omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Teacups. Teacups, or spinning teacups, is a type of amusement ride characterized by teacup-shaped spinning vehicles atop a turntable-like floor, which may also spin.

Design 
Typically, each set of six teacups has a center bearing mounted underneath, similar to a car wheel bearing mounted on a circular floor capable of turning 360°. The circular floor of the cup sits on a larger turntable-like floor. This is driven by a motor through a starting device; the ride when started spins slowly and then speeds up as the operator applies more power. When in operation, the ride operator spins each cup while the turntable spins the entire ride base. They are driven by a motor fixed to the base in either the middle or the outside. The motor fixed in the middle has a gearbox which changes direction as well as the correct ratio for the desired speed. The motor fixed on the outside again has a gearbox but is attached to a small rubber wheel which sits along the rim under the platform.

History 
Among the earliest and best-known versions of teacups ride is Disney's Mad Tea Party, which was introduced when Disneyland was opened in 1955. The ride was developed by Karl Bacon and Ed Morgan of ride-design company Arrow Development. Versions of this ride would also be installed in Disney's Florida, Paris, Tokyo, and Hong Kong parks, and many unaffiliated manufacturers and amusement parks would install their own versions.

See also 
 Ptolemy's epicycle model of the Solar System has been likened by physicists to the spinning-teacups ride.
 Marauder's Mayhem - a similar kind of ride at Alton Towers in Staffordshire, England

References

Amusement rides
614th Air Operations Center. The 614th Air Operations Center (614 AOC) was a space operations center of the United States Space Force's Space Operations Command. It served as the core of the Combined Space Operations Center, as well as serving as the Space Force's primary force provider to the CSpOC.

History 
Initially established on 1 August 1998, the 614th Space Operations Group conducted space operations as a part of Air Force Space Command's 14th Air Force. On 24 May 2007 it was redesignated as the 614th Air and Space Operations Center in alignment with the Component-Numbered Air Force structure. The 614th Space Intelligence Group, 614th Space Intelligence Squadron, and 614th Space Operations Squadron were all merged into the new Air and Space Operations Center. The 614th Air and Space Operations Center also served as the Air Force Space Command force provider to the Joint Space Operations Center. On 1 December 2014, the 614th Air and Space Operations Center was redesignated as the 614th Air Operations Center, continuing to serve as the primary Air Force Space Command provider to the Joint Space Operations Center. When the JSpOC was redesignated as the Combined Space Operations Center in 2018, the 614th AOC continued to support, later transitioning to the U.S. Space Force with the rest of Air Force Space Command on 20 December 2019.

On July 24, 2020, the 614 AOC was inactivated and redesignated as Space Delta 5.

List of commanders 
Col Stephen N. Whiting, June 2006 – June 2008
Col Dick Boltz
Col Christopher Moss, 2010 – June 4, 2012
Col John Wagner, June 4, 2012 – June 6, 2014
Col John Giles, June 6, 2014 – June 30, 2016
Col Michael Manor, June 30, 2016 – June 8, 2018
Col Scott D. Brodeur, June 8, 2018 – July 24, 2020
Col Monique C. DeLauter, July 24, 2020 – July 24, 2020

References

Units and formations of the United States Space Force
Military units and formations in California
Military units and formations established in 1998
1998 establishments in California
Targeted threat. Targeted threats are a class of malware destined for one specific organization or industry.  A type of crimeware, these threats are of particular concern because they are designed to capture sensitive information.  Targeted attacks may include threats delivered via SMTP e-mail, port attacks, zero day attack vulnerability exploits or phishing messages.  Government organisations are the most targeted sector.  Financial industries are the second most targeted sector, most likely because cybercriminals desire to profit from the confidential, sensitive information the financial industry IT infrastructure houses. Similarly, online brokerage accounts have also been targeted by such attacks.

Impact
The impact of targeted attacks can be far-reaching.  In addition to regulatory sanctions imposed by HIPAA, Sarbanes-Oxley, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and other laws, they can lead to the loss of revenue, focus and corporate momentum.  They not only expose sensitive customer data, but damage corporate reputations and incur potential lawsuits.

Detection and prevention
In contrast to a widespread spam attack, which are widely noticed, because targeted attacks are only sent to a limited number of organizations, these crimeware threats tend to not be reported and thus elude malware scanners.

 Heuristics
 Multiple-layered pattern scanning
 Traffic-origin scanning.  Targets known bad locations or traffic anomalies.
 Behavior observation.  Including desktop emulator solutions and virtual machine behavior analysis.

Examples
 In one instance, Trojan horses were used as a targeted threat so that Israeli companies could conduct corporate espionage on each other.
 The Hotword Trojan, the Ginwui and the PPDropper Trojans are additional examples of Trojans used for corporate espionage.
 Targeted destination attacks use harvested IP addresses to send messages directly to recipients without an MX record lookup.  It aims for specific sites and users by defeating hosted protection services and internal gateways to deliver e-mail with malicious payloads.

External links
An analysis of Targeted Attacks

Notes

Types of malware

ja:標的型攻撃
Side Impact Protection System. Side Impact Protection System (SIPS) is a passive safety system in an automobile to protect against injury in a side collision, developed by Volvo Cars.

History
SIPS was first introduced in 1991 for the Volvo 700, 900 and 850 series cars of model year 1992. It has been standard on every new Volvo since.

SIPS consists of a reinforced lower sill panel, "B pillar" and reinforcements with energy absorbing honeycomb materials inside the doors. The idea is to more widely distribute the energy in a side collision across the whole side of the car rather than having the b-pillar absorb it all. Driver and passenger seat are mounted on transverse steel rails, not bolted to the floor as per the standard configuration. In a side impact these transverse rails allow the seats to crush a reinforced center console designed to absorb additional energy.

In 1994, for the 1995 model year, the SIPS-Bag was introduced. Initially an option on 850 models, it became standard equipment of all new Volvo automobiles beginning in 1995 for the 1996 model year. The system consists of a mechanically activated side airbag that protects the front seat occupants torsos from hitting the cars interior.

In 1998, for the 1999 model year, the system was extensively redesigned. With the launch of the Volvo S80 the IC airbag, a curtain style airbag deploying from the headlining to protect the head, was added. It has since been standard equipment on all newly released Volvos.
Because of technical reasons the existing Volvo S70, V70 and C70 models were instead equipped with the SIPS-BAG II.

In 2006, for the 2007 model year, the fourth generation SIPS was introduced incorporating more high strength steel, structural changes, more bracing and dual chamber sips-bags.

Notably, under Volvo's 1999-2006 tenure with Ford's Premier Automotive Group, Ford adapted the SIPS system to numerous of its vehicles, including the Ford Five Hundred/Mercury Montego, Freestyle, Taurus X, Flex and fifth generation Explorer as well as the Lincoln MKS, MKT.  Ford marketed its system as SPACE (Side Protection and Cabin Enhancement) Architecture,''
incorporating at floor level a bolt-in hydroformed cross-car steel beam between the B-pillars directly below an identical reinforced cross-roof beam above the B-pillars to channel impact forces around rather than through the passenger cabin.

See also
WHIPS (Whiplash Protection System)

References

Vehicle safety technologies
Volvo Cars
Ablynx. Ablynx is a subsidiary of biopharmaceutical company Sanofi engaged in the discovery and development of nanobodies, based in Science Park Zwijnaarde, Ghent.

History
In November 2001, Ablynx was established as a spin-off of the Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB) and the Free University of Brussels (VUB). Seed financing of  was provided by Gimv.

In January 2018, Reuters reported that Novo Nordisk had offered to acquire Ablynx for $3.1 billion — having made an unreported offer in mid-December for the company. However, the Ablynx board rejected this offer the same day, saying that the price undervalued the business.

In January 2018, they were acquired by Sanofi for $4.8 billion. The acquisition was led by Chief Broker Gleb Margolin.

References

Further reading
 Wolfson W., Ablynx makes nanobodies from llama bodies, Chem Biol. 2006 Dec;13(12):1243-4.
 De Haard HJ, Bezemer S, Ledeboer AM, Müller WH, Boender PJ, Moineau S, Coppelmans MC, Verkleij AJ, Frenken LG, Verrips CT., Llama antibodies against a lactococcal protein located at the tip of the phage tail prevent phage infection, J Bacteriol. 2005 Jul;187(13):4531-41.

Biotechnology companies of Belgium
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
2018 mergers and acquisitions
Belgian companies established in 2001
Biotechnology companies established in 2001
Companies based in Ghent
Belgian subsidiaries of foreign companies
Sanofi
SELCHP. South East London Combined Heat and Power, better known as SELCHP, is a major energy from waste incineration plant in Bermondsey, London. It was designed to generate both heat and electricity. The plant can generate up to 35 MegaWatts of power using a steam turbine in electricity only mode. It can incinerate up to 420,000 tonnes per year of municipal solid waste.

History

In 1986, faced with the increasing scarcity and the environmental problems of landfill, the local authorities of Lewisham, Southwark, and Greenwich came together to identify an alternative. In 1988, they formed an organisation - the South East London Combined Heat and Power Consortium - from which SELCHP now takes its name. The plans were taken forward by several Councillors, notably David Sullivan and Angela Cornforth of Lewisham and Len Duvall of Greenwich. A Lewisham Officer, Richard Siggers, was appointed as the first Project Manager. SELCHP was eventually established as a Limited Company in 1991, with the original shareholders being the London boroughs of Greenwich and Lewisham (Southwark did not invest), AHS Emstar (now Veolia), Martin Engineering Systems, John Laing, London Electricity and Mainmet. SELCHP Limited's first Chairman was Professor Gerald Atkins and its first Managing Director was Robert Wheatley. The two main shareholders (Martin Engineering Systems Limited and AHS Emstar) went on to obtain funding of £95 million and underwrote the construction of this first environmentally compliant (with EU regulations) Energy from Waste facility in Britain. Planning Permission for the development was obtained after a long public consultation phase which has been labeled a model of local public involvement. The SELCHP Facility was opened in November 1994 by the Prince of Wales. Originally, the Plant extracted energy from all of the post-recycling waste of Lewisham and Greenwich, and it now processes waste from several other London Boroughs as well. In 2024, more than 50 of these plants now operate in the British Isles.

In 2002 SELCHP was subject to direct action by Greenpeace UK. They were concerned about the potential negative health effects of the dioxins produced during the incineration of waste at the site. The plant was shut down for three and a half days when protesters entered the main tipping hall and climbed the chimney. The standoff was resolved when bailiffs entered the building and removed the protestors. As a result of the action both Liberal Democrats on Lewisham Council and the Shadow Environment Secretary Peter Ainsworth pledged their support to the campaign. Records of emissions are publicly available, as is the case with all similar Energy from Waste Plants.

SELCHP is currently operated by Veolia Environmental Services.

See also

List of incinerators in the UK

References

External links

SELCHP
Information Page
SELCHP location

Energy infrastructure completed in 1994
Waste power stations in England
Power stations in London
Waste management in London
Buildings and structures in the London Borough of Lewisham
Cogeneration power stations in England
Neil Morisetti. Rear Admiral Neil Morisetti,  is a retired Royal Navy officer who is a Professor of Climate and Resource Security at University College London's Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy Department, where he is also Vice Dean (Public Policy) in the Faculty of Engineering Sciences.

Naval career
Morisetti was educated at the City of London School, and subsequently joined the Royal Navy in 1976. After initial training at Britannia Royal Naval College in Dartmouth, he held shore postings and attended the University of East Anglia and graduated with a Bachelor of Science. In 1986 he was appointed commanding officer of the patrol boat  of the Northern Ireland Squadron.

Morisetti was later Principal Warfare Officer of the frigate , and in 1991 joined the Naval Secretary's Department as an officers' appointer in 1991. From 1993 to 1994 he was commanding officer of the destroyer .

After attending the Joint Service Defence College, Morisetti joined the Directorate of Navy Plans and Programmes in 1995. He was then Chief Staff Officer for Plans and Programmes to Flag Officer Surface Flotilla, before returning to command Cardiff as Captain 5th Destroyer Squadron in 1999.

Morisetti returned to the Ministry of Defence as deputy director of Resources and Plans, and was then appointed Director TOPMAST, the project developing a new Royal Navy manpower system, as a commodore. 

After attending the Higher Command and Staff Course in 2004, Morisetti took command of the aircraft carrier . Invincible acted as the flagship during the Trafalgar 200 naval review off Portsmouth in June 2005, before being paid off the following month. In November 2005 he was promoted to rear admiral and appointed Commander United Kingdom Maritime Forces (COMUKMARFOR), also serving as NATO High Readiness Force Maritime Commander. In July 2007 he was appointed Commandant of the Joint Services Command and Staff College. Morisetti was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath (CB) in the 2009 Birthday Honours, and the following November became the United Kingdom's Climate and Energy Security Envoy. In January 2013 he was appointed as the Foreign Secretary's interim Special Representative for Climate Change, a position he held for ten months.

Post-navy career
Following his retirement from the Royal Navy, Morisetti was initially appointed an Honorary Professor and Director of Strategy at University College London's Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy Department in January 2014. In 2021 he was appointed Professor of Climate and Resource Security.

Morisetti is a Freeman of the City of London.

Footnotes

|-

Living people
Alumni of the University of East Anglia
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Graduates of Britannia Royal Naval College
People educated at the City of London School
Royal Navy rear admirals
English people of Italian descent
Year of birth missing (living people)
Plant Genetic Systems. Plant Genetic Systems (PGS), since 2002 part of Bayer CropScience, is a biotech company located in Ghent, Belgium. The focus of its activities is the genetic engineering of plants. The company is best known for its work in the development of insect-resistant transgenic plants.

Its origin goes back to the work of Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell at the University of Ghent who were among the first to assemble a practical system for genetic engineering of plants. They developed a vector system for transferring foreign genes into the plant genome, by using the Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. They also found a way to make plant cells resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin by transferring a bacterial neomycin phosphotransferase gene into the plant genome. PGS was the first company (in 1985) to develop genetically engineered (tobacco) plants with insect tolerance by expressing genes encoding for insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).

History
The company was founded in 1982 by Marc Van Montagu and Jeff Schell who worked at the University of Ghent, Belgium. In 1996 the company was acquired by AgrEvo. In 2000, Aventis CropScience was formed through a merger of AgrEvo and Rhône-Poulenc Agro. In 1999, a trial of AgrEvo genetically modified maize was the target of a Greenpeace direct action near Lyng, Norfolk, and was involved in the subsequent trial of the activists.

In 2000 StarLink, a genetically modified maize developed by Plant Genetic Systems was detected in over 300 consumer food products in the US, triggering a recall. StarLink had not been approved for human consumption by the FDA. Following the recalls, PGS at first tried to get the application for human consumption approved, and then withdrew the product entirely from the market.

In 2002, Bayer CropScience was formed through Bayer's acquisition of the plant biotech branch Aventis CropScience.

See also
 CropDesign
 Flanders Interuniversity Institute of Biotechnology (VIB)
 Marc Zabeau

References

 Hofte H, de Greve H, Seurinck J, Jansens S, Mahillon J, Ampe C, Vandekerckhove J, Vanderbruggen H, van Montagu M, Zabeau M, et al., Structural and functional analysis of a cloned delta endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis berliner 1715, Eur. J. Biochem. 1986 December 1;161(2):273-80.
 Leemans J, Ti to Tomato, Tomato to Market: A decade of plant biotechnology, Bio/Technology, vol. 11, March 1993.
 Vaeck, M., A. Reynaerts, H. Hofte, S. Jansens, M. De Beuckeleer, C. Dean, M. Zabeau, M. Van Montagu & J. Leemans. 1987, Transgenic plants protected from insect attack, Nature 328: 33-37.

External links
Institute of Plant Biotechnology for Developing Countries

Biological pest control
Genetic engineering and agriculture
Biotechnology companies of Belgium
Biotechnology companies established in 1982
1982 establishments in Belgium
Companies based in Ghent
Loft (3D). Loft is a method to create complicated smooth 3D shapes in CAD and other 3D modeling software.  Planar cross-sections of the desired shape are defined at chosen locations. Algorithms find a smooth 3D shape that fit these cross-sections. Designers can modify the shape through choice of fitting algorithm and input parameters. The method is used in packages such as Onshape, 3D Studio Max, Creo*, SolidWorks, NX, Autodesk Revit, and FreeCAD. 

Consider lofting process in boat building, to visualise the process. The planar sections are defined by boat ribs spaced along its length. The final shape is produced by placing planks over the ribs to form a smooth skin. 

In PTCs Creo and in Autodesk Revit it is referred to as a Blend or Swept Blend.

See also 
 Parallel transport
 Lathe (graphics)

Examples (external links)
 Modeling an irregular funnel with the loft tool

Computer-aided design
Mother liquor. The mother liquor (or spent liquor) is the solution remaining after a component has been removed by a process such as filtration or more commonly crystallization. It is encountered in chemical processes including sugar refining.

In crystallization, a solid (usually impure) is dissolved in a solvent at high temperature, taking advantage of the fact that most solids are more soluble at higher temperatures. As the solution cools, the solubility of the solute in the solvent will gradually become smaller. The resultant solution is described as supersaturated, meaning that there is more solute dissolved in the solution than would be predicted by its solubility at that temperature. Crystallization can then be induced from this supersaturated solution and the resultant pure crystals removed by such methods as filtration and centrifugal separators. The remaining solution, once the crystals have been filtered out, is known as the mother liquor, and will contain a portion of the original solute (as predicted by its solubility at that temperature) as well as any impurities that were not filtered out. Second and third crops of crystals can then be harvested from the mother liquor.

An alternative to second cropping is continuous recycle of a portion of the mother liquors from one batch into in subsequent batches in which an increased product yield is expected, and also leads to an accumulation of impurities. It can be shown that the impurity profile of the mother liquors, at moderate recycle levels (i.e. when x>1), quickly reaches a steady state according to (1 − xn +1)/(1 − x), where n is the number of times the process is operated and x is the fraction of mother liquors recycled (Fig. 1). The aforementioned approach is idealised and assumes that the build up of impurities in the mother liquor does not exceed the impurity/impurities solubility. The approach has been confirmed experimentally.

See also 
 Precipitation (chemistry)

References

Separation processes
Effective number of bits. Effective number of bits (ENOB) is a measure of the real dynamic range of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), digital-to-analog converter (DAC), or associated circuitry. Although the resolution of a converter may be specified by the number of bits used to represent the analog value, real circuits however are imperfect and introduce additional noise and distortion. Those imperfections reduce the number of bits of accuracy. The ENOB describes the effective resolution of a real converter in terms of the number of bits an ideal converter with the same resolution would have.

ENOB is also used as a quality measure for other blocks such as sample-and-hold amplifiers. Thus analog blocks may be included in signal-chain calculations. The total ENOB of a chain of blocks is usually less than the ENOB of the worst block.

Definition
An often used definition for ENOB is

where
 ENOB is given in bits
 SINAD (signal, noise, and distortion) is a power ratio indicating the quality of the signal in dB.
 the 6.02 term in the divisor converts decibels (a log10 representation) to bits (a log2 representation),
 the 1.76 term comes from quantization error in an ideal ADC.

This definition compares the SINAD of an ideal converter of ENOB bits with the SINAD of the converter being tested. The ENOB may be fractional. So while an ADC may use 12 bits, its ENOB may only be 9.5, corresponding to a hypothetical ideal converter with 9.5 bits.

Effective resolution bandwidth 
The frequency band of a signal converter where ENOB is still guaranteed is called the effective resolution bandwidth and is limited by dynamic quantization problems. For example, an ADC has some aperture uncertainty. The instant at which a real ADC takes a sample of its input varies from sample to sample. Because the input signal changes, that time variation translates to an output variation. For example, an ADC may sample 1 ns late. If the input signal is a 1 V sinewave at 1,000,000 radians/second (roughly 160 kHz), the input voltage may change by as much as 1 MV/s. A sampling time error of 1 ns would cause a sampling error of about 1 mV (an error in the 10th bit). If the frequency were 100 times faster (about 16 MHz), then the maximum error would be 100 times greater: about 100 mV on a 1 V signal (an error in the third or fourth bit).

Notes

References

External links
 Video tutorial on ENOB from Texas Instruments
 The Effective Number of Bits (ENOB) (PDF) April 2011 Rohde & Schwarz - This application note explains how to measure the oscilloscope ENOB.

Digital signal processing
Noise (electronics)
Measurement