omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
International Society for Micropiles. The International Society for Micropiles (ISM) is a consortium of international  representatives involved in the research and development, design, and construction of micropiles. In 1994, a core group of ISM members formed what was then IWM, the International Workshop on Micropiles. The intention of the group was to form an international peer review team for the FHWA State of Practice Study on Micropiles (1993-1997), which focused on "classic" micropiles, namely drilled and grouted elements of high capacity. The study was undertaken as a contribution to the ongoing French national research project "FOREVER". This international team of practitioners and academicians have since gathered over the years on several occasions to ensure that the study has reflected current standards and practices worldwide. The synergy of this group of individuals, allied with major demands for technology transfer to "newer" markets mainly from Japan and Scandinavia, led to the organization of an IWM in Seattle, WA in September 1997.

This first IWM has since led to eight additional workshops which have been held since this initial meeting: Ube, Japan (1999); Turku, Finland (2000); Lille, France (2001); Venice, Italy (2002); Seattle, WA (2003); Tokyo, Japan (2004);  Schrobenhausen, Germany (2006); and Toronto, Canada (2007). Next workshop is scheduled for the second quarter of 2009 and will be held in London, UK.

Countries sponsoring delegates and providing major contributions to the IWM throughout the years include the United States, France, Japan, Germany, Finland (and other Scandinavian countries), Italy, Belgium, Canada, and the United Kingdom.

The late Dr. Fernando Lizzi of Naples, Italy, who developed the concept of pali radice (root piles), is regarded fondly as the visionary leader of ISM. He obtained the first micropile patents in 1952, and has used micropiles in the restoration of many important and historic monuments internationally. As the "father of micropiles", his creative vision has allowed the technology to blossom worldwide and has sewn the "roots" for its future and that of ISM.

External links
International Society for Micropiles
International Micropile Society Meets in Germany
FOREVER The French national project on micropiles

Geotechnical organizations
Service Evaluation System. The Service Evaluation System (SES) was an operations support system developed by Bell Laboratories and used by telephone companies beginning in the late 1960s. Many local, long distance, and operator circuit-switching systems provided special dedicated circuits to the SES to monitor the quality of customer connections during the call setup process.  Calls were selected at random by switching systems and one-way voice connections were established to the SES monitoring center.

During this era, most voice connections used analog trunk circuits that were designed to conform with the Via Net Loss plan established by Bell Laboratories.  The purpose of the VNL plan and five-level long distance switching hierarchy was to minimize the number of trunk circuits in a call and maximize the voice quality of the connections.  Excessive loss in a voice connection meant that subscribers may have difficulty hearing each other.  This was particularly important in the 1960s when dial up data connections were developed with the use of analog modems.  The SES evaluated multi-frequency outpulsing signaling as well as voice impairments including sound amplitude, noise, echo, and a variety of other parameters.  Deployment of common-channel signaling systems such as Common Channel Interoffice Signaling and later Signaling System #7 obviated the need to monitor multi-frequency signaling as it became obsolete.

The Service Evaluation System was described in Notes on the Network published by AT&T in 1970, 1975, 1980 and later versions published by Bell Communications Research (now Telcordia Technologies) in 1983, 1986, 1990, 1994, and 2000.

References 

Telecommunications standards
Telecommunications systems
TEP80. The TEP80 (ТЭП80) is a Soviet diesel locomotive produced in 1988–1989. Only two locomotives were built.

History and design
The principal designer was V. Khlebnikov; the locomotive utilised an 8-axle articulated design within a single locomotive body, two sets of main bogies each of four axles articulated in a Bo-Bo arrangement.

It is claimed that Unit TEP80-0002 holds the world speed record for a diesel railed vehicle having reached  on 5 October 1993. This record has not been verified by any independent witness. In 2007, the machine was transferred from the Russian Railway research institute (VNIIZhT) to the October railway museum (Музей Октябрьской железной дороги) in Saint Petersburg.

See also
 History of rail transport in Russia

References

Railway locomotives introduced in 1988
Diesel locomotives of Russia
Diesel locomotives of the Soviet Union
5 ft gauge locomotives
High-speed trains of Russia
Land speed record rail vehicles
Turbodrill. A turbodrill is a tool used mostly by petrochemical companies to dig wells for crude oil and natural gas reserves.

History of turbodrilling 
Among the technical breakthroughs in the world oil industry in the 1920s, a special place is held by the invention in 1922 of the reduction-geared, single-stage downhole turbodrill motor by the Russian engineer Matvei Kapelyushnikov, which opened the way for the subsequent mass introduction of turbodrilling in the industry.
In 1924 the first US Patent was issued to a company called Scharpenberg for the first multi-staged turbodrill.
In 1982 the first steerable turbodrill was developed by a company called Neyrfor. This was steerable because it had a stabilizer that was offset from the rest, pulling the tool to one particular side. Using the law of inertia, one could alter the direction of the hole being drilled by changing the direction of the offset.
In 1992 the first steerable turbodrill using a bent housing was created by Neyrfor. The advantage to using the bent housing method of steering instead of an offset stabilizer, is that it provided a straighter hole with less of a corkscrew effect, which in turn made drilling more efficient, faster, and more accurate.
Continuing traditions of Russian engineer Matvey Kapelyushnikov the company JSC "NGT" constantly improves designs of turbodrills.

How a turbodrill works 
Turbodrills use the mechanical energy of the drill itself, and the hydraulic energy provided by the oil rig’s mud pumps to deliver power to the drill bit. The drill bit on a turbodrill spins much faster than on a conventional motor drill. The result is that, though there is less torque, this is compensated for by the increased speed, which makes straighter holes, and can drill faster and easier through tougher ground materials. The process is very similar to a dental drill used by a dentist. These tools are able to dig faster, operate in a much higher temperature environment, deliver longer downhole life, and produce a better and straighter hole quality than a conventional mud motor. In many applications turbodrills can offer their customers significant cost savings over standard drilling systems by saving them time spent drilling the hole since they typically pay drillers by the hour.

References

External links
 Neyrfor, A Schlumberger Company
 NGT, Russia

Drilling technology
Soviet inventions
Russian inventions
Model-specific register. A model-specific register (MSR) is any of various control registers in the x86 system architecture used for debugging, program execution tracing, computer performance monitoring, and toggling certain CPU features.

History
With the introduction of the 80386 processor, Intel began introducing "experimental" features that would not necessarily be present in future versions of the processor. The first of these were two "test registers" (TR6 and TR7) that enabled testing of the processor's translation lookaside buffer (TLB); a special variant of the  instruction allowed moving to and from the test registers. Three additional test registers followed in the 80486 (TR3–TR5) that enabled testing of the processor's caches for code and data. None of these five registers were implemented in the subsequent Pentium processor; the special variant of  generated an invalid opcode exception.

With the introduction of the Pentium processor, Intel provided a pair of instructions ( and ) to access current and future "model-specific registers", as well as the  instruction to determine which features are present on a particular model. Many of these registers have proven useful enough to be retained. Intel has classified these as architectural model-specific registers and has committed to their inclusion in future product lines.

On modern x86-based systems, the (UEFI) BIOS firmware will initializes CPUID registers and model-specific registers on each system startup.

Using MSRs
Reading and writing to these registers is handled by the rdmsr and wrmsr instructions, respectively. As these are privileged instructions, they can be executed only by the operating system. Use of the Linux msr kernel module creates a pseudo file "/dev/cpu/x/msr" (with a unique x for each processor or processor core). A user with permissions to read and/or write to this file can use the file I/O API to access these registers. The msr-tools package provides a reference implementation.

Documentation regarding which MSRs a certain processor implementation supports is usually found in the processor documentation of the CPU vendor. Examples for rather well-known MSRs are the memory type range registers (MTRRs) and the address-range registers (ARRs).

See also
LOADALL

References

External links
https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/articles/technical/software-security-guidance/best-practices/reading-writing-msrs-in-linux.html

 The Intel Model-Specific Registers (MSRs) are described in-depth in the Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer’s Manual, Volume 4; the link to the Intel reference manuals (PDFs) download page (which includes Vol 4):
https://cdrdv2.intel.com/v1/dl/getContent/671200

Digital registers
Instruction processing
X86 architecture
X86 instructions
Taslanizing. Taslanizing or taslanising is a process for making air-textured yarns.  Taslan is an expired registered trademark of DuPont for this process, first registered on October 19, 1954. In German the word is Luftex. The process is simply feeding a bundle of continuous filament yarns into a small jet nozzle with various amounts of slack (overfeed). High-pressure air ( > 100 PSI ) creates suction and a turbulent airstream which tangles any slack into a yarn with a similar hand as a spun yarn. It is the turbulent airflow that tangles the fibers. This method of yarn production creates a yarn that is normally more even than spun yarn and does not pill like spun yarn.

Taslan is also a name for yarn made using this process.

References 

Fibers
Yarn
Durium. Durium is a highly durable synthetic resin developed in 1929.  It was used in phonograph records, as well as in the casting process for metallic type and in the aeronautics industry.

Origin
It is a resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, the result of research by Hal T. Beans, professor of chemistry at Columbia University.

Properties
The resin is flexible, tasteless, odorless, fire and waterproof.  It is highly resistant to heat and was heated to  in production of records.  It is fast-setting, reducing the production cost of items made from it.

Applications
Being resistant to fire and water, the resin was used as a substitute for varnish on aeronautical parts.

It was commercialized by Durium Products Company (renamed Durium Products, Inc., from 1931) as the medium for Hit of the Week records, from 1930 to 1932.  The resin was bonded to a cardboard substrate and, being much lighter than its competitor shellac, was sold at newsstands for only 15 cents per disc.

References

Synthetic resins
Breezeway. A breezeway is an architectural feature similar to a hallway that allows the passage of a breeze between structures to accommodate high winds, allow aeration, or provide aesthetic design variation. 

Often, a breezeway is a simple roof connecting two structures (such as a house and a garage); sometimes, it can be much more like a tunnel with windows on either side. It may also refer to a hallway between two wings of a larger building – such as between a house and a garage – that lacks heating and cooling but allows sheltered passage. Breezeways have been used to house restaurants as well.

One of the earliest breezeway designs to be architecturally designed and published was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1900 for the B. Harley Bradley House in Kankakee, Illinois.  However, breezeway features had come into use in vernacular architecture long before this, as for example with the dogtrot breezeway that originally connected the two elements of a double log cabin on the North American frontier.

A side-deck is the upper deck outboard of any structure such as a coachroof or doghouse, also called a breezeway.

See also
Carport
Pergola
Skyway
Transom (architecture)

References

External links

Residential breezeway image

Rooms
Quarries of the Mendip Hills. The Mendip Hills, (Mendips) in northern Somerset, are the most southerly Carboniferous Limestone uplands in Britain.

The Mendips comprise three major anticlinal structures, each with a core of older Devonian sandstone and Silurian volcanic rocks. The latter, after crushing, is use in road construction and concrete. Devonian Sandstone is visible around Black Down and Downhead. Carboniferous Limestone, dominates the hills and surround the older rock formations. An outcrop of basalt is also quarried at Moon's Hill.

For centuries the stone of the Mendips, and the Cotswolds to the north, have been used to build the cities of Bristol and Bath, and many Somerset towns. As stone transportation is expensive, the Mendips, and Leicestershire, are important as the nearest sources of hard stone for London and the South East.

The Mendip quarries produce twelve million tonnes of stone a year, employ two thousand people, and have an annual turnover of £150m. Five million tonnes of stone per year is transported by Mendip Rail.

Active quarries

Disused quarries 

 Barnclose Quarry
 Brambleditch Quarry
 Cliff Quarry, Compton Martin
 Cloford Quarry — geological Site of Special Scientific Interest
 Cloud Quarry
 Cook's Wood Quarry — geological Site of Special Scientific Interest
 Draycott Quarry
 Emborough Quarries — geological Site of Special Scientific Interest
 Fairy Cave Quarry
 Hobbs Quarry — geological Site of Special Scientific Interest
 Holwell Quarries — geological Site of Special Scientific Interest
 Shipham Quarry
 Underwood Quarry (near Wells)
 Viaduct Quarry — geological Site of Special Scientific Interest
 Waterlip Quarry
 Westbury Quarry
 Windsor Hill Quarry — geological Site of Special Scientific Interest

References
Internet Routing Registry. An Internet Routing Registry (IRR) is a database of Internet route objects for determining, and sharing route and related information used for configuring routers, with a view to avoiding problematic issues between Internet service providers.

The Internet routing registry works by providing an interlinked hierarchy of objects designed to facilitate the organization of IP routing between organizations, and also to provide data in an appropriate format for automatic programming of routers. Network engineers from participating organizations are authorized to modify the Routing Policy Specification Language (RPSL) objects, in the registry, for their own networks. Then, any network engineer, or member of the public, is able to query the route registry for particular information of interest.

Relevant objects
 AUT-NUM
 INETNUM6
 ROUTE
 INETNUM
 ROUTE6
 AS-SET

Status of implementation
In some RIR regions, the adoption/updates of for e.g. AUT-NUM (Represents for e.g. Autonomous system (Internet)) is only done when the record is created by the RIR, and as long nobody complains about issues, the records remain unreliable/original-state. Most global ASNs provide valid information about their resources in their e.g. AS-SET objects. Peering networks are highly automated, and it would be very harmful for the ASNs.

See also 
 Resource Public Key Infrastructure
 Autonomous system (Internet)

References

 Representation of IP Routing Policies in a Routing Registry (ripe-81++)
 Internet Routing Registry Tutorial

External links
 RFC 2622, Routing Policy Specification Language
 RFC 2650, Using RPSL in Practice
 IRR LIST, A list of routing registries with links to databases and general information
 IRR accuracy, BGPmon.net - How accurate are the Internet Route Registries (IRR)

Internet architecture
Routing
Carpenter pencil. A carpenter pencil (carpentry pencil, carpenter's pencil) is a pencil that has a body with a rectangular or elliptical cross-section to allow it to be used as a quick reference to 1/4 and 1/2 inch measurements (15mm and 7.5mm in metric versions). The shape also helps prevent it from rolling away as a secondary function. Carpenter pencils are easier to grip than standard pencils, because they have a larger surface area. The non-round core allows thick or thin lines to be made by holding the pencil slightly rotated, particularly useful in carpentry where thin lines are required for high precision markings and are easy to erase, but thick markings are needed to mark on rough surfaces. The pencil is robust and strong to endure heavy duty environments like a tool box, construction site, or carpentry shop.  The core is typically stronger than in other pencils. As such, carpenter pencils are often used by builders because they can mark on surfaces like concrete or stone. The shape and lead density aid in marking legible lines with a straight edge that are clear and easy to follow with a saw blade. Carpenter pencils are typically manually sharpened with a knife, although special sharpeners can be used. 

The earliest versions of the flat pencil were made in around 1560 by hollowing out sticks of juniper wood, then pushing the graphite through the channel. By the 1660 the technique had been refined: two wooden halves were carved with a groove running down them, a plumbago stick placed in one of the grooves, and the two halves then glued together—essentially the same method in use to this day.  

Carpenter pencils are sometimes used for their artistic practicality, as they allow artists to draw either a thick or a thin line easily with the same tool. Additionally, the width of the pencil makes it possible to notch the graphite core enabling the user to draw two parallel lines at once, a technique used by artists and calligraphers.

References

External links
 Carpenter's Pencil, by Doug Martin

Pencils
Woodworking hand tools
Woodworking
Carpentry
Lambert (automobile). The Lambert Automobile Company was a United States automobile manufacturing company which produced the Lambert automobile from 1905 to 1916.  The company was founded by automotive pioneer John William Lambert and was based in Anderson, Indiana. 

In 1891, John Lambert successfully tested and drove a three-wheeled, surrey topped, gasoline powered runabout of his own design. Despite the success of the car, the vehicle was a marketing failure. Priced at $550, not a single party was interested. Undaunted, Lambert turned his attention to the manufacture of stationary gasoline engines. He selected Anderson, Indiana as the site for his Buckeye Manufacturing Company. During this time he developed the friction transmission that would be a feature on all of his cars. He made an unsuccessful attempt to buy out a model call the Buckeye in 1895. Lambert's first automobile marketing success was a model called the Union which was released in 1902. In 1906, he produced the first Lambert. With this line Lambert established himself as one of the more successful automobile manufacturers of the era. In addition to cars, Lambert produced auto fire engines, trucks, gasoline engines and Steel-hoof farm tractors. The Buckeye Manufacturing Company produced the Lambert automobile through 1917, with the maximum production from 1907-1910, when the firm produced an average of 2,000 cars a year.

See also
 Buckeye gasoline buggy
 Buckeye Manufacturing Company
 John William Lambert
 Lambert Automobile Company
 Union Automobile Company
 Union (automobile)

Sources

Further reading

 Bailey, L. Scott, Historic Discovery: 1891 Lambert, New Claim for America's First Car, Antique Automobile magazine, Vol. 24, No. 5, Oct–Nov 1960
 David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles 
 Dittlinger, Esther et al., Anderson: A Pictorial History, G. Bradley Publishing, 1990, 
 Forkner, John L., History of Madison County, Indiana, New York and Chicago, The Lewis Publishing Company, 1914
 Georgano, G.N., The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile, Taylor & Francis, 2000, 
 Huffman, Wallace Spencer, Indiana's Place in Automobile History in Indiana History Bulletin, vol 44, no. 2, Feb. 1967; Indianapolis, Indiana Historical Bureau
 Huhti, Thomas, The Great Indiana Touring Book: 20 Spectacular Auto Tours, Big Earth Publishing, 2002, 
 James, Wanda, Driving from Japan, McFarland, 2005, 
 Madden, W. C., Haynes-Apperson and America's First Practical Automobile: A History, McFarland, 2003, 
 Scharchburg, Richard P., Carriages Without Horses: J. Frank Duryea and the Birth of the American Automobile Industry, SAE, 1993, 
 Biography of John W. Lambert, written by his son January 25, 1935 - obtained from the Detroit Public Library, National Automotive History Collection
 The Horseless Age: The Automobile Trade Magazine, The Horseless Age Company, 1902

1900s cars
1910s cars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Vintage vehicles
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Indiana
Companies based in Indiana
Anderson, Indiana
Software independence. The term "software independence" (SI) was coined by Dr. Ron Rivest and NIST researcher John Wack. A software independent voting machine is one whose tabulation record does not rely solely on software. The goal of an SI system is to definitively determine whether all votes were recorded legitimately or in error.

The technical definition of SI is:

A voting system is software-independent if an undetected change or error in its software cannot cause an undetectable change or error in an election outcome.

SI has been redefined as a global property for a tabulation of votes rather than of each individual vote, aiming to detect rather than prevent error and fraud through human processes.

TGDC Resolution
The Election Assistance Commission's Technical Guidelines Development Committee adopted an SI resolution for the next iteration of the Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG):
Election officials and vendors have appropriately responded to the growing complexity of voting systems by adding more stringent access controls, encryption, testing, and physical security to election procedures and systems. The TGDC has considered current threats to voting systems and, at this time, finds that security concerns do not warrant replacing deployed voting systems where EAC Best Practices are used.

To provide auditability and proactively address the increasing difficulty of protecting against all prospective threats, the TGDC directs STS to write requirements for the next version of the VVSG requiring the next generation of voting systems to be software independent. The TGDC directs STS and HFP to draft usability and accessibility requirements to ensure that all voters can verify the independent voting record.

The TGDC further directs STS and Core Requirements and Testing Subcommittees (CRT) to draft requirements to ensure that systems that produce independently verifiable voting records are reliable and provide adequate support for audits.

Example systems
Examples of software-independent voting systems are optical scan voting systems and direct recording electronic voting computers (DRE) with a voter verified paper audit trail.

References

See also
 Independent verification systems
 Certification of voting machines

Election technology