omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cobaltite. Cobaltite is an arsenide and sulfide mineral with the mineral formula CoAsS. It is the naming mineral of the cobaltite group of minerals, whose members structurally resemble pyrite (FeS2).

History 
Cobaltite was first described in 1797 by Klaproth. Its name stems from the contained element cobalt, whose name is attributed to the German term Kobold, referring to an "underground spirit" or "goblin". The notion of "bewitched" minerals stems from cobaltite and other cobalt ores withstanding the smelting methods of the medieval period, often producing foul-smelling, poisonous fumes in the process.

Properties 
Cobaltite naturally appears in the form of a tetartoid, a form of dodecahedron with chiral tetrahedral symmetry.

Its impurities may contain up to 10% iron and variable amounts of nickel.

Cobaltite can be separated from other minerals by selective, pH controlled, flotation methods, where cobalt recovery usually involves hydrometallurgy. It can also be processed with pyrometallurgical methods, such as flash smelting.

Occurences 
Although rare, it is mined as a significant source of the strategically important metal cobalt. It occurs in high-temperature hydrothermal deposits and contact metamorphic rocks. It occurs in association with magnetite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, skutterudite, allanite, zoisite, scapolite, titanite, and calcite along with numerous other Co–Ni sulfides and arsenides. 
It is found chiefly in Sweden, Norway, Germany, Cornwall, England, Canada, La Cobaltera, Chile, Australia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Morocco.  Crystals have also been found at Khetri in Rajasthan, and under the name sehta the mineral was used by Indian jewellers for producing a blue enamel on gold and silver ornaments.

Secondary weathering incrustations of erythrite, hydrated cobalt arsenate, are common.

A variety containing much iron replacing cobalt, and known as ferrocobaltite (), was found at Siegen in Westphalia.

References

Mineral galleries

Cobalt minerals
Iron minerals
Arsenic minerals
Sulfosalt minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 29
Glances
Minerals described in 1797
MVCML. Multiple-valued current mode logic (MVCML) or current mode multiple-valued logic (CM-MVL) is a method of representing electronic logic levels in analog CMOS circuits.  In MVCML, logic levels are represented by multiples of a base current, Ibase, set to a certain value, x.  Thus, level 0 is associated with the value of null, level 1 is associated with Ibase = x, level 2 is represented by Ibase = 2x, and so on.

References

See also
Many-valued logic

Digital electronics
Lambda (rocket family). Lambda is the name of a series of Japanese carrier rockets. It consisted of the types Lambda 2,  LSC-3, Lambda 3, Lambda 3H, Lambda 4S, Lambda 4SC, and Lambda 4T developed jointly by Institute of Industrial Science of the University of Tokyo, Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of the University of Tokyo, and Prince Motor Company, which merged with Nissan in 1966.

Lambda series rockets did not have guidance systems, as they had the potential to be converted for offensive military use, thus interpreted as a violation of Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution. However, future Japanese launch vehicles, such as the H-II, were allowed to have guidance systems.

Configurations 
Lambda types differ regarding the upper stages used. The following table shows the actual configurations:

Launches 
Lambda rockets were launched by ISAS, from Kagoshima pad L. 

On February 11, 1970, the first Japanese satellite Ohsumi was launched using a Lambda 4S rocket.

The Lambda 4S was launched nine times, though five were failures. The first launch of the Lambda 4S rocket took place on September 26, 1966, from Kagoshima. A fourth-stage attitude control failed resulting in loss of the vehicle and payload.

References

Solid-fuel rockets
Space launch vehicles of Japan
Rocket families
Japanese inventions
Repairable component. A repairable component is a component of a finished good that can be designated for repair.

Overview
Repairable components tend to be more expensive than non-repairable components (consumables).  This is because for items that are inexpensive to procure, it is often more cost-effective not to maintain (repair) them.  Repair costs can be expensive, including costs for the labor for the removal the broken or worn out part (described as unserviceable), cost of replacement with a working (serviceable) from inventory, and also the cost of the actual repair, including possible shipping costs to a repair vendor.

At maintenance facilities, such as might be found at Main Operating Bases, inventory is controlled by site personnel.  Maintenance personnel will formally "turn-in" unserviceable items for repair, receiving a funding credit in the process.  These "turn-ins" will be fixed, reconditioned, or replaced.  Maintenance personnel can also be issued repaired or new items back from inventory.  These processes are assisted by automated logistics management systems.

In the Navy/Marine Corps supply system repairable items are identified with certain two character cognizance symbols (COGs) and one character Material Control Codes (MCCs).

In United States Marine Corps Aviation, repairables are managed by the Repairables Management Division of the Aviation Supply Department.

In the United States Air Force, repairables can be identified by their ERRC designation or SMR code.

See also

 Level of Repair Analysis
 Repairability

Military logistics
ALG. ALG may refer to:

Airfields
 Advanced Landing Ground, temporary airfields created by the Allies in World War II
 ALG Wormhout, the Advanced Landing Ground home base of 'B' Flight, 665 (AOP) Squadron RCAF, near Dunkirk, France
 Houari Boumediene Airport (IATA airport code ALG), Algiers, Algeria

Enterprises and organizations
 ALG, a company that provides information on future residual values of vehicles; purchased by TrueCar in 2011
 American Laser Games, a former US company 
 Apple Leisure Group, a US travel company
 Association of London Government, a local government association in England
 Art. Lebedev Group, the holding company which owns Art. Lebedev Studio

Science and technology
 Anti-lymphocyte globulin, an immunosuppressive drug
 Application-level gateway, in computer networking

Sports
 A-League, a domestic football league in Australasia
 ALG Spor, a football club in Gaziantep, Turkey

Other uses
 Algeria, IOC country code
 Algonquian languages (ISO 639 code ALG)
 Automatic Language Growth, an approach to language learning/teaching
Bismuthinite. Bismuthinite is a mineral consisting of bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3).  It is an important ore for bismuth.  The crystals are steel-grey to off-white with a metallic luster. It is soft enough to be scratched with a fingernail and rather dense.

Bismuthinite forms a series with the lead, copper, bismuth mineral aikinite (PbCuBiS3).

It occurs in hydrothermal veins with tourmaline-bearing copper veins associated with granite, in some high temperature gold veins, and in recent volcanic exhalation deposits. Associated minerals include native bismuth, aikinite, arsenopyrite, stannite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, tourmaline, wolframite, cassiterite and quartz.

It was first reported in 1832 from the mines of Potosí, Bolivia.

References

Further reading 

Bismuth minerals
Sulfide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Glances
Dawsonite. Dawsonite is a mineral composed of sodium aluminium carbonate hydroxide, chemical formula NaAlCO3(OH)2. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic crystal system. It is not mined for ore.  It was discovered in 1874 during the construction of the Redpath Museum in a feldspathic dike on the campus of McGill University on the Island of Montreal, Canada.  It is named after geologist Sir John William Dawson (1820–1899).

The type material is preserved in the collection of the Redpath Museum.

See also
Dihydroxialumini sodium carbonate, the commercial (artificial) form, used as an antacid
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References

Sodium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Carbonate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 74
Luminescent minerals
Novell S-Net. S-Net (aka ShareNet) was a network operating system and the set of network protocols it used to talk to client machines on the network. Released by Novell in 1983, the S-Net operating system was an entirely proprietary operating system written for the Motorola 68000 processor. 

Physically, S-Net used a star topology to allow up to 24 DOS and/or CP/M machines to connect directly to the 68B server machine. Ethernet and ARCnet were both considered but dismissed on cost grounds. S-NET used cheap dual twisted-pair phone wire and since each client computer was directly connected, the need for complex network addressing was eliminated. The 68B server ran NetWare/S-Net

S-Net has also been called NetWare 68, with the 68 denoting the 68000 processor. It was superseded in 1985 by NetWare 86, which was written for the Intel 8086 processor. NetWare/86 which came in several editions and paved the way for the subsequent monolithic version of NetWare.

References 
 
 
 

Network operating systems
S-Net
Proprietary operating systems
GE Dash 9-44CW. The GE C44-9W is a  diesel-electric locomotive built by GE Transportation Systems of Erie, Pennsylvania. Keeping in tradition with GE's locomotive series nicknames beginning with the "Dash 7" of the 1970s, the C44-9W was dubbed the Dash 9 upon its debut in 1993.

Part of GE's "Dash 9" series of locomotives, the Dash 9-44CW shares its frame, HiAd trucks, 16-cylinder 7FDL engine, and 752AH-31 traction motors with the GE Dash 9-40CW. But while the more common 9-44CW offers 4,400 horsepower (3,300 kW), software in the 9-40CW's engine-governing unit restricts its power output to 4,000 horsepower (3,000 kW).

The design has since proven popular with North American railroads, although some railroads, such as CSX and Canadian Pacific, preferred its AC equivalent, the AC4400CW. Because of more stringent emissions requirements that came into effect in the United States on January 1, 2005, the Dash 9-44CW has been replaced in production by the GE ES44DC.

Many North American railroads have ordered the C44-9W. They were originally ordered by Chicago & North Western Railway, Santa Fe, BNSF, CSX, Southern Pacific, Canadian National Railway, BC Rail, and Union Pacific Railroad. Norfolk Southern purchased the very similar Dash 9-40CWs.

Rebuilds 
The BNSF AC44C4M is an Ex-ATSF GE C44-9W rebuilt with AC traction motors and an A1A-A1A wheel arrangement. The internal controls are similar to those of the newer GE ES44C4.

Original owners

Gallery

See also 
 GE C38AChe, based on the GE Dash 9-44CW design and operating on the Qinghai-Tibet route in China

References

External links 

 9-44CW pictures Trainspo

A1A-A1A locomotives
C-C locomotives
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Diesel locomotives of Western Australia
Freight locomotives
C44-9W
Railway locomotives introduced in 1993
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Standard gauge locomotives of Canada
Standard gauge locomotives of Australia
Broad gauge locomotives in Brazil
Diesel–electric locomotives of Australia
Diesel–electric locomotives of Brazil
Railway block code. The railway block signalling bell code is a system of bell sounds used  in Great Britain to communicate between manually operated Signal Boxes in implementing the railway block system. (The bell system is not used in modern power signal boxes, other than to any older adjacent signalboxes.) Each such signal box has a bell circuit to the boxes on either side of it along the line. The equipment consists of a plunger or tapper (rather like a Morse key) which when pressed, rings a  single-stroke bell in a neighbouring box. That box similarly has a tapper for communicating back, so boxes have keys each of which rings the bell in a neighbouring box. The bells sound different tones, so that the signalman can tell them apart by ear.

Examples 

Although codes varied from region to region, the following shows a few selected standard UK bell codes:

Typical use 

These would be used as follows (assuming a simple exchange between two signal boxes on a plain section of line) between two signal boxes A and B. Assume a train is to pass from the block controlled by A to the block controlled by B. This must be agreed and permitted by the signalman in box B. Here is the sequence of bell codes and associated actions:

 Box A sends 1 bell to box B. (Call attention.)
 Box B replies with 1 bell to box A. (Acknowledgement, indicating readiness.)
 Box A sends 4 bells to box B. (Is line clear for express passenger train?)
 Box B sends 4 bells to box A. (Acknowledgement, if in the position to accept the train giving permission for box A to signal the train into the block controlled by B.)
 (when the signalled train enters the portion of line between A and B.) Box A sends 2 bells to box B (Train entering section)  as the train passes box A and enters the block controlled by B. This is acknowledged by box B.
 Box B sends 2 - 1 bells to box A (Train out of section) after confirming that the train has arrived complete and no portion of it remains within the block section between A and B or the clearing point for that section. This could be done by the guard of the train notifying the signalman or by the signalman observing the tail-lamp. This is acknowledged by box A.

See also 
 Bell codes are used on multiple unit trains for communication between drivers and guards, but are not the codes listed above.
 Whistle codes are used by railway engines to communicate with signal boxes and other staff.

References

 Information about "standard" UK bell codes and variations on www.signalbox.org

Railway signalling block systems
AMD K9. The AMD K9 represents a microarchitecture by AMD designed to replace the K8 processors, featuring dual-core processing.

Development 
K9 appears originally to have been an ambitious 8 issue per clock cycle core redesign of the K7 or the K8 processor core.  At one point, K9 was the Greyhound project at AMD, and was worked on by the K7 design team beginning in early 2001, with tape-out revision A0 scheduled for 2003. The L1 instruction cache was said to hold decoded instructions, essentially the same as Intel's trace cache.

The existence of a massively parallel CPU design concept for heavily multi threaded applications has also been revealed, as a planned successor to K8. This was reportedly canceled in the conceptualization phase, after about 6 months' work.

At one time K9 was the internal codename for the dual-core AMD64 processors as the brand Athlon 64 X2; however, AMD has distanced itself from the old K series naming convention, and now seeks to talk about a portfolio of products tailored to different markets.

References 

K09
K09
X86 microarchitectures
ru:Список микропроцессоров AMD#Процессоры серии K9
HQ-16. The HQ-16 (; NATO reporting name: CH-SA-16) is a medium-range surface-to-air missile (SAM) from the People's Republic of China. It is derived from earlier versions of the Russian Buk missile system.

Development 
Development began in 2005, and was reportedly assisted by the Almaz-Antey Corporation. It was  initially developed as a naval system. In late-2011, China reported the "co-development between Russia and China" of the missile was complete.

The HQ-16B was developed by late-2011.

A ground battery consists of a command post, two multifunction radars, and four to six launchers. Each launcher has six missiles.

Operational history 
The platform for the HHQ-16, the Type 054A frigate, entered service in 2008. The HQ-16A entered service in 2011.

The HQ-16A entered Chinese service in 2011.

Pakistan entered negotiations to purchase the missile in 2015. The LY-80s entered service with the Pakistan Army in March 2017.

Variants 

HQ-16A
Original land-based variant with a range of .
HHQ-16
Naval variant, reportedly a domestic-produced variant of the 9M317ME missile.
HQ-16B
Improved variant with slant range exceeding .
HQ-16C
Improved variant with slant range exceeding .
LY-80
Export variant.
LY-80N
Export naval variant.
HQ-16FE
Improved variant with range up to .

Operators 
 
People's Liberation Army Ground Force – 250 HQ-16A & HQ-16B
People's Liberation Army Navy – HHQ-16
 
Pakistan Army – LY-80
Pakistan Navy – LY-80N

References

Sources 

Surface-to-air missiles of the People's Republic of China
Naval surface-to-air missiles
Military equipment introduced in the 2010s
Mu (rocket family). The Mu, also known as M, was a series of Japanese solid-fueled carrier rockets, which were launched from Uchinoura between 1966 and 2006. Originally developed by Japan's Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Mu rockets were later operated by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency following ISAS becoming part of it.

Early Japanese carrier rockets
The first Mu rocket, the Mu-1 made a single, sub-orbital, test flight, on 31 October 1966. Subsequently, a series of rockets were produced, designated Mu-3 and Mu-4. In 1969 a suborbital test launch of the Mu-3D was conducted. The first orbital launch attempt for the Mu family, using a Mu-4S, was conducted on 25 September 1970, however the fourth stage did not ignite, and the rocket failed to reach orbit. On 16 February 1971, Tansei 1 was launched by another Mu-4S rocket. Two further Mu-4S launches took place during 1971 and 1972. The Mu-4S was replaced by the Mu-3C, was launched four times between 1974 and 1979, with three successes and one failure, and the Mu-3H, which was launched three times in 1977 and 1978. The Mu-3S was used between 1980 and 1984, making four launches. The final member of the Mu-3 family was the Mu-3SII, which was launched eight times between 1985 and 1995. The Mu-3 was replaced in service by the M-V.

M-V

The M-V, or Mu-5, was introduced in 1997 and retired in 2006. Seven launches, six of which were successful, were conducted. Typically, the M-V flew in a three-stage configuration, however a four-stage configuration, designated M-V KM was used 3 times, with the MUSES-B (HALCA) satellite in 1997, Nozomi (PLANET-B) spacecraft in 1998, and the Hayabusa (MUSES-C) spacecraft in 2003. The three-stage configuration had a maximum payload of  for an orbit with altitude of  and inclination of 30°, and  to a polar orbit (90° inclination), with an altitude of . The M-V KM could launch  to an orbit with 30° inclination and  altitude.

The three stage M-V had a total launch mass of , whilst the total mass of a four-stage M-V KM was .

List of launches 
All launches are from the Mu Launch Pad at the Uchinoura Space Center.

Two sub-orbital launches of the Mu family were performed prior to its first orbital flight: the 1.5 stage Mu-1 flew on October 31, 1966, at 05:04 UTC and the 3.5 stage Mu-3D flew on August 17, 1969, at 06:00 UTC.

See also
 Epsilon (rocket)
 J-I
 Comparison of orbital launchers families
 Comparison of orbital launch systems

References

External links

Mu series in Encyclopedia Astronautica
ISAS Satellite Launch Vehicles

Solid-fuel rockets
Space launch vehicles of Japan
Rocket families
Japanese inventions
IMUSE. iMUSE (Interactive Music Streaming Engine) is an interactive music system used in a number of LucasArts video games. The idea behind iMUSE is to synchronize music with the visual action in a video game so that the audio continuously matches the on-screen events and transitions from one musical theme to another are done seamlessly. iMUSE was developed in the early 1990s by composers Michael Land and Peter McConnell while working at LucasArts. The iMUSE system was patented by LucasArts in 1994, after being added to the fifth version of the SCUMM game engine in 1991.

Development 
iMUSE was developed out of Michael Land's frustration for the audio system used by LucasArts while composing The Secret of Monkey Island. His goal was to create a system which would enable the composer to set the mood via music according to the events of the game. The project was much more daring than he had imagined. He brought in an old friend, Peter McConnell, to collaborate on creating the system, which they later patented together. iMUSE was also found to be useful to account for differences in processing speed between personal computers at the time, as there was no direct means of synchronizing sound with gameplay rendering. To account for this, the iMUSE system acts as a pit orchestra, according to McConnell, playing back shorter or longer sections of music while waiting for key events to occur within the game's drawing engine.

The first game to use the iMUSE system was Monkey Island 2: LeChuck's Revenge, and it has been used in all LucasArts adventure games since. It has also been used for some non-adventure LucasArts titles such as the DOS versions of Star Wars: TIE Fighter and Dark Forces.

Usage 
One often cited example of the iMUSE system is at the very beginning of Monkey Island 2 where Guybrush finds himself in Woodtick, the small town on Scabb Island. Whenever Guybrush walks into a building, a variation of the Woodtick theme plays, each with a different instrument. When Guybrush then walks out again the music has a closing flourish that leads back into the basic Woodtick theme.

See also 
 INSANE (engine)

References 

Computer music software
Middleware for video games
Video game music technology
Sectility. Sectility is the ability of a mineral to be cut into thin pieces with a knife. Minerals that are not sectile will be broken into rougher pieces when cut. Metals and paper are sectile.

Sectility can be used to distinguish minerals of similar appearance, and is a form of tenacity. For example, gold is sectile but pyrite ("fool's gold") is not.

Sectility in metals is a result of metallic bonding, where valence (bonding) electrons are delocalized and can flow freely between atoms, rather than being shared between specific pairs or groups of atoms, as in covalent bonding.

References

Mineralogy
ALCO Century 855. The ALCO Century 855 was a model of  diesel-electric locomotive built in 1964 by the American Locomotive Company for the Union Pacific. The locomotive was notable for being ALCO's most powerful diesel-electric locomotive and, at the time, the most powerful diesel locomotive ever built, being surpassed by the  EMD DDA40X in April 1969.

The Century 855 was designed and built specifically for Union Pacific, which was in need of very high horsepower locomotives for its Overland Route through the Rocky Mountains. Despite its impressive power output, all three examples of the class were scrapped by early 1972 due to mechanical unreliability.

History
Powered by a pair of 16 cylinder ALCO 251C diesel engines, and rated at , it was ALCO's answer to the EMD DD35A and the GE U50. The C855 rode on four two-axle trucks, grouped in pairs linked by span bolsters, giving a wheel arrangement of B+B-B+B.  The trucks and bolsters were similar to those under UP's earlier turbine locomotives. Only two A units and one B unit were built, all for the Union Pacific, which had also requested double-engined locomotives from EMD and GE in order to replace the turbines, which had become uneconomical to operate.

Union Pacific also wished to reduce the number of locomotives needed on a consist, to keep in line with their allowable gross weight limit. By consolidating several locomotives into one or two, this allowed them to lower the axle load on the rails, but to stay within the limits placed by the company. They spent their lives in the general freight pool at North Platte; ALCO fitted these units with aluminium wires instead of regular copper (to reduce construction costs), but due to overheating, suffering electrical fires, and constantly shutting down by its twin prime movers led to their early retirement and eventual scrapping by February 1972, after only being in service for less than eight years.

See also
 List of ALCO diesel locomotives
 ALCO DH643

References

Century 855
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
B+B-B+B locomotives
Union Pacific Railroad locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1964
Locomotives with cabless variants
Scrapped locomotives
Freight locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
(Bo'Bo')(Bo'Bo') locomotives