omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Heliswiss. Heliswiss AG is a Swiss helicopter company with headquarters on the property of Bern Airport in Belp, Switzerland, near Bern.

History

Heliswiss - the oldest helicopter company in Switzerland - was founded as „Heliswiss Schweizerische Helikopter AG“ with headquarters in Berne-Belp on April 17, 1953. This was the beginning of helicopter flying in Switzerland. During the following years Heliswiss expanded in Switzerland and formed a network with bases in Belp BE, Samedan GR, Domat Ems GR, Locarno TI, Erstfeld UR, Gampel VS, Gstaad BE and Gruyères FR.

During the build-up of the rescue-company Schweizerische Rettungsflugwacht (REGA) as an independent network, Heliswiss carried out rescue missions on their behalf.

Heliswiss carried out operations all over the world: in Greenland, Suriname, North Africa and South America.

The first helicopter owned by Heliswiss was a Bell 47 G-1. It was registered as HB-XAG on September 23, 1953. From 1963 Heliswiss started to expand and began to operate with medium helicopters like the Agusta Bell 204B with a turbine power of 1050 HP and an external load of up to 1500 kg. From 1979 Heliswiss operated a Bell 214 (external load up to 2.8 t). Since 1991 Heliswiss operates a Russian Kamov 32A12 which was joined by a
second one in 2015.

Current fleet

Swiss Helicopter's fleet comprises some 36 helicopters (as at December 2013):

Bases
Flughafen Bern-Belp, Samedan GR, Domat/Ems GR, Locarno Airport, Erstfeld UR, Gampel VS and Gruyères FR.
Gstaad BE(winter base)

Products
Flight-training (basic training, commercial pilot, mountain training, night-flight)
Charter flights
VIP-flights
Heli-skiing
Film- and foto-flights
External load flights (up to 5000 kg), logging
Firefighting

Partners/Subsidiaries
Air Grischa
BOHAG
Heli Gotthard
Heliswiss International AG
Eliticino
Air Zermatt AG
Rhein-Helikopter AG   (Liechtenstein only)

References

External links

Homepage Heliswiss
Heliswiss Fleetlist

Airlines of Switzerland
Helicopter airlines
Airlines established in 1958
1958 establishments in Switzerland
Companies based in the canton of Bern
Rendel. Rendel is a surname, and may refer to

Sir Alexander Meadows Rendel (1828–1918), English civil engineer
Alexander Meadows Rendel (Sandy Rendel) (1910–1991) SOE agent 
David Rendel (1949–2016), British politician
Emma Rendel (born 1976), Swedish graphic novel author
George Wightwick Rendel (1833–1902), British engineer and naval architect
George William Rendel (1889–1979), British diplomat
Hamilton Owen Rendel (1843–1902), British engineer, designer of the hydraulic system for the Tower Bridge.
James Meadows Rendel (engineer) (1799–1856), British civil engineer
James Meadows Rendel (geneticist) (1915–2001), Australian agricultural scientist
Leila Rendel (1882–1969), English social worker, granddaughter of Sir Alexander Rendel
Robert Rendel (1885–1944), British film actor, younger brother of Leila Rendel
Stuart Rendel, 1st Baron Rendel (1834–1913), British industrialist, philanthropist and politician
Martin Rendel (born 1968), German academic and cultural manager

See also
 Rendel (film), a 2017 Finnish superhero film
 Rendell
Michael Topping. Michael Topping (1747–1796) was the Chief Marine Surveyor of Fort St. George in Chennai (then Madras) responsible for founding the oldest modern technical school outside Europe. The Survey School was completed on 17 May 1794, with an initial intake of eight students. In 1858 it became the Civil Engineering School and the College of Engineering in 1861.

Topping was also the first full-time modern professional surveyor of India having surveyed the seas off the Coromandel Coast, India's south-east coast. Topping came to Madras in 1785 as a marine surveyor aboard the East India Ship Walpole. On the suggestion of Alexander Dalrymple, he conducted a triangulation survey of the Coromandel Coast from Madras to Masulipatnam in 1788, making us of a sextant. Topping suggested that this triangulation could be done across India, however this approach was only taken up much later by William Lambton. Topping was appointed from 1794 to survey water reservoirs and in order to conduct his "tank surveys" he sought to train (in his survey school) youths of mixed, that is, of European-Indian parentage from the Madras orphanage, and deploy them across southern India at a sixth of the allowances needed for military surveyors and without the need for interpreters. Topping persuaded astronomer William Petrie to transfer his private observatory to the government and set up the first modern astronomical observatory, the Madras Observatory, in Nungambakkam. Topping succeeded Petrie as the director of the observatory from 1789 to 1796 when he died. Topping was succeeded by John Goldingham.

References

External links 

1747 births
1796 deaths
18th-century British astronomers
British East India Company people
Benjamin S. Graham. Benjamin S. Graham Sr. (1900–1960) was an American organizational theorist and consultant known as a pioneer in the development and application of scientific management and industrial engineering techniques to the office and factory clerical work. He is recognized as the founder of paperwork simplification. He saw a growing need for improvement in information processing back in the 1940s (when the professional and clerical segments of the workforce were still in the minority).

Biography 
Graham started his career in the insurance business. In the 1940s he was trained in work simplification by Allan H. Mogensen and Lillian Gilbreth, which had started at the 1944 Work Simplification Conferences at Lake Placid, where he participated in Mogensen's class.

Graham also participated in the programs of the Work Simplification Round Tables at New York University, the spring Methods Conferences conducted by the Wharton School of Finance at the University of Pennsylvania and at UCLA’s Engineering and Management Course. MIT, Northwestern University, Cornell and Georgia are among other colleges that called upon Mr. Graham throughout his career.

Graham organized and directed the Paperwork Simplification Conferences held at Madison, Wisconsin in the spring and fall, at the Seigniory Club, Quebec, Canada in the spring and at the University of Dayton, Ohio in the fall. He conducted many sold-out public training workshops between 1953 and 1959 along with numerous in-house workshops for organizations in the US, Canada, and South America. He also conducted hundreds of speaking engagements to professional societies. Ben S. Graham, Sr. died in 1960 at the age of 59.

Work 
Graham had adapted the Gilbreth flow process charts that were being used to improve factory work for use with more complex business processes. He was working with the Standard Register Company of Dayton, Ohio. His purpose was to display processes so that employee teams could study them and streamline them. Graham was invited to join Mogensen’s staff to provide instruction in paperwork simplification at Mogensen’s Work Simplification Conferences.

Graham was a prolific author with articles on Work Simplification and Management Methods, particularly as applied to office and paperwork, that appeared in Fortune, Industrial Engineering Magazine and a great variety of professional and other journals here and abroad. Standard Register published a collection of his articles that appeared in their PS magazine called Paperwork Simplification for Better Management Control.

His process-charting technique is now used worldwide for Business Process Improvement.

Selected publications 

 Graham, Ben S. "Paperwork Simplification." Industrial Management Institute (1950).

References 

 ↑ Graham Jr, Ben S. "Work simplification: From bricklayer to microcomputer." at worksimp.com, 1998. Accessed 10. 2014.
 ↑ Graham, Ben. "The Roots of the Business Process Mapping." (2008).
 ↑ Ben B. Graham (2004). Detail Process Charting: Speaking the Language of Process. New Jersey: Wiley. .

Cornell University alumni
People from Dayton, Ohio
1900 births
1960 deaths
Hunter 140. The Hunter 140 is an American dinghy that was designed by the Hunter Design Team as a sailing trainer and first built in 2003.

Production
The design was built by Hunter Marine in the United States starting in 2003, but it is now out of production.

Design
The Hunter 140 is an unsinkable sailing dinghy, built of ACP, thermoformed and UV protected plastic, with a fiberglass mat and injected foam construction, making it unsinkable. It has a fractional sloop rig, an aluminum mast and boom with stainless steel standing rigging, a raked stem, a vertical transom, a transom-hung rudder controlled by a tiller and a retractable centerboard. It displaces  and can accommodate three occupants.

The boat has a draft of  with the centreboard extended and  with it retracted, allowing beaching or ground transportation on a trailer.

Factory options included a roller furling jib, a launching dolly, a road trailer, a motor mount and a  outboard motor for docking and maneuvering.

See also
List of sailing boat types

Related design
Hunter 146

Similar sailboats
Laser 2

References

Dinghies
2000s sailboat type designs
Sailboat types built by Hunter Marine
Sailboat type designs by Hunter Design Team
Brandtaucher. Brandtaucher (German for Fire-diver) was a submersible designed by the Bavarian inventor and engineer Wilhelm Bauer and built by Schweffel & Howaldt in Kiel for Schleswig-Holstein's Flotilla (part of the Reichsflotte) in 1850. The Brandtaucher is the oldest known surviving submarine in the world.

History 
In January 1850, Bauer, a cavalryman during the German-Danish War, designed Brandtaucher as a way to end the Danish naval blockade of Germany. A submarine could affix mines on hulls of enemy ships undetected, and detonate them from a safe distance. Bauer's early sketch attracted the attention of the Minister of Marine, who allowed him to construct a  model. The model was demonstrated in Kiel harbour in front of naval dignitaries. Its satisfactory performance led to the construction of a full-scale model, which was funded by contributions from army personnel and local civilians. Due to the inadequate funding, the scale of the boat had to be downgraded and the design altered and simplified; resulting in a reduced diving depth from 30 m to 9.5 m.  This redesign included eliminating the use of enclosed ballast tanks to contain the water being taken into and expelled from the submarine.  Instead, the water was allowed to pool inside the bottom of the hull, below the main floor, and was able to move relatively unobstructed within this area when the ship changed orientation.  The resulting instability was probably a significant contributing factor to the loss of the vessel.

As built, Brandtaucher was 8.07 m long and 2.02 m at maximum beam, with a draught of 2.63 m. It was propelled by a crew of three turning large tread wheels connected to a propeller. The boat could reach a speed of three knots, but this could not be maintained for long periods of time.

On 1 February 1851, Brandtaucher sank after a diving accident during acceptance trials in Kiel Harbour. The submarine experienced equipment failure, and sank to the bottom of a 16-metre hole at the bottom of Kiel Harbour. Bauer escaped by letting in water, thus increasing the air pressure, which allowed Bauer and his two companions to open the hatch and swim to the surface. This was the first submarine escape to be witnessed and reported.

In 1887 the wreck was discovered, and it was raised on 5 July 1887. Brandtaucher was first placed on display at the Naval Academy in Kiel and then in 1906 it was moved to the Museum für Meereskunde in Berlin. From 1963 to 1965 it was restored in the GDR at Rostock, and placed on display at the Nationale Volksarmee Museum in Potsdam. The boat can now be viewed at the Militärhistorisches Museum der Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces Museum of Military History), in Dresden.

See also
USS Turtle
USS Alligator (1862)
CSS Hunley

References

Further reading

 
 
 

19th-century submarines
Submarines of Germany
Ships preserved in museums
German inventions
Museum ships in Germany
Hand-cranked submarines
1850 in the German Confederation
Maritime incidents in February 1851
Rigi (software). 
Rigi is an interactive graph editor tool for software reverse engineering using the white box method, i.e. necessitating source code, thus it is mainly aimed at program comprehension. Rigi is distributed by its main author, Hausi A. Müller and the Rigi research group at the University of Victoria.

Rigi provides interactive links from the graphs it produces to the source code, but not vice versa. Rigi renders trees and grid-layout graphs using its own internal engine, but relies on University of Passau's GraphEd for more advanced layouts.

The public version of Rigi has built-in parsers ("fact extractors") for C and Cobol, and can leverage the C++ parser of IBM Visual Age. It can also accept external data in an RSF format (it introduced), so external parses can also feed it data, for example SHriMP tool's Java parser. Some efforts were made to integrate Rigi in Microsoft Visual Studio .NET. Early versions of Bauhaus were also built on top of Rigi; the author of this latter tool notes that the combination was rather slow for graphs having more than 500 nodes. Rigi was reportedly used to analyze some (undisclosed) embedded software at Nokia, in the range of hundreds of thousands of lines of code, and was met with positive feedback from the Nokia engineers.

Active development of Rigi has ceased in 1999, with the last official version released in 2003. A 2008 paper noted that
"Rigi is a mature tool that is still used in research and popular in teaching, but it is currently no
longer actively evolved and is in bug-fix mode."

See also
 Imagix 4D
 Rational Rose
 Sourcetrail

References

Further reading 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Compares Rigi with Refine/C, Imagix 4D, and SNiFF+.

External links 
 Rigi site (free download and publications list)

Graph drawing software
Software for modeling software
Boyland–Sims oxidation. The Boyland–Sims oxidation is the chemical reaction of anilines with alkaline potassium persulfate, which after hydrolysis forms ortho-hydroxyl anilines. The reaction is generally performed in water at room temperatures or below, using equimolar quantities of reagents.

The ortho-isomer is formed predominantly. However, the para-sulfate is formed in small amounts with certain anilines.

Scope and mechanism
The reaction is disadvantaged by moderate to low chemical yields, but is simple to perform and uses mild conditions. Some competitive oxidation of the nitrogen has been observed.

Behrman has shown that the first intermediate in the Boyland–Sims oxidation is the formation of an arylhydroxylamine-O-sulfate (2). Rearrangement of this zwitterionic intermediate forms the ortho- sulfate (5), which then hydrolyses to form the ortho-hydroxyl aniline.

See also
 Elbs persulfate oxidation

References

Further reading
 

Organic oxidation reactions
Name reactions
Elbs persulfate oxidation. The Elbs persulfate oxidation is the organic reaction of phenols with alkaline potassium persulfate to form para-diphenols. The reaction is generally performed in water at room temperatures or below, using equimolar quantities of reagents.

Several reviews have been published.

Scope and mechanism
The reaction is disadvantaged by moderate to low chemical yields with recovery of starting material and complete consumption of the persulfate. It is suggested that the phenol in many cases is a catalyst converting the persulfate into a sulfate. Despite this, the Elbs reaction remains generally useful in a research setting, as it is simple to perform and is tolerant of a wide range of other functional groups, which are not oxidised under these conditions.

A reaction mechanism has been postulated which accounts for the observed para substitution featuring the tautomeric para carbanion of the starting phenolate ion: It begins with nucleophilic displacement on the peroxide oxygen of the peroxodisulfate (peroxydisulfate) ion, to give an intermediate sulfate group (3), which is then hydrolyzed to the hydroxyl group.

See also
 Boyland–Sims oxidation
 Dakin reaction

References

Organic oxidation reactions
Name reactions

Add the following:
E. J. Behrman, The Elbs & Boyland-Sims Oxidations: An Updated Literature Survey.  Mini-Rev. Org. Chem, 18(2021)621-625.
Fondly Fahrenheit. "Fondly Fahrenheit" is a science fiction short story by American writer Alfred Bester, first published in the August 1954 issue of The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction.

Synopsis
A rich playboy, James Vandaleur, and his expensive "multiple aptitude android" have become two aspects of a single insane murderous personality. Vandaleur's father is dead, having lost the family fortune, and Vandaleur only has the android which, if it works correctly, can bring in more than enough income to support him in the manner to which he had become accustomed. However, the android becomes erratic when his immediate environment exceeds a certain temperature—when the android is put to work in a foundry, it begins to sing and subsequently pours molten metal on the human supervisor when she investigates the singing. When the android is destroyed during a high-speed chase, Vandeleur is shown as continuing his murder spree after purchasing a cheaper model of android.

Reception
In 1999, "Fondly Fahrenheit" ranked 4th in Locuss poll for the best novelette of all time. It has been included in a large number of prestigious science fiction anthologies, including The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, The Road to Science Fiction, The Stars Around Us and Isaac Asimov Presents The Great SF Stories. 

Robert Silverberg has stated that "Fondly Fahrenheit" has only one technical flaw: that there is no connection between the first paragraph and the second; he also describes it as a "paragon of story construction and exuberant style." In Strange Horizons, Colin Harvey said that the story "fizzles and spits and crackles like superheated bacon in a pan that's about to catch fire."

Adaption
Bester adapted "Fondly Fahrenheit" for television as Murder and the Android, which aired on October 18, 1959 as part of the Sunday Showcase series. The episode featured Kevin McCarthy in the lead role, whose name was changed to James Valentine, Rip Torn as the android, Suzanne Pleshette as Mari Sutton and Telly Savalas as Cotton. The episode was nominated for a 1960 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation.

See also

 The Science Fiction Hall of Fame Volume One, 1929–1964, an anthology of the greatest science fiction short stories prior to 1965, as judged by the Science Fiction Writers of America

References

1954 short stories
Short stories by Alfred Bester
Androids in literature
Works about fictional serial killers
Charles F. Ritchel. Charles Frances Ritchel (December 22, 1844 – January 21, 1911) was an American inventor of a successful dirigible design, the fun house mirror, a mechanical toy bank, and the holder of more than 150 other patented inventions.

Biography
Charles Frances Ritchel was born on December 22, 1844, in Portland, Maine. He died in Bridgeport, Connecticut, on January 21, 1911.

Dirigible

Ritchel designed and built a small, one-man dirigible powered by a hand crank. He patented his "Improved Flying Machine" on 12 March 1878 (Patent No. 201200). The aircraft consisted of a brass frame put together at Folansbee Machine Shop in Bridgeport, Connecticut. The frame was hung beneath a cylindrical, rubber gas bag manufactured by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company in Naugatuck. A small propeller drove the craft and could be moved left and right for turning. The craft could reach a height of .

At the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Ritchel flew the craft within one of the large exhibition halls. Two years later, on June 12, 1878, the craft set off from a baseball field behind the Colt Armory in Hartford, Connecticut. Before a large group of spectators, Mark W. Quindlen flew the machine over the armory building and the Connecticut River before returning to the starting point and landing.

"This was the first flight of a man-carrying dirigible in America," according to Harvey Lippincott, founder of the Connecticut Aeronautical Historical Association.

On the following day, Quindlen again ascended, but the wind proved to be too strong and he was blown off course, landing in nearby Newington, Connecticut. More flights took place in Boston and elsewhere, and eventually five of the aircraft were constructed and sold. Ritchel imagined a transcontinental airline with larger dirigibles cranked by 11 men.

Other inventions

Today the most well-known of Ritchel's inventions is the funhouse mirror, originally dubbed by the inventor as "Ritchel's Laugh-O-Graphs."  The curved and specially shaped mirrors reflect amusing, distorted images of anyone standing in front of them.

Some credit Ritchel with inventing rollerskates. He did invent a toy bank in the shape of a monkey (patented November 7, 1882, Design Patent No. 13,400).

A coin is put on a tray held in the monkey's upturned palms. A lever in the back is pressed. The arms rise, tilting the coin toward a slot in the monkey's belly. Ives Manufacturing in Bridgeport may have produced the bank.

Life
In a patent application for his dirigible, Ritchel said he was a resident of Corry, Pennsylvania.

Despite his many inventions, Ritchel died destitute in his hometown of Bridgeport, Connecticut.

References

1844 births
1911 deaths
People from Bridgeport, Connecticut
People from Corry, Pennsylvania
19th-century American inventors
American balloonists
Deaths from pneumonia in Connecticut
BL R-series engine. The R series is a line of petrol engines introduced by British Leyland in 1983 for the then-new Austin Maestro. It was only produced in one capacity—1.6 litres.

Design
The engine was essentially a lightly modified version of the E-series unit found in the Maxi and Allegro. The main differences over the older engine are to the sump and gearbox mounting flange, which were adapted to accept a traditional "end-on" transmission unit which had been bought from Volkswagen in place of the traditional BMC transmission-in-sump arrangement. It retains the 1.5-liter E-series' bore of  along with a longer  stroke. The longer stroke was obtained by a revised crank throw.

Like the E-series, it has a cast iron block and aluminium head. As with the E, the cylinders are siamesed, to fit the biggest bore cylinders possible. The combustion chambers were of Weslake's kidney-shaped design. The carburettor for the regular version was a single-venturi one with an automatic electronic choke, while the MG version received two twin Weber 40 DCNF carburetors and none of the fuel-saving electronics. Maximum power is  at 5,500 and 6,000 rpm respectively.

Problems
The R series was mainly a stop gap, and had a very short production run that lasted barely two years.  BL had been working on a more substantially revised version of the E series, but this was not ready for production in time for the Maestro's already badly delayed launch. The company was instead forced into launching the Maestro with the half-developed power unit which cost the company dearly—R-series-equipped Maestros soon gained a reputation for hot starting problems, cylinder head gasket failures (endemic to the E series also), and premature crankshaft failure.  Because the E series was turned through 180 degrees in order to accommodate an end-on transmission, the R series was fitted to the Maestro with the carburettor facing the front of the car, which also led to a reputation for carburettor icing in cold weather.

The endemic problem of crankshaft failure was later attributed to flexing of the crankcase – because the E series relied upon the heavy sump/transmission unit to give additional strength to the cylinder block casting, this caused problems when a plain sump was bolted in its place. The sump in question was an aluminium alloy casting.

The R series was superseded in 1984 by the S series.

References

R series engine
Gasoline engines by model