omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
LPO. LPO may refer to:
Lipid peroxidation
LPO-50, a flamethrower built by the Soviet Union
Law practice optimization
Landing Page Optimization
Leading Petty Officer
Legal Process Outsourcing
Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra, the former name of the St. Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra
Lexicographic path ordering, a well-ordering in term rewriting (computer science)
Libertarian Party of Ohio
Libration point orbit
Licensed Post Office
Limited principle of omniscience
London Philharmonic Orchestra
Louisiana Philharmonic Orchestra
Lactoperoxidase, an antibacterial protein present in milk and saliva
Beriev Be-2500. The Beriev Be-2500 Neptun () is a super heavy amphibious transport aircraft that, as of 2007, was in design and development by Russian design firm Beriev. The maximum takeoff weight is estimated at 2500 tons, hence its name.

Design and development
It has been designed to serve both as a conventional jet aircraft, flying at high altitudes transcontinentally, as well as a craft using the ground-effect on intercontinental routes across the sea. It is planned to fly via intercontinental routes, taking off from normal seaports without needing special infrastructure. The concept is thought to have some connection with the Lun-class ekranoplan of the 1970s.

If it entered service, it would become the largest airplane in the world.

The concept of the aircraft was developed in the 1980s by the Beriev Design Office in collaboration with TsAGI and TsIAM. There are two versions of the design that differ in the arrangement of the gear units and in the geometric design of the dragon structure. Initially, the NK-116 engine was designed to be installed, but foreign engines were also introduced, including the Rolls-Royce Trent 800 and General Electric GE. The NK-116 plans were developed by Samara (Kuznetsov Design Office) by 1994. Beriev is planning to cooperate with foreign partners in the development of the aircraft, including financing issues. It was estimated in 2007 that the cost of a development program would reach $ 10–15 billion.

The company claims that such aircraft would operate as a "flying ship" that would compete with the shipping and air transport industries and could easily be integrated into the existing infrastructure.

Specifications (Be-2500)

See also
Aerocon Dash 1.6 wingship
Boeing Pelican
TTS-IS

References 

Soviet and Russian Ekranoplans, Sergey Komissarov and Yefim Gordon, Ian Allan Publishing Midland, Pages 192 - 199. 

Be-2500
Ekranoplans
Six-engined jet aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
Square mil. A square mil is a unit of area, equal to the area of a square with sides of length one mil. A mil is one thousandth of an international inch. This unit of area is usually used in specifying the area of the cross section of a wire or cable.

Equivalence to other units of area
1 square mil is equal to:
 1 millionth of a square inch (1 square inch is equal to 1 million square mils)
  
 about 1.273 circular mils (1 circular mil is equal to about 0.7854 square mils).  and

See also
 Circular mil
 Area of a circle

References

Units of area
Decimalisation
Rüstsatz. Rüstsätze were field modification kits produced for the German Luftwaffe during the Second World War. They were packaged in kit form, usually direct from the aircraft manufacturer, and allowed for field modifications of various German aircraft used in World War II, predominantly fighter bombers and night fighters. Rüstsätze kits could be fitted in the field, as opposed to Umrüst-Bausätze kits, which were typically fitted in the factory. This was not a hard and fast rule, however; during production runs various Rüstsätze kits were often fitted by factories in order to meet Luftwaffe demands, and "/R" designations were also occasionally applied to more complex changes in an aircraft's airframe design that were much more suitably completed at production line facilities, as with a few of the "/R"-designated versions of the He 177A-5 heavy bomber.

Variants
Typical Rüstsätze kits would include extra cannon or machine gun armament, most often mounted in underwing gun pods, bomb and drop tank fittings, extra armor, fuel, and various electrical system upgrades. The kits were numbered R1, R2, R3 and so forth. Some of these upgrades would become almost standard on certain fighters.

The nomenclature was often confusing, as each Luftwaffe aircraft type — always defined by their RLM 8-xxx airframe number — used their own unique series of /R-series (as well as the factory fitted, Umrüst-Bausatz /U-series) numbers: the "/R2" kit for a Messerschmitt Bf 109G was for the fitment of a pair of the powerful Werfer-Granate 21 (Wfr. Gr. 21 or BR 21) underwing mounted rocket launchers, while the Focke-Wulf 190 used the "/R6" designation for this exact fitment.

The Focke-Wulf Fw 190 was well known for its various Rüstsätze, which included:

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Campbell, Jerry L. & Greer, Don (1975). Focke Wulf Fw 190 in Action. squadron/signal publications. .

External links
 The Luftwaffe Over Germany By Donald Caldwell, Richard Muller

Luftwaffe
Loiter (aeronautics). In aeronautics and aviation, loiter is the phase of flight  consisting of flying over some small region.  

In general aviation, the loiter phase generally occurs at the end of the flight, when the plane is waiting for clearance to land.

In military flights, such as aerial reconnaissance or ground-attack aircraft, the loiter phase is the time that the aircraft has over a target. Cruise is the time period the aircraft travels to the target and returns after the loiter.

In astronautics, the loiter phase of spacecraft used for human spaceflight may be as long as six months, as is the case for Soyuz spacecraft which remain docked while expedition crewmembers reside aboard the International Space Station.

Endurance

The endurance of the aircraft during the loiter phase is often calculated using the Breguet formula:

where:
  is the endurance (dimensions of Time)
  is the Specific Fuel Consumption (dimensions of 1/Time)
  is the total lift force on the aircraft
  is the total drag force on the aircraft
  is the weight of the aircraft at the start of the phase
  is the weight of the aircraft at the end of the phase

See also
 Endurance (aeronautics)
 Heathrow arrival stacks, holding patterns in the United Kingdom
 Flight planning
 Holding

References

Flight phases
E Scow. The E Scow is an American sailing dinghy that was designed by Arnold Meyer Sr as a one-design racer and first built in 1924.

Production
The design was initially built by Johnson Boat Works in White Bear Lake, Minnesota United States, but that company closed in 1998 and production passed to Melges Performance Sailboats, who continue to build it.

Design

The E Scow is a recreational sailboat, originally built of wood and now predominantly of fiberglass sandwich construction, with wood trim. It has a fractional sloop rig with either wooden or aluminum spars and running backstays. The forestay is attached well aft of the boat's bow. The hull is a scow design, with a vertical transom, a spade-type rudder controlled by a tiller and retractable dual centerboards (also called bilgeboards). It displaces .

The boat has a draft of  with a centerboard extended. With the centerboards retracted it may be beached or transported on a trailer.

For sailing the design is equipped with jib and mainsail windows for visibility, plus automatic bailers. The mainsail is controlled by an outhaul, downhaul, Cunningham, boom vang and a leach cord. Under the class rules a jib luff wire and a downhaul are permitted. The boat also has a radiused mainsheet traveler and adjustable jib tracks. Only hiking straps are permitted.

The design has a Portsmouth Yardstick racing average handicap of 73.2 and is normally raced with a crew of three to five sailors.

Operational history

The boat is supported by an active class club that organizes racing events, the National Class E Scow Association. By 1994 racing fleets were sailing in Texas, Colorado, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Michigan, New York and New Jersey.

In a 1994 review Richard Sherwood wrote, "this is a very fast and sophisticated boat with a long history of development. Scows probably evolved from sharpies, and the first scows were in evidence around 1895. E Scows were born at a meeting of the Inland Lake Yachting Association in 1923. Wood has been used for many years, but since 1976 FRP has predominated."

See also
List of sailing boat types

References

External links

Dinghies
Scows
1920s sailboat type designs
Sailboat type designs by Arnold Meyer Sr
Sailboat type designs by Johnson Boat Works
Sailboat types built by Melges Performance Sailboats
J. Mike O'Dwyer. James Michael O'Dwyer is an inventor who grew up in Muttaburra, Queensland, Australia, chiefly known for his Metal Storm weapon.

Biography
O'Dwyer completed grade 12 education, then went on to be a manager at Woolworths Limited before his inventions were able to provide an income.

An American company Breeze Technology Holdings has the rights to one of his inventions - air-cooled sneakers.

Metal Storm

O'Dwyer spent 15 years developing a rapid-fire gun prototype called Metal Storm that uses stacked projectiles. Metal Storm can fire up to 1,000,000 rounds per minute, or 16,000 rounds per second, and was declared by Guinness Book of Records to be the world's most intelligent and fastest firearms.
The technology was being commercialised by a company also called Metal Storm, but they requested their shares be suspended from trading on 20 July 2012 and later was placed in voluntary administration.

In late 2015 DefendTex, an Australian-based defence R&D company acquired the intellectual property, trademarks and other assets of Metal Storm.

References

External links
Transcript of interview with Mike O'Dwyer and others in 2000 (ABC)
Mike appeared on Nine Network's Sunday program
SMH
ABC, 31 August 2000

Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
21st-century Australian inventors
Weapon designers
UFO (ride). The UFO is an amusement park ride designed by HUSS Maschinenfabrik in 1978, based on the company's Enterprise and Skylab amusement rides. Numerous carnivals feature this ride which is known as Alpha One Peeters and Vertical Limits.

Design and operation
The UFO consists of twelve, four-person gondolas, mounted in a circle around a central drive hub. This hub is in turn connected to a hydraulic arm. The ride is rotated to produce enough centrifugal force to stick the riders to the wall of the gondola furthest from the centre. Once this is achieved, the hydraulic arm is used to move the entire ride from the horizontal position to near-vertical. The time between the ride beginning to spin and the ride reaching near-vertical is approximately sixty seconds. The ride must be lowered back to the horizontal position before the rotation can cease.

There are no safety restraints on the UFO; the centrifugal force is strong enough to prevent riders from experiencing any major movement while the ride is not at horizontal, and in the event of a rotational or power failure, the size and spacing of the bars that make up the gondola 'cage' (along with enforced height and safety restrictions), prevents riders from falling out.

Nevertheless, minimum rider height requirement is usually  or taller, as much as some extreme roller coasters.

Appearances
There are believed to be very few UFOs operating worldwide.
 Canada - One; Wilde Knight Mares at Canada's Wonderland.
 South Africa - One; The UFO at Gold Reef City.
 France - One; UFO traveling throughout France.
 The Netherlands - One; Alpha 1 traveling throughout Germany.
 United Kingdom  - One; Vertical Limit is/was traveling throughout the United Kingdom by John Wesseldine. It had previously operated at Flamingo Land Resort.

Past Appearances
USA - Two; UFO at Darien Lake (Operated from 1980-2012) and UFO at Lagoon (Operated from 1982-1982)
Australia - One; Flying Saucer at Luna Park Sydney (Operated from 1995-2013)
Sweden - One; UFO at Liseberg (Operated from 1981-1986)
United Kingdom - Two; UFO at Flamingo Land Resort (Operated from 1995-2004) and UFO 2000 at West Midland Safari Park (Operated from 1986-19??)

References

 

Amusement rides
Amusement rides introduced in 1978
Solar humidification. The solar humidification–dehumidification method (HDH) is a thermal water desalination method. It is based on evaporation of sea water or brackish water and subsequent condensation of the generated humid air, mostly at ambient pressure. This process mimics the natural water cycle, but over a much shorter time frame.

Overview
The simplest configuration is implemented in the solar still, evaporating the sea water inside a glass covered box and condensing the water vapor on the lower side of the glass cover but not below the unevaporated seawater. More sophisticated designs separate the solar heat gain section from the evaporation-condensation chamber. An optimized design comprises separated evaporation and condensation sections. A significant part of the heat consumed for evaporation can be regained during condensation. An example for such an optimized thermal desalination cycle is the multiple-effect humidification (MEH) method of desalination.

Solar humidification takes place in every greenhouse. Water evaporates from the surfaces of soil, water and plants because of thermal input. In this way the humidification process is naturally integrated within the architecture of the greenhouse. Several companies like Seawater greenhouse utilize this inherent feature of a greenhouse in order to conduct desalination inside the atmosphere of the facility.

Design
The method can be optimized by using various effects in the categories of thermal energy collection and storage for continued nocturnal operation, choice of site location, various evaporation effects, as well as condensator design and provision of cooling energy to harvest distillate from the moist air. A Desalination Greenhouse using all of the effects in all categories, with an emphasis on the optimized combination of the effects including synergies, is the IBTS Greenhouse. The Global water cycle also includes all sub-effects of HDH, like increased evaporation over the oceans surface and surface increase by wind, making the generation of freshwater on the planet so efficient.

Tests
There are successful small-scale agricultural experimentation done in arid regions such as Israel, West Africa, and Peru. The major difficulty lies in effectively concentrating the energy of sun on a small area to speed up evaporation.

References

External links 
 Encyclopedia of Desalination and Water Resources
 The MEH-Method (in German with English abstract): Solar Desalination using the MEH method, Diss. Technical University of Munich
 Desalination Systems using the MEH-Process

Water treatment
Drinking water
Water desalination
Henry Pelham Lee. Henry Pelham Lee (1877–1953) was an English engine pioneer.

Biography
Lee was born in Putney the son of a London architect. Known as Horace by his family. Following his education at Bradfield College he studied electrical engineering in Kensington.  He served with the Royal Buckinghamshire Hussars during the Boer War, and on his return to England he moved to Coventry to finish his engineering training with the Daimler Company.

In 1903, Lee left Daimler convinced that his future lay, not in electrical engineering, but in the development of the internal combustion engine. That year he, in partnership with Jens Stroyer, a Dane, founded the Lee Stroyer company in Coventry, producing petrol engines, and a limited number of cars.

Following the departure of Stroyer in 1905 Lee relocated and renamed the company Coventry Simplex. The company continued the production of engines which were used in many early cars including the Abbey, the Ashton-Evans, the Crouch 11/27 and Marendaz cars.

In 1917, Lee's engine company became Coventry Climax Engines, a company which, in the 1960s, produced championship Formula One and Two racing engines.

By the late 1930s, Lee had passed the running of Coventry Climax to his son, Leonard Pelham Lee.

References

1877 births
1953 deaths
British automotive engineers
People educated at Bradfield College
Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry officers
Multiple-effect humidification. Multiple-effect humidification (MEH) is a method used for thermal desalination of sea water. It uses multiple evaporation–condensation cycles at separate temperature levels to minimize the total energy consumption of solar humidification processes.

References 

Drinking water
Water desalination

de:Meerwasserentsalzung
es:Desalación
eo:Sensaligo
fr:Dessalement
he:התפלת מי ים
nl:Ontziltingsinstallatie
ja:海水淡水化
oc:Dessalinizacion
Automatic document feeder. In multifunction or all-in-one printers, fax machines, photocopiers and scanners, an automatic document feeder or ADF is a feature which takes several pages and feeds the paper one page at a time into a scanner or copier, allowing the user to scan, and thereby copy, print, or fax, multiple-page documents without having to manually replace each page.

Most copiers allow scanning on the flatbed or platen (the "glass") or through a document feeder. The vast majority of fax machines have an ADF, allowing the unattended sending of multi-page faxes. ADF is so ubiquitous in fax machines that some fax machine owners use the machine as a scanner, faxing multi-page documents to themselves. Document feeders are described by speed, in pages per minute or ppm, and capacity, usually in a range from 10 sheets to 200.

There are two kinds of document feeders capable of two-sided (duplex) scanning: a reversing automatic document feeder or RADF scans one side of a page, then flips it and scans the other side. A duplexing automatic document feeder or DADF scans both sides in one pass. The advantage of the DADF is faster speed for two-sided originals. RADFs and DADFs are rated in images per minute (IPM), the number of sides they can scan each minute; this may depend upon the resolution being used (rather than the maximum resolution supported).

See also
Duplex printing

References

Office equipment
Articles containing video clips
Current crowding. Current crowding (also current crowding effect, or CCE) is a nonuniform distribution of current density through a conductor or semiconductor, especially in the vicinity of electrical contacts and over p–n junctions.

Current crowding is one of the factors limiting the efficiency of light-emitting diodes. Materials with low mobility of charge carriers (e.g., aluminium gallium indium phosphide (AlGaInP)) are especially prone to current crowding phenomena. It is the dominant loss mechanism in some LEDs, where the current densities, especially around the P-side contacts, reach an area of the emission characteristics with lower brightness/current efficiency.

Current crowding can lead to localized overheating and formation of thermal hotspots, in catastrophic cases leading to thermal runaway. Nonhomogenous distribution of current also aggravates electromigration effects and the formation of voids (see, e.g., the Kirkendall effect). Formation of voids causes localized nonhomogeneity of current density, and the increased resistance around the void causes further localized temperature rise, which in turn accelerates the formation of the void. Conversely, localized lowering of current density may lead to deposition of the migrated atoms, leading to further lowering of current density, further deposition of material, and formation of hillocks, which may cause short circuits.

In large bipolar junction transistors, the resistance of the base layer influences the distribution of current density through the base region, especially at the emitter side.

Current crowding occurs especially in areas of localized lowered resistance, or in areas where the field strength is concentrated (e.g., at the edges of layers).

See also
Proximity effect (electromagnetism)
Skin effect

References

Semiconductor device defects
Windows Hardware Lab Kit. The Windows Hardware Lab Kit (Windows HLK) is a test automation framework provided by Microsoft to certify devices for Windows. Earlier similarly released frameworks were called Windows Hardware Certification Kit (Windows HCK) and Windows Logo Kit (WLK).

It provides automated scheduling and execution of the driver tests that hardware vendors are required to pass in order to qualify to use the Microsoft Designed for Windows Logo. It also enables users to automate driver tests they have created themselves. These tests can be mixed and matched with the Logo tests provided by Microsoft to create a custom test pass, which enables organizations to use the DTM to validate drivers in any way they see fit.

History
During the Windows 2000, XP, 2003 timeframe there was an old tool Hardware Compatibility Test (HCT) to certify devices. When Windows Vista was released the tool was replaced by Driver Test Manager (DTM) which can certify drivers for all then-supported platforms. At that time DTM was part of Windows Driver Kit (WDK). Later DTM was separated from WDK and changed its name to Windows Logo Kit (WLK). For Windows 8, the name was changed to Windows Hardware Certification Kit (Windows HCK), as announced at the //Build/ conference. Subsequently, its name was once again changed into Windows Hardware Lab Kit (Windows HLK) for Windows 10 release, intended for testing of hardware and drivers on Windows 10 platform. The Windows Hardware Certification Kit continues testing hardware on Windows 7, Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 (and their server products respectively) platforms.

See also
 Inquisitor — free/open-source hardware testing framework.
 WHQL Testing — Windows Hardware Quality Labs testing.

External links
 
 Windows Hardware Certification Kit User's Guide
 Craig Rowland of Microsoft at 2011 Build confererence presentation on Certifying hardware with the Windows Hardware Certification Kit

Device drivers
Microsoft development tools
Omnidirectional. Omnidirectional refers to the notion of existing in every direction. Omnidirectional devices include: 

 Omnidirectional antenna, an antenna that radiates equally in all directions
 VHF omnidirectional range, a type of radio navigation system for aircraft
 Omnidirectional camera, a camera that can see all 360 degrees around it
 Omnidirectional treadmill, a treadmill that allows a person to walk in any direction without moving
 Omnidirectional microphone, a microphone that can hear from all directions
 Mecanum wheel, a specially designed wheel that allows movement in any direction, such as that used by many robots in the RoboCup Small Size League
 Wingless Electromagnetic Air Vehicle, an electrically operated vehicle that can fly in any direction