omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SpaceCub. SpaceCub was a design project for a homebuilt rocket.  Between 1993 and 1994, Geoffrey A. Landis proposed that a vehicle designed to launch to the edge of space might be a feasible project for a "personal" spaceship, the equivalent of a Piper Cub for space.  The insight was that a flight to "only" 100 km would reach the officially defined edge of space, and even though this is much easier a challenge than an orbital flight, such a suborbital flight would be of excitement to the public, and the pilot would be officially qualified as an astronaut.  A small group of rocket enthusiasts, computer hobbyists, and science-fiction writers gathered together to do a preliminary design, with the ultimate goal of moving on to building a prototype, with (then) physics student David Burkhead leading the technical effort.  The vehicle design was discussed in many venues, and presentations on the design progress were given in several conferences, such as the 1995 NSS International Space Development Conference, where it attracted considerable popular attention.  The design was featured in print in places including the December 1994 Popular Mechanics, and the Brazilian popular magazine Istoé.

Although a full-scale prototype of the SpaceCub was never built, the design (and the publicity surrounding the project) brought public attention to the concept that a small vehicle to fly a private pilot into space might be possible, and in that way served to stimulate the X Prize, which adopted the SpaceCub's goal of a 100-km flight altitude as a target for a competition.  In its way, the SpaceCub vehicle is a predecessor to many of today's concepts for space tourism.

External links
David Burkhead's SpaceCub page
SpaceCub history essay by Geoffrey Landis
SpaceCub FAQ from Island One

Private spaceflight
Rocket-powered aircraft
Space access
List of chemical process simulators. This is a list of software used to simulate the material and energy balances of chemical process plants. Applications for this include design studies, engineering studies, design audits, debottlenecking studies, control system check-out, process simulation, dynamic simulation, operator training simulators, pipeline management systems, production management systems, digital twins.

See also 
 Chemical engineering
 Process simulation
 Process engineering

References 

 Seader, J.D., Seider, W.D. and Pauls, A.C.: Flowtran Simulation – An Introduction, 2nd Edition, CACHE (1977).
 Douglas, J.M.: Conceptual Design of Chemical Processes, McGraw-Hill, NY, USA (1988).
 Smith, R., Chemical process Design and Integration, Wiley, Chichester, UK (2005).
 Seider, W.D., Seader, J.D., Lewin, D.R. and Widagdo, S. Product and Process Design Principles: Synthesis, Analysis and Design, 3rd Ed., Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, USA (2015)

Chemical engineering software
Chemical Process Simulators
Claudia Mitchell. Claudia Mitchell (born 1980) is a former United States Marine whose left arm was amputated near the shoulder following a motorcycle crash in 2004. She became the first woman to be outfitted with a bionic arm. The arm is controlled through muscles in her chest and side, which in turn are controlled by the nerves that had previously controlled her real arm. The nerves were rerouted to these muscles in a process of targeted reinnervation.

Her prosthesis, a prototype developed by the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, was one of the most advanced prosthetic arms developed to date.

References

External links

 New Yorker article about Mitchell and the prosthetic procedure
 Video of Mitchell demonstrating the prosthetic on youtube from New Scientist magazine

1980 births
American amputees
Cyborgs
Living people
United States Marines
Female United States Marine Corps personnel
Place of birth missing (living people)
21st-century American women
Rona (1892). Rona was a sailing yacht designed by George Lennox Watson. She was constructed in 1892 in Auckland, New Zealand, by master craftsman and designer Robert Logan Snr. for Wellington merchant and book collector Alexander Turnbull, and is the oldest continuously registered ship in New Zealand. 
The boat was sailed from Auckland to Wellington, leaving Auckland 14 February 1893 and Arrived Wellington Harbour on the 21 February 1893. An article in the Wellington Evening Post on the 22 February 1893 recounted its maiden voyage.
The boat is one of the finest surviving examples of a six-beam cutter (her beam fits into her length six times; i.e., she has very slim lines), she is a gaff-rigged racing cutter, and she is one of the oldest yachts still sailing in New Zealand.

Rona is an example of 19th-century racing yacht design and construction. The boat was originally painted black, the colour used on New Zealand's America's Cup yachts.

Rona was restored to original condition by her last private owner, John Palmer, which took over nine years. That Rona was able to be maintained as a fully operational sailing vessel for over 110 years is due to her construction in kauri pine (Agathis australis), a fine-grained timber of excellent quality for boatbuilding.

The Rona Preservation Trust was set up to purchase Rona. This was accomplished in November 2006, with the assistance of grants from the Lotteries Foundation others, and the boat was made accessible to the community through sailing events, maintenance and training days and public open days.

In May 2023 the yacht was transported to Peter Brookes Yard near Waimauku, Auckland for the next chapter. Andrew Barnes, Larry Paul and Peter were instrumental in making this happen.

She needs much remedial work. Garboards need to come off, deck beams, beam shelves, deck and gunnels need replacing.

A Give-a-little page is available to help raise the funds necessary to restore her. The end goal is to get her racing in Auckland harbour alongside other contemporary gaff yachts like Gloriana and Rogue.

References

External links 

 
 
 

Ships of New Zealand
Individual sailing vessels
1892 ships
Rice huller. A rice huller or rice husker is an agricultural machine used to automate the process of removing the chaff (the outer husks) of grains of rice. Throughout history, there have been numerous techniques to hull rice. Traditionally, it would be pounded using some form of mortar and pestle. An early simple machine to do this is a rice pounder. Later even more efficient machinery was developed to hull and polish rice. These machines are most widely developed and used throughout Asia, the most popular modern type in use today is the Engelberg huller designed by German Brazilian engineer Evaristo Conrado Engelberg in Brazil and first patented in 1885.

The Engelberg huller uses steel rollers to remove the husk. Other types of huller include the disk or cono huller which uses an abrasive rotating disk to first remove the husk before passing the grain to conical rollers which polish it to make white rice; this is done repeatedly since other sides of circular side of rice are not husked. Rubber rollers may be used to reduce the amount of breakage of the grains, so increasing the yield of the best quality head rice, but the rubber rollers tend to require frequent replacement, which can be a significant drawback.

Sample mechanism for the husk

See also
Rice hulls
Rice polisher
Rice pounder, an earlier simple tool to dehull rice
Threshing machine, a general machine to remove the grains from the straw or panicles
Winnowing barn, a previous method of hulling in commercial rice growing

References

Agricultural machinery
B2B Gateway. Business-to-Business (B2B) Gateways integrate data from back-end systems, enabling information exchange across trading partners. B2B Gateways also provide a centralized point for transformation of multiple data sources through interoperability standards such as XML (Extensible Markup Language), cXML(Commerce XML) and EDI (Electronic data interchange). B2B Gateways provide businesses an e-commerce platform for integrating with key suppliers and customers quickly and easily. The platform is often a component of a company's Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) architecture. Other capabilities of the B2B Gateway include trading partner management and security control. B2B Gateways help to bridge the collaboration gap across the supply chain partners and transform the data flow between companies from a batch oriented manner into a real time process.  This streamlines the processing and enables for business activity monitoring(BAM) systems to be implemented, which provides the enterprise with greater visibility and proactive control over the applications.  B2B Gateways continue to be in high demand for organizations of every size.

References

See also
 B2B e-Marketplace
 Business Interoperability Interface
 Business-to-consumer
 Business-to-employee
 Center for E-Commerce Infrastructure Development
 Consumer-to-consumer
 E-business
 E-Business XML (ebXML)
 Electronic Commerce
 Online shopping
 Private Electronic Market
 UN/CEFACT's Modeling Methodology (UMM)

Service-oriented (business computing)
Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute. Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute (formerly Central Salt Research Institute) is a constituent laboratory of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), India. The institute was inaugurated by Jawahar Lal Nehru on 10 April 1954 at Bhavnagar, in Gujarat.

Technology developed
 Preparations of nutrient-rich salt of plant origins
 Electrodialysis domestic desalination system
 Preparation of novel iodizing agent
 "Clean Write" writing chalk
 Preparation of low sodium salt of botanic origin
 Plastic Chip Electrodes

Research activity
Molecular sensors for selective recognition of cations/anions
Recognition of analytes and neutral molecules in physiological condition
Supramolecular metal complexes to study photo-induced energy/electron transfer processes
Nanocrystalline dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC)
Smart Materials
 Tailored and modified electrodes.
Green Chemistry
Polymer Chemistry and development of novel drug delivery system
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Natural products 
Recovery of precious metal ions from natural sources
Crystal engineering
Computational Study
 Electrochemical/chemical value addition processes
 Development of polyethylene based inter polymer membranes and design of electrodialysis units

References

External links
1. About CSMCRI

Research institutes in Gujarat
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
Education in Bhavnagar
Salt industry in India
Research institutes established in 1954
1954 establishments in Bombay State
CALDIC. CALDIC (the California Digital Computer) is an electronic digital computer built with the assistance of the Office of Naval Research at the University of California, Berkeley between 1951 and 1955 to assist and enhance research being conducted at the university with a platform for high-speed computing.

CALDIC was designed to be constructed at a low cost and simple to operate, by standards of the time, note that in a pre-1965 context there is no interactive user IO or human readable output in printed characters in most computers. There is no human readable user interface. It was a serial decimal machine with an , 10,000-word magnetic drum memory.  (As CALDIC's decimal words were 10 digits each, the magnetic memory could store about 400,000 bits.)  It contained 1,300 vacuum tubes, 1,000 crystal diodes, 100 magnetic elements (for the recording heads), and 12 relays (in the power supply). It weighed about . It was capable of speeds of 50 iterations per second.  CALDIC was a stored program computer with a six-digit instruction format (two digits for the opcode and four digits for the memory address).

The computer was initially planned by Paul Morton, Leland Cunningham, and Dick Lehmer; the latter two had been involved with the ENIAC at the University of Pennsylvania, and Lehmer had given one of the Moore School Lectures.  Morton oversaw the design and construction  with a team comprising electrical engineering graduate and undergraduate students at the university, more than 35 in total, including Doug Engelbart (who later invented the computer mouse) and Al Hoagland (a pioneer of the computer disk industry).

The machine was first ready for use in the summer of 1953 and mostly operational in 1954.  Development cost through July 1955 was approximately $150,000.

See also
List of vacuum-tube computers

References

External links
 Berkeley Hardware Prototypes
 A Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems
 CALDIC photos and diagrams

One-of-a-kind computers
Decimal computers
Vacuum tube computers
Roadheader. A roadheader, also called a boom-type roadheader, road header machine, road header or just header machine, is a piece of excavating equipment consisting of a boom-mounted cutting head, a loading device usually involving a conveyor, and a crawler travelling track to move the entire machine forward into the rock face.

The cutting head can be a general purpose rotating drum mounted in line or perpendicular to the boom, or can be special function heads such as jackhammer-like spikes, compression fracture micro-wheel heads like those on larger tunnel boring machines, a slicer head like a gigantic chain saw for dicing up rock, or simple jaw-like buckets of traditional excavators.

History 

The first roadheader patent was applied for by Dr. Z. Ajtay in Hungary, in 1949. It was invented as a remote operated miner for exploitation of small seam, close walled deposits, typically in wet conditions.

Types 
Cutting Heads:
 Transverse - rotates parallel to the cutter boom axis
 Longitudinal - rotates perpendicular to boom axis

Uses 
Roadheaders were initially used in coal mines. The first use in a civil engineering project was the construction of the City Loop (then called the Melbourne Underground Rail Loop) in the 1970s, where the machines enabled around 80% of the excavation to be performed mechanically.

They are now widely used in such as tunneling both for mining and municipal government projects, building wine caves, and building cave homes such as those in Coober Pedy, Australia.

On February 21, 2014, Waller Street, just south of Laurier Avenue collapsed into an 8m-wide and 12m-deep sink-hole where a roadheader was excavating the eastern entrance to Ottawa's LRT O-Train tunnel. A similar incident occurred in June 2016, when a sink-hole opened up in Rideau Street during further construction of the tunnel, and filled with water up to a depth of three metres. The CBC reported that one of Rideau Transit Group’s 135-tonne roadheaders was in a part of the tunnel where the flooding was the deepest. Three roadheaders were used in the construction of the O-Train.

Projects utilizing roadheaders 
 Boston's Big Dig
 Ground Zero Cleanup
 Addison Airport Toll Tunnel
 Fourth bore of Caldecott Tunnel
 Malmö City Tunnel
 Confederation Line, Ottawa

References

External links

An article on underground home design and construction, with a section on use of roadheader machines.
Ripping head roadheader Video

Engineering vehicles
Mining equipment
Excavating equipment
Makita. () is a Japanese manufacturer of power tools.  Founded on March 21, 1915, it is based in Anjō, Japan and operates factories in Brazil, China, Japan, Mexico, Romania, the United Kingdom, Germany, United Arab Emirates, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Canada, and the United States. Annual sales were equivalent to $3.1 billion in 2012.

History 
In March 1915, Mosaburo Makita (b. 1893) founded Makita Electric Works in Nagoya, Aichi, Japan and began selling and repairing lighting equipment, motors and transformers. In 1958, Makita marketed a portable electrical planer in Japan and became a manufacturer of power tools the following year. In April 1969, they introduced the 6500D battery-powered drill (the first rechargeable power tool).  In December 1978, they launched the 6010D rechargeable drill (the first nickel cadmium battery tool).  In August 1997, the 6213D rechargeable driver-drill was exhibited at the Chicago Hardware Show (the first nickel hydride battery tool).  In February 2005, the TD130D (the first lithium-ion battery tool) was made available.

Makita ships many of its power tools in Systainer-compatible stacking boxes.  In 2011 Makita registered a design for its own "Makpac" variant in the names of Yuji Yamamoto and Kiyozumi Kokawa.

Products
The products sold by Makita around the world can be subdivided into the following categories.

Cordless tools
Makita offers many products in this area. In addition to cordless screwdrivers, cordless impact wrenches, cordless rotary hammers drills and cordless jigsaws, Makita offers various other tools such as battery saws, cordless angle grinders, cordless planers, cordless metal shears, battery-powered screwdrivers, cordless slot mills, coffee makers and even a microwave oven.

Power tools
In the field of power tools, Makita offers classic tools (drilling and stemming hammers, drills, planers, saws, cutting and angle grinders), gardening equipment (electric lawnmowers, high-pressure cleaners, blowers), and measuring tools (rangefinders, rotating lasers).

Petrol equipment
Makita develops cutters, power generators, chainsaws, scythes, lawnmowers , blowers and grass trimmers in this division.

Cordless tool batteries
Makita created the 18V lithium-ion cordless tool battery in 2005.

Makita launched the XGT 40Vmax line in 2020.

Accessories
Makita manufactures many accessories for their tools like batteries and chargers for cordless tools. Blades and tables are manufactured for sawing tools. Moreover, carrying cases are also manufactured by Makita to easily carry tools to the worksite.

References

External links 
 

Power tool manufacturers
Companies based in Aichi Prefecture
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Japanese brands
Japanese companies established in 1915
Manufacturing companies established in 1915
Multinational companies headquartered in Japan
Anjō, Aichi
Tool manufacturing companies of Japan
Garden tool manufacturers
William Henry Merrill. William Henry Merrill (December 29, 1868 – September 17, 1923) was an American electrical engineer who founded Underwriters Laboratories (UL) in 1894.

Biography
Merrill was born December 29, 1868, in Warsaw, New York. He was the son of William Henry Merrill Jr. (1840–1907), an editorial writer of the Boston Herald, and Flora Agnes Judd (1842–1880). He graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1889. In 1897 he married Bessie A. Henderson (1872–1956); they had five children. He was a member of the Midday and University clubs of Chicago and of the Sigma Chi college fraternity. He died on September 17, 1923, at the Presbyterian Hospital in Chicago, Illinois. His burial was held at the Merrill Plot at Warsaw Cemetery in Warsaw, Wyoming County, New York.

Career 
Merrill began his professional career as an electrical engineer in Boston, Massachusetts. In 1893, he was hired by insurers for the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago to examine the safety of the electrical wiring in the Palace of Electricity. This experience led him to eventually found the Underwriter's Electrical Bureau in 1894, which later became Underwriters Laboratories in 1903. From 1903 to 1909, he was the Secretary and Treasurer of the National Fire Protection Association, becoming the President of the association from 1910 to 1912. In 1916 he became the first president of Underwriters Laboratories, which subsequently grew into an international safety consulting and certification company. In 1918 he was drafted for war service at $1 per year, serving as chairman of the fire prevention section of the war industries board.

References

External links
UL History Page
History of the NFPA

1868 births
1923 deaths
American electrical engineers
QuickSilver (project). The QuickSilver project at Cornell University is an  AFRL-funded effort to build a platform in support of a new generation of scalable, secure, reliable distributed computing applications able to "regenerate" themselves after failure.
Among the partners on this project are DARPA funding under the SRS program,  the United States Air Force. Raytheon,  Microsoft, IBM, and Amazon.

The principal investigators are Cornell Professors Kenneth P. Birman,   Johannes Gehrke, and Paul Francis

External links
 Project home page with links to the over 140 published papers from 1999-2006.

DARPA
Warm dense matter. Warm dense matter, abbreviated WDM, can refer to either equilibrium or non-equilibrium states of matter in a (loosely defined) regime of temperature and density between condensed matter and hot plasma. It can be defined as the state that is too dense to be described by weakly coupled plasma physics yet too hot to be described by condensed matter physics. In this state, the potential energy of the Coulomb interaction between electrons and ions is on the same order of magnitude (or even significantly exceeds) their thermal energy, while the latter is comparable to the Fermi energy. Typically, WDM has a density somewhere between  and a temperature on the order of several thousand kelvins (somewhere between , in the units favored by practitioners).

WDM is expected in the interiors of giant planets, brown dwarfs, and small stars. WDM is routinely formed in the course of intense-laser–target interactions (including the inertial confinement fusion research), particle-beam–target interactions, and in other setups where a condensed matter is quickly heated to become a strongly interacting plasma. As such, the WDM physics is also relevant to ablation of metals (atmospheric entry from space, laser-machining of materials, etc).

A WDM created using ultra-fast laser pulses may for a short time exist in a two-temperature non-equilibrium form where a small fraction of electrons are very hot, with the temperature well above that of the bulk matter.

See also
Liquid metals

References

Plasma theory and modeling
LeGore Bridge. Begun in 1898 in rural Frederick County, Maryland, the LeGore Bridge was completed and opened to the public in 1900. It was built and maintained by the owners of the LeGore Lime Company, including local businessman James William LeGore and his company advisor, Eugene Hammond. It is  in length,  wide and  high. The bridge is situated at 39°35'N 77°19'W. The five arch limestone bridge was restored in 1981 and 2009.

The bridge was built for three purposes:

as part of a hydroelectric dam for an electric railway going from the Nation's Capital to Gettysburg, Pennsylvania,
for transport of limestone from the LeGore Quarry to sales companies in Pennsylvania, and
to accommodate the state-owned road for public travel across the Monocacy River.

Several decades have passed and the LeGore Bridge is still used for everyday automobile traffic.

The structure was included in the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.

References

External links
, including undated photo, at Maryland Historical Trust
LeGore Bridge undergoes $1.06M repair

Bridges completed in 1900
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Maryland
Bridges in Frederick County, Maryland
National Register of Historic Places in Frederick County, Maryland
Monocacy River
Stone arch bridges in the United States