omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Grid MP. Grid MP is a commercial distributed computing software package developed and sold by Univa (formerly known as United Devices), a privately held company based primarily in Austin, Texas.  It was formerly known as the MetaProcessor prior to the release of version 4.0, however the letters MP in Grid MP do not officially stand for anything.

Product features
Grid MP provides job scheduling with prioritization, user security restrictions, selective application exclusion, user-activity detection, and time-of-day execution controls. 

Grid MP can be used to manage computational Devices consisting of corporate desktop PCs, departmental servers, or dedicated cluster nodes.  Computational Devices can be arranged into Device Groups for organizational, security, and administrative control. 

Grid MP has been demonstrated as being capable of managing grids of large numbers of nodes during its use in the infrastructure of the grid.org and World Community Grid projects (the World Community Grid project migrated to the open-source Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing software in 2007 ).  Despite its ability to "scale seamlessly to hundreds of thousands of device nodes" it is also suitable for smaller clusters of enterprise servers or workstations.

MGSI
MP Grid Services Interface, or simply MGSI, offers a web service API (via SOAP and XML-RPC protocols over HTTP).  It enables developers of back-end application services to access and manipulate objects within the system.  Access to the API and all objects is access controlled and security restricted on a per-object basis.  Since MGSI is a web service protocol, any programming language that has a SOAP or XML-RPC library available can be used to interface with it, although commonly C++, Java, Perl, and PHP are used.

Management Console
A web-based MP Management Console, or simply MPMC, provides administrators with a simplified and easy-to-use interface to monitor system activity, control security settings, and manage system objects.  The MPMC is written in the PHP programming language, and uses the MGSI web service for all of its interactions with the system.

MP Agent
The MP Agent (known as the UD Agent in versions before 4.0) is the software agent that must be installed on each computer that will participate in a Grid MP installation by running jobs.  Once the MP Agent is installed on a computer, it is officially recognized by the Grid MP as a Device.

As of Grid MP Enterprise version 5.5, the MP Agent is supported on the following platforms:

 Microsoft Windows on x86
 Linux on x86, IA-64, x86-64
 Solaris on SPARC
 AIX on PowerPC
 Mac OS X on PowerPC and x86
 HP-UX on IA-64

References

External links
 

Grid computing products
Job scheduling
Parallel computing
2001 software
LMS 2-Cylindered Stanier 2-6-4T. Sir William Stanier's London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Class 4P 2-Cylinder 2-6-4T was a class of 206 steam locomotive built between 1935 and 1943. They were based on his LMS 3-Cylinder 2-6-4T.

Numbering

The LMS numbered them 2425–94, and then 2537–672, BR adding 40000 to their numbers to make them 42425–94, and then 42537–672. The LMS classified them 4P, BR 4MT. They were the basis for the LMS Fairburn 2-6-4T.

Accidents and incidents

On 15 August 1953, locomotive No. 42474 was hauling a passenger train which collided with an electric multiple unit that overran signals at Irk Valley Junction, Manchester, Lancashire. The junction is on a viaduct, and one of the carriages of the electric multiple unit plunged  into the River Irk. Ten people were killed and 58 were injured.

Film use
No 2429 had a starring role as Celia Johnson's branch line engine in the 1945 film Brief Encounter, which was made at Carnforth station during the winter of 1944–45. The BR numberplate (42429) was sold at a BR auction held in the old Refreshment Room at Southport Chapel Street station.

Withdrawal
The first withdrawal was in 1960, with the last in 1967. None have been preserved (though the original of the 3-Cylinder 2-6-4T version, number 2500, is preserved at the National Railway Museum, and two examples of the nearly identical LMS Fairburn 2-6-4T are also still in existence).

Models
In 2008, Hornby Model Railways released Stanier's 4MT as a OO gauge ready-to-run model. Two versions were due to be released; one in LMS Black, the other in BR Black (early and late).

A pre-war O gauge model of this locomotive was produced by Marklin for Bassett-Lowke models in 1937; this continued in UK production by Winteringham until 1957.  This model has been reproduced in O gauge by ACE Trains in 2009; both LMS and BR black versions have been manufactured.

References

Further reading

4 Stanier 2-6-4T (2-cyl)
2-6-4T locomotives
NBL locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1935
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain

Passenger locomotives
LMS Fowler 2-6-4T. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Fowler 2-6-4T was a class of steam locomotive passenger tank engine designed by Henry Fowler.

Construction

125 examples of the class were built. The last 30 numbered 2395 to 2424 were fitted with side-windows and doors to their cabs. The LMS classified them 4P, BR 4MT. They were the basis for a family of subsequent LMS/BR Class 4 2-6-4T locomotives.  The Irish Northern Counties Committee (NCC) Class W 2-6-0 moguls were also strongly influenced by this class, albeit the driving wheel diameter was three inches greater to match the NCC practice.

The cylinder and piston valve design and the setting of the Walschaerts valve gear, allowing a maximum travel of  in full gear, was believed by O. S. Nock to subsequently lead to the "outstanding success" of the class.

Operational use
Most of the class were used on longer-distance commuter trains from stations in London, Manchester and other large towns.  A number were allocated to Tebay Motive Power Depot and were used to bank heavy passenger and goods trains up the steep incline to Shap on the LMS West Coast Main Line. Some operated on the long trip from Shrewsbury to Swansea (Victoria).  The last two surviving locos were withdrawn from service in 1966.
42389 was hauling the Tring to Euston commuter train that was hit in the rear at Harrow and Wealdstone on 8 October 1952 by a Perth to Euston express.  112 people died in the accident.  42389 was undamaged.

Despite coupled wheels of only  diameter the class was sometimes noted as achieving over  on outer suburban services to and from Euston.

Numbering

The LMS numbered the class 2300–2424, BR adding 40000 to their numbers to make them 42300–424.

Preservation and revival 
No locos were preserved, but the January 2013 edition of The Railway Magazine reported that a new-build project to recreate a Fowler 2-6-4T was at an initial research stage.

In May 2015, the LMS-Patriot Project announced that after the completion of Patriot Class No. 45551 The Unknown Warrior, it would begin construction on a new-build Fowler 2-6-4T. Similar to the Patriot, it will carry the number of the last member of the class, No. 42424, and be built to main line running standards, though it will only primarily be used on heritage lines.

One of the NCC Class WT locos (No. 4), which drew heavily from the Fowler design and were the last steam locomotives withdrawn in Northern Ireland, is preserved by the Railway Preservation Society of Ireland. No. 4 returned from overhaul in June 2015 and is currently based in Dublin.

References 

 David Hunt, Bob Essery Fred James (2002) LMS Locomotive Profiles No. 3: The Parallel Boiler 2-6-4 Tank Engines

Further reading

2-6-4T locomotives
4 Fowler 2-6-4T
Railway locomotives introduced in 1927
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Passenger locomotives
Felice Matteucci. Felice Matteucci (February 12, 1808 – September 13, 1887) was an Italian hydraulic engineer who co-invented an internal combustion engine with Eugenio Barsanti. Their patent request was granted in London on June 12, 1854, and published in London's Morning Journal under the title "Specification of Eugene Barsanti and Felix Matteucci, Obtaining Motive Power by the Explosion of Gases", as documented by the Fondazione Barsanti e Matteucci.

Biography
Born in Lucca, Tuscany, Matteucci studied hydraulic and mechanical engineering, first in Paris, then in Florence. In 1851 he met Father Barsanti and appreciated his ideas for a new type of engine. They worked together to turn the primary concept into a manufacturable item, eventually developing a model suitable for mass production. Its construction was entrusted to Bauer & Co. of Milan, a company also known as Helvetica, which delivered the motor at the beginning of 1863.

The success of the engine, which was much more efficient than the steam engine, was so great that orders started pouring in from as far away as Constantinople. Matteucci and Barsanti reached an agreement for the production of the motor with a company in Belgium, and Barsanti departed for Belgium on February 18, 1864, to oversee the work personally. On the following April 19, Barsanti died suddenly, and all their work came to an end.

Matteucci returned to his previous work as a hydraulic engineer. He studied new hydrometers (to measure the level of a river), rain gauges, and hydraulic operations over rivers.

In 1877, Matteucci defended that he and Barsanti were the originators of the invention of the internal combustion engine. The patent registered by Nicolaus August Otto was indeed very similar to the Barsanti-Matteucci engine. This frustration contributed to Matteucci's illness that eventually caused his death, in his own home in Capannori, near Lucca. The documents concerning the priority of Barsanti and Matteucci’s engine and their patents in England, Piedmont, France, Belgium and Prussia are kept in the archive of the library of the Museo Galileo in Florence.

Works

See also
History of the internal combustion engine

References

External links
 Archive of Museo Galileo

1808 births
1887 deaths
People from Lucca
19th-century Italian inventors
Hydraulic engineers
Engineers from Florence
People associated with the internal combustion engine
LMS Fowler Dock Tank. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Fowler Dock Tank was an  steam locomotive. Designed for shunting in docks, it had a short wheelbase in order for it to readily negotiate tight curves. The locomotives spent their entire lives painted in plain black.

History
The LMS were responsible for operating lines on a number of docks which, due to space constraints, contained curves considerably sharper than most other places, thus most dock tanks had only four coupled (i.e. driving) wheels in order to allow them to negotiate the tight curves.

Design
With the growth in freight a more powerful engine was required which resulted in this design by Sir Henry Fowler for an  locomotive with a  wheelbase which, aided by the use of Cartazzi self-centring axleboxes on the rear axle, allowed the loco to negotiate curves of 2½ chains.

Construction
Ten of these simple sturdy locomotives were built on Lot 61 in 1928 and 1929 by Derby Works although, unusually for dock tanks they incorporated outside cylinders, these normally being considered too dangerous in an area where people were working close to the rapidly moving rods. Other than this they were typical of most dock tanks with simple slide valves and oval buffers.

Numbering
They were initially numbered 11270–11279, renumbered under the LMS 1933 renumbering scheme to 7100–7109, and renumbered again in 1939 to 7160–7169.  Despite their small quantity, the LMS considered them standard locomotives. After nationalisation in 1948, BR added 40000 to their numbers making them 47160–47169, and allocated 5 of the 10 to Scottish depots, where they operated on branch lines as well as docks.

Withdrawal
Withdrawals took place between 1959 and 1964 with none surviving into preservation.

References

0-6-0T locomotives
2 Fowler Dock Tank
Railway locomotives introduced in 1928
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Shunting locomotives
Chip-scale package. A chip scale package or chip-scale package (CSP) is a type of integrated circuit package.

Originally, CSP was the acronym for chip-size packaging. Since only a few packages are chip size, the meaning of the acronym was adapted to chip-scale packaging. According to IPC's standard J-STD-012, Implementation of Flip Chip and Chip Scale Technology, in order to qualify as chip scale, the package must have an area no greater than 1.2 times that of the die and it must be a single-die, direct surface mountable package. Another criterion that is often applied to qualify these packages as CSPs is their ball pitch should be no more than 1 mm.

The concept was first proposed by Junichi Kasai of Fujitsu and Gen Murakami of Hitachi Cable in 1993. The first concept demonstration however came from Mitsubishi Electric.

The die may be mounted on an interposer upon which pads or balls are formed, like with flip chip ball grid array (BGA) packaging, or the pads may be etched or printed directly onto the silicon wafer, resulting in a package very close to the size of the silicon die: such a package is called a wafer-level package (WLP) or a wafer-level chip-scale package (WL-CSP). WL-CSP had been in development since 1990s, and several companies begun volume production in early 2000, such as Advanced Semiconductor Engineering (ASE).

Types
Chip scale packages can be classified into the following groups:
 Customized leadframe-based CSP (LFCSP)
 Flexible substrate-based CSP
 Flip-chip CSP (FCCSP)
 Rigid substrate-based CSP
 Wafer-level redistribution CSP (WL-CSP)

References

External links

Definition by JEDEC
The Nordic Electronics Packaging Guideline, Chapter D: Chip Scale Packaging
Hydrogen-terminated silicon surface. Hydrogen-terminated silicon surface is a chemically passivated silicon substrate where the surface Si atoms are bonded to hydrogen.  The hydrogen-terminated surfaces are hydrophobic, luminescent, and amenable to chemical modification.  Hydrogen-terminated silicon is an intermediate in the growth of bulk silicon from silane: This termination is significant in the semiconductor industry due to its role in preventing oxidation and contamination of silicon surfaces, which is crucial for various applications including microelectronics and nanotechnology.
SiH4  →  Si  +  2H2

Preparation 

Silicon wafers are treated with solutions of electronic-grade hydrofluoric acid in water, buffered water, or alcohol.  One of the relevant reactions is simply removal of silicon oxides:
SiO2  +  4 HF  →  SiF4  +  2 H2O
The key reaction however is the formation of the hydrosilane functional group.

atomic force microscope (AFM) has been used to manipulate hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces.

Properties 

Hydrogen termination removes dangling bonds.  All surface Si atoms are tetrahedral. Hydrogen termination confers stability in ambient environments. So again, the surface is both clean (of oxides) and relatively inert. These materials can be handled in air without special care for several minutes.

The Si-H bond in fact is stronger than the Si-Si bonds.  Two kinds of Si-H centers are proposed, both featuring terminal Si-H bonds.  One kind of site has one Si-H bond.  The other kind of site features SiH2 centers.

Like organic hydrosilanes, the H-Si groups on the surface react with terminal alkenes and diazo groups. The reaction is called hydrosilylation. Many kinds of organic compounds with various functions can be introduced onto the silicon surface by the hydrosilylation of a hydrogen-terminated surface.  The infrared spectrum of hydrogen-terminated silicon shows a band near 2090 cm−1, not very different from νSi-H for organic hydrosilanes.

Potential applications 
One group proposed to use the material to create digital circuits made of quantum dots by removing hydrogen atoms from the silicon surface. The hydrogen-terminated silicon surface is widely used in the fabrication of semiconductor devices. It serves as a precursor for various surface functionalization techniques and is also essential in the formation of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers.

Stability & Reactivity 
Despite its stability, hydrogen-terminated silicon can gradually oxidize when exposed to air, forming a thin oxide layer. This process can be monitored using techniques such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM).

See also 
Silanization of silicon and mica

References

External links 
 
 

Materials
Nanotechnology
Thin films
Supramolecular chemistry
Self-organization
Ethacridine lactate. Ethacridine lactate (ethacridine monolactate monohydrate, acrinol, trade name Rivanol) is an aromatic organic compound based on acridine. Its formal name is 2-ethoxy-6,9-diaminoacridine monolactate monohydrate.  It forms orange-yellow crystals with a melting point of 226 °C and it has a stinging smell.

Its primary use is as an antiseptic in solutions of 0.1%. It is effective against mostly Gram-positive bacteria, such as Streptococci and Staphylococci, but ineffective against Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Ethacridine is also used as an agent for second trimester abortion.  Up to 150 ml of a 0.1% solution is instilled extra-amniotically using a foley catheter. After 20 to 40 hours, 'mini labor' ensues.  In China, an intra-amniotic method has also been used.  Ethacridine as an abortifacient is found to be safer and better tolerated than 20% hypertonic saline.

References 

Antiseptics
Lactates
Acridines
Phenol ethers
Aromatic amines
Ethoxy compounds
Concurrent ML. Concurrent ML (CML) is a multi-paradigm, general-purpose, high-level, functional programming language. It is a dialect of the programming language ML which is a concurrent extension of the Standard ML language, characterized by its ability to allow creating composable communication abstractions that are first-class rather than built into the language. The design of CML and its primitive operations have been adopted in several other programming languages, such as GNU Guile, Racket, and Manticore.

Concepts
Many programming languages that support concurrency offer communication channels that allow the exchange of values between processes or threads running concurrently in a system. Communications established between processes may follow a specific protocol, requiring the programmer to write functions to establish the required pattern of communication. Meanwhile, a communicating system often requires establishing multiple channels, such as to multiple servers, and then choosing between the available channels when new data is available. This can be accomplished using polling, such as with the select operation on Unix systems.

Combining both application-specific protocols and multi-party communication may be complicated due to the need to introduce polling and checking for blocking within a pre-existing protocol. Concurrent ML solves this problem by reducing this coupling of programming concepts by introducing synchronizable events. Events are a first-class abstraction that can be used with a synchronization operation (called  in CML and Racket) in order to potentially block and then produce some value resulting from communication (for example, data transmitted on a channel).

In CML, events can be combined or manipulated using a number of primitive operations. Each primitive operation constructs a new event rather than modifying the event in-place, allowing for the construction of compound events that represent the desired communication pattern. For example, CML allows the programmer to combine several sub-events in order to create a compound event that can then make a non-deterministic choice of one of the sub-events. Another primitive creates a new event that will modify the value resulting from synchronization to the original event. These events embody patterns of communication that, in a non-CML language, would typically be handled using a polling loop or function with handlers for each kind of event.

Hello world
Here is a "Hello, World!" program that prints to the system console. It spawns one thread with a channel for strings, and another thread which prints a string received on the channel. It uses Standard ML of New Jersey (SML/NJ) and CML. (On non linux-x86 platforms, the heap name will differ; the line with "cml_test.x86-linux" may need changing to something different.)

External links

References

High-level programming languages
Functional languages
Concurrent programming languages
ML programming language family
Programming constructs
Programming language design
Programming languages created in 1991
LMS Kitson 0-4-0ST. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Kitson 0-4-0ST was a class of 0-4-0 saddle tank steam locomotive designed for light shunting.

History
Five were originally designed and built by Kitson and Company of Leeds to LMS specification in 1932 and numbered 1500–1504. They were similar to other shunters built for industrial use. The manufacturer's works numbers were 5644–5648. The LMS classified them 0F. These were later renumbered 7000–7004 in 1935/1936. British Railways (BR) added 40000 to their numbers after nationalization in 1948, becoming 47000–47004. Between 1953 and 1954, BR constructed an additional five at Horwich Works, numbered 47005–47009. These differed from the original batch having shorter saddle tanks with extra space given to longer coal bunkers instead.

Some saw use on the Cromford and High Peak Railway in Derbyshire. Withdrawals took place between 1963 and 1966, and no examples were preserved.

Stock list

In fiction 
In The Railway Series books by the Reverend W. Awdry, a character called 'Pug' appears in the 12th book, The Eight Famous Engines. After problems of consistent accuracy of the drawings in the early books, later characters were based more closely on real locomotives. Although not explicitly identified by Awdry, the locomotive in the illustration by John T. Kenney, has been identified as most closely resembling an LMS Kitson 0-4-0ST.

Notes

References

External links
 Class 0F-C Details at Rail UK

0 Kitson 0-4-0ST
0-4-0ST locomotives
Kitson locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1932
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Shunting locomotives
Korea General Magnesia Clinker Industry Group. Korea General Magnesia Clinker Industry Group is a mining and heavy industrial corporate group headquartered in Pyongyang, North Korea.  The company produces magnesia clinker, slightly burnt magnesia, chlorite, firebricks and fireproofing materials.   

The group imports some raw materials and some mining and industrial accessories.

In 2010, Vesuvius USA Corporation received a licence, from Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), to import dead-burned magnesite into the United States from the Korea General Magnesia Clinker Industry Group.

See also
List of North Korean companies
Economy of North Korea

References

External links
DPRKOREA's Trade Directory site

Mining companies of North Korea
Companies based in Pyongyang