omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Blue Gemini. Blue Gemini was a United States Air Force (USAF) project first proposed in August 1962 for a series of seven flights of Gemini spacecraft to enable the Air Force to gain crewed spaceflight experience prior to the launch of the Manned Orbital Development System, or MODS. The plan was to use off-the-shelf Gemini spacecraft.

It began as the Military Orbital Development System, created by the US Air Force Space System Division (SSD) in June 1962.

History 
Blue Gemini would consist of two National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) missions which would include a USAF co-pilot and would accomplish NASA objectives. These would be followed by two more NASA missions that would have USAF crews. Those missions would be devoted to NASA goals, but would include USAF experiments if possible. The final phase of Blue Gemini would consist of three dedicated USAF missions. One of these would be an Agena Target Vehicle rendezvous mission. It was possible that some of these later missions would carry only a single crew member, the other seat being occupied by experimental equipment. Possible payloads included a Manned Maneuvering Unit that would allow an astronaut to maneuver around the spacecraft, an advanced navigation system, an erectable structure, and a large ground mapping radar. The plan was to end Blue Gemini missions approximately four months before the debut of the MODS space station.

Blue Gemini was canceled in January 1963 by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara after he decided that military experiments could be carried aboard some NASA missions, i.e., Project Gemini. McNamara also canceled MODS at the same time.  On 21 January 1963 McNamara and NASA Administrator James Webb agreed to create a Gemini Program Planning Board, "to avoid duplication of effort in the field of manned space flight and to insure maximum attainment
of objectives of value to both the NASA and DOD."

In December 1963 McNamara approved the development of a Manned Orbital Laboratory (MOL) which was essentially a revived MODS. Blue Gemini should not be confused with the Gemini B spacecraft that was developed for MOL. Gemini B included a tunnel through its heat shield to enable the astronauts to reach the MOL spacecraft.

Because Blue Gemini was a paper project that was canceled before NASA started any Gemini flights, no Blue Gemini hardware was constructed.  A test article on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio is the Gemini B spacecraft, recognized by its distinctive "US Air Force" written on the side, and the circular hatch cut through the heat shield.

In fiction 
The Blue Gemini trilogy of novels (Blue Gemini, Blue Darker Than Black, and Pale Blue) by Mike Jenne describe a fictional "Aerospace Support Project" which used a modified version of the Gemini spacecraft to execute military IIK (Intercept-Inspect-Kill) missions against Soviet satellites suspected of carrying nuclear weapons.

References

Further reading
 

Project Gemini
Crewed spacecraft
Cancelled space missions
Abandoned military projects of the United States
Military space program of the United States
Cameron Parker. Cameron Holdsworth Parker  (born 14 April 1932) is a former Scottish businessman and a former Lord Lieutenant of Renfrewshire. Parker has been chairman and served on the board of engineering companies, including British Shipbuilders and was a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Shipwrights in the 1980s.

References

1932 births
Living people
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
Lord-lieutenants of Renfrewshire
Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order
Scottish businesspeople
California Debris Commission. The California Debris Commission was a federal commission created in 1893 by an act of Congress to regulate California streams that had been devastated by the sediment washed into them from gold mining operations upstream in the Sierra Nevada. It was created to mitigate the damage to natural seasonal river flow and navigation, which had been caused by the extensive use of hydraulic mining. The act was codified under Navigation in 33 U.S.C. Chapter 14 (§§ 661-683). Given substantial power by Congress, the commission significantly reduced the stream damage caused.

The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) had conducted similar works for the government since the beginning of the internal improvements program and it was considered the most knowledgeable organization. However, work involving California streams was outside its assigned responsibilities under the Rivers and Harbors Act. A commission was established to support the stream protection work instead of the normal Congressional House Committee on Rivers and Harbors. The commission consisted of three officers of the Corps of Engineers, appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. As with the other works, they operated under the supervision of the Chief of Engineers and under the direction of the Secretary of War, who was later replaced by the Secretary of the Army.

Hydraulic mining causes large-scale erosion where employed to move unconsolidated sediments for mineral processing; it also causes similar large-scale sedimentation in downstream areas with a decreased stream gradient.  The tons of sediment moved in this man-made and natural process resulted in raising the riverbeds along the Yuba, Sacramento, and some other rivers.  This in turn increased the threat of floods in areas along the rivers, including such towns as Marysville on the Yuba. Over time this sediment would eventually move downstream to other river confluences and San Francisco Bay, disrupting navigation in those channels.

Congress created the California Debris Commission to address the man-made damage and mitigate its effects. Several methods were used to solve the adverse effects.  The commission dredged the sediment from the rivers and deposited it on available land nearby; in some areas they constructed larger basins to contain the debris, along the Yuba River and other rivers, the mountains of sediment were piled along its banks, effectively making levees from the debris to protect against future flooding. 

Among the members of the commission were Douglas MacArthur in the early 1900s and Ulysses S. Grant III in the early 1920s.

The Water Resources Development Act of 1986 eliminated the commission, with its work now the responsibility of the Corps' South Pacific Division.

References

See also
Clean Water Act
List of navigation authorities in the United States

Gold mining in California
United States Army Corps of Engineers
Government agencies established in 1893
1986 disestablishments in California
1893 establishments in California
Water pollution in the United States
Water in California
Government agencies disestablished in 1986
Birmingham District. The Birmingham District is a geological area in the vicinity of Birmingham, Alabama, where the raw materials for making steel - limestone, iron ore, and coal - are found together in abundance. The district includes Red Mountain, Jones Valley, and the Warrior and Cahaba coal fields in Central Alabama.

Industrial development
The industrial development of these resources began, in limited fashion, before the American Civil War (attracting the attention of Wilson's Raiders in the course of that conflict).

Beginning in 1871 with the founding of the City of Birmingham and the construction of the first blast furnaces, the development of the district enjoyed explosive growth, slowed only by a deficit of skilled labor and investment capital. This boom earned for Birmingham the nicknames "The Magic City" and "Pittsburgh of the South", and also spurred the growth of several independent industrial cities and dozens of company towns.

By the end of the 19th century, Birmingham was the third-largest exporter of pig iron in the world, producing 3/4 of United States exports. The region was also a major exporter of coal, and, as technology advanced, became a major steel producing district. With a few notable exceptions such as cast iron pipes and fittings, most of the district's economic output was in basic materials rather than in finished consumer products.

Documentation and preservation
As the steel-making industry has diminished in its economic importance to the district, many of the sites have been abandoned or dismantled. Preservationists are attempting to document and preserve the physical evidence of Birmingham's industrial history. In the spring of 1993 a large-scale survey was undertaken for the Birmingham Historical Society and the Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record. The results of that survey were published in the book Birmingham Bound.

See also
Aldrich Coal Mine Museum
American Cast Iron Pipe Company
Automotive Historic District
Birmingham Southern Railroad
Boshell's Mill
Brierfield Furnace
Brookside, Alabama
Dora, Alabama
Drummond Company
Finley Roundhouse
Flintridge Building
Heart of Dixie Railroad Museum
Holt Lock and Dam
Iron & Steel Museum of Alabama
James H. Miller Jr. Electric Generating Plant
McWane
Norfolk and Western 611
Norfolk and Western 1218
O'Neal Steel
Pyne Mine
Red Mountain Expressway Cut
Republic Steel
Ruffner Mountain Nature Preserve
Shelby Iron Company
Sloss Furnaces
Sloss Mines
Tannehill Furnace
Tennessee Coal, Iron and Railroad Company
Vulcan statue
Wilson Dam
Woodward Iron Company

References

External links
Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) documentation, filed under Bessemer, Jefferson County, AL:

HAER documentation, filed under Birmingham, Jefferson County, AL:

Other HAER documentation:

Geography of Birmingham, Alabama
Historic American Engineering Record in Alabama
Industrial history of the United States
Regions of Alabama
Evolved antenna. In radio communications, an evolved antenna is an antenna designed fully or substantially by an automatic computer design program that uses an evolutionary algorithm that mimics Darwinian evolution. This procedure has been used since the early 2000s to design antennas for mission-critical applications involving stringent, conflicting, or unusual design requirements, such as unusual radiation patterns, for which none of the many existing antenna types are adequate.

Process
The computer program starts with simple antenna shapes, then adds or modifies elements in a semirandom manner to create a number of new candidate antenna shapes. These are then evaluated to determine how well they fulfill the design requirements, and a numerical score is computed for each.  Then, in a step similar to natural selection, a portion of the candidate antennas with the worst scores are discarded, leaving a smaller population of the highest-scoring designs. Using these antennas, the computer repeats the procedure, generating a successive population (using operators such as mutation, crossover, and selection) from which the higher-scoring designs are selected. After a number of iterations, the population of antennas is evaluated and the highest-scoring design is chosen. The resulting antenna often outperforms the best manual designs, because it has a complicated asymmetric shape that could not have been found with traditional manual design methods.

The first evolved antenna designs appeared in the mid-1990s from the work of Michielssen, Altshuler, Linden, Haupt, and Rahmat-Samii. Most practitioners use the genetic algorithm technique or some variant thereof to evolve antenna designs.

An example of an evolved antenna is an X-band antenna evolved for a 2006 NASA mission called Space Technology 5 (ST5). The mission's objective was to demonstrate innovative technologies of potential use in future space missions. Each satellite had two communication antennas to talk to ground stations - an evolved antenna with unusual structure, and a more standard, quadrifilar helix antenna. The former was evolved to meet a challenging set of mission requirements, notably the combination of wide beamwidth for a circularly polarized wave and wide impedance bandwidth to cover the up and down link frequencies at X-band. Both antennas were fabricated by the Physical Science Laboratory at New Mexico State University. Their external appearance  was essentially identical in that a foam radome covered the radiating elements. The ST5 mission successfully launched on March 22, 2006, and operated for the mission period before being decommissioned by NASA, and so this evolved antenna represents the world's first artificially-evolved object to fly in space. Other evolved antennas were subsequently used on the Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer spacecraft.

References

External links
  at NASA Ames Research Center
 A paper given by Lohn, Hornby, and Linden at the Genetic Programming Theory Practice 2004 Workshop.

Radio frequency antenna types
Applications of evolutionary algorithms
Antennas (radio)
Water transportation. Water transportation is the international movement of water over large distances. Methods of transportation fall into three categories:

 Aqueducts, which include pipelines, canals, tunnels and bridges
 Container shipment, which includes transport by tank truck, tank car, and tank ship.
 Towing, where a tugboat is used to pull an iceberg or a large water bag along behind it.
 
Due to its weight, the transportation of water is very energy-intensive. Unless it has the assistance of gravity, a canal or long-distance pipeline will need pumping stations at regular intervals. In this regard, the lower friction levels of the canal make it a more economical solution than the pipeline. Water transportation is also very common in rivers and oceans.

Major water transportation projects 
The Grand Canal of China, completed in the 7th century AD and measuring .

The California Aqueduct, near Sacramento, is  long.

The Great Manmade River is a vast underground network of pipes  in the Sahara desert, transporting water from an immense aquifer to the largest cities in the region.

The Keita Integrated Development Project used specially created plows called the donaldo and Scarabeo to build water catchments. In these catchments, trees were planted which grow on the water flowing through the ditches.

The Kimberley Water Source Project is currently under way in Australia to determine the best method of transporting water from the Fitzroy River to the city of Perth. Options being considered include a 3,700-kilometre canal, a pipeline of at least 1,800 kilometres, tankers of 300,000 to 500,000 tonnes, and water bags each carrying between 0.5 and 1.5 gigalitres.

The Goldfields Pipeline built in Western Australia in 1903 was the longest pipeline of its day, at 597 kilometres. It supplies water from Perth to the gold mining centre of Kalgoorlie.

Manual water transportation

 
Historically water was transported by hand in dry countries, by traditional waterers such as the Sakkas of Arabia and Bhishti of India. Africa is another area where water is often transported by hand, especially in rural areas.

See also 
Pipeline#Water
Water export
Water management
Water supply

References 

 Water supply
Piezochromism. Piezochromism, from the Greek piezô "to squeeze, to press" and chromos "color", describes the tendency of certain materials to change color with the application of pressure. This effect is closely related to the electronic band gap change, which can be found in plastics, semiconductors (e.g. hybrid perovskites) and hydrocarbons. One simple molecule displaying this property is 5-methyl-2-[(2-nitrophenyl)amino]-3-thiophenecarbonitrile, also known as ROY owing to its red, orange and yellow crystalline forms. Individual yellow and pale orange versions transform reversibly to red at high pressure.

References

External links
Piezochromism

Chromism
Chromium(III) fluoride. Chromium(III) fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It forms several hydrates. The compound  is a green crystalline solid that is insoluble in common solvents, but the hydrates  (violet) and  (green) are soluble in water. The anhydrous form sublimes at 1100–1200 °C.

Structures
Like almost all compounds of chromium(III), these compounds feature octahedral Cr centres. In the anhydrous form, the six coordination sites are occupied by fluoride ligands that bridge to adjacent Cr centres. In the hydrates, some or all of the fluoride ligands are replaced by water.

Production
Chromium(III) fluoride is produced from the reaction of chromium(III) oxide and hydrofluoric acid:

The anhydrous form is produced from hydrogen fluoride and chromic chloride:

Another method of synthesis of  involves thermal decomposition of  (ammonium hexafluorochromate(III)):

A mixed valence compound  (chromium(II,III) fluoride) is also known.

Uses
Chromium(III) fluoride finds some applications as a mordant in textiles and as a corrosion inhibitor. Chromium(III) fluoride catalyzes the fluorination of chlorocarbons by HF.

References

Fluorides
Metal halides
Chromium(III) compounds
Cobalt(III) fluoride. Cobalt(III) fluoride is the inorganic compound with the formula . Hydrates are also known. The anhydrous compound is a hygroscopic brown solid.  It is used to synthesize organofluorine compounds.

The related cobalt(III) chloride is also known but is extremely unstable. Cobalt(III) bromide and cobalt(III) iodide have not been synthesized.

Structure

Anhydrous
Anhydrous cobalt trifluoride crystallizes in the rhombohedral group, specifically according to the aluminium trifluoride motif, with a = 527.9 pm, α = 56.97°.  Each cobalt atom is bound to six fluorine atoms in octahedral geometry, with Co–F distances of 189 pm. Each fluoride is a doubly bridging ligand.

Hydrates
A hydrate  is known.  It is conjectured to be better described as .

There is a report of an hydrate , isomorphic to .

Preparation
Cobalt trifluoride can be prepared in the laboratory by treating  with fluorine at 250 °C:
  +  3/2   →      +  
In this redox reaction,  and  are oxidized to  and , respectively, while  is reduced to . Cobalt(II) oxide (CoO) and cobalt(II) fluoride () can also be converted to cobalt(III) fluoride using fluorine.

The compound can also be formed by treating  with chlorine trifluoride  or bromine trifluoride .

Reactions
 decomposes upon contact with water to give oxygen:
4   +  2 H2O →  4 HF  +  4 Co  +  O2

It reacts with fluoride salts to give the anion [CoF6]3−, which is also features high-spin, octahedral cobalt(III) center.

Applications
 is a powerful fluorinating agent. Used as slurry,  converts hydrocarbons to the perfluorocarbons:
2   +  R-H  →  2 Co  +  R-F  +  HF
Co is the byproduct.

Such reactions are sometimes accompanied by rearrangements or other reactions. The related reagent KCoF4 is more selective.

Gaseous 
In the gas phase,  is calculated to be planar in its ground state, and has a 3-fold rotation axis (point group D3h). The  ion has a ground state of 3d6 5D. The fluoride ligands split this state into, in energy order, 5A', 5E", and 5E' states. The first energy difference is small and the 5E" state is subject to the Jahn-Teller effect, so this effect needs to be considered to be sure of the ground state. The energy lowering is small and does not change the energy order. This calculation was the first treatment of the Jahn-Teller effect using calculated energy surfaces.

References

External links

National Pollutant Inventory - Cobalt fact sheet
National Pollutant Inventory - Fluoride and compounds fact sheet

Fluorides
Metal halides
Cobalt(III) compounds
Fluorinating agents
SDE. SDE can stand for:

In science, medicine, and technology 
 Screen door effect, a video display issue
 Sebacoyl dinalbuphine ester, an analgesic
 Semantic dictionary encoding
 Software development engineer
 Software development environment
 Spatial Database Engine (ArcSDE)
Spectral density estimation
 Stochastic differential equation
sub-divisional error, a read head error mechanism
 System development environment

In politics 
 Social Democratic Party (Estonia)
 State delegate equivalents, a part of the

In transportation 
The IATA code for Vicecomodoro Ángel de la Paz Aragonés Airport, an airport in Argentina
Senai–Desaru Expressway, an expressway in Johor, Malaysia
Shadwell railway station, a railway station in London, England

Other uses 
S.D.E., a 2000 album by Cam'ron
 Self Defined Ethnicity, an ethnic classification code used by the British government and police
 Self-directed education, self-learning, often synonymous with unschooling
 Strong-side defensive end, a position in American football
User–network interface. In telecommunications, a user–network interface (UNI) is a demarcation point between the responsibility of the service provider and the responsibility of the subscriber.  This is distinct from a network-to-network interface (NNI) that defines a similar interface between provider networks.

Specifications defining a UNI

Metro Ethernet Forum
The Metro Ethernet Forum's Metro Ethernet Network UNI specification defines a bidirectional Ethernet reference point for Ethernet service delivery.

Optical Internetworking Forum
The Optical Internetworking Forum defines a UNI software interface for user systems to request a network connection from an ASON/GMPLS control plane.

See also
 Network termination

External links
Metro Ethernet Forum

Network management
Framnaes. Grenland Framnæs (formerly Hitec Framnæs) is a design and engineering company operating in the oil and gas, marine and process industries. The company headquarters are in Sandefjord and Stavanger, Norway.

At the present time the company concentrates itself in the market for the modification of drilling rigs and production vessels. It also delivers proprietary technology, such as its own design for drilling rigs and production vessels, offshore products, as well as integration of VOC recovery systems on shuttle tankers.

Within process industry, Framnæs provides services in the chemical, petrochemical and pharmaceutical markets. The company has also established operations in the modification market for fixed oil platforms in the North Sea.

See also
List of ships built at Framnæs shipyard

External links
Company website

Engineering companies of Norway
Companies based in Sandefjord
IAE. IAE or Iae may refer to:
Institut d'Administration des Entreprises, graduate schools of management in France
International Aero Engines
IAE Universidad Austral, the Management and Business School of the Universidad Austral
 Spanish Institute of Actuaries
 Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant
 Inside American Education, a 1992 book by economist Thomas Sowell about education in the United States
 International Association of Egyptologists
 Iae or Iay, the moon god in Kamaiuran mythology
 "In any event".

IAe may refer to :
 Indonesian Aerospace, an Indonesian aerospace company