omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Head Gear System. The Head Gear System (HGS) is a future headgear ensemble under development by the U.S. Army. HGS attempts to integrate head protection against ballistics, fragmentation, blast, blunt force, flash heat, and noise into a single lightweight, modular, scalable headgear system. Program Executive Office (PEO) Soldier is working to develop a Soldier-centric Head Gear System (HGS) that provides ballistic and traumatic brain injury protection as well as face, neck, and hearing protection. The HGS also will incorporate integrated sensor inputs along with display hardware and software for increased situational awareness. The system will address technology gaps identified by the Capabilities Development Integration Directorate of the Army's Training and Doctrine Command.

Design 

The headgear system will be based on a modular platform for which protection levels and system enhancements can be added or removed based on mission requirements and/or predetermined threat assessments. HGS will be a lightweight, multifunctional system that protects Soldiers from wounds to the face and neck without degrading range of motion or mobility. Hearing protection will also be included. The system will monitor the degradation of a Soldier's ability to continue operations and will record exposure to blast events. Modular, integrated chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) protection. Optimized sensor packages for use in all natural and man-made conditions, such as obscurants, will be included. The helmet system will be designed to be easily upgradeable.

Development 

The HGS development effort will mature, evaluate, integrate, and demonstrate technologies for improved system performance in the areas of ballistic and impact protection, hearing protection and hearing enhancement, video displays, audio and communications systems, training sensors, and CBRN capabilities, with the overarching goal of improving comfort and combat-effectiveness. The projected completion date for this initiative is FY12.

See also 

Enhanced Combat Helmet
Lightweight Helmet
Advanced Combat Helmet
Soldier Protection Demonstration

References 

Combat helmets of the United States
DexNet. Dex-net is a robotic. It uses a Grasp Quality Convolutional Neural Network to learn how to grasp unusually shaped objects.

History 
Dex-net was developed by University of California, Berkeley professor Ken Goldberg and graduate student Jeff Mahler.

Design 
Dex-net includes a high-resolution 3-D sensor and two arms, each controlled by a different neural network. One arm is equipped with a conventional robot gripper and another with a suction system. The robot’s software scans an object and then asks both neural networks to decide, on the fly, whether to grab or suck a particular object.  It runs on an off-the-shelf industrial machine made by Swiss robotics company ABB.

The software learns by attempting to pick up objects in a virtual environment. Dex-Net can generalize from an object it has seen before to a new one. The robot can "nudge" such virtual objects to examine it if it is unsure how to grasp it. The trial data set was  6.7 million point clouds, grasps and analytic grasp metrics generated from thousands of 3D models. Grasps are defined as a gripper's planar position, angle and depth relative to an RGB-D sensor.

Mean picks per hour 
A metric called mean picks per hour (MPPH) is calculated by multiplying the average time per pick and the average probability of success for a specific set of objects. The new metric allows labs working on picking robots to compare their results.

Humans are capable of between 400 and 600 MPPH. In a contest organized by Amazon recently, the best robots were capable of between 70 and 95. Dex-net has achieved 200 to 300.

References 

Artificial neural networks
Robotics
Pervenets-class ironclad. The Pervenets-class ironclads were a group of three armored frigates built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the 1860s. The first ship was built in England because the Russian Empire lacked the ability to build its own ironclads, but the other two were built in Russia. All three ships differed from one another as the design evolved over time. None of the ships ever saw combat and only  had an eventful career, sinking a wooden frigate in an collision in 1869 and sinking herself in 1885. She was refloated and returned to service. They were assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and never left Russian waters. They served with the Gunnery Training Detachment for the bulk of their careers before being reduced to reserve in 1904. They were sold four years later and  and  were converted into coal barges. Pervenets survived World War II and was scrapped in the early 1960s, Ne Tron Menia was sunk during the war and scrapped around 1950, while Kremls fate after her sale is unknown

Background
The ironclad was developed as a result of the vulnerability of wooden warships to explosive or incendiary shells as demonstrated by the Russian destruction of a Turkish squadron at the Battle of Sinope. The first ironclad battleship, , was launched by the French Navy in November 1859. It was followed by the British . Russia was among the first countries to follow.

Design
The Naval Ministry initially ordered two ships. The first ship in the class,  (Firstborn), was built in England and the second identical ship,  (Don't touch me) in Saint Petersburg. A few months later the decision was made to build a third ship,  (Kremlin), at the Neva shipyards in Saint Petersburg.

The ships were smaller and slower than the contemporary British HMS Warrior and French La Gloire, and were in fact designated "Armored Battery", rather "Armored Frigate", such as the later . They had the same  armour as Warrior. Kreml had a few modifications such as a teak layer under the armor and design-planned later upgrade to the  guns.

Ships

Service history
All three ships served in the Baltic Fleet. They never saw any combat action, and gradually transferred from combat ships to training and coastal defence ships. The last ship in the class, Kreml suffered several serious accidents, accidentally scuttling the frigate Orel in 1869. Kreml itself sank due to a storm on 29 May 1885, although she was recovered five days later and returned to service. The last ship of the class, she was scrapped in October 1905.

See also
 List of ironclads of Russia

Notes

Footnotes

References

 
 

Naval ships of Russia
Ironclad warships of the Imperial Russian Navy
WYSIWIS. In computer science, and more specifically in groupware engineering, the acronym WYSIWIS stands for "What You See Is What I See" and refers to a paradigm in the design of multiuser interfaces where multiple users, interacting with a multiuser software system, share the same visual perception of the work area (e.g., of the document they are collaboratively editing). While some pioneering groupware systems (e.g., window sharing systems) where characterized by strict WYSIWIS, the WYSIWIS model is most often relaxed in several respects.

Notes 

Groupware
Stockmayer potential. The Stockmayer potential is a mathematical model for representing the interactions between pairs of atoms or molecules. It is defined as a Lennard-Jones potential with a point electric dipole moment.

A Stockmayer liquid consists of a collection of spheres with point dipoles embedded at the centre of each. These spheres
interact both by Lennard-Jones and dipolar interactions. In the absence of the point dipoles, the spheres face no rotational
friction and the translational dynamics of such LJ spheres have been studied in detail. This system, therefore, provides
a simple model where the only source of rotational friction is dipolar interactions.

The interaction potential may be written as

where the parameters  and  are related to dispersion strength and particle size respectively, just as in the Mie potential or Lennard-Jones potential, which is the source of the first term,  is the dipole moment of species , and  is a parameter describing the relative orientation of the two dipoles, which may vary between -2 and 2.

References

M. E. Van Leeuwe "Deviation from corresponding-states behaviour for polar fluids", Molecular Physics 82 pp. 383-392 (1994)
 Reinhard Hentschke, Jörg Bartke, and Florian Pesth "Equilibrium polymerization and gas-liquid critical behavior in the Stockmayer fluid", Physical Review E 75 011506 (2007)

Quantum mechanical potentials
Theoretical chemistry
Molecular physics
Mirage Celerity. The Mirage Celerity is an American two-seat cabin monoplane designed by Larry Burton and with plans for home building sold by Mirage Aircraft of Tucson AZ, United States.

Design and development
The Celerity is a side-by-side two-seat low-wing cabin monoplane built from a mixture of composites and wood. Nominally powered by a  Lycoming O-320-B1A piston engine and with a retractable conventional landing gear.

Operational history
In September 2014 three examples were registered in the United States with the Federal Aviation Administration, although a total of four had been registered at one time.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

Celerity
1980s United States civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1985
Brin process. Brin process is a now-obsolete industrial scale production process for oxygen. In this process barium oxide reacts at 500–600 °C with air to form barium peroxide which decomposes at above 800 °C by releasing oxygen.

2 BaO + O2 ⇌ 2  BaO2 

The reaction was discovered by  Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis-Jacques Thenard in 1811 and Jean-Baptiste Boussingault tried to use this reaction to establish a process to produce oxygen in 1852. The process worked only for a few cycles and then became inefficient. Two students of Boussingault, Quentin and Arthur Leon Brin, discovered that traces of carbon dioxide formed barium carbonate. Removing the carbon dioxide with sodium hydroxide solved this problem. In 1884 they opened a factory producing oxygen by their improved process. In the commercial process, oxygen capture and release was controlled by pressure rather than temperature, with oxygen being captured at high pressure and released at low pressure.  This allowed a faster change between the capture and release phases, which would last one to two hours.

The company was first named Brins Oxygen Company after the two brothers. In 1906 it was renamed as the British Oxygen Company.

One major application of the oxygen was the use for limelight. Before the end of the 19th century  electrolysis of water and fractional distillation of liquefied air became economically cheaper methods to produce oxygen and the process slowly faded out.

References

Chemical processes
Oxygen
Industrial gases
Wolf W-11 Boredom Fighter. The Wolf W-11 Boredom Fighter is an American single-seat biplane designed by Donald Wolf of Huntington, New York.  The aircraft is supplied as plans for amateur construction.

Design and development
The Boredom Fighter is a single-seat biplane designed to resemble a First World War SPAD S.XIII and completed aircraft are often painted in markings from that war.

The aircraft is constructed of wood, has fixed conventional landing gear with a tailskid, and the recommended powerplant is the  Continental A65 piston engine.

Specifications

References

Notes

Bibliography

External links

1970s United States civil utility aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1979
Gezel. Gezel is a hardware description language, allowing the implementation of a Finite-State Machine + Datapath (FSMD) model. The tools included in Gezel allows for simulation, cosimulation as well as compiling into VHDL code. It is possible to extend Gezel through library-blocks written in C++.

A Hello World Program
dp helloWorld(){
   always {
      $display("Hello World");
   }
}

system S {
   helloWorld;
}

References

Hardware description languages
Feng Ru. Feng Ru (; 1883–1912), also known as Fung Joe Guey (), was a pioneering Chinese aviator and aircraft designer.

Life and career
Born in Enping, Guangdong, Feng moved to the United States at the age of twelve, living and working in various parts of California before trying to settle in San Francisco in 1906, the year that the San Francisco earthquake struck. The earthquake spoiled his plan and sent him fleeing to Oakland. Fung was fascinated by the Wright Brothers' plane and because he was always interested in machinery, one of the first things he did after arriving in Oakland was to organize an airplane manufacturing company, only a few years after the Wright Brothers' Kitty Hawk flight (1903).

Within two years of founding the company in 1908, Fung constructed his first airplane, a sesquiplane with an upper span of  and lower of , powered by  a  engine of Fung's own construction.

On September 22, 1909 (several newspapers report the date as Tuesday, September 21, 1909) Fung was the first Chinese man known to fly in America (and first aviator of any nationality to fly in California and the West Coast of the United States). He had constructed his own biplane, improving on the Wrights' blueprints. Fung flew in a wide circle, despite the harsh winds; after twenty minutes, however, the bolt holding the propeller to the shaft snapped off, and he was brought to a stop, suffering only minor bruising. The flight was reported in several papers, including The San Francisco Call and the Oakland Tribune.

Return to China, and fatal crash
Feng returned to China on March 21, 1911, upon the request of Chinese revolutionary Sun Yat-sen, who wanted to use Feng's planes to aid the rebellion against the Qing dynasty. He was accompanied by six Oakland residents and another biplane of his own design. However, on August 26, 1912, he was killed when his plane crashed during an aerial exhibition in front of 1,000 spectators at the , Guangzhou which was permanently shut down after the tragedy. Sun Yat-sen insisted that he be buried at the Mausoleum of the 72 Huanghuagang Martyrs, and that his tomb be inscribed with the words "Pioneer of Chinese Aviation".

Legacy
On 21 September 2009, a bronze bust of Fung, the "Father of Chinese Aviation", was unveiled in a ceremony at Laney College in Oakland.
One of Fung's workshops, where he designed and built parts of his biplane, was on a site that is now part of the Laney campus, near the heart of commercial Chinatown. The event was organized by Steve Lavoie of the Oakland Public Library and Lieutenant-Colonel Roger Glenn of Amelia Earhart Senior Squadron 188, Civil Air Patrol.

The book Dragonwings is partially inspired by Fung Joe Guey.

See also
Zee Yee Lee
Senyet Young
Zhu Binhou
Kwon Ki-ok
Aircraft of China both civil and military use from 1937 and before

References

Further reading

1880s births
1912 deaths
20th-century Chinese people
Aviation pioneers
Aviators killed in aviation accidents or incidents in China
Chinese aircraft designers
Chinese aviators
Chinese expatriates in the United States
People from Enping
Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 1912
Stewart Aircraft Corporation. Stewart Aircraft Corporation is an American aircraft manufacturer specializing in aircraft kits and plans. Don Stewart, a former airline pilot, designed several aircraft that are sold by the company. The company's first product, the Headwind, was one of the earliest examples of a homebuilt aircraft designed to use an air-cooled Volkswagen automotive engine with a patented gear reduction unit for the propeller.

Closure of business 
The Stewart Headwind Corporation website is down. The flywithstewart website states: "As of Dec. 2021 Don is no longer selling plans."
As of Oct 2024, plans are in work to offer sets of drawings again. Pricing will be available shortly

Aircraft

References

Aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Michigan
Manufacturing companies established in 1961
1961 establishments in Michigan
Hydraulic macroeconomics. Hydraulic macroeconomics is an informal characterization of certain types of macroeconomic study assuming aggregate social wealth (demand or supply) as somewhat smooth, constant and homogeneous. The term was first introduced as hydraulic Keynesianism by Alan Coddington in classification of theoretical research methodologies in Keynesian economics.

Hydraulics is the science and engineering of the mechanical properties of liquids. Macroeconomics is the study of the performance and structure of an entire economy.  Hydraulic macroeconomics is, essentially, a study of the economy that treats money as a form of liquid that circulates through the economic plumbing.

William Phillips, an economist and creator of the Phillips curve, invented the MONIAC, a hydraulic computer which simulated the British economy. This is the inspiration for the term. Even earlier, in 1891, Irving Fisher built a hydraulic machine for calculating equilibrium prices.

Initially, the phrase, "hydraulic macroeconomics", was associated with Keynesian economic models that did not display household or firm optimization.

References

Business cycle
Keynesian_economics
Synex International. Synex International Inc. () is a Vancouver, Canada, based company that has traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange since 1987. It is made up of two wholly owned subsidiary companies: Synex Energy Resources Ltd. (the Energy Division) and Sigma Engineering Ltd. (the Engineering Division).

Operational projects
Mears creek (4MW, 20GWh/yr)
BC Hydro awarded this project a 20-year Power Purchase Agreement in 2001. Construction began in June 2003 and the project was commissioned in January 2004. In its 2004 Annual Report, Synex listed the project’s capital cost as $6.6m.

Cypress creek (3MW)
BC Hydro originally awarded this project a Power Purchase Agreement in 2003. However, it did not become operational until July 2009, when it became the first project to take advantage of BC Hydro’s Standing Offer Program. Additionally, revenues are supplemented by the Government of Canada's $10/MWh ecoENERGY subsidy.

Barr creek hydro (4MW, 15GWh/yr)

This project was awarded a Power Purchase Agreement in BC Hydro's 2006 Open Call for Power and later qualified for the $10/MWh ecoENERGY grant. Construction began on the access roads to the project site in May 2010 and the project is expected to be operational in November 2011. In October 2010, Synex announced that it owns 90% of Barr Creek LP and the remaining 10% is owned by the Ehattshat First Nation, which has the option to purchase an additional 10% from Synex before Jan 2011.

Development projects
McKelvie creek hydro (3.4MW, 14GWh/yr)

Originally, the McKelvie Creek project was awarded a PPA in the 2006 Open Call for Power. Development was stalled in July 2007, as due higher than anticipated costs required for interconnection with the grid pushed capital costs up from $10m to $15m.  Synex later revealed that it was expecting to receive a new PPA for this project via BC Hydro’s Standing Offer Program. However, BC Hydro has barred projects that received PPAs in the 2006 and 2008 Call processes from participating in the Standing Offer Program.

Victoria lake hydro (9.5MW, 39GWh/yr)

This was one of three PPAs awarded to Synex in the 2006 Open Call for Power (the firm bid four projects in total). Located near Port Alice, this project has an estimated capital cost of $18m. In its Q3 2009 report, Synex stated that regulatory work was progressing on this project. However, the firm has not mentioned any further developments since that time.

See also
 List of companies of Canada
 Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (S)
 Synex Systems Corporation

References and footnotes

Companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange
Electric power companies of Canada
Reverse electron flow. Reverse electron flow (also known as reverse electron transport) is a mechanism in microbial metabolism.  Chemolithotrophs using an electron donor with a higher redox potential than NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H, such as nitrite or sulfur compounds, must use energy to reduce NAD(P)+.  This energy is supplied by consuming proton motive force to drive electrons in a reverse direction through an electron transport chain and is thus the reverse process as forward electron transport.  In some cases, the energy consumed in reverse electron transport is five times greater than energy gained from the forward process.  Autotrophs can use this process to supply reducing power for inorganic carbon fixation.

Reverse electron transfer (RET) is the process that can occur in respiring mitochondria, when a small fraction of electrons from reduced ubiquinol is driven upstream by the membrane potential towards mitochondrial complex I. This results in reduction of oxidized pyridine nucleotide (NAD+ or NADP+). This is a reversal of the exergonic reaction of forward electron transfer in the mitochondrial complex I when electrons travel from NADH to ubiquinone.

Mechanism
The term "Reverse electron transfer" is used in regard to the reversibility of the reaction performed by complex I of the mitochondrial or bacterial respiratory chain. Complex I  is responsible for the oxidation of NADH generated in catabolism when in the forward reaction electrons from the nucleotide (NADH) are transferred to membrane ubiquinone and energy is saved in the form of proton-motive force.  The reversibility of the electron transfer reactions at complex I  was first discovered when Chance and Hollunger have shown that the addition of succinate to mitochondria in State 4 leads to an uncoupler-sensitive reduction of the intramitochondrial nucleotides (NAD(P)+). When succinate is oxidized by intact mitochondria, complex I can catalyze reverse electron transfer when electrons from ubiquinol (QH2, formed during oxidation of succinate) is driven by the proton-motive force to complex I flavin toward the nucleotide-binding site.

Since the discovery of the reverse electron transfer in the 1960s it was regarded as in vitro phenomenon, until the role of RET in the development of ischemia/reperfusion injury has been recognized in the brain and heart. During ischemia substantial amount of succinate is generated in cerebral or cardiac tissue and upon reperfusion it can be oxidized by mitochondria initiating reverse electron transfer reaction. Reverse electron transfer supports the highest rate of mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production, and complex I flavin mononucleotide  (FMN) has been identified as the site where one-electron reduction of oxygen takes place.

References 

Metabolism