omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Michael Braungart. Michael Braungart (born 1958) is a German chemist who advocates that humans can make a positive instead of a negative environmental impact by redesigning industrial production and therefore that dissipation is not waste.  A former Greenpeace activist who once lived in a tree as protest, he is now considered to be a visionary environmental thinker.

Founder of EPEA International Umweltforschung GmbH in Hamburg, Germany, and co-founder of MBDC McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry in Charlottesville, Virginia, Dr. Braungart is currently a professor for Eco-Design at Leuphana University of Lüneburg.

He currently holds the Cradle-to-Cradle chair at the Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.

Career

After completing studies in Process Engineering in Darmstadt, Germany, Braungart went on to investigate the chemical processes of industrial production techniques with the Chemistry Department at Konstanz, Germany. He subsequently led the formation of the Chemistry Section of Greenpeace International. By the time he completed his PhD in chemistry at the University of Hannover in 1985, he had assumed leadership of Greenpeace Chemistry.

In 1987, Braungart founded the EPEA Umweltforschung in Hamburg. At the heart of EPEA is Cradle to Cradle Design, to create products oriented toward a life-cycle economy.

In addition to his achievements with EPEA, Braungart also serves as Scientific Manager of the Hamburg Environmental Institute, the non-profit research center which produces the "Top 50 Study". This study ranks the quality of environmentally sound production of companies within the chemical industry. He has initiated scholarly and scientific inquiry into the adverse environmental and physiological impacts of industrially produced consumer goods.

Braungart also works together with American architect and designer William A. McDonough in their product design and development firm, McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry. In partnership with McDonough, Braungart released the book Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things in 2002.

Books
 . Served as development guidelines for the World's Fair in Hannover, 2000. 
 
The Upcycle, with William McDonough, North Point Press, 2013,

See also
William McDonough
The Environmental Institute

References

External links

 The Next Industrial Revolution, a Documentary film about William McDonough and Michael Braungart
Dust to Dust no longer an interview with Michael Braungart, in Science & Theology News by Chhavi Sachdev
Braungart.com
Royal Institute of British Architecture: William McDonough & Michael Braungart: Cradle to Cradle (video)
Cradle to Cradle Design: A Deeper Shade of Green  Watch for products that meet this stringent new eco-certification standard Amanda Kimble  Mother Earth News Feb./March 2011
"A Friendly Tsunami", interview with Michael Braungart in Digital Development Debates, July 2015.

1958 births
Living people
Non-fiction environmental writers
People from Schwäbisch Gmünd
20th-century German chemists
German environmentalists
University of Hanover alumni
Academic staff of Erasmus University Rotterdam
Arend Joan Rutgers. Arend Joan Rutgers (20 October 1903 – 2 September 1998) was a Dutch-Belgian physical chemist.

Arend Joan Rutgers went to high school in Almelo, after which he studied chemistry at the University of Amsterdam. He later obtained his master's degree in 1926 he went to Leiden, where he studied theoretical physics under Paul Ehrenfest. In 1930, he obtained his Ph.D. from the University of Leiden and completed a thesis titled "Bijdrage tot de theorie der thermoelectriciteit in kristallen." (Contribution to the theory of thermo-electricity in crystals). In 1931, he returned to Amsterdam and worked as a research assistant.

In 1933, he became a lecturer at Ghent University in Belgium. In 1938, he was promoted to full professor, and he remained in Ghent until his retirement in 1974. Most of his scientific research was on colloids and surface chemistry, focussing on electrokinetics.

Rutgers was elected a correspondent of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1948.

References
Citations

Sources
J.Th.G. Overbeek, Obituary Arend Joan Rutgers

1903 births
1998 deaths
Dutch physical chemists
Belgian physical chemists
University of Amsterdam alumni
Leiden University alumni
Academic staff of Ghent University
People from Almelo
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
STS-51 (disambiguation). NASA flew a number of Space Shuttle missions in the early and mid-1980s with designations derived from STS-51. Most occurred in 1985. 

The ambiguity was the result of a NASA decision to change designation of missions starting in Fiscal Year 1984.  Previously, missions were designated in the order they were flown (i.e., STS-9 indicated the ninth shuttle mission).  The new designation was designed to accommodate a dramatically increased launch manifest, address the addition of a west coast launch site and to resolve confusion from manifested missions not being flown in order due to delays.  The new designation used a three-part designator following the term "STS".  The first number represents the fiscal year of the launch, the second represents the launch location (1=Florida, 2=California) and the alphanumeric code represents the order launched (i.e., A is first, B is second, etc.).  Therefore, the first mission using this designation, which was the tenth shuttle mission was STS 41B.  It launched in FY 1984, from Florida and was the first to launch in that year.

As a result of the Challenger accident (STS-51-L), a decision was made to no longer fly DoD payloads and commercial payloads on the orbiter and cancel flights from California.  Thus, the manifest was dramatically reduced and NASA returned to the old designation with STS-26 and the return to flight in 1988.

STS-51 itself (that is, the 51st scheduled Space Shuttle mission, though it was actually flown between STS-57 and STS-58) was flown in 1993.

Other missions that began with the STS-51 designation include:
STS-51-A
STS-51-B
STS-51-C
STS-51-D
STS-51-F
STS-51-G
STS-51-I
STS-51-J - First flight of Atlantis
STS-51-L - The Challenger Disaster
Toker Dam. Toker Dam is the fourth largest dam in Eritrea. Construction was begun in 1997 and completed in 2001, despite having to be halted for a few months in 1998 when Ethiopia and Eritrea were at war. Its primary designer was Natural Resources Consulting Engineers from Colorado, USA. Furthermore, NRCE Inc., was the primary consultant on the project.  The construction contractor was Keagnam of South Korea.

The project was designed to provide modern and effective service to the City of Asmara and neighboring villages. It further provides safe drinking water for  the local population. The dam is a roller compacted concrete dam, and was one of the highest in sub-Saharan Africa at the time it was built.

The dam
The dam is 73 metres tall and is composed of  of concrete. The upstream face is vertical and the downstream face is sloping, with a central spillway. The reservoir can hold  of water; there is a pumping station at its toe, leading to a water filtration plant. This has a capacity of  water per day which is delivered to the city of Asmara's distribution system.

During construction, the cofferdam was overtopped for about four days during a large flood, when the dam was about one third of its final height. The flood was in excess of the once in a hundred years flood expectation. The contractors had little warning but managed to get most of their equipment away from the critical area before the event struck. The conventional and roller-compacted concrete in the main dam were largely undamaged and construction work was resumed within a fortnight.

References 

Dams in Eritrea
Dams completed in 1997
Debug menu. A debug menu or debug mode is a user interface implemented in a computer program that allows the user to view and/or manipulate the program's internal state for the purpose of debugging. Some games format their debug menu as an in-game location, referred to as a debug room (distinct from the developer's room type of Easter egg). Debug menus and rooms are used during software development for ease of testing and are usually made inaccessible or otherwise hidden from the end user.

Compared to the normal user interfaces, debug menus usually are unpolished and not user-friendly, intended only to be used by the software's developers. They are often cryptic and may allow for destructive actions such as erasing data without warning.

In video games 

Debug menus are often of interest to video game players as they can be used to cheat, access unused content, or change the game configuration beyond what is normally allowed. Some game developers will reveal methods to access these menus as bonus features, while others may lock them out of the final version entirely such that they can only be accessed by modifying the program.

The Cutting Room Floor (TCRF) is a website dedicated to researching and documenting hidden content in video games, including debugging material. In December 2013, Edge described the website as "the biggest and most organised" of its kind, and by that time it had 3712 articles.

In other software 

Debugging functions can be found in many other programs and consumer electronics as well. For example, many TVs and DVD players contain hidden menus that can be used to change settings that aren't accessible through the normal menus. Many cell phones also contain debug menus, usually used to test out functions of the phone to make sure they are working. For example, the hidden menu of the Samsung Galaxy S III has test functions for the vibrator, proximity sensor, sound, and other basic aspects of the phone.

References 

Debugging
Video game development
Dicing saw. A dicing saw is a kind of saw which employs a high-speed spindle fitted with an extremely thin diamond blade or diamond wire to dice, cut, or groove semiconductor wafers, and glass, ceramic, crystal, and many other types of material.

The thickness of the cutting blades used varies with the material being cut, and is of about 20 μm to 35 μm when cutting silicon wafers. Japanese companies, such as DISCO Corporation and Accretech (Tokyo Seimitsu), account for about 90% of dicing saw sales. In the past, cutting 1/2 to 2/3 of wafer thickness was the mainstream; with large diameter wafers on dicing tape, full cut cutting is becoming mainstream.

See also
 Diamond tools
 Disco Corporation – a manufacturer of dicing saws

References

Saws
Beru (company). BERU Group is a listed public company since October 1997. The company was founded as a spark plug factory by Julius Behr and Albert Ruprecht in 1912. The company is the leading manufacturer of diesel cold start systems with an estimated worldwide market share of 40 % for glow plugs. In the field of ignition technology for petrol engines, BERU is one of the four major manufacturers in Europe. BERU makes electronics for cars. The company also produces sensor technology and ignition systems for the oil and gas burner industry. Almost all OE-manufacturers of automobiles, commercial vehicles and engines are BERU's customers. The company's headquarters are located in Ludwigsburg, Germany. BERU has been acquired by BorgWarner in 2010.

Sources

References

Auto parts suppliers of Germany
Companies based in Baden-Württemberg
Ludwigsburg
Sodium hydrosulfide. Sodium hydrosulfide is the chemical compound with the formula NaSH. This compound is the product of the half-neutralization of hydrogen sulfide () with sodium hydroxide (NaOH). NaSH and sodium sulfide are used industrially, often for similar purposes. Solid NaSH is colorless. The solid has an odor of  owing to hydrolysis by atmospheric moisture. In contrast with sodium sulfide (), which is insoluble in organic solvents, NaSH, being a 1:1 electrolyte, is more soluble.

Structure and properties
Crystalline NaHS undergoes two phase transitions. At temperatures above 360 K, NaSH adopts the NaCl structure, which implies that the  behaves as a spherical anion owing to its rapid rotation, leading to equal occupancy of eight equivalent positions. Below 360 K, a rhombohedral structure forms, and the  sweeps out a discoidal shape. Below 114 K, the structure becomes monoclinic. The analogous rubidium and potassium compounds behave similarly.

NaSH has a relatively low melting point of 350 °C. In addition to the aforementioned anhydrous forms, it can be obtained as two different hydrates,  and . These three species are all colorless and behave similarly, but not identically. It can be used to precipitate other metal hydrosulfides, by treatment of aqueous solutions of their salts with sodium hydrosulfide. It is analogous to sodium hydroxide, and is a strong base.

Preparation
One laboratory synthesis entails treatment of sodium ethoxide (NaOEt) with hydrogen sulfide:

An alternative method involves reaction of sodium with hydrogen sulfide.

Applications
Thousands of tons of NaSH are produced annually. Its main uses are in cloth and paper manufacture as a makeup chemical for sulfur used in the kraft process, as a flotation agent in copper mining where it is used to activate oxide mineral species, and in the leather industry for the removal of hair from hides.

References

Sodium compounds
Hydrosulfides
CL2. CL2 may refer to:
 Chlorine gas, Cl2
 the Clausen function of order 2, Cl2
 the Clifford algebra on , 
 CAS latency 2, a rating of computer memory
 Google Calendar, a time-management web application (from a URL fragment used in early versions)
 Only Built 4 Cuban Linx II, a musical album by American hip-hop artist Raekwon
 Class 2 rated cables, in the National Electrical Code
 LPHN2, a human gene that encodes the Latrophilin-2 protein
Peninsula Gas Utilisation. The Peninsular Gas Utilization (PGU) is the longest pipeline in Malaysia. The  pipeline connects the Kerteh refinery in Terengganu to other areas of peninsula Malaysia. It is owned and operated by Petronas Gas Berhad on behalf of its holding company Petronas.

The purpose of the pipeline is to supply gas to natural gas vehicle refueling outlets in urban areas. It is also used to carry processed natural gas to the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, with the latter sent to Senoko Power Station.

History
The PGU Project was constructed in 1984 and completed in 1993. The construction was divided into four phases including:
Phase 1: Tok Arun - Kerteh
Phase 2: 
 Section 1: Kerteh - Gebeng - Segamat
 Section 2: Segamat - Johor Bahru - Pasir Gudang
 Section 3: Segamat - Pedas - Serdang
Phase 3: Serdang-Gurun-Kangar
Phase 4 (Multi Product Pipeline): Serdang - Port Dickson - Malacca

Phase 1 of the project was completed in mid-1984, with gas processed at a plant in Kerteh, then sent to the Paka power station and a steel mill at Teluk Kalong.  The gas processing plant costs RM 500 million. It was jointly managed by Jurutera Konsultant (South-east Asia) Sdn Bhd and Stone of the United States.

Studies for Phase 2 of the project began in early 1984, which extend from Teluk Kalong to Port Klang and Port Dickson in the west coast and Johor and Singapore. The Phase 2 pipeline, which is  long, began constructions in July 1988 and was scheduled to be completed in mid-1992. At the same time, the gas processing plant in Kerteh was expanded.

Studies for Phase 3 began in April 1991 and was expected to be completed by the end of 1991 with construction beginning in 1994. The Phase 3 pipeline is  long and passes through Batang Berjuntai, Kampung Matang Aceh, Changkat Jering in Perak, and Kulim, Gurun and Pokok Sena in Kedah. Phase 3 determines the demand for gas in various power stations and industrial areas.

Features
2,500 kilometers of pipeline.
Sensor system to control leaking gas.
Pipeline monitored centre at Pedas, Negeri Sembilan, Gebeng, Pahang and Segamat, Johor

References

External links
Gas Malaysia website

Natural gas pipelines in Malaysia
1993 establishments in Malaysia
Energy infrastructure completed in 1993
Tellurium tetrachloride. Tellurium tetrachloride is the inorganic compound with the empirical formula TeCl4. The compound is volatile, subliming at 200 °C at 0.1 mmHg. Molten TeCl4 is ionic, dissociating into TeCl3+ and Te2Cl102−.

Structure
TeCl4 is monomeric in the gas phase, with a structure similar to that of SF4. In the solid state, it is a tetrameric cubane-type cluster, consisting of a Te4Cl4 core and three terminal chloride ligands for each Te. Alternatively, this tetrameric structure can be considered as a Te4 tetrahedron with face-capping chlorines and three terminal chlorines per tellurium atom, giving each tellurium atom a distorted octahedral environment

Synthesis
TeCl4 is prepared by chlorination of tellurium powder:
Te + 2 Cl2 → TeCl4
The reaction is initiated with heat.  The product is isolated by distillation.
Crude TeCl4 can be purified by distillation under an atmosphere of chlorine.

Alternatively TeCl4 can be prepared using sulfuryl chloride (SO₂Cl₂) as a chlorine source. Yet another method involves the reaction of tellurium with sulfur monochloride (S2Cl2) at room temperature. This exothermic reaction rapidly forms white needle-like crystals of TeCl4.

Reactions
Tellurium tetrachloride is the gateway compound for high valent organotellurium compounds.  Arylation gives, depending on conditions, .

TeCl4 has few applications in organic synthesis.  Its equivalent weight is high, and the toxicity of organotellurium compounds is problematic. Possible applications of tellurium tetrachloride to organic synthesis have been reported. It adds to alkenes to give Cl-C-C-TeCl3 derivatives, wherein the Te can be subsequently removed with sodium sulfide. Electron-rich arenes react to give aryl Te compounds.  Thus, anisole gives TeCl2(C6H4OMe)2, which can be reduced to the diaryl telluride. TeCl4 is a precursor to tellurium-containing heterocycles like tellurophenes.

Heating a mixture of TeCl4 and metallic tellurium gives tellurium dichloride (TeCl2).

In moist air, TeCl4  forms tellurium oxychloride (TeOCl2), which further decomposes with excess water to form tellurous acid (H2TeO3).

Safety considerations
As is the case for other tellurium compounds, TeCl4 is toxic.  It also releases HCl upon hydrolysis.

References

Tellurium(IV) compounds
Chlorides
Tellurium halides
Deliquescent materials
Chalcohalides
Egongyan Bridge. The Egongyan Bridge is a suspension bridge which crosses the Yangtze River in Chongqing, China.  Completed in 2000, it has a main span of . The connects Nan'an District east of the Yangtze River with Jiulongpo District to the west. Originally, the bridge was built with to be six lanes wide with a pedestrian walkway on each side but was expanded to eight lanes in 2013. The expansion removed the walkways. Pedestrian connectivity was restored in 2019 with the opening of the Egongyan Rail Transit Bridge upstream which has a pedestrian walkway.

See also
List of longest suspension bridge spans
Yangtze River bridges and tunnels

External links
 Photograph of Egongyan Bridge 
 Photograph of the bridge at night
 Photos and location from Panoramio

References

Bridges in Chongqing
Bridges over the Yangtze River
Suspension bridges in China
Bridges completed in 2000
Micropatterning. Micropatterning is the art of miniaturisation of patterns. Especially used for electronics, it has recently become a standard in biomaterials engineering and for fundamental research on cellular biology by mean of soft lithography. It generally uses photolithography methods but many techniques have been developed.

In cellular biology, micropatterns can be used to control the geometry of adhesion and substrate rigidity. This tool helped scientists to discover how the environment influences processes such as the orientation of the cell division axis, organelle positioning, cytoskeleton rearrangement cell differentiation and directionality of cell migration.

Micropatterns can be made on a wide range of substrates, from glass to polyacrylamide and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The polyacrylamide and PDMS in particular come into handy because they let scientists specifically regulate the stiffness of the substrate, and they allow researchers to measure cellular forces (traction force microscopy). Advanced custom micropatterning allow precise and relatively rapid experiments controlling cell adhesion, cell migration, guidance, 3D confinement and microfabrication of microstructured chips. Using advanced tools, protein patterns can be produced in virtually unlimited numbers (2D/ 3D shapes and volumes).

Nanopatterning of proteins has been achieved through using top-down lithography techniques.

Aerosol micropatterning for biomaterials uses spray microscopic characteristics to obtain semi-random patterns particularly well adapted for biomaterials.

References

External links
 Team of Matthieu Piel working a lot with micropatterns and inventing new techniques
 Website of Manuel Théry with numerous papers on micropatterning

Linked companies 

 Alvéole Lab
 4Dcell
 Cytoo
 Innopsys
 Forcyte Biotechnologies

Lithography (microfabrication)
Microtechnology
Deggendorf Institute of Technology. Founded in 1994, the Deggendorf Institute of Technology is an applied sciences university in Lower Bavaria, Germany. In addition to its undergraduate and graduate courses, the institute offers doctoral programs in cooperation with Charles Sturt University.

History 
The Deggendorf Institute of Technology (DIT) was founded in 1994. The campus at the Danube river was used from 1998. The R&D labs were developed in 1999. The Innovation and Technology Campus Deggendorf (ITC1) opened in 2001. Faculties were established in 2006, and the bachelor's and master's degree titles were introduced in 2007. Deggendorf University changed its official name to Deggendorf Institute of Technology (DIT) on 1 October 2013.

The institute is affiliated with the World Tourism Organization.

Research

The Deggendorf Institute of Technology conducts research in the field of engineering with financial support from the Bavarian state government and in partnership with local companies.

References

External links
Deggendorf Institute of Technology

Deggendorf
Universities and colleges in Bavaria
1994 establishments in Germany
Educational institutions established in 1994
Deggendorf
Technische Universitäten in Germany
Kerteh. Kerteh (Jawi: كرتيه) is a mukim located in Kemaman District, Terengganu, Malaysia.

Economy

Kerteh is the base of operations for Petronas in Terengganu, overseeing the oil platform operations off the state's coast as well as petrochemicals production, natural gas processing and crude oil refining. 

The oil refinery began operating in March 1983 and reached full capacity by late 1983. The crude oil export terminal, used by ExxonMobil, began operating in late 1983. The Gas Processing Plant, which receives natural gas from the offshore, began operations in August 1984. The Gas Processing Plant operates along with the LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) plant, with processed natural gas sent to the Peninsula Gas Utilisation.

Tourist attractions
The Ma'Daerah turtle sanctuary is also nearby. During the night, the lights from the oil and gas processing plant make a beautiful view which gives Kerteh the nickname 'City of Light'.

Transportation

Kerteh is served by the Kerteh Airport, a small airport catering mostly to helicopter flights to offshore oil platforms and charter plane flights for Petronas staff to Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport near Kuala Lumpur.

East Coast Expressway (Lebuhraya Pantai Timur), exit 847 (Kertih Interchange) serves Kertih.

References

External links
 Ma'Daerah Turtle Sanctuary 

Kemaman District
Mukims of Terengganu