omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sodium iodide. Sodium iodide (chemical formula NaI) is an ionic compound formed from the chemical reaction of sodium metal and iodine. Under standard conditions, it is a white, water-soluble solid comprising a 1:1 mix of sodium cations (Na+) and iodide anions (I−) in a crystal lattice. It is used mainly as a nutritional supplement and in organic chemistry. It is produced industrially as the salt formed when acidic iodides react with sodium hydroxide. It is a chaotropic salt.

Uses

Food supplement
Sodium iodide, as well as potassium iodide, is commonly used to treat and prevent iodine deficiency.  Iodized table salt contains 10 ppm iodide.

Organic synthesis

Sodium iodide is used for conversion of alkyl chlorides into alkyl iodides.  This method, the Finkelstein reaction, relies on the insolubility of sodium chloride in acetone to drive the reaction:

R–Cl + NaI → R–I + NaCl

Nuclear medicine
Some radioactive iodide salts of sodium, including Na125I and Na131I, have radiopharmaceutical uses for thyroid cancer and hyperthyroidism or as radioactive tracer in imaging (see Isotopes of iodine > Radioiodines I-123, I-124, I-125, and I-131 in medicine and biology).

Thallium-doped NaI(Tl) scintillators
Sodium iodide activated with thallium, NaI(Tl), when subjected to ionizing radiation, emits photons (i.e., scintillate) and is used in scintillation detectors, traditionally in nuclear medicine, geophysics, nuclear physics, and environmental measurements. NaI(Tl) is the most widely used scintillation material. The crystals are usually coupled with a photomultiplier tube, in a hermetically sealed assembly, as sodium iodide is hygroscopic. Fine-tuning of some parameters (i.e., radiation hardness, afterglow, transparency) can be achieved by varying the conditions of the crystal growth. Crystals with a higher level of doping are used in X-ray detectors with high spectrometric quality. Sodium iodide can be used both as single crystals and as polycrystals for this purpose. The wavelength of maximum emission is 415 nm.

Radiocontrast
António Egas Moniz searched for a radiocontrast agent for cerebral angiography. After experiments on rabbits and dogs he settled upon sodium iodide as the best medium.

Solubility data
Sodium iodide exhibits high solubility in some organic solvents, unlike sodium chloride or even bromide:

Stability
Iodides (including sodium iodide) are detectably oxidized by atmospheric oxygen (O2) to molecular iodine (I2). I2 and I− complex to form the triiodide complex, which has a yellow color, unlike the white color of sodium iodide. Water accelerates the oxidation process, and iodide can also produce I2 by photooxidation, therefore for maximum stability sodium iodide should be stored under dark, low temperature, low humidity  conditions.

See also
 Gamma spectroscopy
 Scintillation counter
 Teratology

References

Cited sources

External links

 
 
 
 

Alkali metal iodides
Inorganic compounds
Iodides

Metal halides
Phosphors and scintillators
Sodium compounds
Chaotropic agents
Rock salt crystal structure
Anest Iwata. is a Japanese manufacturer of air compressors, coating equipment and systems, and vacuum pump and liquid application equipment.

The company also produces painting robots developed with Mitsubishi Heavy Industry.

References

External links

Official site 
 Global Network 
  Wiki collection of bibliographic works on ANEST IWATA

Manufacturing companies based in Yokohama
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Manufacturing companies established in 1926
1926 establishments in Japan
Japanese brands
Frankley Water Treatment Works. Frankley Water Treatment Works is a drinking water plant at Frankley, Birmingham, England. Owned by Severn Trent Water, it supplies drinking water to Birmingham and the surrounding area. The plant treats water from the Elan Valley in Wales, which arrives at Frankley Reservoir by gravity feed along the Elan aqueduct with a gradient of 1 in 2,300.

External links
Description of treatment process
Aerial photograph

Buildings and structures in Birmingham, West Midlands
Water supply and sanitation in England
Water supply in Birmingham, West Midlands
Chakib Khelil. Chakib Khelil (; born 8 August 1939) is an Algerian political figure who served in the government of Algeria as Minister of Energy and Mines from 1999 to 2010.

Early life and education
Khelil was born on 8 August 1939 in Oujda, Morocco. He received a bachelor and master degrees in mining and petroleum engineering from Ohio State University in 1964 and 1965, respectively. He also obtained a doctorate in petroleum engineering from Texas A&M University in 1968.

Career
After working in the United States for a few years with Shell, Phillips Petroleum and D.R. McCord & Associates, Khelil joined Sonatrach in 1971 as head of its reservoir engineering department while being president of Alcore, a joint venture between Corelaboratories and Sonatrach. Then he became technical adviser in the presidency of Algeria from 1973 to 1975. He was appointed president of the Valhyd Group (with Valhyd standing for valorisation hydrocarbures in French) in 1975–1978. Next he served as coordinator in the hydrocarbon vice presidency of Sonatrach.

In 1980 he joined the World Bank, working on petroleum-related projects in Africa, Latin America and Asia; he retired from it as its petroleum adviser  in 1999, only to join President Abdelaziz Bouteflika's cabinet on 1 November 1999, becoming Minister for Energy and Mines on 26 December 1999.

In 2001, while a minister, he was also named president of Sonatrach, and he nominated and was succeeded by Mohamed Meziane in 2003.  He was also president of OPEC for the years 2001 and 2008, president of the African Energy Commission (AFREC) in 2001, president of the Association of African Oil Producing Countries (APPA) in 2004 and the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) in 2010.

On February 1, 2022, the prosecution requested 20 years in prison for corruption against the former Algerian Minister of Energy Chakib Khelil, in office from 1999 to 2010 under the presidency of Abdelaziz Bouteflika and who is located in the United States.

On February 14, 2022, the Sidi M'Hamed court sentenced Chakib Khelil in absentia to 20 years in prison and a fine of 2 million Algerian dinars. The court also confirmed the request for an international arrest warrant for Chakib Khelil.

References

External links
 NYT Interview
 ALGERIA - Profile - Chakib Khelil 
 Hydrocarbons Legislation In Algeria Back to Square One?

1939 births
Living people
Texas A&M University alumni
Ohio State University College of Engineering alumni
People in the petroleum industry
People from Oujda
Ministers of energy and mines of Algeria
20th-century Algerian politicians
21st-century Algerian politicians
Owen Holland (academic). Owen Holland (born 1947) is professor emeritus of cognitive robotics (Informatics) in the Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science at the University of Sussex. He was until recently a professor of computer science at the University of Essex, England. Previously, he has held faculty positions at Caltech, University of Bielefeld, Starlab and the University of the West of England.

Holland is best known for his work in biologically-inspired robotics, where he has contributed to the theory and practice of collective robotics, ant algorithms and machine consciousness, among other sub-fields. Some of the projects he has been involved in have attracted attention from the media, notably the Slugbot project, which aimed to produce a robotic predator capable of sustaining its energy levels from hunting and digesting slugs. Holland is also known for recovering and restoring one of Grey Walter's robot 'tortoises'.

For the last ten years he has mainly been interested in the prospects for building a conscious machine. In 2001 he was an organiser and session chair for one of the first symposia on machine consciousness, and in 2003 he edited a special issue of the Journal of Consciousness Studies on the topic. In 2004 he obtained the first major funding for a machine consciousness project which investigated whether a human-like robot with a self-model and a world-model might exhibit features characteristic of consciousness. The robot, CRONOS, was further developed in a European project ECCEROBOT led by Holland, which ran from 2009 – 2011. Holland has been an active contributor to most of the machine consciousness symposia held in the last decade, and serves on the editorial board of the International Journal of Machine Consciousness.

References

External links
 Owen Holland's research page at the University of Essex
 Faculty at the Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science

British computer scientists
Academics of the University of Essex
Academics of the University of the West of England, Bristol
Living people
Academics of the University of Sussex
California Institute of Technology faculty
1947 births
Jogcon. The  is a game controller developed and produced by Namco for the PlayStation.

Originally released in 1998 as part of a special edition package with R4: Ridge Racer Type 4, it was designed to combine the function of a steering wheel controller, while maintaining the size of a standard PlayStation controller. This is accomplished by a dial approximately 3 inches in diameter in the center of the controller (almost in the same location as the DualShock analog sticks).

The dial was the first force feedback steering wheel available on the PlayStation. Its name comes from the fact that it is a game controller which incorporates a jog wheel of the kind often used for audio or video control. Actions such as torque steer, collisions, and feedback from turning the automobile all can be felt through the dial as the player manipulates it to maneuver their vehicle through the course.

The Jogcon would later be sold separately.

Compatibility
The Jogcon is fully compatible with games such as Ridge Racer Type 4, V-Rally 2, Pac-Man World, the Playstation version of Breakout, and the PlayStation 2 game Ridge Racer V. In other games, it can be used as a regular PlayStation controller by turning off the Jogcon mode using the mode switch above the PlayStation logo. 

The Jogcon also has a relatively unknown neGcon compatibility mode; by holding the mode button as the PlayStation is turned on, the Jogcon wheel emulates the NeGcon's twist functionality. However, as force feedback isn't supported in this mode, the wheel will not self-center. On top of this, the default button mapping for a NeGcon usually means the X and Square buttons are used as acceleration and brake, whereas in Ridge Racer Type 4 and V-Rally 2, these controls are moved to the shoulder buttons to allow for both thumbs to control the wheel. As such, the neGcon compatibility mode expands the list of games the Jogcon can be used in significantly, but the experience is considerably more awkward than when it is used in Jogcon-compatible games.

See also
GunCon
NeGcon

Notes

References

External links

PlayStation (console) accessories
Products introduced in 1998
Game controllers
Namco
Henri Tresca. Henri Édouard Tresca (12 October 1814 – 21 June 1885) was a French mechanical engineer, and a professor at the Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers in Paris.

Work on plasticity 
He is the father of the field of plasticity, or non-recoverable deformations, which he explored in an extensive series of experiments begun in 1864. 
He stated one of the first criterion of material failure, that now bears his name. The criterion specifies that a material would flow plastically if

Tresca's criterion is one of two main failure criteria used today for ductile materials. The second important criterion is due to Richard von Mises. See comparison on the image left:

Design of the International Prototype Metre 

Tresca was also among the designers of the prototype metre bar that served as the first standard of length for the metric system. After the Convention of the Metre had been signed in 1875, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) in Sèvres, France made 28 prototype line standards of platinum-iridium. The bars had a cross section shaped like a modified letter X, designed by Tresca, called the "Tresca section". The Tresca section was designed to provide maximum stiffness.  In addition, one surface of the central rib that joined the arms was designed to coincide with the bar's neutral plane, the mathematical plane inside the bar that didn't change length when the bar bent.  The two marks near each end of the bar which defined the meter were ruled on this surface.  Thus, to first order, the distance between the marks wouldn't change due to the slight sagging of the bar under its own weight between support points.  One of the bars was selected as the International Metre. The United States received National Prototype Metres No. 27 and No. 21 in 1890. When the Mendenhall Order in 1893 declared the meter to be the fundamental length standard, No. 27 became the US primary national standard for all length measurements. It remained so until 1960.

Recognition 
Tresca was made an honorary member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 1882.

Tresca's stature as an engineer was such that Gustave Eiffel put his name on number 3 in his list of 72 people making the Eiffel tower in Paris possible.

See also
 Yield surface
 von Mises stress
 Mohr-Coulomb theory
 Adiabatic shear band
 Yield (engineering)
 Stress
 Strain
 3-D elasticity
 Viscoplasticity

References

External links 
 Henri Tresca in Technische Mechanik für Ingenieure
 [Henri] Tresca, Appendix C: Note on the form which it is advisable to adopt for the metres to be constructed by the International Commission, pp 77-93, in Second Report of the Commissioner of Inland Revenue of the Inspection of Weights, Measures and Gas, in Sessional Papers, Volume 2, Second Session of the Third Parliament of the Dominion of Canada, Session 1875, Volume VIII (English translation of Tresca's French paper on Tresca section)

1814 births
1885 deaths
People from Dunkirk
French engineers
French materials scientists
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Masonry dam. Masonry dams are dams made out of masonrymainly stone and brick, sometimes joined with mortar. They are either the gravity or the arch-gravity type. The largest masonry dam in the World is Nagarjuna Sagar Dam, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, in India.

Visual examples

See also
Arch-gravity dam
Causeway
Dam
Gravity dam
Retaining wall
Wicket dam

References

 01
Dams by type
Masonry buildings and structures
Brick buildings and structures
Stone buildings
Crocodile (train protection system). A crocodile is a component of train protection systems used in France and Belgium. It works similarly to the Automatic Warning System (AWS) used in the United Kingdom.

The crocodile can provide two different pieces of information to the driver, according to the aspect of the corresponding signal:
 The  (which literally means "repetition of closed signal"), corresponding to a caution  or danger signal, applies a +20 V voltage to the crocodile, causing a warning horn to beep in the driver's cab. Then, unless the driver pushes the acknowledgement button within five seconds, the emergency brakes are applied automatically.
 The  (which literally means "repetition of opened signal"), corresponding to a proceed signal, applies a −20 V voltage to the crocodile, causing a bell to ring in the driver's cab for old machines.

Communication between the ground-based signalling system and the in-cab equipment is made by the crocodile, an electrical contact placed between the rails and a metallic brush mounted beneath the locomotive cab. It is distinctively French, originating on the  around 1872, spreading throughout France and penetrating into Belgium and Luxembourg after 1900. It was intended principally to provide evidence of the alertness of the driver, not to act to control a train automatically.

The crocodile is an invention of the engineers Lartigue and Forest. Originally it was placed 100–200 metres in front of a distant signal, usually a red disc of "deferred stop".  When recording of cab signals was introduced, the device was moved closer to the signal, most often directly opposite it, to reduce the chance of a change of the signal between the time the locomotive passed over the crocodile and when the locomotive actually passed the signal. If a signal changed suddenly to a caution or danger aspect in the face of the driver, it would appear that they had not noticed it and had been surprised, when that was not the case.

References 

Train protection systems
Fastech 360. Fastech 360 is the name given to a pair of former experimental high-speed EMU trainsets developed by East Japan Railway Company (JR East) to test technology for the next-generation Shinkansen rolling stock. The name is a portmanteau of Fast, Technology, and 360 km/h (), the target operational speed for production trains based on the new technologies. Speeds of up to  were targeted during performance testing. Results of testing using these trains was incorporated into the E5 series and E6 series trains, entering revenue service from 2011, eventually operating at .

There were 2 trains:
Class E954 Fastech 360S: 8-car set for use on shinkansen tracks only
Class E955 Fastech 360Z: 6-car set for use on both shinkansen and Mini-shinkansen lines

Fastech 360 trains were equipped with emergency air braking plates like that of an aircraft, similar in appearance to the ears of a cat. This trait earned them a nickname of , which literally means "cat-eared Shinkansen". This technology was not incorporated in the subsequent E5 series or E6 series trains.

Class E954 Fastech 360S

This 8-car set (S9) was delivered on 26 June 2005. Cars 1 to 3 were built by Hitachi, and cars 4 to 8 were built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries. 

Car E954-1 has a stream-line profile, reminiscent of the 500 series, and E954-8 has an arrow-line profile more reminiscent of the JR East E2 series and E4 series designs. 

The train was withdrawn in September 2009 and scrapped.

Formation
 E954-1 (T1c)
 E954-2 (M1) (with pantograph)
 E954-3 (M2) (with toilet)
 E954-4 (M2)
 E954-5 (M1s)
 E954-6 (M2)
 E954-7 (M1) (with pantograph)
 E954-8 (T2c)

Class E955 Fastech 360Z

This 6-car set (S10) was delivered on 6 April 2006. Cars 1 and 4 to 6 were built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries, and cars 2 and 3 were built by Hitachi The train was withdrawn in December 2008 and scrapped.

Formation
 E955-1 (M2c)
 E955-2 (M1s)
 E955-3 (M1) (with pantograph and toilet)
 E955-4 (M1)
 E955-5 (M1) (with pantograph)
 E955-6 (M2c)

References

External links

 Press release from JR East 
  A bullet train... only with ears (BBC News)
 JR East press release: "新幹線高速試験電車 FASTECH 360 まもなくデビュー" 
 新幹線高速試験電車E955形式 （FASTECH360Z）の概要 
 Class E954 "Fastech 360 S" (Japan Railfan Magazine Online) 
 Class E955 "Fastech 360 Z" (Japan Railfan Magazine Online) 

Shinkansen train series
East Japan Railway Company
Train-related introductions in 2005
Experimental and prototype high-speed trains
20 kV AC multiple units
25 kV AC multiple units
Hitachi multiple units
Kawasaki multiple units
Brochantite. Brochantite is a sulfate mineral, one of a number of cupric sulfates. Its chemical formula is Cu4SO4(OH)6. Formed in arid climates or in rapidly oxidizing copper sulfide deposits, it was named by Armand Lévy for his fellow Frenchman, geologist and mineralogist A. J. M. Brochant de Villiers.

Crystals of brochantite can range from emerald green to black-green to blue-green, and can be acicular or prismatic. Brochantite is often associated with minerals such as malachite, azurite, and chrysocolla, and may form pseudomorphs with these minerals.

The mineral is found in a number of locations around the world, notably the southwestern United States (especially Arizona), Serifos in Greece and Chile.

Brochantite is a common corrosion product on bronze sculptures located in urban areas, where atmospheric sulfur dioxide (a common pollutant) is present. Brochantite forms mainly in exposed areas where weathering prevents accumulation copper ions and enhancement in the acidity of water films. In sheltered areas, the main corrosion product is antlerite.

Gallery

References

External links

Copper(II) minerals
Sulfate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Software Arts. Software Arts was a software company founded by Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston in 1979 to develop VisiCalc, which was published by a separate company, Personal Software Inc., later named VisiCorp.

Software Arts also developed TK!Solver, a numeric equation solving system originally developed by Milos Konopasek, and Spotlight, "a desktop organizer for the I.B.M. Personal Computer."

By early 1984 InfoWorld estimated that Software Arts was the world's 13th-largest microcomputer-software company, with $12 million in 1983 sales. It was bought by Lotus in 1985.

References

External links
Software Arts and VisiCalc, by Dan Bricklin

Defunct computer companies based in Massachusetts
Software companies established in 1979
Software companies disestablished in 1985
1979 establishments in Massachusetts
1985 disestablishments in Massachusetts
Defunct software companies of the United States
Cooperative Institute for Climate Applications and Research. The Cooperative Institute for Climate Applications and Research (CICAR) was a major collaborative relationship between the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) and Earth Institute, Columbia University.

The CICAR research themes were:
 Modeling, understanding, prediction, and assessment of climate variability and change
 Development, collection, analysis, and archiving of instrumental and Paleoclimate data
 Development of the application of climate variability and change prediction and assessment to provide information for decision makers and assess risk to water resources, agriculture, health, and policy
CICAR was sunset at the end of a 10-year cooperative agreement on June 30, 2014.

References 

Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research
Research institutes in New York (state)
Meteorological research institutes
Columbia University research institutes
Chemical Society of Peru. Chemical Society of Peru is a non-profit scientific institution devoted to chemistry. It was founded in 1933 and groups to all the professionals related to natural sciences in which chemistry plays an important role, such as chemists, chemical engineers, chemical pharmacists, biologists, biochemists and physicians.

Contributions to scientific research in Peru
In the last sixty years the institution has diversified in many areas of research including Bromatology, Nutrition, Biochemistry, Phytochemistry and Physical chemistry. It also has developed several new programs to improve chemistry learning in public schools and universities; it has organized events to promote investigation and development of chemistry; such as the "5th South American Congress of Chemistry" and served as host of "13th Latin American Congress of Chemistry".

Organization
The Chemical society is directed by a board of trustees (chosen biennially) and whose members, are encouraged to spread and significantly develop scientific research, the majority has PhD or doctorate degree and many of its members have lectured in the prestigious chemistry department at National University of San Marcos.

This institution is supervised by the "Peruvian council of chemistry" (also known as "Peruvian Board of Chemists") and it has the approval of IUPAC and its affiliates.

References

Research institutes in Peru
Chemistry societies
1933 establishments in Peru
Scientific organizations established in 1933