omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Poondi Kumaraswamy. Ponnambalam Kumaraswamy (often referred to as Poondi Kumaraswamy; October 4, 1930 – March 9, 1988)  
was an Indian hydrologist. He was elected a Fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1972 although his only formal education was a Civil Engineering Bachelor's degree from College of Engineering, Guindy, University of Madras. Before his death in 1988, at 57 years old, he was the only one to have received both the Homi Bhabha Fellowship 1967–1969  (he spent his time at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay, and at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts doing research in Groundwater modeling) and the Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship 1975–1977, two of the country's top research awards.

During the period of Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship he created the first comprehensive 20 volume hydrological atlas of Tamil Nadu State of India including mathematical models, details of hydraulic structures, among others. He developed also the double bounded probability density function (Kumaraswamy distribution), a probability density function suitable for physical variables that are usually bounded. This distribution  is in use in electrical, civil,  mechanical, and financial engineering applications. He gave the first practical hard rock well theory that won him the Gold Medal award from Indian Geohydrologists in 1974. He worked also as a design and construction  engineer of two major industrial works, namely, the Tiruchirappalli Boiler Plant, and the Tuticorin Harbour Project. In addition he was involved in the hydraulic design of numerous dams, canals, and other hydraulic structures throughout South India.
Kumaraswamy considered explaining the work of the Institute of Hydraulics and Hydrology (IHH), Poondi to engineers and non-engineers an important duty and often had great success with it.

References

1930 births
1988 deaths
20th-century Indian engineers
Tamil scientists
20th-century Indian mathematicians
Indian hydrologists
Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows
Indian Tamil people
Engineers from Tamil Nadu
Indian irrigation engineers
20th-century Indian earth scientists
Flow control structure. A flow control structure is a device that alters the flow of water in a stream, drainage channel or pipe.  As a group these are passive structures since they operate without intervention under different amounts of water flow and their impact changes based on the quantity of water available. This includes weirs, flow splitters and proprietary-design devices that are used for stormwater management and in combined sewers.

Flow-control structures are known to have existed for thousands of years.  Some built by the Chinese have been in continuous use for over 2,000 years.  The Chinese used these structures to divert water to irrigate fields and to actually deposit silt in specific areas so that the channels were not blocked by silt build-up.  Structures like this required yearly maintenance to remove the accumulated silt.

More modern structures add to these basic principles.  In Hawaii, there are numerous flow-control structures that have been built to irrigate the pineapple and sugar cane fields.  The purpose of these structures is to divert water into the various canals and to keep them full.  When over full, they dump excess water back into either streams or other canals.  Among the simplest is a low dam across a shallow stream, forcing all of the water to one side to allow it to be easily collected in a canal.  This can keep a canal full even with very low flows in a stream.

Another simple device is a series of concrete piers installed in a spillway to slow down the descending water so that it does not cause damage at the bottom of the spillway.

Applications
 Low-impact development
 Sustainable drainage system
 Water-sensitive urban design

See also
 Valve

References

Hydraulic engineering
Infrastructure
Stormwater management
Sikorsky H-60. The Sikorsky H-60 is a family of military helicopters built by Sikorsky Aircraft.

All models use a modified mission symbol in addition to the 'H' vehicle type designator under the 1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system (meaning, there is no aircraft named an "H-60" per se). The mission prefix (e.g. U, M, V) only has tangential meaning to the suffix series letter (A/B/C etc.), as most modified mission types encompass multiple series letters. Sikorsky also sells this helicopter as the S-70, but it was initially developed as the UH-60 to specific United States Army project requirements.

Variants include:

 Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk, a medium-lift utility helicopter introduced in 1979.
 Sikorsky SH-60 Seahawk, a multi-mission maritime helicopter used by the United States Navy.
 Sikorsky SH-60F Oceanhawk, a variant for antisubmarine warfare.
 Sikorsky MH-60S Knighthawk, a variant for troop transport and vertical replenishment, but can also perform search and rescue.
 Sikorsky HH-60G Pave Hawk, a United States Air Force variant for combat search and rescue.
 Sikorsky HH-60H Rescue Hawk, maritime special operations, search and rescue model for the U.S. Navy.
 Sikorsky MH-60T Jayhawk, a variant used by the United States Coast Guard for maritime patrol, interdiction, and search and rescue (upgraded from extant HH-60J Jayhawk aircraft beginning in 2007).
 Sikorsky VH-60N White Hawk, a variant used by the United States Marine Corps as presidential and VIP transport helicopter  including Marine One.
 Mitsubishi H-60, manufactured in Japan by Mitsubishi under license from Sikorsky

United States military helicopters
National University of Science and Technology MISiS. The National University of Science and Technology (MISiS) () is a public technological university in the field of steelmaking and metallurgy, based in Moscow, Russia. It was established in 1918 as a part of the Moscow Mining Academy. In 1930, it became independent. During Stalin's regime, the institute was renamed as Stalin Moscow Institute of Steel. It adopted the name Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys in 1962 after uniting with the Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Gold. The status of technological university was awarded in 1993 and the status of a National University in 2008, when the institution adopted its current name. It was ranked the # 1,017 university in the world in 2023.

MISIS is a member of the Higher Metallurgical Education Association, whose members include universities from Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. It had joint degree programmes with the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology in Freiberg, Germany, and the Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine in Nancy, France.

Institutes 
 Institute of Metallurgy, Ecology and Quality
 Institute of Physical Chemistry of Materials
 Institute of Materials Technology
 Institute of Mining
 Institute of Computer Science and Economics
 Institute of Humanities
 Institute of Information Business Systems
 Faculty of Part-Time Education
 Post Higher Education Centre
 Preparatory Faculty
 Mining

Notable alumni
Viktor Berkovsky, Soviet and Ukrainian bard
Mikhail Fridman, Ukrainian-born Russian–Israeli businessman, billionaire, and oligarch
German Khan, Ukrainian-Russian businessman, billionaire, and oligarch
Eduard Shifrin, Ukrainian entrepreneur and co-owner of the Midland Group 
Vladimir Solovyov, Russian TV presenter and propagandist

MISIS has about 16,500 undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral students, and a faculty of about 1200, including 326 professors and 350 associate professors.

References

External links 

 Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys (Russian / English)
 "Tsvetnye Metally" metallurgical journal, supported by Moscow Institute of Steel and Alloys

National University of Science and Technology MISiS
National research universities in Russia
Universities in Moscow
1918 establishments in Russia
Universities and colleges established in 1918
Universities and institutes established in the Soviet Union
Flemming Rasmussen. Flemming Rasmussen (born 1 January 1958) is a Danish sound engineer, record producer, and owner and founder of Sweet Silence Studios in Copenhagen. He is chief sound engineer at Sweet Silence Studios.

Biography
Throughout his career, Rasmussen has worked with many different music genres, but is best known for his work with heavy metal.

Rasmussen began his career as an assistant at the Rosenberg Studios facility run by producer/engineer Freddy Hansson. In 1976, Hansson founded the Sweet Silence Studios and brought Rasmussen with him. In 1980, Rasmussen became co-owner of the studio, and one year later became an engineer, recording the 1981 album Difficult to Cure by Rainbow. This subsequently attracted Metallica, who brought in Rasmussen to work on their album Ride the Lightning (1984). The partnership continued through to the proceeding two studio albums, Master of Puppets (1986) and ...And Justice for All (1988).

He also produced the Morbid Angel album Covenant, Blind Guardian's albums Imaginations from the Other Side, The Forgotten Tales and Nightfall in Middle-Earth, Artillery's By Inheritance and Ensiferum's Iron, amongst others. In 1999 he took over Sweet Silence, which was demolished in 2009 to make way for an apartment complex and a car park. Rasmussen then moved to Winding Road Studios in Copenhagen. He then left in January 2014 to reopen Sweet Silence in Helsingør north of Copenhagen, under the name of Sweet Silence North.

Rasmussen won a Grammy for producing Metallica's "One" in 1989. In 1994, the Danish Grammys recognized him as producer of the year for his work on Sort Sol's Glamourpuss. Flemming also worked with Evile on their debut Enter the Grave in 2007. and Monte Pittman  "The Power of Three" in 2014.

Discography

As producer
 Rainbow - Difficult to Cure (1981)
 Metallica - Ride the Lightning (1984)
 Metallica - Master of Puppets (1986)
 Metallica - ...And Justice for All (1988)
 Artillery - By Inheritance (1990)
 Pretty Maids - Sin-Decade (1992) (co-producer)
 Sort Sol - Glamourpuss (1993)
 Morbid Angel - Covenant (1993)
 Pretty Maids - Scream (1994) (co-producer)
 Blind Guardian - Imaginations From the Other Side (1995)
 Blind Guardian - The Forgotten Tales (1996)
 Blind Guardian - Nightfall In Middle-Earth (1998)
 Ensiferum - Iron (2004)
 Evile - Enter the Grave (2007)
 Monte Pittman - The Power of Three (2014)

As engineer
 Rainbow - Bent Out of Shape (1983)
 Mew - Half the World Is Watching Me (2000)

References

External links
Sweet Silence Studios
FWR Produktion - Sweet Silence Studios

1958 births
Danish record producers
Living people
Danish audio engineers
Generalized Newtonian fluid. A generalized Newtonian fluid is an idealized fluid for which the shear stress is a function of shear rate at the particular time, but not dependent upon the history of deformation. Although this type of fluid is non-Newtonian (i.e. non-linear) in nature, its constitutive equation is a generalised form of the Newtonian fluid. Generalised Newtonian fluids satisfy the following rheological equation:

where  is the shear stress, and  is the shear rate. The quantity  represents an apparent viscosity or effective viscosity as a function of the shear rate.

The most commonly used types of generalized Newtonian fluids are:
Power-law fluid
Cross fluid
Carreau fluid
Bingham fluid

It has been shown that lubrication theory may be applied to all generalized Newtonian fluids in both two and three dimensions.

See also
Navier–Stokes equations

References

Non-Newtonian fluids
Axle load. The axle load of a wheeled vehicle is the total weight bearing on the roadway for all wheels connected to a given axle. Axle load is an important design consideration in the engineering of roadways and railways, as both are designed to tolerate a maximum weight-per-axle (axle load); exceeding the maximum rated axle load will cause damage to the roadway or railway tracks.

Railway use
On railways, a given section of tracks is designed to support a maximum axle load.  The maximum axle load is determined by train speeds, weight of rails, density of sleepers and fixtures, amount and standard of ballast, and strength of bridges and earthworks.  Higher operating speeds can be achieved by reducing axle loads and increased load-carrying capacity. Operating above the specified load can cause catastrophic failure of track components. The diameter of the wheels also affects the maximum axle load of a Talgo RD wagon.

United Kingdom
The standard rail weight for British railways is now . Before the 1990s, most diesel locomotives were built to a maximum axle load of  so the maximum locomotive weight was  for a four-axle locomotive and  for a six-axle one. Higher axle loads are now permitted, e.g. the Class 67 locomotive is a four-axle machine weighing , giving  on each axle.

Australia
The Fortescue railway uses  rail on concrete sleepers and has a maximum axle load of , which  was the highest axle load of any railway in the world. In 2011, it was proposed to increase the axle load of the railway to .

Kenya 
In 2022, sixteen new metre-gauge locomotives were supplied by CRRC with axleloads of 12.5 tonnes, 14 tonnes, and 18 tonnes respectively.

Bridge loading 
Bridges may have to carry several locomotives or wagons at the same time. especially on longer spans; in that case they require separate calculation of maximum allowable axle load. A weak bridge may limit the axle load of the full line. Theodore Cooper developed the E10 loading system for calculating the strength of bridges.

Roadway use 

The term axle load is also applicable to trucks, and this context is made more complex by some trucks having more than two wheels per axle. The axle load remains the same, but the load borne by the individual wheels is reduced by having more contact area (more wheels, larger tires, lower tire pressure) to distribute the load.

See also 
 Federal Bridge Gross Weight Formula
 Gross axle weight rating
 Rail profile

References

External links 
 Managing rail degradation on the Malmbanan, Thomas Nordmark and Dr Per-Olof Larsson-Kraik, Railway Gazette International June 2007.

Rolling stock
Cross fluid. In fluid dynamics, a Cross fluid is a type of generalized Newtonian fluid whose viscosity depends upon shear rate according to the Cross Power Law equation:

where  is viscosity as a function of shear rate,  is the infinite-shear-rate viscosity,  is the zero-shear-rate viscosity,  is the time constant, and  is the shear-thinning index.

The zero-shear viscosity  is approached at very low shear rates, while the infinite shear viscosity  is approached at very high shear rates.

When  > , the fluid exhibits shear thinning (pseudoplastic) behavior where viscosity decreases with increasing shear rate; when  < , the fluid displays shear thickening (dilatant) behavior where viscosity increases with shear rate.

It is named after Malcolm M. Cross who proposed this model in 1965.

See also
Navier-Stokes equations
Fluid
Carreau fluid
Power-law fluid
Generalized Newtonian fluid

References

Kennedy, P. K., Flow Analysis of Injection Molds. New York. Hanser. 

Non-Newtonian fluids
Carreau fluid. In fluid dynamics, a Carreau fluid is a type of generalized Newtonian fluid (named after Pierre Carreau) where viscosity, , depends upon the shear rate, , by the following equation:

Where: , ,  and  are material coefficients:  is the viscosity at zero shear rate (Pa.s),  is the viscosity at infinite shear rate (Pa.s),  is the characteristic time (s) and  power index.

The dynamics of fluid motions is an important area of physics, with many important and commercially significant applications.

Computers are often used to calculate the motions of fluids, especially when the applications are of a safety critical nature.

Shear rates
 At low shear rate () a Carreau fluid behaves as a Newtonian fluid with viscosity .
 At intermediate shear rates (), a Carreau fluid behaves as a Power-law fluid.
 At high shear rate, which depends on the power index  and the infinite shear-rate viscosity , a Carreau fluid behaves as a Newtonian fluid again with viscosity .

See also
Navier-Stokes equations
Fluid
Cross fluid
Power-law fluid
Generalized Newtonian fluid

References

Kennedy, P. K., Flow Analysis of Injection Molds. New York. Hanser. 

Non-Newtonian fluids
Lazer's Interactive Symbolic Assembler. Lazer's Interactive Symbolic Assembler (Lisa) is an interactive 6502 assembler for Apple II computers written by Randall Hyde in the late 1970s.

The latest version of Lisa for 8-bit code is V3.2. Lisa includes an integrated editor with syntax checking. Lisa can assemble up to 30,000 lines of code in a minute on a 1 MHz computer, a speed achieved due to the editor's pre-parsing of source code into tokens. This process makes the source files smaller on disk and in memory in addition to making assembly faster.

Lisa, before v.3, was able to assemble SWEET16 codes, a virtual 16-bit processor implemented as part of the Integer BASIC. However, the Apple II's Integer BASIC ROMs were replaced by Applesoft BASIC ROMs since the Apple II+, and the latter didn't contain the SWEET16 interpreter code.

The assembler also features "Randy's Hi-res Routines", a set of 2D computer graphics commands. Apple II's hi-res display pages (Hi-Res 1: 280 × 160 and Hi-Res 2: 280 × 192) were implemented by Steve Wozniak using two TTL chips. Therefore, a software programmer has to deal with the discontinuous addressing of screen pixels (a full screen is split into three parts horizontally) and each pixel's coloring properties (each pixel uses 1-bit, its color is determined by its place in a byte and its neighboring pixel). These ready-made subroutines were created to help programmers.

Lisa has a built-in disassembler.

An enhanced version of Lisa, called Lisa 8/16, was developed for the Apple IIgs It has a mouse-based UI and support for the 65816 CPU.

References 
 Ward Douglas Maurer, APPLE assembly language with Lazerware software, Computer Science Press, 1984,

External links 
 Lisa history and PD download at Apple Oldies by Bill Buckels
 How to Program the Apple II Using 6502 Assembly Language, with an Introduction to Sweet-16, 2nd Printing, December 1982, by Randy Hyde

Assemblers
Apple II software
Pierre Carreau. Pierre J. Carreau is a rheologist, the author of the model of Carreau fluid. He is a professor emeritus at École Polytechnique in Montreal and the founding director of CREPEC (Center for Applied Research on Polymers and Composites presently named Center for Research on High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems).

Pierre Carreau is internationally known for his research work on the rheology of polymers, an area in which he co-authored two books and published more than 160 scientific articles, most in leading scientific journals. His best known works on rheological equations and conformation models for polymer systems are considered benchmarks in polymer engineering. The so-called Carreau Viscosity Model is now part of most software packages for the flow simulation of flow processing.

Carreau received his BASc and MASc degrees in chemical engineering from Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal and his PhD in chemical engineering from UW-Madison in 1968. Since then, he has been a professor of chemical engineering at Ecole Polytechnique. He was chairman of the department from 1973 to 1979 and later was founding director of the Applied Research Center on Polymers, CRASP, created in 1988. He has also been a member of the Administration Board of Ecole Polytechnique of Montreal since 1995.

One of Carreau's major goals has been to bridge the gap between theory and practice, translating complex molecular theories into usable results for industry. In many areas he has developed astute concepts and showed their interest for applications. In that respect, his work on mixing of polymers with helical ribbon agitators is highly recognized by the research community as well as by engineers involved in the design of polymerization reactors and other mixing systems. Carreau's ideas have been used to design large, high performance, economical industrial reactors in the U.S. and India. He has also shown interest in using larger blade helical impellers to mix difficult viscoelastic fluids and to reduce shear and prevent degradation of highly sensitive materials, such as biomaterials.

He is a Fellow of the Chemical Institute of Canada (1989), Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Engineering (2001), a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (2006) and a Fellow of the Society of Rheology.

References

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Polymer scientists and engineers
Rheologists
Canadian engineers
James Clayton (engineer). James Clayton MBE (17 November 1872 – 12 October 1946) was an English mechanical engineer who worked extensively on railway locomotives.

Clayton was born in Stockport, Cheshire and attended the Technical School in Manchester and thereafter served an apprenticeship at Beyer Peacock, becoming a draughtsman in their drawing office.  After six years in that post he took a position with the South Eastern and Chatham Railway (SECR).  In 1904, he left for a year's work with the Motor Manufacturing Company, an automobile manufacturer in Coventry, as their chief draughtsman and assistant works manager.

Following this, he was hired by Cecil Paget, Chief Superintendent of the Midland Railway, to work on his high pressure multi-cylinder locomotive.  During his time with the Midland, he spent two years in charge of the casualty and investigation section, and was appointed Assistant Chief Locomotive Draughtsman in 1907.

In 1914, he rejoined the SECR and was soon Chief Locomotive Draughtsman.  From 1919, he was Chief Mechanical Engineer Richard Maunsell's personal assistant, and later his deputy.  When Maunsell became the Southern Railway's CME in the 1923 Grouping, Clayton continued as his deputy.

He was also very active in the Institution of Locomotive Engineers, serving as a member of its Council and later a Vice President.

References

External links 
 James Clayton at steamindex.com

1872 births

1946 deaths
English engineers
English railway mechanical engineers
English mechanical engineers
Built-in test equipment. Built-in test equipment (BITE) for avionics primarily refers to passive fault management and diagnosis equipment built into airborne systems to support maintenance processes. Built-in test equipment includes multimeters, oscilloscopes, discharge probes, and frequency generators that are provided as part of the system to enable testing and perform diagnostics.

The acronym BIT is often used for this same function or, more specifically, in reference to the individual tests.

BIT often includes:
 The detection of the fault
 The accommodation of the fault (how the system actively responds to the fault)
 The annunciation or logging of the fault to warn of possible effects and/or aid in troubleshooting the faulty equipment.

Functionality
 Analysis of failure monitoring results
 Reporting and memorization of failures
 Management of tests
 Having the set adequate parameters for the different components

See also

Built-in self-test
Logic built-in self-test
Software fault tolerance

References

Test equipment
Avionics