omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Sepharose. Sepharose is a tradename for a crosslinked, beaded-form of agarose, a polysaccharide polymer material extracted from seaweed. Its brand name is a portmanteau derived from Separation-Pharmacia-Agarose. A common application for the material is in chromatographic separations of biomolecules.

Sepharose is a registered trademark of Cytiva (formerly: GE Healthcare and Pharmacia, Pharmacia LKB Biotechnology, Pharmacia Biotech, Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, and Amersham Biosciences).

Various grades and chemistries of sepharose are available. 
Iodoacetyl functional groups can be added to selectively bind cysteine side chains and this method is often used to immobilize peptides. Sepharose/agarose, combined with some form of activation chemistry, is also used to immobilize enzymes, antibodies and other proteins and peptides through covalent attachment to the resin. Common activation chemistries include cyanogen bromide (CNBr) activation and reductive amination of aldehydes to attach proteins to the agarose resin through lysine side chains.

See also
 Gel permeation chromatography
 Superose
 Sephadex

References 

Polysaccharides
Steven Swanson. Steven Roy Swanson (born December 3, 1960, in Syracuse, New York) is an American engineer and retired NASA astronaut. Swanson has flown two shuttle flights, STS-117 and STS-119, and one Soyuz flight, TMA-12M. All of the flights were to the International Space Station. He has logged over 195 days in space and completed five spacewalks totaling 27 hours and 58 minutes. Swanson has served in other roles at NASA, such as a CAPCOM for both International Space Station and Space Shuttle missions. His awards and honors include the NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal and the JSC Certificate of Accommodation. Prior to becoming a NASA astronaut, Swanson worked for GTE in Phoenix, Arizona, as a software engineer.  He is married and has three children. Steve claims he had the first ever Instagram posted from space.

Early life 
Although born in Syracuse, New York, Swanson considers Steamboat Springs, Colorado, to be his home. He graduated from Steamboat Springs High School in 1979, and went on to the University of Colorado to receive a bachelor's degree in engineering physics in 1983. In 1986, he received a master of applied science in computer systems from Florida Atlantic University. He later received a doctorate in computer science from Texas A&M University in 1998.

NASA career 
Swanson joined NASA in 1987 as a systems engineer and a flight engineer working on the Shuttle Training Aircraft. He was selected as an astronaut in May 1998. His first mission was STS-117, which launched June 2007. Swanson was a mission specialist and flight engineer on this flight. He served as a mission specialist and lead spacewalker on STS-119, which launched March 15, 2009, and landed on March 28. He launched to the International Space Station as a member of Expedition 39/40 on March 25, 2014, from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan and returned to Earth on September 11, 2014. NASA announced Swanson's retirement in August 2015. Since then he has worked at Boise State University as a distinguished educator in residence assisting with programs such as the NASA Spacesuit User Interface Technologies for Students program.

Steven Swanson is a Browncoat, or fan of Joss Whedon's Serenity and Firefly. He added copies of the movie and box set of the TV series to the ISS Movie Library on STS-117 in June 2007.

References

External links 
 Steve Swanson Website
 

 Russian Federal Space Agency ISS Crews biography
 Spacefacts biography of Steven Swanson

1960 births
Living people
American astronauts
American computer scientists
University of Colorado alumni
Florida Atlantic University alumni
Texas A&M University alumni
People from Syracuse, New York
Commanders of the International Space Station
Engineers from New York (state)
Space Shuttle program astronauts
Spacewalkers
OLFA. is a Japanese manufacturer of utility knives, founded in 1956 in Osaka, Japan. The name is derived from the Japanese words oru (折る, bend and break) and ha (刃, blade). The company is known for inventing the snap-off blade and the rotary cutter.

Snap-off blade
Founder Yoshio Okada and his younger brother Saburo worked for printing companies where they cut paper with razor blades, but the blades quickly became unusable as their edges wore out. The brothers invented blades with scored lines which could be snapped to reveal sharp unused sections of blade. This idea came to them when they recalled how a chocolate bar given to them by an American soldier in childhood had also broken off in sections.

These snap-off blades and their associated handles are now made by many manufacturers in two standard sizes (9 and 18mm).

Other products
Their products include heavy-duty and specialty cutting tools for the building industry, safety tools for industrial applications, rotary cutters, self-healing mats, art knives and rulers for the crafting industry.

The company's products are frequently recommended for use in crafts such as book repair, calligraphy, quilt making, modelling, sewing, picture framing and appliqué.

See also

X-Acto

References

External links 

Knife manufacturing companies
Tool manufacturing companies of Japan
Manufacturing companies based in Osaka
Manufacturing companies established in 1956
1956 establishments in Japan
Art materials brands
Japanese brands
OpenLDI. OpenLDI (Open LVDS Display Interface) is a high-bandwidth digital-video interface standard for connecting graphics/video processors to flat panel LCD monitors. Even though the promoter’s group originally designed it for the desktop computer to monitor application, the majority of applications today are industrial display connections. For example, displays in medical imaging, machine vision, and construction equipment use the OpenLDI chipsets.

OpenLDI is based on the FPD-Link specification, which was the de facto standard for transferring graphics and video data through notebook computer hinges since the late 1990s. Both OpenLDI and FPD-Link use low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) as the physical layer signaling, and the three terms have mistakenly been used synonymously. (FPD-Link and OpenLDI are largely compatible, beyond the physical-layer; specifying the same serial data-streams).

The OpenLDI standard was promoted by National Semiconductor, Texas Instruments, Silicon Graphics (SGI) and others. OpenLDI wasn't used in many of the intended applications after losing the computer-to-monitor interconnect application to a competing standard, Digital Visual Interface (DVI).

The SGI 1600SW was the only monitor produced in significant quantities with an OpenLDI connection, though it had minor differences from the final published standards. The 1600SW used a 36-pin MDR36 male connector with a pinout that differs from that of the 36-pin centronics-style connector in the OpenLDI standard.

Sony produced some VAIO displays and laptops using the standard.

(According to the SGI 1600SW entry, a few other displays were made by various manufacturers using the OpenLDI standard.)

See also
 VGA

References

External links
OpenLDI specification from National Semiconductor
1600SW MDR36 connector pinout

Digital display connectors
XML Protocol. The XML Protocol ("XMLP") is a standard being developed by the W3C XML Protocol Working Group to the following guidelines, outlined in the group's charter:

 An envelope for encapsulating XML data to be transferred in an interoperable manner that allows for distributed extensibility. 
 A convention for the content of the envelope when used for RPC (Remote Procedure Call) applications. The protocol aspects of this should be coordinated closely with the IETF and make an effort to leverage any work they are doing, see below for details. 
 A mechanism for serializing data representing non-syntactic data models such as object graphs and directed labeled graphs, based on the data types of XML Schema. 
 A mechanism for using HTTP transport in the context of an XML Protocol. This does not mean that HTTP is the only transport mechanism that can be used for the technologies developed, nor that support for HTTP transport is mandatory. This component merely addresses the fact that HTTP transport is expected to be widely used, and so should be addressed by this Working Group. There will be coordination with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). (See Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol)

Further, the protocol developed must meet the following requirements, as per the working group's charter:
The envelope and the serialization mechanisms developed by the Working Group may not preclude any programming model nor assume any particular mode of communication between peers. 
Focus must be put on simplicity and modularity and must support the kind of extensibility actually seen on the Web. In particular, it must support distributed extensibility where the communicating parties do not have a priori knowledge of each other.

See also
XML
Internet Engineering Task Force
Head–body pattern

External links
XML Protocol Working Group Charter
XML Protocol Working Group

XML
Heat kernel. In the mathematical study of heat conduction and diffusion, a heat kernel is the fundamental solution to the heat equation on a specified domain with appropriate boundary conditions.  It is also one of the main tools in the study of the spectrum of the Laplace operator, and is thus of some auxiliary importance throughout mathematical physics.  The heat kernel represents the evolution of temperature in a region whose boundary is held fixed at a particular temperature (typically zero), such that an initial unit of heat energy is placed at a point at time .

Definition

The most well-known heat kernel is the heat kernel of -dimensional Euclidean space , which has the form of a time-varying Gaussian function,

which is defined for all  and . This solves the heat equation

where  is a Dirac delta distribution and the limit is taken in the sense of distributions, that is, for every function  in the space  of smooth functions with compact support, we have

On a more general domain  in , such an explicit formula is not generally possible.  The next simplest cases of a disc or square involve, respectively, Bessel functions and Jacobi theta functions. Nevertheless, the heat kernel still exists and is smooth for  on arbitrary domains and indeed on any Riemannian manifold with boundary, provided the boundary is sufficiently regular. More precisely, in these more general domains, the heat kernel the solution of the initial boundary value problem

Spectral theory

It is not difficult to derive a formal expression for the heat kernel on an arbitrary domain. Consider the Dirichlet problem in a connected domain (or manifold with boundary).  Let  be the eigenvalues for the Dirichlet problem of the Laplacian

Let  denote the associated eigenfunctions, normalized to be orthonormal in .  The inverse Dirichlet Laplacian  is a compact and selfadjoint operator, and so the spectral theorem implies that the eigenvalues of  satisfy

The heat kernel has the following expression:

Formally differentiating the series under the sign of the summation shows that this should satisfy the heat equation.  However, convergence and regularity of the series are quite delicate.

The heat kernel is also sometimes identified with the associated integral transform, defined for compactly supported smooth  by

The spectral mapping theorem gives a representation of  in the form the semigroup

There are several geometric results on heat kernels on manifolds; say, short-time asymptotics, long-time asymptotics, and upper/lower bounds of Gaussian type.

See also

Heat kernel signature
Minakshisundaram–Pleijel zeta function
Mehler kernel

Notes

References

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Heat conduction
Spectral theory
Parabolic partial differential equations
Zakharovite. Zakharovite is a mineral, a silicate of sodium and manganese; formula  Na4Mn5Si10O24(OH)6·6H2O.   It has a yellow colour with a pearly lustre.  Discovered in 1982 in the Kola peninsula of Northern Russia, it is named after Evgeny Evgenevich Zakharov (1902–1980), the director of the Moscow Institute of Geological Exploration.

See also
List of minerals
List of minerals named after people

References

Webmineral data

Sodium minerals
Manganese(II) minerals
Phyllosilicates
Geology of Russia
Trigonal minerals
JOONE. JOONE (Java Object Oriented Neural Engine) is a component based neural network framework built in Java.

Features
Joone consists of a component-based architecture based on linkable components that can be extended to build new learning algorithms and neural networks architectures.

Components are plug-in code modules that are linked to produce an information flow. New components can be added and reused. Beyond simulation, Joone also has to some extent multi-platform deployment capabilities.

Joone has a GUI Editor to graphically create and test any neural network, and a distributed training environment that allows for neural networks to be trained on multiple remote machines.

Comparison
As of 2010, Joone, Encog and Neuroph are the major free component based neural network development environment available for the Java platform. Unlike the two other (commercial) systems that are in existence, Synapse and NeuroSolutions, it is written in Java and has direct cross-platform support. A limited number of components exist and the graphical development environment is rudimentary so it has significantly fewer features than its commercial counterparts.

Joone can be considered to be more of a neural network framework than a full integrated development environment. Unlike its commercial counterparts, it has a strong focus on code-based development of neural networks rather than visual construction.

While in theory Joone can be used to construct a wider array of adaptive systems (including those with non-adaptive elements), its focus is on backpropagation based neural networks.

See also

 Artificial neural network
 Neural network software
 Encog: another neural network programmed in Java

External links
 sourceforge download page for joone

Neural network software
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Krohn Conservatory. The Irwin M. Krohn Conservatory is a conservatory located in Eden Park within Cincinnati, Ohio in the United States.

History
The conservatory was completed in 1933, replacing smaller greenhouses that had stood in Eden Park since 1894. Originally known only as the Eden Park Greenhouse, in 1937 it was renamed in honor of Irwin M. Krohn, who served as Board of Park Commissioner from 1912 to 1948. The architect firm Rapp & Meacham designed the conservatory in the Art Deco style, in the form of a Gothic arch.

A 1966 hailstorm caused extensive damage to the conservatory, and the firm of Lord & Burnham was called to restore it. The original wooden sashes were replaced with durable aluminum.

Collection
It contains more than 3,500 plant species from all over the world, with principal collections as follows:

 Bonsai Collection - a collection of bonsai trees from the conservatory itself, the Bonsai Society of Greater Cincinnati, and private individuals.
 Desert Garden - succulents and cacti including agaves, aloes, crassulas, and yuccas, as well as Cereus, Opuntia, and Pereskia.
 Floral Display - home to six seasonal floral shows, with a permanent citrus tree collection of orange, kumquat, giant Ponderosa lemon, and grapefruit.
 Orchid Display - approximately 75 blooming orchids at any time, from the conservatory's collection of thousands of orchids encompassing 17 genera. This display also includes a Monstera deliciosa.
 Palm House - a  high central house with palm trees, rubber trees, and bananas, shrubby plants, and ground cover, as well as a  waterfall with a goldfish stream. Epiphytic bromeliads, orchids, and ferns grow in many of the trees.
 Tropical House - a large variety of ferns, both terrestrial and epiphytic; cycad, bromeliad, and begonia collections; and important economic plants including a cacao tree, Pomegranate, vanilla vine, and dwarf banana.

Private events and weddings
Krohn Conservatory can be rented for private events and is an excellent setting for a small to mid-sized wedding. Accommodations can be made for the wedding ceremony to take place in the atrium of the conservatory, and there are multiple options for where to hold the reception, which include in the room off the atrium (seats up to 120 guests), or in the tent connected to the conservatory (seats up to 150 guests). Wedding guests have full access to the conservatory during the entire reception to take advantage of the numerous exhibits, such as the Orchid exhibit or the butterfly show. Information about renting the facility can be obtained through the Premier Park Events website.

In popular culture

The conservatory was featured in the 1993 film Airborne.

Gallery

See also 
 List of botanical gardens in the United States

References

External links

 Krohn Conservatory Photographs
 Cincinnati Parks Krohn Conservatory

1933 establishments in Ohio
Botanical gardens in Ohio
Buildings and structures in Ohio
Eden Park (Cincinnati)
Greenhouses in the United States
Mount Adams, Cincinnati
Tourist attractions in Cincinnati
Methacrylic acid. Methacrylic acid, abbreviated MAA, is an organic compound with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CO2H.  This colorless, viscous liquid is a carboxylic acid with an acrid unpleasant odor.  It is soluble in warm water and miscible with most organic solvents. Methacrylic acid is produced industrially on a large scale as a precursor to its esters, especially methyl methacrylate (MMA), and to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).

Production
In the most common route, methacrylic acid is prepared from acetone cyanohydrin, which is converted to methacrylamide sulfate using sulfuric acid. This derivative in turn is hydrolyzed to methacrylic acid, or esterified to methyl methacrylate in one step. Another route to methacrylic acid starts with isobutylene, which obtainable by dehydration of tert-butanol.  Isobutylene is oxidized sequentially to methacrolein and then methacrylic acid. Methacrolein for this purpose can also be obtained from formaldehyde and ethylene. Yet a third route involves the dehydrogenation of Isobutyric acid.

Various green routes have been explored but they have not been commercialized.  Specifically, the decarboxylation of itaconic acid, citraconic acid, and mesaconic acids affords methacrylic acid.  Salts of methacrylic acid have been obtained by boiling citra- or meso-brompyrotartaric acids with alkalis.

Pyrolysis of ethyl methacrylate efficiently gives methacrylic acid.

Uses and occurrence
The main use of methacrylic acid is its polymerization to poly(methyl methacrylate).

It is used in some nail primers to help acrylic nails adhere to the nail plate.

Copolymers consisting partially of methacrylic acid are used in certain types of tablet coatings in order to slow the tablet's dissolution in the digestive tract, and thus extend or delay the release of the active ingredient.

MAA occurs naturally in small amounts in the oil of Roman chamomile.

MMA is used in the synthesis of some vinyl ester resins.

Reactions
For commercial applications, MAA is polymerized using azobisisobutyronitrile as a thermally activated free-radical catalyst.  Otherwise, MAA is relatively slow to polymerize thermally or photochemically.

Methacrylic acid undergoes several reactions characteristic of α,β-unsaturated acids (see acrylic acid). These reactions include the Diels–Alder reaction and Michael additions.  Esterifications are brought about by acid-catalyzed condensations with alcohols, alkylations with certain alkenes, and transesterifications.  Epoxide ring-opening gives hydroxyalkyl esters.
Sodium amalgam reduces it to isobutyric acid. A polymeric form of methacrylic acid was described in 1880.

See also 
 Lactic acid

References

Carboxylic acid-based monomers
Enoic acids
Foul-smelling chemicals
Hybrid neural network. The term hybrid neural network can have two meanings: 
Biological neural networks interacting with artificial neuronal models, and
Artificial neural networks with a symbolic part (or, conversely, symbolic computations with a connectionist part). 

As for the first meaning, the artificial neurons and synapses in hybrid networks can be digital or analog. For the digital variant voltage clamps are used to monitor the membrane potential of neurons, to computationally simulate artificial neurons and synapses and to stimulate biological neurons by inducing synaptic. For the analog variant, specially designed electronic circuits connect to a network of living neurons through electrodes. 

As for the second meaning, incorporating elements of symbolic computation and artificial neural networks into one model was an attempt to combine the advantages of both paradigms while avoiding the shortcomings. Symbolic representations have advantages with respect to explicit, direct control, fast initial coding, dynamic variable binding and knowledge abstraction. Representations of artificial neural networks, on the other hand, show advantages for biological plausibility, learning, robustness (fault-tolerant processing and graceful decay), and generalization to similar input. Since the early 1990s many attempts have been made to reconcile the two approaches.

References 
 Biological and artificial neurons
 Connecting symbolic and connectionist approaches

See also 
 Connectionism vs. Computationalism debate

Artificial neural networks
Neural circuitry
Generation II reactor. A generation II reactor is a design classification for a nuclear reactor, and refers to the class of commercial reactors built until the end of the 1990s.  Prototypical and older versions of PWR, CANDU, BWR, AGR, RBMK and VVER are among them.

These are contrasted to  reactors, which refer to the early prototype of power reactors, such as Shippingport, Magnox/UNGG, AMB, Fermi 1, and Dresden 1. The last commercial Gen I power reactor was located at the Wylfa Nuclear Power Station and ceased operation at the end of 2015. The nomenclature for reactor designs, describing four 'generations', was proposed by the US Department of Energy when it introduced the concept of generation IV reactors.

The designation generation II+ reactor is sometimes used for modernized generation II designs built post-2000, such as the Chinese CPR-1000, in competition with more expensive generation III reactor designs. Typically, the modernization includes improved safety systems and a 60-year design life.

Generation II reactor designs generally had an original design life of 30 or 40 years. This date was set as the period over which loans taken out for the plant would be paid off. However, many generation II reactors are being life-extended to 50 or 60 years, and a second life-extension to 80 years may also be economical in many cases. By 2013 about 75% of still operating U.S. reactors had been granted life extension licenses to 60 years.

Chernobyl's No.4 reactor that exploded was a generation II reactor, specifically RBMK-1000.

Fukushima Daiichi's three destroyed reactors were generation II reactors; specifically Mark I Boiling water reactors (BWR) designed by General Electric.
In 2016, unit 2 at the Watts Bar Nuclear Generating Station came online and is likely to be the last generation II reactor to become operational in the United States.

See also
 List of reactor types
 OPR-1000
 System 80

References

External links 
 Nuclear Reactors Knowledge Base at IAEA
 Gen IV at US DOE

Nuclear power reactor types
Jumping wire. A jumping wire is a wire cable stretched between the bow and stern of a submarine, via the conning tower or periscope standards.

Its purpose is to allow the submarine to pass under nets and other marine defences, without the obstruction snagging on the vessel's superstructure, the wire causing the net to ride up and over the top of the submarine.

Jumping wires have fallen out of use since the end of World War II, as the wire tends to vibrate at high underwater speeds creating noise that may be detected by an enemy using passive sonar, as well as causing hydrodynamic drag.

Submarine design