omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Marine automobile engine. Marine automobile engines are types of automobile petrol- or diesel engines that have been specifically modified for use in the marine environment. The differences include changes made for the operating in a marine environment, safety, performance, and for regulatory requirements. The act of modifying is called 'marinisation'.

Background 
All of the "Big 3" American auto companies have had engines marinised at some point. Chrysler is notable, because the company marinised engines in-house through Chrysler Marine, as well as selling engines to third parties such as Indmar or Pleasurecraft Marine.

General Motors marine automobile engines are based on a gasoline truck engine. That means four-bolt main bearing caps instead of just two; sometimes the crankshaft is forged steel and the pistons an upgraded aluminum alloy. Most importantly the camshaft profile is different with the overlap ground to 112 degrees instead of 110. Expansion plugs are bronze to better fight corrosion. The head gasket's metal O-ring is also more corrosion resistant.

Examples of the opposite of a marinised car engine also exist, e.g. the 6,2 or 6,5 liter Detroit Diesel V8 engine found in Chevrolet and GMC utility vehicles was originally a marine engine adapted for automotive use.

Safety modifications

Electrical systems 
 Starter motors and alternators have internal screens to minimize spark egress.

Fuel systems (petrol/gasoline engines) 
 Fuel pumps are constructed such that if their diaphragm ruptures, the excess fuel will be directed into the carburettor.
 Carburetors do not allow overflow into the boat engine compartment.
 Spark arrestor are installed on the engine's air intake (carburetor or electronic fuel injector). The arrestor is a wire mesh screen that cools any internal flame or spark created by back-fire, preventing it from igniting fuel vapours inside the engine compartment.

Fuel systems (diesel engines)

Cooling systems 
 Engines are water-cooled, drawing raw water through a pickup at the bottom of the boat. In an open cooling configuration, the raw water is circulated directly through the engine and exits after passing through jackets around the exhaust manifolds, while in a closed cooling configuration anti-freeze circulates through the engine and raw water is pumped into a heat exchanger. In both cases hot water is released into the exhaust system and blown out with the engine exhaust gasses.
 The transmission oil cooler is cooled by raw water.

Performance modifications

Distribution 
The distributor does not have a vacuum advance. Vacuum advances are normally actuated at high rpm/low load situations, which rarely occur in the marine environment: under normal operation, a high rpm generally means a high engine load.

Lubrication 
 Lubricating oil is cooled in a shell-and-tube type heat exchanger by raw water.
 The oil sump is bigger and often has a different shape, so as not to affect the boat's stability.

References

External links
[https://trincamarine.com marine transmission
] from the U.S. Coast Guard
Marine Diesel Engines from Volkswagen Marine

Internal combustion piston engines
Marine engines
CANT 18. The CANT 18 was a flying boat trainer developed in Italy in the 1920s to prepare pilots for flying boat airliners. A development of the CANT 7, it incorporated various aerodynamic and hydrodynamic refinements. While remaining broadly similar in configuration, the new design replaced the CANT 7's conventional struts with Warren truss bracing for the wings. Most of the aircraft produced were used by S.I.S.A.

Operators
 
Società Italiana Servizi Aerei (S.I.S.A.)
 
Uruguayan Navy

Specifications

See also

References

 
 aerei-italiani.net

CANT 18
1920s Italian civil trainer aircraft
Flying boats
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Biplanes
Nakajima Ki-8. The  was an unsuccessful attempt by the Nakajima Aircraft Company to interest the  Imperial Japanese Army Air Force in a two-seat modern monoplane fighter.

Design & Development
Development of the Ki-8, (a.k.a. Nakajima DF), began in 1933, based on an all-metal two-seat aircraft, featuring low inverted gull wings, with fixed and spatted landing gear, powered by a single  Nakajima Kotobuki Ha-1-3 radial engine. Proposed armament consisted of twin 7.7 mm (.303 in) machine guns firing from between the engine cylinders and a third 7.7 mm (.303 in) machine gun on a flexible mount on the back of the rear cockpit.

In initial testing, the aircraft proved unpopular with test pilots, who raised concerns about the design's aerodynamic stability . The initial prototypes were also plagued with a variety of manufacturing defects and malfunctions. Though corrections were made to improve initial design and stability problems, the performance of the aircraft was considered no better than the existing Nakajima Type 91 fighter, and as the Japanese Army Air Force had no use for two-seat fighters, the project was cancelled in 1934, after five prototype aircraft had been produced, and before the start of full production.

Variants
Nakajima Ki-8 : initial prototype (five built)

Operators

 Imperial Japanese Army Air Force

Specifications (Ki-8)

References

Citations

Bibliography

Low-wing aircraft
Inverted gull-wing aircraft
1930s Japanese experimental aircraft
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Japan
Ki-08, Nakajima
Ki-008
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Curtiss No. 1. The Curtiss No. 1 also known as the Curtiss Gold Bug or Curtiss Golden Flyer was a 1900s American early experimental aircraft, the first independent aircraft designed and built by Glenn Curtiss.

Development
After his success with designing aircraft for the Aerial Experiment Association, Glenn Curtiss formed his own company, the Herring-Curtiss Company, in March 1909, in association with Augustus Herring. Earlier in the same month, the Aeronautical Society of New York had placed an order from Curtiss for a new aircraft. The Curtiss No. 1 was the first aircraft both designed and built by Curtiss. Curtiss flew the aircraft to win the Scientific American trophy (which he had won before in the AEA June Bug that he had designed).  Encouraged by this success, Curtiss entered the aircraft into the first international air show to be held at Reims in France in August 1909.  Before the international competition, the aircraft crashed and was badly damaged; Curtiss decided not to rebuild the aircraft and built a new aircraft, the Curtiss Reims Racer for the competition.

Specifications

References

Further reading

External links

 Aero-web
 Centennial of Flight

1900s United States experimental aircraft
01
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Canard aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1909
Biplanes
Aircraft with fixed tricycle landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
DMAN. DMAN, also known as Departure Manager is a planning tool developed to improve the departure flows at airports and increase the predictability. DMAN calculates the Target Take Off Times (TTOT) and the Target Startup Approval Times (TSAT) taking multiple constraints and preferences into account. As a result, the DMAN provides a planned departure flow with the goal to maintain an optimal throughput at the runway, reduce queuing at holding point and distribute the information to various stakeholders at the airport (i.e. the airline, ground handling and Air Traffic Control (ATC)). EUROCONTROL have defined DMAN as follows:

"DMAN is a planning system to improve departure flows at airports by calculating the Target Take Off Time (TTOT) and Target Start-up Approval Time (TSAT) for each flight, taking multiple constraints and preferences into account."

Benefits 

The DMAN has several benefits which may vary depending on the local conditions at an airport. Generally the main benefits are:

Environmental

Reduced emissions since the Target Startup Approval Times (TSAT) from a DMAN calculation results in reduced queuing at the holding point at the runway. Aircraft can therefore reduce their overall taxi time from their gate/stand to their actual take off from the runway and minimise their fuel emissions.

Predictability

DMAN adds predictability to the departure flow resulting in optimised resource management for ground handling, airline operators etc. The DMAN builds upon the EUROCONTROL A-CDM process and is an enabler for improving the quality of the information shared by the stakeholders at the airport. By creating a stable departure sequence the different operators can plan their work more efficiently.

Reactivity

DMAN enables an improved reactivity of unforeseen events and can therefore reduce the negative impact of such an event (e.g. instantaneous runway closure due to suspected debris, weather changes etc.). By constantly monitoring and distributing information the DMAN can support the ATC in an airport to make a new plan based on the current situation and quickly distribute the information to the different operators and stakeholders at the airport.

Safety

During peak hour operations the DMAN have shown a positive impact on ATC workload since the DMAN holds aircraft at gate and as a result reduces the amount of traffic taxiing simultaneously.

Further reading 
European Commission, Gate To Gate Final report D0.5.2 Chapter 5
EUROCONTROL, PHARE Advanced Tools Departure Manager Final Report
Fraport homepage, Departure Management at Frankfurt Airport (DMAN-FRA)
Realtid.se, Article 2007-10-05, Kortare flygköer på Arlanda (about DMAN live trials in Arlanda) (in Swedish)
Article Nya Arlanda Nr31 Dec 2007 page 10-11, Snart klart för grön avgång (about DMAN live trials in Arlanda) (in Swedish)
Poster Nottingham University, NATS and SMITH institute, Hybrid Metaheuristics For Departure Runway Scheduling At London Heathrow

External links 
EUROCONTROL Airport Operations and Environment Homepage
EUROCONTROL homepage
NUPII+ homepage

Air traffic control
Aircraft ground handling
Odakyu 10000 series HiSE. The  (High-decker/High-grade/High-level Super Express) was an electric multiple unit (EMU) train type operated by the Odakyu Electric Railway on Romancecar services in the Tokyo area of Japan between 1987 and 2012.

Formation
Each trainset consisted of 11 cars, 9 of which were powered.

Operations
The 10000 series HiSE operated mainly between Shinjuku Station in Tokyo and Hakone-Yumoto Station (about 88 km).

Resale
Sets number 2 and 3 were donated to the Nagano Electric Railway in 2005. They were converted to 4-car 1000 series sets at Nippon Sharyo manufacturing factory in Toyokawa, Aichi Prefecture.

Withdrawal and preservation
The two remaining 10000 series HiSE sets were withdrawn by Odakyu on 16 March 2012. One car is preserved at the Romancecar Museum.

Interior

References

 "Daiya Jōhō" Magazine, May 2007 issue

External links

 Odakyu Romancecar Lineup 
 Odakyu "last running" site 

Electric multiple units of Japan
10000 series HiSE
Train-related introductions in 1987
Articulated passenger trains
1500 V DC multiple units of Japan
University of Wah. The University of Wah (UOW) is a private university located at Wah, Punjab, Pakistan. It was established in 2005. It offers bachelors, masters and doctoral programs in basic sciences, social sciences, management sciences, computer science and engineering.
Its one of the renowned degree is Bachelor of Science in Mechatronics Engineering. Now Wah Engineering College (WEC) offered MS and PhD programs also and aims to introduce the Artificial Intelligence degree in upcoming years.

Overview
The university of wah is one of the fastest growing engineering institute in Pakistan. The graduates from the university are working in various national and multinational firms like Pakistan Ordnance Factories(POF), Descon Engineering Limited, Heavy Mechanical Complex, etc. The university has two constituent colleges named Mashal Degree College for Women and Wah Engineering College.

Faculties
 Faculty of Engineering (Wah Engineering College) 
 Faculty of Basic Sciences
 Faculty of Computer Sciences
 Faculty of Management Sciences
 Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities

See also
Wah Engineering College
Mashal Degree College for Girls
Pakistan Ordnance Factories

References

External links
UOW official website
Wah Engineering College official website

Pakistan Army universities and colleges
Public universities and colleges in Punjab, Pakistan
Educational institutions established in 2007
2007 establishments in Pakistan
Cannes Mandelieu Space Center. The Cannes Mandelieu Space Center is an industrial plant dedicated to spacecraft manufacturing, located in both the towns of Cannes and Mandelieu in France. After a long history in aircraft manufacturing, starting in 1929, the center became increasingly involved in aerospace activities after the Second World War, and satellites are now the plant's main product.

After having been the Satellite Division of Aérospatiale, then Alcatel Space in 1998, then Alcatel Alenia Space in 2005, the center is now part, since April 10, 2007, of Thales Alenia Space and the headquarters of the company.

Main products

As prime contractor 
 the series of Meteosat first and second generation
 the series of communication satellites Spacebus
 the series of Globalstar's second-generation satellites
 the series of O3b satellites
 the Infrared Space Observatory
 the Huygens space probe, which landed on Titan
 the Proteus series of small low Earth orbit satellites, including
 the COROT satellite
 Jason-1, Jason-2 and Jason-3
 the CALIPSO satellite
 the Planck spacecraft
 the Herschel Space Observatory
 ISS modules Node 2, Node 3, Cupola, and the MPLM

As the main subcontractor 
 the cameras for the French military observation satellites Helios-1 and Helios-2
 the IASI, Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer, embarked on-board Metop
 the MERIS camera embarked on board the ENVISAT mission.

See also 
 French space program

References

External links
  See CASPWiki

Spacecraft manufacturers
Privately held companies of France
Space program of France
Roads for Prosperity. Roads for Prosperity (often incorrectly called Road to Prosperity) was a controversial white paper published by the Conservative government in the United Kingdom in 1989; detailing the 'largest road building programme for the UK since the Romans' produced in response to rapid increases in car ownership and use over the previous decade. It embraced what Margaret Thatcher had described as 'the great car economy', although implementation led to widespread road protests, and many of the schemes contained within it were abandoned by 1996.

Overview
The proposals included 500 road schemes at an estimated cost of £23 billion based on predicted traffic growth of 142% by 2025. It would have involved the doubling of the trunk road capacity with around 150 bypasses being built to meet the predicted demand. According to The Times, the road network expanded by  between 1985-1995 and then by only 1.6% between 1996-2006; no definition of "the road network" is provided.

Schemes included the following:
Widen the M25 motorway to dual 4 lanes (partially built)
Widen the M1 motorway between the M25 and the M18 to dual 4 lanes (partially implemented)
Build the new Newbury Bypass (built in the face of major protests)
Build the M11 Link Road, which became the A12 running from Hackney Wick to Wanstead and the Redbridge Roundabout in London, despite significant protests
Extend the M3 past Winchester across Twyford Down (built in the face of major protests during the second half of the 1990s)

See also
Transport and the Environment

References

External links

Transport policy in the United Kingdom
Roads in the United Kingdom
White papers
CANT 22. The CANT 22 was a flying boat airliner built in Italy in the 1920s and operated by Società Italiana Servizi Aerei (SISA) on their Adriatic routes. It was a conventional biplane design with unstaggered wings braced by Warren trusses. The three engines were mounted in nacelles carried in the interplane gap. Accommodation for passengers was provided within the hull, but the pilots sat in an open cockpit. Originally designed to carry eight passengers, an engine upgrade on later examples allowed the addition of two more seats.

Variants
 Cant 22 : Eight-passenger flying-boat airliner, powered by three 149 kW (200 hp) Isotta Fraschini piston engines.
 Cant 22R.1 : 10-passenger flying-boat airliner, powered by two 186 kW (250 hp) and one 380 kW (510 hp) Isotta-Fraschini piston engines.

Operators

 Società Italiana Servizi Aerei

Specifications (22R1)

See also

References

 
 aerei-italiani.net

cant 22
1920s Italian airliners
Flying boats
Trimotors
Biplanes
Ludwig Roth. Ludwig Roth (June 10, 1909 – November 1, 1967) was the Aerospace engineer who was the head of the Peenemünde Future Projects Office which designed the Wasserfall and created advanced rockets designs such as the A9/A10 ICBM.

Roth arrived in New York under Operation Paperclip on November 16, 1945, via the SS Argentina and served at Fort Bliss and Huntsville, Alabama. He and his family relocated to Palos Verdes, California. His son Axel Roth
went on to work for NASA as an engineer, and ended his career as Associate Director of Marshall Space Flight Center.  His son Volker worked for Boeing as Space Lab Design Manager. His grandson Karl Roth currently works for COLSA Corporation supporting International Space Station Payload Ground System Integration.

Publications

References

1909 births
1967 deaths
People from Groß-Gerau
People from the Grand Duchy of Hesse
Early spaceflight scientists
German aerospace engineers
20th-century German inventors
German people of World War II
Engineers from Hesse
People from Huntsville, Alabama
Operation Paperclip
CANT 36. The CANT 36 was a trainer developed in Italy in the 1930s. It was a conventional design with fixed tailskid undercarriage and accommodation for the pilot and instructor in tandem, open cockpits. Intended for advanced training, it was equipped with a powerful 187 kW (250 hp) engine. The single prototype was evaluated by the Regia Aeronautica, but when no purchase order was forthcoming, no further examples were built.

Specifications

References

 
 aerei-italiani.net

CANT 36
1930s Italian military trainer aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1932
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined piston aircraft
Cvjetkovic CA-65. The Cvjetkovic  CA-65 Skyfly is a 1960s American homebuilt monoplane aircraft designed by Anton Cvjetkovic.

Development
Designed by Anton Cvjetkovic for home construction, the CA-65 Skyfly is a two-seat (side-by-side) wooden low-wing monoplane with a retractable tailwheel undercarriage and optional folding wings. It was first flown in 1965.

An all-metal version (CA-65A) was also designed to be home-built but does not have the folding wings.

The aircraft has an ICAO Type Designator CA65

Variants
CA-65
Wooden version for home building, available with folding wings
CA-65A
Metal version for home building with swept tail. Rotax 912S power.
CA-65W
Lycoming 108-150 HP

Specifications (CA-65 with Lycoming)

See also

References

 Cvjetkovic aircraft
 Aircraft World Directory 

1960s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1965
Cvjetkovic aircraft
Cvjetkovic CA-61. 

The Cvjetkovic  CA-61 Mini-Ace is a 1960s American homebuilt monoplane aircraft designed by Anton Cvjetkovic.

Development
Designed by Anton Cvjetkovic for home construction, the CA-61 Mini-Ace is a single-seat wooden low-wing monoplane with a fixed tailwheel undercarriage. It was first flown in 1962. A retractable landing gear version (CA-61R) was also designed to be home-built.

The aircraft is designed to be flown with a Continental A65, however 1600cc Volkswagen engines have been implemented as well. Some builders have installed side opening and open-cockpit variations of windscreens.

One example was built in the attic of a building in Knott's Berry Farm.
The aircraft has an ICAO Type Designator CA61

Variants
CA-61F
Fixed landing gear version for home building
CA-61R
Retractable landing gear version for home building

Specifications (prototype (single seat))

References

Aircraft Specifications
Aircraft World Directory 

1960s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
CA61
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1962
Dibasic ester. Dibasic ester or DBE is an ester of a dicarboxylic acid.  Depending on the application, the alcohol may be methanol or higher molecular weight monoalcohols.

Mixtures of different methyl dibasic esters are commercially produced from short-chain acids such as adipic acid, glutaric acid, and succinic acid. They are non-flammable, readily biodegradable, non-corrosive, and have a mild, fruity odour.

Dibasic esters of phthalates, adipates, and azelates with C8 - C10 alcohols have found commercial use as lubricants, spin finishes, and additives.

Applications
Dibasic esters are used in paints, coil coatings, paint strippers, coatings, plasticisers, resins, binders, solvents, polyols, soil stabilization, chemical grouting, oilfield drilling fluids, crop protection products, cedar spray, and adhesives.

References

See also
Dibasic (disambiguation)

Painting materials
Household chemicals
Carboxylate esters
Abdaraxus. Abdaraxus was an ancient engineer mentioned in Laterculi Alexandrini (p.berol 13044, column 8, "Ἀβδαράξως ὁ τὰ ἐν Ἀλεξανδρείαι μηχανικὰ συντε[λῶ]ν...[") as the one "who built the machines in Alexandria". This is the only known mention of his name in surviving literature, but to include him in his list, and to consider the machines famous enough to not need elaboration, it has been inferred that Abdaraxus was an outstanding engineer of his time.

References

Ancient Alexandrians
Hellenistic engineers
Ancient Egyptian engineers
DINFIA IA 35. The DINFIA IA 35 Huanquero was a 1950s Argentine twin-engined general-purpose monoplane aircraft built by the DINFIA.

Development

The IA 35 Huanquero was the first aircraft design from the DINFIA organisation (Argentina) to enter production. A twin-engined all-metal (except for fabric-covered ailerons) low-wing cantilever monoplane, it had a high-mounted tailplane with two fins and rudders and retractable tricycle landing gear. It was powered by two I.Ae. 19R El Indio radial engines.

The design team was led by professor Kurt Tank, former Focke-Wulf designer who also designed the Pulqui II jet fighter based on the Focke-Wulf Ta 183 of the World War II era.

The prototype first flew on 21 September 1953 and was followed by a planned production batch of 100 aircraft. The first production aircraft flew on 29 March 1957 but less than half of the aircraft were built when production ceased in the mid-1960s.

Variants

IA 35 Type 1A
Advanced instrument or navigation trainer, powered by two IA 19R El Indio radial engines.
IA 35 Type 1B
Bomber version of the Type 1A, armed with 2x  Browning machine guns, racks for bombs up to  and rails for 4x rockets underwing.
IA 35 Type 1U
Bombing and gunnery trainer, powered by two 750hp (559kW) IA 19SR1 El Indio radial engines.
IA 35 Type II
Light transport version with a crew of three and seven passengers, powered by two IA 19R El Indio radial engines.
IA 35 Type III
Air ambulance version with a crew of three and four stretchers with attendants, powered by two IA 19R El Indio radial engines.
IA 35 Type IV
Photographic reconnaissance version with crew of three and camera operator, powered by two IA 19R El Indio radial engines.
IA 35-X-III Pandora
Civil transport version with room for ten passengers, powered by two 750hp (559kW) IA 19SR1 El Indio radial engines.
IA Constancia II
initial designation of the Guarani I, with Turbomeca Bastan turboprops.
IA 35 Guarani I
IA 50 Guarani II

Surviving aircraft

 Huanquero A-316 (ex-Argentine Air Force) is preserved at the Museo Nacional de Aeronautica, Morón, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Operators

Argentine Air Force

Specifications (IA 35 Type 1A)

See also

Notes

Bibliography
 
 
 
 
 
The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft (Part Work 1982–1985), 1985, Orbis Publishing

External links 

IA 35 at Flickr
IA 35 at Flickr
IA 35 at Flickr

IA 35
1950s Argentine military utility aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Aircraft first flown in 1953