omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
GFS Projects. GFS Projects Limited is a British company developing a vertical take-off and landing aircraft shaped like a flying saucer. The company was established in 2002 by Geoff Hatton, and won a contract with the US government in 2007 to design an unmanned aerial vehicle.

The GFS Projects design uses the Coandă effect, unlike the failed 1950s Avrocar project. The GFS Projects design is mechanically simpler, using negative upper surface air pressure caused by the Coanda effect. Scale prototypes capable of controlled flight have existed since 2005, constructed by both GFS Projects Ltd and amateur (enthusiast) UAV builders.

GFS is an abbreviation of Geoff's Flying Saucer.

Technical background 

The concept of creating a disk or polygonal aircraft has been around for many years and there are numerous patent applications but the first relying on the Coanda effect acting on the upper surface alone was first put forward in a paper by R. J. Collins.

Collins' invention is intended for civil UAV applications and aerial monitoring of urban areas.

A further paper described for a fully steerable and controllable air space platform accompanied by video footage of lift and attitude control. The Coanda disk concept has a number of attractive features for use in a non hostile environments, however one disadvantage is that flight control presents a heavy power over head compared to other vertical take off and landing air platforms. As a consequence, flight endurance using electric or even internal combustion engines does not compare favorably with helicopters..  To overcome this problem, a disk gas turbine engine has been specifically designed to be accommodated on a Coanda disk aircraft.

References

External links 
  Official website - Dead Link, redirects to spam site
 The GFS UAV Project (last updated in 2006)

Aerospace companies of the United Kingdom
Companies established in 2002
2002 establishments in the United Kingdom
Purple Ocean. Purple Ocean was a bulletin board system founded in June 1984. The Purple Ocean BBS was best known for its numerous gaming features including numerous different versions and scenarios of Trade Wars 1000, 2000, and 2002. At the high point of its visibility, over 100 different Trade Wars universes were operated simultaneously with thousands of players logging on each day. The Purple Ocean BBS was also the first BBS in Texas to offer 38.4 kbit/s transfer rates for every node.

Bulletin board systems
Westland PV-3. The Westland PV-3 was a British two-seat torpedo bomber of the 1930s built by Westland Aircraft Works. The aircraft was a private venture development and based on the Westland Wapiti. It never entered production. The aircraft is best known as one of the first two to fly over Everest as part of the Houston-Mount Everest Flight Expedition.

History

The PV-3 design was produced in 1930 as a private venture two-seat aircraft that could be used as either a carrier-based torpedo bomber intended to carry a new lightweight torpedo being developed by the Admiralty, or as an army-co-operation aircraft. As such, it was a development of the Wapiti, with an all-metal structure and folding two-bay wings. It was powered by a 575 hp (429  kW) Bristol Jupiter XFA radial engine, having a defensive armament of one forward-firing Vickers machine gun and a Lewis gun on a Scarff ring on the observer's cockpit. It could carry either the planned 1,000 lb (455 kg) torpedo under the fuselage or an equivalent weight of bombs under the wings.

It first flew in February 1931, showing good performance (in particular, a high ceiling) and handling when tested by the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment at Martlesham Heath. Despite this, no orders resulted, and the lightweight torpedo was cancelled.

In November 1932, the PV-3 was chosen, together with the Westland PV-6 (the prototype of the Westland Wallace) for the Houston Mount Everest Flying Expedition to fly over and photograph Mount Everest. The aircraft, now registered G-ACAZ, was remodelled with a rear cabin and a 630 hp Bristol Pegasus engine driving a large diameter propeller.  It was test flown from Yeovil in the new configuration, and on 25 January 1933 reached a height of 35,000 ft.

Flown by Lord Clydesdale with Stewart Blacker as observer and photographer, it was accompanied by the Wallace as, on 3 April 1933, the two aircraft became the first to fly over Mount Everest, flying over Kangchenjunga on 4 April and making a second flight over Everest (as the initial flight had produced inadequate photographs for map-making) on 19 April 1933. The PV-3 was later exhibited at Selfridges department store in London in July 1933. In December 1933 the aircraft, given the military serial K4048, was issued to Bristol Aircraft as an engine testbed. The aircraft is also referred to as the Houston-Westland in honour of Lady Houston who had financed the 1933 expedition.

Operators

Royal Air Force
Royal Geographical Society

Specifications (Houston Westland)

References

External links

Westland Data Sheet 
Westland PV.3 – British Aircraft Directory

1930s British bomber aircraft
PV03
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Ricardo Galli. Dr. Ricardo Adolfo Galli Granada, also known as gallir, is a doctor of computer science at the University of the Balearic Islands, where he teaches operating system design. He is a speaker for the Free Software Foundation and a free software activist.

Projects 
As a university project, he created a system that allows controlling of the airship parking at the Son Sant Joan Airport in Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain.

In December 2005, he programmed Menéame, a clone of the well-known Digg Web site, which serves to promote stories published on blogs. He then released the source code of Meneame, which the source code of the open source Digg clone Pligg CMS is based on.

He programmed cpudyn, a daemon that can be used to underclock portable computers to reduce their power consumption.

He programmed wp-cache, a WordPress plugin for the purpose of caching pages to make one's blog "faster and more responsive".

In 2001, he was nominated for a Hispalinux prize. He has published over 200 technical articles in BULMA, a local Linux user Web site.

References

External links

Ricardo Galli, de software libre — Galli's old blog 
menéame.net — Collaborative news site, launched by Galli

GNU people
Free software programmers
Computer systems researchers
People from Mallorca
Living people
Academic staff of the University of the Balearic Islands
Year of birth missing (living people)
WordPress
Faying surface. A faying surface is one of the surfaces that are in contact at a joint.

Faying surfaces may be connected to each other by bolts or rivets, adhesives, welding, or soldering. An example would be steel pipe flanges, in which the connected ends of the flanges would be faying surfaces.

References

Welding

http://www.eaa1000.av.org/technicl/corrosion/faysurf.htm
Albatros L 69. The Albatros L 69 was a two-seat German parasol monoplane racing and training aircraft of 1925. It was a single-engine parasol-wing monoplane of conventional configuration that seated the pilot and passenger in tandem, open cockpits. It was advertised as a trainer, however contemporary reports dismissed this due to the difficulty in accessing the front cockpit, and the designers' focus on performance.

Operational history
In 1925, the Albatros test pilot Kurt Ungewitter won Class D in the Deutsche Rundflug ("Round Germany") in an L 69a, but was killed in one in a crash two years later.
The "Round-Saxony" flight Class D was won by a Bristol Lucifer-engined Albatros L.69, piloted by a student at an average speed of 165 km/h.

Variants
 L 69 – two examples with Bristol Lucifer engine
 L 69a – two examples with Siemens-Halske Sh 12 engine

Specifications (L 69a)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography
 
 German Aircraft between 1919–1945
 bungartz.nl
 Flight magazine 29 October 1925 on Albatros L.69 12

Single-engined tractor aircraft
Parasol-wing aircraft
1920s German civil trainer aircraft
L 069
Bristol Lucifer. The Bristol Lucifer was a British three-cylinder, air-cooled, radial engine for aircraft. Built in the UK in the 1920s by the Bristol Aeroplane Company, it produced 100 horsepower (75 kW).

The Lucifer was originally a Cosmos Engineering engine, Cosmos being taken over by Bristol in 1920.

Applications
Albatros L 69
Avro 504
Boulton Paul P.10
Bristol M.1D
Bristol Primary Trainer
Bryant 1927 monoplane (Dole Race entrant, christened Angel of Los Angeles)
Handley Page Hamlet
LFG V 44
NVI F.K.29
Parnall Peto
Tupolev ANT-2
Udet U 8

Specifications (Lucifer 1)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. .

Aircraft air-cooled radial piston engines
Lucifer
1910s aircraft piston engines
Albatros L 72. The Albatros L 72 was a German transport aircraft of the 1920s, designed to carry newspapers between German cities for Ullstein Verlag. A single revised example was built for the Hamburger Fremdenblatt.

Design and development
The L 72 was a single-engine biplane of conventional configuration with unstaggered wings of equal span. It was the first German commercial aircraft to incorporate leading edge slots and trailing-edge flaps. The upper and lower wings were interchangeable. They were of all metal construction with fabric covering. The thickened centre section of the upper wing contained the fuel tanks. The upper wing was carried on a tubular cabane and one set of 'N' formation interplane struts was provided with stream-lined wire bracing. The fuselage was built of welded steel tubing with diagonal wire bracing and was fabric covered. Aft of the pilot's cockpit was a cabin containing a conveyor-like device which could accept up to sixteen parcels of newspapers weighing  each. These could then be dropped, either by an attendant travelling in the cabin or by the pilot, an indicator in the cockpit indicating how many parcels had been dropped. A novel feature of the tail was the rudder and fin which were both pivoted in such a way that when the rudder was turned the fin also turned around a vertical axis thus providing a more powerful rudder control for a smaller angular movement

Variants
 L 72a 
 L 72b - two examples for Ullstein AG
 L 72c Albis - one example for Hamburger Fremdenblatt

Specifications (L.72a)

See also

References

 
"Albatros 72A Flight 15 April 1926 pp. 228–231
 German Aircraft between 1919-1945
 luftfahrt-archiv.de

Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
1920s German cargo aircraft
L 072
Aircraft first flown in 1926
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Albatros L 73. The Albatros L 73 was a German twin-engined biplane airliner of the 1920s. Of conventional configuration, it featured a streamlined, boat-like fuselage and engine nacelles. All four manufactured aircraft of that type were operated by Deutsche Luft Hansa, one of which (Brandenburg, D-961) crashed near Babekuhl on 28 May 1928.

Variants
L 73a powered by two  Siemens-built Bristol Jupiter.
L 73bversion with Junkers L5 engines
L 73cengines upgraded to BMW V

Operators

Bulgarian Air Force

Deutsche Luft Hansa

Specifications (L 73b)

References

Further reading

External links

 German Aircraft between 1919-1945

L 073
1920s German airliners
Charge-depleting. Charge-depleting or EV mode refers to an operation mode of an electric vehicle's powertrain that is chiefly dependent on the energy storage from the on-board battery pack. Battery electric vehicles operate solely in charge-depleting mode, and most plug-in hybrids operate in this mode at startup and switch to charge-sustaining mode after the battery has reached its minimum state of charge (SOC) threshold, exhausting the vehicle's all-electric range (AER). Although there is no technically mandated minimum all-electric range, future state and/or federal legislation may address this for policy purposes.

Another charge-depleting strategy is called blended mode, in which the engine supplements the battery during medium to heavy loads. Although this strategy does not include a purely all-electric mode, early NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) simulations indicate that similar fuel savings as compared to conventional plug-in hybrid battery discharge and charge strategies. One advantage of a blended mode is that it may afford the vehicle designer the opportunity to use a smaller and less costly battery pack and traction motor.

References

External links
 Battery Lifetime Analysis and Simulation Tools Suite, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
 Enova Hybrid Drive Installed in First Production Hybrid School Buses
 AQMD Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle Technical Forum: Li-Ion Technically Ready, Manufacturing a Big Barrier
 Enova Offering its Hybrid Drive Systems for OEM or Retrofit Applications with Plug-In Option
 Plug-ins Progress
 Enova Systems Confirms Recent Awards Will Utilize Its Unique
 Mechanical Configurations of Hybrid Electric Vehicles 
 Charge Sustaining and Charge Non-Sustaining Hybrids

Automotive technologies
Alfa DiskFax. The Alfa DiskFax was a communication device created by Alfa Systems of the United Kingdom. It was launched in 1990. The DiskFax was designed to allow the transfer of digital files over a conventional telephone line to a remote DiskFax machine.

Overview
In operation users would insert an PC-compatible floppy disc into the unit, at which point the data would be transmitted automatically to a receiver, which would write an image of the data on a local floppy disc. There were two models, one equipped with 5¼-inch, and 3½-inch drives, and a second with an internal hard drive for storing incoming data.

Encrypted versions of the DiskFax were sold to the military and intelligence markets. The DiskFax was also used by Britain's Conservative Party during the 1992 general election.

Alfa Systems was founded in 1985 by David Karlin, formerly of Sinclair Research.

See also
 GammaFax

References

External links
Fax App for Android

Fax
Telecommunications equipment
Office equipment
Ralston Steel Car Company. The Ralston Steel Car Company operated in Columbus, Ohio, from 1905 to 1953. The company began by modifying wood freight cars to add steel underframes. Later it manufactured its own line of all-steel rail cars.

Founding 
Joseph S. Ralston and Anton Becker founded the Ralston Steel Car Company in 1905 by purchasing the plant of the Rarig Engineering Company on the east side of Columbus. Becker had just patented a drop-bottom gondola car which would allow the automatic unloading of coal and ballast cars (hopper cars). Prior to this invention, cars were unloaded by hand shoveling. An example of a Ralston-built drop gondola can be seen here.

Expansion 
With the increase in power of steam locomotives, the old wood freight cars could not take the strain, and demand for Ralston's all-steel cars exploded. By 1907, expansion of the Rarig facility began with the construction of a  long Punch, Shear Fitting and Erection Shop. By 1910, a wide variety of cars were being produced.

Depression, War Surge, and Decline 
During the Great Depression, orders fell off precipitously. However, the build-up to World War II in the late 1930s revived the concern, and workers were called back to work. Employment reached 700 by the summer of 1940, and was producing 25 to 30 cars per day, and as many as 40 per day was possible.

After the war, however, demand for new freight cars plunged, since so many had been built during the war. Ralston was unable to ride out the slowdown, and shut its doors in 1953.

See also
List of rolling stock manufacturers

References

External links 

 ColumbusRailroads.com. The Ralston Steel Car Company (extensive history and photos)

Defunct rolling stock manufacturers of the United States
Rail transportation in Ohio
Defunct companies based in Columbus, Ohio
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1905
Manufacturing companies disestablished in 1953
1905 establishments in Ohio
Electronics and Technical Services. The Electronics and Technical Services (ETS) is the Electronic Intelligence (ELINT) arm of India's external intelligence agency Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW).

Background 
Established in the mid-1980s under then R&AW's chief N. F. Suntook, the organisation, it is housed in the CGO complex in New Delhi. ETS is believed to be involved in ELINT roles, not restricted but also includes jamming and spoofing - Electronic Warfare (EW). ETS also involved in Electronic Surveillance Measures (ESMs), Telemetry (TELINT), Tracking and monitoring data links, interception and monitoring of navigation signals and other ELINT and EW methods.

Organisation 
The head of R&AW is designated "Secretary (R)" in the Cabinet Secretariat. Two Special Joint Secretaries, reporting to the Additional Secretary, head the Electronics and Technical Department which is the nodal agency for Electronics and Technical Services (ETS) and the Radio Research Centre (RRC) are under the direct command of the Secretary (R).

Officers of the RAW are members of a specialized service, the Research and Analysis Service (RAS), but several officers also serve on deputation from other services. This applies to RAW's sub-organizations like the Aviation Research Centre (ARC), the Radio Research Centre (RRC) or the Electronics and Technical Service (ETS).

However exact nature of the operations conducted by the ETS is classified.

References 

Research and Analysis Wing
Government agencies with year of establishment missing
1980s establishments in India
Simplified directional facility. Simplified directional facility (SDF) was a localizer-based instrument non-precision approach to an airport, which provided final approach course similar to instrument landing system (ILS) and localizer type directional aid (LDA) approaches, although not as precise.

The SDF signal was fixed at either 6 or 12 degrees, as necessary to provide maximum flyability and optimum course quality. Unlike an ILS, an SDF did not provide vertical guidance in the form of a glideslope. The SDF course may or may not be aligned with the runway because its antenna may be offset from the runway centerline. Usable off-course indications are limited to 35 degrees either side of the course centerline.

Current SDF approaches in the United States   
As of November 2024, the last SDR approach at Morristown Regional Airport (KMOR) was permanently decommissioned.

See also 

 Instrument approach
 Instrument landing system
 Localizer type directional aid

References

External links
 Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), published in US by Federal Aviation Administration
 FAA NOTAM website

Aircraft landing systems
Tailstock. A tailstock, also known as a foot stock, is a device often used as part of an engineering lathe, wood-turning lathe, or used in conjunction with a rotary table on a milling machine.

It is usually used to apply support to the longitudinal rotary axis of a workpiece being machined. A lathe center is mounted in the tailstock, and inserted against the sides of a hole in the center of the workpiece. A Tailstock is particularly useful when the workpiece is relatively long and slender. Failing to use a tailstock can cause "chatter," where the workpiece bends excessively while being cut. This bending can also cause finished parts to exhibit an unintended taper where the unsupported end of the part is larger in diameter compared to the end supported by the headstock.

It is also used on a lathe to hold drilling or reaming tools for machining a hole in the work piece. Unlike drilling with a drill press or a milling machine, the tool is stationary while the workpiece rotates. Holes can only be cut along the axis that the workpiece is set to spin.

Usually, the entire tailstock is moved to the approximate position that it will be needed by manually sliding it along its ways. There, it is locked in place and the tool mounted to it is moved with a leadscrew to the exact position where it is needed. When a cutting tool such as a drill bit or reamer is used, the feed is done with this leadscrew.  The extendible portion of the tailstock is called the barrel, and usually has a Morse taper mount in the end of it to secure the drill or reamer.  If the work is heavy, the drill may be further secured from turning with a lathe dog as shown in the photo.

References

Machine tools
FS Class ETR 200. The ETR 200 (for "Elettro Treno Rapido 200", in Italian meaning "Rapid Electric Train series 200") is an Italian electric multiple unit (EMU) introduced in 1936.

On 20 July 1939 the ETR 200 number 12 obtained the world record average speed, between Bologna and Milan.

Development and records

In the 1930s, the Italian state railways, Ferrovie dello Stato, electrified the main line Milan-Bologna-Florence-Rome-Naples and needed a fast train to use on it and on other newly electrified ones. The project was started in 1934, using new technologies for steel and aerodynamics. The innovative nose of the train was developed after studies in the wind tunnel at the Politecnico di Torino engineering university.

The first example was built by Società Italiana Ernesto Breda, (now AnsaldoBreda), in 1936, an articulated and traction-distributed train with three cars on four bogies, two of which were Jacobs bogies, had a single T 62-R-100 motor, while the others—at the front and rear—were provided with two similar motors each.

The train had been designed for speeds up to , but the first pantographs caused problems over . The ETR 200 entered service in 1937 on the Bologna-Rome-Naples line. They were considered the most comfortable and fast trains in Europe, and Benito Mussolini had one sent to 1939 New York World's Fair. On 6 December 1937 the ETR 201 reached a top speed of  on the Rome-Naples line (between the stations of Campoleone and Nettunia).

On 20 July 1939, the ETR 212, driven by driver Alessandro Cervellati, established a new world record running (on the average speed for the whole run) between Florence and Milan at , and also improving the absolute top speed record up to  in the stretch from Pontenure to Piacenza. A popular myth held that Benito Mussolini himself was at the controls, but this doesn't hold to historical evidence.

Later history

The production of the ETR 200 was halted by World War II, and many were damaged by Allied bombings. In the early 1960s, the remaining sixteen units were converted to ETR 220/230/240 by adding a fourth car and making other improvements. They remained in service until the early 1980s, and were later used for charter trains until the 1990s.

The ETR 232, former 212 (the unit making the 1939 record run), has been preserved as a historical train and is in full working order. Another non-working unit was first stored in Ancona until its scrapping in September 2012.

See also

High-speed rail in Italy
Land speed record for railed vehicles
Treno Alta Velocità

Notes

References

 
 

ETR 200
Breda multiple units
3000 V DC multiple units