omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Roff (software). roff is a typesetting markup language. As the first Unix text-formatting computer program, it is a predecessor of the nroff and troff document processing systems. 

Roff was a Unix version of the runoff text-formatting program from Multics, which was a descendant of RUNOFF for CTSS (the first computerized text-formatting application).

History

CTSS
roff is a descendant of the RUNOFF program by Jerry Saltzer, which ran on CTSS. Douglas McIlroy and Robert Morris wrote runoff for Multics in BCPL based on Saltzer's program written in MAD assembler. Their program in turn was "transliterated" by Ken Thompson into PDP-7 assembler language for his early Unix operating system, circa 1970.

When the first PDP-11 was acquired for Unix in late 1970, the justification cited to management for the funding required was that it was to be used as a word processing system, and so roff was quickly transliterated again, into PDP-11 assembly, in 1971.

roff printed the man pages for Versions 1 through 3 of Unix, and when the Bell Labs patent department began using it, it became the first Unix application with an outside client. Dennis Ritchie noted that the ability to rapidly modify roff (because it was locally written software) to provide special features was an important factor in leading to the adoption of Unix by the patent department to fill its word processing needs. This in turn gave UNIX enough credibility inside Bell Labs to secure the funding to purchase one of the first PDP-11/45s produced.

See also
 nroff
 troff
 groff

References

Sources
 D. M. Ritchie, The Evolution of the UNIX Time-sharing System (AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal, Vol. 63, No. 8, October 1984)

External links
 roff - Concepts and history of roff typesetting

Typesetting software
Condensation reaction. In organic chemistry, a condensation reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which two molecules are combined to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small molecule such as water. If water is lost, the reaction is also known as a dehydration synthesis. However other molecules can also be lost, such as ammonia, ethanol, acetic acid and hydrogen sulfide.

The addition of the two molecules typically proceeds in a step-wise fashion to the addition product, usually in equilibrium, and with loss of a water molecule (hence the name condensation). The reaction may otherwise involve the functional groups of the molecule, and is a versatile class of reactions that can occur in acidic or basic conditions or in the presence of a catalyst. This class of reactions is a vital part of life as it is essential to the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids and to the biosynthesis of fatty acids.

Many variations of condensation reactions exist. Common examples include the aldol condensation and the Knoevenagel condensation, which both form water as a by-product, as well as the Claisen condensation and the Dieckman condensation (intramolecular Claisen condensation), which form alcohols as by-products.

Synthesis of prebiotic molecules 

Condensation reactions likely played major roles in the synthesis of the first biotic molecules including early peptides and nucleic acids. In fact, condensation reactions would be required at multiple steps in RNA oligomerization: the condensation of nucleobases and sugars, nucleoside phosphorylation, and nucleotide polymerization.

See also
 Anabolism
 Hydrolysis, the opposite of a condensation reaction
 Condensed tannins

References
Gaffer tape. Gaffer tape (also known as gaffer's tape, gaff tape or gaffa tape as well as spike tape for narrow, colored gaffer tape) is a heavy cotton cloth pressure-sensitive tape with strong adhesive and tensile properties. It is widely used in theatre, photography, film, radio and television production, and industrial staging work.

While sometimes confused with duct tape, gaffer tape differs in the composition of both the backing, which is made from fabric as opposed to vinyl or other plastics, and the adhesive, which is more resistant to heat and more easily removed without damaging the surface to which it adhered.

History 

The precise origin of the name is unknown, one hypothesis being that it is named for the gaffer (chief lighting technician) on a film crew. When cables are taped down on a stage or other surface, either to prevent tripping hazards or conceal them from view of the audience or camera, they are said to be gaffed or gaffered.

Gaffer tape was invented in 1959 by Ross Lowell, director, cinematographer, and founder of Lowel-Light. Lowell reworked Johnson & Johnson's Permacel duct tape product by combining the Permacel adhesive with a silver fabric backing to create gaffer tape which could hold a flat metal plate to a window.

Properties and uses 

Gaffer tape is manufactured in many colors, including fluorescent and custom colors, but perhaps the most common variety is matte black. A matte finish keeps the tape from reflecting light, so that it blends in with a typical stage floor. It is sold in a variety of widths, from  to , with  and  being the most common. Gaffer tape is strong, yet can be torn by hand, so no cutting tools are necessary, and it can easily be ripped into narrower strips when desired. The synthetic adhesive typically leaves little or no residue and will generally not damage most surfaces when it is removed. Gaffer tape is usually more expensive than duct tape because it is manufactured in smaller quantities, has more exacting specifications, and is marketed for professional use.

A common application for gaffer tape is securing cables to a stage floor, podium, or other surface, either for safety or concealment. It is also frequently used whenever a quick ad hoc fix is required, from temporarily attaching fixtures or props, to salvaging a broken piece of production equipment. A narrow version of gaffer tape, called spike tape, is used in theater productions for floor layout.

In the absence of console tape or artist tape, live sound engineers or light board operators may use a strip of white gaffer tape along the bottom of a mixing board to label the channels or submasters used for a particular show.

In rock climbing gyms, gaffer tape can be used to mark climbs on the wall. It is preferable to duct tape because it is stronger and lasts longer on the wall.

See also 

 Best boy
 Dolly grip
 List of adhesive tapes
 Speed tape
 Theatrical technician

References 

Stagecraft
Adhesive tape
Kewet. Kewet was the brand name of a battery electric vehicle.  Since 2007, it has been manufactured under the name Buddy by Elbil Norge in Oslo, Norway.  From inception in 1991 through October 2013, total combined sales of the Kewet and Buddy totaled approximately 1,500 units, mainly in Norway. It is similar to the Citicar of the 1970s.

History
In 1971, Knud Erik Westergaard started KEW Industries in Hadsund, Denmark. The company produced industrial washing equipment and high pressure cleaners. In 1988, this company was sold, and Westergaard founded Kewet (Knud Erik Westergaard Elektrisk Transport) to produce electric cars. In 1991, the first cars emerged from the production facilities. In 1995, production was moved to Nordhausen in the former East Germany. But this move was unsuccessful. Kewet went bankrupt in 1998. In August 1998, Kewet International was formed. Shortly thereafter, rights to the Kewet vehicle were transferred to the Norwegian company, Kollega Bil A/S, which changed its name to Elbil Norge AS. Currently, Kewet Service provides spare parts and repairs Kewet vehicles in Denmark, while Consys develops various systems for electric vehicles.

Models

Six generations of the Kewet were produced:

Models 1 and 2 used 48 volt systems, 5 kW motors equipped with a four-speed manual transmission.
Model 3 was equipped with a 48 volt system, a 7.5 kW motor and a single-speed transmission.
Model 4 used 60 volt systems and a 10 kW motor. 
Model 5 used 72 volt systems with a 12 kW motor.  It was also available as a van.
Model 6 (Buddy) uses 72 volt systems with a 13 kW motor.

The car seats three, has a range of typically 50 to 80 km (~31 to 50 mi) between charges (150 km/~93 mi with Li-Ion), with a top speed of 80 km/h (~49.7 MPH), and features a 1.6 kW electric heater or an optional paraffin heater. The chassis is made of galvanized steel and the shell is made of GRP.

References

External links
 German Kewet Homepage
 Official site (English)

Production electric cars
Microcars
Automotive industry in Norway
Hadsund
WebMacro. WebMacro is a framework for developing Java Servlets. It enforces a Model-View-Controller framework on a project allowing for a clean separation of concerns in the design. In particular, WebMacro keeps program source code absolutely separate from presentation HTML code.  WebMacro is open source software. 

WebMacro was initially created and designed by Justin Wells at Semiotek Inc. in the mid-2000, when the project was taken over by a team at SourceForge. Extensive discussions of WebMacro on the Java Servlet-Interest mailing list at that time may have been influential in Sun Microsystems decision to move their Java Server Pages product to a Model-View-Controller architecture.

WebMacro can also be used to generate arbitrary text output from templates (one of its uses is automated code generation).

The template language is very similar to the language used in Apache Velocity and there is an automated script to perform the migration. 

The Apache Velocity project was started as a clean room re-implementation by Jon Scott Stevens, Geir Magnusson and Jason van Zyl after agreement could not be reached on adoption of the Apache License. 

The current version of WebMacro is BSD licensed.

External links
WebMacro Old website (broken link)
Maven generated current site

Template engines
Java enterprise platform
Suspension. Suspension or suspended may refer to:

Science and engineering
 Car suspension
 Cell suspension or suspension culture, in biology
 Guarded suspension, a software design pattern in concurrent programming suspending a method call and the calling thread until a precondition (guard) is satisfied
 Magnetic suspension, a method by which an object is suspended with no support other than magnetic fields
 Suspension (topology), in mathematics
 Suspension (dynamical systems), in mathematics
 Suspension of a ring, in mathematics
 Suspension (chemistry), small solid particles suspended in a liquid
Colloidal suspension
 Suspension (mechanics), system allowing a machine to move smoothly with reduced shock
 Suspensory behavior, arboreal locomotion of primates
 Suspend to disk, also known as hibernation, powering down a computer while retaining its state.
 The superstructure of a suspension bridge

Temporary revocation of privileges
 Suspension (punishment), temporary exclusion as a punishment
 Suspension from the UK parliament
 Suspension (Catholic canonical penalty)
 Suspension of driving privileges ("suspended driver's license")
 Administrative License Suspension (ALS), US, driving license suspension without a court hearing

Entertainment
 Suspension (music), one or more notes temporarily held before resolving to a chord tone
 Suspension (2007 film), a film directed by Alec Joler and Ethan Shaftel
 Suspension (2015 film), a Canadian slasher film 
 Suspended (film), 1987 Polish film
 Suspended (video game) (1983), an interactive fiction video game
 "Suspension", a song by Lights from Siberia, 2011

Literature
 Suspension of disbelief, the intentional avoidance of critical thinking or logic in examining a work of fiction

Eroticism
 Suspension bondage, the act of suspending a human body using suspension ropes, cables, or chains
 Suspension (body modification), the act of suspending a human body from hooks that have been put through body piercings

See also
 Caffè sospeso (Italian for "suspended coffee")
 Lock (computer science)
 Suspend and resume (disambiguation)
 Suspension, a form of scribal abbreviation in medieval manuscripts
 Suspended animation
 Suspended meal
Roll-to-roll processing. In the field of electronic devices, roll-to-roll processing, also known as web processing, reel-to-reel processing or R2R, is the process of creating electronic devices on a roll of flexible plastic, metal foil, or flexible glass. In other fields predating this use, it can refer to any process of applying coating, printing, or performing other processes starting with a roll of a flexible material and re-reeling after the process to create an output roll. These processes, and others such as sheeting, can be grouped together under the general term converting. When the rolls of material have been coated, laminated or printed they can be subsequently slit to their finished size on a slitter rewinder.

In electronic devices 
Large circuits made with thin-film transistors and other devices can be patterned onto these large substrates, which can be up to a few metres wide and  long.  Some of the devices can be patterned directly, much like an inkjet printer deposits ink.  For most semiconductors, however, the devices must be patterned using photolithography techniques.

Roll-to-roll processing of large-area electronic devices reduces manufacturing cost.  Most notable would be solar cells, which are still prohibitively expensive for most markets due to the high cost per unit area of traditional bulk (mono- or polycrystalline) silicon manufacturing.  Other applications could arise which take advantage of the flexible nature of the substrates, such as electronics embedded into clothing, large-area flexible displays, and roll-up portable displays.

LED (Light Emitting Diode) 

 Inorganic LED - Flexible LED is commonly made into 25, 50, 100 m, or even longer strips using a roll-to-roll process. A long neon LED tube is using such a long flexible strip and encapsulated with PVC or silicone diffusing encapsulation.  
 Organic LED (OLED) - OLED for foldable phone screen is adopting roll-to-roll processing technology.

Thin-film cells 
A crucial issue for a roll-to-roll thin-film cell production system is the deposition rate of the microcrystalline layer, and this can be tackled using four approaches:
very high frequency  plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (VHF-PECVD)
microwave (MW)-PECVD
hot wire chemical vapour deposition (hot-wire CVD)
the use of ultrasonic nozzles in an in-line process

In electrochemical devices 
Roll-to-roll processing has been used in the manufacture of electrochemical devices such as batteries, supercapacitors, fuel cells, and water electrolyzers. Here, the roll-to-roll processing is utilized for electrode manufacturing and is the key to reducing manufacturing cost through stable production of electrodes on various film substrates such as metal foils, membranes, diffusion media, and separators.

See also

Amorphous silicon
Low cost solar cell
Printed electronics
Roll slitting
Rolling (metalworking)
Thin film solar cell
 Web manufacturing
 Tape automated bonding, TAB

References

Electronics manufacturing
Semiconductors
Donald Becker. Donald Becker is an American computer programmer who wrote Ethernet drivers for the Linux operating system. 

Becker, in collaboration with Thomas Sterling, created the  Beowulf clustering software while at NASA, to connect many inexpensive PCs to solve complex math problems typically reserved for classic supercomputers. For this work, Becker received the Gordon Bell Prize in 1997. 

Becker became the Chief Technology Officer (CTO) of Scyld Computer Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Penguin Computing, a developer and supplier of Beowulf clusters.

References

External links 
 Scyld Computer Corporation

Free software programmers
American chief technology officers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Liquefaction. In materials science, liquefaction is a process that generates a liquid from a solid or a gas or that generates a non-liquid phase which behaves in accordance with fluid dynamics. 
It occurs both naturally and artificially. As an example of the latter, a "major commercial application of liquefaction is the liquefaction of air to allow separation of the constituents, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and the noble gases." Another is the conversion of solid coal into a liquid form usable as a substitute for liquid fuels.

Geology
 

In geology, soil liquefaction refers to the process by which water-saturated, unconsolidated sediments are transformed into a substance that acts like a liquid, often in an earthquake. Soil liquefaction was blamed for building collapses in the city of Palu, Indonesia in October 2018.

In a related phenomenon, liquefaction of bulk materials in cargo ships may cause a dangerous shift in the load.

Physics and chemistry

In physics and chemistry, the phase transitions from solid and gas to liquid (melting and condensation, respectively) may be referred to as liquefaction. The melting point (sometimes called liquefaction point) is the temperature and pressure at which a solid becomes a liquid. In commercial and industrial situations, the process of condensing a gas to liquid is sometimes referred to as liquefaction of gases.

Coal 

Coal liquefaction is the production of liquid fuels from coal using a variety of industrial processes.

Dissolution 

Liquefaction is also used in commercial and industrial settings to refer to mechanical dissolution of a solid by mixing, grinding or blending with a liquid.

Food preparation

In kitchen or laboratory settings, solids may be chopped into smaller parts sometimes in combination with a liquid, for example in food preparation or laboratory use. This may be done with a blender, or liquidiser in British English.

Irradiation 
Liquefaction of silica and silicate glasses occurs on electron beam irradiation of nanosized samples in the column of transmission electron microscope.

Biology 

In biology, liquefaction often involves organic tissue turning into a more liquid-like state. For example, liquefactive necrosis in pathology, or liquefaction as a parameter in semen analysis.

See also

 Cryogenic energy storage
 Fluidization
 Liquefaction of gases
 Liquifaction point
 Liquefied natural gas
 Liquefied petroleum gas
 Liquid air
 Liquid helium
 Liquid hydrogen
 Liquid nitrogen
 Liquid oxygen
 Thixotropy

References

External links 

 Seminal Clot Liquefaction

Condensed matter physics
Earthquake engineering
Food preparation techniques
Laboratory techniques
Food science
Analog sampled filter. An analog sampled filter an electronic filter that is a hybrid between an analog and a digital filter. The input is an analog signal, and usually stored in capacitors. The time domain is discrete, however. Distinct analog samples are shifted through an array of holding capacitors as in a bucket brigade. Analog adders and amplifiers do the arithmetic in the signal domain, just as in an analog computer.

Note that these filters are subject to aliasing phenomena just like a digital filter, and anti-aliasing filters will usually be required. See .

Companies such as Linear Technology and Maxim produce integrated circuits that implement this functionality. Filters up to the 8th order may be implemented using a single chip. Some are fully configurable; some are pre-configured, usually as low-pass filters.

Due to the high filter order that can be achieved in an easy and stable manner, single chip analog sampled filters are often used for implementing anti-aliasing filters for digital filters. The analog sampled filter will in its turn need yet another anti-aliasing filter, but this can often be implemented as a simple 1st order low-pass analog filter consisting of one series resistor and one capacitor to ground.

Linear filters
Electronic circuits
Franklin C. Crow. Franklin "Frank" C. Crow is a computer scientist who has made important contributions to computer graphics, including some of the first practical spatial anti-aliasing techniques.  Crow also proposed the shadow volume technique for generating geometrically accurate shadows.

Education
Crow studied electrical engineering at the University of Utah College of Engineering under Ivan Sutherland, a pioneer in computer graphics.

Career
Crow taught at the University of Texas, NYIT and Ohio State University and was involved with research at Xerox PARC, Apple Computer's Advanced Technology Group, and Interval Research.

From 2001 to 2008, he worked for NVIDIA as a GPU architect designing rasterization algorithms.

Publications 
 "Parallel Computing for Graphics." Advances in Computer Graphics, 1990:113-140.
 "Parallelism in rendering algorithms." in Graphics Interface 88, June 6–10, 1988, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. p. 87-96
 "Advanced Image Synthesis - Anti-Aliasing." Advances in Computer Graphics, 1985:419-440.
 "Advanced Image Synthesis - Surfaces." Advances in Computer Graphics, 1985:457-467.
 "Computational Issues in Rendering Anti-Aliased Detail." COMPCON, 1982:238-244.
 "Toward more complicated computer imagery." Computers & Graphics, 5(2-4):61-69 (1980).
 "The Aliasing Problem in Computer-Generated Shaded Images." Commun. ACM, 20(11):799-805 (1977).
 "Shadow Algorithms for Computer Graphics", Computer Graphics (SIGGRAPH '77 Proceedings), vol. 11, no. 2, 242–248.

See also 
 University of Texas at Austin
 Texture mapping

References

Computer graphics professionals
Living people
University of Utah alumni
Ohio State University faculty
New York Institute of Technology faculty
Nvidia people
Scientists at PARC (company)
Year of birth missing (living people)
Compiled language. A compiled language is a programming language for which source code is typically compiled; not interpreted.

The term is vague since, in principle, any language can be compiled or interpreted and in practice some languages are both (in different environments). In some environments, source code is first compiled (to an intermediate form; often bytecode) and then interpreted.

Advantages and disadvantages

Programs compiled to native code tend to run faster than if interpreted due to translation overhead. Environments with a bytecode intermediate form tend toward intermediate speed. Just-in-time compilation allows for native execution speed with a one-time startup processing time cost.

Low-level programming languages, such as assembly and C, are typically compiled, especially when efficiency is the main concern, rather than cross-platform support. For such languages, there are more one-to-one correspondences between the source code and the resulting machine code, making it easier for programmers to control the use of hardware.

It is possible to write compilers even for commonly interpreted languages. For example, Common Lisp can be compiled to Java bytecode (then interpreted by the Java virtual machine), C code (then compiled to native machine code), or directly to native code.

Environments that support multiple compilation output languages provide developers control to choose either execution speed or cross-platform compatibility.

See also

References

External links

Programming language classification
Peek. Peek or PEEK may refer to:

Computing
 Peek (data type operation), an operation on data types such as stacks and queues
 PEEK and POKE, the low-level commands of the BASIC programming language
 Peek (mobile Internet device), an email-only mobile handheld device
 Peek, an ADABAS/NATURAL utility
 Peek (software), a Linux application to create GIF animations

People with the surname
 Antwan Peek (born 1979), American footballer
 Ben Peek (born 1976), Australian author
 Bertrand Meigh Peek (1891–1965), British astronomer
 Burton Peek (1872–1960), former president of Deere & Company
 Dan Peek (1950–2011), musician
 Frank William Peek (1881–1933), American electrical engineer and inventor
 Kim Peek (1951–2009), American savant
 Paul Peek (1937–2001), musician
 Paul Peek (politician) (1904–1987)
 Peek baronets
 Henry Peek (1825–1898), 1st Baronet, importer of spices and tea
 Cuthbert Peek (1855–1901), 2nd Baronet, astronomer and meteorologist

Other uses
 Polyether ether ketone (PEEK), the family of thermoplastic resins
 Peek, Oklahoma, a US ghost town
 Peek (crater), a small lunar impact crater in the northern part of the Mare Smythii near the eastern limb of the Moon

See also
 Peak (disambiguation)