–2010)
  (1907–1916, acquired by Laurin & Klement)
  (1896–1908)
 Stelka
 Tatra (1850–present) (no longer manufactures cars)
 Velorex (1950–1971)
  (1906–1910)
 Walter Fiat (1911–1954) (Walter Aircraft Engines)
 Wikov (1918–1945)
 Zbrojovka Brno (1924–1937)

See also
 List of automobile manufacturers
 List of automobile marques

References

Autombiles
Lists of automobile manufacturers
Takeo Matsubara. was a Japanese physicist. Matsubara proposed a method of statistical mechanics related to  Green's function (many-body theory), by applying quantum field theory techniques to statistical physics. This method, commonly known as Matsubara Green's function technique, introduces the notion of imaginary time, and the reciprocal variable to this imaginary time is known as discrete Matsubara frequency.

Matsubara graduated from Osaka Imperial University, and worked as full professor in Hokkaido University, Kyoto University, and Okayama University of Science. He was the winner of the Nishina Memorial Prize in 1961, and took the directorship of the Physical Society of Japan.

His work with Yukata Toyozawa on impurity bands in semiconductors has led to the Matsubara-Toyozawa model that describes the motion of an electron in a random lattice.

His research interests were dielectric materials, superconductivity and superfluidity. He wrote various physics textbooks in Japanese.

References

External links 
 Kotobank.jp 

1921 births
2014 deaths
Japanese physicists
People from Osaka
Academic staff of Hokkaido University
Academic staff of Kyoto University
Osaka University alumni
Presidents of the Physical Society of Japan
Shikkui. Shikkui (漆喰) is an ecological nontoxic Japanese lime plaster primarily made out of hydrated lime and calcium carbonate coming from reprocessed eggshells. It is mainly used for surface coatings of walls and ceilings in housing construction.

This material is reputed to achieve a notable range of traditional and modern finishes, including a full range of Venetian stucco and stone effects. Shikkui finishes allow a thin two-coat application, and their elasticity provides good stress-crack resistance. The color and texture of a finishing can be individually customized using a variety of diluted color pigments.

The coatings are highly porous and naturally antiseptic, so indoor air quality is actively improved for healthier spaces. Shikkui coatings are also said to be humidity-regulating, fire-resistant, antistatic (preventing dust accumulation), hypoallergenic, antifungal and mold resistant.

Ecological characteristics

Limix, a Shikkui plaster-based material, has a low carbon footprint in production, and a low energy consumption in production (85% less compared to baked ceramic tiles). It absorbs VOC odors and CO2.  It is also fully recyclable or decomposable.

Technical specifications

ASTM Test Data

The Shikkui Surface Coatings have been tested in accordance with the ASTM International standards by accredited testing laboratories in the United States.

• Fire Resistance (ASTM E84)
Class A (Type I in other codes)

• VOC Content (ASTM D3960)
Zero-VOC material

• Shore D Hardness (ASTM D2240)
61-85 (depending on product)

• Mold/Fungal Resistance (ASTM D3273/D3274)
Rating 10 (no fungal growth)

References 

Building materials
Plastering
Cadder Yard. Cadder Yard is the railway yard situated between Bishopbriggs and Lenzie on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway (E&G). Cadder is a district of the town of Bishopbriggs.

It was a hump shunting yard built by the North British Railway (NBR) in October 1901 as part of the Sighthill Goods Yard and High Street Goods Yard modernisation scheme. In the early days the majority of the railway workings were on the north side of the E&G, i.e., the up-yard. The hump was located to the North-West. With the modern changes of emphasis in British Rail freight almost all of the rail workings on the north side and signal boxes were removed in the 1970s and 1980s.

The passing loops on either side of the main line have been retained and are used on a daily basis. The north side, beyond the up-loop, is a large Green Link tree-planting project. On the south side, beyond the down-loops, are maintenance sidings.

Direct Rail Services (DRS) leased the site from July 2006 - May 2011 where it was used as a
wagon maintenance and storage location. Subsequently, DRS opted to move these operations to Motherwell TMD. This move might have been due to the lack of covered facilities, or to the EGIP construction plans.

In 2016, Cadder Down Yard was the site of EGIP electrification construction depot. At the time, this was, "subject to satisfactory negotiations with the current rail industry tenant to relocate their rail activities to another location in the West of Scotland." As of late 2021, this £33 million infrastructure development is now operational.

Westerhill, at the far west end of Cadder Yard is the proposed site for a railway park and ride service in Bishopbriggs in a campaign by local councillors.

Branches and spurs

A short goods branch called the Wilderness Plantation spur started from the west end of the yard and ran to the Bishopbriggs Oil Depot (closed in the 1980s) and onwards to the Mavis Valley and its colliery. Possibly connected with this, there was also a mineral railway spur to the south leaving from the west end of the yard, which can be seen on the maps: Old Ordnance Survey, Lenzie; Bartholomew. This railway crossed the B812 Robroyston Road. Further, there seems to have been an additional short spur leaving the east end of the yard and heading south close to the B812. These spurs are long gone, the Wilderness Plantation spur was victim of the Beeching cuts.

Incidents

One of the last public executions in the Glasgow area took place on the site of the yard. It was in December 1840 that a foreman for the Edinburgh & Glasgow railway contractors was murdered, allegedly by three navvies, at Crosshill Bridge at the east end of the yard. Two of the navvies were hanged in 1841 where they had committed the deed.

A serious fire occurred on an Edinburgh - Glasgow train on 16 August 1983 at Cadder. The train came to a stand opposite to Cadder Signal Box after passengers had pulled the emergency alarm. The signals were set to danger and luckily there was no train approaching on the adjacent line. Injuries to passengers were minor.

References

Rail yards in the United Kingdom
Transport in East Dunbartonshire
K. Arulanandan. Professor Kandiah Arulanandan (2 August 1925 – 11 August 2004) was a Ceylon Tamil engineer and academic. Known as Professor Arul, he was a lecturer at the University of California, Davis.

Early life and family
Arulanandan was born on 2 August 1925. He was the son of V. Kandiah and Sivakolunthu from Achchuveli in northern British Ceylon. He was educated at the American Mission School in Achchuveli and Jaffna College, Vaddukoddai from where he passed the London matriculation in the First Division. After school he joined the University of Ceylon from where he graduated with degree in science. He then went to the University of Cambridge from where he obtained a Tripos degree in soil mechanics.

Arulanandan married Rajeswary, daughter of P. Velauthapillai and Meenambikai. They had three children (Dr. Chandranandan, Sivanandan and Rohini Solos).

Career
After graduation Arulanandan received training on road research in the UK. Then from 1953 to 1957 he worked as a senior materials engineer in the Gold Coast. Between 1957 and 1958 he worked at the University of Cambridge under Professor Roscoe. Arulanandan returned to Ghana in 1959 to work as a senior materials engineer. In 1963 he joined the University of California, Berkeley from where he graduated with a Ph.D. He was then appointed to engineering faculty at the University of California, Davis. Arulanandan went on to become professor of engineering and specialised in geotechnical engineering.

Death
Arulanandan died at the Kaiser Permanente Hospital, Walnut Creek, California on 11 August 2004. He was 79.

References

1925 births
2004 deaths
Academics of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of Jaffna College
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Ceylon
Sri Lankan emigrants to the United States
People from Northern Province, Sri Lanka
Sri Lankan academics
Sri Lankan Tamil people
Sri Lankan engineers
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
University of California, Davis faculty
Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France. Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France (3AF or AAAF) is the French national aeronautical and astronautical association. It is located in Paris.

It has been created in 1971 from the Association Française des Ingénieurs et Techniciens de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace (AFITAE) created in 1945 and the Société Française d'Astronautique (SFA) created in 1955.

The 3AF activity is to bring together people interested, for professional or personal reasons, in the aerospace sector to represent their point of view and to help the development of scientific and technological knowledge related to the aerospace industry and its history. Its members are mostly technicians, engineers and researchers. Its industrial partners are the largest industries in national and European industry, such as Alcatel Space, EADS and Arianespace. It also has honorary members.

3AF is a founding member of the Confederation of European Aerospace Societies (CEAS) together with the equivalent German association Deutsche Gesellschaft für Luft - und Raumfahrt Lilienthal - Oberth eV (DGLR), Britain's Royal Aeronautical Society (RAES) and the Italian Italian Association of Aeronautics and Astronantica (AIDA).

References

External links 
 

Aerospace engineering organizations
Clubs and societies in France
Organizations established in 1971
1971 establishments in France
VisualARQ. VisualARQ is commercial architectural BIM software that works as a plug-in for Rhinoceros CAD application; developed by Asuni CAD, based in Barcelona, Spain. It is aimed at Rhinoceros users and professionals working in the architecture sector such as architects, interior designers and developers. It competes with Architectural Desktop, Revit and ArchiCAD.

History
It was first implemented as a plug-in for AutoCAD and AutoCAD LT released in 2000, as a competitor to Architectural Desktop, another AEC plug-in for AutoCAD developed by Autodesk.

Releases

Reviews
 Reviewed by Nigel Gough on Australian Association of Architectural Illustrators Inc.

See also 
 Comparison of CAD editors for CAE

References

External links 

 
 Official blog

Building information modeling
Hussein Abdi Dualeh. Hussein Abdi Dualeh () is a Somali politician and petroleum engineer. He is the former Minister of Energy & Minerals of Somaliland.

Biography
Dualeh was born in the Saraar region of Somaliland. At the age of five, he moved with his family to Aden in South Yemen. Upon returning he completed secondary education at SOS Sheikh Secondary School. After graduation he was hired by ADNOC selling lubricants and gasoline. In 1979 he started his engineering education at the University of Oklahoma and later worked for several American companies including Chevron Corporation and California's Metropolitan Transport Authority. He later joined the Peace, Unity, and Development Party and became chairman of the party's North American chapter, and was even naturalised as an American citizen.

In July 2010 he was visiting Hargeisa and met with Ahmed Mahamoud Silanyo who wanted him to join his possible future cabinet after the 2010 election. Since 2010 he has been Minister of Mining, Energy & Water Resources of Somaliland.

Personal life
Dualeh lived in Stevenson Ranch, California with his wife and three children until he relocated to Hargeisa to fulfill his duties as Minister of Mining, Energy & Water Resources of Somaliland.

References

Living people
Somalian Muslims
Peace, Unity, and Development Party politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
People from Hargeisa
Hackerspace Global Grid. The Hackerspace Global Grid is aiming at building and establishing a distributed sensor and communication network. It was started in 2011 by Armin Bauer (shackspace), Andreas Horning (Constellation Platform), and Gregor Jehle (shackspace) after a call for participation in the Hackers in Space programme at the Chaos Communication Camp, 2011 to create a global community-driven communication network.

The long-term technical goal is to establish a system for tracking and communicating with amateur satellites in near Earth orbit, but the system is kept open for a variety of sensors, i.e. earthquake detection, radiation or weather data. Currently, the project is in a state where it is possible to receive data from commercial aeroplanes via ADS-B.

A stated but misinterpreted aim of the project is to produce a communication system, 'free from Internet censorship'.

See also 
 Deep Space Network
 Hacklab

References

External links 
 

Global Grid
Amateur radio satellites
Communications satellites in low Earth orbit
Thor T/A. The Thor T/A is a Canadian ultralight aircraft that was designed by Thorsten B. Strenger (or possibly Gunter Webster) and produced by Thor Air of Weston, Ontario. The aircraft was supplied as a kit for amateur construction.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of . It features a strut-braced high-wing, a single-seat, open cockpit, conventional landing gear and a single engine in tractor configuration.

The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its flying surfaces covered in Dacron sailcloth. Its 80% double-surface  span wing is braced with "V" lift struts. The pilot is accommodated on an open seat, protected by a simple windshield. The landing gear has suspension on the main wheels and features a steerable tailwheel. The three axis control system is unusual. Pitch and roll are conventionally controlled with elevator and rudder, while roll is controlled with tip rudders.

Variants
T/A
Initial design, powered by a  Rotax 277 single cylinder, two-stroke powerplant.
1-A
Up-engined model, powered by a  Rotax 447 twin cylinder, two-stroke powerplant.

Two-seater
Similar to the single-seat models but with a second seat for dual instruction.

Specifications (T/A)

References

1980s Canadian ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Fairchild FB-3. The Fairchild FB-3 (Flying Boat number 3) was an all-metal flying boat developed by the new Fairchild Metal Boat Division of the Fairchild Aircraft Corporation. The aircraft did not go into production.

Design and development
The prototype was built at Fairchild's Farmingdale, Long Island facility. The FB-3 was an amphibious high-wing strut-braced monoplane with retractable landing gear, powered by a high pylon-mounted pusher configuration radial engine. The two-step hull provided flotation with two outboard floats for stability. The wings had metal spars and ribs with fabric covering. The interior was well finished for its time.

Operational history
The prototype aircraft (NX7385) was test flown in 1929 but did go into production.

Specifications (Fairchild FB-3)

See also

References

External links

 Photo of FB-3
 Photo of FB-3 Profile
 Photo of FB-3 on Water
 Photo of FB-3

Amphibious aircraft
FB-3
1920s United States civil utility aircraft
Flying boats
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft