omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Reversibility. Reversibility can refer to:
 Time reversibility, a property of some mathematical or physical processes and systems for which time-reversed dynamics are well defined
 Reversible diffusion, an example of a reversible stochastic process
 Reversible process (thermodynamics), a process or cycle such that the net change at each stage in the combined entropy of the system and its surroundings is zero
 Reversible reaction, a chemical reaction for which the position of the chemical equilibrium is very sensitive to the imposed physical conditions; so the reaction can be made to run either forwards or in reverse by changing those conditions
 Reversible computing, logical reversibility of a computation; a computational step for which a well-defined inverse exists
 Reversible error, a legal mistake invalidating a trial
 Reversible garment, a garment that can be worn two ways
 Piaget's theory of cognitive development, in which mental reversibility is part of the concrete operational stage, the understanding that numbers and objects can change and then return to their original state
 Reversible playing card, a playing card that may be read either way up
Spamware. Spamware is software designed by or for spammers. Spamware varies widely, but may include the ability to import thousands of addresses, to generate random addresses, to insert fraudulent headers into messages, to use dozens or hundreds of mail servers simultaneously, and to make use of open relays. Being an automated software it can create e-mail broadcasting hub by establishing superiority in numbers and sending capability as well as brings a position of great disturbance to its target. Normally, applications can be found in various online based chat rooms like Nimbuzz. The sale of spamware is illegal in eight U.S. states.

Another type of spamware is software used to search for e-mail addresses to build lists of e-mail addresses to be used either for spamming directly or to be sold to spammers.

See also 
E-mail spam

References

External links 

Spamming
Interactive programming. Interactive programming is the procedure of writing parts of a program while it is already active. This focuses on the program text as the main interface for a running process, rather than an interactive application, where the program is designed in development cycles and used thereafter (usually by a so-called "user", in distinction to the "developer"). Consequently, here, the activity of writing a program becomes part of the program itself.

It thus forms a specific instance of interactive computation as an extreme opposite to batch processing, where neither writing the program nor its use happens in an interactive way. The principle of rapid feedback in extreme programming is radicalized and becomes more explicit.

Synonyms: on-the-fly-programming, just in time programming, conversational programming

Application fields 
Interactive programming techniques are especially useful in cases where no clear specification of the problem that is to be solved can be given in advance. In such situations (which are not unusual in research), the formal language provides the necessary environment for the development of an appropriate question or problem formulation.

Interactive programming has also been used in applications that need to be rewritten without stopping them, a feature which the computer language Smalltalk is famous for. Generally, dynamic programming languages provide the environment for such an interaction, so that typically prototyping and iterative and incremental development is done while other parts of the program are running.

As this feature is an apparent need in sound design and algorithmic composition, it has evolved significantly there. More recently, researchers have been using this method to develop sonification algorithms.

Using dynamic programming languages for sound and graphics, interactive programming is also used as an improvisational performance style live coding, mainly in algorithmic music and video.

Example code 
Live coding of 3D graphics in ActionScript using COLT
An example of some code in the dynamic programming language SuperCollider is available here.
Another example, written in ChucK is available here
Live coding of graphics with fluxus: a screenshot
 impromptu
An example of livecoding in English with Quoth
Hot-swapping in the functional reactive programming language Elm

See also
 Live coding
 Rapid application development
 Read–eval–print loop

References

Programming paradigms
HVDC Three Gorges – Changzhou. The HVDC Three Gorges – Changzhou is an  long bipolar HVDC transmission line in China for the transmission of electric power from the Three Gorges power plant to the area of Changzhou.

The transmission line went into service in 2004. It runs from the static inverter station, Longquan,   away from the Three Gorges power plant to the static inverter plant, Zhengping, near Changzhou. The HVDC Three Gorges-Changzhou is a bipolar 500 kV powerline with a maximum transmission power rating of 3,000 megawatts.

A part of the line is the Yangtze River Crossing Wuhu over Yangtze River using  tall pylons.

The electrode at Chujiahu is also used by HVDC Hubei - Shanghai for grounding.

Sites

External links

ABB Three Gorges - Guangdong  

Electric power infrastructure in China
HVDC transmission lines
Energy infrastructure completed in 2004
2004 establishments in China
Three Gorges Dam
Cooling. Cooling is removal of heat, usually resulting in a lower temperature and/or phase change. Temperature lowering achieved by any other means may also be called cooling.
The transfer of thermal energy may occur via thermal radiation, heat conduction or convection. Examples can be as simple as reducing temperature of a coffee.

Devices
Coolant
Cooling towers, as used in large industrial plants and power stations
Daytime passive radiative cooler

Evaporative cooler
Heat exchanger
Heat pipe
Heat sink
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)
Intercooler
Radiative cooling in Heat shields
Radiators in automobiles
Pumpable ice technology
Thermoelectric cooling
Vortex tube, as used in industrial spot cooling

See also 
 Computer cooling

References

External links

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
Broad-concept articles
Cooling technology
Electrode line. An electrode line is used in some high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) power transmission systems, to connect the converter stations to distant ground electrodes. Many long-distance HVDC systems use sea or ground return for the DC neutral current since this is considerably cheaper than providing a dedicated metallic return conductor on an overhead wire or cable. The ground electrode is separated from the converter station so that current returning through the ground electrode does not cause corrosion of parts of the station in contact with the earth.

Ground connection
The connection to ground requires a specially designed ground electrode (or earth electrode).  The electrode is usually located several tens of kilometres from the converter station in order to avoid possible problems or corrosion in the converter station grounding system.  The electrode line connects the converter station to the grounding electrode. The electrode line can be implemented, depending upon the location of the electrode (onshore or in the sea), as ground cables, as overhead line, or as a combination of ground cable and overhead line.

Bipolar systems

HVDC electrodes are used in most bipolar thyristor-based line-commutated converter (LCC) HVDC transmission systems as a means to improve the reliability of the entire system while also reducing the DC voltage and current ripples. In the event that one of the poles in the bipolar system is faulted, the current path will switch to ground return, thus allowing the system to continue operating at reduced capacity and reducing the possibility that a pole fault will cause a bipolar outage. Usually these ground return paths are only used for very short durations until the faulted pole can be returned to service.  The ground current in such schemes can flow in either direction, so the electrodes have to be designed to be reversible, operating either as an anode or cathode. Concerning voltage-source-converter (VSC) HVDC systems, the main reason to use bipolar configurations, especially when the pole-to-pole DC voltages approach 1 MV, is because when one line is faulted in a monopolar HVDC system, the AC phase-to-ground voltages experience peak voltages twice that of normal operation, calling for double the galvanic isolation that is need for normal operation.

Monopolar systems

HVDC electrodes are also used in some monopolar HVDC systems, for example the Italy–Corsica–Sardinia scheme.  In such systems the electrode line permanently carries the same current as the high-voltage conductor; however since the ground current is then only unidirectional, one of the electrodes (the cathode) can be of simpler design since corrosion is not a problem for cathode electrodes.

Typical voltages
The operating voltage of the electrode line usually is in the range of approx. 10-20kV (medium voltage range).

See also
High-voltage direct current
HVDC converter station
List of HVDC projects

References

Further reading
 Cory, B.J., Adamson, C., Ainsworth, J.D., Freris, L.L., Funke, B., Harris, L.A., Sykes, J.H.M., High voltage direct current converters and systems, Macdonald & Co. (publishers) Ltd, 1965.

Electric power
International University of Chabahar. Chabahar International University is located in the Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone, in the city of Chabahar, part of Sistan and Baluchestan province in Iran.

Affiliations

The institute offers degrees in collaboration with the University of London and Iran University of Science and Technology.

Overview of undergraduate courses

Undergraduate degrees in Civil Engineering and Architecture, are offered by Iran University of Science and Technology.

Overview of Postgraduate courses 
Int'l University of Chabahar offers postgraduates courses in Business Management (Marketing), Executive Management, Information Technology (IT), Spatial Planning and Structural Engineering.

Student participation

The majority of students are enrolled in civil engineering and architecture programmes, taught and examined in Persian.

Makoran Coasts International Scholarship
In line with executing its support policies and pursuant to the Bylaws of the Iranian Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (MSRT), International University of Chabahar (hereinafter referred to as "the University") offers scholarships (covering tuition fees and/or welfare costs) and grants to applicants for studying at the university.

This scholarship is able for Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kazakhstan, India, Oman, China.

Programs

Bachelor's degree
Civil Engineering
Mineral Engineering
Computer Science
Banking Management
Commercial Management
Industrial Management
English Language and Literature
Educational Sciences
Law
Economics
Architectural Engineering

Master's degree
Information Technology with a Concentration on E-commerce
Civil Engineering with a Concentration on Construction Management
Civil Engineering with a Concentration on Structures
Educational Technology Engineering
Financial Management
Commercial Management
Business Management
International Commercial and Business Law
Geography and Land Use Planning

See also
Higher education in Iran
Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone

References

External links
 International University of Chabahar

Universities in Iran
International universities and colleges
Educational institutions established in 2002
Education in Sistan and Baluchestan province
2002 establishments in Iran
Buildings and structures in Sistan and Baluchestan province
Chabahar
HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong. The HVDC Three Gorges – Guangdong is a 940 kilometre-long bipolar HVDC transmission line in China for the transmission of electric power from the Three Gorges power plant to the area of Guangdong. The powerline went into service in 2004. It runs from the static inverter station Jingzhou near the Three Gorges power plant to the static inverter plant Huizhou near Guangdong. The HVDC Three Gorges-Guangdong is a bipolar 500 kV powerline with a maximum transmission power rating of 3,000 megawatts.

Sites

References

External links

 ABB

Electric power infrastructure in China
HVDC transmission lines
2004 establishments in China
Energy infrastructure completed in 2004
Three Gorges Dam
Monoboard. A monoboard is a device or product that consists of a single printed circuit board (PCB). It can also refer to a single-board computer.

Benefits 
The primary benefit of a monoboard solution is cost savings. There are a number of ways that incorporating all parts on a single board can reduce costs. The primary reason is that solutions with multiple boards require connections between the boards via edge connectors, and sometimes include a ribbon cable. By connecting devices directly together on the same PCB, there is no need for these additional connectors and cables. Additionally, PCB space may be optimized using electronic design automation (EDA) tools, resulting in a smaller device as well as further cost savings. Aesthetically enhanced micro branding is used as well.

Disadvantages 
The disadvantages of using a monoboard solution is that they are inflexible to upgrades. For example, take a personal computer; in most personal computers, the video card is an external device that plugs into a dedicated slot in the motherboard and may be swapped out with a higher performing card. However, in small form-factor designs, a graphics processing unit (GPU) may be placed directly on the board. The typical reason is to reduce size and cost, but this removed the ability to later upgrade the device.

Another common example is with data acquisition hardware. Many DAQ solutions involve the use of DAQ modules, which are cards that plug into a backplane. Different DAQ modules can be purchased with different functionalities depending on the speed and resolution of signals being acquired. Examples of this can be seen in products ranging from Fluke DAQs to Tektronix Logic Analyzer modules (such as the TLA7000 series frames which support more than 4 different series of acquisition cards).

Examples 
 Personal computers, specifically small form-factor versions such as the UMPC or MacBook Air
 Data acquisition hardware
 Cameras
 Mobile phones
 Single-board computer

References

Motherboard
Printed circuit board manufacturing
Greenhithe railway station. Greenhithe railway station (also known as Greenhithe for Bluewater) serves the village of Greenhithe in north Kent and Bluewater Shopping Centre. It is  down the line from . All services are operated by Southeastern and Thameslink.

Design

Before Bluewater was built Greenhithe station was just a small village station. The only access between the entrance and the London-bound platform was via a subway with no disabled access.

The station was rebuilt in 2008 to improve accessibility for disabled users and upgrade the station and ticketing facilities. This was a pioneering modular design by Network Rail, with  and  later constructed in the same way.

The subway has been replaced by a bridge with stairs and lift access at both ends. The new station entrance and booking hall lies directly between the bridge and the bus stop outside (see Fastrack below). Before the construction of this stop and its access road, buses had to stop some distance away downhill and passengers had to transfer via stairs and a footpath.

Services
Services at Greenhithe are operated by Southeastern and Thameslink using , , ,  and  EMUs.

The typical off-peak service in trains per hour is:
 2 tph to London Charing Cross via 
 2 tph to  via 
 2 tph to  via  and 
 4 tph to  (2 of these run non-stop and 2 call at all stations)
 2 tph to  via 

Additional services, including trains to and from London Cannon Street call at the station during the peak hours.

Connections

The station is served by a bus station from which frequent buses run to surrounding destinations. 

The station is served by the Fastrack routes A, AZ and B which provide regular connections to Dartford, Temple Hill, Bluewater,  and Gravesend.

The station is also served by the Ensignbus route X80 which provides connections to Bluewater, Lakeside and .

References

External links

Railway stations in Kent
DfT Category E stations
Transport in the Borough of Dartford
Former South Eastern Railway (UK) stations
Railway stations in Great Britain opened in 1849
Railway stations served by Southeastern
Railway station
1849 establishments in England
Railway stations served by Govia Thameslink Railway
Convergent synthesis. In chemistry a convergent synthesis is a strategy that aims to improve the efficiency of multistep synthesis, most often in organic synthesis. In this type of synthesis several individual pieces of a complex molecule are synthesized in stage one, and then in stage two these pieces are combined to form the final product. In linear synthesis the overall yield quickly drops with each reaction step:

A → B → C → D

Suppose the yield is 50% for each reaction; the overall yield of D is only 12.5% from A.

In a convergent synthesis

A → B  (50%)
C → D  (50%)
B + D → E  (25%)

the overall yield of E (25%) looks much better. Convergent synthesis is applied in the synthesis of complex molecules and involves fragment coupling and independent synthesis. This technique is more useful if the compound is large and symmetric, where at least two aspects of the molecule can be formed separately and still come together. 

Examples:
 Convergent synthesis is encountered in dendrimer synthesis where branches (with the number of generations preset) are connected to the central core.
 Proteins of up to 300 amino acids are produced by a convergent approach using chemical ligation.
 An example of its use in total synthesis is the final step (photochemical [2+2]cycloaddition) towards the compound biyouyanagin A:

See also
Divergent synthesis

References 

Chemical synthesis
C11. C11, C.XI, C-11 or C.11 may refer to:

Transport
 C-11 Fleetster, a 1920s American light transport aircraft for use of the United States Assistant Secretary of War
 Fokker C.XI, a 1935 Dutch reconnaissance seaplane 
 LET C-11, a license-build variant of the Soviet Yakovlev Yak-11 trainer aircraft
 C-11 Gulfstream II, the military designation of the Gulfstream II business jet
 Barroso (C11), a light cruiser of the Brazilian Navy
 HMS C11, a 1907 British Royal Navy C class submarine
 HMS Liverpool (C11), a 1937 British Royal Navy Town class light cruiser
 JNR Class C11, a class of Japanese steam locomotives
 USS Marblehead (C-11), an 1892 light cruiser of the United States Navy
 BSA C11, a British motorcycle manufactured between 1939 and 1956
 Mercedes-Benz C11, a 1990 Group C prototype race car 
 London Buses route C11, a public transportation route in England
 LNER Class C11, a class of British steam locomotives
 Leapmotor C11, a mid-size electric crossover SUV

Science and technology
 C11 (C standard revision), standardized version of the C programming language 
 Head and neck cancer (ICD-10 code)
 Eye diseases, (MeSH code); see List of MeSH codes (C11) 
 Carbon-11, an unstable isotope of the chemical element Carbon
 Caldwell 11, the Bubble Nebula, an emission nebula in the constellation Cassiopeia

Other uses
 C11 (rifle), a competition and training weapon used by members of the Royal Canadian Army Cadets
 C11 Right of Association (Agriculture) Convention, 1921
 Bill C-11, various articles of legislation of the Parliament of Canada 
 French Defence (Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings code)
 11th century

See also
 11C (disambiguation)
Divergent synthesis. In chemistry a divergent synthesis is a strategy with the aim to improve the efficiency of chemical synthesis. It is often an alternative to convergent synthesis or linear synthesis. 

In one strategy divergent synthesis aims to generate a library of chemical compounds by first reacting a molecule with a set of reactants. The next generation of compounds is generated by further reactions with each compound in generation 1. This methodology quickly diverges to large numbers of new compounds  

A generates A1, A2, A3, A4, A5 in generation 1
A1 generates A11, A12, A13 in generation 2 and so on.

An entire library of new chemical compounds, for instance saccharides, can be screened for desirable properties. In another strategy divergent synthesis starts from a molecule as a central core from which successive generations of building blocks are added. A good example is the divergent synthesis of dendrimers, for example, where in each generation a new monomer reacts to the growing surface of the sphere.

Diversity oriented synthesis
Diversity oriented synthesis or DOS is a strategy for quick access to molecule libraries with an emphasis on skeletal diversity. In one such application a Petasis reaction product (1) is functionalized with propargyl bromide leading to a starting compound (2) having 5 functional groups. This molecule can be subjected to a range of reagents yielding unique molecular skeletons in one generation.

DOS Drugs
Dosabulin
Gemmacin B
ML238
Robotnikinin

References 

Chemical synthesis
Nearest neighbor. Nearest neighbor may refer to:
 Nearest neighbor search in pattern recognition and in computational geometry
 Nearest-neighbor interpolation for interpolating data
 Nearest neighbor graph in geometry
 Nearest neighbor function in probability theory
 Nearest neighbor decoding in coding theory
 The k-nearest neighbor algorithm in machine learning, an application of generalized forms of nearest neighbor search and interpolation
 The nearest neighbour algorithm for approximately solving the travelling salesman problem
 The nearest-neighbor thermodynamic parameters for determining the thermodynamics of nucleic acids
 The nearest neighbor clustering for calculating distances between clusters in hierarchical clustering

See also 
 Moore neighborhood
 Von Neumann neighborhood
Butyl nitrite. Butyl nitrite is the organic compound with the formula CH3(CH2)3ONO.  It is an alkyl nitrite made from n-butanol. Butyl nitrite is used recreationally as poppers. Synonyms include 1-butyl nitrite, n-butyl nitrite and nitrous acid butyl ester.

It can be prepared by treating nitrous acid (generated in situ) with n-butanol.

Applications
Butyl nitrite is one of the compounds used as poppers, inhalant drugs that induce brief euphoria. It was developed by Clifford Hassing, a graduate student in Los Angeles, as a faster-acting analog of alkyl nitrite. Among the inhalants' trade names are Rush, Locker Room, and Bolt. They are sometimes marketed as "Cleaner", liquid incense, or room odorizer. It is used for its euphoric effect and for relaxing the smooth muscles during sexual intercourse.

Butyl nitrite is an important reagent in the synthesis of both organic and inorganic compounds and in the production of various other nitrites. It is often used as a nitrosating agent, particularly for the production of nitrosamines.

See also
tert-butyl nitrite

References

Antianginals
Antidotes
Alkyl nitrites
Butyl esters