omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Heinkel He 113. The Heinkel He 113 was a fictitious German fighter aircraft of World War II, invented as a propaganda and possibly disinformation exercise.

Development 
In 1940, Nazi Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels publicised the fact that a new fighter was entering service with the Luftwaffe. The plan involved taking pictures of Heinkel He 100 D-1s at different air bases around Germany, each time sporting a new paint job for various fictional fighter groups. The pictures were then published in the press with the He 113 name, sometimes billed as night fighters (despite lacking even a landing light).

The aircraft also appeared in a series of "action shot" photographs in various magazines such as Der Adler, including claims that it had proven itself in combat in Denmark and Norway. One source claims that the aircraft were on loan to the one Luftwaffe Staffel in Norway for a time, but this might be a case of the same misinformation working many years later.

It is unclear even today exactly whom this effort was intended to impress—foreign air forces or Germany's public—but it seems to have been a successful deception. British intelligence featured the aircraft in AIR 40/237, a report on the Luftwaffe that was completed in 1940. There the top speed was listed as 628 km/h (390 mph). It also states the wing was 15.5 m2 (167 ft²) and it noted that the aircraft was in production. Reports of 113s encountered and shot down were listed throughout the early years of the war, including citations in The London Gazette.

Specifications (He 100D-1 {He 113})

References

Further reading
 
 
 
 
 
 

Fictional fighter aircraft
He 113
Disinformation operations
Floyd Dominy. Floyd Elgin Dominy (December 24, 1909 Adams County, Nebraska – April 20, 2010 Boyce, Virginia) was appointed commissioner of the United States Bureau of Reclamation from May 1, 1959, to December 1, 1969, by Dwight D. Eisenhower. Dominy joined the Bureau in 1946. He was the assistant commissioner from 1957 to 1958. He was responsible for building Glen Canyon Dam and the creation of Lake Powell behind it. He died in Boyce, Virginia, where he had lived since at least 1990.

Dominy's father and grandfather were homesteaders, and his upbringing was marked by humble circumstances. He graduated from the University of Wyoming in 1933 with a degree in agricultural economics. Not long after graduation, he became a county agricultural extension agent in Campbell County, Wyoming, where his enthusiasm for dams endeared him to local farmers and ranchers.

Dominy was a strong advocate for use of the Colorado River and other water resources of the west for agriculture and development, in opposition to the growing environmental movement. He was the director of several projects like the Colorado River Storage Project, Colorado River Basin Project, Missouri River Basin Project, Columbia River Basin Project, California Central Valley Project, and the Mekong River Basin Project in Thailand. 

Dominy was a main character in two non-fiction books about water management the American west: Cadillac Desert by Marc Reisner and Encounters with the Archdruid by John McPhee. McPhee arranged a whitewater rafting trip down the Colorado River with Dominy and David Brower, a prominent environmentalist and founder of Friends of the Earth, and the book highlights their opposing views of the river and its uses.

References 
 Floyd Dominy's Obituary in The Washington Post
 Floyd Dominy, the colossus of dams, dies at 100
 Reisner, Marc (1993). Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its Disappearing Water (paperback). Penguin Books. .
 McPhee, John (1971). Encounters with the Archdruid (hardcover). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. .
 Interview with High Country News. Retrieved November 2, 2005 
 High Country News article. Retrieved November 2, 2005 
 BuRec Bio 
 "Floyd E. Dominy". Life. February 27, 1963. (image "US Reclamation Bureau official Floyd Dominy (R) inspecting the Arghandab River Dam.") 
 A History of the Emery County Project website that contains a picture of Dominy and other dignitaries getting ready to set off a blast at the Joes Valley Dam groundbreaking ceremony in 1963
 Stacy, Ian Robert, "The Last Conservationist: Floyd Dominy and Federal Reclamation Policy in the American West" (2013). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 1036.

Specific

External links 
 Floyd E. Dominy papers at the American Heritage Center
 Digital Collection of the Floyd E. Dominy papers at AHC Digital Collections

1909 births
2010 deaths
People from Adams County, Nebraska
American men centenarians
University of Wyoming alumni
United States Bureau of Reclamation personnel
People from Boyce, Virginia
Telegard. Telegard is an early bulletin board system (BBS) software program written for IBM PC-compatible computers running MS-DOS and OS/2. Telegard was written in Pascal with routines written in C++ and assembly language, based on a copy of the WWIV source code.

Telegard has several features that make it attractive to BBS sysops, such as being free, having remote administration facilities built into the main program, and the ability to handle CD-ROMs internally. Telegard is still viable today as it can accept telnet connections by using a virtual modem/FOSSIL set up such as NetSerial, a virtual modem driver, and NetFoss, a freeware FOSSIL driver, both for Windows.

External links

 Telegard BBS Software Homepage

See also
Mystic BBS
Renegade (BBS)
WWIV

References

Bulletin board system software
DOS software
1709 in science. The year 1709 in science and technology involved some significant events.

Meteorology
 January – Great Frost in Western Europe.

Physics
 Francis Hauksbee publishes Physico-Mechanical Experiments on Various Subjects, summarizing the results of his many experiments with electricity and other topics.

Technology
 January 10 – Industrial Revolution: Abraham Darby I successfully produces cast iron using coke fuel at his Coalbrookdale blast furnace in Shropshire, England.
 February 5 – Dramatist John Dennis devises the thundersheet as a new method of producing theatrical thunder for his tragedy Appius and Virginia at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London.
 March 28 – Johann Friedrich Böttger reports the first production of hard-paste porcelain in Europe, at Dresden.
 July 13 – Johann Maria Farina founds the first Eau de Cologne and perfume factory in Cologne, Germany.
 August 8 – Hot air balloon of Bartholome de Gusmão flies in Portugal.
 A collapsible umbrella is introduced in Paris.

Awards
 April 9 – Sir Godfrey Copley, 2nd Baronet dies and in his will provides funding to the Royal Society for the annual Copley Medal honoring achievement in science (first awarded in 1731).

Births
 February 24 – Jacques de Vaucanson, French engineer and inventor (died 1782)
 March 3 – Andreas Sigismund Marggraf, German chemist (died 1782)
 March 10 – Georg Steller, German naturalist (died 1746)
 April 17 – Giovanni Domenico Maraldi, French-Italian astronomer (died 1788)
 July 11 – Johan Gottschalk Wallerius, Swedish chemist and mineralogist (died 1785)
 August 8 – Johann Georg Gmelin, German botanist (died 1755)
 November 23 – Julien Offray de La Mettrie, French physician and philosopher (died 1751)

Deaths
 early – Eleanor Glanville, English entomologist (born c. 1654)
 June 29 – Antoine Thomas, Belgian Jesuit astronomer in China (born 1644)
 June 30 – Edward Lhuyd, Welsh naturalist (born 1660)
 October 17 – François Mauriceau, French obstetrician (born 1637)

References

 
18th century in science
1700s in science
Fieseler Fi 5. The Fieseler Fi 5 (previously F5) was a single-engined two-seat sportplane of the 1930s. It was produced by the German aircraft manufacturer Fieseler Flugzeugbau, which was started by the World War I fighter ace and German aerobatic star, Gerhard Fieseler.

Design and development
Gerhard worked at the company full-time after winning the first World Aeronautics Competition (Championship) of 1934 in his Fieseler F2 Tiger, having previously won the 1932 European Aerobatic Championship, and the F5 was among the company's earliest big sellers. The F5 was powered by the Hirth HM 60 engine. It competed with the Klemm Kl 25, but with the F5's shorter wings and different handling that experienced pilots preferred, it became quite popular.

The F 5 was a low-wing tandem two-seat monoplane which retained the fabric-covered steel-tube fuselage of the earlier Fieseler F 4 but introduced a new two-spar cantilever wing. It had a fixed conventional landing gear with a tail-skid and the tandem open-cockpit were fitted with dual-controls. Behind the rear seat was a large luggage locker, the top decking at the rear could be removed to carry a spare propeller or skis.

In 1935 one aircraft Saureland was modified as a single-seat aerobatic aircraft for Lise Fastenrath with the front cockpit covered over. Only one aircraft survived the Second World War, it was later fitted with an enclosed cabin but was written off in France in 1968.

Variants
F 5
Production aircraft with a Hirth HM.60 engine.
F 5R
Aircraft fitted with an uprated Hirth HM.60R engine.

Specifications (F.5R)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 "The "Fiesler 5" Monoplane". Flight, 2 November 1933, p. 1100.

F005
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1930s German sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aerobatic aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Göppingen Gö 9. The Göppingen Gö 9 was a German experimental aircraft built to investigate the practicalities of powering a plane using a pusher propeller located far from the engine and turned by a long driveshaft.

Design and development 
In 1937, Claudius Dornier observed that adding extra engines and propellers to an aircraft in an attempt to increase speed would also attract a penalty of greater drag, especially when placing two or more engines within nacelles mounted on the wings. He reasoned that this penalty could be minimized by mounting a second propeller at the rear of an aircraft. To prevent tail-heaviness, however, the engine would need to be mounted far ahead of it. Dornier patented this idea and commissioned a test plane to evaluate it.

The aircraft was designed by Dr Ulrich Hütter as a 40% sized, scaled-down version of the Dornier Do 17's fuselage and wing panels without the twin-engine nacelles, and built by Schempp-Hirth. The airframe was entirely of wood and used a retractable tricycle landing gear – one of the earliest non-Heinkel-built German airframe designs to use such an arrangement. Power was supplied by a Hirth HM 60 inverted, air-cooled inline four-cylinder engine mounted within the fuselage near the wings. Other than the engine installation, the only other unusual feature of the aircraft was its all-new, full four-surface cruciform tail, which included a large ventral fin/rudder unit of equal area to the dorsal surface. This fin incorporated a small supplementary tailwheel protruding from the ventral fin's lower tip that assisted in keeping the rear-mounted, four-blade propeller away from tailstrike damage against the ground during take-off and landing. The Gö 9 carried the civil registration D-EBYW.

Operational history
Initially towed aloft, flight tests began in June 1941, but later flights operated under its own power. The design validated Dornier's ideas, and he went ahead with his original plan to build a high-performance aircraft with propellers at the front and rear, producing the Dornier Do 335. The eventual fate of the Gö 9 is not known.

Specifications (Gö 9)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 
Selinger, P E. Segelflugzeuge Vom Wolf zum Discus. Motor Buch Verlag, Stuttgart 1989

External links

Video of Do 335A and Göppingen Gö 9 tests

1940s German experimental aircraft
Mid-engined aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Schempp-Hirth aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1941
Glider aircraft
Cruciform tail aircraft
Shoulder-wing aircraft
Dvips. dvips is a computer program that converts the Device Independent file format (DVI) output of TeX typography into a printable or otherwise presentable form.   was written by Tomas Rokicki to produce printable PostScript files from DVI input, and is now commonly used for general DVI conversion.

The TeX typesetting system outputs DVI files which are intended to be independent of the output device. In particular, they are not understood by printers and lack information such as font shapes.  Thus, a converter (i.e., a backend) is needed to translate from a DVI file to a printer language.  Although other DVI backends such as dvilj exist,  is one of the most common ways of printing DVI files. Another, more recent solution is the use of pdfTeX to directly generate PDF files, which have readers for most platforms.  Given its importance,  is a standard part of most TeX distributions, such as teTeX, and TeX Live.

By using TeX \special commands, it is possible to directly insert "literal PostScript" into the DVI file and have such snippets of PostScript appear in the final file generated by . This flexibility allows the user to include, say, watermarks on his document (especially via the use of proper packages) or further postprocess the PostScript file.

When producing postscript files, dvips embeds fonts inside the file. Most recent distributions will normally embed scalable fonts, also known as Type 1 fonts. Files generated with older distributions, however, may embed raster fonts. To substitute raster for scalable fonts in a postscript file in a situation where the original dvi file is unavailable use a utility called pkfix.

References

External links
 Official website

PostScript
Free TeX software
IEC 60027. IEC 60027 (formerly IEC 27) is a technical international standard for letter symbols published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), comprising the following parts:
 IEC 60027-1: General
 IEC 60027-2: Telecommunications and electronics
 IEC 60027-3: Logarithmic and related quantities, and their units
 IEC 60027-4: Symbols for quantities to be used for rotating electrical machines
 IEC 60027-6: Control technology
 IEC 60027-7: Physiological quantities and units

A closely related international standard on quantities and units is ISO 31. The ISO 31 and IEC 60027 Standards are being revised by the two standardization organizations in collaboration. The revised harmonized standard is known as ISO/IEC 80000, Quantities and units. It supersedes both ISO 31 and part of IEC 60027.

IEC 60027-2 
IEC 60027-2 Amendment 2, as published in January 1999, was the first international standard defining the binary prefixes, as proposed by International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) since 1996 (kibi- (Ki), mebi- (Mi), gibi- (Gi) and tebi- (Ti)) but extended them up to pebi (Pi) and exbi- (Ei). This didn't change in the second edition of the standard, published in 2000,<ref
name="iec-2000">IEC 60027-2 (2000-11) Ed. 2.0</ref> but the third edition in 2005 added prefixes zebi- (Zi) and yobi- (Yi). The harmonized ISO/IEC IEC 80000-13:2008 standard supersedes subclauses 3.8 and 3.9 of IEC 60027-2:2005. The only significant change is the addition of explicit definitions for some quantities.

See also 
 Binary prefix
 IEC-P27-1

References

External links 
 "IEC 60027-7 (2010-05) Ed. 1.0" (IEC Catalog, www.iec.ch)
 "IEC 60027-2 (2005-08) Ed. 3.0 Bilingual " (preview)
 

60027
Peter Theisinger. Peter Charles Theisinger (August 7, 1945 – June 26, 2024) was the director of the Engineering and Science Directorate at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California and was the project manager of NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Mission and later project manager for the 2011 Mars Science Laboratory mission.

Theisinger was born in Fresno, California in 1945 and graduated from the California Institute of Technology in 1967 with a bachelor's degree in physics. He joined NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) as payload integration engineer that year and except for a three-year span in the early 1980s has worked at JPL since. Among the missions on which he has participated were the 1967 Mariner 5 flyby mission to Venus, the 1971 Mariner 9 orbiter mission to Mars, the Voyager mission to the outer planets of the Solar System, the Galileo mission to Jupiter, and the Mars Global Surveyor orbiter.

In 2013, Theisinger, along with Richard Cook, was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World as a pioneer for his role in getting the Curiosity rover to Mars safely in August 2012.

Theisinger died in La Crescenta, California from throat cancer on June 26, 2024, at the age of 78.

References

External links

 NASA Biography
 JPL Biography

1945 births
2024 deaths
NASA people
Mars Exploration Rover mission
California Institute of Technology alumni
DFS 40. The DFS 40 was a tailless research aircraft designed by Alexander Lippisch as the Delta V in 1937. The DFS 40 was a more advanced design than the previous DFS 39 (Delta IV), and was built for comparison with that aircraft.

Where the DFS 39 had a pronounced fuselage with low-mounted wing, the DFS 40 was closer to a flying wing, with the wing-fuselage junction blended so that there was no clear dividing line.

The DFS 40 was flown for the first time by Heini Dittmar in 1938, shortly before Lippisch departed the DFS (Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug - German Research Institute for Sailplane Flight) to begin work at Messerschmitt, taking much of his design team with him. Soon afterwards, without Lippisch there to supervise the project, the aircraft was crashed due to an error in center of gravity calculations that resulted in it entering a flat spin during flight. While the test pilot escaped by parachute, the DFS 40 was destroyed.

Specifications (DFS 40)

References

Bibliography
 

1930s German experimental aircraft
Lippisch aircraft
DFS 040
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Tailless aircraft
Dornier Do 10. The Dornier Do 10, originally designated Dornier Do C4, was the name given by the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (RLM) of a pre-World War II German aircraft.

It was a two-seat parasol-wing monoplane, intended to be used as a fighter. Two prototypes were built in 1931 to fulfil a requirement for a two-seat fighter. Having failed to gain a production order, the Do C4 / Do 10 was used to test a tilting engine installation and propellers to suit, for STOL tests.

Specifications

Sources

Luftwaffe 39-45  
Histaviation.com 
Virtual Aviation Museum

Notes

Bibliography

 Green, William and Swanborough, Gordon. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark, 1994. .

(Information on this model is difficult to come by and the nature of the relationship between C1/C4/10 is not yet totally resolved)

 

Do 010
1930s German fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Periclase. Periclase is a magnesium mineral that occurs naturally in contact metamorphic rocks and is a major component of most basic refractory bricks. It is a cubic form of magnesium oxide (MgO). In nature it usually forms a solid solution with wüstite (FeO) and is then referred to as ferropericlase or magnesiowüstite.

It was first described in 1840 and named from the Greek περικλάω (to break around) in allusion to its cleavage. The type locality is Monte Somma, Somma-Vesuvius Complex, Naples Province, Campania, Italy.

The old term for the mineral is magnesia. Stones from the Magnesia region in ancient Anatolia contained both magnesium oxide and hydrated magnesium carbonate as well as iron oxides (such as magnetite). Thus these stones, called Stones from Magnesia in antiquity, with their unusual magnetic properties were the reason the terms magnet and magnetism were coined.

Periclase is usually found in marble produced by metamorphism of dolomitic limestones. It readily alters to brucite under near surface conditions.

In addition to its type locality, it is reported from Predazzo, Trentino, Italy; Carlingford, County Louth, Ireland; Broadford, Skye and the island of Muck, Scotland; León, Spain; the Bellerberg Volcano, Eifel district, Germany; Nordmark and Långban, Varmland, Sweden; and Kopeysk, southern Ural Mountains, Russia. In the US it occurs at the Crestmore quarry, Riverside County, California; Tombstone, Arizona; Gabbs district, Nye County, Nevada. In Canada, it occurs at Oka, Quebec and in Australia, west of Cowell, Eyre Peninsula, South Australia.

The crystal structure of periclase corresponds to that of halite and has been studied extensively due to its simplicity. As a consequence, the physical properties of periclase are well known, which makes the mineral a popular standard in experimental work. The mineral has been shown to remain stable at pressures up to at least 360 GPa.

Mantle occurrence 
Ferropericlase  makes up about 20% of the volume of the lower mantle of the Earth, which makes it the second most abundant mineral phase in that region after silicate perovskite ; it also is the major host for iron in the lower mantle.   At the bottom of the transition zone of the mantle, the reaction

 γ–

transforms γ-olivine into a mixture of perovskite and ferropericlase and vice versa. In the literature, this mineral phase of the lower mantle is also often called magnesiowüstite.

References 

Magnesium minerals
Oxide minerals
Cubic minerals
Minerals in space group 225
Luminescent minerals
Rocksalt group
Minerals described in 1840
Koszalin University of Technology. Koszalin University of Technology () is a Polish public technical university located in Koszalin and other cities, i.e. Chojnice.

The institution was established in 1968 as the Higher School of Engineering. The university obtained its present name and status in 1996.

The university consists of the following faculties and institutes:

 Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering
 Faculty of Economics and Management
 Faculty of Electronics and Computer Science
 Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
 Institute of Mechatronics, Nanotechnology and Vacuum Technique

The University is taking part in international exchange programmes, including Erasmus Programme.

References

External links 

 

Universities and colleges in Poland
Decoding. Decoding or decode may refer to: is the process of converting code into plain text or any format that is useful for subsequent processes.

Science and technology
 Decoding, the reverse of encoding
 Parsing, in computer science
 Digital-to-analog converter, "decoding" of a digital signal
 Phonics, decoding in communication theory
 Decode (Oracle)

Other uses
 deCODE genetics, a biopharmaceutical company based in Iceland
 "Decode" (song), a 2008 song by Paramore
 ”Decode”, a song by Sabrina Carpenter from the album Emails I Can't Send
 Decoding (semiotics), the interpreting of a message communicated to a receiver

See also
 Code (disambiguation)
 Decoder (disambiguation)
 Decoding methods, methods in communication theory for decoding codewords sent over a noisy channel
 Codec, a coder-decoder
 Recode (disambiguation)
 Video decoder, an electronic circuit

es:Descodificador
Onsager. Onsager is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:

 Lars Onsager (1903–1976), Norwegian–American physical chemist and theoretical physicist
 Søren Onsager (1878–1946), Norwegian painter

See also
 Onsager Medal, an award in the fields of chemistry, physics and mathematics
 Onsager reciprocal relations, certain relations between flows and forces in thermodynamic systems