omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
NLE. NLE is an acronym. It can refer to:

In education 
 National Latin Exam, a test given to Latin students
 Philippine Nursing Licensure Exam, a basic level nursing exam given in public schools in the Philippines

In science, medicine, and technology 
 Non-linear editing system, a form of audio, video, and image editing
 N.L.E. Tractors, a codename for Cultivator No. 6

In transportation 
 North Luzon Expressway, an expressway located in the Philippines
 The Northern line extension to Battersea, an underground extension project in London
 IATA code for Jerry Tyler Memorial Airport, Niles, Michigan

People 
 NLE Choppa, an American rapper and  his label No Love Entertainment

Sports 
 National League East, a division of Major League Baseball
Ripsaw. A ripsaw (or rip saw) is a wood saw that is specially designed for making a rip cut, a cut made parallel to the direction of the wood grain.

Design
The cutting edge of each tooth has a flat front edge and it is angled backward by about 8°, in contrast to a crosscut saw, which has teeth angled backward by about 15°. 

With the "rip" tooth pattern, the edges are sharpened at right angles to the cutting plane, forming chisel-like cutting surfaces, whereas  crosscut teeth are sharpened at an angle, so that each tooth has a knife-like cutting point in contact with the wood. This design keeps the saw from following grain lines, which could curve the path of the saw: by acting like a chisel, the saw can more easily cut across deviating grain lines, which is necessary if a straight cut is to be achieved. This feature enables the orthogonal cutting edge to efficiently transport wood-chips from the kerf, allowing subsequent teeth to perform a more effective cut. 

It is possible to see this material removal mechanism in action by analyzing frame by frame footage of the cutting process. Ripsaws typically have 4–10 teeth per inch, making them relatively coarse.

Use
All sawmills use ripsaws of various types including the circular saw and band saw. Historically sawmills used one or more reciprocating saws more specifically known as an "up-and-down" or "upright saw"  which are of two basic types, the frame saw or a muley (mulay) saw which is similar to the hand powered pit saw. Some sawmills also use crosscut saws to cut boards and planks to length.

Cutting styles
On the vast majority of saws throughout the world, the teeth are designed to cut when the saw is being pushed through the wood (on the push stroke or down stroke). However, some saws (such as Japanese saws and the saws used by Ancient Egyptians) are designed to cut on the pull stroke.

References

Saws
Woodworking hand tools
Kerf (disambiguation). Kerf is the width of a saw cut.

Kerf may also refer to:

 Kerf, molten metal and metal oxide blown out when metal is cut by an oxy-gas torch: see Oxy-fuel welding and cutting
 Kerf (sculpture), a pair of cast-concrete works by Thomas Sayre in Portland, Oregon, US
 Kerf, a poetry collection by Peter Sanger
 Kerf dust, a byproduct of sawing silicon ingots into wafers, esp. in production of Photovoltaics
 The Kerf, a poetry publication of the College of the Redwoods, Del Norte Center for Writing in Crescent City, California
 Kerala E.N.T. Research Foundation (KERF), a hospital at Kollam in Kerala, India
Contact image sensor. Contact image sensors (CIS) are image sensors used in flatbed scanners almost in direct contact with the object to be scanned. Charge-coupled devices (CCDs), the other kind of sensor often used in scanners, use mirrors to bounce light to a stationary sensor. Scanners using CISs are much smaller than ones that use CCDs, use typically a tenth as much power, and are particularly suitable for low power and portable applications, often powered over USB.

A CIS typically consists of a linear array of detectors, covered by focusing lenses and flanked by red, green, and blue LEDs for illumination.  The use of LEDs allows the CIS to be highly power efficient, allowing scanners to be powered through the minimal line voltage supplied via a USB connection.  CIS devices typically produce lower image quality compared to CCD devices; in particular, the depth of field is greatly limited, which poses a problem for material that is not perfectly flat. However, a CIS contact sensor is smaller and lighter than a CCD line sensor, and allows all the necessary optical elements to be included in a compact module, thus helping to simplify the inner structure of the scanner.  With a CIS contact sensor, the scanner can be portable, with a height of only around 30 mm.
CIS is a key component widely used in scanners (especially portable scanners), electrographs, bar code readers and optical identification technology.

References

Optical devices
Modification. Modification may refer to:

 Modifications of school work for students with special educational needs
 Modifications (genetics), changes in appearance arising from changes in the environment
 Posttranslational modifications, changes to proteins arising from protein biosynthesis
 Modding, modifying hardware or software
 Mod (video gaming)
 Modified car
 Body modification
 Grammatical modifier
 Home modifications
 Chemical modification, processes involving the alteration of the chemical constitution or structure of molecules

See also
 
 Modified (disambiguation)
 Modifier (disambiguation)
 Mod (disambiguation)
 Edit (disambiguation)
 Manipulation (disambiguation)
Dynamic Bayesian network. A dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) is a Bayesian network (BN) which relates variables to each other over adjacent time steps.

History 
A dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) is often called a "two-timeslice" BN (2TBN) because it says that at any point in time T, the value of a variable can be calculated from the internal regressors and the immediate prior value (time T-1).  DBNs were developed by Paul Dagum in the early 1990s at Stanford University's Section on Medical Informatics. Dagum developed DBNs to unify and extend traditional linear state-space models such as Kalman filters, linear and normal forecasting models such as ARMA and simple dependency models such as hidden Markov models into a general probabilistic representation and inference mechanism for arbitrary nonlinear and non-normal time-dependent domains.

Today, DBNs are common in robotics, and have shown potential for a wide range of data mining applications.  For example, they have been used in speech recognition, digital forensics, protein sequencing, and bioinformatics.  DBN is a generalization of hidden Markov models and Kalman filters.

DBNs are conceptually related to probabilistic Boolean networks and can, similarly, be used to model dynamical systems at steady-state.

See also 

 Recursive Bayesian estimation
 Probabilistic logic network
 Generalized filtering

References

Further reading

Software 
 : the Bayes Net Toolbox for Matlab, by Kevin Murphy, (released under a GPL license)
 Graphical Models Toolkit (GMTK): an open-source, publicly available toolkit for rapidly prototyping statistical models using dynamic graphical models (DGMs) and dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs). GMTK can be used for applications and research in speech and language processing, bioinformatics, activity recognition, and any time-series application.
 DBmcmc : Inferring Dynamic Bayesian Networks with MCMC, for Matlab (free software)
 : Modeling gene regulatory network via global optimization of dynamic bayesian network (released under a GPL license)
 libDAI: C++ library that provides implementations of various (approximate) inference methods for discrete graphical models; supports arbitrary factor graphs with discrete variables, including discrete Markov Random Fields and Bayesian Networks (released under the FreeBSD license)
 aGrUM: C++ library (with Python bindings) for different types of PGMs including Bayesian Networks and Dynamic Bayesian Networks (released under the GPLv3)
 FALCON: Matlab toolbox for contextualization of DBNs models of regulatory networks with biological quantitative data, including various regularization schemes to model prior biological knowledge (released under the GPLv3)

Bayesian networks
Clay–water interaction. Clay-water interaction is an all-inclusive term to describe various progressive interactions between clay minerals and water. In the dry state, clay packets exist in face-to-face stacks like a deck of playing cards, but clay packets begin to change when exposed to water. Five descriptive terms describe the progressive interactions in a clay-water system.

(1) Hydration occurs as clay packets absorb water and swell.

(2) Dispersion (or disaggregation) causes clay platelets to break apart and disperse into the water due to the loss of attractive forces as water moves the platelets further apart.

(3) Flocculation begins when mechanical shearing stops, and platelets previously dispersed come together due to the attractive force of surface charges on the platelets.

(4) Deflocculation, or peptization, the opposite effect, occurs when a chemical de-flocculant is added to flocculated mud; the positive edge charges are covered, and attraction forces are greatly reduced.

(5) Aggregation, a result of ionic or thermal conditions, alters the hydrational layer around clay platelets, removes the deflocculant from positive edge charges, and allows platelets to assume a face-to-face structure.

See also 
 Dispersity
 Quick clay behaviour

References 

Water
Clay
Colloids
Colloidal chemistry
Keystone Aircraft. Keystone Aircraft Corporation was an early American airplane manufacturer.

History 
Headquartered in Bristol, Pennsylvania, the company was formed as "Ogdensburg Aeroway Corp" in 1920 by Thomas Huff and Elliot Daland, but its name was quickly changed to "Huff-Daland Aero Corp", then to "Huff-Daland Aero Company". The company made a name for itself in agricultural aircraft, and then in the United States Army Air Corps' early bomber aircraft. From 1924, James McDonnell was the chief designer.

In 1926, Huff left the company, and it was soon purchased by Hayden, Stone & Co., who increased capital to $1 million (United States) and renamed it Keystone. In 1928, it merged with Loening and was known as Keystone–Loening. In 1929, it was taken over by Curtiss-Wright. Also in 1929, the Keystone–Loening plant on the East River in New York City was closed by Curtiss-Wright and the operation was moved to the Bristol, Pennsylvania. Keystone plant. A small band of the top Loening management, design and shop workers (all New Yorkers) did not want to go to Bristol. They instead started their own aircraft company in a small rented shop in Baldwin, NY in Jan. 1930. The principal players were Leroy R. Grumman, Leon "Jake" Swirbul and William Schwendler. Grumman Aircraft went on to stellar heights with some of the best aircraft in US Navy history. Grumman also designed and built the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) that landed US astronauts on the Moon.

In 1932 the Army Air Corps issued a Circular design proposal for an advanced new heavy bomber which Ford, Martin, Boeing, Fokker, Douglas and Keystone submitted designs.  The Keystone entry was for an all metal low winged monoplane bomber with retractable landing gear.  The bomber would be powered by two Curtiss V-1570 geared Conqueror engines.  With a crew of 5 it was armed with up to 3 x .30 caliber machine guns and could carry 2,000 lbs (907 kg) of bombs on external racks.  A mock-up of the aircraft was inspected by the Air Corps in April and was withdrawn by Keystone after it was determined it could not meet the requirements.  The contract was ultimately won by Martin for their Model 139, known as the B-10 Bomber.  This was to be the last design submitted to the military by Keystone.

Keystone itself became a manufacturing division of Curtiss-Wright and ceased production in 1932. The former Keystone plant was purchased by Fleetwings in 1934.

Lieut. Comdr. Noel Davis and Lieut. Stanton H. Wooster were killed in their Keystone Pathfinder American Legion while conducting a test flight, just days before they were to attempt a trans-Atlantic flight for the Orteig Prize.

Aircraft

References

External links

Aerofiles

Companies based in Bucks County, Pennsylvania
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1932
American companies established in 1920
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania
Manufacturing companies established in 1920
1929 mergers and acquisitions
1920 establishments in Pennsylvania
1932 disestablishments in Pennsylvania
Flicker fixer. A flicker fixer  or scan doubler is a piece of computer hardware that de-interlaces an output video signal. The flicker fixer accomplishes this by adjusting the timing of the natively interlaced video signal to suit the needs of a progressive display for example a CRT computer monitor. Flicker fixers in essence create a progressive frame of video from two interlaced fields of video.

Flicker fixers sample the NTSC/PAL output from the output device and store each scan line from the field currently being displayed in RAM while simultaneously outputting the line alternately with the corresponding neighboring lines from the field stored previously (weaving). Some more advanced flicker fixers integrated in add-on graphics cards use more sophisticated methods. Outputting the image at double scan rate essentially composes a progressive display with all lines from both fields at full vertical refresh rate. This promotes the horizontal frequency of the signal from 15.734 kHz to 31.47 kHz (in the NTSC case, numbers for PAL are slightly lower), which can be the used to drive a VGA monitor from an output device.

Use with the Amiga 

One computer capable of producing an interlaced image is the Amiga.  The Amiga's default video mode is PAL or NTSC. NTSC and PAL interlaced screens have two fields called odd and even.  The fields switch every 60th of a second on NTSC, or 50th of a second on PAL, which allows for higher resolution while using a narrower signal bandwidth than full 50 or 60 FPS progressive video would require, but it can also produce an alarming jittering effect for graphics with high contrast details between fields.  This NTSC/PAL compatibility gave the Amiga a distinct edge in uses such as television production and gaming, but since the original Amigas were unable to produce vertically high-resolution displays without flickering this was unsuitable for office-like usage where one might need to work with a clear high-resolution image for several hours.  Flicker fixers were devised to remedy this.

The later iteration of the Amiga - the Amiga 3000 had a custom chip called Amber which could perform flicker-fixing on any signal. The ECS and AGA chipset could also output VGA display modes. Commodore offered the A2320 Display Enhancer Board for this purpose, The board fit neatly in a video graphics adapter slot on the A2000 series computer. It supported the new video modes offered by the Enhanced Chip Set (ECS) and AmigaOS 2.0, including the Productivity Mode. Also, the earlier A2024 'Hedley' greyscale monitor featured an integrated flicker fixer, supporting up to 8 shades of grey.

References

Amiga
Computer output devices
Emil von Škoda. Emil Ritter von Škoda ( ; 18 November 1839 – 8 August 1900) was a Czech engineer and industrialist, founder of Škoda Works, the predecessor of today's Škoda Auto and Škoda Transportation.

Life and work
Born Emil Škoda in Plzeň on 18 November 1839 to a physician and politician František Škoda, and mother Anna Říhová. Škoda studied engineering in Prague and Karlsruhe and in 1866 became chief engineer of the machine factory of Ernst Fürst von Waldstein-Wartenberg, founded in 1859 at Plzeň. He bought the factory three years later, in 1869, and began to expand it, building a railway connection to the facility in 1886 and adding an arms factory in 1890 to produce machine guns for the Austro-Hungarian Army. His facilities continued to expand over the next decade, and he incorporated his holdings in 1899 as the Škoda Works, which would become famous for its arms production in both World War I and World War II and for a wide range of other industrial and transportation products.

Notes

External links
 Biography in Czech (archived link)
  Emil Škoda: Czech or German? (Czech-language article)

1839 births
1900 deaths
Scientists from Bohemia
Industrialists from Austria-Hungary
Engineers from Austria-Hungary
People from Plzeň
Emil
Czech industrialists
Shifter. Shifter may refer to:

Technology 
 Gear stick, known in US English as "shifter", the lever of a manual or automatic automobile or truck transmission
 Shifter (bicycle part), or gear lever, a bicycle part that selects which gear the chain rests on
 Shifter (tool), an adjustable wrench/spanner
 A switcher locomotive in the terminology of the Pennsylvania Railroad
 Barrel shifter, part of a computer processor that performs bit shifts

Fiction 
 A shapeshifting character in science fiction, fantasy fiction, and role-playing games
 Shifter (Justice League Unlimited),  a former superhero featured in the animated television series
 Shifter (Dungeons & Dragons), a prestige class in the role-playing game
 Shifter (Eberron), a race in the Eberron campaign setting of the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game
 Jenny Everywhere, aka The Shifter, open source webcomic character
 Shiphtur, pseudonym of Danny Le, Canadian League of Legends player

See also 
 Shift (disambiguation)
Tupolev Tu-125. The Tupolev Tu-125 was an unrealized project to develop a new long-range supersonic bomber for the Soviet Air Force. Development commenced in 1958 to replace the newest Tu-22. The "Tu-125" designation was an internal one used by the Tupolev design bureau. Since the aircraft was never built, it never received a military designation.

A canard design was chosen for the aircraft, featuring a delta planform for the wing and stabilizer. Two turbojets (Kuznetsov NK-6 or NK-10 (230–240 kN)) were to be installed in nacelles under the wings. A four-turbojet version, powered by Tumansky R-15B-300s in two nacelles also was considered. The fuselage and wings made from titanium and aluminium alloys.

In September 1962, the Soviet Air Force rejected the project and it was stopped. No aircraft were built.

Specifications (Tu-125 Tumansky engines – estimated)

See also

Notes

References

Tu-0125
1960s Soviet bomber aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of the Soviet Union
Lake Aircraft. Lake Aircraft was a manufacturer of amphibious aircraft. Its factory was in Sanford, Maine, United States, and its sales offices were located at Laconia / Gilford, New Hampshire and Kissimmee, Florida.

The assets are currently owned by Revo Inc, owned by Armand Rivard, although the company was put up for sale again in August 2018.

History 
In January 2009 company owner Armand Rivard indicated that he intended to sell the company and retire. The company had previously been offered for sale in 2001, 2002, via auction in 2005 and in 2007. Lake Aircraft produced one aircraft in 2007 and none in 2008, but continues to make parts for existing aircraft. In 2009 the company employed six people, down from the 200 employees that it had in the 1980s. In August 2018 the company was once again offered for sale, including all the LA-4 tooling, type certificate and the designs. Armand Rivard died on December 23, 2018

Aircraft

References

External links

Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Manufacturing companies established in 1946
Ján Bahýľ. Ján Bahýľ (25 May 1856 – 13 March 1916) was a Slovak inventor and engineer. He specialised in military science, military construction, and engineering. Flying machines were a particular interest of his. In 1895, he was granted a patent on the helicopter.

Biography
Bahýľ was born in Zvolenská Slatina in the Austrian Empire (in present-day Slovakia). In 1869 he graduated from the Mining Academy of Banská Štiavnica with a diploma in technical drawing. After graduation, he joined the Hungarian Army; his superior officers noticed his technical ability and transferred him to the technical staff. The new assignment allowed Bahýľ to study at the Vienna Military Academy, where he graduated in 1879 and was commissioned as a  lieutenant. During his time in the army, Bahýľ developed a number of inventions, many of which involved hydraulics.

Inventions
Bahýľ financed his first invention himself. It was called the Steam Tank, and was purchased by the Russian army.  Bahýľ was granted seventeen patents in all, including patents for the tank pump, a hot air balloon combined with an air turbine, the first petrol engine car in Slovakia (in partnership with Anton Marschall), and a lift to the Bratislava Castle.
He flew one of the earliest helicopter models which he developed using an internal combustion engine as a power source. On 5 May 1905, a version reached a height of  and flew .

References

External links
Jan Bahyl biography
Jan Bahýľ Biography 
Jan Bahýľ 

1856 births
1916 deaths
People from Zvolen District
Scientists from Austria-Hungary
Slovak scientists
Slovak inventors
Davis Dam. Davis Dam is a dam on the Colorado River about  downstream from Hoover Dam. It stretches across the border between Arizona and Nevada. Originally called Bullhead Dam, Davis Dam was renamed after Arthur Powell Davis, who was the director of the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation from 1914 to 1923. The United States Bureau of Reclamation owns and operates the dam, which was completed in 1951.

Davis Dam impounds the Colorado River and forms Lake Mohave.

Description

Davis Dam
Davis Dam is a zoned earth-fill dam with a concrete spillway,  in length at the crest, and  high. The earth fill dam begins on the Nevada side, but it does not extend to the Arizona side on the east. Instead, there is an inlet formed by earth and concrete, that includes the spillway. The hydroelectric power plant is beside the inlet.

The dam's purpose is to re-regulate releases from Hoover Dam upstream, and facilitate the delivery of Colorado River water to Mexico. Bullhead City, Arizona, and Laughlin, Nevada, are located just below the dam along the river. Davis Camp is also nearby, operated as a park by Mohave County. Bullhead City was originally a construction town for workers building the dam.

A road is located on the crest of the earth fill portion of the dam and a Forebay Bridge spans the Forebay. It was formerly part of Arizona State Route 68 to Nevada. In April 2004, the roadway was shut down to vehicle traffic. Pedestrian and bicycle traffic are permitted. The old roadway is now an extension of the Heritage Trail system. Barriers have been placed on the former road at each end of the earthen dam. The facility is heavily patrolled by security forces who strictly enforce parking regulations.

Davis Dam Hydroelectric Power Plant
The Davis Dam Power Plant is a hydroelectric power plant located on the Arizona side of the dam, beside the inlet. The hydroelectric plant generates between 1 and 2 terawatt-hours of electricity annually. The plant has a capacity of  and the tops of its five Francis turbines are visible from outside the plant. The plant's head is .

See also

Dams of the Lower Colorado River Valley
Bullhead City, Arizona
Laughlin, Nevada
List of power stations in the United States

References

External links
USBR - Davis Dam
USBR - Davis Power Plant
USBR - Parker-Davis Project
USGS - Real Time Water Data
Davis Camp Park, Mohave County Parks

Dams on the Colorado River
Earth-filled dams
Dams in Arizona
Dams in Nevada
Dams of the Lower Colorado River Valley
Hydroelectric power plants in Arizona
Dams completed in 1951
United States Bureau of Reclamation dams
Buildings and structures in Clark County, Nevada
Buildings and structures in Mohave County, Arizona
Mojave Desert
Landmarks in Arizona
Landmarks in Nevada
Historic American Engineering Record in Arizona
1951 establishments in Arizona
1951 establishments in Nevada