omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Micromachinery. Micromachines are mechanical objects that are fabricated in the same general manner as integrated circuits. They are generally considered to be between 100 nanometres to 100 micrometres in size, although that is debatable. The applications of micromachines include accelerometers that detect when a car has hit an object and trigger an airbag. Complex systems of gears and levers are another application.

Fabrication
The fabrication of these devices is usually done by two techniques, surface micromachining and bulk micromachining. To do bulk micromachining, the region needed is highly doped with boron and the unwanted silicon is etched in liquid silicon etches. This technique is termed an etchstop as the doping of boron produces an unetchable layer/pattern.

Transducers
Most micromachines act as transducers; in other words, they are either sensors or actuators.

Sensors convert information from the environment into interpretable electrical signals. One example of a micromachine sensor is a resonant chemical sensor. A lightly damped mechanical object vibrates much more at one frequency than any other, and this frequency is called its resonance frequency. A chemical sensor is coated with a special polymer that attracts certain molecules, such as those found in anthrax, and when those molecules attach to the sensor, its mass increases. The increased mass alters the resonance frequency of the mechanical object, which is detected with circuitry.

Actuators convert electrical signals and energy into motion of some kind. The three most common types of actuators are electrostatic, thermal, and magnetic. Electrostatic actuators use the force of electrostatic energy to move objects. Two mechanical elements, one that is stationary (the stator) and one that is movable (the rotor) have two different voltages applied to them, which creates an electric field. The field competes with a restoring force on the rotor (normally a spring force produced by the bending or stretching of the rotor) to move it. The greater the electric field, the further the rotor will move. Thermal actuators use the force of thermal expansion to move objects. When a material is heated, it expands an amount depending on material properties. Two objects can be connected in such a way that one object is heated more than the other and expands more, and this imbalance creates motion. The direction of motion depends on the connection between the objects. This is seen in a "heatuator", which is a U-shaped beam with one wide arm and one narrow arm. When a current is passed through the object, heat is created. The narrow arm is heated more than the wide arm because they have the same current density. Since the two arms are connected at the top, the stretching hot arm pushes in the direction of the cold arm. Magnetic actuators used fabricated magnetic layers to create forces.

See also 
 Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
 Microfactory
 Nano guitar
 Microscanner

References

External links 
 Image Gallery of Working Micromachines
 3D-Micromac Laser Micromachining Company

Nanotechnology
Microtechnology
List of fire-retardant materials. Fire-retardant materials are designed to burn slowly.

Fire-retardant materials should not be confused with fire-resistant materials. A fire resistant material is one which is designed to resist burning and withstand heat. An example of a fire-resistant material is one which is used in bunker gear worn by firefighters to protect them from the flames of a burning building.

In the United Kingdom, after two significant construction fires which resulted in a combined loss of £1,500 million, The Joint Code of Practice was introduced by the Fire Protection Association (FPA), the UK's national fire safety organisation, to prevent fires on buildings undergoing construction work. The Joint Code of Practice provides advice on how to prevent fires such as through the use of flame-retardant temporary protection materials: for example, some high quality floor protectors are designed to burn slowly and prevent the spread of fires.

Fire-retardant materials used in buildings
Iron
Mineral wool
Gypsum boards
Asbestos cement
Perlite boards
Calcium silicate 
Sodium silicate
Potassium silicate 
Treated lumber plywood
Treated vegetable fiber (e.g., cotton, jute, kenaf, hemp, flax, etc..)
Fire-retardant treated wood
Brick
Concrete
Cement render
Intumescent paint
Glass
Magnesium oxide (MgO)
Geobond asbestos substitute

Fire textiles
PBI
Aramid - para and meta
Flame retardant cotton
Coated nylon
Carbon foam (CFOAM)
Melamine
Modacrylic

Phasing-out
Many common brominated flame retardants are being phased-out by manufacturers. Asbestos is another fireproofing material that has been largely phased out, due to its health risks, including asbestosis and mesothelioma.

See also 
Fireproof
Non-flammable

References

External links 
 European Flame Retardants Association EFRA brings together and represents the leading organisations which manufacture, market or use flame retardants in Europe.

Engineering-related lists

Flame retardants
Materials science
Leaching. Leaching is the loss or extraction of certain materials from a carrier into a liquid (usually, but not always a solvent), and may refer to:

Leaching (agriculture), the loss of water-soluble plant nutrients from the soil; or applying a small amount of excess irrigation to avoid soil salinity
Leaching (chemistry), the process of extracting substances from a solid by dissolving them in a liquid
Leaching (metallurgy), a widely used extractive metallurgy technique which converts metals into soluble salts in aqueous media
Dump leaching, an industrial process to extract metals from ore taken directly from the mine and stacked on the leach pad without crushing
Heap leaching, an industrial process to extract metals from ore which has been crushed into small chunks
Tank leaching, a hydro metallurgical method of extracting valuable material from ore
In-situ leaching, a process of recovering minerals such as copper and uranium through boreholes drilled into the deposit
Leaching (pedology), the loss of mineral and organic solutes due to percolation from soil
Bioleaching, the extraction of specific metals from their ores through the use of bacteria and fungi

See also
Leachate, the liquid that drains or 'leaches' from a landfill
Leach (disambiguation)
Leech (disambiguation)
Leeching (disambiguation)
Mechanical desk. A mechanical desk is usually an antique desk type which was produced during the 18th or the 19th century. At one extreme there are desks furnished with a multitude of panels that swing out while stacks of small drawers pop up when a user lowers or extracts the main writing surface or desktop from a closed position, thanks to some well placed levers and gears.  At the other extreme are mechanically simple desks like the Wooton desk whose two panels open up separately by hand and whose desktop is also opened in a separate manual operation, without exploiting any gears or levers. The term is used quite loosely.

There was an explosion of mechanical desk designs in the second part of the 18th century.  This came at the same time as a renewed interest in smaller domestic furniture in the homes of the rich, and the general introduction in their homes of all kinds of new mechanical devices such as small clocks and wood turning tools.  These devices are described in the Encyclopédie of 1772.  The devices and the interest in them were a result of the technological ferment which arose in the United Kingdom during its Industrial Revolution, and gradually spread to Europe.

The mechanical desk fad gradually died at the beginning of the 19th century.  By the middle of the 19th century desk mechanisms were mostly simple affairs meant to extract or retract sliders or supports from a secretary desk, to give but one example. Sit-stand desks, however, became popular again in the 21st century.

See also
List of desk forms and types.

References

Desks
Mechanical furniture
EIT. EIT may refer to:

Education and research institutes 
 Eastern Institute of Technology, in New Zealand
 Emirates Institute of Technology, now Emirates College of Technology
 Engineering Institute of Technology, in Perth, Australia
 Eritrea Institute of Technology, in Abardae Mai Nefhi, Eritrea
 European Institute of Innovation and Technology, headquartered in Budapest, Hungary

Science 
 Electrical impedance tomography
 Electromagnetically induced transparency
 Extended irreversible thermodynamics
 Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope

Other uses 
 Eitiep language
 Engineer in Training, professional certification level
 Enhanced interrogation techniques
 Everything Is Terrible!, a video blog
 Economies-in-transition, defined by the Kyoto Protocol
 Event Information Table, television program guide data that accompanies ATSC and DVB broadcasts
Thermal lance. A thermal lance, thermic lance, oxygen lance, or burning bar is a tool that heats and melts steel in the presence of pressurized oxygen to create very high temperatures for cutting. It consists of a long steel tube packed with alloy steel rods, which serve as fuel; these are sometimes mixed with aluminum rods to increase the heat output.

Operation

One end of the tube is placed in a holder and oxygen is fed through the tube. The far end of the tube is pre-heated and lit by an oxyacetylene torch. An intense stream of burning steel is produced at the working end and can be used to cut rapidly through thick materials, including steel and concrete. The tube is consumed by the process within a few minutes.

Applications
Often used as a heavy duty demolition tool, the thermic lance is also used to remove seized axles of heavy machinery without damaging the bearings or axle housing. This technique is often used on the pins and axles of large equipment such as cranes, ships, bridges, and sluice-gates. In addition, thermal lancing is used to clean the bottom of steel furnace pots, which accumulate a skull layer of slag and iron during operation.

Principle of operation

Steel, in the form of steel wool, can burn at atmospheric (20%) concentrations of oxygen because it has a high surface area-to-mass ratio and relatively low mass, which prevents the heat from being dissipated in the bulk of the material. When the oxygen concentration is increased, steel wool will burn faster. Burning steel wool is simply the rapid oxidation of iron into ; the thermal lance uses steel in the form of rods rather than wool, the rods will burn with a sufficiently high supply of concentrated oxygen.

The temperature at which a thermal lance operates varies depending on the environment. Some estimates put the maximum temperature at , while others calculate it to be .

Alternative fuels
Thermal lances have been constructed for demonstration using foodstuffs (including bacon and dried spaghetti) as the fuel instead of steel rods; a supply of pure oxygen is more important to drive rapid oxidation than the fuel being burned.

History
Leo Malcher filed for a patent in 1922 entitled "Process of attacking compact mineral material, noncombustible in oxygen". The patent uses "a suitable disintegrating flux to act upon the material at the point where it is desired to attack it ... the fuel employed in the example to be described is metallic iron, and is arranged in the form of two concentric pipes". The annulus between the two pipes was filled with a flux (sodium carbonate borax and sodium chloride in equal proportions) and oxygen was supplied through the inner tube.

See also

References

External links

  (oxygen-supplied thermic lance, invented by Ernst Brandenberger)
  (device for fixing holes by method of smelting, especially into buildings, invented by Berczes et al.)

Cutting tools
Welding
Plunger. A plunger is a device driven by or against fluid pressure. In plumbing, the term plunger commonly refers to handheld tools used to clear blockages in drains and pipes. Plumbing plungers consist of a rubber suction cup attached to a stick (shaft) usually made of wood or plastic. A different bellows-like design is usually constructed of plastic. Alternate names for plumbing plungers include force cup, plumber's friend or plumber's helper.

In musical performance, tools called plungers are used to mute trumpets and trombones. A plunger may also refer to a component of a device that generates fluid flow, such as in a medical syringe or a French press coffee brewer.

History 
The plumbing plunger was invented in 1874 by New York confectioner John Hawley, with the flattened rim added in 1876. The invention is referred to in the patent as a "vent-clearer", and was marketed as a "force cup".

Applications

Plumbing

Use 
For the common plunger, the cup is pushed down against the drain opening, either pressing hard into the drain to force air in or pushing down until the rubber cup is flattened. The cup is then pulled out, creating a vacuum to pull blockage material upward and dislodge waste or other material.

Shape and function 
The cup of a kitchen plunger looks like a rubber ball cut in half with a flared edge, while the toilet plunger's cup looks more like a distorted bowl, tapered on one half, with a large opening on the bottom.

A plunger is much more effective with water in the pipe, as water does not compress and thus transmits more of the applied force than does air.  When a plunger alone is ineffective, it can be supplemented by a chemical drain cleaner for sinks and tubs; or a plumber's snake for stubborn clogs, and clogs of the main line or toilet.

Syringes 
In syringes, plungers are constrained to linear motion as they are pulled and pushed within an outer tube or "barrel." The plunger allows the syringe to take in or expel fluid through an orifice at the open end of the barrel. In disposable syringes, the plunger is often made of plastic with a rubber tip that seals between itself and the barrel.

See also
 Plunger mute for brass instruments

References

External links
 
 

Plumbing
Simple machines
Hand tools
EEE. EEE may refer to:

Business
 Electronic Equipment Engineering, a defunct American trade magazine
 Embrace, extend and extinguish, an anti-competitive Microsoft business strategy
 Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company (trades as EEE)
Union of Greek Shipowners

Computing 
 Asus Eee, a family of computer products
 Energy-Efficient Ethernet, a standard by the IEEE 802.3az group
 Embrace, extend, and extinguish, a phrase found by the US Department of Justice in use internally by Microsoft for its business strategy.

Science and medicine 
 EEE (psychedelic), a drug
 Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE), also referred to as 'Triple E'
 Earthquake environmental effects

Other uses
 E language, spoken in China
 Electronic and electrical engineering
 "Electrical and electronic equipment", a phrase associated with the EU Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Directive
 National Union of Greece, a defunct political party in Greece
 Triple-E Senate, a proposal for restructuring the Senate of Canada
 EEE, a width or girth in shoe size
 EEE, the production code for the 1971 Doctor Who serial Terror of the Autons
 The National Union of Greece, a former far-right political party in Greece (abbreviated as EEE in Greek).

See also
 3E (disambiguation)
 E3 (disambiguation)
 EE (disambiguation)
 Triple E (disambiguation)
Distribution frame. In telecommunications, a distribution frame is a passive device which terminates cables, allowing arbitrary interconnections to be made.

For example, the Main Distribution Frame (MDF) located at a telephone central office terminates the cables leading to subscribers on the one hand, and cables leading to active equipment (such as DSLAMs and telephone switches) on the other. Service is provided to a subscriber by manually wiring a twisted pair (called a jumper wire) between the telephone line and the relevant DSL or POTS line circuit.

In broadcast engineering, a distribution frame is a location within an apparatus room through which all signals (audio, video, or data) pass, with the ability to arbitrarily route and connect sources and destinations between studios and other internal and external points. Connections can either be soldered, or made using terminal blocks.  Because the frame may carry live broadcast signals, it may be considered part of the airchain.

In data communication, a building distribution frame (BDF) houses data switches, etc.

Types
Distribution frames for specific types of signals often have specific initialisms:
 DDF—digital distribution frame
 IDF—Intermediate distribution frame
 MDF—Main distribution frame
 ODF or OFDF—optical fiber distribution frame
 VDF—voice distribution frame

Modernization
Distribution frames may grow to extremely large sizes. In major installations, audio distribution frames can have as many as 10,000 incoming and outgoing separate copper wires (balanced audio signals require two wires plus earth ground for each signal). Telephone signals do not use a separate earth ground wire, but some urban exchanges have about 250,000 wires on their MDF. Installing and rewiring these jumpers is a labour-intensive task, leading to attempts in the industry to devise so-called active distribution frames or Automated Main Distribution Frames. The principal issues which stand in the way of their widespread adoption are cost and reliability.

Newer digital mixing consoles can act as control points for a distribution frame or router, which can handle audio from multiple studios (even for multiple co-located radio or TV stations) at the same time.  Multiple smaller frames, such as one for each studio, can be linked together with fibre-optics (which also helps eliminate ground loops), or with gigabit Ethernet.  This has the advantage of not having to route dozens of feeds through walls (and sometimes floors and ceilings) to a single point.

See also
Intermediate distribution frame
Main distribution frame
Patch panel
Splicebox
Wiring closet

References

Broadcast engineering
Telephony equipment
Automatic train protection. Automatic train protection (ATP) is the generic term for train protection systems that continually check that the speed of a train is compatible with the permitted speed allowed by signalling, including automatic stop at certain signal aspects. If it is not, ATP activates an emergency brake to stop the train.

See also 
 Advanced Civil Speed Enforcement System
 Anti Collision Device
 Automatic Warning System
 Automatische treinbeïnvloeding (ATB)
 British Rail's ATP system
 Continuous Automatic Warning System (CAWS)
 EBICAB
 European Train Control System (ETCS)
 Kavach
 Positive Train Control (PTC)
 Punktförmige Zugbeeinflussung (PZB)
 Train Protection & Warning System
 Train Warning System
 Transmission Voie-Machine (TVM)

References 

Train protection systems
Energy efficiency. Energy efficiency may refer to:

 Energy efficiency (physics), the ratio between the useful output and input of an energy conversion process
 Electrical efficiency, useful power output per electrical power consumed
 Mechanical efficiency, a ratio of the measured performance to the performance of an ideal machine 
 Thermal efficiency, the extent to which the energy added by heat is converted to net work output or vice versa
 Luminous efficiency, a measure of how well a light source produces visible light
 Fuel efficiency, the efficiency of converting potential energy in a fuel into kinetic energy
 Energy efficiency in transportation, the fuel economy of various modes of transportation
 Energy-efficient landscaping, a type of landscaping designed for the purpose of conserving energy
 Efficient energy use, minimizing the amount of energy used for a given, constant energy service
 Energy conservation, reducing energy consumption by using less of an energy service

See also
 Energy (disambiguation)
 Efficiency (disambiguation)
 Energy rating (disambiguation)
 
 

Energy efficiency
Minsk family of computers. Minsk was a family of mainframe computers that were developed and produced in the Byelorussian SSR from 1959 to 1975.

Models
The MINSK-1 was a vacuum-tube digital computer that went into production in 1960.

The MINSK-2 was a solid-state digital computer that went into production in 1962.

The MINSK-22 was a modified version of Minsk-2 that went into production in 1965.

The MINSK-23 went into production in 1966.

The most advanced model was Minsk-32, developed in 1968. It supported COBOL, FORTRAN and ALGAMS (a version of ALGOL).  This and earlier versions also used a machine-oriented language called AKI (AvtoKod "Inzhener", i.e., "Engineer's Autocode"). It stood somewhere between the native assembly language SSK (Sistema Simvolicheskogo Kodirovaniya, or "System of symbolic coding") and higher-level languages, like FORTRAN.

The word size was 31 bits for Minsk-1 and 37 bits for the other models.

At one point the Minsk-222 (an upgraded prototype based on the most popular model, Minsk-22) and Minsk-32 were considered as a potential base for a future unified line of mutually compatible mainframes — that would later become the ES EVM line, but despite being popular among users, good match between their tech and Soviet tech base and familiarity to both programmers and technicians lost to the proposal to copy the IBM/360 line of mainframes — the possibility to just copy all the software existing for it was deemed more important.

See also
 Mark Nemenman

References

Further reading
  (NB. Has info on the Minsk-32 character set.)

External links 
 Russian Virtual Computer Museum

Belarusian inventions
Soviet inventions
Mainframe computers
Science and technology in Belarus
Ministry of Radio Industry (USSR) computers