omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Cannibalization (parts). Cannibalization of machine parts, in the maintenance of mechanical or electronic systems with interchangeable parts, refers to the practice of removing parts or subsystems necessary for repair from another similar device, rather than from inventory, usually when resources become limited.  The source system is usually crippled as a result, perhaps only temporarily, in order to allow the recipient device to function properly again.

Cannibalization usually occurs due to unavailability of spare parts, an emergency, long resupply times, physical distance, or insufficient planning/budget. Cannibalization can also be due to reusing surplus inventory.  At the end of World War II a large quantity of high quality, but unusable war surplus equipment such as radar devices made a ready source of parts to build radio equipment. Cannibalization can also be an economic/ecological choice for end of life products. Germany, rather than sell/export functional used cars, will disassemble and store parts no longer being produced because their individual value exceed the whole car's value. The same thing happens to certain semiconductors where they are "pulled" from working machines and sold for a profit.

In the electronics market, machines being cannibalized are known as parts machines or kept in a boneyard until needed.

Diminishing manufacturing sources

Sometimes, removing parts from old equipment is the only way to obtain spare parts, either because they are no longer made, are obsolete, or can only be manufactured in large quantities.  In logistics, this is known as Diminishing Manufacturing Sources (DMS). 

This is often the case in the military, and ships and aircraft, as well as other expensive equipment that is produced in limited quantities.  Such was the case with the aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk, the sole survivor of a class of three ships built during the early-1960s. The ship herself is over forty years old, and having manufacturers build individual custom replacement parts would be highly impractical, and thus decommissioned ships, such as the USS Independence, have been utilized for the necessary parts to keep the Kitty Hawk in operation.

Another example is the Union Pacific's 4-8-4 locomotive 838 is used as a spare parts source for the 844, since the type has been out of production for decades and its manufacturer no longer exists along with another engine, which is the Canadian National 3377 which is a source of parts for the Canadian National 3254.

One strategy used to combat DMS is to buy additional inventory during the production run of a system or part, in quantities sufficient to cover the expected number of failures.  This strategy is known as a lifetime buy.

See also

 Aircraft boneyard
 Knockdown aircraft
 Wrecking yard

References

UK Aircraft Parts Cannibalization - Regulatory Article (RA) 4812

Maintenance
Scarcity
Rogožarski AZR. The Rogožarski AŽR (Serbian Cyrillic:Рогожарски АЖР) was a single-engined, two-seat biplane aircraft designed as a trainer in Yugoslavia before World War II. It was designed and built at the Rogožarski factory in Belgrade.

Design and development
William Schuster, a flight engineer, designed the AŽR at the end of 1929. The first test flight of the prototype was conducted by a factory test pilot on 5 November 1930. The aircraft was a biplane with the lower wing smaller than the upper. It was equipped with a seven-cylinder Walter Castor air-cooled radial engine of 240 hp and a wooden double-bladed propeller. The plane had dual controls, the two crew (pilot and flight instructor), sat one behind the other. It was to be employed as an intermediate trainer, replacing the outdated Hansa-Brandenburg C.I. The fuselage, which was of rectangular cross-section, was made of wood and covered with plywood. The wings had rounded ends, each was connected by a pair of metal struts and wire tensioners. Construction of the wing involved the use of wood covered with canvas. The landing gear was fixed and had no axle.

Operational history
After the completion of factory tests, the aircraft was examined by the Yugoslav Royal Air Force Commission but it did not allow mass production due to a number of perceived shortcomings in the machines' handling. The aircraft was only used in 1931 for advertising purposes, demonstration flights and participation in air shows. It also competed in the King's Cup and the like; AZR still hoped to come to some arrangement with the military. This did not happen, Rogozarski withdrew from aircraft design, the prototype was registered as a civilian plane and used by the factory. It received the civil registration UN-PAU. In the meantime, the economic situation was such that the AŽR was standing in its hangar, waiting for better days; despite bank loans, there was a distinct lack of orders and the company went bankrupt in 1933.

Circumstances improved in the summer of 1934 when the Yugoslav Air Force bought the AZR and the fortunes of the factory improved, becoming a shareholder company. The AŽR was used as a trainer until 1937.

Operators

Royal Yugoslav Air Force 1 aircraft

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

 Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. 
 Јанић, Чедомир (април 2000.). "Рогожарски АЖР". Аеромагазин 17: стр. 34. ISSN 1450-6068.
 Д. Лучић: Основи практичне аеродинамике са описима аероплана, Библиотека „Ваздухопловног Гласника“, Нови Сад, 1936,
 О. Петровић., Војни аероплани Краљевине СХС/Југославије (Део II: 1931–1941.), Лет 3/2004. Београд, 2004.
 С. Микић; Историја југословенског ваздухопловства, Штампарија Драг. Грегорић, Београд, 1933.

External links

https://web.archive.org/web/20120219070818/http://www.goldenyears.ukf.net/

AZR
1930s Yugoslav military aircraft
Trainer aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Symposium on Combinatorial Search. The Symposium on Combinatorial Search (SoCS) in an international conference aimed at bringing together 
researchers and all others interested in all fields that use combinatorial search, including artificial intelligence, planning, robotics, constraint programming, meta-reasoning, operations research, navigation, and bioinformatics.

In addition, the conference tries to strengthen the relation with other important areas of artificial intelligence. In recent years, there has been an emphasis on robotics, automated planning, big data, and meta-reasoning.

SoCS is also an unincorporated non-profit volunteer association organized in New Hampshire (USA),
with the purpose of promoting the study and understanding of combinatorial search and heuristic search algorithms among the public through the organization of scientific meetings, publications, tutorials, and other public scientific and educational activities.

The next SoCS event (SoCS 2020) is planned to be held in cyberspace.

History 
The First Symposium on Combinatorial Search was held in Chicago (Illinois, USA) in 2008 as a result of various workshops that were held in previous conferences, mainly IJCAI, AAAI and ICAPS. Since then, it has been held every year, always in association with a larger event.

Although the first three symposia were held in the United States, SoCS rotates around the world, being co-located near whichever major conference the organizers target. Papers from the first two symposia (2008 and 2009) are available on the web.  Since SoCS 2010, the symposium has published with AAAI Press and all accepted papers can be found in the AAAI Digital Library.

List of past conferences

References

External links 
 International Symposium on Combinatorial Search (SoCS) with information of all SoCS events

Organizations based in New Hampshire
Krunk UAV. Krunk (Armenian: Կռունկ; 'crane') is an Armenian unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) in service with the Armed Forces of Armenia.  It is intended for close reconnaissance, transmitting real-time video data (visual or infrared) or taking higher resolution still images.

The Krunk was demonstrated for the first time on September 21, 2011 during a military parade dedicated to the 20th anniversary of the independence of Armenia.

The name refers to range of different models.  Latest ones are Krunk-9 and Krunk-11.

Specifications

Crew: 0 (unmanned)
Capacity: 60 kg (132 lb)
Max speed kmh: 150 km/h (82 knots, 95 mph)
Endurance: 5 hours
Ceiling: 4500 m (13,150 ft)
Max ceiling: 5400 m (15,770 ft)
Length: 3.8 m (12 ft) (5 m (16 ft) with the wings spread out)

Service
 - Armed Forces of Armenia
 - Artsakh Defense Army

See also 
Category: Unmanned aerial vehicles of Armenia

References

Armenian inventions
Unmanned military aircraft of Armenia
IAC Mamba. 

The IAC Mamba is an Australian two-seat light aircraft. It was designed and built by the Melbourne Aircraft Corporation (MAC) and first flew in 1989 as the MAC Mamba. In 1990, MAC changed its name to the International Aircraft Corporation (IAC).

The Mamba was intended for general aviation purposes, including leisure, training, and agricultural use.  Development was supported by the Australian government's Grants for Industrial Research and Development (GIRD) scheme.

Design and development
The Mamba is a strut-braced, high-wing monoplane designed over two years and first flown on 25 January 1989. It has fixed tricycle landing gear and is powered by a  Lycoming O-235 flat-four piston engine. It has an enclosed glazed cabin with side-by-side configuration seating for two. The fuselage is constructed of welded steel tubing with stressed aluminium skin. The Mamba was designed to be rugged and easily maintained, even in remote areas where use of more advanced materials might prove a liability. 

MAC sought certification of the design under Australian standard ANO 101.22 and US FAR 23, and hoped to start manufacturing a two-seat version based on the prototype in 1989. A four-seat version was expected to enter production the following year, with a military version after that. Differences from the civil version were to include armour for the cabin and provision for underwing stores, including two 20-mm cannon. Intended applications included border patrol and counter-insurgency (COIN) operations.

Initial production was to be in Australia, at Echuca or Essendon, with MAC considering offshore production for the future. However, by 1992, production was still not underway, and Aviation Industries of Australia (AIA) was formed in Shepparton, to  manufacture the design. A mockup of the four-seat version was built the same year.

A prototype of the military version was built under contract by Australian Aircraft Industries as the AA-2S Mamba powered by an IO-360. It was displayed as a static display at the 1999 Australian International Air Show at Avalon, Victoria. 

As of 2022, Mamba Aircraft Company aimed to restart development, possibly in collaboration with Chinese aviation manufacturers.

Variants
MA-2
also known as MA-2A and AA-2, Lycoming O-235-powered prototype built by Melbourne Aircraft Corporation, registration VH-JSA
MA-2C
Proposed civil production version
MA-2M 
also known as AA-2M Lycoming IO-360-powered military variant built by Australian Aircraft Industries, registration VH-FCX
AA-2S
Lycoming IO-360-powered civilian under test by Mamba Aircraft Company
AA-4S
Lycoming O-320 four-place under development by Mamba Aircraft Company

Specifications (Prototype)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

1990s Australian civil utility aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Mamba
FFV Aerotech BA-14 Starling. 

The FFV Aerotech BA-14 Starling is a Swedish two-seat light monoplane designed by Björn Andreasson and developed as a joint venture between Malmo Forsknings & Innovations and FFV Aerotech.

Design and development
The prototype Starling first flew on 25 August 1988, it is a shoulder-wing monoplane mainly built from composite materials. The semi-monocoque fuselage has a V-tail which has a small ventral fin with a tailskid, the main landing gear is a fixed tricycle type. The prototype was powered by a  Lycoming O-235 flat-four piston engine with a two-bladed fixed-pitch tractor propeller. The enclosed cabin has side-by-side configuration seating for two under a one-piece transparent canopy.

A BA-14 appeared at the 1988 SBAC Farnborough Airshow.

Specifications (Utility variant)

References

Notes

Bibliography

1980s Swedish civil utility aircraft
V-tail aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
BA-14
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1988
Construction Industry Institute. The Construction Industry Institute (CII), based at The University of Texas at Austin, is a non-profit consortium of more than 130 owner, engineering-contractor, and supplier firms from both the public and private arenas. The group aims to enhance the business effectiveness and sustainability of the capital facility life cycle through research, related initiatives and industry alliances. Richard Tucker was CII's founding Director.

Best practices 
A best practice is a process or method that, when executed effectively, leads to enhanced project performance. CII Best Practices have been proven through extensive industry use and/or validation. CII Best Practices include the following 17 topics:
 Advanced Work Packaging
 Alignment
 Benchmarking & Metrics
 Change Management
 Constructability
 Disputes Prevention & Resolution
 Front End Planning
 Implementation of CII Research
 Lessons Learned
 Materials Management
 Partnering
 Planning for Modularization
 Planning for Startup
 Project Risk Assessment
 Quality Management
 Team Building
 Zero Accidents Techniques

CII has also researched other practices and information topics, which have been organized into a Knowledge Base. CII's professional development programs help organizations to plan the development of new construction project managers by applying CII Best Practices and other competencies to the managers' professional development.

References

External links
 CII official website

Non-profit organizations based in Texas
Robert V. Bruce. Robert Vance Bruce (December 19, 1923 in Malden, Massachusetts – January 15, 2008 in Olympia, Washington) was an American historian specializing in the American Civil War, who won the 1988 Pulitzer Prize for History for his book The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846–1876 (1987). After serving in the Army during World War II, Bruce graduated from the University of New Hampshire, where he earned his Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering. He received his Master of Arts in history and his Doctor of Philosophy from Boston University, where he was later a professor. He also taught at the University of Bridgeport, Lawrence Academy at Groton, and the University of Wisconsin. Bruce was also a lecturer at the Fortenbaugh Lecture at Gettysburg College.

Plagiarism controversy
In April 1998, Bruce accused Scottish historian James A. Mackay of plagiarizing his book Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and The Conquest of Solitude, even as Mackay acknowledged Bruce on page 12 of his book. Accusations also appeared in the review of Mackay's book by The Washington Post. By Bruce's own count, 285 pages of Mackay's 297-page book Alexander Graham Bell: A Life contained plagiarisms from his book, including Mackay's acknowledging the National Geographic Society and other organizations that had not heard of Mackay. Eventually, John Wiley & Sons took the book out of print and destroyed any remaining copies at Mackay's expense in exchange for Bruce's promise not to sue. Mackay also later apologized to Bruce. The American Historical Association later found that Mackay had violated its Statement on Standards of Professional Conduct.

Bibliography
Bruce wrote multiple works:

Lincoln and the Tools of War (1956) 
1877: Year of Violence (1959) 
Two Roads to Plenty: An Analysis of American History (1964)
Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude (1973) 
Alexander Graham Bell: Teacher of the Deaf (1974)
Lincoln and the Riddle of Death (1981)
The Launching of Modern American Science, 1846–1876 (1987)  (Pulitzer Prize for History winner)

The Shadow of A Coming War (1989)
Lincoln, the War President: The Gettysburg Lectures (1992) (with Gabor Boritt)

References

1923 births
2008 deaths
Pulitzer Prize for History winners
Historians of the American Civil War
People from Malden, Massachusetts
University of New Hampshire alumni
Boston University Graduate School of Arts & Sciences alumni
Boston University faculty
University of Bridgeport faculty
University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty
20th-century American historians
20th-century American male writers
Historians from Massachusetts
American male non-fiction writers
United States Army personnel of World War II
Aeroprakt A-36 Vulcan. The Aeroprakt A-36 Vulcan is a Ukrainian light aircraft, designed and produced by Aeroprakt of Kyiv. The aircraft is supplied as a complete ready-to-fly-aircraft.

Design and development
The A-36 is a development of the Aeroprakt A-26 Vulcan. The design goals for the A-36 include operations over hostile terrain, the ability to take-off and land with only one engine running and the ability to operate from short runways. The resulting design features a strut-braced high-wing, T-tail, a two-seats in tandem configuration enclosed cockpit, fixed conventional landing gear with wheel pants and twin engines in pusher configuration.

The aircraft is of mixed construction, with the forward fuselage made from fibreglass and the tail cone from aluminium sheet. The wings and tail are aluminium, while the main landing gear legs, engine cowlings and fairings are fibreglass. Its  span wing has an area of  and mounts flaps. The standard engines used are the  Rotax 912S four-stroke powerplant.

The A-36 has an empty weight of  and a gross weight of , giving a useful load of .

Operational history
By December 2012 one example had been registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration. It had previously been publicly exhibited at the April 2009 Sun 'n Fun aviation gathering at Lakeland, Florida.

Specifications (A-36 Vulcan)

References

External links

Twin-engined pusher aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Vulcan
2000s Ukrainian civil aircraft
T-tail aircraft
Swami Ramananda Tirtha Institute of Science & Technology. Swami Ramananda Tirtha Institute of Science & Technology (SRTIST) is the first engineering college established in the district of Nalgonda. It is located in Ramananda Nagar, Sagar road, Nalgonda, India. It is 13 km from Nalgonda railway station. The college is affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad.

Information 
The college was established in 1996 and functions in its own building with a campus area of 30 acres and a built up area of 8500 square metres. Students who have passed the qualifying examination with English as medium of instruction. Apart from hostel facilities exclusively for about 100 girls, the institution has drawing halls, laboratories, workshops, library, video library, digital library, internet centre for students, and canteen.

Campus 
There are labs and computer centers within all the blocks of the college. There is a library and information center, sports and indoor and outdoor games.

Admissions 
The college admits undergraduate students through the statewide EAMCET exam conducted every year. It offers Bachelor of Technology (BTech) degrees in:
Civil Engineering (120)
Electrical & Electronics Engineering (120)
Mechanical Engineering (120)
Electronics & Communication Engineering (120)
Computer Science & Engineering (120)
Information Technology (60)
Master of Computer Applications (60)
Master of Business Administration (60)
Master of Technology(CAD/CAM) – (18)
Master of Technology(Embedded Systems)- (18)
Master of Technology(VLSI SD) – (18)
Master of Technology(CSE) – (18)

Intake
Students are offered seats in undergraduate courses every year through EAMCET. Through GATE, MTech and ME courses are offered. Through ICET, management courses are available to students.

Extracurricular 
Every year, as part of Spoorthi, the Inter-Department Fest, an inter-department sports competition is held. Sports in the Fest are basketball, cricket, badminton, volleyball, and field events.

Gallery

References

External links 

Official Website 
SRTIST on Google Map

All India Council for Technical Education
Engineering colleges in Telangana
1996 establishments in Andhra Pradesh
Educational institutions established in 1996
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
Takashi Mukaibo. was a Japanese chemist and nuclear engineer.

Appointed as the first science attaché at the Embassy of Japan in Washington D.C. in 1954, Mukaibo played a significant role in coordinating the atomic energy agreement with the United States.

After returning to Japan, he became dean of the School of Engineering of the University of Tokyo. He served as the university's president from 1977 to 1981.

Mukaibo is considered a pioneer in the field of use of nuclear energy in Japan. He promoted nuclear power generation for his entire career and served as chairman of the Japan Atomic Industrial Forum from 1992 to 2000.

References 

Japanese chemists
Japanese nuclear engineers
University of Tokyo alumni
Academic staff of the University of Tokyo
Presidents of the University of Tokyo
People from Dalian
1917 births
2002 deaths
Educators from Liaoning
Engineers from Liaoning
20th-century Japanese engineers
Japanese expatriates in China
Japanese expatriates in the United States
Presidents of The Japan Association of National Universities
RV K. Piri Reis. RV  K. Piri Reis (full name Koca Piri Reis) is a Turkish multi-purpose research vessel owned by Dokuz Eylül University in İzmir and operated by its Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology. Built in West Germany and launched in 1978, she was named in honor of the Ottoman naval captain and renowned cartographer Piri Reis.

Characteristics
K. Piri Reis was built in June 1978 at the Schiffswerft Diedrich Oldersum in West Germany. She is  long, with a beam of  and a draught of . Assessed at  and 87 NT, the ship is propelled by a  
MWM Suddeutsche Brimsen AG MWM TD 602 V12 diesel engine. She has a speed of  in service.

The ship's crew consists of 10 seamen, and she carries 11 scientists aboard. K. Piri Reis has an autonomous endurance of 20 days.

Scientific work
The ship is equipped with modern instruments and a laboratory to carry out research work in various fields like oceanography, marine biology, undersea geology, geophysics for oil and gas exploration and earthquake engineering.

Political dimension of her activity
The research activities performed by the vessel have sometimes beside its scientific and economic dimensions also political extent with diplomatic or military tone.

She was sent in 1987 to Aegean Sea after Greece announced that it will start oil and gas exploration in the region. As Greece declared to intervene, Turkey responded that this would be cause of war. The tension calmed down later with mediation efforts of NATO and the United States.

2011 Eastern Mediterranean mission
Following the decision of the Cyprus government to start an initiative for oil and gas exploration in the Mediterranean Sea, Turkey signed an agreement with Northern Cyprus to do the same within Northern Cyprus' territorial waters. For this purpose, K. Piri Reis, which was commissioned by the Turkish government to conduct research work, departed on September 23, 2011 from its homeport in Urla, İzmir Province and headed for Eastern Mediterranean.

See also
List of research vessels of Turkey

References

Research vessels of Turkey
1978 ships
Ships built in Germany
Dokuz Eylül University
Piri Reis