omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Nitrocellulose slide. A nitrocellulose slide (or nitrocellulose film slide) is a glass microscope slide that is coated with nitrocellulose that is used to bind biological material, often protein, for colorimetric and fluorescence detection assays.  For this purpose, a nitrocellulose slide is generally considered to be superior to glass, because it binds a great deal more protein, and protects the tertiary structure of the protein (and other biological material, i.e.: cells).  Typically, nitrocellulose slides have a thin, opaque film of nitrocellulose on a standard 25mm × 75 mm glass microscope slide.  The film is extremely sensitive to contact, and to foreign material; contact causes deformation and deposition of material, especially liquids.

A nitrocellulose slide is different from a nitrocellulose membrane, which usually filters protein from solution (i.e.: physician's office pregnancy tests), but that it serves a similar goal: to detect the presence and/or concentration level of certain biological material.

Microarrays
Nitrocellulose slides are used mainly in proteomics to do protein microarrays with automated systems that print the slides and record results.  Microarrays of cell analytes, arrays of cell lysate, antibody microarrays, tissue printing, immunoarrays, etc. are also possible with the slide.

Nitrocellulose fluorescence
Due to their high surface roughness, conventional white nitrocellulose films scatter and reflect large amounts of excitation and emission light during the fluorescence detection in the microarray scanner. In addition, nitrocellulose exhibits a natural autofluorescence at the detection wavelengths commonly used. Both these factors lead to a high background fluorescent signal from these membrane slides. To overcome this problem, a new process has been developed to generate black membranes that absorb the scattered light, significantly reducing the background auto-fluorescence and thus offering a very low and homogenous auto-fluorescence to achieve a significantly improved dynamic range. These slides are commercially available through Schott AG.  Nevertheless, conventional white nitrocellulose films continue to be the dominant surface for many protein microarray applications because the claims above have not proved relevant to end user requirements. Regardless, nitrocellulose slide manufacturers like Grace Bio-Labs continue to develop new nitrocellulose surfaces to further optimize their use in protein microarrays.

A method for protein quantitation on nitrocellulose coated glass slides uses near-IR fluorescent detection with  quantum dots.  Traditional porous nitrocellulose signal to noise is limited by auto-fluorescence of the nitrocellulose at the respective required wavelengths of excitation and emission for standard organic fluorescent detection probes.  Near IR detection probes are excited and read at emission wavelengths outside the range of nitrocellulose fluorescence.

References

Microscopy
Biochemistry methods
León Ávalos y Vez. León Ávalos y Vez (24 January 1906 – 1991) was a Mexican mechanical engineer who served as the founding director-general of the Monterrey Institute of Technology (ITESM, 1943–1946) and as director-general of the National School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering of the National Polytechnic Institute (IPN, 1943).

Ávalos y Vez was born in Atlixco, Puebla, on 24 January 1906 into a family composed by Ignacio Ávalos and Amalia Vez. He received a bachelor's degree in Mechanical Engineering from the National Polytechnic Institute and a master's degree in the same discipline from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1929).

Selected works
 Apuntes sobre generadores de vapor (1962).

References

See also
List of Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education faculty

Mexican mechanical engineers
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Instituto Politécnico Nacional alumni
Academic staff of the Instituto Politécnico Nacional
Academic staff of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education
People from Puebla
1906 births
1991 deaths
Bartlett's Bridge. Bartlett's Bridge is a historic stone arch bridge carrying Clara Barton Road over the French River in Oxford, Massachusetts. Built in 1889, it is a rare example of late 19th-century stone bridge construction in the state. It was originally built to provide improved capacity for vehicles servicing a nearby textile mill complex. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.

Description and history
Bartlett's Bridge is located in northern Oxford, in what is now a largely rural-residential area, carrying Clara Barton Road a short way west of its junction with Main Street. The bridge is  long and  wide, with its elliptical arch reaching a height of  above the river. The facing of the bridge is rough-cut granite that has been fixed with mortar. In contrast, the granite stones that make up the arch have been very precisely worked. The bridge has parapet walls made of large granite slabs ,  wide, and  thick.

The bridge was built in 1889 to a design by Charles A. Allen, at the time a civil engineer for the city of Worcester. The bridge was built to replace an older wooden span at the request of Edwin Bartlett, the owner of textile mills in North Oxford, whose businesses and employees would have used the road. Bartlett had originally requested that the town build an iron truss bridge, but it opted instead for one made of stone, which was completed by Worcester-based stonemasons in six months at a cost of $2200. Its construction precedes by a few years the state's first establishment of standards for highway bridge construction.

See also
List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Massachusetts
List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Worcester County, Massachusetts

References

External links

Bridges completed in 1889
Road bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Massachusetts
Bridges in Worcester County, Massachusetts
Historic American Engineering Record in Massachusetts
National Register of Historic Places in Worcester County, Massachusetts
1889 establishments in Massachusetts
Stone arch bridges in the United States
Oxford, Massachusetts
Fernando García Roel. Fernando García Roel (14 August 1921 – 26 February 2009) was a Mexican chemical engineer. He served as the second rector of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM, 1960–1984).

García Roel was born in Monterrey, Nuevo León, into a family composed by Mario A. García and María Roel, sister of prominent historian Santiago Roel. He received a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (1943) and a master's degree in the same discipline from the University of Wisconsin–Madison (1948).

In 1966 he was given the University of Wisconsin–Madison's Distinguished Service Award and in 1984 the Víctor Márquez Domínguez Prize of the Mexican Institute of Chemical Engineers. He was conferred an honorary doctorate by the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1979.

One of the streets crossing the main campus of the Monterrey Institute of Technology is named in his honor.

References

20th-century Mexican engineers
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering alumni
Academic staff of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education
People from Monterrey
1921 births
2009 deaths
Mexican expatriates in the United States
Seawing. Seawing may refer to:

J & J Ultralights Seawing, an amphibious ultralight aircraft
Sea Wing, an excursion vessel on Lake Pepin, Minnesota, in the Sea Wing disaster of 1890
Seawing,  a cruise ship formerly 
Seawings, an seaplane operator in Dubai, UAE
 Seawing Airways, a seaplane operator at Rose Bay Water Airport, Sydney, Australia
 SeaWings, a fictional tribe in the Wings of Fire novel series
Jack Yang. Jack Y. Yang is an American computer scientist and biophysicist. As of 2011, he is the editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Computational Biology and Drug Design.

Education
Yang received his Ph.D. and MS degrees from Purdue University under the supervision of Okan Ersoy (computer engineering) and Albert Overhauser (biophysics), receiving the grade of summa cum laude and the award of Ph.D. thesis of the year in the USA. His post-doctoral training was from Harvard Medical School and Indiana University School of Medicine, and he received training in biostatistics and bioinformatics from Johns Hopkins University, and in computer science from University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 

During this period he spent a few months at the CERN Institute. Yang was trained as a combined experimental and computer scientist with teaching, research, engineering, and in field practice in computer science, biomedical engineering and biophysics.

Career 
Yang works in engineering and translational medicine, with research interests ranging from cancer homeostasis, computational drug development, high throughput biology, database maintenance and microfluidomics applied to microarray proteomics. He specializes in cancer biology and artificial intelligence.

He is an honorary editor for the International Journal of Functional Informatics and Personalized Medicine and editor-in-chief of  the International Journal of Computational Biology and Drug Design, together with partial appointments in Nature and Science, where he contributes regular revisions and comments. He has also been an editor of more than a dozen journals and proceedings books including the Journal of Supercomputing. 

He was the general chair of the IEEE 7th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Bioengineering at Harvard Medical School and Co-PI of several grants form the National Science Foundation, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, and the National Institute of Health. He is also a consultant to Interlink Continental Journal of Biological Sciences, MIR labs, and the International Conference on Bioinformatics and Computational Biology.

Yang has published more than 100 peer reviewed papers and book chapters, especially in BMC Genomics.  He is a permanent candidate to the Millennium Technology Prize. Yang completed a university speaking tour in Japan, and met with prime minister Yoshihiko Noda to discuss possible solutions to the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.

References
School of Computinguga.edu 

American computer scientists
21st-century American engineers
21st-century American biologists
American mathematicians
21st-century American physicists
Harvard University faculty
Harvard Medical School alumni
Purdue University alumni
Johns Hopkins University people
Indiana University School of Medicine alumni
Indiana University faculty
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Nahum Shahaf. Nahum Shahaf () is an Israeli physicist who specializes in ballistics and film technology.

Biography
Nahum Shahaf earned a Master of Physics degree from Bar-Ilan University in 1977. Throughout most of the 1980s, he worked on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), which Israeli journalist Amnon Lord described as placing Shahaf "among the leading developers" of the technology.  According to his curriculum vitae, Shahaf worked primarily on UAV optical tracking systems, before shifting his focus to missile systems and inventing over the next decade.  In 1997, he received an Israeli Ministry of Science award for creativity for his work on compressed digital video transmission.

Al-Durrah investigation
Muhammad al-Durrah was a 12-year-old Palestinian boy, reported to have been shot and killed by Israel Defense Forces (IDF) gunfire on September 30, 2000. Shahaf, noticing what he considered an anomaly in the video footage of the shooting, contacted Major General Yom Tov Samia, head of the Israel's Southern Command.  Shahaf proposed that he and Joseph Doriel, an engineer Shahaf had previously collaborated with on conspiracy theories surrounding the assassination of Yitzhak Rabin, should investigate the incident.  Samia agreed, and on October 23, 2000, Shahaf helped arrange a re-enactment at an IDF shooting range, in front of a CBS 60 Minutes camera crew. In late November 2000, the investigators concluded, based on the angles and rate of fire, that Israeli troops had probably not shot the boy.

Israeli newspapers Haaretz and the Jerusalem Post claimed that Shahaf had no ballistics experience and Haaretz described the investigation as "dubious."  His previous involvement in raising doubts about the identity of Rabin's killer became the subject of controversy.  Shahaf, however, claims he spent months painstakingly collecting footage from reluctant cameramen and splicing the pieces together in rough temporal order to create an unbroken film of the day. Shahaf believes that al-Durrah was not killed by the IDF and may still be alive.

In December 2007, following Haaretz's report on his work, which op-ed writer Gideon Levy described as an "eccentric obsession,"  Shahaf filed a defamation lawsuit against the newspaper charging that Haaretz's coverage had caused investors to back out of financing one of his inventions. He filed for 400 million shekels (US$103 million) in damages.

References

Bibliography
Cygielman, Anat (2000). "IDF keeps shooting itself in the foot", Haaretz, November 7, 2000, accessed March 22, 2010.
Fallows, James (2003). "Who shot Mohammed al-Durra?", The Atlantic, June 2003, accessed March 21, 2010.

External links
Shahaf's website
Shahaf's curriculum vitae 
Al-Dura, Nahum Shahaf investigation results 

Israeli physicists
Living people
Jewish physicists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Write strategy. In DVD authoring, a write strategy is a set of low-level parameters that enables an optical disc drive to write on a specific type of blank media according to its optimum specifications. The media type is identified by the manufacturer and media ID, which is often unrelated to the brand of the media due to rebadging. Write strategies are essential for compatibility with various types of blank media, and are typically stored in the drive's firmware. If a drive lacks a write strategy for a media type, it will only be able to write using minimum speed. Drive manufacturers typically include new or improved write strategies as part of a firmware upgrade, in order to extend or improve compatibility with blank media. In cases where official support for a drive has been discontinued or is deemed unsatisfactory, users have come up with ways to patch the write strategies by modding the drive's firmware.

Learning
Many DVD-writers have a learning feature (branded with names like "smart-burn") that allows the drive to collect empirical data from its actual usage. The drive stores data from previous burns in its EEPROM, allowing it to adapt the default write strategies to account for individual drive variations, such as calibration, which may be affected by environment and age.

A newer feature contained in some DVD writers allows a drive to invent write strategies for unknown media types, ostensibly reducing its dependence on firmware to provide explicit compatibility. However, because the drive initially knows nothing of the media type, early burns are frequently of poor quality, and the media's optimal strategy may never be found. Thus, in practice, this form of learning is generally a last resort, and firmware support is preferable. An attempt to address this weakness is online learning, which allows the drives to share learned data. Branded technologies that incorporate this form of learning have been given names like "solid burn" and "hypertuning".

In either case, if the history data is reset, or if the data is skewed by a series of irregular burns, the speed and/or quality of a typical burn may not be optimal until the history is repopulated with proper result data again.

See also 
 Optimum Power Calibration

References

Optical disc authoring
Optical computer storage
DVD
SpecC. SpecC is a System Description Language (SDL), or System-level Design Language (SLDL), and is an extension of the ANSI C programming language. It is used to aid the design and specification of digital embedded systems, providing improved productivity whilst retaining the ability to change a design at functional and specification level, unlike HDLs like Verilog and VHDL. An architectural model can be created which allows other tools to directly map the design onto silicon or FPGA. The main aim is for the reuse, exchange and integration of IP at various levels of abstraction.

The language and design methodology were created by Rainer Dömer and Daniel Gajski at the Centre for Embedded Computer Systems at University of California, Irvine in 2001.

Similar projects and design methodologies include SystemC, an SDL based on C++. Although this rival language has seen much more widespread industry usage (although SpecC is popular in Japan), SpecC retains simplicity whilst also providing the vital features of any SDL, such as concurrency (SpecC provides pipelined and parallel flows), synchronisation, state transitions (not available in Verilog), and composite data types .

See also
Accellera
SystemC
SystemVerilog

External links

Technical Report, 2006 (PDF)

System description languages
Hardware description languages
Lateral quantum dot. A lateral quantum dot is a type of quantum dot made by imposing a small area of decreased potential in the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) by means of electrical gates such that electrons or electron holes are confined in the 2DEG plane.  The particles are confined in one dimension laterally where they are free to move in the plane of the 2DEG.  Once the potential is applied, it is energetically favorable for a certain number of electrons (or holes) to remain confined in a certain area of the 2DEG causing the remaining two-dimensional freedom to be removed and the three dimensional confinement of the electrons or holes.  The 2DEG is confined between two semiconductor sheets such as InAs and GaAs.  The fabrication process for a lateral dot is very different from that for a self-assembled quantum dot.

References

Nanoelectronics
Quantum dots
Apple Worm. The Apple Worm is a computer program written by Apple Computer, and especially for the 6502 microprocessor, which performs dynamic self-relocation. The source code of the Apple Worm is the first program printed in its entirety in Scientific American. The Apple Worm was designed and developed by James R. Hauser and William R. Buckley. Other example Apple Worm programs are described in the cover story of the November 1986 issue of Call_A.P.P.L.E. Magazine.

Because the Apple Worm performs dynamic self-relocation within the one main memory of one computer, it does not constitute a computer virus, an apt if somewhat inaccurate description. Although the analogous behavior of copying code between memories is exactly the act performed by a computer virus, the virus has other characters not present in the worm. Such programs do not necessarily cause collateral damage to the computing systems upon which their instructions execute; there is no reliance upon a vector to ensure subsequent execution. This extends to the computer virus; it need not be destructive in order to effect its communication between computational environments.

Programs
A typical computer program manipulates data which is external to the corporeal representation of the computer program. In programmer-ese, this means the code and data spaces are kept separate. Programs which manipulate data which is internal to its corporeal representation, such as that held in the code space, are self-relational; in part at least, its function is to maintain its function. In this sense, a dynamic self-relocator is a self-referential system, as defined by Douglas R. Hofstadter.

Other examples
The instruction set of the PDP-11 computer includes an instruction for moving data, which when constructed in a particular form causes itself to be moved from higher addresses to lower addresses; the form includes an automatic decrement of the instruction pointer register. Hence, when this instruction includes autodecrement of the instruction pointer, it behaves as a dynamic self-relocator.

A more current example of a self-relocating program is an adaptation of the Apple Worm for the Intel 80x86 microprocessor and its derivatives, such as the Pentium, and corresponding AMD microprocessors.

See also
 Worm memory test

References

External links
 The Apple Worm source code
 Video of executing Apple Worm program
 Cover Story: The Contiguous Traveler / Simple Worms

Worm
DRG Class 04. The two German Class 04 steam locomotives were experimental engines with the Deutsche Reichsbahn, that were derived from the Class 03 standard locomotives (Einheitsloks).

History 
In 1932, the Deutsche Reichsbahn tried to raise boiler overpressures from  by using high-tensile steel. These engines, built by the firm of Krupp, were initially tested at the Grunewald Locomotive Testing Office. With a specific steam consumption value of 5.2 kg/PSh with respect to their indicated output, the locomotives clearly undercut the very low steam consumption value of the Class 03 by over 1 kg/PSh. The coal consumption based on the effective power at the coupling hook, was 0.96 kg/PSh compared with 1.13 kg/PSh on the 03.

The medium-pressure boilers did not prove to be stable, and after a short time damage occurred to the firebox. Since the locomotives did not meet expectations even after modifications and repairs, the permissible boiler overpressure was finally reduced to 20 atmospheres in 1935 and they were added to the operating portfolio with the company numbers 02 101 and 02 102. They were then intended to be used in regular train service from the Hamburg-Altona depot, but since they had no experience with four-cylinder compound locomotives there, they were handed over to the Hof depot in 1936. Due to a lack of water, the boiler of 02 101 exploded on 3 April 1939, whereupon both engines were decommissioned and were scrapped in 1940.

The engines were equipped with a 2′2′ T 32 standard tender.

See also
 List of DRG locomotives and railcars
 List of boiler explosions

References 

04
4-6-2 locomotives
04
Krupp locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1932
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
2′C1′ h4v locomotives
Passenger locomotives
Compound locomotives
ASIC (disambiguation). In the realm of electronic technology, ASIC stands for application-specific integrated circuit, an integrated circuit customized for a specific task.

ASIC may also refer to:
 Accreditation Service for International Colleges, an educational accreditation agency in the UK
 Acid-sensing ion channels, a protein family
 Air and Space Interoperability Council, former name of the Air Force Interoperability Council
 Arfoire Syndicate of International Crime, the antagonist group in the video game Hyperdimension Neptunia mk2
 ASIC programming language, a dialect of BASIC
 Associated Signature Containers (ASiC), specifies the use of container structures to bind together one or more signed objects with either advanced electronic signatures or time-stamp tokens into one single digital container
 Association Scientifique Internationale pour le Café, a scientific organization based in France
 Australian Securities & Investments Commission, Australia's corporate regulator
 Aviation Security Identification Card, an Australian identification card

See also
 Asics, an athletic equipment company