omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Ader Avion II. The Avion II (originally referred to as the Zephyr (west wind) or the Éole II) was the second primitive aircraft designed by Clément Ader in 1893. Most sources agree that work on it was never completed, Ader abandoning it in favour of the Avion III that had a financial backer. Ader's later claim that he flew the Avion II in August 1892 for a distance of 100 m at a field in Satory is not widely accepted.

Design and development
The name "Avion" was devised by Ader from Latin avis ("bird") and became the origin of the word avion, the most common in French to designate an airplane (heavier-than-air aircraft). The first official text noting it is French patent no. 205 555 granted to Ader on April 19, 1890.

The engine developed for Avion II, called Zéphyr was a light steam engine driving a  diameter 4-bladed propeller, in which steam was cooled through a condenser. It yielded  at 480 rpm at a pressure of , weighing  dry, and  with full boiler and accessories.

See also

Notes

References

19th-century French experimental aircraft
Steam-powered aircraft
Unflown aircraft
GML. GML may refer to:

Computing 
 Game Maker Language, the scripting language of Game Maker
 Generalized Markup Language, a set of macros for the IBM text formatter, SCRIPT
 Generative Modelling Language, an extension of PostScript used for the concise description of complex 3D shapes
 Geography Markup Language, an XML grammar to express geographical features
 Graffiti Markup Language, an XML-based file format that stores graffiti motion data
 Graph Modelling Language, a hierarchical ASCII-based file format for describing graphs

Other uses 
 Canadian Gold Maple Leaf, a gold bullion coin
 Gilmala Halt railway station (station code), in Pakistan
 GML Heritage, an Australian heritage consultancy firm
 Hostomel Airport (IATA code), in Ukraine
 Gradient multilayer nanofilm, a nanomaterial
 Grand Medal of Lotus Flower, an honour of Macau
 Guardian Media Limited, a Trinidadian media company
 Middle Low German (ISO 639-3 code), a formerly used European language
 Glycerol monolaurate, a naturally occurring antimicrobial agent
PWS. PWS may refer to:

Technology
 Personal weather station
 Personal web server, hardware and software used to run a web server on a desktop computer
Microsoft Personal Web Server, software for Windows operating systems
 Present weather sensor, a device that detects and measures precipitation
 Pressure wave supercharger, a type of super-charger
 Progressive Web Site, a web authoring framework incorporating HTML5, CSS, and JavaScript
 Public Warning System, used for alerting the public to events such as disasters

Other uses
 Palestine Wildlife Society
 Performance work statement, summarizing the work element of a contract
 Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów, a Polish aircraft manufacturer
 Prader–Willi syndrome, a genetic disorder
 Purwosari railway station in Indonesia (station code PWS)
 Winston Smith Project (Italian:Progetto Winston Smith), a human rights project
British Rail Class 207. The British Rail Class 207 (3D) diesel-electric multiple units were built by BR at Eastleigh in 1962. The fleet had a lifespan of 42 years.  The Southern Region class 201 to 207 DEMUs are nicknamed 'Thumpers' due to the distinctive sound of their engines.

Operational history

When new the class were used on the Oxted Line, and were mostly concentrated on services between  and Uckfield and Eridge to Tonbridge via . Other routes that the units operated included occasional workings on the Marshlink Line, the Three Bridges to Tunbridge Wells Central Line and the Cuckoo Line. Following the closure of the last two of these routes the unit gained workings on the Redhill to Tonbridge Line, and were known to deputise for 3R units on the North Downs Line to . Most units were withdrawn in 1987 following the electrification of the Oxted Line's  branch. Four of the seven surviving units were used on the Reading to Basingstoke Line between 1988 and 1993; once this had finished three were withdrawn and the fourth sent to join the other three survivors on the Marshlink Line; between 1995 and 1998 this included through services from  to . After this the class operated on the Marshlink Line between Ashford and  and the Oxted Line between London Victoria and  for privatised companies Connex South Central and Southern. The final three units were withdrawn in August 2004.

Technical details
Power car (one per set)
 Introduced: 1962
 Weight: 
 Engine: English Electric 4-cylinder type 4SRKT Mark II of  at 850 rpm 
 Transmission: Electric, two English Electric type EE507 traction motors rated at  each.
 Maximum tractive effort: 
 Driving wheel diameter: 
 Coupling code: Standard 'Buck eye' compatible with contemporary Class 20x and 4xx units.
 Train heating: Electric

Preservation

Three complete units have been preserved:
207017 – Spa Valley Railway (3-car unit)
207202 – Formerly owned by Coulsdon Old Vehicle & Engineering Society, Bicester (2-car unit numbered 1305); purchased by and moved to the Bluebell Railway in January 2023.
207203 – Swindon and Cricklade Railway (2-car unit) –  DMBSO 60127 damaged by fire on 20 May 2016. Class 205 DTCsoL 60822 will be added to replace DTSO destroyed by fire. This vehicle had been stored at Pershore (ex unit 1123) and arrived at the Swindon & Cricklade Railway on 17 June 2016. TS 60669 (ex unit 1124) also stored at Pershore arrived at the same time and will be stripped of usable spares to restore 60822.
In addition, driving motor vehicle from unit 207013 has also been preserved:
207013 – DMBSO 60138 (cab only) – Reduced to just a cab in May 2016 and remaining section at the South Wales Cab Preservation Group.
The centre trailer from unit 207203 has been at a private location:
207203 – TSOL 70547 – Private site, Hungerford

DTSO 60901 from 207203 was preserved until it was damaged beyond repair in an arson attack on 20 May 2016; it was scrapped on 22 June that year.

Fleet details

Unrefurbished Class 207/0

Refurbished Class 207/1

Refurbished Class 207/2

Departmental Units

References

Further reading

207
Diesel electric multiple units
Train-related introductions in 1962
USS Ingraham (DD-111). USS Ingraham (DD-111) was a  built for the United States Navy during World War I.

Description
The Wickes class was an improved and faster version of the preceding . Two different designs were prepared to the same specification that mainly differed in the turbines and boilers used. The ships built to the Bethlehem Steel design, built in the Fore River and Union Iron Works shipyards, mostly used Yarrow boilers that deteriorated badly during service and were mostly scrapped during the 1930s. The ships displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. They had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . They had a crew of 6 officers and 108 enlisted men.

Performance differed radically between the ships of the class, often due to poor workmanship. The Wickes class was powered by two steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four water-tube boilers. The turbines were designed to produce a total of  intended to reach a speed of . The ships carried  of fuel oil which was intended gave them a range of  at .

The ships were armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in single mounts and were fitted with two 1-pounder guns for anti-aircraft defense. Their primary weapon, though, was their torpedo battery of a dozen 21 inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. In many ships a shortage of 1-pounders caused them to be replaced by 3-inch (76 mm) anti-aircraft (AA) guns. They also carried a pair of depth charge rails. A "Y-gun" depth charge thrower was added to many ships.

Construction and career
Ingraham, named for Duncan Nathaniel Ingraham, was launched 4 July 1918 by the Union Iron Works, San Francisco, California; sponsored by Mrs. Alfred S. Gann; and commissioned 15 May 1919. Ingraham departed 20 May for her shakedown cruise, transiting the Panama Canal and arriving Newport, Rhode Island 6 June. After repairs in New York, she sailed for a European tour of duty. While visiting Ostend, Belgium 22 September, she carried the King and Queen of Belgium to Calais, France. The destroyer returned to San Diego 8 January 1920 via New York and the Canal Zone to begin conversion to a minelayer.

Reclassified DM-9, Ingraham began minelaying exercises January 1921 along the California coast before departing Mare Island 7 June. She arrived at Pearl Harbor 18 June and engaged in operations there until she decommissioned at Pearl Harbor 29 June 1922. Her name was struck from the Navy List 1 December 1936 and she was sunk as target off Pearl Harbor on 23 July 1937.

Notes

References

 

NavSource Naval History, USS INGRAHAM (DD-111 / DM-9)

External links
 NavSource Photos

Wickes-class destroyers
Ships built in San Francisco
1918 ships
Wickes-class destroyer minelayers
DDE. DDE may refer to:

 D.D.E. (band), a Norwegian rock band
 Delay differential equation, a type of differential equation
 Deep-dose equivalent, a measure of radiation absorbed by the body
 Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene, a chemical that results from the breakdown of DDT
 Doctrine of double effect, a set of ethical criteria to evaluate the permissibility of acting when one's otherwise legitimate act may also cause an effect one would normally be obliged to avoid
 Dwight D. Eisenhower, the 34th president of the United States
 Dynamic Data Exchange, a Microsoft Windows and OS/2 inter-application data communication protocol
 Escort destroyer, a US Navy classification used between 1945 and 1962
 D.De., an abbreviation used for the United States District Court for the District of Delaware
 Deepin Desktop Environment, a Desktop Environment used by several Linux Distributions
Fritz Klatte. Fritz Klatte (28 March 1880, Diepholz – 11 February 1934) was a German chemist and the discoverer of polyvinyl acetate, with German patent (GP 281687 1912) for its preparation from acetylene gas.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) was discovered by French physicist Henri Victor Regnault, and German physicist Eugen Baumann. Klatte designed the production process, although never successfully commercialised it. Klatte is sometimes incorrectly attributed to be the discoverer or inventor of PVC. In 1912/13, together with the chemists Emil Zacharias and Adolf Rollett, he invented the production process for polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Notes

For further biographical information (including photo), see (in German):  Erfinder(Inventor): Fritz Klatte, 1913 - PVC.

External links
 

1880 births
1934 deaths
People from Diepholz
20th-century German chemists
20th-century German inventors
Steam dummy. A steam dummy or dummy engine, in the United States and Canada, was a steam locomotive enclosed in a wooden box structure made to resemble a passenger railroad car. Steam dummies had some popularity in the first decades of railroading in the U.S., from the 1830s but passed from favor after the American Civil War.

Overview
It was thought that the more familiar appearance of a coach presented by a steam dummy, as compared to a conventional steam locomotive, would be less likely to frighten horses when these trains had to operate in city streets. Later it was realized that it was actually the noise and motion of the operating gear of a steam engine that frightened horses, rather than the unfamiliar outlines of a steam engine.

Production

Baldwin Locomotive Works manufactured steam dummies or steam motors for many American tramways. Baldwin exported to places such as Australia where they were known as 'steam tram motors' – and New Zealand, where two, both built in 1891, survive at museums today. Four were imported for the 1879 Sydney International Exhibition and tracks were laid from the Redfern railway station to the Exhibition site. Intended as a temporary transport installation, this became the genesis of a larger tram network and probably the exhibition's most lasting legacy.

H. K. Porter, Inc. preferred the term "noiseless steam street motor" in their 20th-century catalog, although they used the term "dummy" (in quotes) in the 19th century.  In the 20th century, they offered 0-4-0 and 0-4-2 wheel arrangements.  In the 19th century, they also offered a double-ended dummy with a 2-4-2 wheel arrangement.  Porter recommended using anthracite or coke as a fuel in order to avoid smoke.  Side flaps to hide the mechanism were optional.  Operating speeds between   were reported by 19th-century users.

In the UK, the Great Western Railway equipped two engines each from the 2021 and 517 classes with coach bodywork between 1906 and 1911.

See also
Doodlebug
Multiple unit
Steam railmotor
Tram engine

References

Steam locomotive types
Steam locomotives of the United States
Aerauto PL.5C. The Aerauto PL.5C was a roadable aircraft developed in Italy in the early 1950s. It was a high-wing two-seat monoplane whose wings could be folded to quickly transform it into an automobile. It was different from many such projects in that it used its pusher propeller (powered by a Continental C85) for propulsion not only in the air, but on the road as well. Development was abandoned in 1953.

Designed by aircraft engineer Luigi Pellarini, the Aerauto was built by Carrozzeria Colli in Milan.

Specifications (PL.5C)

References

Citations

Bibliography

1950s Italian civil utility aircraft
Roadable aircraft
Aircraft manufactured in Italy
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1949
High-wing aircraft
Acme Aircraft Corporation. The Acme Aircraft Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer based in Rockford, Illinois, founded in 1928.

The company president was R.S. Link and the general manager was P.H. Ryan.

Products
The company was established to produce biplane sport aircraft in the  range. The company built one Acme Biplane and also produced the parasol wing Acme Sportsman. The Sportsman was designed by Edward A. Stalker, the head of the Department of Aeronautical Engineering at the University of Michigan. Only two of that model were completed before the company went out of business by 1931, in the Great Depression.

Aircraft

References

Companies based in Rockford, Illinois
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Acme Sportsman. The Acme Sportsman was a two-seat parasol wing sportsplane built in the United States in 1928 by Acme Aircraft Corporation, a company from Rockford, Illinois. It was of conventional taildragger configuration with open cockpits in tandem and folding wings. It was designed by Edward Stalker of the University of Michigan.

Variants
Acme Model 21 Sportsman
Production aircraft powered by Velie M-5 engines
Smith O
One aircraft re-engined with a 100hp Kinner K-5
Para-monoplane
The other aircraft re-engined with a 45hp Szekely SR-5

Specifications (Sportsman model 21)

See also

References

 

1920s United States sport aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Sportsman
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Packing. Packing may refer to:

Law and politics
 Jury packing, selecting biased jurors for a court case
 Packing and cracking, a method of creating voting districts to give a political party an advantage

Other uses
 Packing (firestopping), the process of installing backer materials, such as mineral wool in service penetrations 
 Packing (phallus), the practice of wearing a phallic object inside the clothing to give the appearance of male genitals
 Packing, in autism therapy, wrapping children in cold wet sheets
 Packing, also known as an O-ring or other type of mechanical seal, a term for a sealing material
 Packing problems, a family of optimization problems in mathematics

See also
 
 
 Pack (disambiguation)
 Packer (disambiguation)
 Unpacking (disambiguation)
Fast fracture. In structural engineering and material science, fast fracture is a phenomenon in which a flaw (such as a crack) in a material expands quickly, and leads to catastrophic failure of the material. It proceeds in high speed and requires a relatively small amount of accumulated strain energy, making it a dangerous failure mode.

Flaw 
Stress acting on a material when fast fracture occurs is less than the material's yield stress. A very representative example of this is what happens when poking a blown up balloon with a needle, that is, fast fracture of the balloon's material. The energy in the balloon comes from the compressed gas inside it and the energy stored in the rubber membrane itself. The introduction of the flaw, which in this case is the pin prick, would lead to the explosion as the membrane fails by fast fracture. However, if the same flaw is introduced to a balloon with less energy - as in the case of a partially inflated balloon - the fast fracture will not occur, unless the balloon is punctured progressively so that it reaches a critical pressure at which fast fracture occurs.

The occurrence of fast fracture can depend on the material. For instance, it transpires in the cases of brittle materials with less capacity for deformation even if the flaw only involves small defects caused by the manufacturing process.

See also
 Yield (engineering)

References

Mechanical failure
Horst Berger. Horst Berger (1928-2019) was a structural engineer and designer known for his work with lightweight tensile architecture. After receiving a degree in Civil Engineering in 1954 from Stuttgart University in Stuttgart, Germany, he began working in 1955 at the Bridge and Special Structures Department of Wayss and Freitag in Frankfurt. In 1960, he joined Severud Associates in New York city and worked on projects such as the St. Louis Arch, Madison Square Garden, and Toronto City Hall.

After forming Geiger Berger Associates in 1968 with air supported roof inventor David Geiger, the firm gained international recognition for its incorporation of lightweight fabric structures into permanent architectural designs.

During his time at Geiger Berger Associates, Horst Berger had the challenge of engineering the  roof designed by architect Fazlur Rahman Khan of Skidmore, Owings and Merrill for the Haj Terminal at the Jeddah Airport. This tensile fabric structure consists of 210 roof units contained in ten modules that are supported on steel pylons.

In 1990 Horst Berger was asked to create a tensile fabric roof for the Denver International Airport. Challenges of snow loading and attaching the rigid walls to the fabric roof made it one of Berger’s toughest projects. The unique design with the roofing structure gave the terminal a more spacious layout.

In 1990 he became a professor at the School of Architecture of the City College of New York.

While studying and working in New York, Berger married an American woman Gretchen (Gay) Smart. They had four children, Ralf, Susie, Paul and Barbara; Barbara died in 2011, aged 53.

Notable works 
Hajj terminal, King Abdul Aziz International Airport, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
King Fahd International Stadium, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Seaworld Pavilion, San Diego, California
San Diego Convention Center, San Diego, California
Wimbledon Tennis Arena, Wimbledon, London, United Kingdom
Great Hall, Alexandra, London, United Kingdom
Shoreline Amphitheater, Mountain View, California
Whale Pool Enclosure for the New York Aquarium, Brooklyn, New York
Denver International Airport, Colorado
Eilat Performing Arts Center, Elat, Israel
Metrodome, Minneapolis

References

See also 

 Tensile architecture
 Tensile and membrane structures

City College of New York faculty
Tensile architecture
Tensile membrane structures
1928 births
2019 deaths
Jörg Schlaich. Jörg Schlaich (17 October 1934 – 4 September 2021) was a German structural engineer and is known internationally for his ground-breaking work in the creative design of bridges, long-span roofs, and other complex structures. He was a co-founder of the structural engineering and consulting firm Schlaich Bergermann Partner.

He was the brother of the architect Brigitte Schlaich Peterhans.

Early career
Jörg Schlaich studied architecture and civil engineering from 1953 to 1955 at Stuttgart University before completing his studies at Technische Universität Berlin in 1959. He spent 1959 and 1960 at the Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, United States.

In 1963, he joined the firm Leonhardt & Andrä, the firm founded by Fritz Leonhardt.

Later career
Schlaich was made a partner and was responsible for the Alster-Schwimmhalle in Hamburg, and more importantly, the Olympic Stadium in Munich. He stayed with the firm until 1969.

In 1974 he became an academic at Stuttgart University, and in 1980 he founded his own firm, Schlaich Bergermann Partner.

In 1993, with the roof of the Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion (since 2023 MHPArena) in Stuttgart, he introduced the "speichenrad" principle to structural engineering. Indeed, this principle was employed for the first time in the history of Structural Engineering by the Italian engineer Massimo Majowiecki, the designer of the roof of the Olympic Stadium, Rome (built in 1990, three years before the Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion). Since then, his company has successfully employed it in stadium projects across the globe. Other structures include the observation tower at the Killesbergpark in Stuttgart. Most of his work as well of that of his company is documented on their website. He was also the developer of the solar tower (or solar chimney) and is largely credited with inventing the strut and tie model for reinforced concrete.

Further reading
 Schlaich, Jörg; Bergermann, Rudolf. Leicht Weit (Light Structures) .
 Holgate, Alan. The Art of Structural Engineering: The Work of Jorg Schlaich and his Team (Books Britain, 1996) .
 Schlaich, Jörg. The Solar Chimney: Electricity from the Sun .
 Schlaich, Jörg; Rudolf Bergermann, Wolfgang Schiel & Gerhard Weinrebe (February 2005). " ". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 127 (1): 117-124. DOI:10.1115/1.1823493. Retrieved on 2007-03-15.

External links
 schlaich bergermann partner (sbp) site

References

1934 births
2021 deaths
People from Rems-Murr-Kreis
People from the Free People's State of Württemberg
Bridge engineers
German civil engineers
Structural engineers
Tensile architecture
Tensile membrane structures
Members of the Academy of Arts, Berlin
IStructE Gold Medal winners
Werner von Siemens Ring laureates
Technische Universität Berlin alumni