omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sohae Line. The Sŏhae Line, also known as the Anju Colliery Line (안주 탄광선), is a partially electrified standard-gauge secondary line of the Korean State Railway in South P'yŏngan Province, North Korea, running from Mundŏk on the P'yŏngŭi Line to Hwap'ung. The line is electrified between Mundŏk and P'yŏngnam Sŏho and between Ch'ŏngnam and Sŏsi.

History
In order to exploit coal fields in the area, the Korean State Railway opened the  Mundŏk—Ch'ŏngnam—Namdong line in the 1970s. Electrification of the line to Namdong was completed in 1978. In 1987 the line was expanded in two directions - one a loop line from Samch'ŏnp'o - the Ch'ŏngnam Line - and the other an extension westwards from Ch'ŏngnam to Hwap'ung. The sections from P'yŏngnam Sŏho to Hwap'ung and to Sŏsi were later abandoned.

Services
Much of the coal that originates on the line is shipped to the Ch'ŏngch'ŏn River Thermal Power Plant on the Ch'ŏnghwaryŏk Line.

Route

A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.

Mainline

Hwap'ung Branch

Sŏngbŏp Branch 

Closed.

Sŏsi Branch

Closed from P'yŏngnam Sŏho, but Sŏsi Station is still in use via Samch'ŏnp'o.

References

Railway lines in North Korea
Standard gauge railways in North Korea
Hexafluoroplatinate. A hexafluoroplatinate is a chemical compound which contains the hexafluoroplatinate  anion.  It is produced by combining substances with platinum hexafluoride.

Examples of hexafluoroplatinates

 Dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate (O2PtF6), containing the rare dioxygenyl oxycation.
 Xenon hexafluoroplatinate ("XePtF6"), the first noble gas compound ever synthesised. (The Xe+ ion in XePtF6 is unstable, being a radical; as a result, XePtF6 itself is unstable and quickly disproportionates into XeFPtF5, XeFPt2F11, and Xe2F3PtF6.)

See also
 Hexachloroplatinate

References

Anions
Fluorometallates
Spartan DFS Trike. The Spartan DFS Trike is an American ultralight aircraft designed and produced by Spartan Microlights. The aircraft was the first ultralight introduced that could be flown with a hang glider-style wing as an ultralight trike or with a powered parachute wing.

The designation of DFS stands for Dual Face System, referring to its ability to mount either hang glider or powered parachute wings.

Design and development
The aircraft was designed to comply with the US FAR 103 Ultralight Vehicles rules, including the category's maximum empty weight of . The aircraft has a standard empty weight of  with a Daedalus 190 hang glider wing. It features a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a single-seat open cockpit, tricycle landing gear and a single engine in pusher configuration. In powered parachute mode it uses a Shuttle GRX canopy and is controlled with aerodynamic brakes.

The aircraft fuselage is made from aluminum tubing, while the hang glider wing is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing and covered in Dacron sailcloth. The hang glider wing is supported by a single tube-type kingpost and uses an "A" frame control bar. A fiberglass cockpit fairing, windshield, brakes and floats are optional. The original engine supplied was the Rotax 277 single cylinder, two-stroke, air-cooled aircraft engine of , which is now out-of-production. Present engines available include the  Zanzottera MZ 34,  Hirth F-33 and the  Rotax 447.

In 2012 the aircraft was marketed under the name DFS Single.

Specifications (DFS with hang glider wing)

References

External links

1990s United States ultralight aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Powered parachutes
Ultralight trikes
Spartan Microlights aircraft
O'Neill Aristocraft II. The Aristocraft II was a six-place homebuilt aircraft designed by Terrence O'Neill.

Design and development
The Aristocraft II was a redesigned aircraft built off the prototype airframe of the WACO Aristocraft. The Franklin-powered Aristocraft pusher was rebuilt using the wings and most of the internal structure of the original. The layout was drastically changed from a twin-tailed, mid-engined, pusher to a conventional tractor arrangement. The intent was to develop a homebuilt aircraft from the design with the flexibility to carry six passengers, or fewer people with extended range. An effort was made to certify the design, under the name Model W Winner but money ran out before completion, with only two orders.

The Aristocraft II was a strut-braced, high-wing, tricycle gear, six-passenger aircraft designed for Franklin or Lycoming  engines.  The fuselage was made of welded steel tubing with aluminum skin. The cowling was split vertically, and could hinge open for maintenance.

Variants
The standard engine was a six-cylinder Lycoming, however plans were drawn for a 
Jacobs L-4MB radial engine installation and also for a Continental R-670 radial installation. This specified that the engine would be mounted closer to the firewall and also incorporated conventional landing gear, a  propeller and the outward appearance of "Mr. Muligan", this evolved into the O'Neill Magnum.

Specifications (Arisocraft II)

See also

References

Homebuilt aircraft
Pyongbuk Line. The P'yŏngbuk Line is an electrified standard-gauge secondary trunk line of the Korean State Railway in North Pyŏngan Province, North Korea, running from Chŏngju on the P'yŏngŭi Line to Ch'ŏngsu; it meets the Ch'ŏngnyŏn P'arwŏn Line at Kusŏng, and at Ch'ŏngsu, via a bridge across the Yalu River, it goes to Shanghekou, China, where it connects to China Railway's Fengshang Railway to Fenghuangcheng.

History
The line was opened by the privately owned P'yŏngbuk Railway on 27 September 1939 as an industrial railway to serve the Sup'ung Hydroelectric Power Plant on the Yalu River. The Emperor of Manchukuo, Puyi, travelled along this line when he visited the Sup'ung Dam.

Following the partition of Korea the line was located within the Soviet zone of occupation, and was nationalised along with all the other railways in the zone by the Provisional People’s Committee for North Korea on 10 August 1946, becoming part of the Korean State Railway. Electrification of the entire line was completed in 1980, and at the same time, semi-automatic train control was installed on the  section between Chŏngju and Kusŏng.

Services
The line serves a variety of industries, including a textile factory in Kusŏng, a chemical factory in Ch'ŏngsu, and North Korea's largest lignite mine near P'ungnyŏn, as well as shipping large amounts of wood south from Amrokkang Station on the Yalu River. Other important commodities shipped on the line are limestone and anthracite.

There are two long-distance passenger trains that operate on the line - semi-express trains 115/116 between P'yŏngyang and Ch'ŏngsu, and local trains 200/201 between West P'yŏngyang and Ch'ŏngsu. There are also commuter trains along the Ch'ongsu—Sup'ung—P'ungnyŏn (6 pairs), Kusŏng—Paegun (5 pairs) and Chŏngju—Kusŏng (2 pairs) sections of the line.

Route
A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.

References

Railway lines in North Korea
Standard gauge railways in North Korea
Tokhyon Line. The Tŏkhyŏn Line is a non-electrified standard-gauge secondary line of the Korean State Railway in North P'yŏngan Province, North Korea, running from South Sinŭiju on the P'yŏngŭi Line to Tŏkhyŏn.

The ruling grade on the line is 12‰ and the minimum curve radius is . There are 13 bridges with a total length of , and there are no tunnels.

History
The Tŏkhyŏn Line was opened by the Korean State Railway in April 1971.

Services
The primary function of the Tŏkhyŏn Line is to deliver iron ore from the mines around Tŏkhyŏn to the September Iron & Steel Complex (9월제철종합기업소) in Sinŭiju and the Hwanghae Iron & Steel Complex on the Songrim Line, thus the bulk of southbound freight is ore from the mines.

Three pairs of commuter trains run on the line between Sinŭiju Ch'ŏngnyŏn and Tŏkhyŏn stations.

Route

A yellow background in the "Distance" box indicates that section of the line is not electrified.

References

Railway lines in North Korea
Standard gauge railways in North Korea
Cronak process. The Cronak process is a conventional chromate conversion coating process developed in 1933 by The New Jersey Zinc Company. It involves immersing a zinc or zinc-plated article for 5 to 15 seconds in a chromate solution, typically prepared from sodium dichromate and sulfuric acid. The process was patented in the United States on March 24, 1936 with USPTO number 2,035,380.

References

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20141211093127/http://www.innovateus.net/science/what-zinc-chromate-used

Chemical processes
Richard H. Wilhelm. Richard Herman Wilhelm (January 10, 1909 – August 6, 1968) was an American chemical engineer notable for developing a new method of fluid separation called chemical parametric pumping.

Wilhelm was also notable for pioneering in the development of fluid beds, which according to Princeton University "revolutionized the petroleum-cracking process".

Princeton University established Wilhelm Lectures in his honor.

Wilhelm was a member of the National Academy of Engineering

Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
and a chairman of the department of chemical engineering at Princeton University.
Princeton University called Wilhelm "an authority on chemical reaction engineering".

Life 
Wilhelm was born in New York City and received B.S in engineering, M.S. in chemical engineering and Ph.D. from Columbia University in 1931, 1932 and 1934, respectively. He then spent his all of his career at Princeton University until his death in 1968, becoming chairman of chemical engineering department in 1954.

References 

1909 births
1968 deaths
20th-century American chemists
20th-century American engineers
Princeton University faculty
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
20th-century American inventors
O'Neill Magnum. The O'Neill Model J Magnum, also called the Magnum Jake and the Magnum Pickup, is a homebuilt aircraft design for bush flying operations similar to the de Havilland Beaver.

Design and development
O'Neill intended to modify the Aristocraft II six-place homebuilt with a  radial engine. Eventually a clean sheet design was drawn up based on a bush pilot survey in Alaska.

The Magnum is a single-engine, strut-braced, high-wing aircraft with an uncommon dual-main, four-wheel landing gear. The fiberglass gear legs support castoring wheels in the front, allowing for conversion to floats and providing support when the tail section is swung open for cargo loading. The fuselage is constructed from welded steel tubing, with aluminum skin. The engine cowl is sourced from a Cessna UC-78. The wings have full-span flaps, and spoilerons and are designed to fold like those of a Fairchild FB-2C. The fuel tank is mounted under the cockpit and can be released to reduce fire risk during emergency landings.

Post flight-testing modifications resulted in changes to the landing gear layout, spoileron airflow control and engine cooling.

The Magnum was demonstrated at the EAA Airshow in 1984. In 1996, O'Neill folded the O'Neill aircraft company due to low interest and funding for further development. The prototype was sold in 1996 for an intended turboprop conversion.

Variants
Magnum
Model J Magnum
Magnum Jake
Magnum Pickup
Magnum V8 Pickup
The prototype was converted in 1986 from a radial engine to an automobile engine powered by a Ford 351W with a McCulloch VS57 supercharger from a snowmobile, producing  at 4500rpm.

Specifications (Model J Magnum perf estimated)

See also

References

External links
Site with a description of the V-8 engine installation

Homebuilt aircraft
Lynn S. Beedle. Dr. Lynn S. Beedle (December 7, 1917 – October 30, 2003) was an American structural engineer, the founder and the director of the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, and known for his design and building of skyscrapers. The New York Times has called him "an expert on tall buildings".

Beedle is also credited with making Lehigh University in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania a center of research for civil and structural engineering because of his "groundbreaking studies on the properties of steel structures".

Early life and education
Beedle was born in Orland, California. He graduated from the University of California, Berkeley, with a B.S. degree, and joined the US Navy where he commanded underwater explosion research at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard in Virginia and served as Deputy Officer in Charge of the Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll in 1946.
In 1952 he received his doctorate from Lehigh University in structural engineering after 5 years of graduate studies and working there as an instructor.

Awards
Beedle was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1972 "for contributions to steel structures research and design practice, especially plastic design and residual stress effects." The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat honored Beedle with creation of the Lynn S. Beedle Achievement Award.

Beedle was a recipient of a lifetime achievement award from the American Society of Civil Engineers. He received Franklin Institute’s Frank P. Brown Medal, and the John Fritz Medal, the Berkeley Engineering Alumni Society Distinguished Engineering Alumnus Award, and was named Distinguished Professor of Civil Engineering by Lehigh University.

References

External links
Lynn Beedle's tribute to Fazlur Rahman Khan on the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)

1917 births
2003 deaths
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American inventors
American structural engineers
Engineers from California
Lehigh University alumni
Lehigh University faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
People from Orland, California
UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni
United States Navy personnel of World War II
President's Medal (Royal Academy of Engineering). The President's Medal, also known as the Royal Academy of Engineering President's Medal, is an award given by the President of the Royal Academy of Engineering. It was first given in 1987.

History
The award is presented at the RAEng's annual awards dinner.

Award winners
 2024 – Dame Judith Hackett
 2023 – John Clarkson 
 2022 – Dame Helen Atkinson
 2021 – David Thomlinson 
 2020 – Dame Dervilla Mitchell
 2019 – Professor Richard Williams OBE 
 2018 – Professor Sir William Wakeham
 2017 – Ian Shott CBE 
 2016 – Dr Ian Nussey OBE 
 2015 – Sir Richard Olver
 2014 – Dr Dame Sue Ion
 2013 – Terry Hill CBE FREng
 2011 – Professor Anthony Kelly CBE
 2009 – Sir Alan Rudge CBE FREng FRS
 2007 – Rolls-Royce plc
 2006 – Sir David Davies CBE FREng FRS
 2005 – Jonathan Ive
 2004 – Jim Eyre
 2000 – HRH Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
 1998 – Keith Duckworth OBE
 1995 – Sir William Stewart FRS FRSE
 1994 – Lord Phillips of Ellesmere FRS
 1993 – Sir Neil Cossons OBE
 1990 – Rhys Lloyd, Baron Lloyd of Kilgerran
 1988 – David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville
 1987 – Air Marshal Sir Richard Wakeford KCB LVO OBE AFC

See also

 List of engineering awards

References

External links
 RAEng

Awards of the Royal Academy of Engineering
Awards established in 1987
SCALD. The structured computer-aided logic design (SCALD) software was a computer aided design system developed for building the S-1 computer. It used the Stanford University Drawing System (SUDS), and it was developed by Thomas M. McWilliams and Lawrence Curtis Widdoes, Jr. The work led to the start of the Valid Logic Systems company (briefly known as SCALD Corporation) in 1981, which was purchased by Cadence Design in 1991.

McWilliams and Widdoes won the W. Wallace McDowell Award in 1984 for the SCALD methodology.

See also
 Static timing analysis

References

Electronic design automation
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Piezophototronics. Piezo-phototronic effect is a three-way coupling effect of piezoelectric, semiconductor and photonic properties in non-central symmetric semiconductor materials, using the piezoelectric potential (piezopotential) that is generated by applying a strain to a semiconductor with piezoelectricity to control the carrier generation, transport, separation and/or recombination at metal–semiconductor junction or p–n junction for improving the performance of optoelectronic devices, such as photodetector, solar cell and light-emitting diode. Prof. Zhong Lin Wang at Georgia Institute of Technology proposed the fundamental principle of this effect in 2010.

Mechanism

When a p-type semiconductor and a n-type semiconductor form a junction, the holes in the p-type side and the electrons in the n-type side tend to redistribute around the interface area to balance the local electric field, which results in a charge depletion layer. The diffusion and recombination of the electrons and holes in the junction region is closely related to the optoelectronic properties of the device, which is greatly affected by the local electric field distribution. The existence of the piezo-charges at the interface introduces three effects: a shift in local electronic band structure due to the introduced local potential, a tilt of the electronic band structure over the junction region for the polarization existing in the piezoelectric semiconductor, and a change in the charge depletion layer due to the redistribution of the local charge carriers to balance the local piezo-charges. The positive piezoelectric charges at the junction lower the energy band and the negative piezoelectric charges raise the energy band in n-type semiconductor region near the junction region. A modification in the local band by piezopotential may be effective for trapping charges so that the electron-hole recombination rate can be largely enhanced, which is very beneficial for improving the efficiency of a light-emitting diode. Furthermore, the inclined band tends to change the mobility of the carriers moving toward the junction.
The materials for piezo-phototronics should have three basic properties: piezoelectricity, semiconductor property, and photon excitation property [5]. Typical materials are the wurtzite structures, such as ZnO, GaN and InN. the three-way coupling among piezoelectricity, photoexcitation and semiconductor properties, which is the basis of piezotronics (piezoelectricity-semiconductor coupling), piezophotonics (piezoelectric-photon excitation coupling), optoelectronics, and piezo-phototronics piezoelectricity-semiconductor-photoexcitation). The core of these coupling relies on the piezopotential created by the piezoelectric materials.

Experimental realization 
Van der Waals heterostructures based on graphene and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) are promising for the realization of piezophototronic effect. It has been shown that the photo-response of graphene/MoS2 junction can be tuned by means of tensile stress manifesting piezophototronic effect in TMD devices.

References

Condensed matter physics
Electrical phenomena
Energy harvesting
P. D. J. Kumarasiri. Air Vice Marshal P. D. J. Kumarasiri (also known as Jayanath Kumarasiri) USP, psc, MAIAA, AMRAeCS, EDBA, PGDiplE, DipQM was the former Director of Aeronautical Engineering for the Sri Lanka Air Force.

Early life
Jayanath was educated at Nalanda College Colombo.

References

 Nalanda Ranaviru Upahara'13

Living people
Sri Lanka Air Force air vice-marshals
Sinhalese military personnel
Sinhalese people
Sri Lankan engineers
Alumni of Nalanda College, Colombo
Year of birth missing (living people)
Harvey Brooks (physicist). Harvey Brooks (August 5, 1915 – May 28, 2004) was an American physicist, "a pioneer in incorporating science into public policy",

notable for helping to shape national science policies and who served on science advisory committees in the administrations of Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson.

Brooks was also notable for his contributions to the fundamental theory of semiconductors and the band structure of metals.
Brooks was dean of the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences of the Harvard University.

Brooks was also the founder and editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering "for technical contributions to solid-state engineering and nuclear reactors; leadership in national technological decisions".
He was also Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics and Benjamin Peirce Professor of Technology and Public Policy at Harvard University.

Honors and awards
Brooks was president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering,  the American Philosophical Society, and the Council on Foreign Relations.

He received the Ernest O. Lawrence Award of the Atomic Energy Commission, the Philip Hauge Abelson Prize of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Chronology 
 1915: born in Cleveland, Ohio on August 5
 1937: B.S. in mathematics, Yale University
 1940: Ph.D in physics, Harvard University
 1945: married to Helen G. Lathrop on October 20
 1940–1946: faculty member, Harvard University
 1946–1950: Associate Head of the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, General Electric
 1950–1957: Gordon McKay Professor of Applied Physics, Harvard University
 1957–1975: Dean, the Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences (DEAS), Harvard University
 1961: Elected to the American Philosophical Society
 1962: Elected to the National Academy of Sciences
 2004: death

References 

1915 births
2004 deaths
20th-century American physicists
Harvard University faculty
Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences alumni
Yale College alumni
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Scientists from Cleveland
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Members of the National Academy of Medicine
Members of the American Philosophical Society