omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
HMS Hebe (J24). HMS Hebe was one of 21 s built for the Royal Navy in the 1930s. Commissioned in 1936, Hebe served during World War II, notably taking part in the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940 and then serving in the Mediterranean, carrying out minesweeping operations from Malta. After taking part in several operations, including Operations Harpoon and Torch, and the invasion of Pantelleria, Hebe was sunk by a mine off Bari in November 1943, with the loss of 37 of the vessel's crew.

Design and description
The Halcyon class was designed as a replacement for the preceding Hunt class and varied in size and propulsion. Hebe displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ship had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The ship's complement consisted of 80 officers and ratings.

She was powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one shaft, using steam provided by two Admiralty three-drum boilers. The engines produced a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . Hebe carried a maximum of  of fuel oil that gave her a range of  at .

Hebe was armed with two QF 4-inch (10.2 cm) anti-aircraft guns. She was also equipped with eight  machine guns. Later in her career, the rear 4-inch gun mount was removed as were most of the .303 machine guns, while one quadruple mount for Vickers .50 machine guns was added as were up to four single or twin mounts for 20 mm Oerlikon antiaircraft guns. For anti-submarine escort, her minesweeping gear could be exchanged for around 40 depth charges.

Construction and career
Hebe was built at the Devonport Dockyard, being laid down on laid down on 27 April 1936. She was launched on 28 October 1936 and she was commissioned in 1937. Her pennant number was N 24, later J 24. The ship served during the evacuation of Dunkirk, where she rescued 365 officers and men, and sent a gig to rescue Lord Gort on 29 May 1940. She later saw service in the Mediterranean Sea based at Malta as part of 14th/17th Minesweeper Flotilla. She participated in Operation Harpoon (where she was hit and extensively damaged by a very long range 152 mm shell shot fired by the Italian cruiser  )

According to post-battle reports from both sides, Raimondo Montecuccoli scored a hit on Hebe at "approx. 26,000 yards". Fires erupted aboard Hebe, which received extensive splinter damage. Electrical cables to sweep magnetic and acoustic mines, low power wires, steering gear, echo sounding gear and voice pipes were broken, the Kelvin sounding machine and the Commanding Officer's Cabin damaged,  while a whaler was left unseaworthy.

Hebe also participated in Operation Torch, and the invasion of Pantelleria. She was sunk by a mine off Bari on 22 November 1943. Thirty-seven men from her complement were lost with the ship.

References

Bibliography

External links
 HMS Hebe J 24
 Minesweeping at Malta

Halcyon-class minesweepers
Ships built in Plymouth, Devon
1936 ships
World War II minesweepers of the United Kingdom
World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
Maritime incidents in November 1943
Ships sunk by mines
HMS Hythe (J194). HMS Hythe was a  built for the Royal Navy during the Second World War.

Design and description
The Bangor class was designed as a small minesweeper that could be easily built in large numbers by civilian shipyards; as steam turbines were difficult to manufacture, the ships were designed to accept a wide variety of engines. Hythe displaced  at standard load and  at deep load. The ship had an overall length of , a beam of  and a draught of . The ship's complement consisted of 60 officers and ratings.

She was powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines, each driving one shaft, using steam provided by two Admiralty three-drum boilers. The engines produced a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . Hythe carried a maximum of  of fuel oil that gave her a range of  at .

The turbine-powered Bangors were armed with a 12-pounder  anti-aircraft gun and a single QF 2-pounder (4 cm) AA gun. In some ships the 2-pounder was replaced a single or twin 20 mm Oerlikon AA gun, while most ships were fitted with four additional single Oerlikon mounts over the course of the war. For escort work, her minesweeping gear could be exchanged for around 40 depth charges.

Construction and career
Hythe was built by Ailsa Shipbuilding Co. Ltd. in Troon, Scotland and commissioned in 1941. Her pennant number was J 194.  So far she has been the only ship of the Royal Navy to bear the name Hythe, after the town of Hythe in Kent, however, the SS Hythe, a cross-channel ferry of the South Eastern and Chatham Railway, built by Denny, Dumbarton, was requisitioned by the Royal Navy in 1914, converted to a minesweeper and became HMS Hythe; whilst in later use as a troop carrier she was run down by HMS Sarnia off Cape Helles in the Dardanelles on 28 October 1915 and sank with the loss of 155 lives.

Hythe saw service in the Mediterranean Sea during the Second World War, where she was based in Malta as part of the 14th/17th Minesweeper Flotilla. She was torpedoed and sunk by the  commanded by Waldemar Mehl on 11 October 1943 off Bougie, Algeria.

References

Bibliography

External links 
 
 http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?137093
 Minesweeping at Malta

Bangor-class minesweepers of the Royal Navy
Ships built on the River Clyde
1941 ships
World War II minesweepers of the United Kingdom
Ships sunk by German submarines in World War II
World War II shipwrecks in the Mediterranean Sea
Maritime incidents in October 1943
Substrate (aquatic environment). Substrate is the earthy material that forms or collects at the bottom of an aquatic habitat. It is made of sediments that may consist of:

Silt – A loose, granular material with mineral particles 0.5 mm or less in diameter.
Clay – A smooth, fine-grained material made of fine particles of hydrous aluminium phyllosilicate minerals (such as  kaolinite).
Mud – A mixture of water with silt, clay, or loam.
Sand – Mineral particles between 0.06 and 2 mm in diameter.
Granule – Between 2 and 4 mm in diameter.
Pebble – Between 4 – 64 mm in diameter.
Cobble – between 6.4 and 25.6 cm in diameter
Boulder – more than 25.6 cm in diameter.
Other, assorted organic matter, detritus.

Stream substrate can affect the life found within the stream habitat. Muddy streams generally have more sediment in the water, reducing clarity. Clarity is one guide to stream health.

Marine substrate can be classified geologically as well. See Green et al., 1999 for a reference. 

Mollusks and clams that live in areas with substrate, and need them to survive, use their silky byssal threads to cling to it. See Cteniodes Ales for reference.

See also
 Grain size
 Substrate (biology)

References

Bibliography
Gordon, McMahon, Finlayson, Gippel and Nathan. "Substrate". Stream Hydrology: An Introduction for Ecologists. 2nd Ed. John Wiley and Sons. 2004. pp 13 & 14.
Baker, Ffolliott, DeBano and Neary (eds). "Stream Substrate". Riparian Areas of the Southwestern United States: Hydrology, Ecology, and Management. Lewis Publishers. 2004. Taylor and Francis e-Library. 2005. pp 285 & 286.
"Stream Substrate Particle Size". Eldorado and Tahoe National Forests (N.F.), Range Standards & Guidelines to Amend the Land & Resource Management Plans of the Eldorado and Tahoe National Forests. Draft Environmental Impact Statement. July 1999. Page A-6

Aquatic ecology
Marine biology
Freezing level. The freezing level, or 0 °C (zero-degree) isotherm, represents the altitude in which the temperature is at 0 °C (the freezing point of water) in a free atmosphere (i.e. allowing reflection of the sun by snow, icing conditions, etc.). Any given measure is valid for only a short period of time, often less than a day as variations in wind, sunlight, air masses and other factors may change the level. The 700 hPa pressure level (or about 3000 m above sea level) is generally assumed as a rough estimate of the freezing level.

Above the freezing altitude, the temperature of the air is below freezing. Below it, the temperature is above freezing. The profile of this frontier, and its variations, are studied in meteorology, and are used for a variety of forecasts and predictions, especially in cold weather. Whilst not given on general weather forecasts, it is used on bulletins giving forecasts for mountainous areas.

Measuring

There are several different methods to examine the structure of the temperature of the atmosphere including its freezing level:
A radiosonde attached to a weather balloon is the oldest and most common method used. Each area normally releases two balloons a day in locations hundreds of kilometers apart.
Measuring devices attached to commercial airliners permit reporting the isotherm, and its height from sea level, to aerial traffic.
Weather satellites are equipped with sensors that scan the atmosphere and measure the infrared radiation it emits indicating its temperature.
Weather radar detects bright bands, which are radar echoes produced just underneath and within the isotherm caused by the melting of snow or ice in the layer below that's above 0 °C.
A wind profiler, an upward pointing radar, can detect the speed of precipitation, which is different for rain, snow, slush and melting snow.

Depending on the frequency and resolution at which these readings are taken, these methods can report the isotherm with greater or lesser precision.  Radiosondes, for example, only report a reading twice daily and provide very rough information.  Weather radar can detect a variation every five to ten minutes if there is precipitation, and can scan a radius of up to two kilometers.

Variations in the isotherm

The isotherm can be very stable over a large area.  It varies under two major conditions:
A change in the density of air due to weather fronts. This changes the isotherm gradually, over tens of kilometres for a cold front, and hundreds for a warm front, but the change spreads over a large area.
Local levels can be changed by wind, reflection of the sun, snow, and humidity level. These factors can cause the isotherm to change rapidly and sometimes constantly over several kilometres, in both winter and summer all year round. Also, atmospheric subsidence and ascendence can contribute to variations in the isotherm.
These conditions imply that the 0 °C isotherm varies globally and more so locally.

See also
 Temperature inversion
 Lapse rate

References
 The Mountain Manual, Seuil, 2000

Mountains
Montane ecology
Meteorological phenomena
Chester Williams Rice. Chester Williams Rice (December 16, 1888 – March 8, 1951) was an American electrical engineer who was the joint inventor in 1925 of the moving coil loudspeaker along with Edward W. Kellogg.

Career

Rice was born in Lynn, Massachusetts in 1888 and educated at The Albany Academy and Harvard College, from which he received an S.B. and an M.E.E. in 1911. He was later employed by General Electric in Schenectady, New York.

In 1925, Rice, while working for General Electric, published a paper with Edward W. Kellogg outlining an early moving coil loudspeaker. The paper also discussed a way of boosting power to amplifiers; this was incorporated in General Electric's Radiola line of radios in 1926.

Personal
Rice married Helen Currier of Lynn in 1914. They had five children, Barbara, Wilbur Currier,  Priscilla, Chester Thomson and Helen.

References

External links

1888 births
1951 deaths
American acoustical engineers
Engineers from Lynn, Massachusetts
Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences alumni
General Electric people
20th-century American inventors
The Albany Academy alumni
Fellows of the American Physical Society
Edward W. Kellogg. Edward Washburn Kellogg (February 20, 1883 – May 29, 1960) was an American inventor who invented the moving coil loudspeaker in 1925 along with Chester W. Rice at General Electric

Biography
He was born in Washington in 1883. He was a graduate of Phillips Academy, in Andover (Class of 1902)

He was the joint inventor of the moving coil loudspeaker in 1925 along with Chester W. Rice at General Electric, and independently by Edward Wente at Bell Labs. Kellogg also patented an electrostatic loudspeaker in 1934.

Kellogg was the first director of the GE Advanced Technology Laboratory in Schenectady, New York, which later became a part of RCA Victor in Camden, New Jersey (and is now part of Lockheed Martin).

He died in 1960.

References

External links

Rice-Kellogg loudspeaker design
 "Production of Sound" (improved electrostatic design), filed September 1929, issued December 1934
Edward W. Kellogg (1955), "History of Sound Motion Pictures", Journal of the SMPTE

American acoustical engineers
1883 births
1960 deaths
20th-century American inventors
Inventors from Washington (state)
Triaxial cable. Triaxial cable, often referred to as triax for short, is a type of electrical cable similar to coaxial cable, but with the addition of an extra layer of insulation and a second conducting sheath. Triax provides greater bandwidth and rejection of interference than coax, but is more expensive.

Applications

Television production
The most common use of triaxial cable is in television industry as a connecting cable between a camera and its camera control unit (CCU). The outer sheath is commonly used as a protective earth conductor. The core provides both power and signal connections, with the return for the power being provided through the inner screen.  Through frequency-division multiplexing, the camera can send audio and video signals along the triax while the CCU can send camera control information, such as exposure settings, intercom, return audio and video (usually that of the program), and tally (a signal alerting the operator that their camera is on the air).

Venues that host television productions fairly often, such as sports arenas, will usually have triaxial cables run from the location of the TV truck to common camera locations throughout the building. This is convenient for visiting television crews, who can simply plug into existing cable runs instead of having to run their own cables and remove them after the broadcast.

In 1992 N.V. Philips, Breda received the Outstanding Achievement in Technical/Engineering Development Award from the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences for Triaxial cable Technology for Color Television Cameras. Also see Norelco and  BTS

Decline of triax in television
With the increasing bandwidth requirements of developments such as 4K/UHDTV, HFR (high frame rate) and HDR (high dynamic range) the use of triax is declining in the TV industry. Most of the recently developed broadcast cameras from the leading manufacturers have hybrid single-mode fibre and copper power cores which supersede the older triax connectivity. The advantages of the hybrid copper/fibre over triax cable are noise immunity due to the optical isolation and extremely high bandwidth.

Current measurements

Another application for triaxial cables is for probes taking precision low-current measurements where the leakage current through the insulator between the core and shield would normally alter the measurements. The core (known as the force) and the inner shield (known as the guard) are kept at approximately the same electrical potential by a voltage buffer/follower, thus the leakage current between them is zero for all practical purposes, despite the imperfections of the insulation. Instead, the leakage current occurs between the inner and outer shields, which does not matter since that current will be supplied by the buffer circuit rather than the device under test and will not affect measurements. This technique can provide almost perfect elimination of leakage current but becomes less effective at very high frequencies as the buffer cannot follow the measured voltage accurately.

See also
 Twinaxial cabling
 Coaxial cable

References

Signal cables
Transmission lines
Baselining. Baselining is a method for analyzing computer network performance. The method is marked by comparing current performance to a "baseline" derived from past performance. If the performance of a network switch or other network components is measured over a period of time, that performance figure can be used as a comparative baseline for configuration changes.

Uses
Baselining is useful for many performance management tasks, including:
 Monitoring daily network performance
 Measuring trends in network performance
 Assessing whether network performance is meeting requirements laid out in a service agreement

References

Network management
Agence de l'innovation industrielle. The Agence de l'innovation industrielle was a French governmental agency created in 2005 to support technological projects. As of 2006, it was supporting seven projects:

BioHub, a chemistry projects to create products with cereals, without using oil
HOMES, a project of housing with ultra-low use of energy
 Nanosmart, a project of substrate
Quaero, a search engine
TVMSL, a project of creating a standard of hybrid terrestrial and satellite mobile television based on DVB-H
NeoVal, a small automated subway system to replace the VAL
 VHD (Hybrid Diesel Vehicle), which involves PSA Peugeot Citroën.

The agency was headed by Jean-Louis Beffa and Robert Havas. In January 2008, the French government decided to merge the agency with the French small and medium enterprises support public agency, OSEO.

References

External links
Official web site
The six projects
VHD and Nanosmart
Chirac unveils his grand plan to restore French pride 

French economic policy
Government agencies of France
Research and development organizations
Government agencies established in 2005
Tasm. TASM or Tasm may refer to:

 Turbo Assembler, Borland's x86 assembler
 Turbo Assembler, Omikron's Commodore 64-based 6502 assembler
 Telemark Assembler, Squak Valley Software's multi-target cross-assembler
 Table Assembler, a table driven cross-assembler for small microprocessors
Tomahawk Anti-Ship Missile
Tulsa Air and Space Museum & Planetarium
The Amazing Spider-Man (disambiguation), various works with this abbreviation
MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center. The Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a university research center for the study of plasmas, fusion science and technology.

It was originally founded in 1976 as the Plasma Fusion Center (PFC) at the request and with the collaboration of the U.S. Department of Energy. The original grant was for construction and operation of a tokamak reactor Alcator A, the first in a series of small, high-field tokamaks, followed by Alcator C (1978) and Alcator C-Mod (1993).

MIT's most recent tokamak, Alcator C-Mod, ran from 1993 to 2016. In 2016, the project pressure reached 2.05 atmospheres—a 15 percent jump over the previous record of 1.77 atmospheres with a plasma temperature of 35 million degrees C, sustaining fusion for 2 seconds, yielding 600 trillion fusion reactions. The run involved a 5.7 tesla magnetic field. It reached this milestone on its final day of operation.

In 2018, the PSFC began developing a conceptual design for the SPARC tokamak in collaboration with Commonwealth Fusion Systems. SPARC intends to use new YBCO superconducting magnets in order to achieve net fusion energy in a compact device.

References

External links

PSFC homepage
Nuclear Science and Engineering homepage
New Record for Fusion (MIT News)
Alcator C-Mod pressure record: FAQ (PSFC News)

Plasma Science and Fusion Center
Plasma physics facilities
Taskon. Taskon was a Norwegian IT enterprise which developed systems using object-oriented technology. The company also provided advisory and consultancy services, products, and training within the field of object-oriented systems' development. Formed in 1986 by Trygve Reenskaug, Taskon's expertise was in the area of analysis, design, and implementation of component-based systems.

As one of the UML Partners, Taskon helped with the standardization of the Unified Modeling Language (UML).

The company's flagship product was OOram, a software package for the analysis and design of Object-Oriented systems, with support for the role-modeling concept. In addition to providing support for the modeling of complex systems in a highly productive way — encouraging systematic use of object patterns, the product conformed to the UML standard the company helped develop.

Numerica-Taskon
Numerica was another IT company founded in 1986 by four Norwegian Institute of Technology students, including Gunnar Nordseth and Tor Ivar Byrkjeland. The company's expertise included the development of Microsoft Windows software applications, as well as UML modeling. It was one of the few preferred partners of Rational Rose in Norway.

Numerica encountered Taskon during a project for Gjensidige NOR, a Norwegian bank. The companies discovered the complementary nature of their technologies, and shortly afterward, they formed Numerica-Taskon (1999). The following were among the clientele of the new entity:
ABB Group
Veritas
Ericsson
Gjensidige
Norges Bank
Norsk Hydro
Securitas
Tandberg Television
Telenor
Thomson Financial
Toyota

In 2000, a Swedish company named OptoSof AB acquired Numerica-Taskon, WinHlp (1993), Mogul Media (1994) and Grape (1997). The result of this merger was Mogul.

See also
 Kantega

Referencews

Software companies of Norway
TW 2000. The TW 2000 is a Stadtbahn vehicle in operation on the Hanover Stadtbahn network in Hanover, Germany.

History 
After winning the bid for the Expo 2000 in 1990, the city of Hanover faced the need to greatly improve its transportation system. Therefore, the autobahn system was brought up to better standards, new buses were ordered (the StadtBus), and it was decided to buy new light rail vehicles for the Hanover Stadtbahn. Whilst a ninth series of the TW 6000, the Stadtbahn vehicle built from 1974 to 1993, could have technically been produced, the Hanover public transport operator üstra decided to build a new vehicle from scratch, using up-to-date technology, without the necessity to make the vehicle compatible to the aged design of the TW 6000.

The car was designed by Herbert Lindinger with British designer Jasper Morrison and was manufactured from 1997 to 2000 by Linke-Hofmann-Busch in Salzgitter (now part of Alstom).

The first car delivered was 2002, which was delivered to the Döhren depot on April 12, 1997. 2001, the first of the series, was delivered the following day to the Hanover fairground to serve as a showcase at Hannover Messe. The official presentation to the general public was on April 27, 1997, at Döhren depot, the cars went into official operational use on route 8 by September 1, 1997.

A notable feature is a system of several monitor pairs mounted under the ceiling. While the left monitor displays the next four stops, the right one provides news and adverts.

Daily usage 

Two versions have been built, the TW 2000 with two cabs on each side and the TW 2500 with one cab and an open gangway at the rear end, supposed to run with another 2500 unit.

In daily use, these configurations can be found:
2000
2000+2000
2500-2500
2000+2000+2000 (very rare)
2500-2500+2000
2000+2000+2500-2500 (during trade fairs at Hanover fairground)
2500-2500+2500-2500 (during trade fairs)

Note that several high platform stops are too short for the last four configurations, therefore the first and last door remain shut.

External links 
Stadtbahn Hannover TW 2000 (German language)

Hanover S-Bahn
Tram vehicles of Germany
Train-related introductions in 1997