omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Limbo (programming language). Limbo is a programming language for writing distributed systems and is the language used to write applications for the Inferno operating system. It was designed at Bell Labs by Sean Dorward, Phil Winterbottom, and Rob Pike.

The Limbo compiler generates architecture-independent object code which is then interpreted by the Dis virtual machine or compiled just before runtime to improve performance. Therefore all Limbo applications are completely portable across all Inferno platforms.

Limbo's approach to concurrency was inspired by Hoare's communicating sequential processes (CSP), as implemented and amended in Pike's earlier Newsqueak language and Winterbottom's Alef.

Language features
Limbo supports the following features:
 modular programming
 concurrent programming
 strong type checking at compile and run-time
 interprocess communication over typed channels
 automatic garbage collection
 simple abstract data types

Virtual machine
The Dis virtual machine that executes Limbo code is a CISC-like VM, with instructions for arithmetic, control flow, data motion, process creation, synchronizing and communicating between processes, loading modules of code, and support for higher-level data-types: strings, arrays, lists, and communication channels. It uses a hybrid of reference counting and a real-time garbage-collector for cyclic data.

Aspects of the design of Dis were inspired by the AT&T Hobbit microprocessor, as used in the original BeBox.

Examples
Limbo uses Ada-style definitions as in:

name := type value;
name0,name1 : type = value;
name2,name3 : type;
name2 = value;

Hello world 
implement Command;

include "sys.m";
    sys: Sys;

include "draw.m";

include "sh.m";

init(nil: ref Draw->Context, nil: list of string)
{
    sys = load Sys Sys->PATH;
    sys->print("Hello World!\n");
}

Books 
The 3rd edition of the Inferno operating system and Limbo programming language are described in the textbook Inferno Programming with Limbo   (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), by Phillip Stanley-Marbell.  Another textbook The Inferno Programming Book: An Introduction to Programming for the Inferno Distributed System, by  Martin Atkins, Charles Forsyth, Rob Pike and Howard Trickey, was started, but never released.

See also 

 The Inferno operating system
 Alef, the predecessor of Limbo
 Plan 9 from Bell Labs, operating system
 Go, similar language from Google
 AT&T Hobbit, a processor architecture which inspired the Dis VM

References

External links
 Vita Nuova page on Limbo
 A Descent into Limbo by Brian Kernighan
 The Limbo Programming Language by Dennis M. Ritchie and Addendum by Vita Nuova.
 Inferno Programming with Limbo by Phillip Stanley-Marbell
 Threaded programming in the Bell Labs CSP style
 
 .
 .
 .

C programming language family
Concurrent programming languages
Free and open source compilers
Inferno (operating system)
Programming languages created in 1995
Virtual machines
Trioxane. Trioxane refers to any of three isomeric organic compounds composed of a six-membered ring with three carbon atoms and three oxygen atoms, having the molecular formula C3H6O3.

Isomers
The three isomers are:
 1,2,3-trioxane, a hypothetical compound that is the parent structure of the molozonides
 1,2,4-trioxane, a hypothetical compound whose skeleton occurs as a structural component of some antimalarial agents (artemisinin and similar drugs)
 1,3,5-trioxane, a trimer of formaldehyde used as fuel and in plastics manufacturing, and also as a solid fuel tablet when combined with hexamine

References

 
Hypothetical chemical compounds
GCS. GCS may refer to:

Cartography
 Galactic coordinate system
 Geographic coordinate system

Computing
 Game creation system
 Gauss Centre for Supercomputing, in Germany
Google Cloud Storage
 Group communication system
 Group Control System, an IBM VM Operating system component

Education 
 Gadsden County School District, in Florida, United States
 Gallantry Cross, Silver, an honour of the Republic of Venda
 Gaston Christian School, in Lowell, North Carolina, United States
 German Church School, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
 Glenelg Country School, in Ellicott City, Maryland, United States
 Gorey Community School, in County Wexford, Ireland
 Government College of Science, Lahore, Pakistan
 Grace Christian School (Florida), in Valrico, Florida, United States
 Grace Church School, in New York City
 Granville County Schools, in North Carolina, United States
 Greenfield Community School, in Dubai
 Greenville Christian School, in Mississippi, United States
 Greenwood College School, in Toronto, Ontario, Canada
 Guadalupe Catholic School, in Makati, Philippines
 Guildford County School, in England

Medicine 
 Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase
 Gender confirming surgery
 Glasgow Coma Scale
 Glucocorticosteroids
 Glycine cleavage system

Other uses
 General Campaign Star (Canada), a Canadian Forces medal
 Grand Central Station, in New York City
 Satellite ground control station
 UAV ground control station
 Global Civic Sharing, a South Korean charity
 Global Combat Ship, of the Royal Navy
 Gold Coast Suns, an Australian Football League team
 Green Cove Springs, Florida

See also 
 GC (disambiguation)
ILS. ILS or ils may refer to:

Organizations
ILS Law College, of the Indian Law Society
International Launch Services
International Life Saving Federation
International Lenin School

Science and technology
 Instrument landing system, for aircraft
 Integrated library system, an enterprise resource planning system for libraries
 Iterated local search, in computing
 Internet Locator Server, for Microsoft NetMeeting
 Integrated logistics support, in systems engineering

Medicine
Intermediate Life Support, a level of training in emergency/prehospital medical care

Business and military
 Inventory Locator Service, LLC, a digital aviation warehouse company
 ILS (company), a Finnish engineering company

Finance
 Insurance-Linked Securities (ILS)
 Israeli new shekel, ISO 4217 currency code

Other uses 
Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, a book of Latin inscriptions
 Ils (musician)
Them (2006 film) (French: Ils), a French horror film
Engineer's blue. Engineer's blue (also known as scraping blue, Prussian blue, or simply bluing) is a highly pigmented paste used to assist in the mating of two or more components.

History
Joseph Whitworth popularized the first practical method of making accurate flat surfaces, during the 1830s, by using engineer's blue and scraping techniques on three trial surfaces. Prior to his scraping technique, the same three plate method was employed using polishing techniques, giving less accurate results. This improvement led to an explosion of development of precision instruments using these flat surface generation techniques as a basis for further construction of precise shapes.

Preparation
Engineer's blue is prepared by mixing Prussian blue with a non-drying oily material (for example, grease). The coloured oil is rubbed onto a reference surface, and the workpiece is then rubbed against the coloured reference; the transfer (by contact) of the pigment indicates the position of high spots on the workpiece or conversely highlight low points. This method has been used to test the flatness of surfaces and the trueness of a bearing assembly.

The fitter may be told to "blue it up" when using this piece of equipment.

Use in toolmaking
Prussian blue is widely used by tool makers when the core and cavity of a mould is matched during final assembly. It is also used in other tooling applications, especially during assembly, such as stamping tools and pressure die casting tools. A thin coating of Prussian blue is applied (usually with a paint brush) on the "insert", regardless of the shape or contour of the mould or tool before the matching is done with the mating part. If the Prussian blue (generally called just "blue") appears evenly on the mating area, it is considered, by the tool makers, as "good matching", indicating a good final product from the tool. Usually no tool would be transferred to testing or production without "blue matching", (a term generally used by tool makers in Asia). Prussian blue is considered as an integral part of precision tool making.

References

Inorganic pigments
Metalworking measuring instruments
3DMark. 3DMark is a computer benchmarking tool created and developed by UL (formerly Futuremark), to determine the  performance of a computer's 3D graphic rendering and CPU workload processing capabilities. Running 3DMark produces a 3DMark score, with higher numbers indicating better performance. The 3DMark measurement unit is intended to give a normalized means for comparing different PC hardware configurations (mostly graphics processing units and central processing units), which proponents such as gamers and overclocking enthusiasts assert is indicative of end-user performance capabilities.

Many versions of 3DMark have been released since 1998. Scores cannot be compared across versions as each test is based on a specific version of the DirectX API. 3DMark 11 and earlier versions, being no longer suitable to test modern hardware, have been made available as freeware by providing keys to unlock the full version on the UL website.

Versions

See also 
 Benchmark (computing)
 PCMark
 Futuremark

References

External links
 3DMark website
 UL benchmarks 
 3D.Benchmark.OK Homepage - with 3D Mark Okay

1998 software
Benchmarks (computing)
Software developed in Finland
Model A. Model A may refer to:

 Ford Model A (1927–31), a model of car built by the Ford Motor Company
 Ford Model A (1903–04), a model of car built by the Ford Motor Company
 One of the letter-series models of Farmall tractors
 John Deere Model A, a model of John Deere tractor build by Deere & Company
 A structural model of personality in Socionics
 A character mode in the video game Mega Man ZX Advent
 Chu Hummingbird Model A, an experimental co-axial helicopter
 Ritz Model A, ultralight aircraft
 Wright Model A, an early aircraft

See also
 Class A (disambiguation)
 Type A (disambiguation)
Design choice. A design choice describes the planned way to satisfy an engineering development requirement in a way that could be satisfied differently. Often, there are multiple ways to satisfy a requirement, which necessitates making choices to select from possible design options. Selection is often based on financial considerations, often resulting in the least expensive option.

In civil engineering, design choices typically derive from basic principles of materials science and structural design. A suspension bridge, for example, uses the fact that steel is extremely efficient in tension, while a prestressed concrete bridge takes advantage of concrete's relatively low cost by weight and its ability to sustain high compressive loading (see compression).

References

Engineering concepts
Design
Polyphase quadrature filter. A polyphase quadrature filter, or PQF, is a filter bank which splits an input signal into a given number N (mostly a power of 2) of equidistant sub-bands. A factor of N subsamples these sub-bands, so they are critically sampled.
An important application of the polyphase filters (of FIR type) concerns the filtering and decimation of large band (and so high sample rate) input signals, e.g. coming from a high rate ADC, which can not be directly processed by an FPGA or in some case by an ASIC either. Suppose the ADC plus FPGA/ASIC interface implements a demultiplexer of the ADC samples in N internal FPGA/ASIC registers. In that case, the polyphase filter transforms the decimator FIR filter canonic structure in N parallel branches clocked at 1/N of the ADC clock, allowing digital processing when N=Clock(ADC)/Clock(FPGA).

This critical sampling introduces aliasing. Similar to the MDCT time domain alias cancellation the aliasing of polyphase quadrature filters is canceled by neighbouring sub-bands, i.e. signals are typically stored in two sub-bands.

Note that signal in odd subbands is stored frequency inverted.

PQF filters are used in MPEG-1 Audio Layer I and II, Musepack (which was based on MPEG-1 layer II), in MPEG-1 Layer III with an additional MDCT, in MPEG-4 AAC-SSR for the 4 band PQF bank, in MPEG-4 V3 SBR
for the analysis of the upper spectral replicated band, and in DTS.

PQF has an advantage over the very similar stacked quadrature mirror filter (QMF). Delay and computational effort are much lower.

A PQF filter bank is constructed using a base filter, which is a low-pass at fs/4N. This lowpass is modulated by N cosine functions and converted to N band-passes with a bandwidth of fs/2N.

The base lowpass is typically a FIR filter with a length of 10*N ... 24*N taps. Note that it is also possible to build PQF filters using recursive IIR filters.

Computation

There are different formulas possible. Most of them are based on the MDCT but are slightly modified.

References

Digital signal processing
Linear filters
MIS. MIS or mis may refer to:

Science and technology

 Mammography information system, a type of software that manages clinical data related to breast imaging
 Management information system
 Marine isotope stage, stages of the Earth's climate
 Maximal independent set, in graph theory
 Metal-insulator-semiconductor, e.g., in MIS capacitor
 Minimally invasive surgery, surgical techniques with limited incision sizes
 Müllerian inhibiting substance or Anti-Müllerian hormone, a developmental glycoprotein
 Multi Interface Shoe, a Sony camera hotshoe
 Multisystem inflammatory syndrome, a class of medical conditions

Organizations
 Maritime Internet Services Inc.
 Military Intelligence Service (United States), WWII Japanese translation unit
 Movement for the Independence of Sicily

Schools
 The Mother's International School, New Delhi, India
 Manado Independent School, Indonesia
 Melaka International School, Malaysia
 Myanmar International School, Myanmar
 Munich International School, Germany

Racetracks
 Madison International Speedway, Wisconsin, US
 Michigan International Speedway, Michigan, US

Other uses
 Master of International Studies
 Teddy Bear (1980 film), a 1980 Polish film directed by Stanisław Bareja, Polish title Miś
 mis, ISO 639-2 and ISO 639-3 three-letter language code for uncoded languages
 Mexican Institute of Sound, a musical group in Mexico City
 Misima Island Airport (IATA code)
Ron Dittemore. Ron D. Dittemore (born April 13, 1952 Cooperstown, New York) is a former Space Shuttle program manager for NASA. He was the shuttle program manager during the timeframe of the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. He later served as President of ATK Launch Systems Group. He is currently retired.

Education 
Ron Dittemore graduated from Medical Lake High School in Medical Lake, Washington in 1970. He received a bachelor's degree in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from the University of Washington in 1974, and a master's degree in the same subjects one year later.

Career 
Before joining NASA at Johnson Space Center (JSC) in 1977, Dittemore worked as a turboprop/turbofan engine development engineer in Arizona. While at JSC, Dittemore held several positions, including flight director on 11 Space Shuttle missions, deputy assistant director of the Space Station Program, and manager of Space Shuttle Program Integration. He assumed the position of manager of the Space Shuttle Program in 1999.

Dittemore was the Shuttle Program Manager for NASA at the time of the disastrous loss of Space Shuttle Columbia in February 2003. On February 5, 2003, Dittemore incorrectly asserted that foam debris from the shuttle's external tank that struck the left wing during the launch could not have caused the reentry disintegration of the shuttle. Dittemore announced his resignation from NASA in April 2003.

After leaving NASA, Dittemore became president of ATK Thiokol Propulsion, renamed ATK Launch Systems Group in May 2006, a division of Alliant Techsystems (ATK); Thiokol and NASA had been found responsible, in the 1986 report of the Rogers Commission Report, for that year's Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, which also resulted in the death of seven astronauts. , the then 72-year-old Dittemore is retired.

Personal 
Ron Dittemore is married to Shirley Ann Seibolts. They have two children. Dittemore is a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.

References

1952 births
Living people
Latter Day Saints from New York (state)
Dittemore, Ron
University of Washington College of Engineering alumni
People from Cooperstown, New York
People from Medical Lake, Washington
Latter Day Saints from Washington (state)
Potassium bicarbonate. Potassium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: potassium hydrogencarbonate, also known as potassium acid carbonate) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula KHCO3. It is a white solid.

Production and reactivity
It is manufactured by treating an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide with carbon dioxide:
K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O → 2 KHCO3
Decomposition of the bicarbonate occurs between :
2 KHCO3 → K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O
This reaction is employed to prepare high purity potassium carbonate.

Uses

Food and drink
This compound is a source of carbon dioxide for leavening in baking. It can substitute for baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) for those with a low-sodium diet, and it is an ingredient in low-sodium baking powders.

As an inexpensive, nontoxic base, it is widely used in diverse application to regulate pH or as a reagent. Examples include as buffering agent in medications, an additive in winemaking.

Potassium bicarbonate is often added to bottled water to improve taste, and is also used in club soda.

Medical uses and health
Higher potassium intake may prevent development of kidney stone disease. Higher potassium intake is associated with a reduced risk of stroke.

Fire extinguishers
Potassium bicarbonate is used as a fire suppression agent ("BC dry chemical") in some dry chemical fire extinguishers, as the principal component of the Purple-K dry chemical, and in some applications of condensed aerosol fire suppression. It is the only dry chemical fire suppression agent recognized by the U.S. National Fire Protection Association for firefighting at airport crash rescue sites. It is about twice as effective in fire suppression as sodium bicarbonate.

Agriculture
Potassium bicarbonate has widespread use in crops, especially for neutralizing acidic soil.

Potassium bicarbonate is an effective fungicide against powdery mildew and apple scab, allowed for use in organic farming.

Potassium bicarbonate is a contact killer for Spanish moss when mixed  cup per gallon.

History
The word saleratus, from Latin sal æratus meaning "aerated salt", first used in the nineteenth century, refers to both potassium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate.

References

External links
 Potassium Bicarbonate Handbook 
 OMRI Potassium Bicarbonate
 Safety Data sheet - potassium bicarbonate
 

Potassium compounds
Acid salts
Fire suppression agents
Programming Research Group. The Programming Research Group (PRG) was part of the Oxford University Computing Laboratory (OUCL) in Oxford, England, along with the Numerical Analysis Group, until OUCL became the Department of Computer Science in 2011.

The PRG was founded by Christopher Strachey (1916–1975)  in 1965. It was originally located at 45 Banbury Road.

After Strachey's untimely death, C.A.R. Hoare, FRS took over the leadership in 1977. The PRG ethos is summed up by the following quotation from Strachey, found and promulgated by Tony Hoare after he arrived at the PRG:

The PRG moved to 8–11 Keble Road in 1984. During the later 1980s and early 1990s, some members of the PRG were housed at 2 South Parks Road, including Joseph Goguen (who was at the PRG during 1988–1996). Tony Hoare retired in 1999 and the PRG was led by Samson Abramsky from 2000. The PRG continued until the renaming of the Oxford University Computing Laboratory to the Department of Computer Science on 1 June 2011, under the leadership of Bill Roscoe, a former member of the PRG.

The PRG was a centre of excellence in the field of formal methods, playing a leading role in the development of the Z notation (initiated by a visit of Jean-Raymond Abrial) and CSP (together with the associated Occam programming language). It won Queen's Awards with IBM and Inmos for work in this area.

References

External links
 PRG website (Archive.org, 2010)

Educational institutions established in 1965
1965 establishments in England
2011 disestablishments in England
Educational institutions disestablished in 2011
Departments of the University of Oxford
Formal methods organizations
Computer science institutes in the United Kingdom
Oxford University Computing Laboratory
Research groups
Karl Ritter von Ghega. Karl Ritter von Ghega or Karl von Ghega (10 January 1802 – 14 March 1860) was an Austrian nobleman and the designer of the Semmering Railway from Gloggnitz to Mürzzuschlag. During his time, he was the most prominent of Austrian railway engineers and architects.

Biography
Born in Venice as Carlo Ghega to an ethnic Albanian family. His father, Anton Ghega, was an officer in the Austrian navy in the government service.  He studied in Padua, where he took the examination for doctor of mathematics at the age of 18. He was attached to the Imperial board of Public Buildings when the railway movement commencing throughout Europe attracted his attention. He began his engineering career with road and hydraulic engineering in Venice. Among other things he contributed to the building of the road over Cortina d'Ampezzo to Toblach. From 1836 to 1840 he was a construction supervisor for the railway track from Brno to Břeclav, the so-called Emperor Ferdinand North Railway. During this time, in 1836 and 37 he studied also the railways in England and other European countries. In 1842, entrusted with the entire planning of the future state railway, he made a study trip to North America.

After his return to the state railway he began with the planning of the railway line to the south, from Mürzzuschlag to Graz and Trieste. The crossing of the Semmering was not believed possible, but as early as 1844 he submitted a plan for the crossing of the Semmering, with locomotives without an extra rail for gear wheels. Before the building was fully decided, he began to enforce the construction of locomotives which could overcome such upward gradients. Construction of the Semmeringbahn was begun in 1848 and completed in 1854. In 1856, the Borovnica viaduct, one of the most imposing railroad bridges of the era, was built upon the plans by von Ghega as part of the Austrian Southern Railway from Vienna to Trieste.

Carl von Ghega was next assigned to the building of a railway in Transylvania, but he could not see this project to its end because of his death in Vienna from tuberculosis.

Other sources about origin
According to the authors of Encyclopedia of North American Railroads – page 493, Carl Ritter von Ghega was "An ethnic Italian". According to the source Dictionary of American Family Names - page 31, Ghegan is an Italian surname. According to the source Export: Austrian Architecture in Europe - page 14, ”Despite his family's Italian descent he was raised as an Austrian and grew up speaking three languages (German, Italian, Slovenian)”.

References

Further reading

1802 births
1860 deaths

Engineers from the Austrian Empire
Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
Tuberculosis deaths in the Austrian Empire
Mechanical engineers
Railway entrepreneurs
Albanian inventors