omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
A. Wayne Wymore. Albert Wayne Wymore (February 1, 1927 – February 24, 2011) was an American mathematician, systems engineer, Professor Emeritus of Systems and Industrial Engineering of the University of Arizona, and one of the founding fathers of systems engineering.

Biography 
Wymore received both his B.Sc. and M.Sc. in mathematics from the Iowa State University early 1950s. In 1956 he received his PhD in mathematics from the University of Wisconsin–Madison under the Supervision of Associate Professor William F. Eberlein for the thesis "On the Weak Compactness in Functional Analysis".

With his PhD in pure mathematics, Wymore started his career in industry for two years. In 1956 he joined the faculty of University of Arizona, where in 1957 he established Universities first computing center, and the department of Systems and Industrial Engineering as part of the College of Engineering. Wymore became the first Chairman of Systems and Industrial Engineering (SIE) Department at the University of Arizona. He was also one of the first Fellows of the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE).

Publications 
A selection:
 1967. A Mathematical Theory of Systems Engineering: The Elements. Krieger, Huntington, NY.
 1976. Systems Engineering Methodology for Interdisciplinary Teams, Wiley, New York.
 1992. Engineering Modeling and Design, with Bill Chapman and A. Terry Bahill, CRC Press Inc.
 1993. Model-Based Systems Engineering, CRC Press, Boca Raton.

References

External links

 Webpage about Wymore by A. Terry Bahill.
 A Wayne Wymore's Autobiography 
 Review  from George Klir on his book Model-Based Systems Engineering.

1927 births
2011 deaths
Systems engineers
Iowa State University alumni
 University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Letters and Science alumni
University of Arizona faculty
Peco (unit). peco is the unit of measurement of the dielectric properties of concrete and other hydrating materials.

The dielectric constant of concrete is about 4.5, but changes with time, as concrete hydrates, and with changes in formulation and/or ingredients.

The unit of peco is derived from the two elements of the dielectric constant (which is a ratio), permittivity and conductivity. peco was coined by Hydronix, Ltd. to represent a unit of output from their TitanCSM device which measures the dielectric properties of concrete as it hardens 

Concrete
Behavioral modeling in computer-aided design. In computer-aided design, behavioral modeling is a high-level circuit modeling technique where behavior of logic is modeled. 

The Verilog-AMS and VHDL-AMS languages are widely used to model logic behavior.

Other modeling approaches 
 Register transfer level modeling: logic is modeled at register level
 Structural modeling: logic is modeled at both register level and gate level

References 
Analog Behavioral Modeling with the Verilog-A Language by Dan FitzPatrick, Ira Miller.

Computer-aided design
ATIC. ATIC may refer to:

 ATIC Records
 Air Technical Intelligence Center,  a former incarnation  (1951–1961) of the current American National Air and Space Intelligence Center
 ATIC, a gene which codes inosine monophosphate synthase
 Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter, a balloon-borne experiment to detect cosmic rays
 Advanced Technical Intelligence Center, an educational institution focusing on technical intelligence
 Atic Atac, a video game for the ZX Spectrum
 Advanced Technology Investment Company, an investment company owned by Mubadala Investment Company
 Australian Transformation and Innovation Centre, a computer laboratory run by Thales Australia

See also 
Attic (disambiguation)
Edin Atić, Bosnian basketball player
Tachikawa Ki-54. The Tachikawa Ki-54 was a Japanese, twin-engine advanced trainer used during World War II. The aircraft was named Hickory by the Allies.

History
The Ki-54 was developed in response to an Imperial Japanese Army requirement for a twin-engine advanced trainer, principally for crew training. The prototype first flew in the summer of 1940 and, on completing trials, entered production in 1941 as Army Type 1 Advanced Trainer Model A (Ki-54a). The Ki-54a was soon followed by the Ki-54b as Army Type 1 Operations Trainer Model B and Ki-54c as Army Type 1 Transport Model C. The Ki-54b and -c enjoyed successful careers until the end of the war. A few captured aircraft were flown after the war by various users.

Operators

 Imperial Japanese Army Air Force used them for training as per their design.

 Manchukuo Air Force Three were provided by Japan as VIP transports.
 China-Nanjing
 Nanjing air force

 Republic of China Air Force Nationalist Chinese (captured).

 People's Liberation Army Air Force Communist Chinese (captured): Four captured Ki-54s were used, including in 1951 to train the first class of female pilots in China. They were retired in 1952.

 Armée de l'Air At least seven Ki-54 were recovered by the French in French Indochina between 1945 and 1947, after the Japanese surrender.

 One aircraft operated briefly by No. 273 Squadron RAF during September and October 1945 in French Indochina.

Variants
 Ki-54a - unarmed pilot trainer
 Ki-54b - armed crew trainer
 Ki-54c - eight-passenger light transport, communications aircraft. Civil designation Y-59.
 Ki-54d - maritime reconnaissance/ASW, carried 8x 60-kg (132-lb) depth charges
 Ki-110 - one prototype Ki-54c of all-wood construction, destroyed in US bombing attack
 Ki-111 - projected fuel tanker (none built)
 Ki-114 - projected fuel tanker of all-wood construction (none built)

Surviving aircraft

A Ki-54 fuselage is in Australia in storage at the Australian War Museum Annex. It was previously part of a playground at the RAAF Fairbairn base kindergarten.
Another Ki-54 fuselage is stored in China at the Chinese Aviation Museum.
A nearly intact Ki-54 is proposed to be restored by , the successor to the aircraft's manufacturer. It was found at the bottom of Lake Towada in Aomori Prefecture on 13 August 2010 and recovered on 5 September 2012. It was preserved for display at the Misawa Aviation & Science Museum in the damaged state it was found. It remained at that museum until 2020 when it was given to Tachichi Holdings for a proposed restoration. The aircraft was briefly on display in 2022 in Tokyo in the same condition as it was in Misawa.

Specifications (Ki-54c light transport)

See also

References

Bibliography
  (new edition 1987 by Putnam Aeronautical Books, .)

External links

Ki-54
Ki-54, Kawasaki
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1940
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Hütter Hü 136. The Hütter Hü 136 was an experimental dive bomber design produced by German engineers Wolfgang and Ulrich Hütter during World War II.

Design 
The Hütters, best known as glider designers, responded to Reich Air Ministry calls for high-performance, strongly built dive bombers. The Sturzbomber or Stubo specification came in two parts: Stubo 1, a single-seater with the flight capabilities of a fighter but armoured and with a  bombload; and Stubo 2, a two-seat bomber with similar performance but a  bombload.

The Hü 136 design was highly innovative, with the pilot sitting far to the rear of the aircraft, his cockpit forming part of the vertical tail surface. The design had no undercarriage, with a jettisonable dolly for takeoff and a retractable skid for landing. To overcome the likelihood of contact between the propeller and the ground on landing, the propeller would be blown off before landing and descend separately by parachute.

The German Air Ministry (Reichsluftfahrtministerium) did not pursue the design, preferring to adopt the existing Henschel Hs 129.

Specifications

Replica 
One replica is on display at the Military Aviation Museum in Virginia Beach, Virginia.

References

See also

1940s German bomber aircraft
Hu 136
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Aircraft with skid landing gear
Heinkel Lerche. The Heinkel Lerche () was the name of a set of project studies made by German aircraft designer Heinkel in 1944 and 1945 for a VTOL fighter and ground-attack aircraft.

The Lerche was an early coleopter design. It would take off and land sitting on its tail, flying horizontally like a conventional aircraft. The pilot would lie prone in the nose. It would be powered by two contra-rotating propellers which were contained in a doughnut-shaped, nine-sided annular wing.

The design was developed starting 1944 and concluding in March 1945. The aerodynamic principles of an annular wing were basically sound, but the proposal was faced with a host of unsolved manufacture and control problems which would have made the project highly impractical, even without the material shortages of late-war Nazi Germany.

Specifications (Lerche II)
Figures below are given for the 'Lerche II' plan dated 25 Feb 1945.

See also

References

 Luftwaffe Secret Projects - Ground Attack & Special Purpose Aircraft, D. Herwig & H. Rode, 

Annular-wing aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Ducted fan-powered aircraft
Lerche
1940s German fighter aircraft
Tailsitter aircraft
Aircraft with fixed quad landing gear
Aircraft with contra-rotating propellers
Twin-engined single-prop pusher aircraft
Mid-engined aircraft
Messerschmitt Me 265. The Messerschmitt Me 265 was a design project for a Zerstörer (“Destroyer;” heavy fighter), produced by leading German aircraft manufacturer Messerschmitt in World War II.

Design
The Me 265 was designed in 1942, intended to replace the failing Me 210. It was also known as the Lippisch Li P 10.

The Me 265 was an aerodynamically advanced design, using a tailless delta-shaped flying wing and two pusher propellers built into the wing. The two-man crew sat back-to-back in the cockpit. It was powered by two Daimler-Benz DB 603 liquid-cooled, 12-cylinder piston engines, each engine producing 1,750 hp. These engines were mounted in a pusher configuration.

Ultimately, the design of the Me 265/Li P 10 was rejected in favour of the more conventional Me 410, which re-used a greater proportion of Me 210 components and could be brought into production more quickly.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References
Luftwaffe Secret Projects - Ground Attack & Special Purpose Aircraft, D. Herwig & H. Rode, 

Me 265
1940s German fighter aircraft
Twin-engined pusher aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Messerschmitt Me 329. The Messerschmitt Me 329 was a design project for a heavy fighter and ground-attack aircraft, developed towards the end of World War II. It was a competitor and possible successor to the Me 410. Like the Me 265, the Me 329 used an advanced flying wing design. Other advanced features included the pilot and navigator sitting side by side in a broad bubble canopy, and a remote-controlled rear gun in the tail. In spite of the futuristic design, the improvement in performance over the Me 410 was marginal. Development received a low priority, and while a full-scale glider was tested at Rechlin in the winter of 1944/5, work on the project was cancelled shortly after.

Specifications (estimated)

See also

References

Further reading

External links

Me 329
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Twin-engined pusher aircraft
Tailless aircraft
Mid-wing aircraft
Hütter Hü 211. The Hütter Hü 211 was a German prototype long-range reconnaissance and heavy night fighter commissioned by the Reich Air Ministry in late 1944. The project stopped after an air raid destroyed the prototypes before they were finished.

Design and development
Wolfgang Hütter had been a peripheral figure in the design of German aircraft in World War II, specializing in glider construction. However, his glider expertise could usefully be employed in long-range, high-altitude aircraft, and Heinkel suggested he be involved in the modification of their He 219 aircraft for long-range reconnaissance and as a night fighter.

Hütter was asked to complete the design as quickly as possible, and borrowed heavily from the existing He 219, Junkers Ju 288 and Dornier Do 335. The only parts of new design were the wings and tail surfaces, which were constructed from wood as a weight-saving measure to enable better performance. The wings were extremely long, and resembled those of a high-performance sailplane. The cockpit was pressurized and, like the He 219, fitted with ejection seats. The finished product was meant to be delivered in February 1945 and to be able to evade British de Havilland Mosquito fighters. There were also plans for variants powered by jet engines for the purpose of achieve higher altitudes but these were never carried out.

Work was stopped after the two prototypes were destroyed by an air raid in December 1944.

Specifications

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography
 Luftwaffe Secret Projects - Ground Attack & Special Purpose Aircraft, D. Herwig & H. Rode, 

1940s German fighter aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Hu 211
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Unflown aircraft
Airspeed Cambridge. The Airspeed AS.45 Cambridge was a British advanced trainer of the Second World War built by Airspeed Limited.  It did not reach the production stage.

Development
The AS.45 was designed in response to Air Ministry Specification T.4/39 for a single-engined advanced trainer to guard against potential shortages of current types, such as the Miles Master and North American Harvard. Airspeed's design, given the provisional service name Cambridge, was a low-wing monoplane of composite construction with a single piston engine and a tailwheel-type, retractable undercarriage. The Cambridge's fuselage had a steel tube structure, while the wings and tail were wooden, with plywood skinning. Pilot and instructor sat in tandem in an enclosed cockpit, with each crew position having doors on each side, one for normal use and one an emergency exit. A  Bristol Mercury engine drove a three-bladed propeller.

The first of two prototypes flew on 19 February 1941.  Testing showed deficiencies in both maximum speed and low-speed flight characteristics.

There was no attempt to rectify these shortcomings, partly because there was no shortage of advanced trainers thanks to plentiful supplies of Masters and Harvards and partly because of the importance of Airspeed's other products, the Horsa and Oxford.

Specifications (AS.45)

See also

Notes

References

Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
1940s British military trainer aircraft
Cambridge
Aircraft first flown in 1941
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Francis Turner (engineer). Francis Cutler Turner (December 28, 1908 – October 6, 1999) was an American administrator, who headed the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) from March 30, 1969, to June 30, 1972.

Biography
He was born on December 28, 1908, in Dallas, Texas, and spent his childhood in Texas, including in Fort Worth.  He received his bachelor's degree in civil engineering from Texas A&M in 1929 and a graduate degree in civil engineering from there in 1940.

Turner's career began in earnest with an assignment to oversee Federal-aid road projects in Arkansas. Afterwards, he was asked to work on the Alaska Highway, where he is credited with implementing the milepost system. Post WWII, he was asked to oversee repairs of the road system in the Philippines.

Turner was appointed by President Eisenhower to be the Executive Secretary of the Clay Commission President's Advisory Committee on the National Highway Program in 1954. He then worked as the deputy commissioner, chief engineer, and Federal Highway Administrator. As the British newspaper The Independent  noted in Turner's 1999 obituary, Turner's resume can be read in the landscape: When the young area engineer began his career in Arkansas, "most American roads were dirt and gravel." As of 1999, America offered 42,000 miles of Interstate; these miles had been developed at a cost of $130 billion, much of that capital "personally superintended by Turner."

He died on October 6, 1999, at the age 90, at a hospice in Goldsboro, North Carolina.

Legacy
In 1983, the Fairbank Highway Research Station in McLean, Virginia, named for Herbert S. Fairbank, an official at FHWA's predecessor Bureau of Public Roads, was renamed the Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center in honor of Turner.

References 

1908 births
1999 deaths
American civil engineers
Texas A&M University alumni
People from Dallas
Interstate Highway System
Administrators of the Federal Highway Administration
Nixon administration personnel
Valiant 40. The Valiant 40 was one of the first Sailboats designed by  naval architect Robert Perry, it was introduced in 1973. The boat is configured as a rear cockpit double-ender, cutter rigged monohull.

The boat's design was considered revolutionary at that time by bringing aspects of racing design into open ocean cruising yachts which up to then meant heavy and slow traditional boats. The Valiant 40 is credited with birthing the category of the "performance cruiser". It was the first oceangoing cruising monohull to have a modified keel designed to reduce weight and wetted surface while increasing speed and ease of propulsion of the hull shape by the wind. At least three Valiant 40s were built with centerboards.

At some point in 1976, a new type of resin with the trade name "Hetron" was used in the fiberglass layup.  The new resin was designed to be fire retardant, and was originally developed to the specifications of the US military late in the Vietnam War. It is widely suspected that the new resin was responsible for extensive non-osmotic blistering of the hulls, deck, and cabin-house structures in boats built between 1976 and 1981.

Many of the "blister boats" were "repaired" by stripping the outer layers of fiberglas off the exterior of the hull (either undersides and topsides, or just undersides below the water line). The repair then involved drying out the stripped hull for several months (commonly in the California or Mexico desert), followed by reglassing the exterior with several layers of fiberglas with vinylester resin or polyester resin. However many of the blisters have returned on "blister boats" (hull Nos 120 to 249) despite major repairs.

The success of several Valiant 40s competing in long ocean races during the early 1980s brought this boat to the notice of the world sailing community.  Of special importance was a solo "wrong way" race completed in the Southern Ocean on a Westabout course, sailing into the prevailing winds, using a factory-stock V-40.  Many cruising couples have made successful transoceanic voyages and Valiant 40s are reported to turn 160-mile (256 km) days regularly on a passage.

After litigation and other business difficulties forced the end of production of the Valiant 40 in Washington, a broker who had sold Valiants bought the molds for the boat and continued production in Texas near the shore of Lake Texoma.  The Valiant 40 has been slightly redesigned to become the Valiant 42, which continued in production for 35 years.  Valiant Yachts has also manufactured 32 foot, 37 foot, 39 foot, 47 foot, and 50 foot models.

Production of Valiant Yachts ceased in early 2011. www.texomalakefest.com/articles/sailing-july-2011.pdf
 
The Valiant 40 was elected to the American Sailboat Hall of Fame in 1997 and was named Cruising Sailboat of the Decade.

Notes and references

Sailing yachts
1970s sailboat type designs
Sailboat type designs by Robert Perry
European Diploma of Protected Areas. The European Diploma of Protected Areas, established in 1965, is a diploma awarded by the Council of Europe to protected areas (natural or semi-natural) of exceptional European conservational interest. It is awarded for a five-year period at a time and is renewable. Over 60 areas in 23 states have received the award so far.

Awarded areas
Armenia
 Khosrov Forest State Reserve
Austria
 Krimmler Wasserfälle
 Thayatal National Park
 Wachau
Belarus
 Berezinsky Nature Reserve
Belgium
 Hautes Fagnes
Czech Republic
 Biele Karpaty Protected Landscape Area
 Karlštejn National Nature Reserve
 Podyjí
Estonia
 Matsalu National Park
Finland
 Ekenäs Archipelago National Park
 Seitseminen National Park
France
 Camargue National Reserve
 Écrins National Park
 Mercantour National Park
 Port-Cros National Park
 Scandola Nature Reserve
 Vanoise National Park
Germany
 Bavarian Forest National Park
 Berchtesgaden National Park
 Lüneburg Heath Nature Reserve
 German-Luxembourg Nature Park
 Siebengebirge Nature Reserve
 Weltenburger Enge Nature Reserve
 Wollmatinger Ried Nature Reserve
 Wurzacher Ried Nature Reserve
Greece
 Cretan White Mountains National Park (Samaria)
Hungary
 Ipolytarnóc Nature Conservation Area
 Szenas Hills Protected Area
 Tihany peninsula
Italy
 Gran Paradiso National Park
 Maremma Nature Park
 Maritime Alps Nature Park
 Montecristo Island Nature Reserve
 Parco naturale di Migliarino, San Rossore, Massaciuccoli
 Parco Nazionale d'Abruzzo, Lazio e Molise
 Sasso Fratino Integral Nature Reserve
Luxemburg
 German-Luxembourg Nature Park
 Netherlands
 De Boschplaat
 Weerribben
 Oostvaardersplassen
 Naardermeer
Poland
 Białowieża Forest
 Bieszczady National Park
Romania
 Danube Delta
 Piatra Craiului National Park
 Retezat National Park
Russia
 Oka National Biosphere Reserve
 Kostomuksha Strict Nature Reserve
 Teberda National Reserve
 Tsentralno-Chernozemny Biosphere Reserve
Slovakia
 Poloniny National Park
 Dobrocsky National Nature Reserve
Slovenia
Triglav National Park
Spain
 Doñana National Park
 Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park
 Teide
Sweden
 Muddus
 Sarek National Park
 Store Mosse National Park
 Bullerö Nature Reserve
Switzerland
 Swiss National Park
Turkey
 Kuşcenneti National Park
Ukraine
 Carpathian Biosphere Reserve
United Kingdom
 Peak District National Park
 Minsmere Nature Reserve
 Beinn Eighe National Nature Reserve
 Purbeck Heritage Coast
 Fair Isle National Scenic Area

External links
The European Diploma of Protected Areas (the Council of Europe)

Protected areas of Europe
XAV. XAV (eXperimental Autonomous Vehicle), is a highly maneuverable, light mechanized, four-wheeled unmanned vehicle that can be controlled from a remote station and used for field reconnaissance. In 2007 it was under joint development by South Korea's Agency for Defense Development (ADD) and Ministry of Information and Communication, with a budget of approximately $35 million, and planned to be fielded by 2012.

Two variants of the unit were envisaged, one for battlefield reconnaissance missions and another for light anti-personnel combat missions.

Controls
The unit has GPS inputs, and can be controlled via remote or can move on its own using artificial intelligence.

Possible technology transfers
Choi Chang-gon, the head researcher of the project, also hinted that the amount of research poured into developing and building the XAV might extend into civilian uses, such as police, fire fighting and construction.

External links
2006 XAV article from The Korea Times (archived)

Post–Cold War weapons of South Korea
Reconnaissance vehicles
Andrussow process. The Andrussow process is the dominant industrial process for the production of hydrogen cyanide. It involves the reaction of methane, ammonia, and oxygen. The process is  catalyzed by a platinum-rhodium alloy.

2 CH4  +  2 NH3  +  3 O2 →   2 HCN  +  6 H2O

Hydrogen cyanide is highly valued for the production or acrylonitrile and adiponitrile, as well as alkali metal salts such as potassium cyanide.

Process details
This reaction is very exothermic. The change of enthalpy of this reaction is equal to -481.06 kJ. The heat provided by the main reaction serves as a catalyst for other side reactions.
CH4 + H2O → CO + 3 H2
2 CH4 + 3 O2 → 2 CO + 4 H2O
4 NH3 + 3 O2 → 2 N2 + 6 H2O

These side reactions can be minimized by only short exposures to the catalyst of the order of 0.0003 s.

Historical articles
The process is based on a reaction that was discovered by Leonid Andrussow in 1927. In the following years he developed the process that is named after him. HCN is also produced in the BMA process.

References

Organic redox reactions
Industrial processes
Catalysis
Name reactions