omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Static induction transistor. The static induction transistor (SIT) is a type of field-effect transistor (FET) capable of high-speed and high-power operation, with low distortion and low noise. It is a vertical structure device with short multichannel. The device was originally known as a VFET, with V being short for vertical. Being a vertical device, the SIT structure offers advantages in obtaining higher breakdown voltages than a conventional FET. For the SIT, the breakdown voltage is not limited by the surface breakdown between gate and drain, allowing it to operate at a very high current and voltage. The SIT has a current-voltage characteristic similar to a vacuum tube triode and it was therefore used in high-end audio products, including power amplifiers from Sony in the second half of the 1970s and Yamaha from 1973-1980. The Sony n-channel SIT had the model number 2SK82 with its p-channel complement named 2SJ28.

Characteristics
A SIT has:
short channel length
low gate series resistance
low gate-source capacitance 
small thermal resistance
low noise
low distortion 
high audio frequency power capability
short turn-on and turn-off time, typically 0.25 μs

History
The SIT was invented by Japanese engineers Jun-ichi Nishizawa and Y. Watanabe in 1950.

See also
SIT-based Audio devices
Static induction thyristor
JFET

References

Semiconductor devices
Solid state switches
Power electronics
Japanese inventions
Brian Eyre. Brian Leonard Eyre (29 November 1933 – 28 July 2014) was a British material scientist, Chief Executive of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA) and Professor at the University of Liverpool. He was also a visiting scholar at the University of Oxford and University College London.

Career and research
Eyre was appointed Professor of Materials Science at the University of Liverpool from 1979 to 1984. His research investigated nuclear technology, including electron microscopy studies of radiation damage in metals and alloys.  He played an important role in the privatisation of UKAEA to create AEA Technology.

Awards and honours
Eyre was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2001 and a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1992. He was elected foreign associate member of the National Academy of Engineering of the United States in 2009 for his understanding of neutron irradiation-induced damage in materials and for developing technologies and policies for nuclear power in the United Kingdom.

He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1993 New Year Honours.

References

1933 births
2014 deaths
Academics of the University of Oxford
Fellows of the Royal Society
Commanders of the Order of the British Empire
Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering
British materials scientists
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering
Academics of the University of Liverpool
Mete Sozen. Mete Avni Sözen (22 May 1930 – 5 April 2018) was Kettelhut Distinguished Professor of Structural Engineering at Purdue University, Indiana, United States from 1992 to 2018.

Academic career
Sozen earned his undergraduate education at the Engineering School of Robert College in Istanbul (1951), and his master's (1952) and doctoral degrees (1957) from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.   He earned his Ph.D. under the direction of Chester P. Siess and Nathan M. Newmark performing experimental studies to develop theories governing the shear strength of prestressed concrete girders. He then began his academic career at University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign where he served on the faculty from 1957 through 1992.

The following students completed their Ph.D. dissertation under the direction of Mete Sozen:

Earthquake engineering
With funding from the National Science Foundation and technical support from MTS Systems Corporation Sozen, Shunsuke Otani, Polat Gulkan, and Norbert Nielsen developed the first earthquake shaking simulators in the United States in 1967, which was housed at University of Illinois.

Other contributions
Besides his academic interest in the development of design codes for concrete structures, Sozen was notable for his contributions to the official post 9/11–government studies of terrorist attacks, including the Oklahoma City bombing, and The Pentagon. Sozen also led a team that created an engineering simulation of American Airlines Flight 11 crashing into the North Tower of the World Trade Center. The computer–generated visualizations were made entirely from the simulation data.

In 1977, he was elected to the National Academy of Engineering.

References

Further reading

External links
 https://engineering.purdue.edu/CE/AboutUs/News/Structures_Features/mete-a-sozen-a-collection-of-personal-remembrances

1930 births
2018 deaths
Structural engineers
Engineering academics
Engineers from Istanbul
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Purdue University faculty
Robert College alumni
Turkish emigrants to the United States
Grainger College of Engineering alumni
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
IMR. IMR may refer to:

Organisations
 Imperial Military Railways, of British forces in South Africa 1898-1901
 Isle of Man Railway
 Industrija Motora Rakovica
 International Mineral Resources
 Institute for Materials Research, or Kinken in Japan
 Institute of Marine Research, in Norway
 International Marketing Review

Science, technology and engineering
 Infant mortality rate
 Interrupt mask register, in computing is used to disable interrupts
 Interlocking machine room of the London Underground signalling system
 Inverse Mills ratio, in statistics and graphs
 Improved military rifle powder, a type of gunpowder
 IMR vessel (Inspection, Maintenance and Repair)

Other uses
 Ideomotor response, in hypnosis and psychological research
Individual ministerial responsibility, a political convention in Parliamentary systems of Government 
 Institutional mode of representation, in film theory
 In Medias Res (band), Vancouver, Canada
 International Migration Review, quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell

See also
 IMR-1, 2, and 3, armored engineering vehicles (Inzhenernaya mashina razgrazhdeniya), based on the Russian T-55, T-72, and T-90 tanks, respectively
Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers. The Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers was a journal published by the American Society of Naval Engineers between 1889 and 1962. Some volumes are available online through Google Books.

External links 
 Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers at the Online Computer Library Center.
 

Publications established in 1889
1889 establishments in the United States
English-language journals
Publications disestablished in 1962
Engineering journals
MotoMarine Panther 57 patrol boat. The Panther 57 Fast Patrol Boat is an evolution of the Lambro 57 coastal patrol boat, built by MotoMarine, a Greek company formerly known as Lambro boats. The Mark I model has a displacement of , an overall length of , and a maximum speed of , and is armed with a M2 Browning machine gun.

This particular model, and its predecessors, have been among the key types employed by the Hellenic Coast Guard.

References

Patrol vessels of the Hellenic Coast Guard
Patrol vessels of Greece
UL-Jih Fascination. The UL-Jih Fascination, also called the Fascination F100, is a conventionally laid out, two seat, low wing, single engine ultralight, designed and built in the Czech Republic. Two variants were offered in 2010.

Design and development

The Fascination F100 is an advanced version of the ultralight/VLA airplane which was based on the all composite VLA layout of the Fascination (D4BK) by Wolfgang Dallach. During and after his collaboration with Wolfgang Dallach, Jaroslav Sedláĉek from UL-Jih in the Czech Republic made own contributions to the design which finally led to today's UL-Jih F-100.

The Fascination was marketed by WD Flugzeugleichtbau of Germany as the Dallach D.4 Fascination. This was an aircraft of mixed construction, including wood, composites and steel components with fabric covering. It first flew in 1996.  An all-composites version, the Dallach D.4 BK Fascination was flown in 1999. UL-Jih fabricated these models and claimed sole production and marketing rights both to the D.4 and D.5 when WD Flugzeugliechtbau ceased trading in 2005, though those rights are challenged by Swiss Light Aircraft AG, who build their versions.

Current Fascinations are all-composite aircraft, with a low wing of trapezoidal planform. The ailerons have external balance trim tabs and sealed nosegaps. Inboard, there are electrically operated Fowler flaps. The fuselage becomes slender towards the tail, where the trapezoidal tailplane is set at mid-height, the elevators having a small cutout for rudder movement. The fin is swept but the rudder has vertical edges; it extends to the bottom of the fuselage. The cockpit seats two in side-by-side configuration under a one-piece bubble canopy, lever hinged from the rear; behind the seat backs there is luggage space. Until 2008, all Fascinations had a retractable tricycle undercarriage. The main wheels, mounted from the fuselage on cantilever spring legs, retract electrically outward into the wing and the nosewheel retracts rearwards. The fixed wheel option has wheel fairings. The main wheels have brakes and the nosewheel has power steering. A Stratos Magnum 501 ballistic recovery parachute is fitted.

The Fascination may be powered either by a 73.5 kW (98.6 hp) Rotax 912ULS or a 59.6 kW (79.9 hp) Rotax 912UL.

Operational history
The Fascination has been marketed both complete and in kit form. More than 200 had been sold by 2006 and 183 appeared on the mid-2010 civil registers of European countries, excluding Russia.

It was reported that Fascination-airplanes (various versions) were flying in countries as remote as Brazil, Australia, and the Philippines.

Accidents and fatalities

The Website Aviation Safety Network  shows 15 crashes of the type involving 18 fatalities since 1997.

Variants
DN4
Original mixed construction Fascination; flew 1996; 41 built.
DN4 BK
Composite construction.
F80
Rotax 912UL engine.
F100
Rotax 912ULS engine.

Specifications (F80)

References

External links

1990s Czech and Czechoslovak ultralight aircraft
UL-Jih aircraft
Locksmith's House. The Locksmith's House (formerly Willenhall Lock Museum) is a museum in Willenhall, England. The premises, on New Road, consist of a house and backyard workshops, typical of the many family run lock making businesses which once thrived in the town.

Background
The house itself was built in 1840, but the period interiors date to 1904, when the Hodson lock making family first lived there. Lock making skills are demonstrated by volunteers using original tools and equipment, such as the floor press and belt driven machinery.

The Lock Museum was opened to the public in 1987. Since 2003, it has been owned and managed by the Black Country Living Museum.

The buildings
The house and its adjoining workshops and outbuildings were awarded Grade II listed status by English Heritage in 1984 and 1986. The listed structures include the two storey workshop on the East side of the yard plus the single storey workshop (originally a stamping shop) on the West side of the yard, directly adjoining the back of the house.

Richard Hodson & Sons
The business of Richard Hodson & Sons was established in 1792, according to the firm's letterhead. In 1893, it was taken on by John Hodson, who later passed it to his son Edgar. The Hodsons specialised in bar padlocks and also in lighter locks - these locks would have been used to secure cargo on a lighter. Lock parts were manufactured and assembled in the two storey workshop behind the house. Completed orders would have been brought into the yard and loaded into carts. From here they could have been sent all over the world, by rail or via the extensive Midlands canal network and on to coastal ports. Hodson locks were certainly exported to South America and beyond.

The Drapers' Shop
From the 1920s, the front room of the Locksmith's House was run as a drapers' shop by two of Edgar Hodson's sisters, Edith and Flora. The Hodson Shop operated until 1971, and the unsold stock forms a rich resource on working class costume, now in the care of Walsall Museum.

The Lock Gallery
There is a wide variety of locks and keys on display in the gallery, many of which were made in Willenhall.

References

External links
Locksmiths House page on Black Country Living Museum Website
Lock Museum page on I A Recordings Website

Willenhall
Locksmithing museums
Black Country Living Museum
Buildings and structures in Walsall
History museums in the West Midlands (county)
Grade II listed buildings in the West Midlands (county)
Semiotic engineering. Semiotic Engineering was originally proposed by Clarisse de Souza as a semiotic approach to designing user interface languages. Over the years, with research done at the Department of Informatics of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, it evolved into a semiotic theory of human-computer interaction (HCI).

Semiotic Engineering views HCI as computer-mediated communication between designers and users at interaction time. The system speaks for its designers in various types of conversations specified at design time. These conversations communicate the designers' understanding of who the users are, what they know the users want or need to do, in which preferred ways, and why. The designers' message to users includes even the interactive language in which users will have to communicate back with the system in order to achieve their specific goals. So, the process is in fact one of communication about communication, or metacommunication.

Semiotic engineering has two methods to evaluate the quality of metacommunication in HCI: the semiotic inspection method (SIM) and the communicability evaluation method (CEM). In the 2009 book Semiotic Engineering Methods for Scientific Research in HCI, Clarisse de Souza and Carla Leitão discuss how SIM and CEM, which are both qualitative methods, can also be used in scientific contexts to generate new knowledge about HCI. To illustrate their points, the authors present an extensive case study with a free open-source digital audio editor called Audacity. They show how the results obtained with a triangulation of SIM and CEM point at new research avenues not only for semiotic engineering and HCI but also for other areas of computer science such as software engineering and programming.

René Jorna and Clarisse de Souza independently developed two different kinds of ‘semiotic engineering.’ Jorna's was originally closer to Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science. His ideas were later developed and applied to decision support systems and organizational semiotics rather than HCI. The authors were introduced to each other (and to each other's version of 'semiotic engineering') only in 1996, in a Dagstuhl Seminar on Informatics and Semiotics organized by Peter B. Andersen, Mihai Nadin and Frieder Nake.

See also 
 Computational semiotics
 Organisational semiotics
 Semiotic information theory

References 

Human–computer interaction
Semiotics
Theory of computation
VXS. VMEBus Switched Serial, commonly known as VXS, is an ANSI standard (ANSI/VITA 41) that improves the performance of standard parallel VMEbus by enhancing it to support newer switched serial fabrics. The base specification (ANSI 41) defines all common elements of the standard, while "dot"-specifications (ANSI 41.n) define extensions which use specific serial fabrics (such as PCI Express, RapidIO, StarFabric from Dolphin Interconnect Solutions and InfiniBand) or additional functionality. VXS is backward compatible with VMEBus. It is defined by the VME International Trade Association (VITA) working group.

Specification 
In common with other similar standards, VXS comprises a ‘base line’ specification, which defines the basic mechanical and electrical elements of VXS, together with a series of ‘dot level’ specifications, one or more of which must be implemented to create a functional module. The specifications are as follows:

See also
VPX

References

Computer buses
American National Standards Institute standards
Vincent G. Apple. Vincent Groby Apple (January 26, 1874 – September 24, 1932) was an American inventor whose parts were used in the first commercially successful American flight of a heavier-than-air powered airplane. He held more than 350 patents during his lifetime.

Apple was born on a farm, just outside Miamisburg, Ohio. In 1903, his magneto ignition system was used by the Wright brothers in their flyers at Kitty Hawk.

He was the founder of the Franklin Electric Company, Apple Dayton Electric and Manufacturing Company and the Vincent G. Apple Laboratories at Dayton, all based in Dayton, Ohio.

References

External links
 Guide to the Vincent G. Apple Papers, held by Wright State University

20th-century American inventors
1874 births
1932 deaths
People from Miamisburg, Ohio
People from Dayton, Ohio
Flora Hiperspectral. The Flora Hiperspectral satellite, initially scheduled to launch in 2017, is a proposed Brazilian–American Earth observation satellite. It will produce hyperspectral surface images of comparable resolution to Landsat satellites. The Flora Hiperspectral is a joint project between the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) of NASA and the National Institute for Space Research of Brazil.

Objective
This mission will produce the first time in orbit, hyperspectral images with a spatial resolution and global coverage comparable to that of the Landsat satellite and CBERS program. Data will study the biochemical and biophysical properties of soil cover and the action of man (for example, deforestation and fires) on ecosystem functioning.

Hyperspectral data are obtained in narrow strips, contiguous and in sufficient number to build spectra similar to the laboratory. Indicate biochemical characteristics (e.g., nutrient levels, moisture) and biophysical plants. Detect water stress, diseases, or difficulties in adapting to the ground culture. They measure of mineral absorption in exposed surfaces of rocks. In coastal and inland waters, measure chlorophyll and suspended sediment. The satellite monitoring currently only allows to observe if there is forest or not. The Plant will be able to check the chemical and physical characteristics of the vegetation, which today no satellite can do. According to reports, it will be 10 times more advanced than any satellite of the same type.

JPL will provide an instrument, which cost 150 million dollars and Brazil come with providing about US$110 million, concerning a part of the satellite and part of the launch.

Instruments
High spectral resolution camera (200 bands between 400 and 2500 nm along a 150 km swath.
Spatial resolution is 30 meters, with 14 bits quantization.

See also

 Brazilian space program

References

Earth imaging satellites
Proposed satellites
Earth observation satellites of Brazil
Earth observation satellites of the United States
RAPIEnet. RAPIEnet (Real-time Automation Protocols for Industrial Ethernet) was Korea's first Ethernet international standard for real-time data transmission. It is an Ethernet-based industrial networking protocol, developed in-house by LSIS offers real-time transmission and is registered as an international standard. (IEC 61158-3-21: 2010, IEC 61158-4-21: 2010, IEC 61158-5-21: 2010, IEC 61158-6-21: 2010, IEC 61784-2: 2010, IEC 62439-7)

Features 
An embedded Ethernet switch with two ports enables the network expansion in a daisy chain without the need for an additional external switch, easy installation and wiring reduction.
100 Mbit/s - 1 Gbit/s transmission speed, allowing electrical and optical media to be used together.
Supports transmission modes such as Unicast, Multicast, and Broadcast.
Supports "Store & Forward”and “Cut Through” switching.

RAPIEnet Technology

Protocol Stack Structure

Embedded dual port switch motion

An embedded hardware-based switch is adopted for real-time data transmission.
With the full-duplex communication support, each node has dual link routes in a ring topology.

Frame Format

RAPIEnet Ether type: 0x88FE

Topology

Recovery System
With an embedded switch and full-duplex, it has dual link routes and communication fault tolerance, enabling fast recovery capabilities.
 - Recovery time < 10 ms

Transmits signal from Device 1 to Device 3.
A fault occurs between Device 2 and Device 3.
Notify the fault from Device 2 to Device 1.
Transmits signal back from Device 1 to Device 3.

Flexible Hybrid Structure

Fiber Optics/Copper Media
 - Copper: Low installation costs with relatively big noise.
 - Optics: High installation costs with low noise and relatively long wiring.
Simple and efficient wiring is available by combining the features of two wires that have advantages and disadvantages.

System Diagram Using RAPIEnet

Acquired Standards

International Standards
IEC 61158-3-21: 2010, Industrial communication networks - Fieldbus specifications - Part 3-21: Data-link layer service definition - Type 21 elements.
IEC 61158-4-21: 2010, Industrial communication networks - Fieldbus specifications - Part 4-21: Data-link layer protocol specification - Type 21 elements.
IEC 61158-5-21: 2010, Industrial communication networks - Fieldbus specifications - Part 5-21: Application layer service definition - Type 21 elements.
IEC 61158-6-21: 2010, Industrial communication networks - Fieldbus specifications - Part 6-21: Application layer protocol specification - Type 21 elements.
IEC 61784-2: 2010, Industrial communication networks - Profiles - Part 2: Additional fieldbus profiles for real-time networks based on ISO/IEC 8802-3.
IEC 62439-7, Industrial communication networks - High availability automation networks - Part 7: Ring-based Redundancy Protocol (RRP)

Others

Other international standards in process
IEC 61784-5-17, Industrial communication networks - Profiles - Part 5-17: Installation of fieldbuses - Installation profiles for CPF 17 (to be registered as an IEC international standard in 2012)

References 

Industrial Ethernet
Colony picker. A colony picker is an instrument used to automatically identify microbial colonies growing on a solid medium, pick them and duplicate them either onto solid or liquid media. It is used in research laboratories as well as in industrial environments such as food testing and in microbiological cultures.

Uses 
In food safety and in clinical diagnosis colony picking is used to isolate individual colonies for identification. Colony pickers automate this procedure, saving costs and personnel and reducing human error. In the drug discovery process they are used for screening purposes by picking thousands of microbial colonies and transferring them for further testing.
Other uses include cloning procedures and DNA sequencing.

As add-on 
Colony pickers are sold either as stand-alone instruments or as add-ons to liquid handling robots, using the robot as the actuator and adding a camera and image analysis capabilities. This strategy lowers the price of the system considerably and adds reusability as the robot can still be used for other purposes.

See also
Pick-and-place machine

References 

Biological techniques and tools
Food safety