omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Pennsylvania Railroad class DD2. The Pennsylvania Railroad's class DD2 was a single prototype electric locomotive never placed into series production.
It was intended as an improved and simplified GG1 for use on the planned, but never built, extension of the PRR's electrification west of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.
The one locomotive produced was numbered #5800 and used in regular Baltimore tunnel helper service until it was scrapped in September 1962.

Design, construction and testing

On May 21, 1937, a meeting was held in Philadelphia to outline the design of a new electric freight locomotive.  The meeting was attended by the PRR and Baldwin, as well as electrical suppliers General Electric and Westinghouse, and the transportation engineering firm Gibbs & Hill, who were consultants on the proposal to extend electrification to Pittsburgh.  The locomotive being designed was what became the DD2.

Technical details

Although the design specified either passenger gearing or freight gearing, the prototype was only ever used with freight gearing.  Its wheel arrangement was 4-4-0+0-4-4 in the Whyte notation, or 2-B+B-2 in the AAR's system.

It had two frames, hinged together in the middle, with the driving wheels and motors mounted directly to each frame, two pairs per side.  A swinging four-wheeled, unpowered truck was mounted at the outer end of each frame.  The bodywork, mounted above, swivelled on mounts on each of the two main frames.  This was an identical layout to the better-known GG1 electric locomotives, but with four driven axles instead of six.  Each driven wheel had two electric motors, each rated at , giving a total rating of  for the locomotive.

Although it had fewer driven wheels than the GG1, the total power output was slightly greater, thanks to newer and more powerful motors.  Weight on the driven wheels was approximately .,
compared to the GG1's , meaning that in similar conditions of adhesion the GG1 was slightly at an advantage in terms of applying power to the rail, but the difference was not great.  Styling was also similar to the GG1's.

References 

11 kV AC locomotives
DD2
2-Bo-Bo-2 locomotives
Experimental locomotives
Individual locomotives of the United States
Electric locomotives of the United States
Scrapped locomotives
Unique locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1938
Freight locomotives 
Streamlined electric locomotives
Great Northern Y-1. The Great Northern Railway's class Y-1 comprised eight electric locomotives with AAR 1-C+C-1 wheel arrangements.  The locomotives were used on the  electrified portion of the railroad, from Wenatchee, Washington to Skykomish, Washington, including the Cascade Tunnel.

The  locomotives were built at Schenectady, New York, with car bodies manufactured by American Locomotive Company and electrical components supplied by General Electric. They used motor-generator sets to rectify the alternating current line voltage into direct current for their traction motors.

The GN numbered the units 5010–5017 and classified them Y-1 being painted in the "Pullman Green" (Dark green with the GNs logo plastered on the sides of the locomotive) paint scheme. After being involved in a wreck at Tonga, Washington in July 1945, the 5011 was rebuilt with a streamlined appearance using cabs from an EMD FT; the GN reclassified it as Y-1a. 

All Y-1 units were later repainted into the GN Empire Builder scheme (Orange with a black stripe in the middle with yellow pinstriping running along the sides and a black section at the top with yellow pinstriping) and were equipped with busbars located where the headlights and bells used to be to connect the 11kV AC current between units when doing multiple-unit operation. Crews affectionately gave these apparatuses the nickname "stingers" due to the shape and placement of them. This relocated the headlight to the far front ends of the locomotive and the bell on each end was relocated under the cab on the engineers side.

In 1956, the GN dieselized operations through the Cascade Tunnel. The electrical system was decommissioned, and the Y-1 locomotives were sold to the Pennsylvania Railroad, who classified them as FF2. GN 5011 was broken up for spares, and the remaining seven locomotives were overhauled and converted to PRR standards and then placed into service, being assigned numbers 1–7 on the PRR. They lasted a few more years on the PRR, and were all scrapped between 1957 and 1966.

Fleet roster

References 

 (Simple drawing and specifications, for general reference by railroad staff).
 pages 248–253

1-C+C-1 locomotives
(1′Co)+(Co1′) locomotives

11 kV AC locomotives
General Electric locomotives
Y-1
Electric locomotives of the United States
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1927
Spectre GCR. The Spectre GCR is a hardware and software package for the Atari ST computers. The hardware consists of a cartridge that plugs into the Atari ST's cartridge port and a cable that connects between the cartridge and one of the floppy ports on the ST.  Designed by David Small and sold through his company Gadgets by Small, it allows the Atari ST to run most Macintosh software. It is Small's third Macintosh emulator for the ST, replacing his previous Magic Sac and Spectre 128.

Data Pacific originally planned to sell Magic Sac as MacCartridge, a complete product incorporating the Apple Macintosh ROMs, but after Apple legal threats, the company instead sold the product without ROMs. Although Apple representatives asserted that obtaining ROMs was impossible, Apple dealers in the UK—where the product was sold as McEmulator—indicated that the ROMs were readily available in the Apple parts catalogue to anyone.  an ST with Apple ROMs and a product like Magic Sac or Spectre was the only legal Macintosh clone.

The Spectre GCR requires the owner to provide official Apple Macintosh 128K ROMs and Macintosh Operating System 6.0.8 disks.  This avoids any legal issues of copying Apple's software. The emulator runs best with a high-resolution monochrome monitor, such as Atari's own SM124, but will run on color displays by either displaying a user-selectable half of the Macintosh screen, or missing out alternate lines to fit the lower resolution color display. The Spectre GCR plugs into the cartridge slot and floppy port, and modifies the frequency of the data to/from the single-speed floppy drive of the Atari ST, allowing it to read Macintosh GCR format disks which require a multi-speed floppy drive.

The manual claims the speed to be 20% faster than an actual Mac Plus with a 30% larger screen area and resolution. Although Spectre GCR runs in 1MB of memory, 2MB or more is recommended.

Reception
Nick Walker of Personal Computer World in January 1987 said that McEmulator "not only works, it runs software 20 per cent faster than the Macintosh". He added that "it isn't very compatible", however; "When using any application, you get the unnerving feeling that's it's just about to crash". Walker advised customers to be skeptical of Data Pacific's official list of compatible software ("To be classed as a compatible product, it seems that a package has to be capable of five minutes' operation without crashing"). He concluded "I'm amazed that the McEmulator functions at all. In its present form, I couldn't recommend it to anyone who wants to do serious work". After discussing the Macintosh II's incompatibility with older software that violates Apple software guidelines, Jerry Pournelle in October 1987 wrote in BYTE that Magic Sac was a good test: "If software runs on Magic Sac, it will run on the Mac, Mac II, and anything else that enforces those standards".

References

External links
Official Spectre Webpage and On-line Resource

Atari ST software
Macintosh platform emulators
Whirlwind USA. Whirlwind USA is a manufacturer of audio interfacing equipment and custom audio interfacing, including digital products that employ the EtherSound standard. In addition, Whirlwind manufactures guitar effects pedals. Whirlwind was founded in 1975 by Michael Laiacona (who cofounded MXR earlier that decade), and its headquarters are located in Rochester, New York.

Whirlwind's EtherSound product, e-Snake, has been the recipient of TEC Awards nominations for Outstanding Technical Achievement.

External links
Whirlwind USA
NAMM Oral History Interview with Michael Laiaoona May 1, 2013

References

Manufacturers of professional audio equipment
Audio equipment manufacturers of the United States
Pennsylvania Railroad class FF1. The Pennsylvania Railroad's class FF1 was an American electric locomotive, a prototype numbered #3931 and nicknamed "Big Liz".  It was built in 1917 to haul freight trains across the Allegheny Mountains where the PRR planned to electrify. "Big Liz" proved workable but too powerful for the freight cars of the time with its  and  of tractive effort. Pulling the train it regularly snapped couplers and when moved to the rear as a pusher its force was sufficient to pop cars in the middle of the train off the tracks.

It had a 2-6-6-2 wheel arrangement in two half-frames, connected in the center. Each frame had a pair of three-phase AC induction motors driving a jackshaft through gearing and a spring drive; side rods then drove the wheels.  The jackshafts can be mistaken for an additional fourth axle but the "wheels" are cogwheels to transfer power from the motors to the jackshaft.  Three-phase power for the 4 massive motors was supplied from the single phase overhead supply via a large rotary converter housed in the body of the locomotive.  Combined rated output of the motors was , but the converter could only supply a short term  or a continuous .  With three-phase induction motors there was no way to control the speed of the motors;  changing the wiring of the motor poles allowed for two speed settings, , which were considered enough to drag heavy freight trains up and down steep grades.

Its intended use as an Allegheny climber never realized and its power too much for the rolling stock in service at the time, Big Liz was sidelined until being cut up for scrap in 1940.

References 
 
 
 

2-6-6-2 locomotives
11 kV AC locomotives
FF1
1′C+C1′ locomotives
Experimental locomotives
Individual locomotives of the United States
Electric locomotives of the United States
Unique locomotives
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1917
Pennsylvania Railroad class E3b. Pennsylvania Railroad class E3b was an experimental electric locomotive supplied by Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co. The locomotive was of the two unit design, with each unit having a B-B-B (AAR) or Bo-Bo-Bo (UIC) wheel arrangement. The bodywork and running gear was produced by Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton while the electrical equipment was provided by Westinghouse, who also acted as the main contractor.

In 1952 and 1953 the Pennsylvania Railroad took delivery of ten experimental locomotives, six from General Electric and four from Westinghouse. While GE's were all of the same class (E2b), the Westinghouse locomotives were split into two classes. Two locomotives had two three-axle trucks (E2c), while the other two had three two-axle trucks (E3b).

The locomotives were scrapped in 1964.

Footnotes

References
 
 
 

11 kV AC locomotives
E3b
Bo-Bo-Bo locomotives
Baldwin locomotives
Experimental locomotives
Westinghouse locomotives
Electric locomotives of the United States
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1951

Streamlined electric locomotives
Pennsylvania Railroad class E2c. Pennsylvania Railroad class E2c comprised a pair of experimental C-C (AAR) or Co-Co (UIC) electric locomotives.  The bodywork and running gear was produced by Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton while the electrical equipment was provided by Westinghouse, who also acted as principal contractor.

In 1952 the Pennsylvania Railroad took delivery of eight experimental locomotives, four from General Electric and four from Westinghouse. While GE's were all of the same class (E2b), the Westinghouse locomotives were split into two classes. Two locomotives had three two-axle trucks (E3b).

The significant technical difference between the locomotives was that those from General Electric used traditional AC traction motors. Those by Westinghouse had mercury arc rectifiers to convert the AC traction power to DC. In consequence they were able to use ordinary DC traction motors, identical to those on contemporary diesel-electric locomotives.

The locomotives were scrapped in 1964. However, the rectifier principle they pioneered soon became the standard for new AC electric locomotives,

References

Citations

Sources 

 
 

11 kV AC locomotives
E2c
C-C locomotives
Baldwin locomotives
Experimental locomotives
Westinghouse locomotives
Electric locomotives of the United States
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1952

Streamlined electric locomotives
Perkow reaction. The Perkow reaction is an organic reaction in which a trialkyl phosphite ester reacts with a haloketone to form a dialkyl vinyl phosphate and an alkyl halide.

In the related Michaelis–Arbuzov reaction the same reactants are known to form a beta-keto phosphonate which is an important reagent in the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction on the road to alkenes. The Perkow reaction, in this respect is considered a side-reaction.

Reaction mechanism 
The reaction mechanism of the Perkow reaction consists of a nucleophilic addition of the phosphite at the carbonyl carbon forming a zwitterionic intermediate. The zwitterionic intermediate rearranges to a cationic species while eliminating the halide. The cationic species then dealkylates through a second nucleophilic displacement in which the halide anion attacks one of the phosphite alkoxide substituents forming an enol phosphate.

Scope 
The Perkow reaction has been applied in the synthesis of an insect repellent based on hexachloroacetone and triethylphosphite which is able to engage in a secondary [4+3] cycloaddition with furan through the action of the base sodium 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxide. The authors report mediocre yields.

The Perkow reaction is also used in the synthesis of novel quinolines. When the substituent is n-butyl the reaction product is the classical Perkow adduct. In this reaction the leaving group is an electron deficient acyl group (owing to the presence of three fluorine groups). When the substituent on the other hand is phenyl (not shown) the phosphite has a preference for reaction with the acyl group leading to an ethyl enol ether. Key in explaining the difference in reactivity is the electron density on the α-keto carbon atom.

Aryl enol phosphates formed in good yields (ca. 90%) in the Perkow reaction can be used as phosphorylating reagents, e.g. able to transform AMP into ATP.

References 

  Perkow, W. Chemische Berichte 1954, 87, 755–758
  Hexachloroacetone as a Precursor for a Tetrachloro-substituted Oxyallyl Intermediate: [4+3] Cycloaddition to Cyclic 1,3-Dienes Baldur Föhlisch and Stefan Reiner Molecules 2004, 9, 1–10 Online Article
  New Modification of the Perkow Reaction: Halocarboxylate Anions as Leaving Groups in 3-Acyloxyquinoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione Compounds Oldrich Paleta, Karel Pomeisl, Stanislav Kafka, Antonin Klasek, Vladislav Kubelka Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 2005 Online Article
  T. Moriguchi, K. Okada, K. Seio, and M. Sekine. "Synthesis and Stability of 1-Phenylethenyl Phosphate Derivatives and their Phosphoryl Transfer Activity", Letters in Organic Chemistry, 1 (2):140–144, 2004

Substitution reactions
Name reactions
Josep Huguet. Josep Huguet i Biosca (born 8 March 1951) was Minister of Trade, Tourism and Consumer Affairs of the Generalitat de Catalunya from 20 October 2004 until 12 May 2006 and Minister of Innovation, Universities and Enterprise of the Generalitat de Catalunya from 29 November 2006 to 29 December 2010.

Education and professional background
He has an Industrial Engineering degree by the Escola d'Enginyers Superiors de Terrassa (School of Engineers of Terrassa) and a Contemporary History degree by the UAB. He started managing an engineering business (1976), but he has also worked as teacher (1976–1982) and director (1976–1980) of the  Escola de Formació Professional de Sallent (School of Professional Formation of Sallent), as well as teacher (1982–1995) and member in the board of the Institut Lacetània de Manresa (Lacetania Institute of Manresa). He has been lecturer at the Universitat Catalana d'Estiu (Catalan Summer University) from 1989 to 1994.

He wrote several History books, Social Science teaching books and Political essays. The most known are Els nacionalismes perillosos (can be translated as "The dangerous nationalisms") and Cornuts i pagar el beure (an idiom, "Crushed and complaining" is an approximated translation).

He has been member of the board of redaction of Europa de les Nacions (The Europe of Nations) (1986–1992), and has received the Avui (1986) and Jaume Casanovas (1989) prizes of journalism.

Civic background
Josep Huguet was Boy Scout (1966–1975) and member of a youth club (1970–1973) as well as member of several associations. He enrolled the Confederació Sindical de Catalunya (Syndical Confederation of Catalonia) in 1980, and left it in 1994. Nowadays is member of USTEC, Unió Sindical de Treballadors de l'Ensenyament de Catalunya (Syndical Union of Teaching Workers of Catalonia).

Political background
Member of the Socialist Union of Bages (1970–1977), he was affiliated and member of the board of the PSAN (Partit Socialista d'Alliberament Nacional, Socialist Party of National Liberation) between 1973 and 1980 and several other catalanist and left-winged parties. He has been cofounder of several of them.

He enrolled ERC in 1989.

Institutional background
He started as deputy in the Catalan Parliament in 1995, and became spokesperson of the ERC group in October 2004. He was the ERC representative in the Mixed Commission of Transferencies State-Generalitat (1993–1995). He became Minister of Trade, Tourism and Consumer Affairs of the Generalitat in October 2004, after Pere Esteve resigned from it for health reasons.

References 

1951 births
Living people
Members of the Parliament of Catalonia
People from Manresa
Republican Left of Catalonia politicians
Pennsylvania Railroad class L5. The Pennsylvania Railroad's class L5 were the railroad's second generation of production electric locomotives after the DD1, and the last to use a jackshaft and side rods to drive the wheels.  The L5 was a single-unit locomotive instead of the twin-unit DD1.  The wheel arrangement in Whyte notation was 2-4-4-2, or 1-B-B-1 in the AAR scheme.  Twenty five were built in 4 distinct subclasses.  The lead unit of the class was equipped for AC operation with an overhead pantograph (later two), while the other 24 were third rail DC units to work on the existing PRR third rail electrification in the New York area.

The class was built with an eye towards future long distance electrification with the idea of a single class that could be used interchangeably between the present and future AC electrified zones and the DC electrified zone in New York City.  The PRR also used the L5 order to try out electrical equipment manufacturers other than Westinghouse, which had provided the propulsion equipment for both the DD1 and FF1 classes.  The original classes were to be simply L5 for the AC units and L5a for the DC units, but as the additional equipment suppliers were brought on the scheme changed to include the intended function (passenger), the current used and finally the electrical supplier.  Westinghouse supplied the majority of the units with 1 L5Paw class and 12 L5pdw class.  General Electric and Brown Boveri each supplied 6 classed L5pdg and L5pdb respectively.

The L5 was not as successful as the DD1 as the side rod electric locomotive concept proved to be unsuited to the demands of long distance electrification.  Even in the existing short haul service the L5's long rigid wheelbase and poor weight distribution caused it to be withdrawn significantly before the older DD1s.

Footnotes

References
 
 

2-4-4-2 locomotives
L5
11 kV AC locomotives
600 V DC locomotives
Electric locomotives of the United States
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
GPM. GPM may refer to:

GPM (software), software providing support for mouse devices in Linux virtual consoles
Graphical path method, a mathematically based algorithm used in project management
Gallons per minute, a unit of volumetric flow rate
Gallons per mile, a unit of fuel efficiency
Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi district, Chhattisgarh, India
General Purpose Macrogenerator, an early macro processor
Global Marshall Plan, specific ideas on how to save the global environment
Global Precipitation Measurement, a NASA and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency project to measure global rainfall
Graduated payment mortgage, a type of loan
Graham Patrick Martin, an American actor
Grand Prairie Municipal Airport, a public-use airfield in Grand Prairie, Texas, United States (Federal Aviation Administration identification code)
Grand Prix Masters, an auto racing series for retired Formula One drivers
Gross profit margin, a calculation of revenue and cost of products
Protestant Church in the Moluccas, a church denomination in the Indonesian provinces of Maluku and North Maluku, which in Indonesian is referred to as "Gereja Protestan Maluku"
Google Play Music, a cloud media player by Google
King of the Mountains competitions in cycle racing, derived from Gran Premio della Montagna (Italian) or Gran Premio de la montaña (Spanish)
2-Butyne. 2-Butyne (dimethylacetylene, crotonylene or but-2-yne) is an alkyne with chemical formula CH3C≡CCH3.  Produced artificially, it is a colorless, volatile, pungent liquid at standard temperature and pressure.

2-Butyne is of interest to physical chemists because of its very low torsional barrier and the problem of determining that barrier using high-resolution infrared spectroscopy. Analysis of its spectrum
leads to a determination that the torsional barrier is only 6 cm−1 (1.2 J or 72 J mol−1). However, it has not been determined whether the equilibrium structure is eclipsed (D3h) or staggered (D3d). Symmetry analysis using the Molecular Symmetry Group G36 shows that one would need to analyse its high resolution rotation-vibration Raman spectrum to determine its equilibrium structure.

2-Butyne (dimethylethyne) forms with 5-decyne (dibutylethyne), 4-octyne (dipropylethyne) and 3-hexyne (diethylethyne) a group of symmetric alkynes.

Synthesis
2-Butyne can be synthesized by the rearrangement reaction of ethylacetylene in a solution of ethanolic potassium hydroxide.

Applications
2-Butyne, along with propyne, is used to synthesize alkylated hydroquinones in the total synthesis of Vitamin E.

See also
Acetylenedicarboxylic acid
1-Butyne, a position isomer
1,4-Butynediol
Hexamethylbenzene, a product of 2-butyne trimerization
Hexafluoro-2-butyne

References

Alkynes