omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Plaxton Primo. The Plaxton Primo was a low-floor minibus body manufactured by Plaxton on the Enterprise Bus Plasma chassis between 2005 and 2010.

Design

Launched in 2005, the Plaxton Primo body is the result of close cooperation between Enterprise Bus, the Hungarian chassis manufacturer, and Plaxton. The fully welded stainless steel integral chassis is supplied in right hand drive format as a running unit to Plaxton, with the final body assembly undertaken at their factory in Scarborough, England; the body and chassis design is also available in both single-leaf and two-door left hand drive form in Continental Europe. Much of the design of the Primo was also influenced the styling of the larger Centro.

The Plaxton Primo was originally intended to replace the Plaxton Beaver body, built on the Mercedes-Benz Vario chassis, but pressure from small operators such as Western Greyhound persuaded Plaxton to continue the Beaver, as the larger Primo could not fit down narrow roads that the Vario was suited to.

In 2008, Plaxton announced the Primo 2 with a number of modifications. The Primos in service were also modified to Mk2 form to enhance reliability.

Operators
The Primo proved particularly popular with independent bus operators in England and Wales. The first two Primos were delivered to TM Travel of Halfway, Sheffield between late 2005 and early 2006. Some of the first Primos produced were distributed via Mistral Bus & Coach, which took delivery of a total of 25 for its rental business during 2006. Six were delivered to East Yorkshire Motor Services in July 2006 for use on local services in Bridlington, while another major customer for Primos towards the end of its production was Reays of Wigton, taking delivery of fourteen Primos during 2010.

See also 
 Optare Solo, the Plaxton Primo's integral competitor
 List of buses

References

External links

Primo
Low-floor buses
Minibuses
Vehicles introduced in 2005
Wildspace Conservation Park. The Wildspace Conservation Park, also known as London Riverside Conservation Park or Wildspace, is a major new conservation park under development. The conservation park is predominantly in London, within the London Borough of Havering, but also extends across the capital's administrative boundary and into Thurrock in Essex. It covers much of the land adjacent to the River Thames near to Rainham and Wennington. The RSPB nature reserve is the largest part of the park to be open to the public. Later phases include the reuse of a large landfill site as parkland.

History
It was identified as a flagship project for the Thames Gateway in 2003 and a feasibility study was undertaken. The project was a partnership between the London Thames Gateway Development Corporation, the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB), the Mayor of London, the London Development Agency, Havering Council, Thurrock Council and the Thurrock Thames Gateway Development Corporation.

Plans for the park were set out in 2005, in a document endorsed by Bill Oddie. The land was owned by the LTGDC, the London Borough of Havering, the RSPB, the Port of London Authority, Oldrealm Ltd and Cleanaway Ltd.

The opening of the park was announced 2006. 

The Wildspace policy forms part of the London Riverside Opportunity Area Planning Framework adopted by the Greater London Authority in 2015, the Thurrock Core Strategy adopted in 2015 and the Havering Local Plan adopted in 2021.

Park components
The conservation park is seen as a flagship new green space within the London Riverside section of the London Thames Gateway regeneration area. When complete, it will form a 6.4 km2 (640 hectares / 1580 acres) conservation, recreation and amenity zone twice the size of Hampstead Heath.

The 2005 masterplan identified the following components:
Rainham marsh
Silt lagoons
Rainham landfill
RSPB nature reserve

References

Parks and open spaces in the London Borough of Havering
Thames Gateway
Thurrock
Thomas Anantharaman. Thomas S. Anantharaman is a computer statistician specializing in Bayesian inference approaches for NP-complete problems.  He is best known for his work with Feng-hsiung Hsu from 1985 to 1990 on the Chess playing computers ChipTest and Deep Thought at Carnegie Mellon University which led to his 1990 PhD Dissertation: "A Statistical Study of Selective Min-Max Search in Computer Chess".  This work was the foundation for the IBM chess-playing computer Deep Blue which beat world champion Garry Kasparov in 1997.

Life and career
Anantharaman obtained a B.Tech. degree in Electronics in 1982 from the Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University (now Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi). He got (in 1977) IIT-JEE rank (AIR) # 2. Anantharaman went to USA and joined Carnegie Mellon University as a PhD student where he worked on the chess playing computers ChipTest and DeepThought with Feng-hsiung Hsu. Anantharaman received his PhD degree in 1990 and joined the field of biotechnology and Feng-hsiung Hsu joined IBM to design the Deep Blue IBM super-computer, which defeated Garry Kasparov in the historic chess match.

In 1985, Carnegie Mellon University graduate students Feng-hsiung Hsu, Anantharaman, Murray Campbell and Andreas Nowatzyk used spare chips they'd found to put together a chess-playing machine that they called ChipTest. By 1987, the machine, integrating some innovative ideas about search strategies, had become the reigning computer chess champion. A successor, Deep Thought, using two special-purpose chips, plus about 200 off-the-shelf chips, working in parallel, achieved grandmaster-level play.

Following this work, Anantharaman focused his attentions into the field of biostatistics and the application of Bayesian methods to the analysis of single molecule Optical Mapping technologies. He is currently a Senior Bioinformatics Software Engineer at BioNano Genomics, San Diego, California.

References

External links
 
 
 

American computer scientists
Tamil scientists
Carnegie Mellon University alumni
American people of Indian Tamil descent
Computer chess people
Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) Varanasi alumni
Living people
American people of Indian descent
Banaras Hindu University alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)

Indian emigrants to the United States
Polymethine. Polymethines are compounds made up from an odd number of methine groups (CH) bound together by alternating single and double bonds. Compounds made up from an even number of methine groups are known as polyenes.

Polymethine dyes 

Cyanines are synthetic dyes belonging to polymethine group. Anthocyanidins are natural plant pigments belonging to the group of the polymethine dyes.

Polymethines are fluorescent dyes that may be attached to nucleic acid probes for different uses, e.g., to accurately count reticulocytes.

References 

Alkenes
University of Minnesota College of Science and Engineering. The College of Science and Engineering (CSE) is one of the colleges of the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis, Minnesota.  On July 1, 2010, the college was officially renamed from the Institute of Technology (IT). It was created in 1935 by bringing together the university's programs in engineering, mining, architecture, and chemistry. Today, CSE contains 12 departments and 24 research centers that focus on engineering, the physical sciences, and mathematics.

Rankings
The programs offered by the College of Science and Engineering are rated among the best in the nation, particularly in Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Mathematics, and Mechanical Engineering.

Departments

 Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics
 Biomedical Engineering
 Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
 Chemistry
 Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering
 Computer Science and Engineering
 Earth and Environmental Sciences (formerly called Geology and Geophysics)
 Electrical and Computer Engineering
 Industrial and Systems Engineering
 Mathematics
 Mechanical Engineering
 Physics and Astronomy
Additionally, CSE pairs with other departments at the University to offer a degree-granting program in Bioproducts and Biosystems Engineering, with CFANS (formerly two departments: Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, and Bio-based Products)
And two other CSE units grant advanced degrees:
 Technological Leadership Institute (formerly Center for the Development of Technological Leadership)
 History of Science and Technology

Research centers
 BioTechnology Institute
 Center for Transportation Studies
 Characterization Facility
 Charles Babbage Institute - CBI website
 GroupLens Center for Social and Human-Centered Computing
 Industrial Partnership for Research in Interfacial and Materials Engineering
 Institute for Mathematics and its Applications
 Minnesota Nano Center
 Networking Research Group
 NSF Engineering Research Center for Compact and Efficient Fluid Power
 NSF Materials Research Science and Engineering Center
 NSF Multi-Axial Subassemblage Testing (MAST) System
 NSF National Center for Earth-surface Dynamics (NCED)
 Polar Geospatial Center
 Small Satellite Research Laboratory
 St. Anthony Falls Laboratory (SAFL)
 University of Minnesota Supercomputing Institute
 William I. Fine Theoretical Physics Institute

Educational centers
 History of Science and Technology
 School of Mathematics Center for (K-12) Educational Programs
 Technological Leadership Institute
 UNITE Distributed Learning

References

External links

Official CSE website

University of Minnesota
Universities and colleges established in 1935
1935 establishments in Minnesota
Engineering universities and colleges in Minnesota
Engineering schools and colleges in the United States
Structured Audio Orchestra Language. Structured Audio Orchestra Language (SAOL) is an imperative, MUSIC-N programming language designed for describing virtual instruments, processing digital audio, and applying sound effects. It was published as subpart 5 of MPEG-4 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 14496-3:1999) in 1999.

As part of the MPEG-4 international standard, SAOL is one of the key components of the MPEG-4 Structured Audio toolset, along with:

 Structured Audio Score Language (SASL)
 Structured Audio Sample Bank Format (SASBF)
 The MPEG-4 SA scheduler
 MIDI support

See also
 Csound
 MPEG-4 Structured Audio

References

 The MPEG-4 Structured Audio Standard

External links
 SAOL.net - MPEG4 structured audio (mp4-sa)

Audio programming languages
MPEG
Elbrus-Avia. Elbrus Avia () was a passenger airline company based in Nalchik, Russia. The airline offered scheduled flights to Moscow. It was the only airline flying to Kabardino-Balkaria where Mount Elbrus, the highest  peak of Europe, is its namesake. Founded in 1998, the airline had its licence cancelled by the Federal Air Transport Agency on 15 April 2009.

Fleet
Yakovlev Yak-42D - 4 (Two stored at Bykovo (Moscow), stored at Nalchik and one operating for Volgograd Airlines)
Yakovlev Yak-40  - 3 (Stored)
Mil Mi-8 -3 (used on domestic and special charters)
Mil Mi-2 -3 (used on domestic and special charters)

Destinations
Russia
Moscow (Vnukovo International Airport)
Nalchik (Nalchik Airport) Hub
Azau  (Mount Elbrus)
Greece
 Thessaloniki (Makedonia International Airport)
Austria
Salzburg (W. A. Mozart Airport)
Turkey
 Istanbul (Atatürk International Airport)

Charter flights
Hungary
Budapest - Budapest Ferihegy International Airport
England
London - London Stansted Airport
France
Lyon - Lyon Saint Exupery Airport
Basel - Mulhouse Euro Airport
Malta
Valletta - Malta International Airport

References

External links

Elbrus-Avia
Some photos

Defunct airlines of Russia
Airlines established in 1998
Airlines disestablished in 2009
Companies based in Kabardino-Balkaria
S-cam. An S-cam is part of a braking system used in heavy vehicles such as trucks and wheeled machinery. It consists of a shaft, usually around 4 to 25 inches long, turned at one end by means of an air-powered brake booster and lever with an S-shaped cam at the wheel end. Turning the shaft pushes the brake shoes against the drum, producing friction.

The design allows bulky air cylinders to be located outside of the wheel.

Uses 
The S-cam is generally used in heavy trucking applications or commercial vehicles where an air supply is readily available from the vehicle. It is normally powered by air, but hydraulic power can be used too.

The S-cam foundation brake is being used in over 85% of vehicles in the U.S. that run with air brakes.

S-cam's are only used with drum brakes because the cam pushes on the brakes which rubs against the rotating drum, and thus slowing the vehicle. Drum brakes are favored on bigger vehicles because they allow more surface area in brake pads to get a heavier load slowed down more efficiently.

How it Works 
The driver of the vehicle that is either supplied by hydraulic or air power, presses the brake pedal which sends power to a diaphragm. This diaphragm sends the motion to a push rod that rotates the shaft connected to the S-cam. As the S-cam rotates, the two symmetrical brake pads are forced against the brake drum until the pressure is released and the brake pads return to their resting position.

The principle of the S-cam allows the brakes of big vehicles to be more compact and less moving parts, since it only relies on a rotating shaft. Generally speaking, a tractor trailer requires more brakes than a typical vehicle, so making the brakes as simple and as cost effective as possible is very important.

S-cams are very efficient at keeping brakes maintained because as the brake pad wears, the S-cam rotates more and causes the pads to further. Since the lobes on the S-cam increase in radius as it is turned, the brake pads linear motion is increased. Of course you want to adjust your brakes regularly to ensure there is no slack in your brake system and that your brakes are responsive.

See also 
 Cam (mechanism)
 Drum Brake

References

External links

Auto parts
RS Feva. The RS Feva is a two-person sailing dinghy designed by Paul Handley in 2002. It is manufactured and distributed by RS Sailing. The RS Feva is an International Sailing Federation (ISAF) International Class, a Royal Yachting Association (RYA) Supported Junior Class, and has been selected by the Dansk Sejlunion (Danish Sailing Association) and Norges Seilforbund (Norwegian Sailing Federation) for major sailing growth projects.

Performance and design
The RS Feva is available in two versions; the RS Feva S and RS Feva XL.

The RS Feva S is the pleasure-sailing version, with a "soft" unbattened mainsail and can be upgraded to add a jib and/or gennaker.

The RS Feva XL is the racing version, with the same hull and spars as the RS Feva S but the sail package comprises a full-battened mylar racing mainsail and includes the jib and gennaker. The design allows both the jib and gennaker to be used at the same time for power reaching. When racing in a mixed fleet, the RS Feva XL uses a Portsmouth Yardstick handicap of 1210 in the UK or 105.2 in the USA.

The boat is suitable to be sailed by two young sailors or by adult and child teams, the RS Feva may also be sailed single-handed.

The RS Feva is popular in Europe, Australia and Hong Kong, and is being re-introduced to the market in North America.

In the United Kingdom the RS Feva has been approved by the RYA for the RYA OnBoard scheme, and by schools (e.g. Claires Court School, Oakham School, Sevenoaks School ), sailing centres and clubs (e.g. Hayling Island Sailing Club and Hill Head Sailing Club) for their junior sailing programmes.

International recognition and support
The RS Feva has International Sailing Federation (ISAF) International Class status.
The RS Feva has won the Coup de Coeur Award in France.
The RS Feva has previously won the Dinghy of the Year Award in the USA.
The RS Feva is a Royal Yachting Association (RYA) Supported Junior Class.

RS Feva owners and sailors around the World are supported by an International Class Association and a network of National Class Associations which organise the World, European and National Championships.

World Championships

European Championships

National Championships

United Kingdom

Other

References

External links
 RS Sailing
 International RS Feva Class Association

Classes of World Sailing
Dinghies
2000s sailboat type designs
Sailboat type designs by Paul Handley
Sailboat types built by RS Sailing
Electronic circuit design. Electronic circuit design comprises the analysis and synthesis of electronic circuits.

Methods
To design any electrical circuit, either analog or digital, electrical engineers need to be able to predict the voltages and currents at all places within the circuit. Linear circuits, that is, circuits wherein the outputs are linearly dependent on the inputs, can be analyzed by hand using complex analysis. Simple nonlinear circuits can also be analyzed in this way.  Specialized software has been created to analyze circuits that are either too complicated or too nonlinear to analyze by hand.

Circuit simulation software allows engineers to design circuits more efficiently, reducing the time cost and risk of error involved in building circuit prototypes.  Some of these make use of hardware description languages such as VHDL or Verilog.

Network simulation software
More complex circuits are analyzed with circuit simulation software such as SPICE and EMTP.

Linearization around operating point
When faced with a new circuit, the software first tries to find a steady state solution wherein all the nodes conform to Kirchhoff's Current Law and the voltages across and through each element of the circuit conform to the voltage/current equations governing that element.

Once the steady state solution is found, the software can analyze the response to perturbations using piecewise approximation, harmonic balance or other methods.

Piece-wise linear approximation
Software such as the PLECS interface to Simulink uses piecewise linear approximation of the equations governing the elements of a circuit. The circuit is treated as a completely linear network of ideal diodes. Every time a diode switches from on to off or vice versa, the configuration of the linear network changes.  Adding more detail to the approximation of equations increases the accuracy of the simulation, but also increases its running time.

Synthesis
Simple circuits may be designed by connecting a number of elements or functional blocks such as integrated circuits.

More complex digital circuits are typically designed with the aid of computer software. Logic circuits (and sometimes mixed mode circuits) are often described in such hardware description languages as HDL, VHDL or Verilog, then synthesized using a logic synthesis engine.

See also
Circuit design
Integrated circuit design

References 

Electronic design
Design
Daniel Guggenheim Medal. The Daniel Guggenheim Medal is an American engineering award, established by Daniel and Harry Guggenheim. The medal is considered to be one of the greatest honors that can be presented for a lifetime of work in aeronautics.  Its first recipient was Orville Wright. Other recipients have included American and international individuals from aeronautical corporations, governments, and academia.

Since 1929 it has been given annually to persons who make notable achievements in the advancement of aeronautics. It is awarded jointly by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Society of Automotive Engineers, the American Helicopter Society, and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.  The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics administers the award.

Physical Description 
Obverse: Spirit of St. Louis, a hot air balloon, and the nose of airship over sun burst and clouds depicted in relief; raised text on outer ring surrounding relief.

Reverse: Three stylized bird wings surrounding raised letters and inscribed text.

Dimensions (diameter x depth): 6.4 × 0.5cm (2 1/2 × 3/16 in.)

Recipients
The winners are listed below along with their award citation and year.

See also

 List of aviation awards
 List of engineering awards
 Wright Brothers Medal
 Wright Brothers Memorial Trophy

References

External links
  The Daniel Guggenheim Medal - aiaa.org/guggenheim

Aviation awards
Aerospace engineering awards
Awards established in 1929
1929 establishments in the United States
Highway 44 (Thailand). Highway 44 is part of land bridge project running across the Kra Isthmus. It starts at intersection with Phetkasem highway (Highway 4) in Krabi Province, running northeast, and ends at intersection with Highway 401 in Surat Thani Province. It roughly follows the route that a centuries-discussed Thai Canal might follow, if ever built.

Construction of Highway 44 began in the 1990s and was completed in 2003 at a cost of US$109.7 million.

Route details
Route 44 is part of land bridge project of Thailand's southern seaboard. However, the other parts of project have not yet built. Route 44 was slated to connect seaports on both the western and eastern coasts of Thailand. However, as the locations of seaports have not yet been finalized, only the central portion of Route 44 has been constructed. The roughly 50 km missing portions will be built when the location of the seaports has been finalized.

Route 44 is unique in that it was designed to accompany other forms of transportation. Both directions of the road were built 150 metres apart. The large centre median will be used for  railroad tracks and a pipeline. However, the project is currently stalled and nothing has been built but the roadways, leaving the centre of the highway empty. There are also no crossing intersections, the only way to cross the highway is to use the U-turns or one of the few bridges.

In Krabi Province, it starts at Amphoe Ao Luek and passes through Plai Phraya. It enters Surat Thani Province at Amphoe Phrasaeng and passes through Amphoe Khian Sa, Amphoe Ban Na Doem, Amphoe Mueang Surat Thani and ends at Amphoe Kanchanadit.

Total length is about 190 km. About 40 km is in Krabi Province and 150 km in Surat Thani Province. Route 44 is asphalt for its entire length and has four lanes total, two lanes in each direction with a 150-metre-wide ditch to separate the roadways.

List of intersections

Krabi Province
(Start) Route 4 (northwestward to Phang Nga Province, southeastward to Amphoe Mueang Krabi)
Route 4035 (westward to Amphoe Plai Phraya, eastward to Amphoe Phrasaeng)
Surat Thani Province
Route 4113 (northward to Amphoe Phunphin, southward to Amphoe Phrasaeng)
Route 41 (northward to Amphoe Phunphin, southward to Amphoe Ban Na Doem (Interchange*))
Route 4009 (northward to Amphoe Mueang Surat Thani, southward to Amphoe Ban Na San)
(end) Route 401 (westward to Amphoe Kanchanadit, eastward to Nakhon Si Thammarat Province)

References 

National highways of Thailand
Niels Bohr International Gold Medal. The Niels Bohr International Gold Medal is an international engineering award. It has been awarded since 1955 for "outstanding work by an engineer or physicist for the peaceful utilization of atomic energy". The medal is administered by the Danish Society of Engineers (Denmark) in collaboration with the Niels Bohr Institute and the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences. It was awarded 10 times between 1955 and 1982 and again in 2013. The first recipient was Niels Bohr himself who received the medal in connection with his 70th birthday.

2013 laureate 

Alain Aspect, regarded as an outstanding figure in optical and atomic physics, was awarded the medal for his experiments on the Bell's inequalities test. It was presented on 7 October 2013 by Queen Margrethe and Prince Henrik at a special event at the Honorary Residence in the Carlsberg Academy.

Recipients
The following scientists have been awarded the Niels Bohr Medal:

Niels Bohr, 1955
John Cockcroft, 1958
George de Hevesy, 1961 
Pyotr Kapitsa, 1965
Isidor Isaac Rabi, 1967
Werner Karl Heisenberg, 1970
Richard P. Feynman, 1973
Hans A. Bethe, 1976
Charles H. Townes, 1979
John Archibald Wheeler, 1982
Alain Aspect, 2013
Jens Nørskov, 2018
Ewine van Dishoeck, 2022

See also
 UNESCO Niels Bohr Medal
 List of engineering awards
 List of physics awards

References

Awards established in 1955
Danish science and technology awards
Physics awards
1955 establishments in Denmark