omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Rolla C. Carpenter. Rolla Clinton Carpenter C.E. M.M.E. LL.D. (June 26, 1852 – January 19, 1919) was an American engineer, academic, and writer.

Carpenter was born in Orion (now Lake Orion), Michigan. He earned a B.S. in 1873 from Michigan State Agricultural College (today, Michigan State University) and later received additional bachelor's and master's degrees from the University of Michigan in 1875. From 1875 to 1890 he was professor of mathematics and civil engineering in the Michigan State Agricultural College; while there, he designed and supervised much of the construction at the young school. In 1887, he and Professor William J. Beal laid out "Collegeville", the first neighborhood in what later became the city of East Lansing, Michigan.

He was appointed to a position at Cornell University in 1890. He served as a judge of machinery and transportation at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. He was president of the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers in 1898. He was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws by the Michigan State Agricultural College in 1907.

In addition to numerous scientific papers, he published:
 Heating and Ventilating Buildings: a Manual for Heating Engineers and Architects (1891)
 Instructions for Mechanical Laboratory Practice: Text-Book of Experimental Engineering  (1892)
 Internal Combustion Engines: Their Theory, Construction and Operation (1908) (co-author)

Carpenter died at his home in Ithaca, New York, at the age of 66.

References

 
 

1852 births
1919 deaths
American engineers
American instructional writers
American textbook writers
American male non-fiction writers
Michigan State University faculty
University of Michigan alumni
Michigan State University alumni
Cornell University faculty
East Lansing, Michigan
People from Lake Orion, Michigan
Optimized power control. Optimized Power Control, also known as Optimum Power Calibration, abbreviated OPC, is a function of optical disc recorders. 

It checks the proper writing power and reflection of the media in use, calculating the optimum laser power and adjusting it for writing the particular session. More sophisticated is Active OPC or Running OPC. Active OPC monitors writing power and reflection of the media in use, calculating the optimum laser power and adjusting it in real-time, which, in theory, should result in a better quality burn.

See also 
 Optical disc recording technologies
 Write strategy

External links 
 
 
 Running Optimum Power Control: Data Integrity in CD-Recording

Optoelectronics
Optical disc authoring
Optical computer storage
Yttrium iron garnet. Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) is a kind of synthetic garnet, with chemical composition , or Y3Fe5O12. It is a ferrimagnetic material with a Curie temperature of 560 K. YIG may also be known as yttrium ferrite garnet, or as iron yttrium oxide or yttrium iron oxide, the latter two names usually associated with powdered forms.

Production 
Several methods are utilized for synthesis of yttrium iron garnet each with their pros and cons. The solid-state reaction method is a traditional approach for YIG synthesis, involving the high-temperature firing of a mixture of yttrium and iron oxides. This cost-effective technique can produce pure YIG crystals but requires careful control of temperature and atmosphere to prevent impurities. 

Liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) is another key method, especially for creating thin YIG films with excellent uniformity. Ideal for optical and microwave devices, LPE enables precise film growth on substrates. However, its high equipment costs and complex procedures limit its use to applications where superior quality is essential.

Properties 
In YIG, the five iron(III) ions occupy two octahedral and three tetrahedral sites, with the yttrium(III) ions coordinated by eight oxygen ions in an irregular cube. The iron ions in the two coordination sites exhibit different spins, resulting in magnetic behavior. By substituting specific sites with rare-earth elements, for example, interesting magnetic properties can be obtained.

YIG has a high Verdet constant which results in the Faraday effect, high Q factor in microwave frequencies, low absorption of infrared wavelengths down to 1200 nm,  and very small linewidth in electron spin resonance. These properties make it useful for MOI (magneto optical imaging) applications in superconductors.

Applications 

YIG is used in microwave, acoustic, optical, and magneto-optical applications, e.g. microwave YIG filters, or acoustic transmitters and transducers. It is transparent for light wavelengths over 600 nm — the infrared end of the spectrum. It also finds use in solid-state lasers in Faraday rotators, in data storage, and in various nonlinear optics applications.

See also
 Gadolinium gallium garnet
 Terbium gallium garnet
 Yttrium aluminium garnet
 YIG sphere

References

Synthetic minerals
Iron(III) compounds
Yttrium compounds
Nonlinear optical materials
Ferromagnetic materials
Transition metal oxides
Totex. Totex Corporation is a Japanese manufacturer of meteorological balloons. The company began production of balloons in 1937.

They currently produce three types of balloons:
TA is a rubber/latex balloon and was developed in 1940.
CR is a chloroprene balloon and was developed in 1966.
TX is a latex balloon and was developed in 1988.

The TX balloon is the standard used by Environment Canada in their Upper Air program (see Radiosonde).

References

External links
Totex Corporation

Manufacturing companies of Japan
International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks. The International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks (or DSN) is an annual conference on topics related to dependable computer systems and reliable networks. It typically features a number of coordinated tracks, including the main paper track, several workshops, tutorials, industry session, a student forum, and fast abstracts. It is sponsored by the IEEE and the IFIP WG 10.4 on Dependable Computing and Fault Tolerance.  DSN was formed in 2000 by merging the IEEE International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing (FTCS) and the IFIP International Working Conference on Dependable Computing for Critical Applications (DCCA).  The instance number for DSN is taken from FTCS which was first held in 1980 and annually thereafter.

A DSN Hall of Fame ranks the researchers by the number of papers that they have published in DSN.

 In 2020, the 50th DSN was to be held in Valencia, Spain and due to the Covid situation, was held virtually.
 In 2021, the 51st DSN was to be held in Taipei, Taiwan and due to the Covid situation, was held virtually.
 In 2022, the 52nd DSN was held in person in Baltimore, Maryland, United States.
 In 2023, the 53rd DSN is scheduled to be held in Porto, Portugal.

Awards 
The following awards are given at DSN.

 Best paper award: The winner from among three nominees is selected through audience voting
 William C. Carter PhD Dissertation Award in Dependability 
 Rising Star in Dependability Award
 Test-of-Time Award: This recognizes two papers published at DSN 10 years ago
 Jean-Claude Laprie Award: This recognizes outstanding papers that have significantly influenced the theory and/or practice of dependable computing

References

External links 
 

Computer networking conferences
Sassan Sanei. Sassan Sanei (born January 7, 1973) is a Canadian engineer.

Biography 
An intense fascination with mathematics, physics, and computing from an early age led him eventually to attend the University of Waterloo, where he received the Bachelor of Applied Science degree with first-class honours in Electrical Engineering and the Bachelor of Arts degree in Philosophy. He was also recipient of the Faculty of Engineering Entrance Scholarship and the Sandford Fleming Work Term Award.  Prior to university, he attended the Toronto French School.

Since 1996, he has been employed by Research In Motion (RIM) in engineering and business capacities related to radio modems and BlackBerry devices.

He was an early proponent of the implementation of Java ME as a standard platform for wireless devices, which is in widespread use today.

He has emphasized that making efficient use of the available wireless capacity, allocating it across a large number of users, is more important to the overall user experience than implementing a small number of high-bandwidth applications. His notable contributions to the design and development of the BlackBerry have helped to make the devices so ubiquitous and addictive as to earn the nickname "CrackBerry."

He is also known within the wireless industry as the publisher of the BlackBerry Developer Journal, a technical magazine widely read by developers of wireless applications. He has also spoken extensively at industry conferences and other events related to wireless technology, software development, security, and hardware design.

External links 
RIM conference showcases wireless development (CNN.com/Sci-Tech)
Building Applications for Mobile Appliances (Bell Canada)
Next-generation wireless devices (International Engineering Consortium)

References 

Sanei, Sassan
2,6-Xylenol. 2,6-Xylenol is a chemical compound which is one of the six isomers of xylenol.  It is also commonly known as 2,6-dimethylphenol (DMP).  It is a colorless solid.

Production 
2,6-DMP is produced by the methylation of phenol.  With production >100,000 tons/y, it is the most important xylenol. The methylation is carried out by contacting gaseous phenol and methanol at elevated temperatures in the presence of a solid acid catalyst:

Challenges associated with the production is the similarity of the boiling points of cresols and this xylenol.

Reactions 
2,6-Xylenol is susceptible to oxidative coupling leading to polymers and dimers. 

Acid-catalyzed condensation of 2,6-xylenol gives tetramethylbisphenol A. An analogue of bisphenol A, this bisphenol is used in the production of some polycarbonates. 2,6-Xylenol reacts with ammonia to give 2,6-dimethylaniline.

Toxicity
Its LD50 (oral, rats) ranges from 296-1750 mg/kg.

References

Alkylphenols
Richard Palmer (entrepreneur). Richard Palmer is an entrepreneur and the founder of the company D3O Lab.

In 1999,  Palmer founded an innovation consultancy after studying at the Royal College of Art, working with clients such as Herman Miller and Levi's. Palmer's office/studio design won the Times & Gestetner Digital Office Award, competing against entrants such as Ted Baker and Sainsbury's. During this time, Palmer invented a new protective garment material since branded as D3O. The company received government funding to develop military hardware and has since won the o2 and Arena Magazine Entrepreneur of the Year award. Palmer was nominated for the European Inventor Award 2019.

Sources
d3o Official Site 
Interview with Richard Palmer
What's the story? website

References

External links

http://ideasuploaded.com/interview-with-richard-palmer-inventor-of-d30-an-impact-protection-material/

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Vertical disintegration. Vertical disintegration refers to a specific organizational form of industrial production. As opposed to vertical integration, in which production occurs within a singular organization, vertical disintegration means that various diseconomies of scale or scope have broken a production process into separate companies, each performing a limited subset of activities required to create a finished product.

Filmed entertainment was once highly vertically integrated into a studio system whereby a few large studios handled everything from production to theatrical presentation. After the second world war, the industry was broken into small fragments, each specializing on particular tasks within the division of labor required to produce and show a finished piece of filmed entertainment. Hollywood became highly vertically disintegrated, with specialized firms who only performed certain tasks such as editing, special effects, trailers etc. Bell System divestiture had a similar effect on a larger industry later in the 20th century. 

One major reason for vertical disintegration is to share risk. Also, in some cases, smaller firms can be more responsive to changes in market conditions. Vertical disintegration is thus more likely when operating in volatile markets. Stability and standardized products more typically engender integration, as it provides the benefits of scale economies.

The geography of a disintegrated industry is not a given. Economic geographers typically differentiate between knowledge-intensive, volatile, unstandardized activities, and standardized, routinized production. The former tend to be clustered in space, as they require proximity to build a common conceptual framework and share new ideas. The latter can be far flung and are exemplified by global commodity chains such as apparel and automotive industries. Even in those industries however, design and other creative and non-repetitive tasks tend to exhibit some geographical clustering.

References 
 Coase, R.H. (1937). ‘The Nature of the Firm.’ Economica, 4(16), p.286
 Storper, M., and Christopherson, S. (1987) ‘Flexible specialization and regional industrial agglomerations: the case of the US motion-picture industry.’ Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 77, p.260.
 Storper, M. & Walker, R. (1989) Capitalist Imperative: Territory, Technology, and Industrial Growth. Blackwell

See also 
 Outsourcing
 Core competency

Marketing strategy
Supply chain management
Business terms
Economic geography
Willis Hawkins. Willis Moore Hawkins (December 1, 1913 – September 28, 2004) was an American aeronautical engineer for Lockheed for more than fifty years. He was hired in 1937, immediately after receiving his bachelor's degree in aeronautical engineering from the University of Michigan. Prior to that, he was in the first graduating class of The Leelanau School, a boarding school in Glen Arbor, Michigan. He contributed to the designs of a number of historic Lockheed aircraft, including the Constellation, P-80 Shooting Star, XF-90, F-94 Starfire, and F-104 Starfighter. During World War II, he was part of the group of Lockheed designers who designed the first American attempt at a jet plane, the Lockheed L-133.

In 1951, he led the design team that created the proposal for the Lockheed Model 82, which would become the C-130 Hercules, with Joseph F. Ware, Jr. as Flight Test Engineer in charge.  Hawkins started the Lockheed Missiles and Space Company and served as president. He was elected a Vice President of the Lockheed Corporation in 1960 and later served on the corporation's board of directors.  Hawkins served as Assistant Secretary for Research and Development for the US Army from 1962 to 1965, where he was instrumental in starting development of the M1 Abrams main battle tank.  He retired from Lockheed in 1980, but Lockheed chairman Roy Anderson brought Hawkins back to run the Lockheed—California Company on an interim basis in the 1980s. Hawkins retired for good in 1986. He died in 2004 at the age of 90, after witnessing the celebration of the 50th anniversary of the C-130's first flight on August 23, 1954.

References 
 An obituary of Willis Hawkins from the Marshall Institute
 "Willis Hawkins and the Genesis of the Hercules", by Jeff Rhodes, from Code One
 OAC Willis M. Hawkins Papers, 1920-2009
  "Youtube with interview sequences of Willis Hawkins"

Hawkins
2004 deaths
American aerospace engineers
Lockheed people
Hawkins
University of Michigan College of Engineering alumni
Lockheed Missiles and Space Company people
20th-century American engineers
Processed Book Project. The Processed Book Project is a prototype website and service with customized software tools, launched in November 2005, to explore the evolving nature of books, journals, and other authored content published electronically as digital data, and accessible on a widely connected, often global, network.

Beginnings
Supported by funding from the Hewlett Foundation, the Project grew out of an essay entitled "The Processed Book", published online in the open-access journal FirstMonday in March 2003, by Joseph J. Esposito, former CEO of Encyclopædia Britannica, who in 1994 launched Britannica Online, the first Internet encyclopedia.

The essay proposed that a "processed book" will become "a node in a network, with connections to other books, commentary, online library card catalogues, teachers' recommendations, and so forth"—connections linking both to and from the e-book. Esposito noted that this is very different from the "Romantic myth" of the "primal book...usually written by a single author, someone who has Something to Say".

Annotations
Annotations are one of the main tools of the Processed Book Operating System (PBOS), which allows users to connect "anything that adds lexical, semantic, or procedural value" to a specific segment of a document.

Annotations can include: text notes (which can also have their own annotations); outbound Web links that can be added to a document by someone other than the author or Webmaster; inbound links from other Web sites or e-mail to specific points inside a document, which can be disconnected by the document author without deleting the page they connect to; "BizVantage" links to a proprietary dynamically updated Net "clipping service", driven by "user selected keywords, so that related, external content is discovered and connected to the Book"; and bookmarks placed by the user for quickly returning to points in the document.

In addition, the Project has several document-global tools, including dissect text that "provides extraction, annotation and statistical reporting for both user supplied words/phrases, and for associated words/phrases found via an interface to the WordNet software's extensive catalog of connections among words/phrases."

As an operating system and not simply a vehicle for Web publication, PBOS also provides the ability to add new features or bolt on new computer processes that can be brought to bear on any text stored in the Project library. PBOS is available as open source software at SourceForge. The Project was designed by Lynn Brock and programmed by Wayne Davison.

Notes

References
Joseph J. Esposito, "The Processed Book," FirstMonday.org, March 2003, 8:3 The original article now has an update as of October 23, 2005.

External links
Processed Book Project
Processed Book Operating System on SourceForge

Free-content websites
Pneumatic gripper. A pneumatic gripper is a specific type of pneumatic actuator that typically involves either parallel or angular motion of surfaces, A.K.A. “tooling jaws or fingers” that will grip an object. The gripper makes use of compressed air which powers a piston rod inside the tool.Grippers  exist both internal with and external bore grip with the same equipment because of an increased quantity of cross rollers in the parallel slide part.

Actuators
Fluid dynamics
John C. Butler-class destroyer escort. The John C. Butler class were destroyer escorts that originated during World War II. The lead ship was , commissioned on 31 March 1944. The class was also known as the WGT type from their Westinghouse geared turbine drive. Of the 293 ships originally planned, 206 were canceled in 1944 and a further four after being laid down; three were not completed until after the end of World War II.

History

The standard armament for the class was two  dual purpose guns, four 40 mm and ten 20 mm anti-aircraft guns, and three 21-inch (533 mm) torpedo tubes. It also carried two depth charge racks, eight K-gun depth charge projectors and one hedgehog projector as secondary weapons. The ships had a maximum speed of .

The most notable ship of this class was , which gained fame during the Battle of Leyte Gulf, where she, along with several other ships, engaged a number of cruisers and battleships of the Imperial Japanese Navy in a torpedo attack, where she was sunk after taking several hits. During this action, Samuel B. Roberts achieved a speed of  for over an hour by running her engines at . She is known in naval lore as "the destroyer escort that fought like a battleship". The other two ships of this class lost were USS Shelton and USS Eversole.

Also notable was  for which Captain Henry Lee Plage earned the Legion of Merit, while the entire crew earned the Navy's Unit Commendation Ribbon for taking the initiative to rescue other ships after a disastrous storm. In December 1944, the ship lost her mast and radio antennas riding out Typhoon Cobra, which killed 790 sailors (more than were lost at the battles of Midway and Coral Sea combined). Although damaged and unable to radio for help, she was first on the scene to recover 55 of only 93 total rescued from three destroyers which capsized in the heavy seas.

A floating history museum of the destroyer escorts resides in Albany, New York.  (a related ) is docked during temperate months on the Hudson River in Albany, New York. An , , is also on display as a museum ship in Galveston, Texas.

Ships in class

References

World War II destroyers of the United States

External links
 
 NavSource Online - John C. Butler class destroyer escort
 Destroyer History.org - John C. Butler class destroyer escort

 
 John_C._Butler-class_destroyer_escort
Fast Hack'em. Fast Hack'em is a Commodore 64 fast disk/file copier, nibbler and disk editor written by Mike J. Henry and released in 1985. It was distributed in the U.S. and Canada via Henry's "Basement Boys Software", and in the U.K. via Datel Electronics.  In the U.S., it retailed for $29.95 ().

Features
The most popular feature of Fast Hack'em was its ability to produce copies of copy-protected commercial software. When using the nibbler, disk copying is done on a very low level, bit-by-bit rather than using standard Commodore DOS commands. This effectively nullifies the efficacy of deliberate disk errors, non-standard track layouts, and related forms of copy prevention. Copying a protected disk takes approximately 60 seconds if being copied directly to another disk drive, or three minutes (plus several disk swaps) if performed using a single disk drive.

Fast Hack'em also includes a very fast disk copier that can copy unprotected disks at even higher speeds. Only 35 seconds are required with two drives, or two minutes plus swapping time with one drive.

For all forms of copying, Fast Hack'em can verify the resulting disk copies to ensure that they were properly written.

The MSD SD-2 dual drive is supported, with copies finished in 60 seconds, about twice as fast as without the software.

Fast Hack'em was updated often, and later versions added more copying options. The one feature that stood out from other copying programs was that these updates include parameters. They include the methods of copy protection individual programs use so even a fast copy can then be artificially re-protected and give a working copy.

In later versions of Fast Hack'em, disk copying can be performed without the computer if two Commodore 1541 disk drives are available. The software is loaded with a Commodore 64, the two-drive option is selected which transfers software to the drives' controller memory, and the serial cable can be disconnected from the computer. Any number of copies can be performed as long as neither drive is powered down.

Reception
Ahoy! in October 1985 called Fast Hack'em "a must-needed utility for Commodore disk users" and "probably the fastest way to copy an entire 1541-formatted disk at the present time", joking that a disadvantage was the end of "leisurely coffee breaks or refrigerator raids" during copying. Info described Fast Hack'em as "the most extraordinary copy program I have ever seen for the 64", stating that copying a disk in 35 seconds with two 1541 drives was "not even enough time to fill out the label".

References

External links
Fast Hack'em 1.9 (PRG format)
Fast Hack'em 4.5 (ZIP format) 
Fast Hack'em 9.5 (ZIP format) 

Commodore 64 software
1985 software