omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Lockheed Martin Orincon. Lockheed Martin Orincon Corporation (originally ORINCON Corporation International) is a systems integration and information technology company that supports Lockheed Martin's position in the Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) industry.

History
Orincon was established in 1973 in San Diego by University of California, San Diego professors Dr. Daniel Alspach and Dr. Harold Sorenson, and UC Irvine professor Dr. Jim Meditch. Operations began in 1975 with three government contracts.

During the Cold War, Orincon helped design the SOSUS tracker system to follow the Soviet Ballistic Missile Submarine. Convinced of the significance of SOSUS,   Alspach wrote, "I see this as part of the chain that ended the Cold War. The SOSUS was so successful, that the Russians had to spend tremendous amounts of money trying to quiet their subs to avoid detection. At the same time, they spent a great deal trying to counter U.S. President Ronald Reagan's Star Wars technology. This, with the inherent inefficiencies of their socialistic economic system, broke the bank and led to the collapse of the Soviet Union."

Indeed, Soviet spies John Anthony Walker and Jerry Alfred Whitworth in the U.S. Navy revealed to the Russians that their submarines were noisy, and thus, easily detectable. This knowledge led to the development of "quieting" technology that Russia later sold to China.

In 1990, Orincon's primary business was antisubmarine warfare; however, the U.S. Navy deprioritized antisubmarine warfare technology spending in anticipation of the end of the Soviet Union. Despite the hardship of transformation in the 1990s, Orincon grew by 25 percent in 1998. In fact, until Lockheed Martin acquired Orincon in June 2003, Orincon experienced growth every year since its inception. Orincon's customers have included, but are not limited to, the United States Navy, Department of Transportation, National Cancer Research Institute, and the Federal Aviation Administration.

Orincon developed the Intelligent Vehicle Sensor as part of its Airport Classification and Tracking System (ACATS). From 1990 to 1998, there were five fatal ground collisions on U.S. airport runways, and in 1996, there were 280 near misses. The sensor was installed at Long Beach Airport to track airplanes on the ground to avoid runway incursions.

External links
 UCSD Alumni Profile: Daniel L. Alspach
 Lockheed Martin official website

Lockheed Martin
NSB El 14. NSB El 14 is a Norwegian electric locomotive operated by CargoNet for freight trains hauling. Built between 1968 and 1973 by Thune as a general purpose engine for the Norwegian State Railways (NSB), they were seen hauling passenger trains until the 1980s. Of the 31 units numbered 14 2164 to 14 2190 and 14 2197 to 14 2200, 11 remain in service.

History

The electrification of the Dovre Line in the late 1960s forced NSB to buy a more powerful universal locomotive than the El 13. Based on the Swiss Ae 6/6 and NSB El 13, both developed in the 1950s, the El 14 introduced three-axle bogies in Norway while the power was increased to  and the weight reduced to ; remaining more powerful than its successors El 16 and El 17.

With the delivery of more powerful El 18 in 1996-97, the El 14s were transferred to freight service alone, with the maximum speed reduced from . The only scrapping occurred in  December 2005 when one hit a large pile of rocks from a landslide near Evanger, Hordaland.

References

El 14
El 14
El 14
Co′Co′ locomotives
15 kV AC locomotives
Thune locomotives
Brown, Boveri & Cie locomotives
Electric locomotives of Norway
Railway locomotives introduced in 1968
Standard gauge locomotives of Norway
Co′Co′ electric locomotives of Europe
Massage chair. A massage chair is a chair designed for massages. It can refer to two types of products. Traditional massage chairs allow a massage therapist to easily access the head, shoulders, and back of a massage recipient, while robotic massage chairs use electronic vibrators and motors to provide a massage.

History 
The first massage chair was designed in 1954 by Nobuo Fujimoto in Osaka, Japan. He made various versions of the chair from scrap materials before he was entirely satisfied with the chair.

Types

Traditional

Chair Massage is done in an ergonomically designed portable chair. Chair massage focuses on the head, neck, shoulders, back, arms and hands. Massage therapists are able to offer on-site massage to many environments because of the portability of the massage chair, and clients do not need to disrobe to receive a chair massage. Due to these two factors, chair massage is often performed in settings such as business offices, employee appreciation events, trade shows, conferences, and other corporate settings.

Robotic

A robotic massage chair contains internal electronic motors and gears designed to massage the person sitting in them. Most robotic massage chairs have some form of controller to vary the type, location, or intensity of the massage. The first electric massage chair was invented in Japan before World War II.
Massaging chairs most frequently resemble recliners. There are many different types and brands, including office-style chairs that operate from internal batteries. A less expensive option is a separate massaging pad that may be used with an existing chair.

The benefits of a massage chair include deep relaxation, reduced blood pressure, a lower pulse rate, and increased rate of metabolism.

Massage chairs are designed to mimic the hand motions of a massage therapist. They use a combination of massage rollers and airbags to massage the different parts of the body. 

Robotic massage chairs were first brought to market in 1954 by the Family Fujiryoki company. Today, Japan is the largest consumer of massage chairs with some surveys suggesting that over 20% of Japanese households actually own a massage chair.

Massage chairs vary tremendously in price, style and intensity, from cheap "vibrate only" chairs to full intensity Shiatsu models.

See also 
 Back pain
 Massage table
 Shiatsu

References

Chairs
Shiatsu
Massage
Massage devices
Japanese inventions
Timing diagram (Unified Modeling Language). A timing diagram
in Unified Modeling Language 2.5.1
is a specific type of interaction diagram, where the focus is on timing constraints.

Timing diagrams are used to explore the behaviors of objects throughout a given period of time.   A timing diagram is a special form of a sequence diagram. The differences between timing diagram and sequence diagram are the axes are reversed so that the time increases from left to right and the lifelines are shown in separate compartments arranged vertically.

There are two basic flavors of timing diagram: the concise notation, and the robust notation .

References

External links 
Introduction to UML 2 Timing Diagrams
UML 2 Timing Diagrams

Unified Modeling Language diagrams
Combined steam and gas. Combined steam and gas (COSAG) is a propulsion system for ships using a combination of steam turbines and gas turbines to power the shafts.

System
A gearbox and clutches enable either of the engines or both of them together to drive the shaft. It has the advantage of the cruising efficiency and reliability of steam and the rapid acceleration and start-up time of gas. This system was mainly used on first-generation gas-turbine ships such as the Royal Navy's  and .

Citations

Bibliography

Marine propulsion
Steam power
Vapour-pressure deficit. Vapour pressure-deficit, or VPD, is the difference (deficit) between the amount of moisture in the air and how much moisture the air can hold when it is saturated. Once air becomes saturated, water will condense to form clouds, dew or films of water over leaves. It is this last instance that makes VPD important for greenhouse regulation. If a film of water forms on a plant leaf, it becomes far more susceptible to rot. On the other hand, as the VPD increases, the plant needs to draw more water from its roots. In the case of cuttings, the plant may dry out and die. For this reason the ideal range for VPD in a greenhouse is from 0.45 kPa to 1.25 kPa, ideally sitting at around 0.85 kPa. As a general rule, most plants grow well at VPDs of between 0.8 and 0.95 kPa.

In ecology, it is the difference between the water vapour pressure and the saturation water vapour pressure at a particular temperature. Unlike relative humidity, vapour-pressure deficit has a simple nearly straight-line relationship to the rate of evapotranspiration and other measures of evaporation.

Computing VPD for plants in a greenhouse 

To compute the VPD, we need the ambient (greenhouse) air temperature, the relative humidity and, if possible, the canopy air temperature. We must then compute the saturation pressure. Saturation pressure can be looked up in a psychrometric chart or derived from the Arrhenius equation; a way to compute it directly from temperature is

where
 is the saturation vapor pressure in PSI,
,
,
,
,
,
,
 is temperature of the air in the Rankine scale.

To convert between Rankine and degrees Fahrenheit:

We compute this pressure for both the ambient and canopy temperatures.

We then can compute the partial pressure of the water vapour in the air by multiplying by the relative humidity [%]:

,

and finally VPD using  or 

when the canopy temperature is known, or simply

.

It can easily be seen from this formula that if  rises (which raises ), but relative humidity remains constant,  will increase.

Climate 
VPD can be a limiting factor in plant growth. Climate change is predicted to increase the importance of VPD in plant growth, and will further limit growth rates across ecosystems.

Application in contexts of wildfire 
The vapour pressure deficit can be utilized when predicting behaviour of a wildfire. Such predictions are an essential tool of wildfire suppression.

See also
 Water vapour

References

Psychrometrics
Royal icing. Royal icing is a hard white icing, made from softly beaten egg whites, icing sugar (powdered sugar), and sometimes lemon or lime juice. It is used to decorate Christmas cakes, wedding cakes, gingerbread houses, cookies, and many other cakes and biscuits.  It is used either as a smooth covering or in sharp peaks. Glycerine is often added to prevent the icing from setting too hard. When placing icing on cakes, marzipan is usually used under the royal icing in order to prevent discoloration of the icing.

Usual proportions are 2 egg whites to 1 teaspoon of lemon juice, 1 teaspoon of glycerine, and around 1 pound of sugar depending on the application.

As well as coating cakes and biscuits, royal icing is used to make decorations such as flowers and figures for putting on the cake. The royal icing is piped into shapes which are allowed to harden on a non-stick surface. These can then be arranged to create edible decorative effects on a variety of sweet foods. The glycerine must be omitted for this purpose. Royal icing is often used to create snow scenes but is also used as an edible adhesive – particularly for gingerbread houses.

Health risk 
Royal icing is traditionally prepared with raw egg whites, which have a very small chance of transmitting salmonella poisoning. Meringue powder or ready-to-use, pasteurized, refrigerated egg whites (wet eggs) can be used with similar results.

History 
The Oxford English Dictionary gives the first mention of royal icing as Borella's Court and Country Confectioner (1770). The term was well-established by the early 19th century, although William Jarrin (1827) still felt the need to explain that the term was used by confectioners (so presumably it was not yet in common use among mere cooks or amateurs). It developed at some stage in the early 18th century, replacing earlier styles of icing which generally involved making a meringue-like concoction that was then dried out in the mouth of an oven. Elizabeth Raffald (1769) is generally credited with the addition of a layer of marzipan between it and the cake beneath. Piping with royal icing came along a little later, in the 1840s, driven by German culinary innovators. Prior to that, decoration was usually of moulded pastillage or sugarpaste.

There is a myth that it was named royal after it gained widespread publicity when images of Victoria and Albert's bride cake (wedding cake) were circulated, but this is untrue, not least because the real boost came when images of their eldest daughter's wedding cake were published in papers such as The Illustrated London News (not founded until 1842), by which time the name had been in use for over 80 years.

Gallery

See also 
Dough
Egg white
Fondant icing
Ganache
Icing (food)

References 

Confectionery
Cake decorating
Lampricide. A lampricide is any chemical designed to target the larvae of lampreys in river systems before they develop into parasitic adults. One lampricide is used in the headwaters of Lake Champlain and the Great Lakes to control the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), an invasive species to these lakes.

TFM (3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol) is the main chemical used for this purpose. As it is hydrophobic, it passes through biological membranes.

TFM is a metabolic uncoupler—that is, TFM separates the electron transport chain from ATP synthesis, resulting in the failure of the aerobic respiration process. It accomplishes this by disrupting the electrochemical gradient that powers ATP synthase—as an acid, it donates H+ ions to the mitochondrial matrix. The electron transport chain is not affected and continues using oxygen, without producing ATP.

While the general opinion is that TFM typically does not harm other fish (due to the relationship between true fish and lampreys), lampricide can be problematic for many amphibians, such as mudpuppies (genus Necturus) which often share the same habitats. Also, some more "primitive" species of fish, such as the sturgeon in the Great Lakes are sensitive to chemicals such as TFM.

References

External links
Sea Lamprey Larvicide LAMPRECID
Great Lakes Fishery Commission
Bryan, et al., Mol Ecol, 2005

Pesticides
Fisheries science
Lampreys
Punie. Punie is a compiler created as a test case for the Parrot virtual machine. Its goal is to compile Perl v1 code and thereby exercise Parrot's compiler tools.

Status
The project is championed by Allison Randal, though several other Parrot hackers have contributed to the project.  As of the release of Parrot 0.5.1 on Perl's 20th anniversary, Punie was capable of running almost the entire Perl 1 test suite successfully.

Name
The name Punie is a pun on the Ponie project (an implementation of Perl 5 running on Parrot), on "uni" meaning "1" (Perl 1), and on "puny" meaning something small.  The name was first suggested for an implementation of Perl 1 on Parrot by Allison Randal and chromatic in a late-night hacking session in August 2003. It narrowly missed being named Penie.

References

External links
Latest version via ViewCVS
Allison Randal's blog
How Parrot's Compiler Tools Work
The Perl Programming Language

Perl
Ken Castleman. Kenneth R. Castleman is a retired NASA engineer who now lives in League City, Texas. He holds B.S, M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from The University of Texas at Austin. He was a Senior Scientist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory from 1970 through 1985. During that time he headed the Automated Light Microscope project, which paved the way for landing an intelligent microscope on Mars, and he was inducted into the National Space Foundation's Space Technology Hall of Fame. He also served on the faculty at Caltech and on the research staff at USC and at UCLA.

In 1984, Castleman teamed up with Donald Winkler of the NASA Johnson Space Center and founded Perceptive Systems, Inc (PSI) in Houston, Texas. That company manufactured automated microscope systems for use in genetic diagnosis and sold them internationally. PSI was later reformed as Perceptive Scientific Instruments, Inc. (PSII) and eventually sold to IRIS International in 1996. IRIS established it as a Research and Development Center under the name Advanced Digital Imaging Research (ADIR), with Dr. Castleman as president. He retired in 2008.

Castleman is the author of the textbooks Digital Image Processing (1979) , Digital Image Processing (1996)  and a co-editor of Microscope Image Processing (2008) . The 1996 book has been translated int Japanese and Chinese and is used in universities internationally. He is also the author or co-author of four patents and more than sixty scientific articles.

Castleman is an authority in the field of image processing and pattern recognition. In 1986 and again in 2003, he was called in by NASA to assist the investigations into the Challenger and Columbia space shuttle accidents. He has served on government, industrial, and university advisory committees and has testified as an expert witness in a number of patent lawsuits.

References

External links
ADIR personnel page
IRIS International, Inc.

American electrical engineers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
University of Texas at Austin alumni
California Institute of Technology faculty
NASA people
Cant hook. A cant hook or pike or a hooked pike is a traditional logging tool consisting of a wooden lever handle with a movable metal hook called a dog at one end, used for handling and turning logs and cants, especially in sawmills. A cant dog has a blunt end, or possibly small teeth for friction.

A peavey or peavey hook is similar but has a spike in the working end of the handle. Many lumberjacks use the terms interchangeably. A peavey is generally from  long. The spike is rammed into a log, then a hook (at the end of an arm attached to a pivot a short distance up the handle) grabs the log at a second place. Once engaged, the handle gives the operator leverage to roll or slide or float the log to a new place. The peavey was named for blacksmith Joseph Peavey of Maine who invented the tool as a refinement to the cant hook in the late 1850s. The Peavey Manufacturing Co. is still located in Eddington, Maine, and manufactures several variations. From early times to about 1910, the peavey was written about with various spellings such as "pevy" and "pivie".

Description
A logging tool description from the Lumberman's Museum at Patten, Maine, reads in part: "A cant dog or cant hook was used for lifting, turning, and prying logs when loading sleds and on the drive. At first, a swivel hook on a pole with nothing to hold it in position was used. This was called a swing dingle." However, the term swing dingle is more often published as being a type of logging sled. These early types are also called a ring dog or ring dog cant hook. In 1858, Joseph Peavey, a blacksmith in Stillwater, Maine, made a rigid clasp to encircle the cant dog handle with the hook on one side. It moved up and down, but not sideways. Loggers have used it ever since. 

While this tool has its origins in the logging industry, many arborists, tree care professionals, landowners and portable sawmill operators now use cant hooks for moving logs and timber.

Gallery

See also 
 Boat hook
 Drawknife
 Forestry hook
 Pickaroon
 Pike pole
 Sappel 
 Tongs

References

External links

 Cant Hook or Peavey?—A great article on the history of the cant hook and peavey. 
 Logging Lingo—Here's a quick brush-up on the lingo used by loggers, with fair warning that terminology differs from one region to another.
 Peavey Manufacturing Co.

Forestry tools
Log transport
Logging
Mechanical hand tools
DNA machine. A DNA machine is a molecular machine constructed from DNA.  Research into DNA machines was pioneered in the late 1980s by Nadrian Seeman and co-workers from New York University. DNA is used because of the numerous biological tools already found in nature that can affect DNA, and the immense knowledge of how DNA works previously researched by biochemists.

DNA machines can be logically designed since DNA assembly of the double helix is based on strict rules of base pairing that allow portions of the strand to be predictably connected based on their sequence.  This "selective stickiness" is a key advantage in the construction of DNA machines.

An example of a DNA machine was reported by Bernard Yurke and co-workers at Lucent Technologies in the year 2000, who constructed molecular tweezers out of DNA.
The DNA tweezers contain three strands: A, B and C. Strand A latches onto half of strand B and half of strand C, and so it joins them all together. Strand A acts as a hinge so that the two "arms" — AB and AC — can move. The structure floats with its arms open wide. They can be pulled shut by adding a fourth strand of DNA (D) "programmed" to stick to both of the dangling, unpaired sections of strands B and C.   The closing of the tweezers was proven by tagging strand A at either end with light-emitting molecules that do not emit light when they are close together.  To re-open the tweezers add a further strand (E) with the right sequence to pair up with strand D. Once paired up, they have no connection to the machine BAC, so float away.  The DNA machine can be opened and closed repeatedly by cycling between strands D and E. These tweezers can be used for removing drugs from inside fullerenes as well as from a self assembled DNA tetrahedron. The state of the device can be determined by measuring the separation between donor and acceptor fluorophores using FRET.

DNA walkers are another type of DNA machine.

See also
DNA nanotechnology

References

DNA nanotechnology
Genetics techniques
Molecular machines
Continuing education unit. A continuing education unit (CEU) or continuing education credit (CEC) is a measure used in continuing education programs to assist the professional to maintain their license in their profession.  Continuing education or professional development is required in many fields, including teachers, insurance professionals, interior designers/interior architects, lighting designers, architects, engineers, emergency management professionals, school administrators, educators, nurses as well as those in the mental health professionals including psychologists and social workers.   

The term CEU is not a trademarked term; therefore, any educational institution may use it to describe their courses.  In this regard, there are no requirements for educator qualifications that are attached to each institutions courses when offering CEUs.  There have been some bodies created which are attempting to standardize and accredit institutions using the term CEU, such as the International Association for Continuing Education and Training.  Professions and industries usually regulate their approved continuing education within their bylaws and not one institute or accrediting body has become a standard to accept in this regard.

See also
Continuing education
Lifelong learning

References

External links
International Association for Continuing Education and Training - About the CEU
Medical Coding Continuing Education Units (CEUs)

Business terms
Curricula
Vocational education
Unit