omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Karl Lieberherr. Karl J. Lieberherr is a professor of Computer Science at Northeastern University, in Boston.

He did his studies at ETH Zurich, obtaining an M.S. in 1973 and a Ph.D. in 1977.

He wrote the first book about adaptive programming. The work on this theme was one of several secondary influences on the development of aspect-oriented programming.

Adaptive programming tries to create applications that are easy to maintain and evolve, creating a new abstraction layer in the design and implementation of Object-Oriented Applications. This concept takes encapsulation to a new level allowing changes in the way an object works without changing the interface with other objects. This technique solves the situations where an object takes assumptions about how other objects work and a change in this object takes down that assumption creating a chain effect in the rest of the system.

Aspect oriented programming affects the way an application is created. Following the directives of this concept, one could create separate objects that treat data and process in a separated way. This allows a flexible application that can change and evolve easily.

References

External links
Home page of Karl Lieberherr
Papers and Publications
Annual Aspect-Oriented Software Development conference
Aspect-Oriented Software Development
Adaptive Object-Oriented Software: The Demeter Method with Propagation Patterns
The JAC Project (Java Aspect Components) 
CSU 670 Fall '06 Shirt Color Tracker

Programming language researchers
Northeastern University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
K-tool. The K-tool, also known as a "K-spreader" or a "K-tool spreader," is a specialized forcible entry tool used by firefighters to gain access to buildings or other structures in emergency situations. It is named for its distinctive "K" shape, which allows it to be used for a variety of purposes.  It is used in conjunction with a Halligan bar and a flat-headed axe or maul (commonly referred to as "irons" or (with a maul instead of an axe) "heavy irons" ) to remove a cylinder lock with a protruding cylinder.  It consists of a steel block roughly 3 inches by 3 inches by 1 inch thick with a K-shaped notch on one side, having sharp edges that grip the end of the cylinder, and a socket to fit the adze of the halligan bar on the other side.  The notch is slipped over the lock cylinder, then forced down by striking with the flat side of the axe or maul. The cylinder is forced into the angle of the notch, between the "leg" and "back" of the K. The hard steel bites into the softer metal and provides the needed purchase. The halligan is then inserted into the socket and used to pry the K-tool off the door, thereby pulling the entire key cylinder out.  The bolt is then retracted by reaching into the empty cylinder hole with a turning tool, such as a screwdriver.

Some cylinder locks include additional shields (outside and internally) that will make this type of entry more difficult and time-consuming, and there may be additional (non-cylinder) locks to deal with. Flush cylinder locks provide nothing for the K-tool to grab onto.

The K-tool can be used on most styles of door, although it is often faster to use the irons (combination of an axe and halligan tool) or a hydraulic ram on a solid door.  The benefit of a K-tool comes where it is impractical or dangerous to break the door, for example, the large plate-glass doors in front of a commercial building will quickly yield to a well-placed blow from an axe, but may send fragments of glass flying, and will result in a pile of broken glass.  The K-tool can be used to pull the core from the lock without damaging the door itself.  The K-tool is also useful during investigations where no fire is readily evident.  The core can be pulled from a lock, which can often be repaired at lower cost than replacing a door and jamb damaged by other, more energetic entry methods.

See also
Denver tool
Snap gun

References

Firefighter tools
Adaptive system. An adaptive system is a set of interacting or interdependent entities, real or abstract, forming an integrated whole that together are able to respond to environmental changes or changes in the interacting parts, in a way analogous to either continuous physiological homeostasis or evolutionary adaptation in biology. Feedback loops represent a key feature of adaptive systems, such as ecosystems and individual organisms; or in the human world, communities, organizations, and families. Adaptive systems can be organized into a hierarchy.

Artificial adaptive systems include robots with control systems that utilize negative feedback to maintain desired states.

The law of adaptation

The law of adaptation may be stated informally as: 

Formally, the law can be defined as follows:

Given a system , we say that a physical event  is a stimulus for the system  if and only if the probability  that the system suffers a change or be perturbed (in its elements or in its processes) when the event  occurs is strictly greater than the prior probability that  suffers a change independently of :

Let  be an arbitrary system subject to changes in time  and let  be an arbitrary event that is a stimulus for the system : we say that  is an adaptive system if and only if when t tends to infinity  the probability that the system  change its behavior  in a time step  given the event  is equal to the probability that the system change its behavior independently of the occurrence of the event . In mathematical terms:

- 
- 

Thus, for each instant  will exist a temporal interval  such that:

Benefit of self-adjusting systems
In an adaptive system, a parameter changes slowly and has no preferred value.  In a self-adjusting system though, the parameter value “depends on the history of the system dynamics”.  One of the most important qualities of self-adjusting systems is its “adaptation to the edge of chaos” or ability to avoid chaos.  Practically speaking, by heading to the edge of chaos without going further, a leader may act spontaneously yet without disaster.  A March/April 2009 Complexity article further explains the self-adjusting systems used and the realistic implications. Physicists have shown that adaptation to the edge of chaos occurs in almost all systems with feedback.

See also

 Autopoiesis
 Adaptive immune system
 Artificial neural network
 Complex adaptive system
 Diffusion of innovations
 Ecosystems
 Gaia hypothesis
 Gene expression programming
 Genetic algorithms
 Learning
 Neural adaptation

Notes

References

External links

Control engineering
Organizational cybernetics
Liverpool Telescope. The Liverpool Telescope (LT) is a two-metre-aperture robotic Ritchey–Chrétien telescope that observes autonomously (without human intervention). However professional astronomers, school groups and other credible registered users submit specifications to be considered by its robotic control system (RCS) at any time using an online graphical user interface. Each night the RCS decides among these choices, and among any notified or glimpsed transient events, what to observe, based on target visibility and weather conditions.

The telescope had first light in 2003, and is the brainchild and property of Liverpool John Moores University.

Description 

The RCS has a rapid-response capability where it will often automatically interrupt regular observations to slew (shift) to observe short-lived events with higher priority, such as gamma-ray bursts.

The LT is one of the largest robotic telescopes in the world and was built by a subsidiary  set up by Liverpool John Moores University who own and masterminded it. It is operated (maintained) by the Astrophysics Research Institute, partly funded by the UK's STFC. It is at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma.

Along with the Faulkes Telescope North and South, it is available for use by school children around the world over the internet. The registration and time allocation for the LT is organised by the National Schools Observatory.

The Liverpool Telescope is one of the primary players in the Heterogeneous Telescope Networks Consortium, a global collaboration between major research groups in the field of robotic telescopes which seeks a standard for communication between remote telescopes, telescope users, and other scientific resources.

Plans for an improved version, the Liverpool Telescope 2, are underway.

See also
 List of largest optical reflecting telescopes
 List of large optical telescopes

Notes and references
Notes

References

External links

 Liverpool Telescope website
 National Schools' Observatory – allocates observing time to schools
 RoboNet – controls telescopes over the internet
 Heterogeneous Telescope Networks Consortium
 

Astronomical observatories in La Palma
Astronomy in the United Kingdom
Liverpool John Moores University
Robotic telescopes
Science and Technology Facilities Council
HP 38G. The HP 38G (F1200A, F1892A) is a programmable graphing calculator by Hewlett-Packard (HP).  It was introduced in 1995 with a suggested retail price of . HP credits a committee of eight high school, community college, and university teachers with assisting in the design of the calculator.

The calculator is derived from and the hardware is based on the more powerful science/engineering oriented HP 48 series of machines.

Unlike the HP 48 series, which offered both reverse Polish notation and algebraic entry logic, the HP 38G has only algebraic entry. The calculator is programmable, supporting small, interactive applications called "aplets".

Successors
After a HP 38G+ prototype was cancelled in 1998, the 38G was replaced in 2000 by the HP 39G and (in Europe and some other markets) HP 40G. The two models were differentiated by the inclusion of a computer algebra system (CAS) in the HP 40G. An unofficial method of operating the 40G's CAS on the 39G was addressed in the next follow-up device, the HP 39g+ introduced in 2003, for which there is no known CAS implementation.

Further successors have included the HP 39gs and HP 40gs (with and without CAS) introduced in 2006, and the HP 39gII in 2011.

Beginning with the 39g+, all of these successors have been built using an ARM architecture CPU with varying degrees of emulation to support software written for previous members of the series, and have gradually added more modern methods of connectivity such as USB to either replace or supplement the original RS-232 and IR.

See also
Comparison of HP graphing calculators
List of HP calculators
RPL character set

References

External links
 HP Virtual Museum: Hewlett-Packard student graphic calculator
 hpcalc.org
 HP 38G pictures on MyCalcDB (database about 1970s and 1980s pocket calculators)

Graphing calculators
38G
Anglesite. Anglesite is a lead sulfate mineral with the chemical formula PbSO4. It occurs as an oxidation product of primary lead sulfide ore, galena. Anglesite occurs as prismatic orthorhombic crystals and earthy masses, and is isomorphous with barite and celestine. It contains 74% of lead by mass and therefore has a high specific gravity of 6.3. Anglesite's color is white or gray with pale yellow streaks. It may be dark gray if impure.

It was first recognized as a mineral species by William Withering in 1783, who discovered it in the Parys copper-mine in Anglesey; the name anglesite, from this locality, was given by F. S. Beudant in 1832. The crystals from Anglesey, which were formerly found abundantly on a matrix of dull limonite, are small in size and simple in form, being usually bounded by four faces of a prism and four faces of a dome; they are brownish-yellow in colour owing to a stain of limonite. Crystals from some other localities, notably from  in Sardinia, are transparent and colourless, possessed of a brilliant adamantine lustre, and usually modified by numerous bright faces. The variety of combinations and habits presented by the crystals is very extensive, nearly two hundred distinct forms being figured by V. von Lang in his monograph of the species; without measurement of the angles the crystals are frequently difficult to decipher. There are distinct cleavages parallel to the faces of the prism (110) and the basal plane (001), but these are not so well developed as in the isomorphous minerals barite and celestite.

Anglesite is a mineral of secondary origin, having been formed by the oxidation of galena in the upper parts of mineral lodes where these have been affected by weathering processes. At Monteponi the crystals encrust cavities in glistening granular galena; and from Leadhills, in Scotland, pseudomorphs of anglesite after galena are known. At most localities it is found as isolated crystals in the lead-bearing lodes, but at some places, in Australia and Mexico, it occurs as large masses, and is then mined as an ore of lead.

Anglesite is sometimes used as a gemstone.

Gallery

See also
 Lead(II) sulfate

References

Bibliography
Palache, P.; Berman H.; Frondel, C. (1960). "Dana's System of Mineralogy, Volume II: Halides, Nitrates, Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates, Phosphates, Arsenates, Tungstates, Molybdates, Etc. (Seventh Edition)" John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, pp. 420–424.

External links

Lead minerals
Sulfate minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Luminescent minerals
Gemstones
Baryte group
Minerals described in 1832
Barium oxide. Barium oxide, also known as baria, is a white hygroscopic non-flammable compound with the formula BaO. It has a cubic structure and is used in cathode-ray tubes, crown glass, and catalysts. It is harmful to human skin and if swallowed in large quantity causes irritation. Excessive quantities of barium oxide may lead to death.

It is prepared by heating barium carbonate with coke, carbon black or tar or by thermal decomposition of barium nitrate.

Uses
Barium oxide is used as a coating for hot cathodes, for example, those in cathode-ray tubes. It replaced lead(II) oxide in the production of certain kinds of glass such as optical crown glass. While lead oxide raised the refractive index, it also raised the dispersive power, which barium oxide does not alter. Barium oxide also has use as an ethoxylation catalyst in the reaction of ethylene oxide and alcohols, which takes place between 150 and 200 °C.

It is most known for its use in the Brin process, named after its inventors, a reaction that was used as a large scale method to produce oxygen before air separation became the dominant method in the beginning of the 20th century, as BaO can be a source of pure oxygen through heat fluctuation.

BaO(s) + ½O2(g) ⇌ BaO2(s)

It oxidises to BaO2 by formation of a peroxide ion (, or ) — with the same charge of , and therefore keeping the electrochemical balance with the most stable . Using the Kröger-Vink notation, 

½(g) + O ⇌ [O]

where J is the species J in the oxygen position within the rock-salt lattice. The complete peroxidation of BaO to BaO2 occurs at moderate temperatures by oxygen uptake within the BaO rock-salt lattice:

Calculations using Density Functional Theory (DFT) suggest that the oxygen incorporation reaction is exothermic, and that the most energetically favoured occupation site is indeed the peroxide ion at the oxide lattice — other than interstitial positions, for instance. However, the increased entropy of the system is what leads BaO2 to decompose to BaO and release O2 between 800 and 1100 K (520 and 820 °C). The reaction was used as a large scale method to produce oxygen before air separation became the dominant method in the beginning of the 20th century. The method was named the Brin process, after its inventors.

Preparation
Barium oxide from metalic barium readly forms from its exothermic oxidation with dioxygen in air:

2 Ba(s) + O2(g) → 2 BaO(s).

It's most commonly made by heating barium carbonate at temperatures of 1000–1450 °C.

BaCO3(s) → BaO(s) + CO2(g)

Likewise, it is often formed through the thermal decomposition of other barium salts, like barium nitrate.

Safety issues
Barium oxide is an irritant. If it contacts the skin or the eyes or is inhaled it causes pain and redness. However, it is more dangerous when ingested. It can cause nausea and diarrhea, muscle paralysis, cardiac arrhythmia, and can cause death. If ingested, medical attention should be sought immediately.

Barium oxide should not be released environmentally; it is harmful to aquatic organisms.

See also

References

External links
International Chemical Safety Card 0778

Barium compounds
Oxides
Rock salt crystal structure
Diaspore. Diaspore ()also called diasporite, empholite, kayserite, or tanatariteis an aluminium hydroxide oxide mineral, α-AlO(OH), crystallizing in the orthorhombic system and isomorphous with goethite. It occurs sometimes as flattened crystals, but usually as lamellar or scaly masses, the flattened surface being a direction of perfect cleavage on which the lustre is markedly pearly in character. It is colorless or greyish-white, yellowish, sometimes violet in color, and varies from translucent to transparent. It may be readily distinguished from other colorless transparent minerals with a perfect cleavage and pearly luster (e.g. mica, talc, brucite, and gypsum) by its greater hardness of 6.5–7. Its specific gravity is 3.4. When heated before the blowpipe, it decrepitates violently, breaking up into white pearly scales.

The mineral occurs as an alteration product of corundum or emery and is found in granular limestone and other crystalline rocks. Well-developed crystals are found in the emery deposits of the Ural Mountains and at Chester, Massachusetts, and in kaolin at Schemnitz in Hungary. If obtainable in large quantity, it would be of economic importance as a source of aluminium.

Diaspore, along with gibbsite and boehmite, is a major component of the aluminium ore bauxite.

It was first described in 1801 for an occurrence in Mramorsk Zavod, Sverdlovskaya Oblast, Middle Urals, Russia. The name, which was coined by René Just Haüy, is from the Ancient Greek  meaning "to scatter", in allusion to its decrepitation on heating.

Csarite, ottomanite, Turkizite and zultanite are trade names for gem-quality diaspore (also known as Turkish diaspore) from the İlbir Mountains of southwest Turkey.

References

Aluminium minerals
Hydroxide minerals
Orthorhombic minerals
Minerals in space group 62
Kieserite. Kieserite, or magnesium sulfate monohydrate, is a hydrous magnesium sulfate mineral with formula (MgSO4·H2O).

It has a vitreous luster and it is colorless, grayish-white or yellowish. Its hardness is 3.5 and crystallizes in the monoclinic crystal system. Gunningite is the zinc member of the kieserite group of minerals.

Etymology
It is named after Dietrich Georg von Kieser (Jena, Germany 1862).

Occurrence

Kieserite commonly occurs in marine evaporites and rarely in volcanic environments as a sublimate. It occurs in association with halite, carnallite, polyhalite, anhydrite, boracite, sulfoborite, leonite, epsomite and celestine.

Mars
In early 2005, Mars Express, a European Space Agency orbiter, discovered evidence of kieserite in patches of Valles Marineris (the largest canyon on Mars), along with gypsum and polyhydrated sulfates.  This is direct evidence of Mars's watery past and augments similar discoveries made by the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity in 2004.

Moons of Jupiter 
Kieserite might also be a rock-forming mineral in the icy mantle of the outer three Galilean moons (Europa, Ganymede, Callisto). At pressures higher than 2.7 GPa, kieserite transforms to a triclinic crystal structure.

Uses

It is used in the production of Epsom salt and as a fertilizer, the overall global annual usage in agriculture in the mid 1970s was 2.3 million tons.
Kieserite is also used for cleaning hard water deposits from tiles, stones, and other pool and fountain lining materials. Due to its hardness, which is greater than hard water deposits but less than tiles and other water feature linings, it is blasted at the hard water deposits to remove them. 

When used as a fertilizer, response to kieserite is likely where:
 Soil Mg levels are low
 pH is high
 Intensive liming occurs to raise the pH
 Nitrogen is applied as ammonium, as this can lead to an antagonism between ammonium and magnesium
 Compacted soils exist
 There is a period of wet/cold weather
 Dry weather occurs, leading to low magnesium mobility in the soil profile.

See also
 List of minerals
 List of minerals named after people

References

Magnesium minerals
Sulfate minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 15
Evaporite
Lansfordite. Lansfordite is a mineral of magnesium carbonate (). It represents the pentahydrate of magnesium carbonate, and has the total formula . Landsfordite was discovered in 1888 in a coal mine in Lansford, Pennsylvania. It crystallizes in the monoclinic system (space group P21/c) and typically occurs as colorless to white prismatic crystals and stalactitic masses. It is a soft mineral, Mohs hardness of 2.5, with a low specific gravity of 1.7. It is transparent to translucent with refractive indices of 1.46 to 1.51. The mineral will effloresce at room temperature, producing nesquehonite.

References

Magnesium minerals
Carbonate minerals
Geology of Pennsylvania
Monoclinic minerals
Pentahydrate minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Minerals described in 1888
Melanterite. Melanterite is a mineral form of hydrous iron(II) sulfate: FeSO4·7H2O. It is the iron analogue of the copper sulfate chalcanthite. It alters to siderotil by loss of water. It is a secondary sulfate mineral which forms from the oxidation of primary sulfide minerals such as pyrite and marcasite in the near-surface environment. It often occurs as a post mine encrustation on old underground mine surfaces. It also occurs in coal and lignite seams exposed to humid air and as a rare sublimate phase around volcanic fumaroles. Associated minerals include pisanite, chalcanthite, epsomite, pickeringite, halotrichite and other sulfate minerals.

It was first described in 1850.

Gallery

References

Sulfate minerals
Iron(II) minerals
Monoclinic minerals
Minerals in space group 14
Heptahydrate minerals
Minerals described in 1850
Alfred Belpaire. Alfred Jules Belpaire (25 September 1820 – 27 January 1893) was a Belgian locomotive engineer who invented the square-topped Belpaire firebox in 1864.

Belpaire was born in Ostend, and first  studied at the Athenaeum School in Antwerp. He then became a student at the École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures in Paris, France from 1837 to 1840 where he obtained a degree in mechanical engineering.

Belpaire was then employed at the Belgian State Railways, where he worked as a mechanical engineer for more than 50 years. He was first director of the railway workshops at Mechelen and then  from 1850 put in charge of all materials and based in Brussels. He first developed a firebox to burn poor quality coals and then around 1860 generalised his invention into a robust thermally efficient design which bears his name. His firebox was used in locomotives in his native Belgium and also then extensively in Britain, North America and around the world. The Belpaire firebox had an improved transfer of heat and steam production due to its greater surface area at the top. While attaching it to a boiler was more difficult due to its oblong shape, it had simpler interior bracing as an advantage.

Alfred Belpaire was one of  the founders of the Congrès International des Chemins de Fer, of which he was president in 1891.

He died in Schaerbeek, aged 72.

Honours 
 Grand Officier in the Order of Leopold.
 Grand Officier in the Legion of Honour.
 Knight grand Cross in the Order of Saint Stanislaus.
 Knight Commander in the Order of Charles III.
 Officier in the Order of the Oak Crown.

References

External links
 Belpaire, Alfred at steamindex.com
  https://web.archive.org/web/20130306021437/http://www.tassignon.be/trains/musee_nord/museum_noord.htm

1820 births
1893 deaths
19th-century Belgian engineers
Belgian mechanical engineers
Locomotive builders and designers
École Centrale Paris alumni
People from Ostend