omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Tower en route control. In United States aviation, tower en route control (TEC) is a collection of published low-altitude, short-distance IFR routes through large metropolitan areas that require  no level of air traffic control higher than approach-control facilities.

Overview

TEC routing is intended to better distribute the load of traffic coordination over different ATC facilities and levels by allowing low-altitude IFR traffic engaged in short flights within congested areas to conduct the entire flight under the control of approach-control or lower levels of ATC.  Aircraft flying TEC routes can complete an entire flight without the need to contact major air traffic control centers.  Prepared TEC routes have been published for turbojet and lighter aircraft between major airports within large and congested airspaces.

See also

Air Traffic Control
Instrument Flight Rules

External links 
NFDC Preferred Routes Database - database of TEC routes and other routes (U.S.)

Air traffic control
Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech. Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (GxABT), located in Gembloux, Belgium, is one of the eleven faculties of the University of Liège. Founded in 1860 and previously known as the Faculté universitaire des sciences agronomiques de Gembloux (FUSAGx, French for: Gembloux Agronomical University), it is Belgium's oldest educational and research institution dedicated to agronomic sciences and biological engineering. It is the only school in Belgium to be accredited by the French Commission des Titres d'Ingénieur allowing the university to deliver the Diplôme d'Ingénieur engineering degree. The school is also accredited by the EUR-ACE label, the highest European quality label for engineering degree programmes at Bachelor and Master level.

Prior to 2009, it was an independent public university of the French Community of Belgium.

History
The university is housed in the historical Abbey of Gembloux, which was founded around 940. After the French Revolution, monks were expelled, and the abbey was sold. In July 1860, the agronomic school of Thourout is transferred in Gembloux, founding the Gembloux Agricultural Institute. The Belgian State definitely buys the abbey in 1881 and in 1920, the school is renamed into the State Agricultural Institute (Institut agronomique de l'État). The name is changed again in 1965 into the State University of Agricultural Sciences (Faculté universitaire des sciences agronomiques de l’État) and again in 1994 into the Gembloux University of Agricultural Sciences (Faculté universitaire des sciences agronomiques de Gembloux) after its administration was transferred from the Federal State to the French Community of Belgium.

In 2009, it was merged with the University of Liège and renamed to Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech (GxABT). Its official language has always been French.

Studies
The Faculty of Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech is dedicated exclusively to agronomic sciences and biological engineering. The five-year program on offer at the Faculty trains bioengineers in the making.  Students can choose a specialization from among four different courses of study in the field of life sciences: 
Environmental science and technology
Forest and natural space management 
Agronomic science
Chemistry and bioindustries

Gembloux Agro Bio Tech also organizes the first year of the bachelor's program in Landscape architecture, in partnership with the Haute École Charlemagne and the Institute of Architecture of La Cambre.

See also
 Crealys Science Park
 Science and technology in Wallonia
 Science Parks of Wallonia

References

Sources

 Gembloux Agricultural University 

Universities in Belgium
Forestry education
Forestry in Belgium
Gembloux
Halberstadt C.V. The Halberstadt C.V was a German single-engined reconnaissance biplane of World War I, built by Halberstädter Flugzeugwerke. Derived from the Halberstadt C.III, with a more powerful supercharged 160 kW (220 hp) Benz Bz.IVü engine, it saw service only in the final months of the war. Cameras were mounted in the observer's cockpit floor.

The aircraft had very good flight characteristics, especially maneuverability and rate of climb, and was among best German World War I aircraft in its class. First aircraft appeared in front in late June 1918.

Operators

 Estonian Air Force - Postwar.

 Luftstreitkrafte

 Latvian Air Force - Postwar.

 Lithuanian Air Force - Postwar, 10 aircraft and 6 unlicensed copies, used from 1919 to late 1920s

 Polish Air Force - 11 aircraft, used during Polish-Soviet War in 1919-1920

 Soviet Air Force - 18 units acquired in 1922.

 Swiss Air Force

  West Ukrainian People's Republic Army

Survivors

A single C.V (S/No. 3471/18) survives at the Musée Royal de l'Armée et d'Histoire Militaire in Brussels, Belgium.

Specifications (C.V)

See also

References

Bibliography
 Gerdessen, Frederik. "Estonian Air Power 1918 – 1945". Air Enthusiast, No. 18, April – July 1982. pp. 61–76. .

External links

 Photos by Knut Erik Hagen (Feb 2003)

1910s German military reconnaissance aircraft
C.V
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1918
Flame programmer. A flame programmer is an electrical, electro-mechanical, or electronic device used to program the safe lighting of fuel burning equipment, as well as the safe shut-down of the flame when it is not needed.

These programmers are made with different time sequences to accommodate very small household furnaces to mammoth industrial steam boilers and many other fuel burning processes in industry.

A typical cycle

Pre-purge

During pre-purge, the combustion air fan is started and the dampers are opened to allow fresh air into the combustion chamber and exhaust any other gases or residual air-fuel mixtures.

Pilot trial

In the pilot trial, the pilot solenoid is opened and the ignition transformer is turned on. The fuel is lit to make sure the pilot flame  stays lit. There is a flame detection device that will shut down the fuel valve if the flame fails or goes out

Main-flame trial

With the pilot still burning, the main burner valves are opened and the main flame is lit. The flame detection device here will also shut-down or close all the fuel valves if the flame is extinguished.

Run

The pilot valve is shut and the main burner is left on and burning. The flame detector remains operational to kill the fuel valves if the flame should fail.

Post-purge

When the flame is no longer needed, the fuel valves are shut and the combustion air fan is left running to clear the combustion chamber of all unburnt fuel and products of combustion. The combustion air fan is shut down after a period of time.

Industrial equipment
Smart card application protocol data unit. In the context of smart cards, an application protocol data unit (APDU) is the communication unit between a smart card reader and a smart card. The structure of the APDU is defined by ISO/IEC 7816-4 Organization, security and commands for interchange.

APDU message command-response pair

There are two categories of APDUs: command APDUs and response APDUs. A command APDU is sent by the reader to the card – it contains a mandatory 4-byte header (CLA, INS, P1, P2) and from 0 to 65 535 bytes of data. A response APDU is sent by the card to the reader – it contains from 0 to 65 536 bytes of data, and 2 mandatory status bytes (SW1, SW2).

References

See also
 Protocol data unit

External links
 Smartcard ISOs, contents 
 Selected list of smartcard APDU commands
 Selected list of SW1 SW2 Status bytes
 More information about APDU commands and APDU responses

Smart cards
ISO standards
IEC standards
List of fireless steam locomotives preserved in Britain. A list of fireless steam locomotives preserved in Britain.

Barclay locomotives

Locomotives built by Andrew Barclay:

Works number/build date, site of preservation

 1472/1916, Bressingham Steam Museum
 1473/1916, Swansea Industrial and Maritime Museum
 1477/1916, Buckinghamshire Railway Centre
 1550/1917, On static display at HM Factory, Gretna
 1571/1917, Glasgow Museum of Transport
 1572/1917, Carnforth, Lancashire
 1815/1924, Snibston Discovery Park, Coalville, Leicestershire
 1876/1925, Sittingbourne and Kemsley Light Railway
 1944/1927, Telford Steam Railway, Shropshire
 1950/1928, Ribble Steam Railway, Preston, Lancashire
 1952/1928, Scottish Industrial Railway Centre
 1966/1929, National Museum of Wales, Nantgarw
 1984/1930, West Somerset Restoration, Williton 
 1989/1930, Bo'ness and Kinneil Railway
 2008/1935, Midland Railway - Butterley, Derbyshire
 2126/1942, National Waterways Museum, Gloucestershire
 2238/1948, National Museum of Wales, Nantgarw
 2243/1948, Buckinghamshire Railway Centre
 2268/1949, Carnforth, Lancashire
 2373/1956, National Railway Museum, York

Bagnall locomotives

Locomotives built by W.G. Bagnall:

Works number/build date, site of preservation

 2216/1923, Sittingbourne and Kemsley Light Railway (2 ft 6in gauge)
 2370/1929, Blaby "Wakes" Showground, Blaby, Leicestershire - visible from the Leicester to Nuneaton railway line 
 2473/1932, Privately preserved in West Yorkshire 
 2898/1948, Darlington Railway Preservation Society
 3019/1952, K J Bownes & Sons Depot, Worksop, Nottinghamshire
 3121/1957, Bodmin and Wenford Railway

Other locomotives
Locomotives built by other manufacturers:

Builder, works number/build date, site of preservation

 Hawthorn Leslie, 3746/1929, Tanfield Railway
 Robert Stephenson and Hawthorns, 7803/1954, Stonham Barns Leisure & Retail Village, Suffolk 
 Peckett and Sons, 2155/1955, Irlam, Salford, Manchester

See also
 List of preserved British industrial steam locomotives

Sources

References

F
F
Fireless steam locomotives
Tom (programming language). Tom is a programming language particularly well-suited for programming various transformations on tree structures and XML-based documents. Tom is a language extension which adds new matching primitives to C and Java as well as support for rewrite rules systems. The rules can be controlled using a strategy language.

Tom is good for:
 programming by pattern matching
 developing compilers and domain-specific languages (DSL)
 transforming XML documents
 implementing rule-based systems
 describing algebraic transformations

References

External links
 Tom language website
 Tom gforge website
 Tutorial and Reference Manual

Programming language implementation
Pattern matching
Pattern matching programming languages
Term-rewriting programming languages
Graph rewriting
Robert R. Spitzer. Robert R. Spitzer (4 May 1922 – 30 April 2019) was an American agricultural researcher who worked with Murphy Products Co. for 28 years and was the third president of Milwaukee School of Engineering.

Spitzer was born on 4 May 1922 in Waukesha, Wisconsin. He died on 30 April 2019 in Burlington, Wisconsin.

References

 

People from Waukesha, Wisconsin
2019 deaths
1922 births
Milwaukee School of Engineering people
American agronomists
Scientists from Wisconsin
Academics from Wisconsin
University of Wisconsin–Madison alumni
Chlorotrifluoroethylene. Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) is a chlorofluorocarbon with chemical formula CFCl=CF2. It is commonly used as a refrigerant in cryogenic applications. CTFE has a carbon-carbon double bond and so can be polymerized to form polychlorotrifluoroethylene or copolymerized to produce the plastic ECTFE.  PCTFE has the trade name Neoflon PCTFE from Daikin Industries in Japan, and it used to be produced under the trade name Kel-F from 3M Corporation in Minnesota.

Production and reactions
Chlorotrifluoroethylene is produced commercially by the dechlorination of 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane with zinc:
CFCl2-CF2Cl  +  Zn  →  CClF=CF2  +  ZnCl2
In 2012, an estimated 1–10 million pounds were produced commercially in the United States.

The thermal dimerization of chlorotrifluoroethylene gives 1,2-dichloro-1,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluorocyclobutane. Dechlorination of the latter gives hexafluorocyclobutene.  It undergoes [2+2] cycloaddition to vinyl acetate.

References

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Organofluorides
Refrigerants
Haloalkenes
Organochlorides
Alexander Y Type. The Alexander Y Type was a long-running design of single-decker bus and single-decker intercity bus bodywork built by Walter Alexander Coachbuilders in Falkirk, Scotland. It was built on a wide range of chassis between 1962 and 1983. A small number were built at Alexander's Belfast subsidiary.

From 1971 it became the AY Type (with the A signifying alloy construction) or AYS Type (with the S signifying service bus specification), although in common usage all are referred to simply as Y Type.

Chassis
The majority of Y Type bodies were fitted to Leyland Leopard chassis, and most were built for the Scottish Bus Group and its predecessors.

Other customers
As can be seen from the table above, SBG was by far the biggest customer, buying over 86% of the total output of Y Types. However other customers also existed, amongst these being the North Western Road Car Company with 75 Leopards and 30 Bristol REs, Venture of Consett with 32 Leopards and 12 Reliances, Lancaster City Council with 26 Leopards, and Potteries Motor Traction with 25 Reliances.

External links
Preserved Ex Clydeside Scottish Leyland Leopard Bus Website

Y
Buses of the United Kingdom
Intercity buses
Single-deck buses
Step-entrance buses
Vehicles introduced in 1962
Cubic FasTIS. Cubic FasTIS ("Flexible and Secure Ticket Issuing System") is the latest TIS introduced to the UK National Rail Retailers.  The prototype was piloted at Chiltern Railways High Wycombe station from April 2005, the second pilot machine was deployed at Banbury station.  Following successful piloting, both Northern Rail and Chiltern Railways selected FasTIS to replace their APTIS fleet.

Notably, the prototype at High Wycombe was destroyed when the station burnt down on Sunday 27 November 2005.

FasTIS was rolled out across all Northern locations from around December 2005; Chiltern rolled out across their stations around mid-2006.

Developed by Cubic Transportation Systems, FasTIS is unique in embedding a journey planner. FasTIS was derived from the LUL Ticket Office Machine developed for the TfL Prestige Project.

CTSL was also the maintainer of heritage TISs – APTIS and SPORTIS – after taking over Thorn Transit Systems in April 1997.

A derivation of FasTIS called FasTIS+ was commissioned by RSP in late 2006 to replace the APTIS-ANT combination in London, used to retail TfL Oyster card products.  FasTIS+ fully integrates the TfL Oyster and National Rail sales, and 99 machines are currently deployed across in-zone London rail stations.

Cubic FasTIS is now being replaced by Cubic FTO machine - 64bit and PCI-DSS secure.

References

Fare collection systems in the United Kingdom
Travel technology
Isopropyl alcohol (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on isopropanol.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as eChemPortal, and follow its directions.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of Iso-propyl Alcohol

Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed.

Distillation data

See also
 Tetrachloroethylene (data page)

Spectral data

References

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
Aeros (disambiguation). Aeros has multiple uses:

 Houston Aeros (WHA), a World Hockey Association team that played between 1972 and 1978
 Houston Aeros (1994–2013), a team that played first in the International Hockey League and then the American Hockey League between 1994 and 2013
 Akron Aeros, Minor League Baseball team
 Aeros, Ukrainian aircraft manufacturer building hang gliders
 Aeros (motorcycle), 1920's Czechoslovakian motorcycle
 AEROS (satellite), US satellite for atmospheric research
 Worldwide Aeros Corporation, US projector of the Aeroscraft ML 866, hybrid airship
 Aeros (Flight training school), flying training school based at Coventry Airport
 AEROS (operating system), a hybrid distribution of AROS and Linux computer operating systems
Routing Assets Database. The Routing Assets Database (RADb), formerly known as the Routing Arbiter Database is a public database in which the operators of Internet networks publish authoritative declarations of routing policy for their Autonomous System (AS) which are, in turn, used by the operators of other Internet networks to configure their inbound routing policy filters.  The RADb, operated by the University of Michigan's Merit Network, was the first such database, but others followed in its wake, forming a loose confederation of Internet routing registries, containing sometimes-overlapping, and sometimes-conflicting, routing policy data, expressed in Routing Policy Specification Language (RPSL) syntax.

History 
The RADb was developed in the early 1990s as part of the National Science Foundation (NSF)-funded Routing Arbiter Project. The Routing Policy Specification Language was subsequently retroactively formalized in RFC 2280, in January, 1998.

Usage 
Historically, most larger Internet service providers, and all within the European RIPE NCC region require customers to be registered in an Internet Routing Registry prior to propagating BGP announcements of their routes. This has not been a rigorously-enforced operational standard, however, and has declined since a peak in the early 2000s.

Security 
The Internet Routing Registry system is an artifact of the 1990s era of the Internet, as the Internet's economy and governance were in transition from an academic mode to a commercial mode, and predate the era of ubiquitous cryptography. The RADb initially relied upon a trust model, in which write access to the database was not strictly controlled. A write-permissions access model was subsequently added, in which individuals or roles representing each Autonomous System had authority to write records related to that AS, including which IP address blocks it would originate routing advertisements for, and which other Autonomous Systems were allowed to advertise transit routing paths to it. The first generation of security allowed network operators to specify a MAIL-FROM attribute, requiring that updates be sent from a specific email address. Next, (B)CRYPT-PW / MD5-PW password hash authentication was added, and finally a PGP-KEY attribute was added, allowing users to cryptographically sign submitted edits. Subsequent work by the  Regional Internet Registries created additional IRRs which strictly tied permission to advertise IP blocks to RIR allocation data. But since DNSSEC already existed and had been applied to the in-addr zone, no end-to-end cryptographic integrity mechanism was ever added to RPSL.

See also
 Autonomous system (Internet)
 Border Gateway Protocol
 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
 Regional Internet registry
 Routing

References

 Internet Routing Registry (IRR) homepage
 IRR FAQs
 Routing Registry template
 http://www.irrd.net/
 IRR Toolset

External links
 

Internet architecture
Internet governance
Internet Standards
Internet databases
AEROS (satellite). AEROS satellites were to study the aeronomy i. e. the science of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere, in particular the F region under the strong influence of  solar extreme ultraviolet radiation. To this end the spectrum of this radiation was recorded aboard by one instrument (of type Hinteregger) on the one hand and a set of 4 other instruments measuring the most important neutral uand iononized parameters at the satellite's position on the other.

AEROS was built by Ball Aerospace for a co-operative project between NASA and the Bundesministerium für Foschung und Technologie (BMwF), Federal Republic of Germany.

Named for the Greek god of the air at the suggestion of the BMwF .

AEROS A  and B carried identical instrumentation only the instrument measuring short scale variations of the electron density didn't work on A. A third Aeros C was planned for Earth Resources studies in a 3-axis spin-stabilized configuration, to be launched by a Shuttle in 1986.(Needs research)

Specifications 
 Source: Yenne
Launch vehicles: Scout
Launch location: Western Space and Missile Center at Vandenberg AFB
Launch dates: 16 December 1972 (AEROS), 16 July 1974 (AEROS B)
Re-entry dates: 22 August 1973 (AEROS), 2 September 1975 (AEROS B)
Total weight: 280 pounds and 436 pounds for AEROS C
Diameter: 36 inches
Height: 28 inches
Shape: Cylindrical
Power: Solar cells/nickel-cadmium batteries
Power requirements: 4.7-34.3 watts

References

External links

 Goddard Space Flight Center
 AEROS B Satellite

Weather satellites of the United States
NASA satellites
Science and technology in West Germany
Satellites of Germany
Spacecraft launched in 1972
Spacecraft launched in 1974
Spacecraft which reentered in 1973
Spacecraft which reentered in 1975
Saturn V-3. The Saturn V-3, also known as the Saturn MLV 5-3, was a conceptual heavy-lift launch vehicle that would have utilized new engines and new stages that were never used on the original Saturn V. The Saturn V-3 was studied by the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in 1965.
 
The first stage, called MS-IC-1,  was to have used new F-1 engines designated F-1A which utilized a pump-fed design, an anticipated 20% additional thrust, and a six-second improvement in specific impulse on an F-1, with the first stage stretched 20 feet.

The second and third stages, MS-II-2 and MS-IVB-2, were proposed to use new HG-3 engines in place of the J-2 engines, but were never used, although the HG-3 led to the development of the Space Shuttle Main Engine.

The V-3 booster was one of six Saturn MLV designs that never flew, but if these vehicles had been manufactured, they could possibly have been used for the Apollo Applications Program, Manned Orbiting Research Laboratory, Mars fly-by and Mars landing missions in the 1970s and 1980s.

References

 Lowther, Scott, Saturn: Development, Details, Derivatives and Descendants
 Saturn V Improvement Study, Final report, NASA Contract NAS8-11359.

Saturn V