omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Oddy test. The Oddy test is a procedure created at the British Museum by conservation scientist William Andrew Oddy in 1973, in order to test materials for safety in and around art objects.
Often, materials for construction and museum contexts (including artefact conservation) are evaluated for safety. However, though materials may be safe for building purposes, they may emit trace amounts of chemicals that can harm art objects over time. Acids, formaldehyde, and other pollutants can damage and even destroy delicate artifacts if placed too close.

Procedure
This test calls for a sample of the material in question to be placed in an airtight container with three coupons of different metals—silver, lead, and copper—that are not touching each other or the sample of the material.  The container is sealed with a small amount of de-ionized water to maintain a high humidity, then heated at 60 degrees Celsius for 28 days. An identical container with three metal coupons acts as a control. If the metal coupons show no signs of corrosion, then the material is deemed suitable to be placed in and around art objects. The Oddy test is not a contact test, but is for testing off-gassing.

Each metal detects a different set of corrosive agents. The silver is for detecting reduced sulfur compounds and carbonyl sulfides. The lead is for detecting organic acids, aldehyde, and acidic gases. The copper is for detecting chloride, oxide, and sulfur compounds.

There are many types of materials testing for other purposes, including chemical testing and physical testing.

Development
The Oddy test has gone through many changes and refinements over time. Whereas Andrew Oddy proposed to place each metal coupon in a separate glass container with the material to be tested, Bamberger et al. proposed a "three-in-one" test, where all three metal coupons shared one container, simplifying the procedure. Robinett and Thickett (2003) refined the "three-in-one" test by stabilizing the metal coupons.

One of the main issues with the Oddy test is that there is some subjectivity to the interpretation of the results, since it is primarily a visual determination. Some proposals have been made to use objective quantification methods for assessment of the results of the Oddy test. 

Institutions that use the Oddy test in their research are mainly art museums such as The J. Paul Getty Museum, The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art.

References

Further reading 
 
 
 

Chemical tests
Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage
SES-7. SES-7 (also formerly known as ProtoStar-2 / Indostar-2) is a commercial communications satellite operated by SES World Skies (now SES).

Spacecraft 
ProtoStar-2 is a geosynchronous communications satellite built by Boeing. It is a BSS-601HP satellite bus. On 15 November 2002, PanAmSat terminated its contract with Boeing Satellite Systems (BSS) for the almost-completed Galaxy-8iR satellite, claiming that Boeing had defaulted on the terms of the contract, and requested US$72 million from Boeing to refund prior advance payments and other costs. The satellite was later converted into the ProtoStar-2 satellite, which was launched in May 2009. Late 2009, it is purchased through auction by SES for SES World Skies unit for US$180 million. The satellite was renamed SES-7 in May 2010.

Launch 
Launched on 16 May 2009 at 00:57:38 UTC, since Baikonur Cosmodrome, Site 200/39 for ProtoStar Ltd by Proton-M / Briz-M launch vehicle. Launch arranged by International Launch Services (ILS).

Market 
It is positioned at 108.2° East longitude and serves customers in Indonesia, India, Taiwan, the Philippines, and Southeast Asia. Protostar 2 carries 10 (+3) S-band and 22 (+5) Ku-band transponders for optimized HD satellite television direct-to-home (DTH) satellite television service and broadband Internet access across the Asia-Pacific region. The S-band payload is operated under the name of IndoStar-2 (Cakrawarta-2).

See also

References 

Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Satellites using the BSS-601 bus
Spacecraft launched in 2009
SES satellites
Satellites of Luxembourg
User virtualization. User virtualization refers to the independent management of all aspects of the user on the desktop environment. User virtualization decouples a user's profile, settings and data from the operating system and stores this information into a centralized data share either in the data center or cloud. User virtualization solutions provide consistent and seamless working environments across a range of application delivery mechanisms.  Although user virtualization is most closely associated with desktop virtualization, this technology can also be used to manage user profiles on physical desktops.  As the range of currently used operating systems expands, and the use of multiple devices by workers to perform their jobs escalates, user virtualization can support the creation of a "follow-me" identity that will allow access to a workspace without being tied into only a single device or a single location.

User virtualization for virtual desktops 
For virtualized desktop environments, user virtualization represents a fundamental change in how the corporate desktop is constructed, delivered and managed. The user’s personality is decoupled from the operating system and applications, managed independently and applied to a desktop as needed without scripting, group policies or use of user profiles – regardless of how the desktop is being delivered (physical, virtual, cloud, etc.).

User virtualization for terminal servers 
For server based computing environments, user virtualization enables IT to have more control over the shared environment, optimize infrastructure needs and ensure an optimal experience for their users. With application entitlement, unauthorized applications are blocked without the need for complex scripts or high-maintenance lists, providing protection from unknown executables and ensuring compliance with Microsoft licensing.

User personality 
User personality is a combination of corporate policy and user personalization. Policy is used to set up and maintain a user desktop session. Policy also ensures a user session remains compliant by controlling application access, locking down or removing operating system and application functions, as well as self-healing essential files, folders, processes, services and registry settings. Personalization constitutes any change a user makes to his or her desktop.

User persona 
User persona is another term used interchangeably with user personality or user personalization.

References 
 Coming Together On Virtualization
 Above the Cloud – User Virtualization
 User virtualization; the key to successful desktop virtualization
 User Virtualization, consider the user first

Human–computer interaction
Natural Currents Energy Services. Natural Currents Energy Services, LLC is a developer and installer of hydro-electric systems. They produce scalable underwater turbines designed to capture energy from the tides of rivers and oceans. They hold Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) energy development permits at ten sites in the US, roughly 25% of the total tidal zone permits granted by FERC.  The company has designed two models of turbine, the Red Hawk Tidal Power Generator and the Sea Dragon Tidal Turbine.

Natural Currents has partnered with the City College of New York to assess sites with potential for tidal power development.  The 18-month study is funded by grants from the New Jersey Department of Transportation and the University Transportation Research Center.

On March 5, 2012, Natural Currents released results from a study of tidal currents off the coast of New Jersey for 2008 to 2009.  The findings indicate a conservative estimate of 417 MW of potential tidal power in New Jersey, compared to the 357 MW measured by a Georgia Tech Report in 2011.

Further reading
 United States of America Before the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, Hydroelectric Infrastructure Technical Conference  Docket No. AD06-13-000]
 Long Island Tidal and Wave Energy Study:An Assessment of the Resource, January 2007 Prepared for: Long Island Power Authority 
  Green Energy Newsletter, January-February, 2007, Issue 07-01
 Global Network for Forecasting Earthquakes
 Long Island Tidal and Wave Energy Study

References

Sources & External Links 
 Company website 

Technology companies of the United States
Renewable energy technology companies
Tidal power
Hydroelectricity in the United States
HP Neoview. HP Neoview was a data warehouse and business intelligence computer server line based on the Hewlett-Packard NonStop line. It acted as a database server, providing NonStop OS and NonStop SQL, but lacked the transaction processing functionality of the original NonStop systems.

The line was retired, and no longer marketed, as of January 24, 2011.

References 

Fault-tolerant computer systems
Neoview
James Demmel. James Weldon Demmel Jr. (born October 19, 1955) is an American mathematician and computer scientist, the Dr. Richard Carl Dehmel Distinguished Professor of Mathematics and Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley.

In 1999, Demmel was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering for contributions to numerical linear algebra and scientific computing.

Biography
Born in Pittsburgh, Demmel did his undergraduate studies at the California Institute of Technology, graduating in 1975 with a B.S. in mathematics. He earned his Ph.D. in computer science in 1983 from UC Berkeley, under the supervision of William Kahan; his dissertation was entitled A Numerical Analyst's Jordan Canonical Form. After holding a faculty position at New York University for six years, he moved to Berkeley in 1990.

Academic works
Demmel is known for his work on LAPACK, a software library for numerical linear algebra and more generally for research in numerical algorithms combining mathematical rigor with high performance implementation. Prometheus, a parallel multigrid finite element solver written by Demmel, Mark Adams, and Robert Taylor, won the Carl Benz Award at Supercomputing 1999 and the Gordon Bell Prize for Adams and his coworkers at Supercomputing 2004.

Honors and awards
Demmel was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1999, a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1999, a fellow of the IEEE in 2001, a fellow of SIAM in 2009, and a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2011. Demmel was one of two scientists honored in 1986 with the Leslie Fox Prize for Numerical Analysis. In 1993, Demmel won the J.H. Wilkinson Prize in Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing, and in 2010, he was the winner of the IEEE's Sidney Fernbach Award "for computational science leadership in creating adaptive, innovative, high-performance linear algebra software". In 2012 he became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society. He received the IEEE Computer Society Charles Babbage Award in 2013.

Personal life
Demmel is married to Katherine Yelick, who is also an ACM Fellow and professor of electrical engineering and computer science at UC Berkeley, and Associate Lab Director for Computing Sciences at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.

References

External links

Home page at UC Berkeley

Living people
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American computer scientists
Numerical analysts
California Institute of Technology alumni
University of California, Berkeley alumni
New York University faculty
1999 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Fellows of the IEEE
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
UC Berkeley College of Engineering faculty
1955 births
People from Pittsburgh
Wreck Racing. Wreck Racing is a Georgia Tech automotive competition team, based in the Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering.  The team is composed of undergraduate and graduate students from the various schools within Georgia Tech and is based in the Student Competition Center on the North edge of Tech's Atlanta campus.  The team's main focus is in the design, fabrication, testing, and racing of production-based sports cars.  Wreck Racing primarily competes in the Grassroots Motorsports Annual Challenge, but also has competed in local SCCA and BMWCCA events.

History
The Wreck Racing team was founded by Andrew Sullivan and Andy Powell, both Tech Alumni, and has been an officially chartered student organization since 2004.  Since the team was founded, membership has grown rapidly, and the team currently has approximately 75 active members.

Competition

Since 2005 Wreck Racing has competed in the annual GRM $20XX event and has competed with eight separate vehicles including a 1980s VW GTI, a turbocharged E30 chassis BMW, a V8-powered Mazda Miata, a 2JZ MG Midget, a mid-engine Honda Insight, a V8 swapped BMW E28, a mid-engine Chevrolet S-10, and a Honda powered Factory Five 818.

$2010 Challenge: In 2010 Wreck Racing won the GRM $2010 Challenge, placing 1st overall, 1st in autocross, and 1st in concours, placing above many veteran teams and entries by several professional race shops. 

$2017 Challenge: Wreck Racing won 1st place in autocross, 1st place in concours, and 1st place overall in the Grassroot Motorsports $2017 Challenge with their 2001 Honda Insight powered by a mid-mounted Subaru EG33 engine. 

$2020 Challenge: Wreck Racing won 1st place in autocross, 2nd place in Concours d'Elegance, 5th place in drag, and 1st place overall in the Grassroot Motorsports $2020 Challenge with their V8 powered BMW E28.

Education
Another primary focus of Wreck Racing is to fortify scientific design and analysis methods taught in the Georgia Tech classrooms through practical application.  The team frequently utilizes finite element and signal analysis, circuit design, CAD modeling and drawing, thermodynamic and fluid dynamic analysis, along with advanced fabrication techniques, such as state-of-the-art CNC milling, radiator fin augmentation, waterjet and plasma cutting, lathe operation, welding, and precision measuring with the goal of producing exceptional vehicle performance while remaining within the severe budget and time restrictions mandated by the competition rules.

References

External links
Official Website

Georgia Tech
Automotive engineering
American auto racing teams
Student organizations in the United States
MClone. MClone, or Clonal Mosaic, is a pattern formation algorithm proposed in 1998 used specially for simulating the visible patches of color in the fur of giraffes and members of the Felidae of the mammalians. It was primarily proposed as a 2D model and lately was extended to 3D. An important feature of the algorithm is that it is biologically plausible.

Since the algorithm was created in order to address some of the problems with texture mapping, its main goal is to produce, with the same set of parameters, a variable number of color patterns for a 2D or 3D object model. This way, for a relatively big amount of different entities represented by the same model, instead of using the same texture (and, doing so, each object would be equal to the others), one could use the different color patterns created by the MClone algorithm. Another useful feature of MClone is that it can be used to create patterns along with growing data of the object model.

The algorithm 

The MClone algorithm, essentially, works as follows: given the 3D model of the object which we want to create a new pattern, we first randomly place n cells on the model's surface. Each cell has a type, which defines many cell's properties, including its color. This way, for instance, if we want to simulate a pattern that has only two colors, we should use just two types of cells.

Now that the model has the defined cells, and they are placed randomly, we want them to create a pattern. For this to happen, we make relaxations between all cells. We have two fundamental parameters in these relaxations: the mitosis rate of each cell type (which indicates the delay in days for the cell type multiplication) and the adhesion rate of each cell type to the others (and to itself too). This last one is a number smaller than 1 that subtracts from the resultant force of the relaxation (thus, keeping the cells together).

Each relaxation happens has a defined "day" in which it occurs (this is the way MClone calls the relaxation process). The number of relaxations per day is defined at the beginning of the algorithm. The mitosis rate is defined as a number that indicates in how many days a cell is going to reproduce "again". For example, if the mitosis rate of a given cell type is 4, the cells of that cell type are going to reproduce themselves in average every 4 days (i.e., for a cell born in the first day, it reproduces itself in the fifth day, and in the ninth day, and so on).

Passed a given number of days, we are going to have a well defined pattern, which can be, or not be what we were waiting for. Although it could not seem intuitive through the explanation above, an important feature of the algorithm is that it is easy to predict how it will become a pattern just after taking a look at the parameters passed to the algorithm.

References

External links
 

Computer graphics algorithms
Theo H. Siegrist. Theo H. Siegrist is an American professor of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering at Florida State University, where he is also affiliated with the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory.  A leading researcher in materials characterization with x-ray diffraction and on the structural analysis of crystalline materials, he was selected as a Research Fellow by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in Germany in 2008 and an elected Fellow of the American Physical Society in 2006.  For over 20 years Siegrist served in a research position at Bell Laboratories. where he made contributions in the fields of intermetallic superconductors and organic semiconductors.

References 

Florida State University faculty profile 
Siegrist profile at National High Magnetic Field Laboratory 

Florida State University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Bowlus BZ-1. The Bowlus BZ-1 is an American single seat FAI 15 Meter Class, V-tailed glider that was designed and built by Michael Bowlus.

Design and development
The BZ-1 started as a design by Clark Frazier of Bluffton, Ohio in 1967. He started construction of a glider fuselage from the drop tank of a North American F-86 Sabre and called it the Zeus II. Frazier never completed the project and it was subsequently purchased by Michael Bowlus of Worthington, Ohio. Bowlus constructed wings for the re-designated BZ-1, starting with the wing design of the Schreder Airmate HP-11, but shortened to . The wing incorporates ailerons hinged at the bottom and a NACA 65 (3)-618 laminar flow airfoil. The interconnected flaps and ailerons are all undercambered and assembled using the same bonded construction technique used on the Schreder HP-18. The flaps extend to 90° for landing.

The BZ-1 has a retractable monowheel landing gear, a V-tail and was built from aluminium. At the time of its completion in 1983 the designer intended to add water ballast tanks to allow the carriage of  of water. The BZ-1 had its first flight on September 13, 1984.

The aircraft was reported as complete and ready for first flight in 1983, but in May 2011, it was no longer on the Federal Aviation Administration registry.

Specifications (BZ-1)

See also

References

1980s United States sailplanes
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1983
V-tail aircraft
Farrukh S. Alvi. Farrukh S. Alvi is a Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Florida State University who works in the development and implementation of actuators, especially micro-fluidic actuators for flow and noise control applications in the aerospace industry. According to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, "Alvi’s Boeing-FSU team developed the actuators implemented in a fullscale supersonic store release sled test for the Holloman Air Force Base DARPA program—the first sled test of its kind and the first supersonic store release."

Career
Alvi's research provides insights regarding methods of addressing shock boundary layer interactions, the aeroacoustics of high speed jets, including supersonic impinging jets, and the associated problems of compressible mixing and jet noise. Alvi also directs the Florida Center for Advanced Aeropropulsion, a statewide partnership between universities and industry in Tallahassee, Florida that has been selected by the FAA as a national Center of Excellence, where he is building a new generation wind tunnel funded by the National Science Foundation and also heads the Advanced Aero-Propulsion Laboratory. Dr. Alvi is an elected fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, serves on the editorial board of the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal, and holds a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from Pennsylvania State University.

Notes and references

Alvis
Florida State University faculty
Amplifier (disambiguation). An (electronic) amplifier is a device for increasing the power of an electronic signal. 

Amplifier may also refer to:

Other amplifier types
 Fluidic amplifier
 Mechanical amplifier
 Optical amplifier
 Pneumatic amplifier
 Torque amplifier

Music
 Amplifier (band), an English rock band 
 Amplifier (Amplifier album), 2004
 Amplifier (Dance Exponents album), 1986
 "Amplifier", a song by Imran Khan, 2009
 "Amplifier", a song by the dB's from the 1982 album Repercussion
 "Amplifier", a song by Manafest from the 2017 album Stones

See also

 Amplification (disambiguation)
Tsunami (aircraft). Tsunami was a purpose-built racing aircraft designed and built in the United States during the 1980s. After a short undistinguished career Tsunami crashed, killing its designer, John Sandberg, on 25 September 1991.

Design and development
After six years of building, the aircraft was first flown 17 August 1986 by Steve Hinton. It was designed specifically to break the 3 km world speed record for propeller driven aircraft by a private pilot and to compete in the Unlimited class at the Reno Air Races. The aircraft was designed by Bruce Boland, an aerospace engineer employed by Lockheed Martin, John R. Sandberg, owner of JRS Enterprises Inc (rebuilders of Allison and Rolls-Royce aircraft engines), Lockheed engineer Pete Law and builder Ray Poe. Tsunami, powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine, designed and built by John R. Sandberg and the JRS Enterprise Inc. team, exceeded .

Originally, it was designed as a light-weight racer with a single-staged supercharged Rolls-Royce Merlin.  However, as speed increased in the Unlimited Racing Class, a higher powered two-stage supercharged Rolls-Royce Merlin was installed.  An attempt was made in August 1989 to break the  world speed record at Wendover Utah with a private pilot at the controls.  Due to a landing gear collapse the aircraft was unable to beat the existing record.

Operational history
Despite being very fast, in its racing career from 1986 to 1991 it only won one Unlimited Gold Race, in Sherman, Texas in 1990.

Fatality
The program ended in 1991 when the owner John Sandberg was killed while ferrying the aircraft to his home airport. The US National Transportation Safety Board report stated that the airspeed indicator was off on Tsunami's last flight and a mechanical failure in the flap system, caused the aircraft to roll on final approach into Pierre Regional Airport, South Dakota on 25 September 1991.

Specifications (Tsunami)

See also

References

External links

 Flying Magazine
 TsunamiAirRacing
 RebuildTsunami

Racing aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1986