omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Joseph Jacobson. Joseph Jacobson (born June 28, 1965 in Newton, Massachusetts), is a tenured professor and head of the Molecular Machines group at the Center for Bits and Atoms at the MIT Media Lab, and is one of the inventors of microencapsulated electrophoretic display (known as E Ink) commonly used in electronic devices such as e-readers.  He is the founder of several companies including E Ink Corporation, Gen9, Inc., and Kovio, and serves on the scientific board of several more companies (such as Epitome Biosystems).

Education and career
Jacobson received an Sc.B. in physics at Brown University and a Ph.D. in physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He was a postdoctoral research associate at Stanford University in experimental and theoretical nonlinear non-local quantum systems. While at Stanford, he set the world record for the shortest pulse ever generated by a laser (in optical cycles).

Jacobson first had the idea for the e-book in 1993, while working on his postdoctoral research in quantum mechanics.

In 1997, Jacobson along with JD Albert, Barrett Comiskey, Russ Wilcox and Jerome Rubin founded E Ink Corporation.

In 1999, MIT's Technology Review named Jacobson as one of the TR100, one of the most influential inventors under the age of 35. He invented nanoparticle–based ink that can print on a flexible computer processor using an inkjet printer.  He was awarded the Gutenberg Prize of the International Gutenberg Society and the City of Mainz in 2000. In 2001, he received a Discovery magazine award for technological innovation. In 2002, he received a National Inventors Hall of Fame Collegiate Inventors Award. In 2013 Jacobson received the Wilhelm Exner Medal. On 5 May 2016, Jacobson was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for his work in developing E Ink.

References 

1965 births
21st-century American physicists
Brown University alumni
Stanford University people
MIT School of Architecture and Planning faculty
Living people
Date of birth missing (living people)
MIT Media Lab people
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science alumni
Probe effect. Probe effect is an unintended alteration in system behavior caused by measuring that system. In code profiling and performance measurements, the delays introduced by insertion or removal of code instrumentation may result in a non-functioning application, or unpredictable behavior.

Examples
In electronics, by attaching a multimeter, oscilloscope, or other testing device via a test probe, small amounts of capacitance, resistance, or inductance may be introduced. Though good scopes have very slight effects, in sensitive circuitry these can lead to unexpected failures, or conversely, unexpected fixes to failures.

In debugging of parallel computer programs, sometimes failures (such as deadlocks) are not present when the debugger's code (which was meant to help to find a reason for deadlocks by visualising points of interest in the program code) is attached to the program. This is because additional code changed the timing of the execution of parallel processes, and because of that deadlocks were avoided. This type of bug is known colloquially as a Heisenbug, by analogy with the observer effect in quantum mechanics.

See also 
 Observer effect (physics)
 Observer's paradox

Sources

Software testing
Debugging
Manager (Mac OS). A Manager was any of a set of specialized components of the classic Mac OS operating system, including those that comprised the Macintosh Toolbox. Each of these Managers was responsible for handling system calls from applications running on the Macintosh, and could be built into the ROM or be loaded into RAM by the system.

Many of these Managers and their functions have been ported to or re-implemented in the Carbon application frameworks. Some of the Managers included in various versions of the Mac OS include:

 Code Fragment Manager (CFM)
 Component Manager
 Data Access Manager
 Edition Manager – used by the Publish and Subscribe feature 
 File Manager
 Mixed-Mode Manager
 Resource Manager
 Scrap Manager
 Sound Manager
 Speech Manager
 Window Manager

References

Macintosh operating systems development
Tactical Control System. The Tactical Control System (TCS) is a group of protocols that govern the command and control system for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).

History
Developed by EG&G Technical Services and Raytheon, starting in 1999, the Tactical Control System is designed to run UAVs in all branches of the United States military as well as NATO STANAG 4586 compliant UAVs. Raytheon developed the systems to run on computers using a type of Unix operating system called Solaris 8 from Sun Microsystems. Raytheon also developed a system for the Linux operating system.

According to the winning Raytheon bid for the development of the TCS system, it will feature:

Simultaneous control of multiple UAVs
Compliance with NATO's Standardization Agreement 4586
Integration of plug and play payloads
Weaponization of the Fire Scout and Fire Scout operational evaluations

Testing
Raytheon was to undergo formal Operational Evaluation with Fire Scout in Fiscal Year 2008. Until then, tests to determine the progress of the system's development were ongoing. Positive results included:

December 2004 - A scaled down laptop version of TCS, the Multiple Vehicle Control System (MVCS), was able to control two UAVs flying over Arizona simultaneously. The MVCS was also able to simultaneously control an unmanned surface vessel operating on Chesapeake Bay near Norfolk, Virginia.
January 2005 - The TCS system was able to complete a vertical shipboard landing on a moving target, the US Navy ship USS Nashville, independent of any pilot. This was the first time such a feat had ever been achieved.
April 10, 2006 - Raytheon Company successfully simulated simultaneous command and control of two unmanned air vehicles (UAV) and an unmanned surface vehicle from one common control system.

References

External links
Navy article July 2006
Raytheon wins contract

Unmanned aerial vehicles
United States military aircraft
Dichlorodifluoroethylene. A dichlorodifluoroethylene (systematically named dichlorodifluoroethene) is one of three compounds with the chemical formula . Dichlorodifluoroethylenes are colourless gases, and are some of the simplest chlorodifluoroalkenes.

The structural isomers are used as intermediates or precursors in the production of other industrial chemicals.

1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene 

1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene is a low-boiling liquid that is used a refrigerant. It may also be used as a solvent, but has practical limitations as such, because of its low boiling point (commercial listings, 19 °C; lit. 17 °C).

It is regarded as a hazardous chemical for being toxic by inhalation (see MSDS), and a low-boiling liquid, and it causes irritation when it comes into contact with the skin and mucous membranes. Its ASHRAE number is R-1112a, and its CAS number is 79-35-6. Concentrated 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene can be ignited with ease in the laboratory.

cis- And trans-1,2-dichloro-1,2-difluoroethylene 

The diastereomers were co-isolated first in 1965, by using a combination of fractional melting and fractional distillation. The cis isomer's ASHRAE number is R-1112c, and its CAS number is 311-81-9. Its melting point is . The trans isomer's ASHRAE number is R-1112t, and its CAS number is 381-71-5. Its melting point is . The diastereomers are commercially only available as a mixtures of varying proportions.

References

External links 
 MSDS

Chlorofluorocarbons
Refrigerants
Trichloroacetyl chloride. Trichloroacetyl chloride is the acyl chloride of trichloroacetic acid.  It can be formed by reacting chlorine with acetyl chloride or acetaldehyde in the presence of activated charcoal, or by the isomerisation of tetrachloroethylene oxide via heating. It is used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and plant protection compounds.

References

Acyl chlorides
Trichloromethyl compounds
Line-oriented flight training. Line-oriented flight training (or LOFT) is training in a simulator with a complete crew using representative flight segments that contain normal, abnormal, and emergency procedures that may be expected in line operations. An instructor will monitor the crew's performance and review the simulated flight or flights with the crew afterwards to point out errors or good decisions that were made.

LOFT debriefing
LOFT instructors and crews use LOFT debriefings to analyze and evaluate their performance during training. For LOFT debriefings to improve crew performance, instructors must be effective facilitators.

See also

 Type rating
 Crew resource management

References

Flight training
Oxalyl fluoride. Oxalyl fluoride is the organofluorine compound with the formula (COF)2.  It is a fluorinated derivative of oxalic acid. This colorless liquid is prepared by reaction of sodium fluoride with oxalyl chloride.

Oxalyl fluoride is being investigated for use in etching as a replacement for compounds which have the liability of high global warming potential.

See also
 Oxalyl chloride
 Oxalyl bromide
 Dioxane tetraketone
 Oxalyl

References

Acyl fluorides
Inorganic carbon compounds
Carbon oxohalides
Advanced Computerized Execution System. The Advanced Computerized Execution System (ACES) is a NASDAQ subscription service paid for by market makers that allows order-entry firms trading in Nasdaq Capital Market and Nasdaq global market stocks access to a market maker's internal trading system to route to them using the ACES "Pass-Through". The market maker then executes the order internally, and sends a confirmation and trade report back through ACES to the order entry firm.

ACES acts as an order-routing interface between a firm entering orders, of any security, and a market maker's order management system. ACES is a voluntary service for which market makers must register. Once officially registered, market makers can then authorize their order entry customers to send them an order flow. Securities are designed as specified for automatic execution.

ACES automatically sends the trade information to Automated Confirmation Transaction Service (ACT) for reporting.

Part of the evolution of ACES includes the elimination of the execution function in 1998 with the introduction of new order handling rules. These rules encouraged Nasdaq participants to manage their order file internally rather than on ACES. The choice to keep the 'E' in ACES was merely because the acronym was not complete without it.

References

Financial markets
Nasdaq
English Electric diesel engines. English Electric's K, RK and V type diesel engines were manufactured  by the English Electric company of the United Kingdom for stationary, rail transport and maritime use between 1934 and 1976.

History
Initially, the "K" type engine developed in the 1930s were offered in I4, I6, I7 and I8 variants, had 2-valve cylinder heads and ran at 600-680rpm. In 1940, turbocharging became an option, boosting power output by about 61%.

Due to the demand of more power, the Mark I "RK" (Revised K) and "V" type were introduced in 1947. The "V" type were built in V8, V12 and V16 configurations.

In 1951, the engines received 4-valve cylinder heads, thus creating Mark II "RK" and "V" types which ran at 750-850rpm. Intercooling became an option in 1960, adding a "C" to the engine designation should it be equipped. More revisions saw the creation of the Mark III engines in 1962.

Unlike other comparable engines (and unusually for its size), EE used timing chains instead of timing gears. This was changed in 1968 with the introduction of the RK3 series by Ruston-Paxman after the demise of EE in the same year.

Nomenclature 
4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 16 - Cylinder count
C - Intercooler
S - Supercharged (actually turbocharged)
K, RK, V - Engine type
M, T - Intended purpose
M - Maritime
T - Rail Traction

Variants

References 

Diesel locomotive engines
English Electric locomotives
Diesel engines by maker
Phillip Doyce Hester. Phillip ("Phil") Doyce Hester (April 30, 1955 - September 17, 2013) was an American engineer and technology executive.

Life
Hester grew up in Corpus Christi, Texas, and attended Richard King High School.  He held a Bachelor of Science and a master's degree in electrical engineering from the University of Texas at Austin.
Hester joined IBM around 1977, serving as an engineer, eventually leading the development team for the RS/6000, and as chief technology officer and vice president of systems and technology for IBM's PC division.
In the early 1990s, he co-founded the AIM alliance (originally code-named "Somerset") to promote the PowerPC architecture.

In 2000 Hester co-founded and became chief executive of Newisys, acquired by Sanmina-SCI Corporation.

Hester worked as the chief technology officer and senior vice president of semiconductor company Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. (AMD) until April 11, 2008.

In December 2009, Hester became the senior vice president of research and development at National Instruments.

Hester died September 17, 2013, in Austin, Texas. He has a son named Will and was married at the time to Joan.

References

1955 births
People from Corpus Christi, Texas
American chief technology officers
2013 deaths
American technology chief executives
Cockrell School of Engineering alumni
Ionic transfer. Ionic transfer is the transfer of ions from one liquid phase to another. This is related to the phase transfer catalysts which are a special type of liquid-liquid extraction which is used in synthetic chemistry.

For instance nitrate anions can be transferred between water and nitrobenzene. One way to observe this is to use a cyclic voltammetry experiment where the liquid-liquid interface is the working electrode. This can be done by placing secondary electrodes in each phase and close to interface each phase has a reference electrode. One phase is attached to a potentiostat which is set to zero volts, while the other potentiostat is driven with a triangular wave. This experiment is known as a polarised Interface between Two Immiscible Electrolyte Solutions (ITIES) experiment.

See also 
 Diffusion potential

References

Physical chemistry
Ions
Join-calculus. The join-calculus is a process calculus developed at INRIA. The join-calculus was developed to provide a formal basis for the design of distributed programming languages, and therefore intentionally avoids communications constructs found in other process calculi, such as rendezvous communications, which are difficult to implement in a distributed setting. Despite this limitation, the join-calculus is as expressive as the full π-calculus. Encodings of the π-calculus in the join-calculus, and vice versa, have been demonstrated.

The join-calculus is a member of the π-calculus family of process calculi, and can be considered, at its core, an asynchronous π-calculus with several strong restrictions:
Scope restriction, reception, and replicated reception are syntactically merged into a single construct, the definition;
Communication occurs only on defined names;
For every defined name there is exactly one replicated reception.
However, as a language for programming, the join-calculus offers at least one convenience over the π-calculus — namely the use of multi-way join patterns, the ability to match against messages from multiple channels simultaneously.

Implementations

Languages based on the join-calculus

The join-calculus programming language is a new language based on the join-calculus process calculus. It is implemented as an interpreter written in OCaml, and supports statically typed distributed programming, transparent remote communication, agent-based mobility, and some failure-detection.

 Though not explicitly based on join-calculus, the rule system of CLIPS implements it if every rule deletes its inputs when triggered (retracts the relevant facts when fired).

Many implementations of the join-calculus were made as extensions of existing programming languages:

 JoCaml is a version of OCaml extended with join-calculus primitives
 Polyphonic C# and its successor Cω extend C#
 MC# and Parallel C# extend Polyphonic C#
 Join Java extends Java
 A Concurrent Basic proposal that uses Join-calculus
 JErlang (the J is for Join, erjang is Erlang for the JVM)

Embeddings in other programming languages

These implementations do not change the underlying programming language but introduce join calculus operations through a custom library or DSL:

 The ScalaJoins and the Chymyst libraries are in Scala
 JoinHs by Einar Karttunen and syallop/Join-Language by Samuel Yallop are DSLs for Join calculus in  Haskell
 Joinads - various implementations of join calculus in F#
 CocoaJoin is an experimental implementation in Objective-C for iOS and Mac OS X
 The Join Python library in Python 3
 C++ via Boost (for boost from 2009, ca. v. 40, current (Dec '19) is 72).

References

External links
 INRIA, Join Calculus homepage
 Microsoft Research, The Join Calculus: a Language for Distributed Mobile Programming

Process calculi
AEKKEA-RAAB R-29. The AEKKEA-RAAB R-29 was a Greek single-seat parasol monoplane trainer and/or light fighter developed by Antonius Raab, a German aircraft designer, with his Greek partners and was one of the Raab-type aircraft developed in Greece.

Design and development
The airplane had wooden wings and an Elektron (alloy) metal-tube fuselage. However, there is no exact record for produced numbers. The R-29 was a new design developed by Raab's Greek company in late 1936 but shared structural characteristics with the preceding R-27 type (a type also first recorded as an AEKKEA-RAAB product by Jane's 1935 ed., most probably designed earlier by Raab and never produced), which featured an inline Hispano-Suiza 12Y engine, retractable undercarriage and twin machine-guns.

Export documents to Spain and Jane's (1936 ed.) reported it as a fighter, but Raab later described it as a trainer, which would be borne out by the low powered engine chosen. A batch of these aircraft, along with the Tigerschwalbe R-26V/33 (derived from an earlier Raab-Katzenstein model), were to be delivered to the Republican forces. Components of 30 aircraft were to be produced in Greece and shipped to Spain, where a subsidiary would carry out final assembly. An AEKKEA aircraft engineer, Georgios Pangakis, reported 40 (rather than 30) R-29s shipped to Spain, still missing engines and machine guns, which proved difficult to acquire. According to Raab, the Republicans gave roughly 60 incomplete airframes of both types, along with plans to the Soviets to be shipped back to the USSR.

The AEKKEA archives were destroyed and there seems to be no surviving images and only the contemporary Jane's provides a written description.

Specifications

See also

Similar aircraft 
 AEKKEA-RAAB R-52
 AEKKEA-RAAB R-33 Tigerschwalbe
 AEKKEA-RAAB R-28
 AEKKEA-RAAB R-27
 AEKKEA-RAAB R-26ν
 AEKKEA-RAAB R-1C Schwalbe II
 PZL P.24
 Gloster Gladiator

References

Further reading
L.S. Skartsis and G.A. Avramidis, "Made in Greece", Typorama, Patras, Greece (2003) (republished by the University of Patras Science Park, 2006).
Rolf Nagel and Thorsten Bauer, "Kassel und die Luftfahrtindustrie seit 1923", A. Bernecker Verlag (2015) 
 
Antonius Raab, "Raab Fliegt (Erinnerungen eines Flugpioniers)", Reihe Konkret, Hamburg (1984).

External links
L.S. Skartsis, "Greek Vehicle and Machine Manufacturers 1800 to Present: A Pictorial History", Marathon (2012) (ebook)

1930s Greek fighter aircraft
Aircraft manufactured in Greece
Risograph. Risograph is a brand of digital duplicators manufactured by the Riso Kagaku Corporation, that are designed mainly for high-volume photocopying and printing. It was released in Japan in 1980. It is sometimes called a printer-duplicator, as newer models can be used as a network printer as well as a stand-alone duplicator. When printing or copying many duplicates (generally more than 100) of the same content, it is typically far less expensive per page than a conventional photocopier, laser printer, or inkjet printer.

Process 

The underlying technology is very similar to a mimeograph. It brings together several processes which were previously carried out manually, for example using the Riso Print Gocco system or the Gestetner system.

This simple technology is highly reliable compared to a standard photocopier and can achieve both very high speed (typically 150 pages per minute) and very low costs per copy when copying more than 100 copies. A good lifespan for a risograph might involve making 100,000 masters and 5,000,000 copies.

Risograph printers use a soy ink made from vegetable soybean oil. One disadvantage of this soy based ink printing medium is that all paper stock has to be uncoated for the ink to dry and adhere to the paper stock.

Because the process involves real ink like in offset printing, and does not require heat to fix the image on the paper that a photocopier or laser printer does, the output from a risograph can be treated like any offset-printed material. This means that sheets which have been through a risograph may be fed through a laser printer afterwards and vice versa.

Risographs have typically had interchangeable color inks and drums allowing for printing in different colors or using spot color in a single print job. The Riso MZ series models have two ink drums, thereby allowing two colors to be printed in one pass.

How to print 

After sending the original through the machine, the Risograph makes an original master by making microscopic holes in the master with thermal heads.

This master is then wrapped around a drum and the ink is forced through the voids in the master. The paper runs flat through the machine while the drum rotates at high speed to create each image on the paper.

It's possible to print a document sending it via USB or scan it analogically with the platen glass scanner.

Manufacture 

The key master-making thermal head component is manufactured by Toshiba. Machines similar to Risographs are manufactured by Ricoh, Gestetner, Rex Rotary, Nashuatec and Duplo. Gestetner, Rex Rotary and Nashuatec are now owned by Ricoh.

Use 

For schools, clubs, churches, colleges, political campaigns, and other short-run print jobs, the risograph bridges the gap between a standard photocopier (which is cheaper up to about 100 copies) and using an offset press (which is cheaper over about 10,000 copies).

References

External links 
 
 US Riso site
 UK Riso site

Japanese brands
Printing
Printing devices
Office equipment
Products introduced in 1980