omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
CEA CB.2 Minuano. The CEA 102 CB.2 Minuano (Minuano - South-West wind) is a high performance sailplane designed by Claudio Barros and developed by the Centro de Estudos Aeronáuticos - (centre for aeronautical studies) at the Escola de Engenharia da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (EEUFMG) - (School of Engineering at the Federal University of Minas Gerais) in Brazil between 1969 and 1975.

Design and development
Motivated by the knowledge acquired through experience with the Gaivota, the design of the Minuano began, becoming the most efficient sailplane designed and built in Brazil (L/Dmax=38), making use of flaps, retractable landing gear, as well as combining aluminium, wood, and cellulose acetate honeycomb in its structure. In 1975, the first prototype Minuano made its first flight testas a cornerstone for the establishment of the aeronautical engineering course at UFMG.

Operational history
The sole Minuano flew regularly with the university gliding club until a disastrous flood in 1980 caused the wall of the CEA workshop to collapse, crushing the Minuano, of which nothing was salvaged.

Specifications (variant specified)

Notes

References

CB-2 Minuano - Centro de Estudos Aeronáuticos

1970s Brazilian sailplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1975
Glider aircraft
Mind's Eye (US military). The Mind's Eye is a video analysis research project using artificial intelligence. It is funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.

Twelve research teams have been contracted by DARPA for the Mind's Eye: Carnegie Mellon University, Jet Propulsion Laboratory/Caltech, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, SRI International, TNO (Netherlands), and the University of California, Berkeley

Mission
"The Mind's Eye program seeks to develop in machines a capability that exists only in animals: visual intelligence. This program pursues the capability to learn generally applicable and generative representations of action between objects in a scene directly from visual inputs, and then reason over those learned representations. A key distinction between this research and the state of the art in machine vision is that the latter has made continual progress in recognizing a wide range of objects and their properties - what might be thought of as the nouns in the description of a scene. The focus of Mind's Eye is to add the perceptual and cognitive underpinnings for recognizing and reasoning about the verbs in those scenes, enabling a more complete narrative of action in the visual experience."

See also
Gorgon Stare

References

External links

DARPA
Applications of artificial intelligence
DARPA projects
Birger Hønningstad. Birger Hønningstad (17 September 1904 – 2 April 1976) was a Norwegian engineer and aircraft designer.

Biography
Hønningstad was born  in Ås, Akershus, Norway. He was the son of Amund Bertelsen Hønningstad (1875-1944) and Grethe Olsen Sagesund (1874-1953).He attended the Norwegian Institute of Technology in Trondheim with continued studies at the University of Detroit, graduating in 1931. In 1933, Hønningstad started his own engineering company in Oslo. From 1937, he was also a theoretical teacher at Viggo Widerøe Airline School at Bogstad.

Hønningstad constructed several airplanes, first in his own engineering firm, Birger Hønningstad & Co, and after World War II at Norsk Flyindustri, where he was director and chairman. Hønningstad's initiative, together with shipowner Ole Bergesen, resulted in the establishment of an airport in the Stavanger area of Norway. It was opened in 1937 as Norway's first civil airport by King Haakon VII.

Aircraft constructed
 Hønningstad Norge A (1938)
 Hønningstad C-5 Polar (1939) prototype
 Hønningstad Norge B (1946)
 Widerøe Polar (1948)
 Norsk Flyindustri Finnmark 5A (1949)
 Hønningstad Norge C (1960)

References

External links
 Stavanger, Sola at Norske flyplasser (no)

1904 births
1976 deaths
People from Akershus
Norwegian Institute of Technology alumni
20th-century Norwegian engineers
Businesspeople in aviation
Aviation inventors
Norwegian designers
Aircraft designers
Program 973. 973 Program () or also known as National Basic Research Program is a basic research program initiated by the People's Republic of China to achieve technology and strategic edge in various scientific fields and especially the development of the rare earth minerals industry. The program was absorbed alongside the 863 Program into the "National Key R&D Program" in 2016.

History 
The program was initiated in 1997 by the Chinese government to develop basic research, innovations and technologies aligned with national priorities in economic development and social development. The program was managed by the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology. Natural Science Foundation of China is also involved in coordinating the research with the program.

Over the years the program has dedicated funding to areas such as agriculture, health, information, energy, environment, resources, population and materials.

Project funding 
The central government has in the past funded projects for a term of no more than five years. Recently, the funding model has changed to 2 + 3 years. Two years after the project has been implemented, it will be assessed by a special panel and allocate funding accordingly.

See also 
Science and technology in China
Advanced materials industry in China
Project 985
Project 211
Program 863

References 

Science and technology in the People's Republic of China
Continuum (sculpture). Continuum is a public artwork by American sculptor Charles O. Perry located in front of the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC, United States.

Description

The sculpture is a large swirling abstract that consists of 8 bronze pieces painted black and placed on a pole.

Information
According to the artist the piece "began as an exploration of the Möbius strip, a product of pure mathematics formed by joining two ends of a strip of paper after giving one end a 180-degree twist, thus creating only one edge. The center of the bronze sculpture symbolizes a black hole, while the edge shows the flow of matter through the center from positive to negative space and back again in a continuum."

A similar sculpture by Perry, Continuum II, is installed in Marina Square in Singapore and dates to 1986.

Condition
In July 2010 the piece underwent restoration to remove a green patina that formed on the sculpture. Perry's vision was for the piece to remain black. The piece was removed from its location to the west end of the building where it underwent its conservation by a contractor. The granite base that holds the 7,000 pound sculpture was also repaired.

See also
Ad Astra (Lippold sculpture)
Delta Solar
 List of public art in Washington, D.C., Ward 2

References

External links
Continuum on dcMemorials
The Mathematical Tourist on Continuum
Möbius at Fermilab
Outdoor Sculptures: Air and Space Museum

Mathematical artworks
1976 sculptures
Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden
Sculptures in the Smithsonian Institution
Abstract sculptures in Washington, D.C.
Bronze sculptures in Washington, D.C.
Outdoor sculptures in Washington, D.C.
Southwest Federal Center
Halil Hamid Pasha. Halil Hamid Pasha, also Khaleel Hameed Basha (1736–1785) was the grand vizier of the Ottoman Empire from 31 December 1782 to 30 April 1785. He was especially instrumental in inviting foreign experts, especially French ones, to the Ottoman Empire from 1784.

As a result, French missions were sent to the Ottoman Empire to train the Ottoman Navy in naval warfare and fortification building. Up to the French Revolution in 1789, about 300 French artillery officers and engineers were active in the Ottoman Empire to modernize and train artillery units.

From 1784, André-Joseph Lafitte-Clavé and Joseph-Monnier de Courtois instructed engineering drawings and techniques in the new Turkish engineering school Mühendishâne-i Hümâyûn established by Halil Hamid Pasha. Mostly French textbooks were used on mathematics, astronomy, engineering, weapons, war techniques and navigation.

Halil Hamid Pasha had argued for a path towards modernization for the Ottoman Empire, and a conciliatory stance against Russia, but he was ultimately suspected of plotting for the succession of Abdul Hamid I and future ruler Selim III, due to reactionary intrigues and the rise of the anti-French sentiment. Secret correspondence between Selim III and Louis XVI was discovered, and a plot against the current ruler was alleged. Halil Hamid Pasha was beheaded, and the war party rose to power, leading the Ottoman Empire to war with Russia in the Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792).

The French experts ultimately had to leave in 1788 with the start of the hostilities. Some returned to Constantinople, but eventually all instructors had to leave with the end of the Franco-Ottoman alliance in 1798.

Halil Hamid Pasha's son-in-law was Safranbolulu Izzet Mehmet Pasha, who served as grand vizier from 1794 to 1798.

See also
Franco-Ottoman alliance
List of Ottoman grand viziers
Ottoman military reform efforts

Notes

1736 births
1785 deaths
Burials at Karacaahmet Cemetery
Reis ül-Küttab
18th-century Grand Viziers of the Ottoman Empire
Executed people from the Ottoman Empire
18th-century executions by the Ottoman Empire
Liversidge. Liversidge or Liversedge is an uncommon surname of English origin. It probably derives from Liversedge, a town in West Yorkshire. Notable people with the surname include:

Archibald Liversidge (1847–1927), Australian chemist
Joan Liversidge (1914–1984), British archaeologist
Pamela Liversidge (born 1949), English mechanical engineer
Reuben Liversidge,  Australian actor
Richard Liversidge (1926–2003), South African  naturalist
Robert Liversidge (1904–1994), British Jewish businessman
Sydney Liversedge (1897–1979), English World War I flying ace

References

See also
Liversidge v Anderson, a 1942 English court-case
Quelet reaction. The Quelet reaction (also called the Blanc–Quelet reaction) is an organic coupling reaction in which a phenolic ether reacts with an aliphatic aldehyde to generate an α-chloroalkyl derivative. The Quelet reaction is an example of a larger class of reaction, electrophilic aromatic substitution. The reaction is named after its creator R. Quelet, who first reported the reaction in 1932, and is similar to the Blanc chloromethylation process.

The reaction proceeds under strong acid catalysis using HCl; zinc(II) chloride may be used as a catalyst in instances where the ether is deactivated. The reaction primarily yields para-substituted products; however it can also produce ortho-substituted compounds if the para site is blocked.

Mechanism

The mechanism of the Quelet reaction is primarily categorized as a reaction in polar acid. First, the carbonyl is protonated forming a highly reactive protonated aldehyde that acts as the electrophile to the nucleophilic pi-bond of the aromatic ring. Next, the aromatic ring is reformed via E1. Finally, the hydroxy group formed from the carbonyl oxygen is protonated a second time and leaves as a molecule of water, creating a carbocation that is attacked by the negatively charged chlorine ion.

Reaction conditions and limitations

The reaction requires a strong acid catalyst, but both Lewis acids and Brownsted-Lowry acids can be used in the Quelet reaction. It has been noted that aqueous formaldehyde sometimes produces a better yield than paraformaldehyde. The reaction was first reported using zinc(II) chloride, however the reaction has been noted to proceed in the absence of this catalyst in highly activated aromatic compounds. If using an aromatic compound where the para-site is blocked, the reaction will add in the ortho-position (see example right).

Not all aromatic compounds can undergo Quelet reactions. For example, too highly halogenated aromatic compounds, aromatic compounds with nitro groups, and terphenyls cannot be used as reactants for Quelet reactions. Even for compounds that can undergo Quelet reactions, there sometimes exists other reactions that produce the same products in higher yields. The Quelet reaction can produce dangerous halomethyl ethers, gaseous and liquid compounds that are toxic to humans, and therefore is sometimes passed up for chloromethylations without these harmful byproducts.

Usage

The Quelet reaction is an important step in the polymerization of aromatic monomers, such as styrene, PPO and PPEK. These chloromethylated aromatic polymers are used in a diverse set of industries, such as fuel cells and membranes for drug delivery.

See also
 Blanc reaction
 Electrophilic aromatic substitution
 Friedel-Crafts Alkylation

References

Name reactions
Addition reactions
Substitution reactions
Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions
Ising critical exponents. This article lists the critical exponents of the ferromagnetic transition in the Ising model. In statistical physics, the Ising model is the simplest system exhibiting a continuous phase transition with a scalar order parameter and  symmetry. The critical exponents of the transition are universal values and characterize the singular properties of physical quantities. The ferromagnetic transition of the Ising model establishes an important universality class, which contains a variety of phase transitions as different as ferromagnetism close to the Curie point and critical opalescence of liquid near its critical point.

From the quantum field theory point of view, the critical exponents can be expressed in terms of scaling dimensions of the local operators  of the conformal field theory describing the phase transition  (In the Ginzburg–Landau description, these are the operators normally called .) These expressions are given in the last column of the above table, and were used to calculate the values of the critical exponents using the operator dimensions values from the following table: 

In d=2, the two-dimensional critical Ising model's critical exponents can be computed exactly using the minimal model . In d=4, it is the free massless scalar theory (also referred to as mean field theory). These two theories are exactly solved, and the exact solutions give values reported in the table.

The d=3 theory is not yet exactly solved. The most accurate results come from the conformal bootstrap. These are the values reported in the tables. Renormalization group methods, Monte-Carlo simulations, and the fuzzy sphere regulator give results in agreement with the conformal bootstrap, but are several orders of magnitude less accurate.

Based on the numerical conformal bootstrap results, Ning Su conjectured in 2019 that  in d=3. As of 2024, this conjecture is still compatible with the most precise numerical bootstrap results.

See also 

 Universality class
 XY model

References

Books 
 Kleinert, H. and Schulte-Frohlinde, V.; Critical Properties of φ4-Theories, World Scientific (Singapore, 2001); Paperback  (also available online) (together with V. Schulte-Frohlinde)

External links 
A discussion of critical exponents in general at the Statistical Mechanics Wiki

Critical exponents (phase transitions)
Arash (rocket). The Arash (, From Iranian Arash) is a series of  unguided artillery rocket developed by Iran. It is a copy of BM-21 Grad. A guided version for the Iranian Defense Ministry was recently (July 2020) tested.

Overview
There are four models for export. Each having different specifications:
Arash 1: Range : 21.5 km, Length : 2.815m, Velocity : 710 m/s
Arash 2: Range : 30 km, Length : 2.815m, Velocity : 1050 m/s
Arash 3: Range : 18 km, Length : 2.050m, Velocity : 720 m/s. Also known as Noor.
Arash 4: Range : 40 km, Length : 2.890m, Warhead Types : HE fragmentation, ball steel, mine and fuel air.
The export pages say that Arash 4 has a different launching system than other variants.
All of them are fired from 40 tube launchers.

Operators
 
Islamic Resistance in Iraq
  Hezbollah

References 

Self-propelled artillery of Iran
Ugo Gobbato. Ugo Gobbato (Volpago del Montello, 16 July 1888 – Milan, 28 April 1945) was an Italian engineer and Managing Director of Alfa Romeo  1933 to 1945.

Gobbato studied in Germany where he graduated in mechanical engineering at the Technical University of Zwickau in Saxony. After having fulfilled his military service between 1915 and 1918 during World War One, he was hired by Fiat in Turin and was appointed the first director of the Lingotto factory. From 1929 to 1931 he oversaw the construction of Fiat factories in Germany and Spain. In 1931, Fiat founder and senator Giovanni Agnelli (1866–1945) entrusted Gobbato with the construction of the first Fiat factory in Moscow. Gobbato moved with his family to Moscow, where he lived for over two years.

In 1933 Gobbato moved back to Italy, when the government and the Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI) gave him the task of reorganizing Alfa Romeo which at the time was on the brink of bankruptcy. From 1938 he directed the development of a new factory in Alfa Romeo Pomigliano d'Arco plant outside Naples, which had been bombed in 1943. Towards the end of World War Two Gobbato was relocated to Milan. Gobbato led the company until the end of the Italian Civil War, when he was assassinated by one of Alfa Romeo's workers, Antonio Mutti, in Milan on 28 April 1945. He was followed as Alfa director by Pasquale Gallo (1887–1982).

In 1916 Gobbato married Dianella Marsiaj. Their son, Pier Ugo Gobbato (1918–2008), was a racing driver. The football stadium in Pomigliano d'Arco is named after him.

References

Literature 
Marino Parolin, Ugo Gobbato - La leggenda di un innovatore senza epoca, Volpago del Montello, 2009 (see gobbatougo.it, the book's homepage)

20th-century Italian businesspeople
Italian automotive pioneers
Alfa Romeo people
1888 births
1945 deaths
Assassinated Italian people
People murdered in Italy
People assassinated in the 20th century
John Campbell (casting scientist). John Campbell FREng  (born 1938) is a British engineer and one of the world's leading experts in the casting industry with approximately 150 papers, and 20 patents.
Campbell holds two Master's degrees from University of Cambridge and University of Sheffield, as well as two doctorates from University of Birmingham.
He is a fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, and he was appointed to the chair of casting technology at University of Birmingham.
The Institute of Cast Metals Engineers has named the "John Campbell Medal" after him.

References 

Living people
English metallurgists
1938 births
Alumni of the University of Cambridge
Alumni of the University of Sheffield
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
Academics of the University of Birmingham
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
L. R. G. Treloar. Professor Leslie Ronald George Treloar, OBE (30 July 1906 – 18 March 1985) was a leading figure in the science of rubber and elasticity, and writer of a number of influential texts.

Leslie Treloar graduated in Physics from University College, Reading, in 1927 and subsequently joined GEC. He gained his PhD from the University of London (external degree) in 1938. After working for GEC he moved to the British Rubber Producers Research Association. He worked briefly at the Telecommunications Research Establishment during World War II.

He moved to the British Rayon Research Association when it was set up in 1948. He was a colleague of John Wilson.

He was awarded the Colwyn Medal "for outstanding services to the rubber industry of a scientific, technical or engineering character" in 1961, and the Swinburne Award for his "outstanding contribution to the advancement and knowledge of any field related to the science, engineering or technology of plastics" in 1970. He also was awarded the A. A. Griffith Medal and Prize in 1972.

He became Professor of Polymer & Fibre Science in the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology in 1966 and retired in 1974.

Bibliography
Treloar published many texts and papers, of which the following is a selection:

Books

Papers

References

1906 births
1985 deaths
Alumni of the University of London
Polymer scientists and engineers
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Academics of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology
Adriano Mantelli. Adriano Mantelli (13 February 1913 – 6 May 1995) was an Italian aircraft designer who designed the Alaparma Baldo.

Early life 
In 1929 Mantelli competed in flying competitions with aircraft that were self designed and built. In 1931 he started designing gliders.

In the summer of 1936, Adriano Mantelli was the leading Italian fighter pilot in the Spanish Civil War serving in the Regia Aeronautica. Mantelli shot down a Dewoitine piloted by British pilot Edward Hillman. Flying under the alias "Arrighi", he would later share the title for highest scoring Ace with Mario Bonzano at fifteen victories.

In 1945 Mantelli designed the AM-6 twin boomed pusher aircraft derived from previous glider designs. Mantelli co-founded the company Alaparma with Livio Agostini to produce the AM-6, and later the AM-8 and AM-10 aircraft.

In 1951 Mantelli designed and built two gliders, the AM-10 and AM-12 "Albatross", in Buenos Aires, Argentina In 1954, Mantelli set an Italian record for altitude in a glider in a two-seat CVV-6 Canguro glider.

Mantelli received the FAI Louis Blériot Medal in 1962, and 1964.
Mantelli reached the rank of General.

He died in 1995 while waiting for a train at Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station.

References 

1913 births
1995 deaths
Aircraft designers
Aviazione Legionaria personnel
Argentine aerospace engineers
Italian Air Force personnel
Italian fascists
20th-century Argentine engineers 
[
Regia Aeronautica personnel of World War II
People of the Italian Social Republic
Borel Bo.11. The Borel Bo.11 was a French two-seat general purpose monoplane designed and built by Etablissements Borel.

Design and development
The Bo.11 was mid-wing monoplane from 1911 with wire-braced wings and lateral control by wing warping. It was powered by a  Gnome rotary piston engine. The Bo.11 served with the Aéronautique Militaire at military air training schools and at a civil flying school at Buc. The aircraft could be fitted with twin floats.

Specifications

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

1910s French military utility aircraft
Floatplanes
Bo11
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Rotary-engined aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1911
Borel-Odier Bo-T. The Borel-Odier Bo-T (also known as the Borel-Odier torpedo floatplane or B.O.2) was a French twin-engined float biplane designed by Borel but built by Antoine Odier for the French Navy.

Design and development
The Bo-T was a biplane powered by two 164 kW (220 hp) Hispano-Suiza 8Ba inline piston engines and fitted with twin floats. It had room under the fuselage for a torpedo. The prototype was destroyed on the first flight in August 1916 but the French Navy still placed and order for 91 aircraft. Deliveries did not start until 1917 and were stopped when the Armistice was signed. Only a few aircraft saw operational use on coastal patrols in the mediterranean.

In 1919 a ten-passenger transport variant was flown designated Bo-C/Bo.20 but it was destroyed during testing.

Variants
Bo-T
Torpedo-reconnaissance floatplane
Bo-C
Ten-passenger transport variant of the Bo-T
Bo.19
Three-seat floatplane, powered by 400 hp Liberty engine; never built

Operators

French Navy

Specifications (Bo-T)

See also

References

Bibliography

1910s French bomber aircraft
Floatplanes
Borel aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft