omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Block (sailing). In sailing, a block is a single or multiple pulley.  One or a number of sheaves are enclosed in an assembly between cheeks or chocks.  In use, a block is fixed to the end of a line, to a spar, or to a surface. A line (rope) is reeved through the sheaves, and maybe through one or more matching blocks at some far end, to make up a tackle.

The purchase of a tackle refers to its mechanical advantage. In general the more sheaves in the blocks that make up a tackle, the higher its mechanical advantage.  The matter is slightly complicated by the fact that every tackle has a working end where the final run of rope leaves the last sheave. More mechanical advantage can be obtained if this end is attached to the moving load rather than the fixed end of the tackle.

There are various types of blocks that are used in sailing. Some blocks are used to increase mechanical advantage and others are used simply to change the direction of a line. A ratchet block turns freely when a line is pulled in one direction but does not turn the other direction, although the line may slip past the sheave. This kind of block makes a loaded line easier to hold by hand, and is sometimes used on smaller boats for lines like main and jib sheets that are frequently adjusted.

A single, large, sail-powered warship in the mid-19th century required more than 1,400 blocks of various kinds.

Sailing terms in everyday English
 Chock a' block  Refers literally to the situation where pulling on the working line will not raise the load any further because the cheeks of one lifting block are already against the other.  Figuratively this has come to mean that something is as full or as close as it can be.

See also

 Block and tackle
 Two six heave
 Portsmouth Block Mills
 Pulley

References

Sailing rigs and rigging
Mitsubishi Plastics. () is a Japanese chemical company with Head Office at 1-2-2, Nihonbashihongokucho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0021, Japan.

Produces various kinds of synthetic resins. The Company's products include polyvinyl chloride pipes and films. The Company also manufactures construction materials and electronic industry materials.
It is one of the Mitsubishi core companies.
Hishi Plastics USA, an ISO 9001:2008 Quality System certified subsidiary, located in Lincoln Park, New Jersey, is focusing R&D on non-phthalate alternatives to traditional plastic resins. These include corn & soya based compounds as well as materials of a completely distinct origin. Several of these have been approved by UL Labs and are nearly ready for production scale extrusion.

Shareholders
Principal Shareholders (as of March 31, 2005):
 Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation 52.6%
 Japan Trustee Services Bank, Ltd. (Trust Account) 4.22%
 The Master Trust Bank of Japan, Ltd. (Trust Account) 2.34%
 The Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Ltd. 2.17%
 The Mitsubishi Trust and Banking Corporation (Trust Account) 1.45%
 The Mitsubishi Trust and Banking Corporation 1.38%
 Norinchukin Bank 1.31%
 Mitsubishi Plastics Employees' Stock Ownership Plan 1.08%
 Meiji Yasuda Life Insurance Company 0.83%
 Mitsubishi Corporation 0.70%

On July 29, 2007 the company's stocks were delisted from the Tokyo Stock Exchange and the Osaka Securities Exchange, as Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings Corporation acquired a 100% interest in the company.

Group companies

Japan
 Alpolic Co.
 Astro Corp.
 Dia Molding Co., Ltd.
 Dia Packaging Materials Co., Ltd.
 Dia Services Co., Ltd.
 Etsuryo Co., Ltd.
 Hanyu Plastics Industries Ltd.
 Hokuryo Mold Co., Ltd.
 Mitsubishi Plastics Marketing Co., Ltd.
 MKV DREAM CO., LTD.
 Quadrant Polypenco Japan Ltd.
 Ryobi Techno Inc.
 Ryohsei Plastic Industries Co., Ltd.
 Ryoju Corp.
 Ryoko Tekunika Co., Ltd.
 Ryouei Co., Ltd.
 Ryoukou Industrial Co., Ltd.
 Ryowa Logitem Co., Ltd.
 Toyo Plastics Industries Corp.
 Kodama Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
 M&S Pipe Systems Co., Ltd.
 Mikado Chemical M.F.G. Co.
 Nitto Kako Co., Ltd.
 Ryoko Plastic Co., Ltd.
 Taisei Co., Ltd.
 IFCO Japan Inc.
 K.K. MKV Yokkaichi

Asia
 Mitsubishi Plastics Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd.
 Mitsubishi Plastics Trading Shanghai Co., Ltd.
 MP International (Hong Kong) Ltd.
 PT. MC PET FILM INDONESIA
 Shanghai Baoling Plastics Co., Ltd.
 Tai-Young Film Co., Ltd.
 Wuxi SSS-Diamond Plastics Co., Ltd.

America
 Hishi Plastics U.S.A., Inc.
 Mitsubishi Plastics Composites America, Inc.
 Mitsubishi Polyester Film, Inc.

Europe
 Aquamit B.V.
 Mitsubishi Plastics Euro Asia Ltd.
 Dia Moulding Slovakia s.r.o.
 Mitsubishi Polyester Film GmbH
 Quadrant AG

External links
 Mitsubishi Plastics, Inc.
 

Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange
Mitsubishi companies
Mitsubishi Chemical Holdings
Steel (disambiguation). Steel is a metal alloy that is composed principally of iron and carbon.

Steel may also refer to:

Metal and Metallurgy

Specific iron alloys
 Low alloy steel, steel alloyed with other elements
 Carbon steel, also called plain carbon steel, a combination of iron and carbon
 Damascus steel, a variety of steel used between 900 and 1600 for making swords
 Stainless steel, a variety of steel containing at least 10.5% chromium

Steel grades
 Steel grades, to classify steels by their composition and physical properties
 AISI steel grades, American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) standard steel grades

Other metal objects
 Firesteel for generating of sparks by impacts with flints 
 Honing steel, a rod used for realigning the microscopic edge of blades
 Steel guitar, a special type of guitar and a special way of playing it
 Steel, a device held against the strings when playing a steel guitar
 Sword, sometimes termed "steel" in certain cultures
 Steel belt, used in many industries such as food, chemical, wood processing and transportation.

Steel related
Steel abrasive, loose particles used for blast cleaning or to improve the properties of metal surfaces

People
Steel (surname)
Two American professional wrestlers who used the stage name Steel:
Sean Morley (born 1971)
Kevin Nash (born 1959)

Places
 Steel Pier, an amusement boardwalk pier in Atlantic City, New Jersey
 4713 Steel, a rare-type Hungaria asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt

Arts, entertainment, media
 Steel (video game), a 1989 science fiction shoot 'em up

Fictional characters
 Steel (comics), a name used by several fictional characters in DC Comics
 Steel Brightblade, a fictional character in the Dragonlance novels
 Steel Wool, a character from Scott the Woz

Film and television
 Steel (1933 film), an Italian drama film directed by Walter Ruttmann
 Steel (1979 film), a drama film directed by Steve Carver
 Steel (1997 film), an American film based on the DC Comics character
 Steel (2012 film), an Italian drama film directed by Stefano Mordini
 Steel (TV channel), an Italian TV channel
 "Steel" (The Twilight Zone), a 1963 television episode

Music
 Steel (band), a power metal project by Dan Swanö and Opeth members
 Steel (Battle Beast album), 2012
 Steel (soundtrack), from the 1997 film

Other
 Steel (pusher), a Finnish pusher vessel
 Steel (web browser), a defunct web browser for Android
 Steel blue, a dark blue-gray color
 Southern Steel (netball), a New Zealand netball team

See also

 
 Steele (disambiguation)
 Steal (disambiguation)
 Dr. Steel (disambiguation)
 Steel Lake (disambiguation)
 Steel Town (disambiguation)
 De Stijl
 Sapphire & Steel, British television series 
 British Steel (album), album by Judas Priest
Panel truck. A panel truck (also called a panel delivery or pickup truck-based van) in U.S. and Canadian usage is a small delivery truck with a fully enclosed body. It typically is high and has no rear windows in the rear cargo area. The term was first used in the early 1910s. Panel trucks were marketed for contracting, deliveries, and other businesses. Often described as a small van (based on the chassis of a truck or pickup truck) used mostly for delivery rounds, the British equivalent is a "delivery van."

History
Consumer demand from farmers and businesses for stripped-down Model T versions prompted Henry Ford to market vehicles that independent builders could supply cabs and cargo enclosures according to users' needs.

During World War I the U.S. Army ordered 20,000 Dodge half-ton chassis sets for use as cargo trucks and ambulances that were then marketed after the war as the "Screenside Commercial Car"—a pickup with a roof and roll-up side covers or a fully enclosed cargo-bed.

Chevrolet made a van-like version of their Chevrolet Suburban, which was a station wagon version of the Chevrolet pickup truck from the 1930s. Panel truck versions of the Suburban were made until 1973.

Ford made panel truck versions of their pickup trucks until 1960. Panel trucks were also converted into canopy expresses, which were primarily used by farmers.

The style of the panel trucks from the 1930s to 1950s inspired the style of both the Chrysler PT Cruiser and the Chevrolet HHR. However, both of these were car platform-based models (Chrysler PL and GM Delta platforms respectively), not built on a pickup truck chassis.

The current use of panel trucks describes commercial delivery vans.

Difference
The difference between a sedan delivery and a panel truck is that the sedan delivery is based on the chassis of a sedan, hatchback, or station wagon, while a panel truck is based on the chassis of a pickup truck. Unibody-based vans are similar in size and in functionality but have a unibody chassis.

Canopy express
A canopy express (also known as a "huckster truck") is a light-duty cargo van based on the chassis of a panel truck. Canopy express vehicles have open display areas behind the driver's seat commonly used for peddling vegetables and fruit, but also used for other kinds of deliveries that require easy access, such as newspapers and radio equipment.

Canopy express trucks evolved as a more stylized version of standard pickup trucks that contained open canopies installed over the pickup bed. They were built by Dodge, General Motors, and International Harvester as well as other manufacturers. Ford Canopy Express trucks were merely aftermarket conversions of their existing panel trucks.

As the United States became more suburbanized after World War II, sales of canopy express vehicles declined. Dodge ceased production of these trucks in 1948, while GM offered the last of them in 1955.

See also
 Carryall
 Multi-stop truck
 Panel van
 Pickup truck

References

 
Light trucks
Carryalls
Tom Jennings. Thomas Daniel Jennings (born 1955) is a Los Angeles-based artist and computer programmer, known for his work that led to FidoNet (the first  message and file networking bulletin board system, or BBS), and for his work at Phoenix Software on MS-DOS integration and interoperability.

Work
In 1983, Jennings created the Fido program, which spawned FidoNet, the first message and file networking bulletin board system (BBS). The FidoNet protocols were authored by Jennings in the Fido program, and they were ultimately implemented by numerous authors in other software to create the full BBS, network using a multiplicity of platforms.

Aside from creating the protocol for networking BBSes, Jennings: built Wireds first internet presence; wrote the portable BIOS that led to Phoenix Technologies BIOS, contributing to  on MS-DOS integration and interoperability; ran an early regional internet service providerThe Little Garden (later incorporated as TLGnet, Inc); and maintains an informal archive of Cold War science and technology.

From 1988 until 1991, while he lived in San Francisco, Jennings was the publisher and co-editor, with Deke Nihilson, of Homocore, one of the earliest Queercore zines. The name came from the pages of J.D.s zine, and featured musicians and writers such as The Apostles, Steve Abbott, Donna Dresch, Larry Livermore, Daniel Nicoletta and G. B. Jones.  The co-editors' other activities, such as organizing Homocore shows where bands such as Fugazi and Beat Happening appeared, and writing for and creating other publications, helped popularize the Queercore movement in the United states and internationally.

Popular culture
In 2002, Jennings was interviewed for the series BBS: The Documentary, released online (partial content) and to home video in DVD format (full content) in 2005.

Personal life
In a 1996 Wired article he was described as a "punk activist" and "anarchist".

References

External links 
 
 
 "The Anarchist", by Paulina Borsook. Wired.com. (April 1, 1996)

1955 births
Living people
Queercore
FidoNet
University of California, Irvine people
LGBTQ people from California
LGBTQ people from Massachusetts
People from Boston
People from Los Angeles
Internet pioneers
American anarchists
Henry Ivatt. Henry Alfred Ivatt (16 September 1851, Wentworth, Cambridgeshire – 25 October 1923) was an English railway engineer, and was the Chief Mechanical Engineer of the Great Northern Railway from 1896 to 1911.

Career

London and North Western Railway

Educated at Liverpool College., at age 17, Ivatt was apprenticed to John Ramsbottom at the Crewe Works of the London and North Western Railway (LNWR).  He worked as a fireman for six months and held various positions there.  He was made head of the Holyhead Locomotive Depot in 1874, before being promoted to the head of the Chester District.

Great Southern and Western Railway
In 1877, Ivatt moved to Ireland, and the Great Southern and Western Railway at Inchicore.  In 1882, he was appointed to the post of locomotive engineer there, where he patented a design for a sprung flap for vertically-opening carriage windows that became ubiquitous.

Great Northern Railway
In 1895, Ivatt returned to England and was appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the Great Northern Railway (GNR), succeeding Patrick Stirling, with references from Samuel Waite Johnson, John Aspinall, Francis William Webb and William Dean.

Locomotive designs
At the GNR, he became associated with the  GNR Class C1 (small boiler) and GNR Class C1 (large boiler) 4-4-2 (Atlantic) type, which he introduced to Britain. Ivatt was also the first to introduce Walschaerts valve gear to Britain. Ivatt retired on 2 December 1911. He was succeeded as Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) of the GNR by Nigel Gresley.

Family
He had six children, the first of whom, Campbell, died as a child in 1898.  His son George Ivatt was also a locomotive engineer and post-war CME of the London Midland and Scottish Railway. His daughter Marjorie married Oliver Bulleid, CME of the Southern Railway (Great Britain).

Death
Ivatt died in 1923 in Haywards Heath, Sussex.

References

1851 births
1923 deaths
Great Northern Railway (Great Britain) people
Locomotive builders and designers
English mechanical engineers
English railway mechanical engineers
People educated at Liverpool College
Fitting. Fitting can refer to:

 Curve fitting, the process of constructing a curve, or mathematical function, that has the best fit to a series of data points
 A dress fitting
 Piping and plumbing fitting, used in pipe systems to connect straight sections of pipe or tube, adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes
 Compression fitting, a fitting used to join two tubes or thin-walled pipes together
 Lightbulb socket or lamp fitting

Persons with the surname Fitting 
 Andrea Fitting, founder and CEO of Fitting Group
 Édouard Fitting (1898–1945), Swiss fencer
 Emma Fitting (1900–1986), Swiss fencer
 Frédéric Fitting (1902–1998), Swiss fencer
 Hans Fitting (1906–1938), German mathematician
 Willy Fitting (1925–2017), Swiss fencer

See also 
 Fit (disambiguation)
 Fitter (disambiguation)
 Fetting, a surname
 Fitling, a hamlet in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England
 Overfitting, production of an analysis that corresponds too closely or exactly to a data set
GPAC. GPAC may refer to

Geelong Arts Centre (formerly Geelong Performing Arts Centre), an arts centre in Geelong, Victoria, Australia
General purpose analog computer, a mathematical model of analog computers
GPAC Project on Advanced Content, an open source multimedia framework for research and academic purposes
Great Plains Athletic Conference, a college athletic conference in the United States

See also

GCAP (disambiguation)

GenderPAC, a gay/lesbian/transgender political action committee based in Washington, D.C.
Microburin. A microburin is a characteristic waste product from manufacture of lithic tools — sometimes confused with an authentic burin — which is characteristic of the Mesolithic, but which has been recorded from the end of the Upper Paleolithic until the Chalcolithic. This type of lithic artifact was first named by Henri Breuil who defined it as "a type of angular, smooth, with a terminal retouch in the form of a small notch". Breuil initially thought that the microburins had a functional use as a type of microlithic burin. However, he later came to realize that the manufacturing technique was different from that of the burin and that they could be waste products from the manufacture of microliths, but they may have occasionally been reused for a useful purpose, which is expected for parsimonious lithic resource exploitation 

A microburin is a fragment of a lithic flake, or more precisely, of a lithic blade, that shows on its upper face the beginnings of a notch terminating in an oblique flection (whose surface can only be seen from the lower side)  that  ends in a very acute trihedral apex. It was thought that microburins were exclusively a class of functional microliths, but knapping experiments, along with the refitting of contiguous pieces, have demonstrated that they are a characteristic waste product of an advanced lithic reduction process known as microburin technique - or more correctly, microburin blow technique, following a study of thousands of microburins originating from a variety of 
Saharan sites. Jacques Tixier noted that none of the examples studied showed unambiguous traces of intentional use, which also validates observation of lack of use wear from analysis of European pieces.
Examples found in Europe can be seen on this page : https://web.archive.org/web/20090131231751/http://archeobase.be/page_microburins_meso.html, which are associated with Mesolithic hunters of Wallonia (Belgium) (approximately 9,000 BP).

There is also a particular type of microburin named after Krukowski that is from a carving accident and not a waste byproduct.

See also
Microlith
Microburin technique

Notes 

Lithics
Archaeological artefact types
Multi-rate symmetric digital subscriber line. Multi-rate symmetric DSL (MSDSL or MDSL) is a proprietary, non-standardized symmetric digital subscriber line technology with a maximum distance of . It is capable of multiple transfer rates, as set by the Internet service provider, typically based on the service and/or price. Eight data rates are available, ranging from 160 kbit/s to 2.32 Mbit/s.

Technology
MSDSL uses either 2B1Q or carrierless amplitude phase modulation (CAP) transmission with a capacity of up to 2.32 Mbit/s. The bandwidth is generally split between a full E-carrier E1 payload (2.048 Mbit/s), with the remaining bandwidth accommodating up to three voice channels or two ISDN channels. Additional bandwidth is used for management purposes. Transmission over the single pair requires echo cancellation and adaptive equalizers in order to achieve the maximum range at a specific rate. For each user rate, the modem changes the 2B1Q or CAP transmission rate, employing different filters and equalizer settings. The modem's adaptive setting is determined during its initial use, and continues constantly during operation.

References

Digital subscriber line
Frédéric Lepied. Frédéric Lepied (born 1967) is a French computer engineer, and was the CTO of Mandriva until January 2006.

Biography 
Born in 1967, Frédéric Lepied took an early interest in computer science and was educated at the Bréguet school in Noisy-le-Grand, France. 

In 1999, he joined the Mandrakesoft Research and Development team.   He was known as the author of rpmlint, an RPM packages checker (similar to Debian's lintian program),  and the maintainer of several core packages, including XFree86 and the initscripts.   At that time he wrote an O'Reilly book on CVS (2000) and maintained the wacom tablet driver in XFree86 and in X.Org (2001).  He then spent one year in Canada in the Mandrakesoft Montreal office, and became Mandrakesoft CTO when he came back to France in 2002. 

Frédéric Lepied left Mandriva on February 3, 2006. He then joined Intel Corporation to manage Software manufacturers relationships. Late  2008, he joined Splitted Desktop Systems an innovative hardware company, as chief of strategy.   In 2013, he became VP Software Engineering at eNovance  before joining Red Hat in 2015.

References

Sources
 

1967 births
Living people
French computer scientists
Free software programmers
French computer programmers
French businesspeople
Mandriva Linux
Debian people
Intel people
Red Hat people
Red Hat employees
Emacs
Ewald's sphere. The Ewald sphere is a geometric construction used in electron, neutron, and x-ray diffraction which shows the relationship between: 
 the wavevector of the incident and diffracted beams, 
 the diffraction angle for a given reflection, 
 the reciprocal lattice of the crystal.

It was conceived by Paul Peter Ewald, a German physicist and crystallographer. Ewald himself spoke of the sphere of reflection. It is often simplified to the two-dimensional "Ewald's circle" model or may be referred to as the Ewald sphere.

Ewald construction 

A crystal can be described as a lattice of atoms, which in turn this leads to the reciprocal lattice. With electrons, neutrons or x-rays there is diffraction by the atoms, and if there is an incident plane wave  with a wavevector , there will be outgoing wavevectors  and  as shown in the diagram after the wave has been diffracted by the atoms.

The energy of the waves (electron, neutron or x-ray) depends upon the magnitude of the wavevector, so if there is no change in energy (elastic scattering) these have the same magnitude, that is they must all lie on the Ewald sphere. In the Figure the red dot is the origin for the wavevectors, the black spots are reciprocal lattice points (vectors) and shown in blue are three wavevectors. For the wavevector  the corresponding reciprocal lattice point  lies on the Ewald sphere, which is the condition for Bragg diffraction. For  the corresponding reciprocal lattice point  is off the Ewald sphere, so  where  is called the excitation error. The amplitude and also intensity of diffraction into the wavevector  depends upon the Fourier transform of the shape of the sample, the excitation error , the structure factor for the relevant reciprocal lattice vector, and also whether the scattering is weak or strong. For neutrons and x-rays the scattering is generally weak so there is mainly Bragg diffraction, but it is much stronger for electron diffraction.

See also
 Bragg's law
 Electron diffraction
 Laue equations
 Structure factor
 X-ray crystallography

References

Notes

External links 
 Origin of the Ewald Sphere in scattering (TEM)
 See also Chapter 5 in this web site

Diffraction
Crystallography