omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Toyota FX-1. The FX-1 is a concept car by Toyota.
It was first shown at the 1983 Tokyo Motor Show and also shown at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1984.
It was a showcase for new technologies in driver controls, engine, suspension, materials and aerodynamics.

Driver controls
Colour CRTs were used in the dash to display speed, rpm, fuel, temperature, etc.

Engine and driveline
It used an enhanced prototype form of the 1G-GEU engine called the LASREα-X, a 1,988 cc EFI twin cam 24-valve inline six engine equipped with dual turbo-chargers and intercooler, computer-controlled valve timing, variable displacement and induction. At low speeds, the variable displacement system shut down half the engine to conserve fuel. The system never went into production but a simplified version later appeared as the 1G-GTE, slightly modified for production and without the variable cam timing and variable displacement. In search of reducing maintenance, the FX-1's engine also featured computer-controlled distributorless ignition.

Transmission was via a four-speed automatic ECT (Electronically Controlled Transmission) with overdrive.

Suspension
It used a pneumatic suspension combined with TEMS electronic damping control. The pneumatic suspension automatically raised and lowered the front and rear of the car separately for maximum stability. TEMS was also used on the Supra and the Soarer (2 stage) and on the highest spec Crown (3 stage).

Materials
Many exotic materials were used, including Fibre Reinforced Metal (body panels) and Shape Memory Effect Alloy (body panels) and Ceramics (brake rotors).

Aerodynamics
The body had a very low .

Stability could be increased via aerodynamics by individually lowering the front and rear suspension according to road speed.  At high speed the front was lowered two steps and the rear was lowered one step.

References

Information copied from an English language brochure given out by Toyota at the 1984 Geneva Motor Show.
A Japanese-language version of the same brochure was given out at the 1983 Tokyo Motor Show.

External links

FX-1
Lustre prints. Lustre print is a photograph or artwork with a finish between glossy and matte. Some companies use the term semi-glossy. Lustre photo prints are a hybrid of glossy photo prints and matte photo prints. Lustre photo prints have rich colour saturation that gives a vibrant colour finish and, like matte photo prints, they are not vulnerable to fingerprints, whereas glossy photo prints are prone to fingerprints.

See also
Coated paper

References

Photographic techniques
(Hydroxyethyl)methacrylate. Hydroxyethylmethacrylate (also known as glycol methacrylate) is the organic compound with the chemical formula . It is a colorless viscous liquid that readily polymerizes. Hydroxyethylmethacrylate is a monomer that is used to make various polymers.

Synthesis
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate was first synthesized around 1925. Common methods of synthesis are:
 reaction of methacrylic acid with ethylene oxide;
 esterification of methacrylic acid with a large excess of ethylene glycol.
Both these methods give also some amount of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate. During polymerization of hydroxyethylmethacrylate, it works as crosslinking agent.

Properties
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate is completely miscible with water and ethanol, but its polymer is practically insoluble in common solvents. Its viscosity is 0.0701 Pa⋅s at 20°C and 0.005 Pa⋅s at 30°C. During polymerization, it shrinks by approximately 6%.

Applications

Contact lenses
In 1960, O. Wichterle and D. Lím described its use in synthesis of hydrophilic crosslinked networks, and these results had great importance for manufacture of soft contact lenses. Polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate is hydrophilic: it is capable of absorbing from 10 to 600% water relative to the dry weight. Because of this property, it was one of the first materials to be used in the manufacture of soft contact lenses.

Use in 3D printing
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate lends itself well to applications in 3D printing as it cures quickly at room temperature when exposed to UV light in the presence of photoinitiators.  It may be used as a monomeric matrix in which 40nm silica particles are suspended for 3D glass printing.  When combined with a suitable blowing agent such as BOC anhydride it forms a foaming resin which expands when heated.

Other
In electron microscopy, later in light microscopy, hydroxyethylmethacrylate serves as an embedding medium.

When treated with polyisocyanates, polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate makes a crosslinked polymer, an acrylic resin, that is a useful component in some paints.

Hazards
Hydroxyethylmethacrylate is a mild skin irritant and can cause allergic skin reactions.

References

Methacrylate esters
Monomers
Code generation. In computing, code generation denotes software techniques or systems that generate program code which may then be used independently of the generator system in a runtime environment. 

Specific articles:
 Code generation (compiler), a mechanism to produce the executable form of computer programs, such as machine code, in some automatic manner
 Automatic programming (source code generation), the act of generating source code based on an ontological model such as a template
 Generating code at run time in self-modifying code and just-in-time compilation
 Model-driven development uses graphical models and metamodels as basis for generating programs
 Program synthesis consists of synthesizing programs from a high-level, typically declarative specification
 Random test generators are used in functional verification of microprocessors
 Comparison of code generation tools shows the diversity of tools and approaches for code generation
Asarel Medet. Asarel Medet () is a Bulgarian company extracting and processing copper. The mine and the processing factory are situated at 11 km to the northwest of the town of Panagyurishte in the Pazardzhik Province, Bulgaria. It extracts over 13 million tons of copper ore every year and produces copper concentrate which is sold worldwide, including to the Pirdop copper smelter and refinery at about 25 km north of Panagyurishte. The ore also contains molybdenum, nickel, gold, silver. The number of employees is 1,200, not including 400 hired in its subsidiaries. In addition, the company attracts 6,400 indirect jobs in the region and nationwide in different related services. It is the largest employer and taxpayer in Pazardzhik Province. Asarel Medet produces copper concentrate and cathode, mainly used as raw materials for copper smelters and partially for the chemical and ceramics industry. The company produces about 200 thousand tons of natural copper concentrate annually with 25% copper grade.

History 

Following the exploration of the Medet copper ore deposit in Sredna Gora mountain range in 1961-1962, the Medet mining and processing complex was inaugurated in 1964, situated at about 1 km north of the village of Panagyurski kolonii. At the time of its inauguration, Medet was the largest open pit copper mine in Europe and the third largest in the world. It was the first to organize open pit mining and processing of copper ores with cut-off grade lower than 0.4 %, which was later widely applied in the industry.

The full design mining capacity of 8 million tons of copper ore per year was reached by 1972. In the period 1971-1980, it provided 80-82% of the copper ore mined in Bulgaria. The Medet mining and processing complex served as a basis for designing and building the Kremikovtsi iron ore mine near the capital Sofia, the Elatsite copper mining and processing complex in Sofia Province and the Asarel mining and processing complex some 7 km southwest of Medet. Asarel and Medet were merged in 1986 to establish the Asarel-Medet Technological Mining and Processing Complex. In compliance with the technical project, the Medet mine gradually reduced ore mining after 1984 and its activity was discontinued in early 1994.  

The Asarel copper mine with 0.45% copper grade started operation in 1976 and the copper processing factory was inaugurated in 1989. In 2004 began the implementation of a large-scale $100 million project with investment in thorough equipment renovation, technology modernisation and personnel development.

Other activities 
Since 2012 the company has invested over €75 million in social projects in Panagyurishte Municipality, including modernisation of the Hospital of Panagyurishte, construction of the multifunctional Arena Assarel sports hall and the hall hosting the Panagyurishte Treasure in the town's Museum of History.

Citations

External links 

 

Copper mining companies of Bulgaria
Panagyurishte
Buildings and structures in Pazardzhik Province
Bulgarian companies established in 1964
Bristol Odin. The Bristol Odin is a ramjet engine originally developed by Bristol Siddeley Engines, later taken over by Rolls-Royce.

Odin was specifically designed to power the Sea Dart missile. Unlike the earlier Thor ramjet powering the Bristol Bloodhound missile, Odin is an integral part of the Sea Dart airframe. A biconic intake at the front of the missile transfers air, via a transfer duct, to the ramjet combustor, which is located towards the rear of the missile. Thrust is provided by the combustion products exiting the engine at high velocity, via a fixed area ratio convergent-divergent nozzle. The only significant moving part in the engine is the turbopump. This extracts 'ram' air in the transfer duct to drive an air-turbine, which is connected to the fuel pump. The air exiting the turbine is dumped overboard.

References

Ramjet engines
Odin
LEO (spacecraft). LEO (; English: Lunar Exploration Orbiter) was the name of a proposed German mission to the Moon, announced by the German Aerospace Center (DLR) Director Walter Doellinger on March 2, 2007. Because the needed money for the year 2009 was diverted elsewhere, the start of the project was delayed indefinitely.

Precise characteristics of the mission were announced in early 2008, and estimated costs were projected to be ca. €350 million (~$514 million) over five years. The mission would involve a lunar orbiter that DLR intended to build and launch in 2012 to map the lunar surface. It would be the first German mission to the Moon and the first European mission to the Moon since SMART-1.

Numerous leading German planetologists, among them Gerhard Neukum, Ralf Jaumann and Tilman Spohn, have condemned the indefinite postponement and argue for resuming the LEO-project.

Design
The main satellite will weigh about 500 kilograms and is accompanied by a small sub-satellite, which weighs about 150 kilograms. The intended orbital altitude is about 50 km.

Planned experiments included measurements of lunar gravitational and magnetic fields. The main satellite would have also carried a microwave radar to probe beneath the lunar surface up to a depth of a few hundred meters. At maximum depth the radar would be able to resolve structures up to two meters.

Science objectives
The duration of the mission around the Moon will be four years, during which the charting of the entire lunar surface would take place. The survey is to be three-dimensional and in colour with one aim being to provide indications of significant geological formations that could later be of interest for drilling.

The probe will also investigate the Moon's magnetic and gravity fields, look for water and analyse the minerals on its surface. It will use the best camera currently available, the best radar sensors and unique spectrum sensors for measuring the mineral composition.

See also 
 German space programme

References

External links
Germany plans unmanned lunar orbit. Reuters 11.07.2007
Germany plans unmanned Moon mission  
Germany Mulls Sending Own Mission to the Moon. Deutsche Welle 04.03.2007

Missions to the Moon
Cancelled space probes
Space programme of Germany
Ferret Data Visualization and Analysis. Ferret is an interactive computer visualization and analysis environment designed to meet the needs of oceanographers and meteorologists analyzing large and complex gridded data sets. Ferret offers a Mathematica-like approach to analysis; new variables may be defined interactively as mathematical expressions involving data set variables. Calculations may be applied over arbitrarily shaped regions. Fully documented graphics are produced with a single command. It runs on most Unix and Linux systems using X Window for display, and on Windows XP/NT/9x.

External links
Ferret official site

Meteorological data and networks
Earth sciences graphics software
Graphic software in meteorology
Triolein. Triolein (glyceryl trioleate) is a symmetrical triglyceride derived from glycerol and three units of the unsaturated fatty acid oleic acid.  Most triglycerides are unsymmetrical, being derived from mixtures of fatty acids. Triolein represents 4–30% of olive oil.

Triolein is also known as glyceryl trioleate and is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.

The oxidation of triolein is according to the formula:
 + 80  → 57  + 52 

This gives a respiratory quotient of 57/80 or 0.7125. The heat of combustion is  per mole or  per gram. Per mole of oxygen it is .

References

Triglycerides
SofTech. SofTech, Inc. was a computer software company with offices in the United States and headquarters established in Lowell, Massachusetts. SofTech was a significant provider of software engineering tools and solutions in the 1970's as well as Product Lifecycle Management, Product Data Management, and CAD CAM solutions. SofTech was founded by Douglas T. Ross, and was acquired by Essig PLM
.

References 

Software companies based in Massachusetts
Software companies established in 1969
1969 establishments in Massachusetts
Companies based in Lowell, Massachusetts
Companies traded over-the-counter in the United States
Defunct software companies of the United States
RoboGames. RoboGames (previously ROBOlympics) is an annual robot contest held in San Mateo, California. The last RoboGames was held April 6-9, 2023  in Pleasanton, California, having been on hiatus since the previous event in April 2018.

Competitions typically involve entrants representing a large selection of countries, who compete in over fifty categories, such as autonomously navigating robots in RoboMagellan, combat robots, stair-climbing, weight-lifting, soccer bots, sumo bots, and kung-fu. About two thirds of the robot events are autonomous, while the remaining third are remotely operated (RCVs). Despite this, a large plurality of entrants in RoboGames remain in the remotely operated events, specifically combat robotics.

According to the Guinness Book of World Records, the 2005 RoboGames held the record for the world's largest robot competition until being surpassed by VEX Worlds in 2016. RoboGames was selected by Wired for their list of "The Best Ten North American Geek Fests".

Media coverage
In May/June 2011, Science Channel broadcast selected heavyweight combat division matches from RoboGames in a one-hour special titled Killer Robots: RoboGames 2011. The program was hosted by Grant Imahara.
RoboGames built a framework for collaboration between builders and engineers from all over the world.

Events
RoboGames events are divided into ten general categories:
 Humanoids, for human-like robots
 Sumo, where the robots push their opponents
 Combat, where the object is to destroy one's opponent's robot
 Junior League, a category for under-18s
 Autonomous Autos, a navigation category
 BEAM, a racing competition
 Art Bots, for aesthetically pleasing robots
 Robot Soccer, a soccer competition
 Autonomous Humanoid Challenges
 Open, a miscellaneous category

References

External links

 

2004 in robotics
Recurring events established in 2004
Robot combat competitions
Robot soccer competitions
Robotics competitions
Polskie Sieci Elektroenergetyczne. Polskie Sieci Elektroenergetyczne S.A. (abbreviated PSE) is an electricity transmission system operator in Poland and the sole operator of the country's high-voltage transmission lines. It is 100% owned by the State Treasury. 

Until 2007, PSE was a part of the PSE Group (now: Polska Grupa Energetyczna).

In 2012, the company’s total revenue amounted to nearly 7.1 billion PLN, with sales revenue close to 6.8 billion PLN.

References

External links

 

Electric power transmission system operators in Poland
Polish Joint-stock companies
Government-owned companies of Poland
Government-owned energy companies
The Kurrent. The Kurrent is a neighborhood electric vehicle that was built between 2006 and 2007 by the now defunct American Electric Motor Vehicle Company.

Features
The Kurrent has a 4.1 kW electrical motor powered by four 12 volt lead–gel sealed batteries (total 48 volts). It can travel up to  on a charge. Charge time from a 120 V outlet is approximately 8 hours. It featured regenerative brakes, a lockable 7.5 cubic foot trunk and a separate 12 volt battery to power optional equipment.

Concept
The Kurrent's design was based on the European line of microcars (which were inspired by motorcycles). They were built in Wixom, Michigan.

Production of the Kurrent stopped in 2007, and the American Electric Motor Vehicle Company ceased operations in 2008.

External links
ev-info.com
YouTube video about the Kurrent

References

Electric car models
Low-speed vehicles
Acicular ferrite. Acicular ferrite is a microstructure of ferrite in steel that is characterised by needle-shaped crystallites or grains when viewed in two dimensions. The grains, actually three-dimensional in shape, have a thin lenticular shape. This microstructure is advantageous over other microstructures for steel because of its chaotic ordering, which increases toughness.

Acicular ferrite is formed in the interior of the original austenitic grains by direct nucleation on the inclusions, resulting in randomly oriented short ferrite needles with a 'basket weave'  appearance. Acicular ferrite is also characterised by high angle boundaries between the ferrite grains. This further reduces the chance of cleavage, because these boundaries impede crack propagation.

In C-Mn steel weld metals, it is reported that nucleation of various ferrite morphologies is aided by non-metallic inclusion; in particular oxygen-rich inclusions of a certain type and size are associated with the intragranular nucleation of acicular ferrite. Acicular ferrite is a fine Widmanstätten constituent, which is nucleated by an optimum intragranular dispersion of oxide/sulfide/silicate particles. The interlocking nature of acicular ferrite, together with its fine grain size (0.5 to 5 μm with aspect ratio from 3:1 to 10:1), provides maximum resistance to crack propagation by cleavage.

Composition control of weld metal is often performed to maximise the volume fraction of acicular ferrite due to the toughness it imparts. During continuous cooling, higher alloy contents or faster cooling generally delay transformation, which will then take place at lower temperatures, below the bainite start temperature, and lead to higher hardness. The efficacy of inclusions as nucleation sites in modern low alloy steel weld metals is such that fine-scale intragranular bainite can nucleate on them, both by continuous cooling and by isothermal transformation below the bainite start temperature. Some confusion has arisen in the literature, as this fine-scale intragranular bainite, which can resemble acicular ferrite in appearance in the optical microscope, has been called acicular ferrite by some researchers. See, for example.

See also

Eutectic
Bainite
Martensite

References

External links 
 http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phase-trans/2007/acicular.html

Iron
Welding
Metallurgy
Port Augusta Airport. Port Augusta Airport  is an airport located  west of Port Augusta, South Australia.

Overview
The airport serves as a gateway to the city of Port Augusta, as well as isolated mineral projects in the north of the state. Other operations include a base for the Royal Flying Doctor Service which maintains administrative, engineering and hangar facilities for the Pilatus PC-12 fleet at the airport. The majority of traffic at the airport are general aviation related movements, and the Port Augusta Aero Club is also located here. The airfield has previously supported charter operations using larger jets such as the Fokker 100 and British Aerospace 146 under a concession by the Civil Aviation Safety Authority, however these operations are no longer permitted due to apron constraints and jet blast clearances.

Airlines and destinations

See also
 List of airports in South Australia

References

External links
Official webpage

Airports in South Australia
Eyre Peninsula
Port Augusta
Peierls stress. Peierls stress (or Peierls-Nabarro stress, also known as the lattice friction stress) is the force (first described by Rudolf Peierls and modified by Frank Nabarro) needed to move a dislocation within a plane of atoms in the unit cell. The magnitude varies periodically as the dislocation moves within the plane.  Peierls stress depends on the size and width of a dislocation and the distance between planes.  Because of this, Peierls stress decreases with increasing distance between atomic planes.  Yet since the distance between planes increases with planar atomic density,  slip of the dislocation is preferred on closely packed planes.

Peierls–Nabarro stress proportionality 

Where:
 the dislocation width
 = shear modulus
 = Poisson's ratio
 = slip distance or Burgers vector
 = interplanar spacing

The Peierls stress and yield strength temperature sensitivity 

The Peierls stress also relates to the temperature sensitivity of the yield strength of material because it very much depends on both short-range atomic order and atomic bond strength.  As temperature increases, the vibration of atoms increases, and thus both peierls stress and yield strength decrease as a result of weaker atomic bond strength at high temperatures.

References

Hertzberg, Richard W. Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials 4th Edition

Crystallographic defects