omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Robert W. Bly. Robert W. Bly (born July 21, 1957) is an American writer on the subjects of copywriting, freelance writing, and many other subjects from science and science fiction, to satire and small business. He is a copywriter.

Bly grew up in Fair Lawn, New Jersey. He got a degree in chemical engineering in 1979 at the University of Rochester, beginning his writing career with four intense years at the school's daily newspaper. When he graduated, he began as a corporate writer for Westinghouse Electric and then worked for a New York engineering firm for a few years. He published his first book in 1982, on technical writing. In 1985, at the age of 27, he published his tenth book, The Copywriter's Handbook.

Bly has worked as a freelance copywriter for the AARP, IBM, and Lucent Technologies, among others.

Bly has written more than 100 books including The Digital Marketing Handbook from Entrepreneur Press.

Bly also has an internet information marketing industry.

He lives in Montville, New Jersey

References

External links
 
 
 Bob Bly's Home Page

Living people
American copywriters
University of Rochester alumni
1957 births
Atlas Car and Manufacturing Company. The Atlas Car and Manufacturing Company was a manufacturer of small railroad locomotives.  The company was based in Cleveland, OH, building equipment from 1896 through the 1980s.

Overview
Atlas specialized in the building of small locomotives and purpose built rail borne equipment for industrial use.  The equipment it manufactured seldom ran on the rails of Class I railroads, but were often used to shuttle freight cars around inside manufacturing plants.  Atlas's products ranged from small 2-ton end cab switchers up to 65-ton center cab switchers.  They also built a wide variety of equipment for the steel industry including blast furnace transfer cars, scale cars, coke quench cars, coke quench locomotives (to 75 tons), furnace cars and self-propelled flatcars. While most equipment was built for steel and coke plants within the United States, some equipment was shipped outside the country (for example 5 scale cars to Russia).

References
 Reed, Jay, Critters, Dinkys & Centercabs

External links

Photos of several Atlas locomotives
Jay Reed publishing

Industrial buildings and structures in Ohio
Defunct locomotive manufacturers of the United States
Gordon Letwin. James Gordon Letwin (born July 2, 1952) is an American software developer and one of the eleven early Microsoft employees who posed for an iconic staff portrait taken in Albuquerque in 1978.

Prior to joining Microsoft, he worked for Heathkit, porting Colossal Cave Adventure to the computer and working on HDOS and Benton Harbor BASIC.

Letwin's first project at Microsoft was writing a BASIC compiler. He is most noted for being the lead architect of the OS/2 operating system on the Microsoft side, with Ed Iacobucci being the lead architect from IBM's side. Letwin contributed much of the design and code for several core components, including the HPFS file system.

Letwin left Microsoft in 1993 to "kick back" with his wife.  While at Microsoft he had become a millionaire, with a 2000 Time article estimating his worth at around $20 million.  Since leaving Microsoft, Letwin has donated substantial amounts of money to environmental causes via the Wilburforce Foundation, a charitable foundation created by him and his wife, Rose.

See also
History of Microsoft
Microsoft Adventure

References

Bibliography
 Letwin, Gordon (1988). Inside OS/2. Microsoft Press. .

External links
 Long Usenet post by Letwin explaining what happened to OS/2 from Microsoft's point of view - August 1995
 Summary of his work at Heathkit on HDOS prior to joining Microsoft - 1980
 What Happened To The People In Microsoft's Iconic 1978 Company Photo - Business Insider, January 2011

Microsoft employees
OS/2 people
Living people
1952 births
Kernel programmers
Phosphoric acid fuel cell. Phosphoric acid fuel cells (PAFC) are a type of fuel cell that uses liquid phosphoric acid as an electrolyte. They were the first fuel cells to be commercialized. Developed in the mid-1960s and field-tested since the 1970s, they have improved significantly in stability, performance, and cost. Such characteristics have made the PAFC a good candidate for early stationary applications.

Design
Electrolyte is highly concentrated or pure liquid phosphoric acid (H3PO4) saturated in a silicon carbide (SiC) matrix. Operating range is about 150 to 210 °C. The electrodes are made of carbon paper coated with a finely dispersed platinum catalyst.

Electrode reactions

Anode reaction: 2H2(g) → 4H+ + 4e

Cathode reaction: O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e‾ → 2H2O

Overall cell reaction: 2 H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Advantages and disadvantages
At an operating range of 150 to 200 °C, the expelled water can be converted to steam for air and water heating (combined heat and power). This potentially allows efficiency increases of up to 70%. PAFCs are CO2-tolerant and can tolerate a CO concentration of about 1.5%, which broadens the choice of fuels they can use. If gasoline is used, the sulfur must be removed.  At lower temperatures phosphoric acid is a poor ionic conductor, and CO poisoning of the platinum electro-catalyst in the anode becomes severe. However, they are much less sensitive to CO than proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) and alkaline fuel cells (AFC).

Disadvantages include rather low power density and chemically aggressive electrolyte.

Applications

PAFC have been used for stationary power generators with output in the 100 kW to 400 kW range and are also finding application in large vehicles such as buses.

Major manufacturers of PAFC technology include Doosan Fuel Cell America Inc. (formerly ClearEdge Power & UTC Power) and Fuji Electric.

India's DRDO has developed PAFC based air-independent propulsion for integration into their s.

See also

 Glossary of fuel cell terms

References

External links
 National Pollutant Inventory - Phosphoric acid fact sheet
 UTC Power Official Site
 Photo Gallery of Fuel Cells Being Used Today
 Cox Communications Installs Fuel Cells in California 
D.O.E. -PAFC
 Fuel Cell Basics
 Alternative Energy Magazine 
 Supermarket Benefits From 400kW Fuel Cell
 Stationary Fuel Cells at Retail and Grocery Sites

Fuel cells

ko:연료전지#인산형 연료전지 (Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell, PAFC)
ja:燃料電池#りん酸形燃料電池 (PAFC)
Karol Adamiecki. Karol Adamiecki (Dąbrowa Górnicza, 18 March 1866 – 16 May 1933, Warsaw, Poland) was a Polish engineer, management researcher, economist, and professor.

Life

Karol Adamiecki was a prominent management researcher in Eastern and Central Europe. He began his research at the Institute of Technology in St. Petersburg, Russia (1884–90). In 1891 he graduated in engineering from the university in St. Petersburg. He then returned to Dąbrowa Górnicza, where he was in charge of a steel rolling mill.  While working in the steel industry, he developed his ideas on management.

In 1919 he joined the Warsaw Polytechnic as a lecturer, becoming a professor in 1922.  From 1922 he headed the newly established Department of Work Organization and Industrial Enterprises at the Polytechnic's Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. He was the founder and first director (1925–1933) of the Institute of Scientific Organization () in Warsaw. He served as vice president of the European Association of Scientific Management ().

In 1896 Adamiecki invented a novel means of displaying interdependent processes so as to enhance the visibility of production schedules. In 1903 his theory caused a stir in Russian technical circles. He published some articles on it in the Polish magazine Przegląd Techniczny (Technical Review), nos. 17, 18, 19 and 20 (1909). In 1931 he published a more widely known article describing his diagram, which he called the harmonogram or harmonograf. Adamiecki had, however, published his works in Polish and Russian, languages little known in the English-speaking world. By this time, a similar method had been popularized in the West by Henry Gantt (who had published articles on it in 1910 and 1915). With minor modifications, Adamiecki's chart is now more commonly referred to in English as the Gantt chart.

Adamiecki published his first papers in management in 1898, before Frederick Winslow Taylor had popularized scientific management. In 1925 Adamiecki founded the Polish Institute of Scientific Management.

He did most of his research and observations in the field of metallurgy. 

He is the author of the law of harmony in management: harmony should comprise three parts:
 harmony of choice (all production tools should be mutually compatible, with special regard to their output production speed)
 harmony of doing (the importance of time coordination — schedules and timetables)
 harmony of spirit (the importance of creating a good team)

In 1972 the State College of Economic Administration in Katowice was named after him, and in 1974 it became the Karol Adamiecki University of Economics (Akademia Ekonomiczna im. Karola Adamieckiego w Katowicach).

See also
 List of business theorists
 List of economists
List of Poles

Notes

References

External links

 Important dates in his life and bibliography, in Polish
 The Warsaw University of Technology
 A Biography from the Karol Adamiecki University of Economics

Academic staff of the Warsaw University of Technology
20th-century Polish economists
Polish engineers
Polish business theorists
People from Dąbrowa Górnicza
1866 births
1933 deaths
Cray XD1. The Cray XD1 was an entry-level supercomputer range, made by Cray Inc.

The XD1 uses AMD Opteron 64-bit CPUs, and utilizes the Direct Connect Architecture over HyperTransport to remove the bottleneck at the PCI and contention at the memory. The MPI latency is ¼ that of Infiniband, and 1/30 that of Gigabit Ethernet.

The XD1 was originally designed by OctigaBay Systems Corp. of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada as the OctigaBay 12K system. The company was acquired by Cray Inc. in February 2004.

Announced on 4 October 2004, the Cray XD1 range incorporate Xilinx Virtex-II Pro FPGAs for application acceleration. With 12 CPUs in a chassis, and up to 12 chassis installable in a rack, XD1 systems may hold several 144-CPU multiples in multirack configurations.  The operating system used on the XD1 is a customized version of Linux, and the machine's load balancing / resource management system is an enhanced version of Sun Microsystems' Sun Grid Engine.

External links
 Cray Legacy Products

Xd1
X86 supercomputers
Cosmopolis XXI. Cosmopolis XXI was a late 2000s Russian concept launch vehicle billed as a space tourism vehicle, similar to Mojave Aerospace's Tier One program. Designed and built by the Myasishchev Design Bureau, it would use the M-55X launch aircraft (derived from Myasishchev M-55), and the proposed C-21 spaceplane or its successor the Explorer. It would be a TSTSO (Two-Stage to SubOrbit) launch platform.

The Explorer spaceplane is a suborbital tourist spaceplane based on the C-21 design. The plane was being developed by Space Adventures with the Russian Federal Space Agency and was intended to carry 3 passengers. It is to be air-launched by carrier aircraft from a Space Adventures spaceport. Space Adventures abandoned the Explorer project in 2010 because "it got too expensive." It is unclear if Russia continues its development.

References
 Suborbital Rocketship Fleet to Carry Tourists Spaceward in Style. Space.com, 2006-02-22.

External links
 Space Tourism Pioneers, Space Adventures and the Ansari X Prize Title Sponsors, to Provide First Suborbital Spaceflight Tourism Vehicles (SpaceAdventures)
 New group to develop passenger spaceship (MSNBC). Retrieved 2024-04-17.
 C-21 Spacecraft at Space Adventures

Myasishchev aircraft
Human spaceflight programs
Space Adventures
Space tourism
Evolutionary robotics. Evolutionary robotics is an embodied approach to Artificial Intelligence (AI) in which robots are automatically designed using Darwinian principles of natural selection. The design of a robot, or a subsystem of a robot such as a neural controller, is optimized against a behavioral goal (e.g. run as fast as possible). Usually, designs are evaluated in simulations as fabricating thousands or millions of designs and testing them in the real world is prohibitively expensive in terms of time, money, and safety.

An evolutionary robotics experiment starts with a population of randomly generated robot designs. The worst performing designs are discarded and replaced with mutations and/or combinations of the better designs. This evolutionary algorithm continues until a prespecified amount of time elapses or some target performance metric is surpassed.

Evolutionary robotics methods are particularly useful for engineering machines that must operate in environments in which humans have limited intuition (nanoscale, space, etc.). Evolved simulated robots can also be used as scientific tools to generate new hypotheses in biology and cognitive science, and to test old hypothesis that require experiments that have proven difficult or impossible to carry out in reality.

History
In the early 1990s, two separate European groups demonstrated different approaches to the evolution of robot control systems. Dario Floreano and Francesco Mondada at EPFL evolved controllers for the Khepera robot. Adrian Thompson, Nick Jakobi, Dave Cliff, Inman Harvey, and Phil Husbands evolved controllers for a Gantry robot at the University of Sussex. 
However the body of these robots was presupposed before evolution.

The first simulations of evolved robots were reported by Karl Sims and Jeffrey Ventrella of the MIT Media Lab, also in the early 1990s. However these so-called virtual creatures never left their simulated worlds. The first evolved robots to be built in reality were 3D-printed by Hod Lipson and Jordan Pollack at Brandeis University at the turn of the 21st century.

See also 
 Bio-inspired robotics
 Evolutionary computation

References

Evolutionary computation
Robotics
Sharp PC-1211. The Sharp PC-1211 is the first pocket computer ever released, marketed by Sharp Corporation in March 1980. The computer was powered by two 4-bit CPUs laid out in power-saving CMOS circuitry. One acted as the main CPU, the other dealt with the input/output and display interface. Users could write computer programs in BASIC.

A badge-engineered version of the PC-1211, the TRS-80 Pocket Computer (model PC-1), was marketed by Radio Shack in July 1980 as the first iteration of the TRS-80 Pocket Computer with just a marginally different look (outer plastic parts in black, not brown, gray display frame)

Technical specifications
24 digit dot matrix LCD
Full QWERTY-style keyboard
Integrated beeper
Connector for printer and tape drive
Programmable in BASIC
Uses four MR44  Mercury button cells
Battery life in excess of 200 hours
1424 program steps, 26 permanent variable locations (- or -) and 178 variables shared with program steps
Built out of off-the-shelf CMOS components, including SC43177/SC43178 processors at  and three TC5514P  RAM modules

Accessories
CE-121 Cassette Interface
CE-122 Printer

TRS-80 Pocket Computer ("PC-1")
A badge-engineered version of the Sharp PC-1211 was marketed by Radio Shack as the original TRS-80 Pocket Computer. This was later referred to as the "PC-1" to differentiate it from subsequent entries (PC-2 onwards) in the TRS-80 Pocket Computer line.

Introduced in July 1980, the "PC-1" measured 175 × 70 × 15 mm and weighed 170 g, and had a one-line, 24-character alphanumeric LCD.

The TRS-80 Pocket Computer was programmable in BASIC, with a capacity of 1424 "program steps". This memory was shared with variable storage of up to 178 locations, in addition to the 26 fixed locations named A through Z. The implementation was based on Palo Alto Tiny BASIC.

Programs and data could be stored on a Compact Cassette through an optional external cassette tape interface unit. A printer/cassette interface was available, which used an ink ribbon on plain paper.

See also
Sharp pocket computer character sets

References

External links

Sharp PC-1211 on MyCalcDB (database about 1970s and 1980s pocket calculators)
www.promsoft.com/calcs Sharp Pocket Computers
Daves Old Computers - TRS-80 Pocket Computer
The TRS-80 Pocket Computer

PC-1211
PC-1211
Computer-related introductions in 1980
TPP. TPP may refer to:

Science and technology

Chemistry
 Tripolyphosphate, a sodium salt of the polyphosphate penta-anion
 Thiamine pyrophosphate, an enzyme cofactor
 Tetraphenylporphyrin, a synthetic heterocyclic compound that resembles naturally occurring porphyrins
 Triphenylphosphine, an organophosphorus compound commonly used in chemical synthesis

Computing and mathematics
 Tangential proper part, a relation in region connection calculus
 Targeted projection pursuit, a statistical technique for data exploration, feature selection and information visualisation
 Transformation Priority Premise, a programming approach that simplifies test-driven development
 Traveling purchaser problem, an NP-hard problem generalizing the traveling salesman problem
 Trans-Proteomic Pipeline, open-source bioinformatics software

Energy
 Thermal power plant is a power station in which heat energy is converted to electric power.

Medicine
 Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, a disorder of the blood-coagulation system
 Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, a condition featuring attacks of muscle weakness in the presence of hyperthyroidism

Entertainment
 Twitch Plays Pokémon, an interactive video channel
 Metal Gear Solid V: The Phantom Pain, a 2015 stealth video game
 Third-person perspective, a style of virtual camera system for 3D games

Politics
 Trans-Pacific Partnership, a defunct proposed trade agreement between 12 Pacific Rim countries 
 Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, the successor agreement between all original TPP members except the United States
 Taiwan People's Party, a political party in Taiwan
 Two-party-preferred vote, a measure of election outcomes in Australia's preferential-voting system

Other uses
 Cad. FAP Guillermo del Castillo Paredes Airport (IATA code), Peru
 Total Package Procurement, a former US military systems acquisition policy 
 Chartered Transport planning professional (UK), a professional qualification for transport planners
 Terminal Procedures Publication, the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration's instrument approach procedure
 The Phoenix Partnership, a health software company
 The President's Pleasure (Singapore) (TPP), a legal punishment in Singapore, which serves as indefinite detention of minors or people or unsound mind for capital offences

See also
 TPP Nikola Tesla, a power-plant complex in Serbia
VICE. The software program VICE, standing for VersatIle Commodore Emulator, is a free and cross platform emulator for Commodore's 8-bit computers. It runs on Linux, Amiga, Unix, MS-DOS, Win32, macOS, OS/2, RISC OS, QNX, GP2X, Pandora, Dingoo A320, Syllable, and BeOS host machines. VICE is free software, released under the GNU General Public License since 2004.

VICE for Microsoft Windows (Win32) prior to v3.3 were known as WinVICE, the OS/2 variant is called Vice/2, and the emulator running on BeOS is called BeVICE.

History 
The development of VICE began in 1993 by a Finnish programmer Jarkko Sonninen, who was the founder of the project. Sonninen retired from the project in 1994.

VICE 2.1, released on December 19, 2008, emulates the Commodore 64, Commodore 128, Commodore VIC-20, Commodore Plus/4, C64 Direct-to-TV (with its additional video modes) and all the Commodore PET models including the CBM-II but excluding the 'non-standard' features of the SuperPET 9000. WinVICE supports digital joysticks via a parallel port driver, and, with a CatWeasel PCI card, is planned to perform hardware SID playback (requires optional SID chip installed in socket).

 VICE was one of the most widely used emulators of the Commodore 8-bit personal computers. It is also one of the few usable Commodore emulators to exist on free Unix-based platforms, including most Linux and BSD distributions.

VICE 3.4 drops support for Syllable Desktop, SCO, QNX, SGI, AIX, OPENSTEP/NeXTSTEP/Rhapsody, and Solaris/OpenIndiana, as well as remaining traces of support for Minix, SkyOS, UNIXWARE, and Sortix, due to lack of staff.

VICE 3.5 drops explicit support for OS/2 and AmigaOS, due to the transition to GTK3 UI.

In December 2022, the VICE emulator was used as an inspiration for an Apple Macintosh emulator powered by a Raspberry Pi.

See also 
 Commodore 64
 GEOS (8-bit operating system)
 CCS64
 MAME
 List of computer system emulators

References

Further reading

External links 

 , with Online manual (HTML)
 VICE.js JavaScript port of VICE

1993 software
AmigaOS 4 software
AROS software
BeOS software
Commodore 64 emulators
VIC-20
Amiga emulation software
DOS emulation software
GP2X emulation software
MacOS emulation software
MorphOS emulation software
Linux emulation software
Windows emulation software
RISC OS emulation software
Free emulation software
Unix emulation software
Free and open-source Android software
Sun Industry Standards Source License. The Sun Industry Standards Source License (SISSL) is now a retired free and open source license, recognized as such by the Free Software Foundation and the Open Source Initiative (OSI). Under SISSL, developers could modify and distribute source code and derived binaries freely. Furthermore, developers could choose to keep their modifications private or make them public.  However, the SISSL is unique among OSI-approved licenses in requiring that "The Modifications which You create must comply with all requirements set out by the Standards body in effect one hundred twenty (120) days before You ship the Contributor Version."  If the Modifications do not comply, SISSL becomes a copyleft license, and source must be published "under the same terms as this license [SISSL] on a royalty-free basis within thirty (30) days."

Several open source projects funded by Sun Microsystems were licensed under SISSL, including OpenOffice.org, and Sun Grid Engine (SGE). Later versions of OpenOffice.org were dual-licensed under the SISSL and LGPL until the retirement of the SISSL, at which time OpenOffice.org was relicensed only under the LGPL. Sun Grid Engine appears to still be covered by the SISSL.

Sun's Chief Open Source Officer Simon Phipps announced the retirement of the license on September 2, 2005 to combat license proliferation. It is now listed by OSI as "voluntarily retired" by Sun, and the OSI license page states that "Sun has ceased to use or recommend this license."  OpenOffice.org 2.0 code, for example, is now licensed exclusively under the LGPL. Sun developed the Common Development and Distribution License, a variant of the Mozilla Public License and later released OpenSolaris and the GlassFish Application Server under that license.

References

External links
Sun Industry Standards Source License - Version 1.1 (OpenOffice.org)
Sun Industry Standards Source License - Version 1.2 (Sun Grid Engine)
OpenOffice.org license change

Wikinews Sources

Free and open-source software licenses
Sun Microsystems