omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
WAITS. WAITS was a heavily modified variant of Digital Equipment Corporation's Monitor operating system (later renamed to, and better known as, "TOPS-10") for the PDP-6 and PDP-10 mainframe computers, used at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL) from the mid-1960s up until 1991; the mainframe computer it ran on also went by the name of "SAIL".

Overview
There was never an "official" expansion of WAITS, but a common variant was "West-coast Alternative to ITS"; another variant was "Worst Acronym Invented for a Timesharing System". The name was endorsed by the SAIL community in a public vote choosing among alternatives.  Two of the other contenders were SAINTS ("Stanford AI New Timesharing System") and SINNERS ("Stanford Incompatible Non-New Extensively Rewritten System"), proposed by the systems programmers. Though WAITS was less visible than ITS, there was frequent exchange of people and ideas between the two communities, and innovations pioneered at WAITS exerted enormous indirect influence.

WAITS alumni at Xerox PARC and elsewhere also played major roles in the developments that led to the Xerox Star, the Macintosh, and the SUN workstation (later sold by Sun Microsystems).

The early screen modes of Emacs, for example, were directly inspired by WAITS' "E" editor – one of a family of editors that were the first to do real-time editing, in which the editing commands were invisible and where one typed text at the point of insertion/overwriting. The modern style of multi-region windowing is said to have originated there.

The system also featured an unusual level of support for what is now called multimedia computing, allowing analog audio and video signals (including TV and radio) to be switched to programming terminals. This switching capability for terminal video even allowed users in separate offices to view and type on the same virtual terminal, or a single user to instantly switch among multiple full virtual terminals.

Also invented there were "bucky bits" - thus, the "Alt" key on every IBM PC is a WAITS legacy.

One WAITS feature very notable in pre-Web days was a news-wire search engine called NS (for News Service) that allowed WAITS hackers to instantly find, store and be notified about selected AP and New York Times news-wire stories by doing searches using arbitrary combinations of words.  News story retrieval by such search was instantaneous because each story was automatically indexed by all its words when it came in over the wire.

References

External links
The autobiography of SAIL
FOLDOC description
SAILDART archive
SAILDART Prolegomenon, 2016 edition

Time-sharing operating systems
1967 software
Woven fabric. Woven fabric is any textile formed by weaving. Woven fabrics, often created on a loom, are made of many threads woven in a warp and weft. Technically, a woven fabric is any fabric made by interlacing two or more threads at right angles to one another. Woven fabrics can be made of natural fibers, synthetic fibers, or a mixture of both, such as cotton and polyester.
Woven fabrics are used for clothing, garments, decorations, furniture, carpets and other uses.

Production Process 
Yarn Preparation: Fibers are spun into yarns and prepared with specific properties tailored for either the warp (longitudinal yarns) or the weft (transverse yarns).

Warping: The warp yarns are arranged on a beam to prepare for weaving. The warp threads are held taut and parallel, and as such must be strong and durable.

Weaving: During weaving, the weft yarn passes over and under the warp yarns in various patterns. The primary types of weaves are plain weave, twill weave, and satin weave. These basic types have been extrapolated into a variety of diverse patterns that serve both form and function.

Finishing: After weaving, the fabric undergoes several finishing processes, which might include bleaching, dyeing, printing, and treatments to enhance performance characteristics like water resistance or shrinkage prevention.

Qualities 
Woven fabrics only stretch diagonally on the bias (between the warp and weft directions), unless the threads used are elastic. Woven fabric cloth usually frays at the edges, unless techniques are used to counter it, such as the use of pinking shears or hemming. Different companies use textiles differently to create products.Fabrics that are woven do not stretch as easily as knitted fabrics, which can make them advantageous for many uses.

Closely woven fabric is more durable and keeps it shape better. Woven fabric is constructed with two threads, horizontal and vertical. The horizontal threads are called the weft and the vertical threads are called the warp. The warp and weft can be woven together in different variations of the three basic weaves; plain, twill and satin. These varieties can be shaped into dresses, tops, coats, etc.

See also 
Knitted fabric
Nonwoven fabric

References

External links
UXF. In computing, UML eXchange Format (UXF) is a XML-based model interchange format for Unified Modeling Language (UML), which is a standard software modeling language. UXF is a structured format described in 1998 and intended to encode, publish, access and exchange UML models.

More recent alternatives include XML Metadata Interchange and OMG's Diagram Definition standard.

Known uses
 UMLet is an application that uses UXF as its native file format.

References

Unified Modeling Language
BBN. BBN might refer to:
 Bayesian belief network, a probabilistic graphical model that represents a set of random variables and their conditional independencies via a directed acyclic graph
 Bible Broadcasting Network, a global Christian radio network headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina
 Big Bang nucleosynthesis
 Big Blue Nation, the fan base of the University of Kentucky athletics programs
 Big Brother Naija, a Nigerian reality show 
 Biuro Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego, a Polish government agency
 Brevard Business News
 Buckingham Browne & Nichols School (BB&N), a private school in Cambridge, Massachusetts
 9-Borabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane (9-BBN), a reagent used in organic chemistry
 The 3-letter code for Blackburn railway station in the UK
 Blackburn railway station, Melbourne
 Bengbu South railway station, China Railway pinyin code BBN
 Raytheon BBN Technologies, formerly Bolt, Beranek and Newman, a technology company in Cambridge, Massachusetts
 BBN Music, American music cooperation
 Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBN), United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
V20 engine. A V20 engine is a twenty-cylinder piston engine where two banks of ten cylinders are arranged in a V configuration around a common crankshaft. Large diesel V20 engines have been used in diesel locomotives, haul trucks, electric generators and marine applications.

History 

Beginning in the late-1930s, Mercedes-Benz produced several large V20 diesel engines for use in marine applications. The first engine was the MB 501 which was based on the MB 500 V12 engine and was installed in the 1937 class Schnellboot (fast attack boat) and several submarines. Later versions included the supercharged MB 511 engine and the MB 518, which also added an intercooler. A copy of the MB 511 was produced by VEB Motorenwerk in Ludwigsfelde and called the VEB 20 KVD 25. Production of the MB 518 resumed in 1951, and a version of the engine was also manufactured by MTU, called the MB 20 V 672. 

The Electro-Motive Diesel EMD 645E3 two-stroke V20 turbo-diesel engine was used in 1960s diesel-electric locomotives such as the EMD SD45. The engine has a displacement of  and produces a net traction of . The maximum gross power output is closer to 5,000 hp when operated in self-test mode (with the generated output being dissipated by resistors). Later versions of the EMD 645 engine were used in the EMD SD45-2 and EMD SD45T-2 locomotives. EMD also produces a V20 version of the EMD 710 diesel engine, which was used in the 1995 EMD SD80MAC locomotive.  The EMD 710 remains in production to this day, and is mostly used in power generation and marine propulsion.

The Detroit Diesel Series 149 20V149 has an output of 2,936 hp (2,189 kW) from a capacity of 2,980 cu in (48.8 L). It was discontinued in 2000. 

Current production V20 diesel engines include the Fairbanks Morse FM | MAN 28/33D STC, FM | MAN 32/44CR, FM | MAN 175D, FM | COLT-PIELSTICK PA6B STC. Others are the Wärtsilä 20V32 which produces up to , the MTU 20V1163 6 MW (8,045 hp)MTU 20V4000 2.8 MW (3,755 hp), MTU 20V8000 10 MW (13,410 hp), Cummins 120.0L QSK120 (5,000 hp). Caterpillar C175-20 4 MW (5,364 hp) and the G3520 series.

See also 
 V engine

References

20
Locomotive engines
Piston engine configurations
20-cylinder engines
Stovepipe system. In engineering and computing, "stovepipe system" is a pejorative term for a system that has the potential to share data or functionality with other systems but which does not do so. The term evokes the image of stovepipes rising above buildings, each functioning individually. A simple example of a stovepipe system is one that implements its own user IDs and passwords, instead of relying on a common user ID and password shared with other systems.

Stovepipes are

A stovepipe system is generally considered an example of an anti-pattern, particularly found in legacy systems. This is due to the lack of code reuse, and resulting software brittleness due to potentially general functions only being used on limited input.

However, in certain cases stovepipe systems are considered appropriate, due to benefits from vertical integration and avoiding dependency hell. For example, the Microsoft Excel team has avoided dependencies and even maintained its own C compiler, which helped it to ship on time, have high-quality code, and generate small, cross-platform code.

See also
Not invented here
Reinventing the wheel
Stovepipe (organisation)

References

Anti-patterns
Software maintenance
Industrija Motornih Vozil. Industrija Motornih Vozil (IMV, 'Motor Vehicle Industry') was a car manufacturer based in Novo Mesto, Slovenia. It initially assembled DKW vans and cars, then developed and manufactured its own vans and went on to assemble Austin and Renault cars. In 1988 it formed a formal joint venture with Renault to form Revoz and it became wholly owned by Renault in 2004.

History

The company was established in 1954 to sell and then assemble DKW Schnellaster vans under the Moto Montana. It became IMV in 1959  and started to assemble DKW Cars in 1962.

build a van following sales success of selling and DKW vans. Initially the IMV van retained DKW engines and became a versatile commercial vehicle throughout Yugoslavia in van, minibus and pick up forms. Following the demise of DKW, IMV used British Motor Corporation 1600 engines.

Building on the engine link with BMC, IMVs started to assembled cars by license from Austin between 1967 and 1972. The cars built were the Austin 1300, the Mini 1000, and the Austin Maxi 1500/1750. 

Following supply issues of parts for the Austin, IMV signed an agreement in 1972 with Renault and assembled the Renault 4 initially.  

In 1989, Renault took the complete ownership of IMV's car manufacturing division under the name Revoz, 

IMV also produced Adria caravans from 1965 and later developed a motor home division in the early 1980s. This was spun out as a separate business entity in 1995 under the name Adria Mobil after Renault increasing its share in IMV and the Revoz factory.

Products
The IMV van was built in two sizes, the regular two-axle model and a longer dual rear axles version. A small number were exported to Austria as the Donau 1000.

IMV 1000, powered by DKW's two-stroke 981cc engine producing 
IMV 1600, powered by BMC 1622cc engine producing 
IMV 2200D, launched in 1977 powered by Mercedes-Benz 2197cc engine producing

References

External links

 Muzejske zbirke IMV 

Car manufacturers of Slovenia
Car manufacturers of Yugoslavia
Economy of Novo Mesto
PPD. PPD may refer to:

Computing
 Prearranged Payment and Deposit; a payment format used in US inter-bank debit and credit transactions, part of the ACH Network specifications.
 Pixels per degree, a measure of the resolution of a display screen as seen from an angle
 Points per day, a mechanism for measuring work done in the Folding@home distributed computing project
 PostScript Printer Description, a file created by a printer vendor that describes the entire set of capabilities of a particular PostScript printer model

Police and security
 Personal protection detail, a security detail tasked with protecting one or more persons
 Philadelphia Police Department, a police agency in Pennsylvania, United States
 Phoenix Police Department, a police agency in Arizona, United States
 Presidential Protective Division, part of the United States Secret Service tasked with protecting the President and others
 Probation and Parole Division in New Mexico, United States

Political parties
 Social Democratic Party (Portugal) (Partido Social Democrata), originally named Popular Democratic Party or Democratic People's Party (Partido Popular Democrático), a political party in Portugal
 Partito Popolare Democratico Svizzero, a political party in Switzerland
 Party for Democracy (Chile) (Partido por la Democracia), a political party in Chile
 Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico) (Partido Popular Democrático), a political party in Puerto Rico

Science and medicine
 Paranoid personality disorder, a mental disorder characterized by paranoia and a pervasive, long-standing suspiciousness and generalized mistrust of others.
 p-Phenylenediamine, an aromatic amine
 Persistent Pigment Darkening, a measure of UVA protection of sunscreens
 Pharmaceutical Product Development, a global contract research organization (CRO)
 Pheophorbidase, an enzyme
 PPD test, Purified Protein Derivative test or Mantoux test, a screening test for tuberculosis
 Postpartum depression, a mental disorder affecting parents within the first year of their child's birth
 Pour point depressant, a chemical added to crude oil to lower its "pour point"
 ppd, Protopanaxadiol, a molecule
 Psychogenic polydipsia, excessive water intake with a psychiatric or pharmaceutical cause
 Postharvest physiological deterioration, natural change of crop tissues which is undesirable for human or livestock use

Other
 PPD, Inc., an American contract clinical trial company.
 Pani Poni Dash!, a Japanese manga series 
 Partners in Population and Development, an international intergovernmental organization for "southern" countries worldwide
 Pengangkutan Penumpang Djakarta, a bus operator in Jakarta, Indonesia
 Pontypridd railway station, Wales, its National Rail station code
 ppd, an American professional video game player
 PPD-40, a Russian submachine gun
 Prevention Project Dunkelfeld, an effort to help self-identifying pedophiles to stay offence free
 Published Price to Dealer, a music industry term designating unit price
 Presidential Policy Directive, a kind of national security directive from the Obama presidency
ISO 13490. ISO/IEC 13490 (also known as ECMA-168) is the successor to ISO 9660 (level 3), intended to describe the file system of a CD-ROM or CD-R.

ISO 13490 has several improvements over its predecessor. It fully addresses the filename, POSIX attribute, and multibyte character issues that were not handled by ISO 9660. It is also a more efficient format, permits incremental recording, and permits both the ISO 9660 format and ISO/IEC 13490 format to co-exist on the same media. It also specifies how to use multisession properly.

It is derived from the Frankfurt Group (formed in 1990 by many CD-ROM and CD-WO hardware and media manufacturers, CD-ROM data publishers, users of CD-ROMs, and major computer companies) proposal and fully supports orange book media.

Multiple session overview
ISO 13490 define a rule for operating systems as to how to read a multiple-session ISO 9660 volume from a CD-R. Instead of looking for the volume descriptor at offset 32,768 (sector number 16 on a CD) from the start of the disc (which would be the default behavior in ISO 9660), programs accessing the disc should start reading from the 16th sector in the first track of the latest session. Sector numbers form a contiguous sequence starting at the first session, and continue over added sessions and their gaps.

Hence, if a CD mastering program wants to add a single file to a CD-R that has an ISO 9660 volume, it has to append a session containing at least an updated copy of the entire directory tree, plus the new file. The duplicated directory entries can still reference the data files in the previous session(s).

In a similar way, file data can be updated or even removed. Removal is, however, only virtual: the removed content does not appear any more in the directory shown to the user, but it is still physically present on the disc. It can therefore be recovered, and it takes up space (such that the CD will become full even though appearing to still have unused space).

Support
Though it was originally intended for multisession support only to apply to Mode 2 Form 1 formatted discs, some CD writing software supported multisession writing to Mode 1 format discs. Since only some of the early disc drives supported multisession Mode 1 discs, in many cases the second and following sessions would become unreachable in some drives.

Some older CD writing software, such as Nero Burning ROM, would not import previous session data from an inserted disc. It could thus only write a subsequent session to a disc on the same computer that had written all the previous sessions, and then only if the previous session data was saved before the writing software was closed down.

See also
Universal Disk Format (UDF) based on ISO/IEC 13346 (also known as ECMA-167)
Write Once Read Many (WORM)
ISO/IEC JTC 1

References

External links
 ECMA-168

Disk file systems
13490
Ecma standards
Legion (software). Legion is a computer software system variously classified as a distributed operating system, a peer-to-peer system, metacomputing software, and middleware. It is an object-based system designed to provide secure, transparent access to large numbers of machines, both to computational power and data.

The project was funded by the National Science Foundation and other funding agencies, and was mostly developed at the University of Virginia by a group led by Andrew Grimshaw. The Legion people formed the Avaki Corporation to commercialize the project in 1999, but Avaki eventually abandoned the Legion software base, and finally went bankrupt in 2005, with its intellectual property acquired by Sybase.

Legion is the successor to Hydra, developed to run on the C.mmp hardware system developed at Carnegie Mellon University in the late 1960s.

One of the slogans of the Legion project is "mechanism, not policy!"

References

Distributed data storage
Distributed operating systems
University of Virginia
Carnegie Mellon University
DLT. DLT may refer to:

Businesses
 DLT (department store), Saint Petersburg, Russia
 DLT Solutions, a software reseller in Virginia, US

Music
 DLT (musician), New Zealand hip-hop DJ
 Dave Lee Travis (born 1945), British radio DJ
 De La Tierra, an international Latin American metal band

Science, technology and mathematics
 Digital Linear Tape, a computer storage magnetic tape format
 Direct linear transformation, an algorithm to solve systems of equations in projective geometry
 Distributed Language Translation
 Distributed ledger technology, a system for holding replicated, shared, and synchronized digital data spread across multiple sites
 International Conference on Developments in Language Theory, a computer science conference
 Dose limiting toxicity, in drug development; e.g. see Hydroxycarbamide

Other uses
 Boels–Dolmans Cycling Team (Union Cycliste Internationale abbreviation)
 Donald L. Taffner (1930-2011), American television producer
 Displaced left turn
Amiga Halfbrite mode. Extra Half Brite (also referred to as Extra-Half-Brite, Extra-Halfbrite, or EHB), is a planar display mode of the Amiga computer.

This mode uses six bit planes (six bits per pixel). The first five bit planes index 32 colors selected from a 12-bit color space of 4096 possible colors. If the bit on the sixth bit plane is set, the display hardware halves the brightness of the corresponding color component. This way 64 simultaneous colors are possible (32 arbitrary colors plus 32 half-bright components) while using only 32 color registers. The number of color registers is a hardware limitation of pre-AGA chipsets in Amiga computers.

Some contemporary games (Fusion, Defender of the Crown, Agony, Lotus II, or Unreal) and animations (HalfBrite Hill) use EHB mode as a hardware-assisted means to display shadows or silhouettes. EHB is often used as general-purpose 64 color mode with its own restrictions.

Some early versions of the first Amiga, the Amiga 1000, sold in the United States, lack the EHB video mode, which is present in all later Amiga models.

See also

 Original Chip Set
 Hold-And-Modify

References

External links
Animated demo using Halfbrite mode (requires Java)
Amiga Graphics Archive - Extra Half-Brite

Computer display standards
Amiga
Color depths
List of German guided weapons of World War II. During World War II, Nazi Germany developed many missiles and precision-guided munition systems.

These included the first cruise missile, the  first short-range ballistic missile, the first guided surface-to-air missiles, and the first anti-ship missiles.

Organizations 
 Peenemünde rocket test site

People involved
 Wernher von Braun
 Walter Dornberger
 Walter Thiel
 Max Kramer
 Herbert A. Wagner

Models

Surface-to-surface missiles 
The V1, which may be seen as the first cruise missile, was used operationally against London  and Antwerp. The V-2 ballistic missile was used operationally against London, Antwerp, and other targets. The Rheinbote was fired against Antwerp.
 V-1 flying bomb
 V-2 rocket
 Rheinbote
 A4b

Surface-to-air missiles 
Germany developed a number of surface-to-air missile systems, none of which was used operationally:
 Enzian (Gentian)
 Rheintochter (Rhine Daughter) -  (an air-to-air variant was also planned)
 Henschel Hs 117 Schmetterling (Butterfly) - radio-controlled (an air-to-air variant was also planned)
 Wasserfall (Waterfall)
 Feuerlilie (Fire Lily)

Air-to-air missiles 
As with the surface-to-air missiles above, these were never used operationally:
 Henschel Hs 298
 Ruhrstahl X-4 (actively wire-guided; anti-tank variants of this were also designed, such as the X-7)

Anti-ship missiles 
Anti-ship missiles were used operationally against allied shipping in 1943, notably in the Mediterranean Sea, guided by the Funkgerät FuG 203 Kehl series of MCLOS radio guidance systems aboard the deploying aircraft:
 Fritz X armored, anti-ship gravity PGM
 Henschel Hs 293 air-to-ship, rocket-boosted gliding guided bomb

Air-to-surface weapons 
The Mistel composite aircraft configuration was used (with almost no effects) on the front lines both on western and eastern front. This system was composed by a bomber filled with explosive, coupled to a fighter plane: the pilot in the fighter plane flew the two coupled airplanes up to near the target, then he disconnected the aircraft and commanded the bomber to crash onto the target by radio control.

See also 
List of military aircraft of Germany
List of World War II military aircraft of Germany
List of RLM aircraft designations
List of missiles

References 

 
guided weapons
Peenemünde Army Research Center and Airfield
Guided weapons
Guided