omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Write barrier. In operating systems, write barrier is a mechanism for enforcing a particular ordering in a sequence of writes to a storage system in a computer system.  For example, a write barrier in a file system is a mechanism (program logic) that ensures that in-memory file system state is written out to persistent storage in the correct order.

In garbage collection 
A write barrier in a garbage collector is a fragment of code emitted by the compiler immediately before every store operation to ensure that (e.g.) generational invariants are maintained.

In computer storage 
A write barrier in a memory system, also known as a memory barrier, is a hardware-specific compiler intrinsic that ensures that all preceding memory operations "happen before" all subsequent ones.

See also 
 Native Command Queuing

References

External links 
 Barriers and journaling filesystems (LWN.net, May 21, 2008)

Compilers
Memory management
The Brindley. The Brindley is a theatre in the town of Runcorn, Cheshire, England. Located by the Bridgewater Canal, the centre is named after the canal's engineer, James Brindley. It opened in autumn 2004; the architects were John Miller and Partners. The building is owned and operated by Halton Borough Council.

Design and construction
Halton Borough Council were concerned about the building's impact on the environment and about its energy requirements. Therefore "low energy, high efficiency techniques" were used in its construction. These include a TermoDeck slab system, a storage technique for controlling the environment within large and medium-sized buildings using hollow cores within pre-cast concrete floor slabs as ventilation ducts.

Facilities
The venue consists of a 420-seat main auditorium playing host to touring productions, a professional pantomime each Christmas season, local amateur shows and in-house productions, a 108-seat studio which also serves as a single screen cinema, an exhibition and gallery space, an education room, a dark room, a digital imaging room, dressing rooms, a meeting room, a bar and a café overlooking the Bridgewater Canal.

Awards
The centre has won several awards for its architecture: The Centre Vision Award from The Civic Trust in 2005, the Excellence in Access award from the ADAPT Trust (Access for Disabled People to Arts Premises Today), and the Architectural Award from the Royal Institute of British Architects. RIBA praised the building for fitting into its context, using the canal-side location to give views, and making good use of its budget.  It also won the Open Award for Technical Excellence in Architectural Technology 2008.

For its community activities, The Brindley won the title Best Arts Project in the UK at The National Lottery Awards in 2007. In May 2008, the theatre won the Best Performance Venue Award at the Mersey Partnership Tourism Awards 2008.

References

External links

The Brindley Arts Centre (RIBA) (with photograph from the canal side)

Buildings and structures in Runcorn
Theatres in Cheshire
Arts centres in England
Tourist attractions in Cheshire
ATCO Electric Yukon. ATCO Electric Yukon, formerly Yukon Electrical Company Limited (YECL), is a private electrical utility based in Whitehorse, Yukon, serving most Yukon communities and Lower Post, British Columbia. The company, founded in 1901, is owned by ATCO of Alberta. Through mergers and acquisitions, Yukon Electrical extended to serve most communities in Yukon. 

Though it owns one hydro-electric and a number of diesel generating facilities of its own, it purchases most of its power wholesale from the Yukon Energy Corporation and distributes it to consumers. From 1987 to 1997, it operated the services of Yukon Energy under contract, but in 1997, the Yukon government chose not to renew the arrangement; Yukon Energy established its own offices for management and customer service, while YECL continued to operate its own facilities.

The activities of ATCO Electrical Yukon are as follows:

Distribution only
 Whitehorse (also has a small hydro-electric generating facility at Fish Lake)
 Marsh Lake, Yukon
 Tagish, Yukon
 Carcross, Yukon
 Keno City, Yukon

Distribution and back-up generation
 Teslin, Yukon
 Haines Junction, Yukon
 Carmacks, Yukon
 Ross River, Yukon

Diesel generation and distribution
 Old Crow, Yukon
 Pelly Crossing, Yukon
 Stewart Crossing, Yukon
 Beaver Creek, Yukon
 Destruction Bay, Yukon
 Upper Liard, Yukon
 Lower Post, British Columbia
 Burwash Landing, Yukon
 Watson Lake, Yukon
 Swift River, Yukon

The only Yukon communities not served by ATCO are Dawson City, Faro, Mayo and Champagne.

See also

List of Canadian electric utilities

External links

ATCO
Companies based in Whitehorse
Electric power companies of Canada
Canadian companies established in 1901
Energy in Yukon
Naphthalenesulfonate. Naphthalenesulfonates are derivatives of sulfonic acid which contain a naphthalene functional unit.  A related family of compounds are the aminonaphthalenesulfonic acids.  Of commercial importance are the alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, which are used as superplasticizers in concrete.  They are produced on a large scale by condensation of naphthalenesulfonate or alkylnaphthalenesulfonates with formaldehyde.

Examples include:
 amaranth dye
 amido black
 armstrong's acid
 congo red
 Evans blue
 suramin
 trypan blue

References

External links
 

Naphthalenesulfonates
GJG. The GJG was an American automobile manufactured from 1909 to 1914 by George John Grossman in White Plains, New York. It was assembled from imported components, which included a "Renault-type" 26 hp or 40 hp four-cylinder engine. The smaller-engined car was called the Junior, and the larger the Senior. The latter was available with either "Cruiser Torpedo", "Carryall" or "Pirate Runabout" bodywork.

Grossman closed the company in 1914 as he said it was no longer making money.

References
 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
White Plains, New York
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in New York (state)
Cars introduced in 1909
1914 disestablishments in New York (state)
Gilburt. The Gilburt was an English automobile manufactured from 1904 to 1905 in Kilburn, London.  It was a two or three seater light car with a 6 hp twin-cylinder engine from Fafnir and used a tubular chassis and chain drive.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References
David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in London
Action Fighter. is an overhead vehicular combat game released by Sega for arcades in 1986. It was ported to the Master System the same year, and then to the Amiga, Amstrad CPC, Atari ST, Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum and IBM PC compatible computers.

The player begins the game riding a superbike. In subsequent levels a sports car, a jet via added wings, jetski, helicopter and Formula One racing car can all be driven, as seen in the game's title screen. All of the vehicles are armed to deal with enemy vehicles and gun emplacements. The helicopter levels play as a vertically scrolling shooter.

Gameplay

Development

Release

In 2022, the original arcade version was included as part of the Sega Astro City Mini V, a vertically-oriented variant of the Sega Astro City mini console.

Reception

In Japan, Game Machine listed Action Fighter on their October 15, 1986 issue as being the twelfth most-successful table arcade unit of the month.

Computer and Video Games magazine reviewed the Sega Master System version in 1989, giving it an 89% score.

References

External links
 
 Action Fighter at Arcade history
 
 
 

1986 video games
Amiga games
Amstrad CPC games
Atari ST games
Commodore 64 games
DOS games
Master System games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Sega arcade games
Sega video games
Vehicular combat games
Video games developed in Japan
ZX Spectrum games
Coats Steam Car. The Coats Steam Car Company was an American steam automobile manufacturer based in Bowling Green, Ohio, United States. It was founded by George A. Coats. The company operated from 1921 to 1923.

Models

A corporation was formed and perhaps two prototypes were assembled. Five incrementally different designs were described.

The first was by a "Norwegian engineer" and used two three-cylinder radial engines on the rear axle, one powering each wheel. The second was by James Yeikichi Sakuyama, for years an engine designer at Indianapolis, with a V-3 engine, gearbox and cast grid steam generator. It was quickly changed to a fire tube steam generator and inline-3 cylinder engine flat in the chassis. The fourth design took that Sakuyama chassis and engine and replaced the steam system in late 1923 with Charles A. French's patent design. The French-Coats was technically the most superior, probably the most likely to have been functional, and the car used in photographs. The fifth design was simply the chassis of Purdue professor Allen C. Staley, shown as a high grade Coats steam car at three shows.

Business Plan
The car price remained the same at $1085 throughout the promotion, and dealerships and distributorships were sold to finance the development and sales effort. Eventually Coats obtained the confidence of Y. F. Stewart who had manufacturing facilities. A pickle factory in Bowling Green, Ohio was obtained and a defunct coachbuilder's factory in Columbus, Ohio was purchased. The Cumberland tire company was shown in advertisements as a third factory, as they were to be the tire supplier.

Outcomes
All was gone by mid 1924 when the Columbus plant was sold. Coats went on to many enthusiastic promotions including road building equipment in 1924 in New Jersey and inadvertently became one of the creators of the syndicate which quickly became CBS. He stayed in radio promotion in New York City and was buried in the family cemetery in Indiana.

References
 David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles.
 John Bentley, "Coats", in The Old Car Book, Number 168, Fawcett Books, copyright 1952 p. 106 (many errors)

External links

Steam cars
Cars introduced in 1921
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Ohio
Defunct companies based in Ohio
Manufacturing companies established in 1921
1921 establishments in Ohio
1924 disestablishments in Ohio
Bowling Green, Ohio
Coey-Mitchell Automobile Company. The Coey-Mitchell Automobile Company was an American automobile manufacturer that built the Coey automobiles and operated a chain of American Driving schools from 1913 to 1917 and was headquartered in Chicago, Illinois. The company was founded under the name Coey-Mitchell Automobile Company by Charles A. Coey.

The company introduced the two-cylinder Coey Junior and Coey Bear with four cylinders, two cyclecars. In addition, they made the four- or six-cylinder sports car Coey Flyer, which was built specifically for Coey's nationwide chain of driving schools. In 1917 Wonder Motor Truck Company bought the Coey Motor Company.

See also
 Brass Era car

References

Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Illinois
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Cyclecars
Manufacturing companies based in Chicago
History of Chicago
Driver's education
Howa. is a Japanese machinery manufacturer known internationally for their production of military and civilian firearms. They also manufacture products such as machine tools, sweeping vehicles and windows and doors.

History 

 was established by Sakichi Toyoda in February 1907.  In 1941, Toyoda's Loom Works merged with  and was renamed .  The company was renamed to its current name at the end of World War II and restarted manufacturing textile machinery.

Weapon manufacturing

Military use
Toyoda's Loom Works began manufacturing armaments in 1932.

During World War II
Since 1940, Howa has been heavily involved in the Japanese armaments industry, and was involved in manufacturing the famous Arisaka rifle series including Type 99 rifle, parts of Type 38 rifle, artillery pieces, airplane parts, and ammunition. Many of their World War II-era weapons are highly sought after collectors' items.

Post WWII
Howa created copies of the US M1 Garand and the M1 carbine for the Japanese Self Defense Forces during the early days of the Cold War.

Howa also designed and manufactured firearms for JGSDF use, including the following types (models):
Howa Type 64
 Howa Type 89 
 AR-18 (licensed production for Armalite Inc.)
 Howa Type 96
 Howa Type 20
 Howa 84mm Recoilless Rifle (licensed copy of the Swedish Carl Gustaf 84 mm Recoilless Rifle)
 12.7mm Spotting rifle mount for Type 60 recoilless rifles.
 Mortar mount for Type 96 mortar carrier

During the early 1970s, Howa produced the AR-18 and AR-180 5.56mm assault rifle as a license from Armalite Inc. of Costa Mesa, California, which marketed the rifle to various military forces. Japanese government restrictions on the sales of military small arms to foreign countries eventually forced Howa to cease production of the AR-18/AR-180, moving production back to Armalite.

Civilian use
Howa has produced a long line of civilian hunting and target practice rifles in a range of calibers.  Howa has also manufactured products or components for other firearm companies, such as Mossberg, Smith & Wesson, and Weatherby. The Smith & Wesson Model 1000 shotgun of the 1970s and 1980s was designed and manufactured by Howa.

 Howa M300: Based on the M1 / M2 carbine military automatic rifle designed in the United States, it was developed for hunting and sports. Produced between 1960-1996.
 Howa Golden Bear: A bolt-action rifle that was once manufactured by Howa Industries between 1967-1979.
 Howa M1500: A bolt-action rifle, is produced in sporting, varmint and heavy barrel configurations, which are sold in the U.S. via Legacy Sports International. In Canada, various retailers stock Howa rifles, including Prophet River, Cabela's, and North Pro Sports. In the United Kingdom, Highland Outdoors imports the Howa rifles.

Sources

External links 

  

Firearm manufacturers of Japan
Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Manufacturing companies established in 1907
Companies based in Aichi Prefecture
Machine tool builders
Japanese companies established in 1907
Japanese brands
Constantinesco (automobile). The Constantinesco was a Romanian automobile produced from 1926 to 1928.  It was built by George Constantinescu, a Romanian-born engineer and inventor, who had gained fame by his invention of an improved version of a machine gun synchronization gear (a device allowing aircraft-mounted machine guns to fire through the propeller without striking the blades themselves) that replaced the clumsy mechanical linkages that had been previously employed with a hydrostatic device based on his own novel theory of sonics, or "wave transmission".

Mechanical torque converter

The inspiration behind the car was Constantinescu's 1923 invention of the "oscillating masses" mechanical torque converter, which replaced clumsy gear shifting with a smooth, highly efficient, continuously variable transmission. The transmission ratio was determined by the oscillation of a pendulum, the extent of the oscillations being determined by the pendulum's mass, ingenious attachment, and dimensions in combination with the torque and speed of the engine and the road wheels. An oscillating masses torque converter was used to eliminate the need for a complex geared automotive transmissions which were heavy, required shifting gears, and could be inefficient. Compared to a similar car with a gear based transmission, Constantinesco needed a substantially smaller engine, was lighter overall, and was more fuel efficient. In the car, the mechanical torque converter was embodied in a 494 cc twin-cylinder two-stroke engine of his own design, where it was mounted between the engine's cylinders.

Demise
The car was built in Paris with the gearbox (on the rear axle for forward, neutral and reverse) built in England. It was exhibited at the 1926 Paris Motor Show but only a few were made. General Motors signed a "lucrative" royalty agreement to manufacture the torque converters, giving Constantinesco a $100,000 advance on royalties, but didn't make any, leaving the inventor deeply in debt and the mechanical torque converter sidelined.

References 

 
David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Romania
George Constantinescu
Croxted. The Croxted was an English automobile built from 1904 to 1905 in Herne Hill, South London.  The cars were available with either a 10hp engine or a power unit of 14hp and four cylinders.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References
David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles.

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Herne Hill
Vehicle manufacture in London
Defunct companies based in London
Binghamton Electric. The Binghamton Electric was an American automobile manufactured only in 1920. An electric car from Binghamton, New York, the car was made probably as a prototype, by the Binghamton Electric Truck Co., located at 250, Main street. Not more than two or three two-passenger coupes were produced. The company built a small number of electric trucks in 1920–1921.

See also

List of defunct United States automobile manufacturers
History of the electric vehicle

Other Early Electric Vehicles
American Electric 
Argo Electric
Babcock Electric Carriage Company
Berwick
Buffalo Electric
Century
Columbia Automobile Company
Dayton Electric
Detroit Electric
Grinnell
Menominee
Rauch and Lang 
Riker Electric

References
David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles.

Electric vehicles introduced in the 20th century
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in New York (state)
Bow-V-Car. The Bow-V-Car was an English cyclecar manufactured from 1922 to 1923 by the Plycar Company of Church Road, Upper Norwood, London. The car was designed by Charles Frederick Beauvais who was later better known as a stylist working for coachbuilders New Avon Body Company.

It had an integral chassis/body made largely of plywood, with a tubular frame at the rear for the engine and transmission. The engine was a rear-mounted, air-cooled (fan-assisted), 10 hp vee-twin engine made by Precision and equipped with a Degory carburetor. Transmission was via a four speed Jardine gearbox. Final drive to the rear axle was by chain, the rear chain tension being adjusted by moving the axle in the frame. A lever offered a combined exhaust lifter and connection by rod to a "kick-starter". As regards the brake and clutch pedals the pivot point can be moved so as to adjust the leverage to suite the driver. The brakes (on two wheels) were of external contracting type.

Cantilever springs were supplied for the suspension with rubber buffers to further lessen road shocks. The engine and transmission were unsprung weight, Each car was provided with 5 of 650 by 65mm Lynton disc wheels. The wheelbase was 7 ft, the track 3 ft 5in, and the overall width 4 ft 3in. With two seat open body the car was advertised in 1922 at £180 (£200 with lighting set). Very few were made.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References

Cyclecars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in London
Vehicles introduced in 1922
Brew-Hatcher. The Brew-Hatcher or B & H was an American automobile introduced in January 1904 at the Chicago Automobile Show and manufactured from 1904 until 1905.

Around 1903 William A. Hatcher, one of the founders of and engineers for the Ohio Automobile Company (which later became known as the Packard Motor Car Company) and Francis O. Brew started a component supply company.  They launched their first automobile, built from many of their company's components, in January 1904.

1904 Model: A five-passenger, 16 hp tourer, it hailed from Cleveland, Ohio.
16 hp horizontally-opposed twin engine and rear-entrance tonneau body.

Specifications:
 Weighs 1,000 lbs, everything on.
 Bevel Gear Drive - Sliding Gear.
 Three speeds forward and reverse.
 Direct drive on high speed.
 Wheel base, 83 1/2" inches.
 Two sets Brakes, double acting. 
 Heavy cylinder Double Tube, 30x3 1/2 inch Tires. 
 Foot Control.
 Irreversible Steering Wheel."
Price: $1,750

1905 Model: The same model was offered, but on a longer wheelbase, which allowed for a side-entrance tonneau, and there was also an 18/24 hp 4-cylinder tourer.

Car manufacture ended in Fall 1905 when Brew retired to join the Internal Revenue Service.

References
 David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles.
 G. N. Georgano, The Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile.

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Ohio
Defunct companies based in Ohio
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1903
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1905
1903 establishments in Ohio
1905 disestablishments in Ohio
Brass Era vehicles
American companies established in 1903
American companies disestablished in 1905
Radical Evolution. Radical Evolution: The Promise and Peril of Enhancing Our Minds, Our Bodies—and What It Means to Be Human () is a book published in 2005 by Joel Garreau.

Summary
The book is about the march toward a potentially posthuman future in which emerging technologies will allow humans to shape their bodies and minds, or possibly destroy life on earth, or even the universe. Garreau describes these as the "GRIN" technologies: genetics, robotics, information, and nanotechnology. Garreau details interviews with members of DARPA, Ray Kurzweil, and Bill Joy, among other leading technologists to offer their perspective on the forthcoming paradigm shifts of life in the decades to come, as a result of rapidly advancing technological progress, and the prospect of a Technological singularity that such exponential growth may lead to. According to Garreau, this growth is bound to lead humanity towards one of two such potential scenarios: a “Heaven” scenario, resulting in, for example, the eradication of diseases and wealth inequality, where “predictions that recently seemed like science fiction are regularly exceeded”, or conversely, at the polar opposite end of the spectrum, a “Hell” scenario, in which “almost unimaginably bad things are happening” as the spread of the technology responsible for such atrocities continues to reach the point of no return, leaving humanity to ultimately be rendered helpless and on the verge of extinction. Further, Garreau envisions the potential for humanity to diverge in 3 distinct categories: The Enhanced, who embrace the adoption of GRIN technologies for self-enhancement purposes; The Naturals, who despite having access to such technology, elect to eschew such enhancement, perhaps for moral or aesthetic purposes, in favor of retaining their natural biological “equipment”; and The Rest, who lack access to GRIN technology and consequently remain constrained to the limits of natural human biology.

See also
Transhuman
Transhumanism
 Life extension

External links
 Garreau's website for the book
 
 

Transhumanist books
Books in philosophy of technology
2005 non-fiction books
Books by Joel Garreau
American non-fiction books
Doubleday (publisher) books
English-language non-fiction books