omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Keyence. is a Japan-based  direct sales organization that develops and manufactures equipment for factory automation, sensors, measuring instruments, vision systems, barcode readers, laser markers and digital microscopes.

Keyence is fablessalthough it is a manufacturer; it specializes solely in product planning and development and does not manufacture the final products. Keyence products are manufactured at qualified contract manufacturing companies.

Operations
Keyence Corporation is a global company with a network of 16 international organizations that specializes in factory automation. Keyence Corporation earns over  in yearly sales and employs more than 8,300 employees worldwide. As a direct sales company, Keyence salespeople visit customers on site with demonstration cases to show products live.

Keyence's range of products are part of the manufacturing and research processes in a variety of industries, including the electronics, semiconductor, automotive, food and packaging, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical industries.

Products
Keyence is a fabless manufacturing company that sells a broad range of products, from the photoelectric sensor and proximity sensors to measuring instruments for inspection lines to high precision microscopes used in research institutes. These products are used by more than 300,000 customers globally. Products are shipped from Keyence's warehouses in Japan, the U.S., the U.K., Canada, Germany, Italy, France, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and South Korea, or from 148 agents in 31 countries.

Company culture and reputation
Keyence Japan is consistently listed in the Nihon Keizai Shimbun's yearly ranking of the "Top Ten Most Excellent Companies in Japan." The company maintains a strong ROE (12.32%) and a conservative equity ratio (95.54%), and it is also known as one of the top companies in Japan in terms of salaries; the average annual salary for full-time employees (average age: 35.8 years old) in FY2022 being  (). A 350-million-year-old ammonite fossil is displayed at the entrance of the Japanese headquarters; other fossils of long-dead creatures line the corridors and meeting rooms. Relics are supposed to convey the company’s culture: Develop new products regularly, or go out of business.

Outstanding Structure Award2000
In 2000 the headquarters building was awarded the Outstanding Structure Award by the International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering in recognition of the most remarkable, innovative, creative or otherwise stimulating structure.

References

1974 establishments in Japan
Companies listed on the Osaka Exchange
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Companies in the Nikkei 225
Electronics companies established in 1974
Electronics companies of Japan
Japanese brands
Manufacturing companies based in Osaka
Tin(II) oxide. Tin(II) oxide (stannous oxide) is a compound with the formula SnO. It is composed of tin and oxygen where tin has the oxidation state of +2. There are two forms, a stable blue-black form and a metastable red form.

Preparation and reactions

Blue-black SnO can be produced by heating the tin(II) oxide hydrate, SnO·xH2O (x<1) precipitated when a tin(II) salt is reacted with an alkali hydroxide such as NaOH.
Metastable, red SnO can be prepared by gentle heating of the precipitate produced by the action of aqueous ammonia on a tin(II) salt.
SnO may be prepared as a pure substance in the laboratory, by controlled heating of tin(II) oxalate (stannous oxalate) in the absence of air or under a CO2 atmosphere. This method is also applied to the production of ferrous oxide and manganous oxide.
SnC2O4·2H2O → SnO + CO2 + CO + 2 H2O

Tin(II) oxide burns in air with a dim green flame to form  SnO2.

2 SnO + O2 → 2 SnO2

When heated in an inert atmosphere initially disproportionation occurs giving Sn metal and Sn3O4 which further reacts to give SnO2 and Sn metal.
4SnO → Sn3O4 + Sn
Sn3O4 → 2SnO2 + Sn
SnO is amphoteric, dissolving in strong acid to give tin(II) salts and in strong base to give stannites containing Sn(OH)3−. It can be dissolved in strong acid solutions to give the ionic complexes Sn(OH2)32+ and Sn(OH)(OH2)2+, and in less acid solutions to give Sn3(OH)42+. Note that anhydrous stannites, e.g. K2Sn2O3, K2SnO2 are also known.
SnO is a reducing agent and is thought to reduce copper(I) to metallic clusters in the manufacture of so-called "copper ruby glass".

Structure
Black, α-SnO adopts the tetragonal PbO layer structure containing four coordinate square pyramidal tin atoms. This form is found in nature as the rare mineral romarchite. The asymmetry is usually simply ascribed to a sterically active lone pair; however, electron density calculations show that the asymmetry is caused by an antibonding interaction of the Sn(5s) and the O(2p) orbitals. The electronic structure and chemistry of the lone pair determines most of the properties of the material.

Non-stoichiometry has been observed in SnO.

The electronic band gap has been measured between 2.5eV and 3eV.

Uses
The dominant use of stannous oxide is as a precursor in manufacturing of other, typically divalent, tin compounds or salts. Stannous oxide  may also be employed as a reducing agent and in the creation of ruby glass. It has a minor use as an esterification catalyst.

Cerium(III) oxide in ceramic form, together with Tin(II) oxide (SnO) is used for illumination with UV light.

References

Amphoteric compounds
Oxides
Reducing agents
Tin(II) compounds
Chris Phoenix (nanotechnologist). Chris Phoenix (born December 25, 1970) is the co-founder (with Mike Treder) and Director of Research of the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology (CRN), and has worked in the field of advanced nanotechnology for over 15 years.  He obtained his BS in Symbolic Systems and MS in Computer Science from Stanford University in 1991.  Since 2000, he has studied and written about molecular manufacturing.  Phoenix, who lives in northern California, is a published author in nanotechnology and nanomedical research best known for his peer-reviewed paper, "Design of a Primitive Nanofactory", as well as his comprehensive outline of Thirty Essential Nanotechnology Studies.  Phoenix has authored or co-authored many papers and essays published by the Society in connection with his work for CRN.

Phoenix also serves on the Scientific Advisory Board for Nanorex, Inc.

References

External links

"Revolution in a Box: the Center for Responsible Nanotechnology" - interview transcript
Interview with Nanotech.biz
Journal of Evolution and Technology, "Design of a Primitive Nanofactory" by Chris Phoenix

1970 births
Living people
Nanotechnologists
IAR. IAR may refer to:
IAR Systems, an embedded system technology company
The Institute of Audio Research
The Institute of Asian Research, an institute under the Faculty of Arts in the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
"Ignore all rules", a policy on Wikipedia
Industria Aeronautică Română (IAR Braşov), an aerospace manufacturer
M27 Infantry Automatic Rifle, the primary service rifle/automatic rifle issued to U.S. Marine Corps infantry units
Institute of Advanced Research, a private university in Gujarat, India
Instruction address register, an alternative name for the program counter CPU register
International Authority for the Ruhr, an organization in control of the industry in the Ruhr area from 1949 to 1952
International Affairs Review, an academic journal in the field of international affairs
Informacyjna Agencja Radiowa, a Polish news agency

The IATA code for the Tunoshna Airport, Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia
.iar, Inventory ARchive file used for avatar inventory backup in OpenSimulator virtual environments
Investment Adviser Representative employed by a registered investment adviser, a firm that is an investment adviser in the United States
Formatting Output Specification Instance. In computing, FOSI (Formatting Output Specification Instance) is a stylesheet language for SGML and, later, XML. FOSI was developed by the US Department of Defense to control the pagination and layout of SGML and XML technical data. FOSI stylesheets are themselves written in SGML, an approach that would later be adopted by XSL.
FOSI was implemented by, among others, Datalogics, Arbortext  and X.Systems. FOSI is documented in the book Practical FOSI for Arbortext Editor (©2015) by Suzanne Napoleon.

References

Stylesheet languages
145 Squadron, Republic of Singapore Air Force. The 145 Squadron "Hornet" is a strike fighter squadron of the Republic of Singapore Air Force based currently at Changi Airbase (East) which is a new airbase, opened in 2004, to the east of Singapore Changi Airport on reclaimed land. Due to ongoing construction works for Changi Airport Terminal 5 & runway expansion, this flight squadron is based at Tengah Airbase. With the hornet as its mascot, the squadron's motto is "Swift & Valiant".

History
First formed on 1 April 1984 at Tengah Air Base, the founding CO was Capt Chir C. P  " Hawkeye ", the squadron flew the A-4S Skyhawk and later, the locally upgraded A-4SU Super Skyhawk, along with her sister squadron, the 142 Squadron. When the A-4SU was retired from active combat service, however, 142 Squadron was disbanded, while the 145 Squadron was retained to operate the newly upgraded F-16Ds from the new air base, an unsurprising decision considering the fact that the 145 Squadron had emerged as the best fighter squadron for five consecutive years since the year 2000 in the annual Singapore Armed Forces Best Unit Competition.

New role
The twenty aircraft of the squadron are upgraded versions of the F-16D Block 52, hence known as the Block 52+ or F-16D+, are equipped with state-of-the-art Conformal Fuel Tanks, an enhanced radar with greater detection range and improved mapping capabilities, and an improved targeting pod, this enables the squadron to conduct precision day and night operations at a greater combat range and duration. This made it a unique squadron within the RSAF as all its aircraft are tandem seaters and every mission is flown with a Pilot and Weapon System Officer (WSO), until the arrival of the F-15SG Eagles with 142 and 149 Squadrons.

Information
The tail is adorned with a toned down squadron logo in the center of the tail with the serial number on the base. It is the only fighter squadron which chose an insect as its mascot.

Achievements
The squadron clinched the Best Fighter Squadron award in the following years: 1998, 2000, 2012 and 2014.

Aircraft operated
16× T/A-4SU Super Skyhawks (1984–2004)
20× F-16D+ Fighting Falcons (2004–present)

Latest photo

References

External links
RSAF web page on 145 Sqn & Changi Air Base (CAB)

Squadrons of the Republic of Singapore Air Force
Changi
Sikorsky S-39. The Sikorsky S-39 is an American light amphibious aircraft produced by Sikorsky Aircraft during the early 1930s. The S-39 was a smaller, single-engine version of the S-38.

Operational history

Spirit of Africa
Filmmakers Martin and Osa Johnson used a giraffe-patterned S-39 Spirit of Africa, with companion zebra-striped S-38 Osa's Ark, to explore Africa extensively, making safari movies and books.

Military usage

One example of the S-39 was acquired by the United States Army Air Corps in 1932, given the designation Y1C-28. It was evaluated for use in coastal patrol and light transport roles; in 1934 it was redesignated C-28 and assigned as a liaison aircraft to the United States Military Academy.

At least one S-39 saw service with the Civil Air Patrol Coastal Patrol from 1942 to 1943. This was part of a fleet of civilian aircraft flown by volunteers along the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts, searching for both German submarines and for allied ships in distress. Seaplanes such as the S-39 were sometimes used for search and rescue if another aircraft crashed or went missing. A surviving CAP S-39, previously based at Rehoboth Beach, Delaware, is currently on display at the New England Air Museum.

Yacht
Edward A. Deeds had the yacht Lotosland designed to incorporate aircraft capability. After loss of the planned aircraft on first loading Deeds ordered an S-39-A replacement the next day. The aircraft was intended to allow Deeds to quickly travel from his yacht to business and events ashore.

Variants
S-39-A 4-seat version
S-39-B Improved 5-seat version of the S-39-A
S-39-C Converted from S-39-B
C-28 One example of the S-39 acquired by the United States Army Air Corps

Surviving aircraft

 904 – S-39-B on static display at the New England Air Museum in Windsor Locks, Connecticut.
 Composite – S-39-C airworthy with at Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida. It was recovered from Alaska in 1965 and incorporated parts of five S-39s. It was restored by Dick Jackson and first flew in 2003.
 920 – S-39-C under restoration with Frederick W. Patterson III of American Canyon, California. This is the last S-39 produced and was originally owned by Shell Eastern, the original name of the Shell Oil Company.

Specifications (S-39A)

References

External links

 Photos of the Sikorsky S-39
 Photos and story of the restored S-39 "Spirit of Igor"

S-039
1930s United States civil utility aircraft
Flying boats
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1929
Solar Designer. Alexander Peslyak () (born 1977), better known as Solar Designer, is a security specialist from Russia. He is best known for his publications on exploitation techniques, including the return-to-libc attack and the first generic heap-based buffer overflow exploitation technique, as well as computer security protection techniques such as privilege separation for daemon processes.

Peslyak is the author of the widely popular password cracking tool John the Ripper. His code has also been used in various third-party operating systems, such as OpenBSD and Debian.

Work 
Peslyak has been the founder and leader of the Openwall Project since 1999. He is the founder of Openwall, Inc. and has been the CTO since 2003. He served as an advisory board member at the Open Source Computer Emergency Response Team (oCERT) from 2008 until oCERT's conclusion in August 2017. He also co-founded oss-security.

He has spoken at many international conferences, including FOSDEM and CanSecWest. He wrote the foreword to Michał Zalewski's 2005 book Silence on the Wire.

Alexander received the 2009 "Lifetime Achievement Award" during the annual Pwnie Award at the Black Hat Security Conference.  In 2015 Qualys acknowledged his help with the disclosure of a GNU C Library gethostbyname function buffer overflow ().

See also 
 Security-focused operating system

References

External links
 Openwall Project home page
 Solar Designer's pseudo homepage
 http://phrack.org/issues/69/2.html#article

1977 births
Living people
Hackers
Openwall Project. The Openwall Project is a source for various software, including Openwall GNU/*/Linux (Owl), a security-enhanced Linux distribution designed for servers.  Openwall patches and security extensions have been included into many major Linux distributions.

As the name implies, Openwall GNU/*/Linux draws source code and design concepts from numerous sources; most importantly to the project is its usage of the Linux kernel and parts of the GNU userland, and others include the BSDs, such as OpenBSD for its OpenSSH suite and the inspiration behind its own Blowfish-based crypt for password hashing, compatible with the OpenBSD implementation.

Public domain software 
The Openwall project maintains also a list of algorithms and source code which is public domain software.

Openwall GNU/*/Linux releases 

LWN.net reviewed Openwall Linux 3.0. They wrote:

PoC||GTFO  

Issues of the International Journal of Proof-of-Concept or Get The Fuck Out (PoC||GTFO) are mirrored by the Openwall Project under a samizdat licence. The first issue #00 was published in 2013, issue #02 featured the Chaos Computer Club. Issue #07 in 2015 was a homage for Dr. Dobb's Journal, which could be rendered as .pdf, .zip, .bpg, or .html.

See also 

Executable space protection
Comparison of Linux distributions
Security-focused operating system
John the Ripper

References

External links 

 
 

Free software projects
Operating system security
Public-domain software with source code
Coking. Coking is the process of heating coal in the absence of oxygen to a temperature above  to drive off the volatile components of the raw coal, leaving behind a hard, strong, porous material with a high carbon content called coke. Coke is predominantly carbon. Its porous structure provides a high surface area, allowing it to burn more rapidly, much like how a bundle of tinder burns faster than a solid wooden log. As such, when a kilogram of coke is burned, it releases more heat than a kilogram of the original coal.

Application to smelting iron
Coke is used as fuel in a blast furnace. In a continuous process, coke, iron ore, and limestone are mixed together and placed in the top of the blast furnace, and at the bottom liquid iron and waste slag are removed. The raw materials continuously move down the blast furnace. During this continuous process more raw materials are placed at the top, and as the coke moves down, it must withstand the ever-increasing weight of the materials above it. It is the ability to withstand this crushing force, in addition to its high energy content and rapid combustion, that makes coke ideal for use in blast furnaces.

Petroleum coking
"Coking is a refinery unit operation that upgrades material called bottoms from the atmospheric or vacuum distillation column into higher-value products and produces petroleum coke—a coal-like material". In heterogeneous catalysis, the process is undesirable because the clinker blocks the catalytic sites. Coking is characteristic of high temperature reactions involving hydrocarbon feedstocks. Typically coking is reversed by combustion, provided that the catalyst will tolerate such.

A simplified equation for coking is shown in the case of ethylene:
 3 C2H4  →   2 C ("coke") +  2 C2H6
A more realistic but complex view involves the alkylation of an aromatic ring of a coke nucleus. Acidic catalysts are thus especially prone to coking because they are effective at generating carbocations (i.e., alkylating agents).

Coking is one of several mechanisms for the deactivation of a heterogeneous catalyst. Other mechanisms include sintering, poisoning, and solid-state transformation of the catalyst.

See also 
 Coking factory
 Gas to liquids

References

Coking works
Catalysis
Haggertyite. Haggertyite is a rare barium, iron, magnesium, titanate mineral: Ba(Fe2+6Ti5Mg)O19 first described in 1996 from the Crater of Diamonds State Park near Murfreesboro in Pike County, Arkansas. The microscopic metallic mineral crystallizes in the hexagonal system and forms tiny hexagonal plates associated with richterite and serpentinitized olivine of mafic xenoliths in the lamproite host rock. It is an iron(II) rich member of the magnetoplumbite group. It is a light grey opaque mineral with calculated Mohs hardness of 5. 

It was named for geophysicist Stephen E. Haggerty (born 1938) of the Florida International University.

References

 Grey, I. E., Danielle Velde, and A. J. Criddle, 1998, Haggertyite, a new magnetoplumbite-type titanate mineral from the Prairie Creek (Arkansas) lamproite: American Mineralogist, v. 83, p. 1323-1329 Am. Min. abstract

Barium minerals
Titanium minerals
Magnesium minerals
Iron(II) minerals
Oxide minerals
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 194
Methyl isobutyl ketone. Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK, 4-methylpentan-2-one) is an organic compound with the condensed chemical formula (CH3)2CHCH2C(O)CH3. This ketone is a colourless liquid that is used as a solvent for gums, resins, paints, varnishes, lacquers, and nitrocellulose.

Production
At laboratory scale, MIBK can be produced via a three-step process using acetone as the starting material. Self-condensation, a type of aldol reaction, produces diacetone alcohol, which readily dehydrates to give 4-methylpent-3-en-2-one (commonly, mesityl oxide). Mesityl oxide is then hydrogenated to give MIBK.

Industrially, these three steps are combined. Acetone is treated with a strongly acidic, palladium catalyst-doped cation exchange resin under medium pressure of hydrogen. Several million kilograms are produced annually.

Uses 

MIBK is used as a solvent for nitrocellulose, lacquers, and certain polymers and resins.

Precursor to 6PPD
Another major use is as a precursor to N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'''-phenyl-p''-phenylene diamine (6PPD), an antiozonant used in tires. 6PPD is prepared by reductive coupling of MIBK with 4-aminodiphenylamine.

Solvent and niche applications
Unlike the other common ketone solvents, acetone and MEK, MIBK has quite low solubility in water, making it useful for liquid-liquid extraction. It has a similar polarity to ethyl acetate, but greater stability towards aqueous acid and base. It can be used to extract gold, silver and other precious metals from cyanide solutions, such as those used in gold mines, to determine the levels of those dissolved metals. Diisobutyl ketone (DIBK), a related lipophilic ketone, is also used for this purpose.  Methyl isobutyl ketone is also used as a denaturing agent for denatured alcohol. When mixed with water or isopropyl alcohol MIBK serves as a developer for PMMA electron beam lithography resist.  MIBK is used as a solvent for CS in the preparation of the CS spray used currently by American and British police forces.

References

External links 
 International Chemical Safety Card 0511
 National Pollutant Inventory - Methyl isobutyl ketone fact sheet
 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards

Hazardous air pollutants
Hexanones
Ketone solvents
Commodity chemicals
IARC Group 2B carcinogens
Enargite. Enargite is a copper arsenic sulfosalt mineral with formula Cu3AsS4. It takes its name from the Greek word , "distinct". Enargite is a steel gray, blackish gray, to violet black mineral with metallic luster. It forms slender orthorhombic prisms as well as massive aggregates. It has a hardness of 3 and a specific gravity of 4.45.

Enargite is dimorph of the tetragonal luzonite.

Occurrence
It is a medium to low temperature hydrothermal mineral occurring with quartz, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, bornite, tetrahedrite–tennantite, chalcocite, covellite and baryte. It occurs in the mineral deposits at Butte, Montana, San Juan Mountains, Colorado and at both Bingham Canyon and Tintic, Utah. It is also found in the copper mines of Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and the Philippines.

Enargite was originally described as a new species from the copper mines of the San Francisco vein, Junin Department, Peru. The name is from Greek  ("distinct"), in reference to its distinct cleavage.

Enargite is related to lazarevicite (named after M. Lazarevic), which has the same chemical formula, but cubic crystalline structure.

References

External links

Crystal structure of enargite

Copper minerals
Sulfosalt minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 31
Minerals described in 1850