omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Renewi. Renewi plc is a leading European waste management company operating primarily in the Benelux region. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and Euronext Amsterdam and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index.

History
The Company was founded by Guy Shanks and Andrew McEwan in 1880 as a construction company operating primarily in the West of Scotland under the name of Shanks & McEwan. In 1988 the Company acquired London Brick Landfill and with it an enormous landfill capacity north of London. The Company was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1988.

In the mid-1990s, the Company sold its remaining construction interests to concentrate solely on waste management. In 1998 the Company went on to buy four waste management companies in Belgium. It changed its name to Shanks Group in 1999.

In March 2000, the Company bought Waste Management Nederland B.V. in the Netherlands.

In July 2004, the Company sold its UK landfill and landfill gas power assets to Terra Firma.

In 2006, the Company went on to buy Smink Beheer B.V. in the Netherlands for €62m.

In September 2016, the company reached an agreement to buy the Dutch recycling firm Van Gansewinkel Groep BV for €432 million as part of a merger that, upon completion on 28 February 2017, created to newly rebranded Renewi plc.

In 2019, as part of a strategy to focus the business on its core operations and regions, the company sold its Canadian operations to Convent Capital  and its Reym-branded industrial cleaning business to Remondis.

Operations
The company's current operations are concentrated within the following three countries:

 UK: activities include long term local authority municipal solid waste (MSW) contracts, the anaerobic digestion of food waste, and the production of lower-carbon alternatives to fossil fuels.
 The Netherlands: activities include collections, sorting and processing, re-use and recycling, soil cleaning, composting, landfill, refuse-derived fuel production and industrial cleaning.
 Belgium: activities include collections, recycling, soil cleaning, refuse-derived fuel production, waste treatment and landfill in Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels.

References

External links
 Official site

Service companies of the United Kingdom
Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange
Construction and civil engineering companies of the United Kingdom
Waste management companies of the United Kingdom
Companies based in Milton Keynes
British companies established in 1880
Private equity portfolio companies
1880 establishments in England
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1880
Stolzite. Stolzite is a mineral, a lead tungstate; with the formula PbWO4. It is similar to, and often associated with, wulfenite which is the same chemical formula except that the tungsten is replaced by molybdenum. Stolzite crystallizes in the tetragonal crystal system and is dimorphous with the monoclinic form raspite.

Lead tungstate crystals have the optical transparency of glass combined with much higher density (8.28 g/cm3 vs ~2.2 g/cm3 for fused silica). They are used as scintillators in particle physics because of their short radiation length (0.89 cm), low Molière radius (2.2 cm), quick scintillation response, and radiation hardness. Lead tungstate crystals are used in the Compact Muon Solenoid's electromagnetic calorimeter.

It was first described in 1820 by August Breithaupt, who called it Scheelbleispath and then by François Sulpice Beudant in 1832, who called it scheelitine. In 1845, Wilhelm Karl Ritter von Haidinger coined the name stolzite for an occurrence in the Ore Mountains, Bohemia (today the Czech Republic), naming it after Joseph Alexi Stolz of Teplice in Bohemia.  It occurs in oxidized hydrothermal tungsten-lead ore deposits typically in association with raspite, cerussite, anglesite, pyromorphite and mimetite.

See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References

 Mellor, J. W. "A Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry," Vol.11, Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1931, p. 792.

Lead minerals
Tungstate minerals
Tetragonal minerals
Minerals in space group 88
Luminescent minerals
Minerals described in 1820
Stromeyerite. Stromeyerite or copper-silver glance is a sulfide mineral of copper and silver, with the chemical formula AgCuS. It forms opaque blue grey to dark blue orthorhombic crystals.

It was discovered in 1832 in Central Bohemia Region, Czech Republic, and named after the German chemist, Friedrich Stromeyer who performed the first analysis of the mineral.

See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References

Copper(I) minerals
Silver minerals
Sulfide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 63
Edge Hill railway works. Edge Hill railway works was built by the Liverpool and Manchester Railway around 1830 at Edge Hill, Liverpool. A second was built in 1839 by the Grand Junction Railway adjacent to it.

Liverpool and Manchester Railway
The shop initially maintained and repaired the company's existing fleet of thirty six engines, bought in from private makers, twenty seven from Robert Stephenson and Company.

The first locomotive superintendent was John Dixon, followed by John Melling, then in 1840 by John Dewrance. In 1841 four 2-2-2 were built, followed by six more the following year, which also saw the production of 2-4-0 goods engines.

By 1845 some twenty eight engines were built, at which time the L&MR was merged into the Grand Junction, and new building ceased, with the workshop closing in 1847.

Grand Junction Railway
Opening in 1839, the first Locomotive Superintendent was Thomas Melling. He was succeeded in 1840 by William Buddicom.

An immediate problem was the frequency of broken crank axles on the inside-cylindered 2-2-2 locomotives from a range of manufacturers. The works produced a new design, either by Buddicom, or his foreman, Alexander Allan, with outside cylinders. The first three were probably rebuilds, "Aeolus", "Tartarus" and "Sunbeam". They became known as the "Old Crewe" type.

In 1841, Francis Trevithick, son of Richard Trevithick took over as Locomotive Superintendent. 
The space at Edge Hill limited further expansion. Moreover, the GJR could only enter it over L&MR tracks. Accordingly, in 1843, the GJR decided to move its operations to Crewe, which was roughly halfway along the route.  Shortly after this the works closed down, along with Longsight.

See also
Edge Hill railway station

References
 Lowe, J.W., (1989) British Steam Locomotive Builders, Guild Publishing

Further reading

History of Liverpool
Railway workshops in Great Britain
Grand Junction Railway
Edge Hill, Liverpool
Altova. Altova is a commercial software development company with headquarters in Beverly, MA, United States and Vienna, Austria, that produces integrated XML, JSON, database, UML, and data management software development tools.

Company
Altova was founded in 1992 as an XML development software company. Its software is used by more than 4 million users and more than 100,000 companies globally. The first product was XMLSpy, and around the year 2000, Altova began to develop new tools to augment XMLSpy and expand into new areas of software development. The CEO and president of Altova is Alexander Falk, who has explained that the development of Altova software has occurred through the inclusion of features most requested by the users of previous program incarnations. Falk is also the inventor behind Altova's patents.

Altova software attempts to increase the efficiency of program use in order to reduce the amount of time needed for users to learn database software and other tasks such as query execution. Examples of Altova software includes the XML editor XMLSpy, and MapForce, a data mapping tool. Altova has also added XBRL capable programs to its XML software line, including development tools. In addition, they have included Web Services Description Language, project management and Unified Modeling Language capabilities to their software. Most recently, the company has introduced a mobile development environment called MobileTogether for developing cross-platform enterprise mobile solutions. At the beginning of 2014, the company claimed to have more than 4.6 million users of its software.

Programs
 XMLSpy—XML editor for modeling, editing, transforming, and debugging XML technologies
 MapForce—any-to-any graphical data mapping, conversion, and integration tool
 MapForce FlexText—graphical utility for parsing flat files
 StyleVision—multipurpose visual XSLT stylesheet design, multi-channel publishing, and report building tool
 UModel—UML modeling tool
 DatabaseSpy—multi-database data management, query, and design tool
 DiffDog—XML-aware file, directory, and database differencing tool
 SchemaAgent — graphical XML Schema, XSLT, WSDL and  management tool
 Authentic—WYSIWYG XML authoring tool and database content editor
 MissionKit—Altova's integrated suite of XML, SQL, and UML software tools
 MobileTogether—Cross-platform mobile development environment for native apps for the enterprise 
 FlowForce Server—Server software for managing automation of business processes
 RaptorXML Server—XML and XBRL server with support for XML validation, XBRL validation, and XSLT and XQuery processing

Awards
Named to the SD Times 100 six times, including in 2010
 2009 Gartner Cool Vendor in Application Development
 2009 Visual Studio Magazine Readers Choice Award Winner
 2009 Windows IT Pro Magazine Editor's Best Developmental Tool, Silver Award
 2007 Windows IT Pro Magazine Best of Connections Award, Office Category
 2001, 2003, 2004, 2009, 2014 Jolt Product Excellence & Productivity Awards

See also
 XMLSpy

References

External links
 Altova Web site

Development software companies
Software companies of Austria
Sidney and Lowe Railroad. The Sidney and Lowe Railroad  is a switching railroad with 11 miles of line (12 miles of track) that runs between Sidney, Nebraska and connections with BNSF Railway at Huntsman, Nebraska and with Union Pacific Railroad at Brownson, Nebraska. It was founded in 1980 by Oscar J. Glover, President and CEO of Glover Group to service a railroad car maintenance and repair facility that Glover had built in the area near the United States Army's Big Sioux Depot. Glover later jointly built a grain storage and transfer facility that was serviced by the Sidney & Lowe Railroad. It became a common carrier in 1982 and was purchased by Progress Rail in 1996.

Citations

References
 Lewis, Edward A. (author). American Shortline Railway Guide. 5th ed. Waukesha, WI: Kalmback Publishing Co., 1996. .

External links
 Union Pacific Railroad, Short Line Railroad profiles. Retrieved November 4, 2024.

Nebraska railroads
Switching and terminal railroads
1980 establishments in Nebraska
Railway companies established in 1980
Service switching point. In telephony, a service switching point (SSP) is the telephone exchange that initially responds, when a telephone caller dials a number, by sending a query to a central database called a service control point (SCP) so that the call can be handled. The service switching point uses the Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) protocols which are responsible for the call setup, management, and termination with other service switching points.

Relationship between SSP and SCP
With the introduction of the Intelligent Network architecture, service functionality (e.g. UK translation of 0800 non-geographic telephone numbers) is being removed from the actual telephone exchange and devolved out into other computer nodes. In this new architecture, the telephone exchange is known as an SSP and the node that contains the services (and hence controls the progression of a call) is known as service control point (SCP).

Example of a 0800 number translation service
In the UK 08XXX numbers are non-geographic numbers – that is, the number does not refer to a telephone number in any particular region of the UK. To route a call to such an 08XXX number, the number must be translated into a geographic number (e.g. 0121 XXX XXXX for Birmingham numbers).

An SSP telephone exchange receives a call to an 0800 number. This causes a trigger within the SSP that causes an SCP (Service Control Point) to be queried using SS7 protocols (INAP, TCAP). The SCP responds with a geographic number, e.g. 0121 XXX XXXX, and the call is actually routed to a phone. 

By this architecture:
08XXX (non-geographic numbers) can be set up in a few SCP nodes rather than having to be set up in every telephone exchange in the country. 
geographic numbers can be hidden
revenue can be generated by non-telecoms companies from people making telephone calls to services – e.g. telephone voting

External links
 SS7 Tutorial – Signalling architecture, including SSP description. [Link Dead]

Signaling System 7
Linenize. To Linenize or Linenizing is the process transforming paper, cloth, cotton to attain properties of Linen, a textile made from flax plant fibers or Linens fabrics.  It may be thought of as the process of making another process imitate linen.  A product which has been processed to achieve linen-like properties is said to be linenized.

One method involves impressing a linen-like pattern onto the surface of paper, cloth or other malleable substance.

Linenizing is most frequently done on paper products and its use on paper products goes back to the early part of the 20th century.

Process

Paper
A paper roll is threaded between two hard rollers, usually made from steel. One or both of the steel rollers has a linen pattern engraved on it. As the nip pressure between the two hard rollers increases, the pattern from the engraved roller(s) is pressed into the paper. The result is a pattern that looks like a linen tablecloth or linen dress.  Various patterns and depths of those patterns have been developed throughout the years. Generally, the pattern is a series of vertical and horizontal lines with distances varying between those lines.

Resins
Resins from acrodies gum, produced from certain variants of the Xanthorrhoea plants species can be used for linenizing of the thinner qualities of paper.

Notes

References

Sources

Paper art
Pulp and paper industry
Linen industry
Royal Institution of Naval Architects. The Royal Institution of Naval Architects (also known as RINA) is a professional institution and global governing body for naval architecture and maritime engineering. Members work in industry, academia, and maritime organisations worldwide, participating in the design, construction, repair, and operation of ships, boats, and marine structures in over 90 countries.

The Patron of the Institution was Queen Elizabeth II but is now King Charles III.

History 

The Royal Institution of Naval Architects was founded in Britain in 1860 as The Institution of Naval Architects and was incorporated by Royal Charter in 1910 and 1960 to "advance the art and science of ship design."

Founding members included John Scott Russell, Edward Reed, Rev. Joseph Woolley, Nathaniel Barnaby, Frederick Kynaston Barnes, and John Penn.

On April 9, 1919, Blanche Thornycroft, Rachel Mary Parsons, and Eily Keary became the first women admitted into the institution.

Arms

Historical members 
The following have been members of the society historically:

 David Keith Brown (1928–2008)
 Peter Du Cane CBE (1901–1984)
 Sir John Isaac Thornycroft (1843–1928)
 Bernard Waymouth (1824–1890)
 Sir Eric Yarrow MBE (1920–2018)

See also 
 Royal Society of Arts

References

External links 
 The Royal Institution of Naval Architects

Organizations established in 1860
1860 establishments in the United Kingdom
ECUK Licensed Members
Marine engineering organizations
Type 4 Ho-Ro. The  was based on an already existing reinforced Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank chassis developed by the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II.

Development
Inspired by the Grille series of self-propelled artillery vehicles developed by Nazi Germany during World War II, wherein a 15 cm sIG 33 infantry support gun was mounted on a tracked chassis, engineers at the Army Technical Bureau resolved to do the same. Just like the German Grille, the Ho-Ro was based on an already existing chassis. Production was assigned to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. According to one estimate, 12 units were completed in 1944.

Design

The hull selected was a modified Type 97 Chi-Ha medium tank chassis. On to this platform, a Type 38 150 mm howitzer based on a design by the German arms-manufacturer Krupp was mounted, but dated from 1905 and had been withdrawn from service as being obsolete in 1942. The main gun could fire Type 88 APHE rounds and HEAT rounds, if necessary. Given its breech loader, the maximum rate of fire was only 5 rounds per minute. The gun's elevation was restricted to 30 degrees by the construction of the chassis. The restricted elevation meant it was capable of firing a 35 kilogram shell 6,000 meters (6,600 yards). Other design issues included the fact that although the gun crew was protected by a gun shield with armor thickness of 25 mm at the front, the shield with armor thickness of 12 mm only extended a very short distance on the sides; leaving the rest of the sides and back exposed. In addition, the Ho-Ro did not have any secondary armament, such as a machine-gun, making it vulnerable to close combat.

Combat history
The Type 4 Ho-Ro was rushed into service, deployed and saw combat as part of the 2nd Tank Division with the Japanese Fourteenth Area Army during the Philippines Campaign in the last year of World War II. Remaining units were deployed to Okinawa in ones and twos for island defense during the Battle of Okinawa, but were severely outnumbered by American artillery.

Surviving example 

The only known surviving example of a Type 4 Ho-Ro is located at the American Heritage Museum in Stow, Massachusetts. It is currently on loan from the National Museum of the Marine Corps and was captured on the island of Luzon in the Philippines.

Notes

References

External links
Taki's Imperial Japanese Army Page - Akira Takizawa
Catalog of Enemy Ordnance

World War II self-propelled artillery
150 mm artillery
World War II armoured fighting vehicles of Japan
Mitsubishi
Military vehicles introduced from 1940 to 1944
Dr. Nim. Dr. Nim is a toy invented by John Thomas Godfrey and manufactured by E.S.R., Inc. in the mid-1960s. It consists of a marble-powered plastic computer capable of playing the game of Nim. The machine selects its moves through the action of the marbles falling through the levers of the machine.

Game play and construction
Dr. Nim is an early computer game. The "game board" is based on the mechanical Digi-Comp II digital computer. It has memory switches that hold bits of data. The unit is programmed by lobed levers that affect and are affected by marbles that are released from the top of the game. Three of the levers set the start position. The fourth lever is the "equaliser" option; if set, the player can win if they play perfectly. A fifth lever acts as a switch to indicate whose turn it is. The player takes a turn by pressing a button to release one marble at a time, to a maximum of three, then flips the switch and presses the button again to start the machine's turn. After the machine has played, the last released marble flips the switch back to end the turn.

Nim

Dr. Nim was based on a mathematical game called NIM, which similarly consisted of twelve marbles. A simple strategy will always win as long as the opponent goes first. This is the strategy for single-pile NIM: If the opponent takes 3 marbles, the first player should take 1. If the opponent takes 2 marbles, the first player should take 2. Finally, if the opponent takes 1 marble, the first player should take 3. The goal of the game is to get the last marble (the 12th marble).

Influence
The mathematics communicator Matt Parker created a video about Dr. Nim.

References

External links
 Original manual: Icarus archive version (PDF), One-legged Sandpiper version (PDF) 
 Dr Nim entry at Jim's Computer Museum 
 The Amazing Dr Nim game/puzzle (5min), The Unbeatable Game from the 60s: Dr NIM (10min) on YouTube
 Dr. Nim Replica - Instructions and files for making your own Dr. Nim scale model
Mechanical computers
Educational toys
Asbestine. Asbestine is a mineral compound composed of nearly pure fibrous magnesium silicate, with physical characteristics between those of asbestos and talc. It is used in paper manufacture and construction.

Applications
In antiquity, it was sometimes called  linum vivum, and used to take advantage of its fire-resistant properties. These uses included making it into napkins and towels, which, when dirty, were simply thrown into the fire to clean. Historically, it has been used in a cast stone form on house exteriors, such as the Rand House in Minneapolis in 1874. Contemporary applications include use as an extender in paint-based products, although statutory restrictions on how much can be used have long been in place.

Health concerns
Trace amounts can be found in talc, which often contains asbestos fibers of various types. Studies into health risks associated with talc determined that with so many commercial varieties of talc being types of asbestine minerals, the resultant lung disease—talcosis, which can follow their prolonged inhalation, is usually a variety of asbestosis.

References

Papermaking
Flame retardants
Asbestos
Lithium triborate. Lithium triborate (LiB3O5) or LBO is a non-linear optical crystal.  It has a wide transparency range, moderately high nonlinear coupling, high damage threshold and desirable chemical and mechanical properties. This crystal is often used for second harmonic generation (SHG, also known as frequency doubling), for example of Nd:YAG lasers (1064 nm → 532 nm). LBO can be both critically and non-critically phase-matched. In the latter case the crystal has to be heated or cooled depending on the wavelength.

Lithium triborate was discovered and developed by Chen Chuangtian and others of the Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences.  It has been patented.

Chemical properties
Point group: mm2
Lattice parameters: a=8.4473 Å, b=7.3788 Å, c=5.1395 Å
Mohs hardness: 6
Transmission range: 0.16 – 2.6 μm
Damage threshold: 25 J/cm2 (1064 nm, 10 ns pulses)
Thermal expansion coefficients: x: 10.8×10−5/K, y: −8.8×10−5/K, z: 3.4×10−5/K
Specific heat: 1060 J/kg·K
Melting point: 834 °C

Applications of lithium triborate (LBO) crystal
Lithium triborate (LBO) crystals are applicable in various nonlinear optical applications:
Frequency doubling and frequency tripling of high peak power pulsed Nd doped, Ti-sapphire lasers and dye lasers
NCPM (non-critical phase matching) for frequency conversion of CW and quasi CW radiation
OPO (Optical parametric oscillator) of both Type 1 and Type 2 phase-matching

References

External links
LBO Crystal (Lithium Triborate) at www.redoptronics.com

Borates
Nonlinear optical materials
Crystals
Lithium compounds