omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Principia Cybernetica. Principia Cybernetica is an international cooperation of scientists in the field of cybernetics and systems science, especially known for their website, Principia Cybernetica. They have dedicated their organization to what they call "a computer-supported evolutionary-systemic philosophy, in the context of the transdisciplinary academic fields of Systems Science and Cybernetics".

Organisation 
Principia Cybernetica was initiated in 1989 in the USA by Cliff Joslyn and Valentin Turchin, and a year later broadened to Europe with Francis Heylighen from Belgium joining their cooperation.

Major activities of the Principia Cybernetica Project are: 
 Principia Cybernetica Web: an online encyclopedia
 Web Dictionary of Cybernetics and Systems; an online dictionary
 Newsletter Principia Cybernetica News
 Conferences and traditional publications

The organization is associated with: 
 American Society for Cybernetics.
 Evolution, Complexity and Cognition group: a transdisciplinary research group at the Free University of Brussels, Belgium, founded in 2004 and directed by Francis Heylighen.
 Journal of Memetics-Evolutionary Models of Information Transmission (JoM-EMIT) is an international peer-refereed scientific journal
 Global Brain Group: for discussion about the emergence of a global brain.

Principia Cybernetica Web 
The Principia Cybernetica Web, which went online in 1993, is one of the first complex webs in the world.
It is still viewed as one of the most important sites on cybernetics, systems theory, complexity, and related approaches.

Workshops and symposia 
Especially in the 1990s the Principia Cybernetica has organized a series of workshops and international symposia on cybernetic themes. On the 1st Principia Cybernetica Workshop in June 1991 in Brussels many cyberneticists attended like Harry Bronitz, Gordon Pask, J.L. Elohim, Robert Glueck, Ranulph Glanville, Annemie Van Kerkhoven, Don McNeil, Elan Moritz, Cliff Joslyn, A. Comhaire and Valentin Turchin.

See also 
 W. Ross Ashby
 Complex adaptive system
 Evolutionary epistemology
 Global brain
 Manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions
 Red Queen
 Stuart Umpleby
 Emergence

References

Further reading 
 Woody Evans (2003), A Review of the Principia Cybernetica Web, Mississippi Libraries, 67(1), p.16, Spring 2003.
 Ben Goertzel (2000), The Principia Cybernetica Project: Placing the Web at the Center of Man’s Quest for Knowledge, September 2000.
 Koen Van Damme (2007), Principia Cybernetica: An introduction.
 Francis Heylighen (2000). "Foundations and Methodology for an Evolutionary World View: A Review of the Principia Cybernetica Project" in: Foundations of Science, 5(4), p.457-490.
 Francis Heylighen, C. Joslyn & Valentin Turchin (1991). "A Short Introduction to the Principia Cybernetica Project". in: Journal of Ideas, 2(1), p.26-29.
 C. Joslyn, Francis Heylighen & V. Turchin (1993). "Synopsys of the Principia Cybernetica Project". in: Proc. 13th Int. Congress on Cybernetics, p. 509-513.

External links 
 Principia Cybernetica Home page
 Principia Cybernetica Project Organization

Cybernetics
Organizations established in 1989
Systems sciences organizations
Collaboration-oriented architecture. Collaboration Oriented Architecture (COA) is a computer system that is designed to collaborate, or use services, from systems that are outside of the operators control. Collaboration Oriented Architecture will often use Service Oriented Architecture to deliver the technical framework.

Collaboration Oriented Architecture is the ability to collaborate between systems that are based on the Jericho Forum principles or "Commandments".

Bill Gates and Craig Mundie (Microsoft)  clearly articulated the need for people to work outside of their organizations in a secure and collaborative manner in their opening keynote to the RSA Security Conference in February 2007.

Successful implementation of a Collaboration Oriented Architecture implies the ability to successfully inter-work securely over the Internet and will typically mean the resolution of the problems that come with de-perimeterisation.

Etymology 

The term Collaboration Oriented Architectures  was defined and developed in a meeting of the Jericho Forum at a meeting held at HSBC on 6 July 2007.

Definition 
The key elements that qualify a security architecture as a Collaboration Oriented Architecture are as follows;
 Protocol: Systems use appropriately secure protocols to communicate. 
 Authentication: The protocol is authenticated with user and/or system credentials.
 Federation: User and/or systems credentials are accepted and validated by systems that are not under your (locus of) control.
 Network Agnostic: The design does not rely on a secure network, thus it will operate securely from an Intranet to raw-Internet
 Trust: The collaborating system have the capacity to be able to confirm to a specified degree of confidence that the components in a transaction chain have.
 Risk: The collaborating systems can make a risk assessment on any transaction based on the communicated levels of required trust, based on the required degree of identity, confidentiality, integrity, availability.

Authentication 
Working in a collaborative multi-sourced environment implies the need for authentication, authorization and accountability which must interoperate / exchange outside of your locus / area of control.
 People/systems must be able to manage permissions of resources and rights of users they don't control
 There must be capability of trusting an organization, which can authenticate individuals or groups, thus eliminating the need to create separate identities
 In principle, only one instance of person / system / identity may exist, but privacy necessitates the support for multiple instances, or one instance with multiple facets, often referred to as personas
 Systems must be able to pass on security credentials /assertions
 Multiple loci (areas) of control must be supported

References

External links
 http://www.jerichoforum.org
  Open SOA Collaboration
 Service Component Architecture Specifications
 A collaboration-oriented software architecture modeling system
 Enterprise collaboration with Service Oriented Architecture (SOA)
 Collaboration Services in a Services Oriented Architecture

Computer security
USS Hector (AC-7). USS Hector (AC-7) was a collier acquired by the United States Navy prior to World War I. She carried coal to those ships still using it as fuel to build up steam for their engines, and continued that service until her wrecking and sinking in 1916. She was the sister ship of .

Construction and career
Hector — the second ship to be so named by the U.S. Navy — was launched on 3 July 1909 by the Maryland Steel Company, Sparrows Point, Maryland and commissioned on 22 October 1909.

She was on special service with the Atlantic Fleet from commissioning through 1913, when she was stationed at Norfolk, Virginia. From there, Hector served as a fuel ship, ferrying freight and fuel up the U.S. East Coast and down to the Caribbean, especially Guantánamo Bay and Santo Domingo.

Sinking of Hector

Hector was battered by winds of  for 16 hours during the Charleston Hurricane of 1916 while at sea in the Atlantic Ocean off South Carolina. She was disabled when hatches gave way and her boiler room flooded. The ship was wrecked on a reef off Point Romaine, South Carolina on 14 July 1916, breaking in two and sank three days later.

References

External links
USS Hector (Collier # 7), 1909-1916

Colliers of the United States Navy
Ships built in Sparrows Point, Maryland
Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean
1909 ships
Maritime incidents in 1916
Denison Dam. Denison Dam, also known as Lake Texoma Dam, is a dam located on the Red River between Texas and Oklahoma that impounds Lake Texoma. The purpose of the dam is flood control, water supply, hydroelectric power production, river regulation, navigation and recreation. It was also designated by the American Society of Civil Engineers as a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1993.

History

Completed in 1943 primarily as a flood control project, it was at the time the "largest rolled-earth fill dam in the world". Only five times has the lake reached the dam's spillway at a height of  above sea level: 1957, 1990, 2007, and twice in 2015. It takes its name from Denison, Texas, just downriver from the dam face.

Denison Dam contains a total of 18.8 million cubic yards (14,000,000 m³) of rolled-earth fill. It produces roughly 250,000 megawatt hours of electricity per year, while Lake Texoma provides nearly  of water storage for local communities under five permanent contracts.
In addition to two federally managed wildlife-refuge areas, Denison Dam has made possible 47 recreational areas managed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, two state parks -- one in Oklahoma and one in Texas -- as well as  of open public land used for hunting.
[...] General Lucius D. Clay was the principal manager of the project.

Oklahoma State Highway 91 and, to a lesser extent, Texas State Highway 91 cross over the dam.

German prisoners of war from Rommel's Afrika Korps were used in the construction of the Denison Dam and Lake Texoma during World War II. They performed non-war-related work such as clearing trees, lining drainage ditches, and building a bathroom facility. They also helped clear more than 7,000 acres for the lake. 4 

POWs were housed in camps in Tishomingo and Powell, Oklahoma. 

The government paid $1.50 per day per prisoner, and the POWs received 80 cents in canteen coupons. The difference went to the federal treasury to pay for the POW program.

References

External links

Army Corp on floodstage, Retrieved July 6, 2007
ASCE Denison Dam landmark page, Retrieved January 26, 2022

Buildings and structures in Bryan County, Oklahoma
Buildings and structures in Grayson County, Texas
Dams in Oklahoma
Dams in Texas
Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
Hydroelectric power plants in Texas
Hydroelectric power plants in Oklahoma
Earth-filled dams
United States Army Corps of Engineers dams
Energy infrastructure completed in 1943
Dams completed in 1943
Red River of the South
NatureWorks. NatureWorks LLC is an international company that manufactures bioplastics—polymers derived entirely from plant resources—as an alternative to conventional plastic, which is made from petroleum. The commercial quality polymer is made from the carbon found in simple plant sugars such as corn starch to create a proprietary polylactic acid polymer (PLA) which is marketed under the brand name Ingeo. Headquartered in Plymouth, Minnesota, NatureWorks is jointly owned by Cargill and PTT Global Chemical, a Thai state-owned company.

History
In 2001, a joint venture between Cargill and the Dow Chemical Company was formed under the name Cargill Dow LLC and in 2005, Cargill bought out Dow’s interest in the venture. In 2002, a manufacturing facility in Blair, Nebraska began operations. It is the world's first and largest PLA facility and it supplies NatureWorks' Ingeo biopolymer. The Blair facility slated to increase its Ingeo nameplate capacity to 150,000 metric tons in the first quarter of 2013.

In 2007 Cargill, the parent company, entered into a joint venture with Japan's Teijin, which acquired a 50% stake in NatureWorks. The partnership was dissolved in July 2009 when Teijin faced corporate restructuring in the wake of the Great Recession.

NatureWorks is headquartered in Plymouth, Minnesota, but its main manufacturing facility is in Blair, Nebraska, with additional offices Naarden, the Netherlands; Tokyo, Japan; and Bangkok, Thailand. It was considering building an additional manufacturing plant in Thailand but due to the 2014 Thai coup d'état and related turmoil it had not committed. Other countries under consideration include Malaysia and Singapore.

In 2013 NatureWorks sold 1 billion pounds of Ingeo. Its competitors in the bioplastics industry include DuPont, Braskem (BAK), Toray Industries, Lanxess AG, Bayer, BASF, and Eastman Chemical Company.

NatureWorks hosts a conference called "Innovation takes Root", which brings together Ingeo Polymer users.

Recycling
Ingeo biopolymer bears the resin identification code 7 and can be chemically recycled, composted or landfilled. Ordinary home composts cannot break down the polymer, although high-temperature commercial composting systems can.

NatureWorks integrated NatureWorks PLA into the recycling system in the United States according to guidelines published by the Association of Plastic Recyclers. It commissioned an independent third party to study PLA's environmental impact, which indicated that PLA was a "neutral contributor in the existing recycling stream and can be effectively sorted using available detection technology".

References

Companies based in Plymouth, Minnesota
Bioplastics
Manufacturing companies based in Minnesota
Safety-Kleen. Safety-Kleen Systems, Inc. is a company that provides services such as collecting and recycling oil, providing industrial cleaning, and handling industrial waste.  In addition, their products include cleaning equipment, antifreeze and coolant, windshield cleaner, and re-refined oil products.

History 

Safety-Kleen was started in the late 1950s and early 1960s when Ben Palmer invented the parts washer which he decided to lease to customers and service by removing and replenishing the solvent in the machines. In 1968, the Safety-Kleen business was acquired by Chicago Rawhide, and under the leadership of Don Brinckman Safety-Kleen became a publicly traded company and enjoyed tremendous growth and business success over 30 years, eventually joining the Fortune 500. In 1973, a UK-based off-shoot of Safety-Kleen was created. And in 1998 Safetykleen Europe, without a hyphen, separated from the US organisation to become a separate company that now operates in 14 countries in Europe and beyond.

In 1998, Safety-Kleen fell victim to a hostile takeover by Laidlaw Environmental. Afterwards, the financial situation of the company deteriorated and finally the company filed for and re-emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy. In this period, the company hid the failure of the merger and in 2002, civil and criminal charges were filed by the SEC and the United States Attorney's Office against Safety-Kleen and four of its former senior executives for "perpetrating a massive accounting fraud from at least November 1998 through March 2000." A $200 million judgement was subsequently enforced by a Canadian court.

The company successfully emerged from bankruptcy and refinanced its senior debt in 2005.

In 2012, Clean Harbors acquired Safety-Kleen.

Safety-kleen is also an official partner of NASCAR as part of the NASCAR green initiative.

References

External links
 Safety-Kleen Web site
 Commercial Cleaning Atlanta

Companies based in Richardson, Texas
Recycling industry
Kamalain Shaath. Kamalain Shaath is the current president of the Islamic University of Gaza (IUG). He has a Ph.D. degree in civil engineering. Prior to his current position, he was a professor at the Civil Engineering department at the same university. He received his Ph.D. from The University of Leeds in UK, M.Sc. from United States and B.Sc. from Cairo University, Egypt, all in civil engineering.

Career
He is the president of the Islamic University of Gaza.

External links

Dr Kamalain Shaath's homepage

References

Living people
Academic staff of the Islamic University of Gaza
Alumni of the University of Leeds
Cairo University alumni
Academic staff of An-Najah National University
Year of birth missing (living people)
Palestinian civil engineers
WS-SecureConversation. WS-SecureConversation is a Web Services specification, created by IBM and others, that works in conjunction with WS-Security, WS-Trust and WS-Policy to allow the creation and sharing of security contexts.  Extending the use cases of WS-Security, the purpose of WS-SecureConversation is to establish security contexts for multiple SOAP message exchanges, reducing the overhead of key establishment.

Features 
 Establish a new security context in following modes:
 Security context token created by a security token service (WS-Trust STS)
 Security context token created by one of the communicating parties and propagated with a message
 Security context token created through negotiation/exchanges
 Renew security context
 Amend Security context (add claims)
 Cancel security context
 Derive key: parties may use different keys per side and function (sign/encrypt), and change keys frequently to prevent cryptographic attacks
 Maintain high secure context

WS-SecureConversation is meant to provide an extensible framework and a flexible syntax, with which one could implement various security mechanisms. It does not by itself guarantee  security, but the implementor has to ensure that the result is not vulnerable to any attack.

Pros/Cons 
Following a pattern similar to TLS, WS-SecureConversation establishes a kind of session key. The processing overhead for key establishment is reduced significantly when compared to WS-Security in the case of frequent message exchanges.
However, a new layer is put on top of WS-Security, that implies other WS-* protocols like WS-Addressing and WS-Trust. So the importance of performance has to be compared to the added complexity and dependencies.
See the performance section in WS-Security.

External links
 WS-SecureConversation 1.4 Specification

Associated specifications
The following specifications are associated with WS-SecureConversation:
 WS-Addressing
 WS-Policy
 WS-Security
 WS-Trust

See also
 Family of WS-* specifications

References

Security
Tem. Tem or TEM may refer to:

Acronyms 
 Threat and error management, an aviation safety management model.
 Telecom Expense Management
 Telecom Equipment Manufacturer
 TEM (currency), local to Volos, Greece
 TEM (nuclear propulsion), a Russian spacecraft propulsion system
 Territorial Efficiency Medal, a United Kingdom award for long service in the Territorial Army
 Test environment management, a function in the software delivery process
 Test For English Majors, like College English Test in China
 Tram Elettrici Mendrisiensi, a former tramway in  Ticino, Switzerland
 Transient electromagnetics
 Transmission electron microscopy (or microscope)
 Transverse electromagnetic mode, a transverse mode
 Trans-European Motorways, a regional project
 Triethylenemelamine, a chemotherapeutic agent

People, personnages, characters
 Atum or Tem, an Egyptian deity
 Tem (ibedul), high chief of Koror
 Tem (queen), an ancient Egyptian queen consort
 Tem people of Togo, living around Sokodé
 Temmie Chang, artist and character in Undertale and Deltarune

Places
 Tem, Tajikistan, a small town just outside Khorugh in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province
 Temora Airport (IATA airport code TEM)

Other uses
 Pro tem, abbreviation of a Latin phrase for a person who acts as a placeholder
 Tem language
 TEM beta-lactamase

See also

 
 
 
 TEMS (disambiguation)
WS-Federation Active Requestor Profile. WS-Federation Active Requestor Profile is a Web Services specification - intended to work with the WS-Federation specification - which defines how identity, authentication and authorization mechanisms work across trust realms.  The specification deals specifically with how applications, such as SOAP-enabled applications, make requests using these mechanisms.  By contrast, the WS-Federation Passive Requestor Profile deals with "passive requestors" such as web-browsers.  WS-Federation Active Requestor Profile was created by IBM, BEA Systems, Microsoft, VeriSign, and RSA Security.

See also
 List of Web service specifications

References

External links
 WS-Federation: Active Requestor Profile specification

Security
Data Processing and Analysis Consortium. The Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC) is a group of over 400 European scientists and software engineers formed with the objective to design, develop and execute the data processing system for ESA's ambitious Gaia space astrometry mission. It was formally formed in June 2006 by European scientists, with the initial goal of answering an Announcement of Opportunity to be issued by ESA before the end of that year.  At a meeting in Paris on 24–25 May 2007, ESA's Science Programme Committee (SPC) approved the DPAC proposal submitted in response to the Announcement of Opportunity for the Gaia data processing. The proposal describes a complete data processing system capable of handling the full size and complexity of the Gaia data within the mission schedule. Following the SPC approval, the DPAC is officially responsible for all Gaia data processing activities.

On 1 January 2010, DPAC comprises 430 members coming from 24 European countries, with the largest contributions coming from France, Italy, United Kingdom, Germany, Belgium, Spain and Switzerland. The consortium is organized around a set of nine Coordination Units (CUs), eight being each in charge of a particular aspect of the processing, and the last one being in charge of the publication of the Catalogue.

References

External links
DPAC
Gaia

College and university associations and consortia in Europe
European Space Agency
Technology consortia
Peter K. Homer. Peter K. Homer (born 1961) is an American aerospace engineer from Southwest Harbor, Maine. He won $200,000 from NASA for his entry in the Astronaut Glove Challenge. The competition was held on Thursday, May 3, 2007, with a total of five teams competing (two of which dropped out prior the commencement of the competition), and was one of NASA's seven Centennial Challenges. The gloves were rated on strength, flexibility and comfort. Homer's glove design performed better overall than the competition and NASA hopes it will help improve future astronaut gloves. He was unemployed at the time of his victory.

When performing a space walk, NASA astronauts use their hands as their primary way to move around and complete tasks. After many hours of working inside the pressurized gloves, the force required by the astronauts to move their fingers and wrists back and forth repeatedly often results in blisters, abrasions and damaged fingernails. New technologies would reduce discomfort and make the astronauts' jobs easier and safer.

Of his space-glove know-how, Homer said: "I had to make it up, because there is no book you can buy about this. There is no pattern".

Homer has since been hired by Los Angeles-based Orbital Outfitters, which intends to put Homer's engineering and sewing skills to work on a pressurized space suit for suborbital space flyers.

In 2009, Peter K. Homer once again won the Astronaut Glove Challenge. Differing from the previous competition, the 2009 version of the glove was required to have a thermal micrometeorite garment, which is the outermost layer of the astronaut's glove.

References

External links
 NASA Centennial Challenges

American aerospace engineers
People from Mount Desert Island
1961 births
Living people
21st-century American inventors
Heat loss due to linear thermal bridging. The heat loss due to linear thermal bridging () is a physical quantity used when calculating the energy performance of buildings.  It appears in both United Kingdom and Irish methodologies.

Calculation

The calculation of the heat loss due to linear thermal bridging is relatively simple, given by the formula below:

In the formula,  if Accredited Construction details used, and  otherwise, and  is the sum of all the exposed areas of the building envelope,

References

Energy economics
Thermodynamic properties