omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Krapcho decarboxylation. Krapcho decarboxylation is a chemical reaction used to manipulate certain organic esters. This reaction applies to esters with a beta electron-withdrawing group (EWG). 

The reaction proceeds by nucleophilic dealkylation of the ester by the halide followed by decarboxylation, followed by hydrolysis of the resulting stabilized carbanion.

Reaction conditions
The reaction is carried in dipolar aprotic solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) at high temperatures, often around 150 °C. 

A variety of salts assist in the reaction including NaCl, LiCl, KCN, and NaCN. It is suggested that the salts were not necessary for reaction, but greatly accelerates the reaction when compared to the reaction with water alone.    

The ester must contain an EWG in the beta position . The reaction works best with a methyl esters. which are more susceptible to SN2 reactions.

Mechanisms 

The mechanisms are still not fully uncovered. However, the following are suggested mechanisms for two different substituents:

α,α-Disubstituted Ester

For an α,α-disubstituted ester, it is suggested that the anion in the salt attacks the R3 in an SN2 fashion, kicking off R3 and leaving a negative charge on the oxygen. Then, decarboxylation occurs to produce a carbanion intermediate. The intermediate picks up a hydrogen from water to form the products.

The byproducts of the reaction (X-R3 and CO2) are often lost as gases, which helps drive the reaction; entropy increases and Le Chatelier's principle takes place.

α-Monosubstituted Ester

For an α-monosubstituted ester, it is speculated that the anion in the salt attacks the carbonyl group to form a negative charge on the oxygen, which then cleaves off the cyanoester. With the addition of water, the cyanoester is then hydrolyzed to form CO2 and alcohol, and the carbanion intermediate is protonated.

The byproduct of this reaction (CO2) is also lost as gas, which helps drive the reaction; entropy increases and Le Chatelier's principle takes place.

Advantages 
The Krapcho decarboxylation is a comparatively simpler method to manipulate malonic esters because it cleaves only one ester group, without affecting the other ester group. The conventional method involves saponification to form carboxylic acids, followed by decarboxylation to cleave the carboxylic acids, and an esterification step to regenerate the esters.  Additionally, Krapcho decarboxylation avoids harsh alkaline or acidic conditions.

References 

Elimination reactions
Substitution reactions
Name reactions
Hydra Technologies Ehécatl. The S4 Ehécatl is an unmanned aerial vehicle developed and manufactured by Hydra Technologies of Mexico which, except for its infrared thermal sensor system, is the first of its type to be completely designed and manufactured in Mexico. It is named after Ehecatl, the Aztec god of the wind.

Overview 
A prototype of the airplane was presented in the Paris Air Show at Le Bourget on June 19, 2007.  In August 2007 at Washington D.C., a full-scale model was exhibited at the Association for Unmanned Vehicle Systems International (AUVSI) symposium, an aeronautics exposition with over 275 exhibitors.  At the conclusion of the AUSVI symposium Hydra Technologies became the first non-U.S. recipient of the AUSVI's 'Al Aube Outstanding Contributor Award' for the development of the S4 Ehécatl UAS (Unmanned Aerial System).

In 2008, Hydra Technologies received the Leonardo da Vinci award, given by the International Aeronautics Congress of Mexico (CIAM for its Spanish abbreviation) for the development of the S4 Ehácatl, as well as the E1 Gavilán.

On August 3, 2008, the State of Jalisco and Coecytjal presented Hydra with an award in the 29th Annual National Convention of the National Chamber of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics Industry (CANIETI), for its contribution to the informatics, microelectronics and communications industries in Mexico.

Description 
The S4 Ehécatl is an aerial unmanned surveillance system whose development began in 2002. Its principal market is directed towards providing security and surveillance capabilities in support of the Armed Forces, as well as civilian protection in hazardous situations. Because of its small size and unmanned nature, it can enter dangerous zones without being detected.

Apart from a U.S.-made FLIR infrared thermal sensor system, all of the S4 Ehécatl's componentry and avionics are designed, developed and manufactured in Mexico by the firm Hydra Technologies. The S4 Ehécatl has an electronic system that is designed to provide up to eight hours of autonomous flight, in either daytime or nighttime conditions. The craft is controlled from a mobile central facility installed in a specially equipped three-man ground vehicle.

The surveillance capabilities of the UAV was suggested as an option to survey of the border problems between the U.S. and Mexico. The project developing the craft is a joint effort of the Mexican Federal Government, the Financial Sector, and Mexican academic and scientific institutions like CONACYT, the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN), the Autonomous University of Guadalajara and the Western Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESO).

Specifications

Operators 
 Used by various government agencies and police organizations.

Gallery

References

External links 

 Hydra Technologies de Mexico company website.

2000s Mexican military reconnaissance aircraft
Unmanned aerial vehicles of Mexico
Ehecatl
Twin-boom aircraft
Twin-engined push-pull aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2006
High-wing aircraft
De Havilland DH.71 Tiger Moth. The de Havilland DH.71 Tiger Moth was a British single-seat monoplane, designed to research high-speed flight and to test replacement engines for the Cirrus. Only two were built.

Design and development
It was a low-wing monoplane based on the earlier Moth biplanes with a stressed plywood covering and the cockpit designed around its test pilot, Hubert Broad, to make it as streamlined as possible: this resulted in the fuselage sides being sloped outwards to accommodate his shoulders. The Tiger Moth had a fixed conventional landing gear with a tail skid. The first aircraft built (registration G-EBQU) first flew from Stag Lane Aerodrome on 24 June 1927 and was fitted with an  ADC Cirrus II engine to check its handling characteristics. This was then replaced with Major Halford's prototype engine, by then named the Gipsy. The second example, G-EBRV, was fitted with a Cirrus engine and first flew on 28 July 1927.

Operational history
Both aircraft were entered for the 1927 King's Cup Race which was to be held at Hucknall on 30 July; 'QU was withdrawn but Broad flew 'RV in the race, retiring because of handling problems.

In August 1927 Broad flew G-EBQU over a 62-mile (100 km) closed-circuit to set a new record for Class III Light Aircraft of 186.47 mph (300.09 km/h). Five days later he flew to 19,191 ft (5,849 m) without oxygen in an attempt to break the altitude record for its category. For these record attempts the aircraft was fitted with new wings with a reduced span of .

G-EBQU was exported to Australia in 1930 and registered VH-UNH.  On 17 September 1930 it crashed when the engine cut out while practising for an air race, killing pilot David Smith. The second airframe was for a time displayed outside de Havilland's Hatfield factory in Hertfordshire, eventually being destroyed there on 3 October 1940 during an air raid.

Specifications (G-EBRV)

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

 Video of Michael Maniatis' airworthy, full-scale reproduction DH.71 Tiger Moth racer

Racing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
DH.71 Tiger Moth
Aircraft first flown in 1927
1920s British experimental aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Electrically conducting yarn. An electrically conducting yarn is a yarn that conducts electricity. Conducting yarns are used to manufacture carpets and other items that dissipate static electricity,  such as work clothes in highly flammable environments, e.g., in the petrochemistry industry.

There are several methods known to manufacture electrically conductive textiles. The simplest way is to incorporate metal wires or wire meshes into fabrics. Another approach is to use metalized yarns. In staple yarns, it is possible to spin short strands of regular yarns with metal yarns. Electrically conducting yarns may be made of a central metal strand with regular yarn woven around it.  It is however also possible to coat a base polymer (such as Polyamide 6 or Polyester) with metal like silver. Yarns of that sort are for example "Shieldex" or "SwicoSilver" whereas it is only possible with the latter to coat non-Polyamides as well. Furthermore, it is possible to coat filament yarns with other metals than silver with the underlying coating technology of SwicoSilver yarns: Gold coated polyester yarns are for example no impossibility anymore.

An altogether different approach involves yarns based on conductive polymers, such as polyaniline.

Electrically conductive yarns can also be produced from carbon nanotubes (CNT).  Individual CNT-based fibers are spun (wet spinning) into a fiber directly from a solution. The solution either contains pre-made dissolved CNTs or the combination of chemicals required to synthesis CNTs. Tens to hundreds of individual fibers can be woven into a yarn. CNT-based yarns find applications in energy and electrochemical water treatment and can replace copper windings, e.g. in motors, which would improve the efficiency and consequently reduce the use of energy.

References

Yarn
Occupational safety and health
Electrical safety
Northrop Beta. The Northrop Beta was an American single-engine, all-metal, low-wing sporting monoplane built in 1931.

Design and development
The Beta was a two-seater with a 160 hp (119 kW) Menasco Buccaneer inline engine.  The first aircraft registered as NX963Y (later NC963Y) crashed in California. The second aircraft, N12214, was built as a single-seater and fitted with a 300 hp (224 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp Jr. radial engine, and became the first aircraft of such power to exceed 200 mph (322 km/h). Only two were built.

The aircraft was flown to Wichita for sister company Stearman Aircraft to use as a demonstrator but with the poor economy at the time, none were sold. The aircraft was sold to a wealthy pilot in New York and during its delivery, it passed through Wright Field in order to allow a thorough examination by Army Air Corps Engineers as the Air Corps was still using obsolete biplanes.

After being rarely flown during 1932, the aircraft was sold to a new owner who kept it at Roosevelt Field until it was flipped over at a nearby airport. The aircraft was repaired at the Stearman factory in Wichita and used as an experimental test platform for various flap designs until it crashed due to a wing structural failure on May 4, 1934.

Specifications (Beta 3D)

See also

References

Beta
1930s United States sport aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Volume units used in petroleum engineering. Several units of volume are used in petroleum engineering.

Units

Due to the risk of confusion with the SI convention where the "M" prefix stands for "mega" representing million, the Society of Petroleum Engineers recommends in their style guide that abbreviations or prefixes M or MM are not used for barrels of oil or barrel of oil equivalent, but rather that thousands, millions or billions are spelled out.

Conversion factors
Oil conversion factor from m³ to bbl (or stb) is 6.28981100
Gas conversion factor from standard m³ to scf is 35.314666721

Note that the m³ gas conversion factor takes into account a difference in the standard temperature base for measurement of gas volumes in metric and imperial units. The standard temperature for metric measurement is 15 degrees Celsius (i.e. 59 degrees Fahrenheit) while for English measurement the standard temperature is 60 °F. Gas undergoes a slight expansion when the temperature is raised from 15 °C (59 °F) to 60 °F and this expansion is built into the above factor for gas.

The standard temperature and pressure (STP) for gas varies depending on the particular code being used. It is just as important to know the standard pressure as the temperature. Formerly, OPEC used 101.325 kPa (14.696 psia) but now the standard is 101.560 kPa (14.73 psia).

References

Petroleum engineering
Royal Maintenance Corps (Jordan). The Royal Maintenance Corps "silah al siyana al-malaki" (سلاح الصيانة الملكي) is a branch of the Jordanian Armed Forces. It must furnish continuous operation to the field and is responsible for flow of parts, and for every vehicle being operational and ready for battle. The corps' engineers are also responsible for upgrading the tanks in use.

Role in improving the Jordanian military 
The maintenance corps role in improving Jordanian ground units, is to apply enhanced targeting systems on the M60 Patton,  the full reconstruction of several other vehicles such as the Centurion tank and to upgrade the 274 Chieftain tank  in a redesign called Khalid ibn al-Walid.
The Jordanian engineers were able to revolutionise the Challenger 1 turret system with an auto loader and a 120 mm smooth-bore gun. Maintenance specialists were sent to the United States and Britain for advanced training.

History
In 1972, the Chieftain Tank needed enhancement in order to meet changing military needs. The Corps Commander, Major General Kharabsheh, installed the new laser targeting system on several tanks including the M60. This move was revolutionary for the Jordanian military. It made it possible for the cavalry to balance power with its neighbors.

Commanders 
The king of Jordan selected the commanders of the corps. A list follows:
 Brigadier General Engineer Nael AL-Ragad 2009–present
 Major General Abdilwahab Kharabsheh ? - 1992
 Major General Mosleh AlMuthanna AlYamani 1988-1992
 Brigadier General Waleed a. Samkari 1992 - ?
 Major General Engineer Fadel Mohammed Ali 2000 - 2001

References

External links 
 Royal Jordanian maintenance corp
 Jordanian armed forces

Maintenance Corps
Military administrative corps
Military units and formations established in 1920
IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award. The IEEE Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award is a Technical Field Award of the IEEE given for outstanding contributions to consumer electronics technology.  It is named in honor of Masaru Ibuka, co-founder and honorary chairman of Sony Corporation. The award is currently given each year to an individual or a team of up to three people (although in 2002, it was given to five people). The award was established by the IEEE Board of Directors in 1987, and is sponsored by Sony Corporation.

Recipients of this award receive a bronze medal, a certificate and an honorarium.

Recipients 
Source

See also
 Prizes named after people

External links
 Information about the award at IEEE
 List of recipients of the IEEE Masaru Ibuka Award

References 

Awards established in 1987
Masaru Ibuka Consumer Electronics Award
Zawiya Refinery. The Zawia or Zawiya Refinery is an oil refinery located in Zawiya, Libya, which is about  west of Tripoli. 

The refinery was opened in 1974 and it currently produces an estimated  of oil products per day (bpd). It is a topping and reforming refinery having a distillation capacity of 6,000 tonnes per annum. The refinery is operated by the Zawia Oil Refining Company, a subsidiary of the National Oil Corporation. NOC is expected to re-tender an engineering, procurement and construction contract for upgrading the Zawia refinery.

Refinery Expansion and Rehabilitation 2006
This project is aimed at increasing the capacity of the refinery from  by 24 percent, which will involve the installation of a new continuous catalytic reformer (CCR) unit, naphtha and gas-oil hydrotreaters and an isomerisation unit, as well as the installation of pneumatic control units and a supervisory control & data acquisition (SCADA) system. The project is being financed by the Libyan government.

Notes

External links

Oil refineries in Libya
Zawiya, Libya
1974 establishments in Libya
Ras Lanuf Refinery. The Ras Lanuf Refinery is a topping and reforming oil refinery in Ras Lanuf, Libya. It is part of a larger petrochemical complex also consisting of an ethylene plant, a polyethylene plant, plant utilities, and Ra's Lanuf Harbor.  Until 9 March 2009, the complex was operated by the RASCO, a subsidiary of the National Oil Corporation. The current operator is the Libyan Emirates Oil Refining Company.

History
The Ra's Lanuf Refinery became operational during 1984.  In 2007, the decision to expand the refinery  for the production of benzene, butadiene, and MTBE was made.  For this, NOC concluded a contract to establish a joint venture with Dow Chemical Company.
  In 2008, a $2 billion contract with the Star Consortium, comprising the Al Ghurair's subsidiary TransAsia Gas International and ETA Ascon Star Group's Star Petro Energy, to own and upgrade the refinery was concluded.  However, in March 2009, NOC and Al Ghurair's subsidiary Trusta signed an agreement to form a joint venture the Libyan Emirati Refining Company (Lerco) to operate and upgrade the refinery.

Additional storage tanks were to be built by Vitol, with the expansion expected to be completed by 2013.

Description
The refinery has a capacity of .  It is a simple hydroskimming refinery, but its products meet market specifications due to the use of high quality crude oil. It produces fuel oil, gas oil, naphtha and kerosene. The complex also produces petrochemicals, utilizing naphtha as a feed stock for an ethylene plant with a capacity of 1.2 million tons per year (tpy). Its main products are ethylene (330,000 tpy), propylene (170,000 tpy), Mix C4 (130,000 tpy) and P Gasoline (335,000 tpy).

Notes

Ras Lanuf
Oil refineries in Libya
Tripolitania
George Deacon (civil engineer). George Frederick Deacon ( – ) was an English civil engineer.

A pupil and lifelong friend of William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, Deacon was Lord Kelvin's assistant on the SS Great Eastern cable-laying expedition. He was both borough engineer and water engineer to Liverpool from 1871 to 1880, and water engineer to the city from  1880 to 1890. During this latter period, jointly with Thomas Hawksley, he designed the Lake Vyrnwy scheme to supply Liverpool's water. Deacon was solely responsible for the design of the Lake Vyrnwy Straining Tower, designed in a Gothic Revival style. In 1890 he established a consultancy in Westminster which designed waterworks for many UK towns. This merged with another firm to become Alexander Binnie & Sons, Deacon.

Amongst his inventions were the Deacon waste-water meter to locate water leakage, and electrical meters to measure river flow.

At the time of his death he was working on a scheme to provide water to Birkenhead from the River Alwen.

References

External links
 

1843 births
1909 deaths
English civil engineers
Presidents of the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers
People from Bridgwater
Netdisco. Netdisco is a network management tool suitable for small to very large networks. IP address and MAC address data is collected into a PostgreSQL database using SNMP, CLI, or device APIs. It allows network administrators to locate the exact switch port of any node connected to the network.

Details
Netdisco utilizes SNMP to fetch ARP tables from routers and MAC tables from layer 2 switches. If Cisco Discovery Protocol, Link Layer Discovery Protocol, Foundry Discovery Protocol or SynOptics Network Management Protocol is available, discovery of the network topology is mostly automatic. In case the above-mentioned protocols are not enabled (for example due to incompatibilities between the network devices or for security reasons) the topology can be defined manually. A record is maintained of the IP addresses and ports each node has used.

Although written primarily in Perl, and distributed through CPAN, recent work includes interfaces to Python.

History
Netdisco was created at the University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC), Networking and Technology Services (NTS) department in 2003 by Max Baker, with significant contributions from Mark Boolootian and Jim Warner (through whose ideas Netdisco was born and shaped), Bill Fenner, and Eric Miller. In 2011 a major rewrite was completed by Oliver Gorwits and this remains the current version under active development.

See also
 OSI layer
 Computer network
 Comparison of network monitoring systems

References
 https://www.linux.com/news/discovering-your-network-netdisco

External links
 Official Website
 Demo Installation
 Community Mail List
 Download and Installation

Internet Protocol based network software
Free network management software
FS Class ETR 480. The ETR 480 is a tilting Electric Multiple Unit built by Fiat Ferroviaria (now Alstom Ferroviaria) since 1993, It is also known as Pendolino. It was developed from the first new-generation Pendolino, the ETR 460. The main difference between ETR 460, ETR 470 and ETR 480 is that the 460 run only on 3 kV DC, the 470 on both 3 kV DC and 15 kV AC, and the 480 on both 3 kV DC and .

FS Class 485 
The ETR 480 was originally built without real 25 kV AC electrical equipment. This equipment is now installed on all the sets and the trains that have been converted are then re-measured on ETR 485.

Export 
One of these units has been sent for testing on the Greek railway (TrainOSE), on the high speed line between Thessaloniki and Katerini. In August 2018, the specified number of 485,031 was transferred from Italy to Greece for test routes. This was the beginning for converting some ETR 470 for use by TrainOSE.

Technical information
max. speed (in service):  
traction system: = 3 kV DC, 25 kV 50 Hz AC (all 15 trainsets)
power: 
length:  
mass:  
max axle load:   
max. tilting angle: 8° 
configuration: head coach + 7 middle coaches + head coach
total number of seats: ETR 480: 480 (341 II + 139 I); ETR 485: 489 (343 II + 146 I)

See also
 ElettroTreno
 Alfa Pendular
 List of high speed trains
 ETR 460
 ETR 470
 New Pendolino
 Renfe Class 104

References

External links

ETR 460 & ETR 480 Photos

High-speed trains of Italy
Pendolino
ETR 480
Fiat Ferroviaria
3000 V DC multiple units
25 kV AC multiple units
Alstom multiple units
Passenger trains running at least at 250 km/h in commercial operations