omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Common subexpression elimination. In compiler theory, common subexpression elimination (CSE) is a compiler optimization that searches for instances of identical expressions (i.e., they all evaluate to the same value), and analyzes whether it is worthwhile replacing them with a single variable holding the computed value.

Example 
In the following code:

 a = b * c + g;
 d = b * c * e;

it may be worth transforming the code to:

 tmp = b * c;
 a = tmp + g;
 d = tmp * e;

if the cost of storing and retrieving tmp is less than the cost of calculating b * c an extra time.

Principle 
The possibility to perform CSE is based on available expression analysis (a data flow analysis). An expression b*c is available at a point p in a program if: 
 every path from the initial node to p evaluates b*c before reaching p,
 and there are no assignments to b or c after the evaluation but before p.

The cost/benefit analysis performed by an optimizer will calculate whether the cost of the store to tmp is less than the cost of the multiplication; in practice other factors such as which values are held in which registers are also significant.

Compiler writers distinguish two kinds of CSE:
 local common subexpression elimination works within a single basic block 
 global common subexpression elimination works on an entire procedure, 
Both kinds rely on data flow analysis of which expressions are available at which points in a program.

Benefits 

The benefits of performing CSE are great enough that it is a commonly used optimization.

In simple cases like in the example above, programmers may manually eliminate the duplicate expressions while writing the code. The greatest source of CSEs are intermediate code sequences generated by the compiler, such as for array indexing calculations, where it is not possible for the developer to manually intervene. In some cases language features may create many duplicate expressions. For instance, C macros, where macro expansions may result in common subexpressions not apparent in the original source code.

Compilers need to be judicious about the number of temporaries created to hold values. An excessive number of temporary values creates register pressure possibly resulting in spilling registers to memory, which may take longer than simply recomputing an arithmetic result when it is needed.

See also
 Global value numbering
 Loop-invariant code motion

References

 Steven S. Muchnick, Advanced Compiler Design and Implementation (Morgan Kaufmann, 1997) pp. 378–396
 John Cocke. "Global Common Subexpression Elimination." Proceedings of a Symposium on Compiler Construction, ACM SIGPLAN Notices 5(7), July 1970, pages 850–856.
 Briggs, Preston, Cooper, Keith D., and Simpson, L. Taylor. "Value Numbering." Software-Practice and Experience, 27(6), June 1997, pages 701-724.

Compiler optimizations
SIIT. S.I.I.T. or SIIT is an abbreviation for:

IT-related
Stateless IP/ICMP Translation, a means for interworking different versions of the Internet Protocol
Standardization and Innovation in Information Technology (an academic conference by IEEE)

Colleges and Universities
Sajjad Institute of Information Technology (India)
Saskatchewan Indian Institute of Technologies (Canada)
School of Industrial and Information Technology (Mindanao, Philippines)
Scholars International Institute of Technology (Delaware, USA)
Shandong International Institution of Translation (China)
Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology, Thammasat University (Thailand)
South Institute of Information Technology (Pakistan)
Suzhou Institute of Industrial Technology (China)
Systematic Institute of Information Technology (Malaysia)

Others
 Significant Incident Investigation Team (Los Angeles Fire Department)
George Roter. George Roter (born October 20, 1976) is the co-founder and former CEO of Engineers Without Borders (Canada). He and Parker Mitchell founded the Canadian organization in 2000.

Roter received a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of Waterloo and left part-way through his master's degree to focus full-time on Engineers Without Borders. His area of research was orthopaedic tribology, particularly studying hip implants under John B. Medley.

Roter lives in Toronto. In 2004, he was selected to be on Canada's Top 40 Under 40 list.

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

1976 births
Living people
Businesspeople from Montreal
University of Waterloo alumni
21st-century Canadian businesspeople
Parker Mitchell. Parker Mitchell is the co-founder and former co-CEO of Engineers Without Borders (Canada). He and George Roter founded the Canadian organization in 2000. 

Mitchell has a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering and a B.A. (Cognitive Science minor) from the University of Waterloo, and a Masters in Development Studies from the University of Cambridge, as well as an honorary Doctor of Engineering, also from the University of Waterloo.

In 2004, he was selected to be on Canada's Top 40 Under 40 list.

See also
 List of University of Waterloo people

References

Canadian businesspeople
University of Waterloo alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
List of tallest towers. This list includes extant structures that fulfill the engineering definition of a tower: "a tall human structure, always taller than it is wide, for public or regular operational access by humans, but not for living in or office work, and which is self-supporting or free-standing, meaning no guy-wires for support." This definition excludes continuously habitable buildings and skyscrapers as well as radio and TV masts. Also excluded, because they are not designed for public or regular operational access, are bridge towers or pylons, wind turbines, chimneys, transmission towers, sculptures and most large statues and obelisks.

Towers are most often built to use their height for various purposes, and can stand alone or as part of a larger structure. Some common purposes are for telecommunications, and as a viewing platform.

The Tokyo Skytree, completed in 2012, is , making it the tallest tower in the world.

Entirely self-supported towers

Towers taller than 250 meters

Towers between 200 and 250 metres tall 
 Please read the list criteria in the introduction before adding any entry.

Towers between 150 and 200 metres tall 
 Please read the list criteria in the introduction before adding any entry.

Towers between 100 and 150 metres tall 
 Please read the list criteria in the introduction before adding any entry.

Towers proposed or under construction 
This is a list of towers that are proposed or under construction with a minimum height of 250m

Diagram

Timeline of tallest towers

See also 
 List of tallest freestanding structures
 Lattice tower
 Partially guyed tower
 Additionally guyed tower
 List of tallest church buildings
 List of tallest crosses
 List of tallest structures
 List of fire lookout towers
 Smog tower
 Karla Tower

References 

Tallest
Towers
Lists of construction records
Joan Daemen. Joan Daemen (; born 1965) is a Belgian cryptographer who is currently professor of digital security (symmetric encryption) at Radboud University. He co-designed with Vincent Rijmen the Rijndael cipher, which was selected as the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in 2001. More recently, he co-designed the Keccak cryptographic hash, which was selected as the new SHA-3 hash by NIST in October 2012.
 He has also designed or co-designed the MMB, Square, SHARK, NOEKEON,  3-Way, and BaseKing block ciphers. In 2017 he won the Levchin Prize for Real World Cryptography "for the development of AES and SHA3". He describes his development of encryption algorithms as creating the bricks which are needed to build the secure foundations online.

In 1988, Daemen graduated in electro-mechanical engineering at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. He subsequently joined the COSIC research group, and has worked on the design and cryptanalysis of block ciphers, stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. Daemen completed his PhD in 1995, at which point he worked for a year at Janssen Pharmaceutica in Beerse, Belgium. He subsequently worked at the BACOB bank, Banksys, Proton World and then STMicroelectronics.

References

External links
 
 
 

1965 births
Living people
Belgian cryptographers
KU Leuven alumni
Modern cryptographers
People from Hamont-Achel
Windows Internet Name Service. Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) is the Microsoft implementation of NetBIOS Name Service (NBNS), a name server and service for NetBIOS computer names. Effectively, WINS is to NetBIOS names what DNS is to domain names — a central mapping of host names to network addresses. Like the DNS, it is implemented in two parts, a server service (that manages the embedded Jet Database, server to server replication, service requests, and conflicts) and a TCP/IP client component which manages the client's registration and renewal of names, and takes care of queries. Basically, Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) is a legacy computer name registration and resolution service that maps computer NetBIOS names to IP addresses.

WINS is Microsoft's predecessor to DNS for name resolution. Though WINS has not been deprecated, Microsoft advise against new deployments.

References

External links
Official sources
 Microsoft TechNet: Windows Internet Name Service Overview (Chapter 12 of the downloadable book "TCP/IP Fundamentals for Microsoft Windows")
 Microsoft TechNet: WINS Technical Reference
 Microsoft TechNet: WINS Concepts
 MSKB837391: Exchange Server 2003 and Exchange 2000 Server require NetBIOS name resolution for full functionality
Other
 Name Resolution chapter in Using Samba online book (also published by O'Reilly as ), which talks about WINS.

Microsoft server technology
Windows communication and services
Verse protocol. Verse is a networking protocol allowing real-time communication between computer graphics software.  For example, several architects can build a house in the same virtual environment using their own computers, even if they are using different software.  If one architect builds a spiral staircase, it instantly appears on the screens of all other users.  Verse is designed to use the capacity of one or multiple computers over the Internet: for example, allowing a user with a hand-held computer in Spain to work with the rendering power of a supercomputer in Japan. Its principles are very general, allowing its use in contexts that are advantageous to collaboration such as gaming and visual presentations.

Uni-Verse 
The Swedish Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), with several collaborators including the Interactive Institute, set up an EU project called Uni-Verse. The EU Commission granted them nearly SEK 18 million over the next several years to develop a system for graphics, sound, and acoustics using Verse and making it into an open source platform.

Verse-enabled projects 
 Blender
 Crystal Space
 Love

External links 
Verse Project Page
Love the Game which uses the Verse protocol
Video podcast covering the Verse project
Community site for Verse developers
New Verse Protocol by Jiri Hnidek
  (Defunct as of October 2012)
 (Defunct)

Network protocols
Computer graphics
New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab. The Computer Graphics Lab is a computer lab located at the New York Institute of Technology (NYIT), founded by the late Dr. Alexander Schure. It was originally located at the "pink building" on the NYIT campus. It has played an important role in the history of computer graphics and animation, as founders of Pixar and Lucasfilm, including Turing Award winners Edwin Catmull and Patrick Hanrahan, began their research there. It is the birthplace of entirely 3D CGI films.

The lab was initially founded to produce a short high-quality feature film with the project name of The Works. The feature, which was never completed, was a 90-minute feature that was to be the first entirely computer-generated CGI movie. Production mainly focused around DEC PDP and VAX machines.

Many of the original CGL team now form the elite of the CG and computer world with members going on to Silicon Graphics, Microsoft, Cisco, NVIDIA and others, including Pixar president, co-founder and Turing laureate Ed Catmull, Pixar co-founder and Microsoft graphics fellow Alvy Ray Smith, Pixar co-founder Ralph Guggenheim, Walt Disney Animation Studios chief scientist Lance Williams, Netscape and Silicon Graphics founder Jim Clark, Tableau co-founder and Turing laureate Pat Hanrahan, Microsoft graphics fellow Jim Blinn, Thad Beier, Oscar and Bafta nominee Jacques Stroweis, Andrew Glassner, and Tom Brigham. Systems programmer Bruce Perens went on to co-found the Open Source Initiative.

Researchers at the New York Institute of Technology Computer Graphics Lab created the tools that made entirely 3D CGI films possible. Among NYIT CG Lab's many innovations was an eight-bit paint system to ease computer animation. NYIT CG Lab was regarded as the top computer animation research and development group in the world during the late 70s and early 80s.

The 21st century
The lab is presently located at NYIT's Long Island campus, and NYIT currently offers a Ph.D. program in Computer Science.

References

External links 
NYIT Computer Graphics Lab, People Behind The Pixels  
Brief History of the Computer Graphics Lab at NYIT

Computer graphics
Laboratories in the United States
New York Institute of Technology
Computer science institutes in the United States
History of computing
Research institutes in New York (state)
SLM. SLM may refer to:

Companies 
 SLM Corporation, or Sallie Mae, an American student loan company
 Swiss Locomotive and Machine Works, a Swiss company
 Surinaamse Luchtvaart Maatschappij, or Surinam Airways, ICAO code
 SLM International, now known as CCM, an ice hockey equipment manufacturer
 Stan Lee Media, an Internet company
 St. Louis Music, equipment distributor

Science 
 Selective laser melting, making metal parts
 Spatial light modulator in optical projection
 Standard litre per minute, a unit

Other 
 Š-L-M (Shin-Lamedh-Mem), root of Semitic words
 Salamanca Airport, Spain, IATA Airport Code
 Situational leadership model, a concept
 Solomon Islands, ITU country code
 Sudan Liberation Movement/Army, a Sudanese rebel group
 Sustainable land management

See also
Verdet constant. The Verdet constant is an optical property named after the French physicist Émile Verdet. It describes the strength of the Faraday effect for a particular material. For a constant magnetic field parallel to the path of the light, it can be calculated as

 

where  is the angle between the starting and ending polarizations,  is the Verdet constant,  is the strength of the magnetic flux density, and  is the path length in the material.

The Verdet constant of a material is wavelength-dependent and for most materials is extremely small. It is strongest in substances containing paramagnetic ions such as terbium. The highest Verdet constants in bulk media are found in terbium-doped dense flint glasses or in crystals of terbium gallium garnet (TGG). These materials have excellent transparency properties and high damage thresholds for laser radiation. Atomic vapours, however, can have Verdet constants which are orders of magnitude larger than TGG, but only over a very narrow wavelength range. Alkali vapours can therefore be used as an optical isolator or as an extremely sensitive magnetometer.

The Faraday effect is chromatic (i.e. it depends on wavelength), and therefore the Verdet constant is quite a strong function of wavelength. At 632.8 nm, the Verdet constant for TGG is reported to be , whereas at 1064 nm it falls to . This behavior means that the devices manufactured with a certain degree of rotation at one wavelength will produce much less rotation at longer wavelengths. Many Faraday rotators and isolators are adjustable by varying the degree to which the active TGG rod is inserted into the magnetic field of the device. In this way, the device can be tuned for use with a range of lasers within the design range of the device. Truly broadband sources (such as ultrashort-pulse lasers and the tunable vibronic lasers) will not see the same rotation across the whole wavelength band.

References 

Magneto-optic effects
Cunife. Cunife is an alloy of copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), and in some cases cobalt (Co).  The alloy has the same linear coefficient of expansion as certain types of glass, and thus makes an ideal material for the lead out wires in light bulbs and thermionic valves.  Fernico exhibits a similar property.  It is a magnetic alloy and can be used for making magnets.

Cunife has a magnetic coercivity of several hundred oersteds.  Unlike most high coercivity magnetic materials which are hard and brittle and need to be cast into shape, cunife can be drawn into thin wires.  Wires as thin as five thou can be produced this way. Thicker rods of the material can be threaded which is also something that is not possible with the more commonly used magnetic materials.

In the early 1970s, Fender Musical Instruments Corporation used Cunife magnets in their Wide Range humbucker pickups, however they discontinued use, due to Cunife being hard to source. Fender began producing cunife pickups again in 2020.

Typical compositions 
Given in weight %

References

External links
National Pollutant Inventory - Copper and compounds fact sheet

Copper alloys
Magnetic alloys
Fernico. Fernico describes a family of metal alloys made primarily of iron, nickel and cobalt. The family includes Kovar, FerNiCo I, FerNiCo II, and Dumet. The name is made up of the chemical symbols of its constituent three elements. "Dumet" is a portmanteau of "dual" and "metal," because it is a heterogeneous alloy, usually fabricated in the form of a wire with an alloy core and a copper cladding. These alloys possess the properties of electrical conductivity, minimal oxidation and formation of porous surfaces at working temperatures of glass and thermal coefficients of expansion which match glass closely. These requirements allow the alloys to be used in glass seals, such that the seal does not crack, fracture or leak with changes in temperature.

Dumet is most commonly used in seals where lead-in wires pass through the glass bulb wall of standard household electric lamps (light bulbs) among other things.

The two Fernico alloys both consist of iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), and cobalt (Co). Fernico is used at high temperatures  and is identical to Kovar. Fernico II is used at cryogenic temperatures in the  range. Both are used to create electrically conductive paths through the walls of sealed borosilicate glass containers. Dumet is used for a similar purpose, but is tailored for seals through soda lime and lead alkali silicate glasses.

These alloys adhere to lead-tin, tin, and silver solders. Other metals, including copper, molybdenum, nickel, and steel can be spot-welded to the FerNiCo alloys forming low resistance electrical connections.

Typical compositions 
Given in weight %

FerNiCo I has the same linear coefficient of expansion as certain types of borosilicate ("hard" glass), (c6.5 × 10−6K−1, thus serving as an ideal material for the lead-out wires or other seal structures in light bulbs and thermionic valves. Dumet is also used for this purpose, but for passing through softer soda-lime and lead-alkali glasses. This wire is often coated with a glass-like film of sodium metaborate, (), so the molten glass will "wet" and adhere to it. 25% by mass of the finished wire is copper. Cunife exhibits a similar property.

Uses 
There are very few uses of Fernico. Some of them are: 
 It is used to seal metals and glass.
 It is often used in the form of nanopowder.

See also 

 Copper-clad aluminium wire

References

External links 
 FerNiCo composition page

Ferrous alloys
Magnetic alloys
Ferromagnetic materials
Experimental aircraft. An experimental aircraft is an aircraft intended for testing new aerospace technologies and design concepts.

The term research aircraft or testbed aircraft, by contrast, generally denotes aircraft modified to perform scientific studies, such as weather research or geophysical surveying, similar to a research vessel.

The term "experimental aircraft" also has specific legal meaning in Australia, the United States and some other countries; usually used to refer to aircraft flown with an experimental certificate. In the United States, this also includes most homebuilt aircraft, many of which are based on conventional designs and hence are experimental only in name because of certain restrictions in operation.

See also
 Index of aviation articles
 Experimental Aircraft Association
 Experimental Aircraft Programme
 List of experimental aircraft
 List of X-planes

Notes
Software Park Thailand. Software Park Thailand is a government agency under the National Science and Technology Development Agency. It was established to stimulate the development of the Thai software industry. It maintains a close association with the private sector. It is in Pak Kret, Nonthaburi Province.

Other software parks in Thailand 
 E-saan Software Park. Khon Kaen Province
 MISOLIMA Software and Technology Park, Chiang Mai Province
 Software Park Phuket Province
 Samui Software Park. Ko Samui
 Nakhon Ratchasima Province Software Park

See also
 Thailand Science Park
 National Science and Technology Development Agency
 Thailand Board of Investment

References

External links
 Software Park Thailand
 MISOLIMA Software and Technology Park
 Software Park Phuket
 Software Park Korat

Information technology in Thailand
National Science and Technology Development Agency
National Science and Technology Development Agency. The National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) is an agency of the government of Thailand which supports research in science and technology and its application in the Thai economy.

See also 
 NSTDA affiliated institutions
 Research centers
 National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC)
 National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC)
 National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC)
 National Electronics and Computer Technology Center (NECTEC)
 Thailand Science Park
 Software Park Thailand
 Thailand Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (TAIST), with Tokyo Institute of Technology and Thai universities
 Thailand Graduate Institute of Science and Technology (TGIST)
 Thailand Research Fund (TRF)

References

External links
 National Science and Technology Development Agency

 
Science and technology in Thailand
Investment promotion agencies
Public organizations of Thailand
PEM. PEM or Pem may refer to:

Science and technology
 Photoelastic modulator, an optical device
 Polyelectrolyte multilayer, thin films
 Proton-exchange membrane, semipermeable
 Porous European Mix, another name for asphalt concrete

Computing and electronics
 Plastic encapsulated microcircuits, a method for packaging microcircuits
 Power entry module, used in electrical appliances
 PCI Express Mini, a computer bus standard
 Privacy-Enhanced Mail, whose file format is also often used for X.509 certificates

Medicine
 Polioencephalomalacia
 Protein–energy malnutrition
 Pediatric emergency medicine
 Positron emission mammography, a nuclear medicine imaging modality
 Post-exertional malaise

Places
 Peabody Essex Museum, an art and historical museum located in Salem, Massachusetts, US
 Padre Aldamiz International Airport (IATA code), Madre de Dios, Peru
 Pemberton railway station (National Rail station code), England
 Pembrokeshire (Chapman code), a county in Wales

People
 Pem Sluijter (1939–2007), Dutch poet

Other uses
 PEM nut or swage nut, a type of nut or threaded insert
 Private electronic market, using the Internet to connect select parties in one market

See also