omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Grumman F2F. The Grumman F2F was a single-engine, biplane fighter aircraft with retractable undercarriage, serving as the standard fighter for the United States Navy between 1936 and 1940. It was designed for both carrier- and land-based operations.

Design and development
Grumman's success with the two-seat FF-1, which was significantly faster than even the single-seat fighters of its time, resulted in a contract for the single-seat XF2F-1. Armed with two  machine guns above the cowl, the new design also incorporated watertight compartments to reduce weight and improve survivability in the event of a water landing. The prototype first flew on 18 October 1933, equipped with the experimental  XR-1534-44 Twin Wasp Junior radial engine, and reached a top speed of  at  –  faster than the FF-1 at the same altitude. Maneuverability also proved superior to the earlier two-seat aircraft.

Operational history
The Navy ordered 54 F2F-1 fighters on 17 May 1934, with the first aircraft delivered 19 January 1935. One additional aircraft (BuNo 9997) was ordered to replace one which crashed on 16 March 1935, bringing the total to 55, with the final F2F-1 delivered on 2 August 1935. The F2F-1 had a relatively long service life for the time, serving in front-line squadrons from 1935 to late 1939, when squadrons began to receive the F3F-3 as a replacement. By September 1940, the F2F had been completely replaced in fighter squadrons and was relegated to training and utility duties. The last F2F-1s were stricken from the list of naval aircraft in early 1943.

Variants
XF2F-1
United States Navy designation for the Grumman Model G-8 prototype with a  XR-1534-44 Twin Wasp Junior radial engine, one built
F2F-1
Production variant with a  R-1535-72 Twin Wasp Junior radial engine, 55 built

Operators

 
 United States Navy
VF-2B
VF-3B
VF-5B
VB-5B
VF-2
VF-5
VF-7
NAS Seattle
NAS Coco Solo
NAS Alameda
NAS Pearl Harbor
 United States Marine Corps
VF-4M
VMF-2

Specifications (Grumman F2F-1)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Cacutt, Len, ed. “Grumman Single-Seat Biplane Fighters.” Great Aircraft of the World. London: Marshall Cavendish, 1989. .

External links

F02F
1930s United States fighter aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Carrier-based aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1933
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company. The New York, Newfoundland & London Telegraph Company was a company in a series of conglomerations of several companies that eventually laid the first Trans-Atlantic cable.

In 1854 British engineer Charles Bright met an American, Cyrus Field, who had a dream of completing a submarine cable connection between North America and Europe. The New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company was founded in 1852 and in 1854 Charles Bright and John Watkins Brett became additional signatories along with Cyrus Field. This was to make sure that Britain had a representative on the company's board and so enable support for a trans-Atlantic cable from the British.  In 1855 Charles Bright finished a survey of the Irish coast and came to the conclusion that Valentia Island, on the west coast of Ireland, was best possible location and was also the closest point to North America. Armed with this location and the information that Cyrus Field gathered from a US Navy oceanographic seabed survey, that had taken place the year before, the project got underway.

External links
'Historical Notes'
'1854 Charter of the New York, Newfoundland and London Telegraph Company'

Peter Cooper
Telegraph companies
Defunct companies of Newfoundland and Labrador
Companies based in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
MSDOS.SYS. MSDOS.SYS is a system file in MS-DOS and Windows 9x operating systems.
In versions of MS-DOS from 1.1x through 6.22, the file comprises the MS-DOS kernel and is responsible for file access and program management. MSDOS.SYS is loaded by the DOS BIOS IO.SYS as part of the boot procedure. In some OEM versions of MS-DOS, the file is named MSDOS.COM.

In Windows 95 (MS-DOS 7.0) through Windows ME (MS-DOS 8.0), the DOS kernel has been combined with the DOS BIOS into a single file, IO.SYS (aka WINBOOT.SYS), while MSDOS.SYS became a plain text file containing boot configuration directives instead. If a WINBOOT.INI file exists, the system will retrieve these configuration directives from WINBOOT.INI rather than from MSDOS.SYS.
When Windows 9x is installed over a preexisting DOS install, the Windows file may be temporarily named MSDOS.W40 for as long as Windows' dual-boot feature has booted the previous OS. Likewise, the MSDOS.SYS of the older system is named MSDOS.DOS for as long as Windows 9x is active.

Some DOS utilities expect the MSDOS.SYS file to have a minimal file size of at least 1 KB. This is the reason why a large dummy comment is typically found in the MSDOS.SYS configuration file since Windows 95.

By default, the file is located in the root directory of the bootable drive/partition (normally C:\ for hard disks) and has the hidden, read-only, and system file attributes set.

The MS-DOS derivative  (DCP) by the former East-German VEB Robotron used a  filename instead.

IBM PC DOS as well as DR-DOS since 5.0 (with the exception of DR-DOS 7.06) used the file IBMDOS.COM for the same purpose, whereas DR DOS 3.31 to 3.41 used DRBDOS.SYS instead. FreeDOS uses the file KERNEL.SYS for the same purpose.

Windows NT-based operating systems (NT 3.1–4, 2000, XP, and 2003) use the NTLDR file and NT 6+ operating systems (Vista, 2008, 7, 8, 8.1, and 10) use bootmgr instead, as they have a different boot sequence.

See also 
 IO.SYS
 IBMDOS.COM
 COMMAND.COM
 List of DOS system files
 Architecture of Windows 9x

Notes

References

External links 
MSDOS.SYS in Windows 9x (95/98/ME):
 Microsoft Knowledge Base (MSKB): List of MSDOS.SYS articles
 MDGx: Windows 95/98/ME Complete MSDOS.SYS Reference
 UKT Support: Contents of the MSDOS.SYS File
 Computer Hope: Information about Window MSDOS.SYS file
 MDGx: WINBOOT.INI

DOS kernel
DOS files
DOS configuration files
Nikolai Rynin. Nikolai Alekseevich Rynin (23 December 1887 – 28 July 1942) was a Russian civil engineer, teacher, aerospace researcher, author, historian, and promoter of space travel.

Career 
Rynin began his career in civil engineering, working in the railway industry. However, in 1906 he developed an interest in aircraft and manned flight. During his career he performed research in aeronautics, became a balloonist and aircraft pilot, taught aerospace topics as a professor in Leningrad, and wrote various books and articles on airplanes and space travel.

In the April 1918 issue of the Byloye magazine, Rynin published Nikolai Kibalchich's description of a manned, rocket-propelled ship. It had been detailed in Kibalchich's final letter, and had languished in police archives until Rynin heard rumors of the design and fished it out.

Between 1928 and 1932 he published a nine-volume encyclopedia of space travel called the Mezhplanetnye Soobschniya ("Interplanetary Communications"). He is known to have corresponded with peers in the West, including Robert H. Goddard in 1926, concerning Russian rocketry activities.

Rynin died from a combination of starvation and illness during the German siege of Leningrad, as did fellow spaceflight promoter Yakov Perelman.

The crater Rynin on the Moon is named after him.

Interplanetary Communications 
Rynin's encyclopedia contains the following nine volumes:

 Dreams, Legends, and Early Fantasies
 Spacecraft in Science Fiction
 Radiant Energy: Science Fiction and Scientific Projects
 Rockets
 Theory of rocket propulsion
 Superaviation and superartillery
 K. E. Tsiolkoviskii; life, writings, and rockets
 Theory of space flight
 Astronavigation; theory, annals, bibliography, index.

They are available in English from NASA as follows:

 Rynin, N.A. Interplanetary Flight and Communication. Washington, D.C.: NASA and NSF, 1970–71. (NASA TT F-640, TT F-642 through TT F-648) (Holdings: Vol. 1, Nos. 1 and 3; Vol. II, Nos. 4 and 6, Vol. III, Nos. 7, 8 and 9).

References 

 B. F. Tarasov, Nikolai Rynin and Russia's Beginnings in Aerospace, translated by John Decker, 2000.

External links 
 Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight entry
 Interplanetary Flight and Communication (NASA Documents)

1887 births
1942 deaths
20th-century Russian inventors
Soviet engineers
20th-century Russian engineers
Russian civil engineers
Soviet inventors
Soviet spaceflight pioneers
Victims of the Siege of Leningrad
Deaths by starvation
North–South Powerline. The North–South Powerline, or Nord-Süd-Leitung, is the world's oldest interconnection for electric current. It was built between 1924 and 1929 by RWE AG, to transport electricity produced in the hydro-electric power plants in Vorarlberg, Austria and the southern Black Forest to the Ruhr district. 

The line begins in Bludenz and in Herbertingen connects with a second line, which comes from Tiengen. It continues to the transformer stations at Ludwigsburg-Hoheneck, Mannheim-Rheinau, Kelsterbach, Koblenz, and Bad Neuenahr to Brauweiler.

The entire line was originally installed on pylons with a three-tiered arrangement.  With the exception of the Kelsterbach–Koblenz and Heilbronn–Neckarwestheim sections of the line, the North–South Powerline is still carried by the original masts. For the section which travels through Bad Neuenahr, Koblenz, Kelsterbach, Mannheim/Rheinau and Ludwigsburg/Hoheneck, C1-pylons are used; in other sections, C2 and C3 pylons are used, depending upon the need for the lines to withstand loads of ice during the winter.

In 1964, an electric circuit of the section traveling through Ludwigsburg/Hoheneck, Herbertingen and Tiengen switched over to 380 kV. In the section between the transformer stations Ludwigsburg–Hoheneck and Mannheim/Rheinau, an electric circuit was deemed to be dispensable in the year 2003. The two lowest conductors on this section of the line were dismantled between 10 November and 16 December 2003, to make better use of the land beneath the line route. The dispensable fourth conductor on the masts was left as an anchor.

To make space for the fourth runway of Frankfurt Airport, the section around Kelsterbach was removed in 2008.

External links

 http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b57808
 http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b57805
 http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b57806
 http://skyscraperpage.com/diagrams/?b57807

Electric power infrastructure in Austria
Electric power transmission systems in Germany
Fox Tower. The Fox Tower is a 27-story,  office skyscraper in downtown Portland, Oregon, along Broadway between Yamhill and Morrison streets. The tower was completed in 2000 at a cost of $64 million, and was named after the Fox Theatre that occupied the site from 1911 until the late 1990s. TVA Architects designed the building and Tom Moyer developed the property.

History
Original designs for the tower included seven floors of above-ground parking. Plans for the above-ground parking levels were removed in 1998 to add space for what was originally to be a movie theater operated by Act III Theaters. The building earned Gold Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification from the U.S. Green Building Council in 2012 for its sustainability.

Details
The building is most notable for the contrast between its curving east side and boxy west side. The juxtaposition of the building's angles create a unique profile from each side. This multiplanar and set-back design is meant to prevent as much of the building's shadow as possible from falling upon Pioneer Courthouse Square on the opposite corner.

The ground floor houses retail stores, and Regal's Fox Tower 10 movie theater is located on the second floor. The 462-space underground parking garage was the deepest in Portland when built. In 2006 the Fox Tower's developer, Tom Moyer, started construction of an underground garage on the block to the west, connected to the Fox Tower garage. This new parking structure opened in December 2007 making the total underground parking space count 1132. Because the west block lies slightly uphill from the Fox Tower, the west garage is deeper than the Fox Tower garage, relative to ground level.  The new garage is an underground facility, with a City of Portland park on top of the garage.  Construction and landscaping for the park was started by the City of Portland in March 2008.  The underground parking is also planned to be connected to the Park Avenue West Tower.

See also
Architecture of Portland, Oregon
 Fox Theatre (Portland, Oregon)
List of tallest buildings in Portland, Oregon
RingSide Fish House
RingSide Steakhouse

References

External links

Skyscraper office buildings in Portland, Oregon
Office buildings completed in 2000
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design gold certified buildings
2000 establishments in Oregon
Buildings and structures in Southwest Portland, Oregon
Brauweiler. Brauweiler is a part of Pulheim, west of Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany. 
The former Benedictine abbey, Brauweiler Abbey, founded 1024, is used today by the Rhein Department for the Care of Historic Monuments.

In Brauweiler in the 1920s a large power transmission station was built, which supplied up to 380 kV. It was also the starting point of the north south powerline. Also in the area of this transformer station is the main control room of the RWE, from which nearly the entire high-voltage transmission system of the  RWE AG is supervised by remote control. This control is also used to coordinate the power transmission in continental Europe.

See also
 Brauweiler Abbey

External links 
 Website Brauweiler
 Catholic Parish of St. Nicholas Brauweiler
 St. Sebastian Archery Group Brauweiler e.V.
 Evangelical Parish of Brauweiler
 Altar Servers of St. Nicholas Brauweiler/Dansweiler
 Abbey Gymnasium (i.e., secondary school), Brauweiler
 Brauweiler Volunteer Fire Brigade

Former municipalities in North Rhine-Westphalia
Rhein-Erft-Kreis
Magnesium silicide. Magnesium silicide, Mg2Si, is an inorganic compound consisting of magnesium and silicon. As-grown Mg2Si usually forms black crystals; they are semiconductors with n-type conductivity and have potential applications in thermoelectric generators.

Crystal structure
Mg2Si crystallizes in the antifluorite structure. In the face-centered cubic lattice Si centers occupy the corners and face-centered positions of the unit cell and Mg centers occupy eight tetrahedral sites in the interior of the unit cell.  The coordination numbers of Si and Mg are eight and four, respectively.

Synthesis

It can be produced by heating silicon dioxide, SiO2, found in sand, with excess magnesium.  The process first forms silicon metal and magnesium oxide, and, if an excess of SiO2 is used, then elemental silicon is formed:
2 Mg  +  SiO2   →   2 MgO + Si
If an excess of Mg is present, Mg2Si is formed from the reaction of the remaining magnesium with the silicon:
2 Mg  +  Si   →   Mg2Si
These reactions proceed exothermically, even explosively.

Reactions

Magnesium silicide can be viewed as consisting of Si4− ions.  As such it is reactive toward acids.  Thus, when magnesium silicide is treated with hydrochloric acid, silane (SiH4) and magnesium chloride are produced:

Mg2Si  +  4 HCl   →   SiH4  +  2 MgCl2
Sulfuric acid can be used as well. These protonolysis reactions are typical of a group 2 (alkaline earth metal) and group 1 (alkali metal) silicides.  The early development of silicon hydrides relied on this reaction.

Uses
Magnesium silicide is used to create aluminium alloys of the 6000 series, containing up to approximately 1.5% Mg2Si. An alloy of this group can be age-hardened to form Guinier-Preston zones and a very fine precipitate, both resulting in increased strength of the alloy.

Magnesium silicide is a narrow-gap semiconductor. Its as-grown crystal exhibit n-type conductivity, but it can be changed to p-type by doping with Ag, Ga, Sn and possibly Li (at high doping level). The major potential electronic application of Mg2Si is in thermoelectric generators.

References

Alkaline earth silicides
Magnesium compounds
Fluorite crystal structure
Special visual flight rules. Special visual flight rules (also special VFR or SVFR) are a set of aviation regulations under which a pilot may operate an aircraft. It is a special case of operating under visual flight rules (VFR).

Use in different regions 
The definition for SVFR may be different in different countries, depending on the local aviation regulations.

ICAO definition 
The ICAO definition of Special VFR flight is a VFR flight cleared by air traffic control to operate within a control zone in meteorological conditions below visual meteorological conditions.

United States 
According to Federal Aviation Regulations, SVFR operations can only be conducted in the controlled airspace around an airport where that controlled airspace extends down to the surface (so-called surface area). SVFR can only be conducted below 10,000 feet MSL in such areas.

SVFR at night requires an IFR-equipped aircraft and an IFR-rated pilot in command ("IFR" means Instrument flight rules). In helicopters, there is no minimum flight visibility requirement, or a requirement for an IFR-equipped aircraft or an IFR-rated pilot in command.

Other countries 

Flight under SVFR is only allowed in controlled airspace, and always requires clearance from air traffic control (ATC). It usually happens when the aircraft is inside controlled airspace, and the local weather is less than the minimums required for flight under visual flight rules (VFR) within the airspace in question.

Note that an aircraft might be able to fly under SVFR even in Class A airspace, where instrument flight rules (IFR) flight is the norm.

Equipment requirements and weather minimums 

The aircraft need not necessarily be equipped for flight under IFR, and the aircraft must remain clear of clouds with the surface in sight, and maintain a certain flight visibility minimum (1,500 metres according to ICAO, one statute mile in the US, 1,500 m visibility, in sight of surface and clear of cloud in Europe). The pilot continues to be responsible for obstacle and terrain clearance.

(US) Weather minimums for SVFR are ground visibility of one statute mile (except helicopters) (when ground visibility is not reported, flight visibility of one statute mile) and clear of clouds. Operations must be conducted between sunrise and sunset (except helicopters and in Alaska). Flight under a SVFR clearance at night requires the pilot to have an instrument rating and the aircraft must be IFR equipped.

An example of the use of SVFR is when a flight wishes to leave an airport in controlled airspace, to fly VFR in uncontrolled airspace, when the visibility is below the minimum for VFR flight in the control zone but not below the lower minimum for VFR flight in uncontrolled airspace. SVFR is never offered by Air Traffic Control. It must be requested by the Pilot in Command.

See also 
 Visual flight rules

References 

Air traffic control
Aviation meteorology
Visual flight rules
QuickTransit. QuickTransit was a cross-platform virtualization program developed by Transitive Corporation. It allowed software compiled for one specific processor and operating system combination to be executed on a different processor and/or operating system architecture without source code or binary changes.

QuickTransit was an extension of the Dynamite technology developed by the University of Manchester Parallel Architectures and Languages research group, which now forms part of the university's Advanced Processor Technologies research group.

Silicon Graphics announced QuickTransit's first availability in October 2004 on its Prism visualization systems.  These systems, based on Itanium 2 processors and the Linux operating system, used QuickTransit to transparently run application binaries compiled for previous SGI systems based on the MIPS processor and IRIX operating system.

This technology was also licensed by Apple Computer in its transition from PowerPC to Intel (x86) CPUs, starting in 2006. Apple marketed this technology as "Rosetta".

In August 2006, IBM announced a partnership with Transitive to run Linux/x86 binaries on its Power ISA-based Power Systems servers. IBM named this software System p AVE during its beta phase, but it was renamed to PowerVM Lx86 upon release.

In November 2006, Transitive launched QuickTransit for Solaris/SPARC-to-Linux/x86-64, which enabled unmodified Solaris applications compiled for SPARC systems to run on 64-bit x86-based systems running Linux. This was followed in October 2007 by QuickTransit for Solaris/SPARC-to-Linux/Itanium, which enabled Solaris/SPARC applications to run on Itanium systems running Linux. A third product, QuickTransit for Solaris/SPARC-to-Solaris/x86-64, was released in December 2007, enabling Solaris/SPARC applications to run on 64-bit x86 systems running Solaris.

IBM acquired Transitive in June 2009 and merged the company into its Power Systems division. IBM announced in September 2011 it would discontinue marketing for the PowerVM Lx86 product in January 2012, withdrawing it from sale completely in April 2013. Apple removed Rosetta from Mac OS X starting with Mac OS X Lion in 2011.

Most of the original team now work for the BBC, Apple in California and ARM in Manchester.

References

External links 
 
 IBM PowerVM site
 IBM PowerVM Lx86 Web page
 

Virtualization software
Department of Computer Science, University of Manchester
Thomas W. Eadie Medal. The Thomas W. Eadie Medal is an award of the Royal Society of Canada "for contributions in engineering and applied science". It is named in honour of Thomas Wardrope Eadie and is awarded annually. The award consists of a bronze medal and Can$3,000 of cash. The award appears to have been discontinued.

Recipients
The following people received the Thomas W. Eadie Medal:

See also

 List of engineering awards

References 

Canadian science and technology awards
Royal Society of Canada
Painite. Painite is a very rare borate mineral. It was first found in Myanmar by British mineralogist and gem dealer Arthur C.D. Pain who misidentified it as ruby, until it was discovered as a new gemstone in the 1950s. When it was confirmed as a new mineral species, the mineral was named after him. 

The chemical makeup of painite contains calcium, zirconium, boron, aluminium, and oxygen (CaZrAl9O15(BO3)). The mineral also contains trace amounts of chromium and vanadium, which are responsible for Painite's typically orange-red to brownish-red color, similar to topaz. The mineral's rarity is due to zirconium and boron rarely interacting with each other in nature. The crystals are naturally hexagonal, but may also be euhedral or orthorhombic. They also may have no crystalline structure, but usually are accompanied by a crystalline structure. Until late 2004, only two had been cut into faceted gemstones.

Discovery and occurrence
Extensive exploration in the area surrounding Mogok, which comprises a large part of the extremely small region the mineral is known to exist in, has identified several new painite occurrences that have been vigorously explored resulting in several thousand new available painite specimens.

See also
List of minerals

References

External links
 

Gemstones
Borate minerals
Zirconium minerals
Aluminium minerals
Calcium minerals
Hexagonal minerals
Minerals in space group 176