omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Scottish Aviation. Scottish Aviation Limited was an aircraft manufacturer based in Prestwick, Scotland.

History
The company was founded in 1935. Originally a flying school operator, the company took on maintenance work in 1938.
During the Second World War, Scottish Aviation was involved in aircraft fitting for the war effort. This included maintenance and conversion of the Consolidated Liberator bomber.

The factory building of Scottish Aviation, which still exists today, was formerly the Palace of Engineering at the 1938 Empire Exhibition in Bellahouston Park, Glasgow. The building was dismantled from its Glasgow site and reconstructed.

Post-war it built robust military STOL utility aircraft such as the Pioneer and larger Twin Pioneer. Much later the company built some Jetstream turboprop transport and navigational training aircraft following the collapse of Handley Page (which designed the type). It built Bulldog trainers after the demise of their original manufacturer, Beagle Aircraft Limited.

In November 1958, redundancies affecting almost 800 of their 2,500 staff were announced. Scottish Aviation merged with the British Aircraft Corporation, Hawker Siddeley Aviation, and Hawker Siddeley Dynamics to form British Aerospace in 1977. Much of the former Scottish Aviation assets now belong to Spirit AeroSystems.

Aircraft
(first flight in brackets)
Scottish Aviation Pioneer (5 November 1947)
Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer (25 June 1955)
Scottish Aviation Bulldog
Scottish Aviation Jetstream

Gallery

Cars

Between 1964 and 1966 Scottish Aviation designed a small battery-electric car, the Scottish Aviation Scamp, of which twelve pre-production examples were built.

See also
 Aerospace industry in the United Kingdom

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919 (Volume 3). London, Putnam, 1974.

Further reading
 Berry, P (2005) Prestwick Airport and Scottish Aviation
 Robertson, A (1986) Lion Rampant and Winged

External links

 Scottish Aviation – BAE Systems
Scottish Aviation – British Aircraft Directory

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of Scotland
South Ayrshire
1935 establishments in Scotland
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1935
1977 disestablishments in Scotland
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1977
Companies based in South Ayrshire
Car manufacturers of the United Kingdom
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Scotland
Battery electric vehicle manufacturers
Electric vehicle manufacturers of the United Kingdom
British companies disestablished in 1977
British companies established in 1935
First-generation programming language. A first-generation programming language (1GL) is a machine-level programming language and belongs to the low-level programming languages.

A first generation (programming) language (1GL) is a grouping of programming languages that are machine level languages used to program first-generation computers. Originally, no translator was used to compile or assemble the first-generation language. The first-generation programming instructions were entered through the front panel switches of the computer system.

The instructions in 1GL are made of binary numbers, represented by 1s and 0s. This makes the language suitable for the understanding of the machine but far more difficult to interpret and learn by the human programmer.

The main advantage of programming in 1GL is that the code can run very fast and very efficiently, precisely because the instructions are executed directly by the central processing unit (CPU). One of the main disadvantages of programming in a low level language is that when an error occurs, the code is not as easy to fix.

First generation languages are very much adapted to a specific computer and CPU, and code portability is therefore significantly reduced in comparison to higher level languages.

Modern day programmers still occasionally use machine level code, especially when programming lower level functions of the system, such as drivers, interfaces with firmware and hardware devices. Modern tools such as native-code compilers are used to produce machine level from a higher-level language.

References

General
1. Nwankwogu S.E (2016). Programming Languages and their history.

Programming language classification
Henry (unit). The henry (symbol: H) is the unit of electrical inductance in the International System of Units (SI). If a current of 1 ampere flowing through a coil produces flux linkage of 1 weber turn, that coil has a self-inductance of 1 henry.‌ The unit is named after Joseph Henry (1797–1878), the American scientist who discovered electromagnetic induction independently of and at about the same time as Michael Faraday (1791–1867) in England.

Definition
The inductance of an electric circuit is one henry when an electric current that is changing at one ampere per second results in an electromotive force of one volt across the inductor:
,
where V(t) is the resulting voltage across the circuit, I(t) is the current through the circuit, and L is the inductance of the circuit.

The henry is a derived unit based on four of the seven base units of the International System of Units: kilogram (kg), metre (m), second (s), and ampere (A).
Expressed in combinations of SI units, the henry is:

where: , , , , , , , , , , , , , Hz = hertz, rad = radian

Use
The International System of Units (SI) specifies that the symbol of a unit named for a person is written with an initial capital letter, while the name is not capitalized in sentence text, except when any word in that position would be capitalized, such as at the beginning of a sentence or in material using title case.

The United States National Institute of Standards and Technology recommends users writing in English to use the plural as henries.

Applications
The inductance of a coil depends on its size, the number of turns, and the permeability of the material within and surrounding the coil. Formulae can be used to calculate the inductance of many common arrangements of conductors, such as parallel wires, or a solenoid.  A small air-core coil used for broadcast AM radio tuning might have an inductance of a few tens of microhenries. A large motor winding with many turns around an iron core may have an inductance of hundreds of henries. The physical size of an inductance is also related to its current carrying and voltage withstand ratings.

See also
 Inductor

References

SI derived units
Units of electrical inductance
IDM. IDM may refer to:

Science and technology
 Identity management, the management of the identity life cycle of an entity
 Novell Identity Manager software, now called NetIQ Identity Manager
 Integrated data management
 Integrated document management
 Integrated device manufacturer, a type of semiconductor company which designs, manufactures, and sells integrated circuit products
 Integrated Direct Metering, a real-time TTL metering method for ambient and flashlight employed by the Pentax LX
 Intelligent device management, a type of enterprise software applications
 Intelligent driver model, a microscopic traffic flow model
 Internet Download Manager, a closed source software download manager
 Infant of a diabetic mother, in medicine; for example see Respiratory disease#Neonatal diseases

Organizations
 IDM (ISP), also known as IncoNet-Data Management S.A.L., an internet service provider
 IDM Computer Solutions, creators of the UltraEdit text editor
 Impact Direct Ministries, a non-profit organization
 Institute for Disease Modeling, epidemiological research organization in Bellevue, Washington

Music
 Intelligent dance music, a subgenre of electronic music
 Industrial dance music, a fusion of industrial and electronic dance music

Other uses
 Intelligent design movement, a religious campaign promoting the pseudoscientific idea of intelligent design
Sort. Sort may refer to:
 Sorting, any process of arranging items in sequence or in sets
 Sorting algorithm, any algorithm for ordering a list of elements
 Mainframe sort merge, sort utility for IBM mainframe systems
 Sort (Unix), which sorts the lines of a file
 Sort (C++), a function in the C++ Standard Template Library 
 SORT (journal)
 Sort (mathematical logic), a domain in a many-sorted structure
 Sort (typesetting), a piece of metal type
 Sort, Lleida, a town in Catalonia
 Selective organ targeting, a drug delivery method
 Special Operations Response Team, at US prisons
 Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty, between the US and Russia
 Symantec Operations Readiness Tools, a web-based suite
Fabian Pascal. Fabian Pascal is a Romanian-American consultant to large software vendors such as IBM, Oracle Corporation, and Borland, but is better known as an author and seminar speaker.  Born in Romania, Pascal lives in the San Francisco, CA area of the US, and works in association with Christopher J. Date.

Pascal is known for his sharp criticisms of the data management industry, trade press, current state of higher education, Western culture and alleged media bias.  Pascal advocates strict adherence to the principles of the relational model, and argues that departing from the model in the name of pragmatism is responsible for serious data management troubles. Criticism of Pascal's advocacy often centers around his polemical style, which some perceive as overly confrontational and unprofessional.

He publishes political commentary on The PostWest blog about the decline of Western education and civilization and  Middle East issues.

Quotes 
 "A lot of what is being said, written, or done in the database management field — or whatever is left of it — by vendors, the trade press and "experts" is irrelevant, misleading, or outright wrong. While this is to a degree true of computing in general, in the database field the problems are so acute that, claims to the contrary notwithstanding, technology is actually regressing!"
 "The relational model is application of science — logic and math — to database management.  The notion that one is "fanatic" about that is tantamount to claiming that civil engineering is fanatical about the laws of physics. Such a claim reveals problems more serious than ignorance of data fundamentals, and THAT is what deserves disdain." Fabian Pascal, August 29, 2005

Publications
  336 pp.

  278 pp.

  256 pp.

See also
Christopher J. Date
Hugh Darwen
David McGoveran
Principle of orthogonal design (POOD)

References

External links
 .
 .
 .

Romanian computer scientists
Romanian emigrants to the United States
Database specialists
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
DTS. DTS or DTs may refer to:

Media and entertainment
 Dictionnaire du théâtre en Suisse, an encyclopedia
 Formula 1: Drive to Survive, a Netflix documentary series

Science and technology
 Delirium tremens (DTs), the symptoms associated with alcohol withdrawal
 DTS (sound system), a group of digital sound technologies and a company of the same name
 Distributed temperature sensing, an optoelectronic temperature sensing device
 Distributed transmission system, in broadcasting, as a form of single-frequency network
 Diplomatic Telecommunications Service, a U.S. Department of State telecommunications network
 Digital tomosynthesis, a medical imaging technique

Computing
 Dispatcher training simulator, a computer system for training operators of electrical power grids
 Data Transformation Services, a Microsoft database tool
 Digital Temperature Sensor, part of Intel's DTS/PECI
 Discoverable Taxonomy Set, part of Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL)
 Defense Travel System, the U.S. military's web-based travel system
 Declaration for TypeScript, a file format to describe JavaScript modules to TypeScript
 .dts, file extension of a Devicetree source file

Organizations
 Dallas Theological Seminary, a Christian seminary in Dallas, Texas, US
 Discipleship Training School, a missionary training school offered by Youth with a Mission
 Detective Training School, a training school for Bangladesh Police
 Diversified Technical Systems, an American technology company
 Disneytoon Studios, a defunct animation studio which was owned by Disney

Transportation
 Cadillac DTS, a full-size luxury automobile produced by General Motors
 Destin Executive Airport (FAA lid:DTS),

Other uses
 Dublin Tech Summit, an annual international technology conference held in Dublin, Ireland
 Decline to State, a designation in California voting registration
 Downtown Summerlin (shopping center), in Summerlin, Las Vegas, US
AC3. AC3 or AC-3 may refer to:

Science and technology
 Dolby AC-3, Dolby Digital audio codec
 AC-3 algorithm (Arc Consistency Algorithm 3), one of a series of algorithms used for the solution of constraint satisfaction problems
 (35414) 1998 AC3, a minor planet
 AC-3, an IEC utilization category

Transportation
 Comte AC-3, a 1920s Swiss bomber/transport aircraft
 Southern Pacific class AC-3, a class of steam locomotive

Video games
 Ace Combat 3, part of the Ace Combat series of video games
 Armored Core 3, part of the Armored Core series of video games
 Assassin's Creed III, part of the Assassin's Creed series of video games

Other 

 Apple Campus 3, Apple's third large Silicon Valley campus
S1G reactor. The S1G reactor is a naval reactor used by the United States Navy to provide electricity generation and propulsion on warships.  The S1G designation stands for:

 S = Submarine platform
 1 = First generation core designed by the contractor
 G = General Electric was the contracted designer

History 
This nuclear reactor was constructed by General Electric as a prototype for the USS Seawolf (SSN-575) submarine.  It was a liquid metal cooled reactor using pure sodium to cool the core instead of water, because the higher temperature of liquid sodium (compared to pressurized water) enabled the production of more superheated steam in the steam generators.  This resulted in a more efficient thermal cycle, yielding more shaft horsepower for a given reactor size.  The reactor design had problems because of limited operating temperature constraints.  The major disadvantage of this concept was the ignition of sodium when exposed to air. The reactor core was beryllium-moderated.

S1G was used for testing and training.  Eventually a sodium leak resulted in a fire, and the facility was shut down.  In the meantime, the S1W and S2W pressurized water reactors, conceived for the USS Nautilus (SSN-571), had demonstrated their superior reliability.  The S1G reactor facility and its Horton sphere were later reused for the D1G prototype destroyer reactor.

References

United States naval reactors
Liquid metal fast reactors
D1G reactor. The D1G reactor was a prototype naval reactor designed for the United States Navy to provide electricity generation and propulsion on warships.  The D1G designation stands for:

 D = Destroyer platform
 1 = First generation core designed by the contractor
 G = General Electric was the contracted designer

This prototype nuclear reactor was constructed for the United States Department of Energy's Office of Naval Reactors as part of the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program.  The reactor was built by General Electric and operated by the Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory at the Kesselring Site Operation in West Milton, New York.  It was used for testing components and as a training tool for the Nuclear Power Training Unit.  The reactor operated from 1962 to 1996, when it was shut down in March of that year.  It was later defuelled, with the pressure vessel eventually removed in 2002.

The containment structure — which housed both the primary (nuclear reactor) and secondary (steam plant) systems — is referred to as the "DIG-ball" due to its unique shape: a Horton sphere. The sphere was originally constructed by Chicago Bridge and Iron Works to house the liquid metal cooled reactor of , with the dome designed to contain a liquid sodium explosion.

In January 2022, a radioactive tank that was used to support the D1G reactor was transported from West Milton, New York to Wampum, Pennsylvania for disassembly.  The load was 213 feet long and weighed 294 tons.

References

United States naval reactors
Military domes
Back Orifice. Back Orifice (often shortened to BO) is a computer program designed for remote system administration. It enables a user to control a computer running the Microsoft Windows operating system from a remote location. The name is a play on words on Microsoft BackOffice Server software. It can also control multiple computers at the same time using imaging.

Back Orifice has a client–server architecture.  A small and unobtrusive server program is on one machine, which is remotely manipulated by a client program with a graphical user interface on another computer system. The two components communicate with one another using the TCP and/or UDP network protocols.  In reference to the Leet phenomenon, this program commonly runs on port 31337.

The program debuted at DEF CON 6 on August 1, 1998 and was the brainchild of Sir Dystic, a member of the U.S. hacker organization Cult of the Dead Cow. According to the group, its purpose was to demonstrate the lack of security in Microsoft's Windows 9x series of operating systems.

Although Back Orifice has legitimate purposes, such as remote administration, other factors make it suitable for illicit uses. The server can hide from cursory looks by users of the system. Since the server can be installed without user interaction, it can be distributed as the payload of a Trojan horse.

For those and other reasons, the antivirus industry immediately categorized the tool as malware and appended Back Orifice to their quarantine lists. Despite this fact, it was widely used by script kiddies because of its simple GUI and ease of installation.

Two sequel applications followed it, Back Orifice 2000, released in 1999, and Deep Back Orifice by French Canadian hacking group QHA.

See also

Back Orifice 2000
Sub7
Trojan horse (computing)
Malware
Backdoor (computing)
Rootkit
MiniPanzer and MegaPanzer
File binder

References

External links 
 

Common trojan horse payloads
Windows remote administration software
Cult of the Dead Cow software
Earth Simulator. The  is a series of supercomputers deployed at Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology Yokohama Institute of Earth Sciences.

Earth Simulator (first generation) 

The first generation of Earth Simulator, developed by the Japanese government's initiative "Earth Simulator Project", was a highly parallel vector supercomputer system for running global climate models to evaluate the effects of global warming and problems in solid earth geophysics. The system was developed for Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute, and Japan Marine Science and Technology Center (JAMSTEC) in 1997. Construction started in October 1999, and the site officially opened on 11 March 2002. The project cost 60 billion yen.

Built by NEC, ES was based on their SX-6 architecture. It consisted of 640 nodes with eight vector processors and 16 gigabytes of computer memory at each node, for a total of 5120 processors and 10 terabytes of memory. Two nodes were installed per 1 metre × 1.4 metre × 2 metre cabinet.  Each cabinet consumed 20 kW of power. The system had 700 terabytes of disk storage (450 for the system and 250 for the users) and 1.6 petabytes of mass storage in tape drives. It was able to run holistic simulations of global climate in both the atmosphere and the oceans down to a resolution of 10 km. Its performance on the LINPACK benchmark was 35.86 TFLOPS, which was almost five times faster than the previous fastest supercomputer, ASCI White.

ES was the fastest supercomputer in the world from 2002 to 2004. Its capacity was surpassed by IBM's Blue Gene/L prototype on 29 September 2004.

Earth Simulator (second generation) 

ES was replaced by the Earth Simulator 2 (ES2) in March 2009. ES2 is an NEC SX-9/E system, and has a quarter as many nodes each of 12.8 times the performance (3.2× clock speed, four times the processing resource per node), for a peak performance of 131 TFLOPS.  With a delivered LINPACK performance of 122.4 TFLOPS, ES2 was the most efficient supercomputer in the world at that point. In November 2010, NEC announced that ES2 topped the Global FFT, one of the measures of the HPC Challenge Awards, with the performance number of 11.876 TFLOPS.

Earth Simulator (third generation) 

ES2 was replaced by the Earth Simulator 3 (ES3) in March 2015. ES3 is a NEC SX-ACE system with 5120 nodes, and a performance of 1.3 PFLOPS.

ES3, from 2017 to 2018, ran alongside Gyoukou, a supercomputer with immersion cooling that can achieve up to 19 PFLOPS.

Earth Simulator (fourth generation) 

The Earth Simulator 4 (ES4) uses AMD EPYC processors, with acceleration by the NEC SX-Aurora TSUBASA Vector Engine and NVIDIA Ampere A100 GPUs.

See also
 Supercomputing in Japan
 Effects of climate change
 NCAR
 HadCM3
 EdGCM

References

External links
 
 ES for kids 
 
 

2002 in science
Effects of climate change
NEC supercomputers
Numerical climate and weather models
One-of-a-kind computers
Scientific simulation software
Vector supercomputers
64-bit computers
Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
Hugh Darwen. Hugh Darwen is a computer scientist who was an employee of IBM United Kingdom from 1967 to 2004, and has been involved in the development of the relational model.

Work 
From 1978 to 1982 he was a chief architect on Business System 12, a database management system that faithfully embraced the principles of the relational model. He worked closely with Christopher J. Date and represented IBM at the ISO SQL committees (JTC1 SC32 WG3 Database languages, WG4 SQL/MM) until his retirement from IBM. Darwen is the author of The Askew Wall and co-author of The Third Manifesto, a proposal for serving object-oriented programs with purely relational databases without compromising either side and getting the best of both worlds, arguably even better than with so-called object-oriented databases.

From 2004 to 2013 he lectured on relational databases at the Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick (UK), and from 1989 to 2014 was a tutor and consultant for the Open University (UK) where he was awarded a MUniv honorary degree for academic and scholarly distinction. He was also awarded a DTech (Doctor in Technology) honorary degree by the University of Wolverhampton. He later taught a database language designed by Chris Date and himself called Tutorial D, part of a proposed family of database query languages called "D".

Bridge 
He has written two books on the card game bridge, both on the subject of , on which he has a website.  Alan Truscott has called him "the world's leading authority" on composed bridge problems. He was responsible for the double dummy column in Bridge Magazine and other UK bridge publications from 1965 to 2004.

Publications 
His early works were published under the pseudonym of Andrew Warden: both names are anagrams of his surname.
 , 213 pp.  
 , 331 pp.  
 .
 , 231 pp.
 , 169 pp.
 
 , 67 pp.
 , 496 pp.

, 547 pp.

, 422 pp.

, 572 pp.
, 548 pp.

References

External links
  at University of Warwick
 Double Dummy Corner – Darwen's website devoted to problems in the play of the cards at bridge 
 The Third Manifesto (Date & Darwen 1995) – with material related to the book and links to Darwen's seminar and lecture slides
 
 Andrew Warden at LC Authorities with 1 catalogue record (1990 collection)

1943 births
Living people
IBM employees
Academics of the University of Warwick
Contract bridge writers
Place of birth missing (living people)