omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Phonon drag. Phonon drag is an increase in the effective mass of conduction electrons or valence holes due to interactions with the crystal lattice in which the electron moves. As an electron moves past atoms in the lattice its charge distorts or polarizes the nearby lattice. This effect leads to a decrease in the electron (or hole, as may be the case) mobility, which results in a decreased conductivity. However, as the magnitude of the Seebeck coefficient increases with phonon drag, it may be beneficial in a thermoelectric material for direct energy conversion applications. The magnitude of this effect is typically appreciable only at low temperatures (<200 K).
Phonons are not always in local thermal equilibrium; they move against the thermal gradient. They lose momentum by interacting with electrons (or other carriers) and imperfections in the crystal. If the phonon-electron interaction is predominant, the phonons will tend to push the electrons to one end of the material, losing momentum in the process. This contributes to the already present thermoelectric field. This contribution is most important in the temperature region where phonon-electron scattering is predominant. This happens for

 
where θD is the Debye temperature. At lower temperatures there are fewer phonons available for drag, and at higher temperatures they tend to lose momentum in phonon-phonon scattering instead of phonon-electron scattering.

This region of the Seebeck coefficient-versus-temperature function is highly variable under a magnetic field.

References
Kittel, Charles (1996) Introduction to Solid State Physics, 7th Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Electron
WBEM Services Specification. JSR 48 Java WBEM API Specification is a Java Specification Request developed under the Java Community Process. It specifies the Java language binding of the DMTF Common Information Model/Web-Based Enterprise Management standards. The JSR 48 Expert Group has completed the public review in 2006 and is now on the way to create a Technology Compatibility Kit in order to finalize the standard. The API can be regarded as stable.

JSR 48 requires Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE; formerly J2SE) 7 or higher.

API content 
WS JSR-48 API
The API is composed of 5 packages:

 javax.cim — Contains the Java representations of CIM entities
 javax.wbem — Contains WBEM entities common to all services
 javax.wbem.client — Contains the WBEM client
 javax.wbem.listener — Contains the WBEM indication listener
 javax.wbem.provider — Contains the WBEM provider interface

Implementations
WS provides a JSR-48 implementation as part of the WS SDK Pro, WS also uses JSR-48 for the WS J WBEM Server and WAVE (WBEM Agent Validation Environment)

The SBLIM CIM Client for Java adopted the JSR 48 API.

It has been stated that the OpenPegasus project will use JSR 48 for their JMPI provider interface, although status about this is not yet available.

References

External links
 JSR 48 on JCP Home — The home page of the JSR-48 expert group.
 SBLIM — Open source project providing a JSR 48 compliant Java CIM client (and much more).
 OpenPegasus — Open source project providing a CIM Object Manager written in C++ that will adopt JSR 48 for their Java provider interface (JMPI).

Java specification requests
Tom Truscott. Tom Truscott is an American computer scientist best known for creating Usenet with Jim Ellis, when both were graduate students at Duke University. He is also a member of ACM, IEEE, and Sigma Xi. One of his first endeavors into computers was writing a computer chess program and then later working on a global optimizer for C at Bell Labs. This computer chess program competed in multiple computer chess tournaments such as the Toronto chess tournament in 1977 (2nd place) and the Linz tournament in 1980 (3rd place). Today, Truscott works on tools that analyze software as a software developer for the SAS Institute.

Truscott received the USENIX Lifetime Achievement Award for Usenet.

Further reading

References

External links
The Evolution Of Usenet: The Poor Man's ARPANET Contains excerpts of Invitation to a General Access UNIX* Network, the original USENIX handout describing Usenet
Interview with Tom Truscott
Tom Truscott Biography Contains Full Biography of Tom Truscott

Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Duke University alumni
American computer scientists
Usenet people
Auk-class minesweeper. The Auk class were a class of minesweepers serving with the United States Navy and the Royal Navy during World War II. In total, there were 93 Auks built.

Design and development
Prior to the United States entering World War II, they had produced two ships of the  for testing and evaluation. From these two examples it was decided that the use of diesel-electric engines to power the ship and the minesweeping equipment, rather than separate geared diesel engines to propel the ship and diesel generators to energize the minesweeping equipment, would work better. The Royal Navy placed an order for 32 of these minesweepers from the United States, BAM-1 - BAM-32. Because of the additional equipment, the displacement was raised from  on the Ravens, to  on what would come to be known as the Auk class in the USN, and the Catherine class in the RN.

The Auk class displaced 890 long tons, with a length of , a beam of , and a draft of . They had a maximum speed of . The Auks armament varied. All were equipped with a single  gun on the bow, but many had their aft 3-inch gun removed or replaced by two  Bofors guns. Originally designed with four  Oerlikon cannons, some ships mounted as many as eight.

Five manufacturers provided the diesel-electric engines used in the class. These included the Cleveland Diesel Engine Division of General Motors, Cooper Bessemer, Baldwin Locomotive Works, the American Locomotive Company (ALCO), and Busch-Sulzer.

Twenty of the original 32 ships ordered by the Royal Navy were delivered, with an additional two coming from the USN program. They were given "J" pennant number prefixes. Of these twenty-two, three were sunk in action and 19 were returned to the US after the war.

Eleven minesweepers of the Auk class were lost in World War II, six to direct enemy action including , torpedoed by .

Construction
The ships were constructed in 11 different shipyards, by 10 different companies, in 9 different states.

American Ship Building Company, Lorain, Ohio
American Ship Building Company, Cleveland, Ohio
Associated Shipbuilders, Puget Sound, Washington
Defoe Shipbuilding Company, Bay City, Michigan
General Engineering & Dry Dock Company, Alameda, California
Gulf Shipbuilding, Madisonville, Louisiana
John H. Mathis & Company, Camden, New Jersey
Norfolk Navy Yard, Norfolk, Virginia
Pennsylvania Shipyards, Inc., Beaumont, Texas
Savannah Machine & Foundry, Savannah, Georgia
Winslow Marine Railway and Shipbuilding Company, Puget Sound, Washington

List of ships

Royal Navy Catherine-class minesweepers

US Navy Auk-class minesweepers

See also
 
 
 Classes of U.S. Navy minesweepers

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 

 
Mine warfare vessel classes
Naval ships of the Philippines
Ship classes of the Royal Navy
Olaf von Ramm. Olaf von Ramm is the Thomas Lord Professor of Engineering at Duke University. He is best known for his work in the development of medical instruments, particularly ultrasound systems. He holds the first patent on a three-dimensional ultrasound .

Von Ramm grew up in Canada.

Von Ramm received his Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Toronto in 1968, and his Master of Science degree from the same institution in 1970. He received his doctorate from Duke, where he has spent his entire career.

Von Ramm was a Canadian National Research Scholar, and won the Terrence Matzuk Memorial Award and the Netherlands Heart Foundation Distinguished Lecture Award.

Living people
Duke University alumni
Duke University faculty
University of Toronto alumni
Canadian engineering researchers
Canadian medical researchers
Year of birth missing (living people)
Chlorine monoxide. Chlorine monoxide is a chemical radical with the chemical formula ClO•. It plays an important role in the process of ozone depletion. In the stratosphere, chlorine atoms react with ozone molecules to form chlorine monoxide and oxygen.

Cl• + O3 → ClO• + O2

This reaction causes the depletion of the ozone layer. The resulting ClO• radicals can further react:

 ClO• + O• → Cl• + O2

regenerating the chlorine radical. In this way, the overall reaction for the decomposition of ozone is catalyzed by chlorine, as ultimately chlorine remains unchanged. The overall reaction is:

O• + O3 → 2 O2

There has been a significant impact of the use of CFCs on the upper stratosphere, although many countries have agreed to ban the use of CFCs. The nonreactive nature of CFCs allows them to pass into the stratosphere, where they undergo photo-dissociation to form Cl radicals. These then readily form chlorine monoxide, and this cycle can continue until two radicals react to form dichlorine monoxide, terminating the radical reaction. Because the concentration of CFCs in atmosphere is very low, the probability of a terminating reaction is exceedingly low, meaning each radical can decompose many thousands of molecules of ozone.

Even though the use of CFCs has been banned in many countries, CFCs can stay in the atmosphere for 50 to 500 years. This causes many chlorine radicals to be produced and hence a significant amount of ozone molecules are decomposed before the chlorine radicals are able to react with chlorine monoxide to form dichlorine monoxide.

References 

Chlorine oxides
Free radicals
Diatomic molecules
RARS. RARS is an acronym for Robot Auto Racing Simulator. It is an open source 3D racing simulator. RARS is designed to enable pre-programmed AI drivers to race against one another. RARS was used as the base for TORCS. It was used as an example in the book Intelligent Information Processing and Web Mining by Mieczysław Kłopotek.

It was a monthly on-going challenge for practitioners of artificial intelligence and real-time adaptive optimal control. It consists of:
 a simulation of the physics of cars racing on a track
 a graphic display of the race 
 a separate control program (robot "driver") for each car

Each participant could submit a robot (a file written in C++) which controlled the car and competed to win the race. 
 The input was the road and cars in front of it. 
 The output was the driver wheel and driver accelerator position.

RARS was downloaded from its main repository on SourceForge.net between 2000 and May 2017 almost 100,000 times.

References

External links 
 Official webpage

Linux games
Open-source video games
Programming games
Racing video games
Racing simulators
Power shuttle. A power shuttle is an additional unit used in transmissions and is generally used in agricultural tractors. While the vehicle is moving forwards, the driver can pull a lever that makes it stop and go backwards at the same speed. Power Shuttles are also known under various trade names including Power Reverser

In forward/reverse position of the F-R lever, the pressure is built in the system due to flow to wet clutch. During, the pressure rise,F-R clutch is in energized condition which makes the vehicle to move forward/Reverse direction. Flow to tank line is blocked during the flow to F/R clutch.

Power shuttle are incorporated in transmissions in three forms: counter-shaft, full planetary (power shifts), and CVT transmissions.

Counter shaft transmissions
In this case generally forward reverse synchronizers are replaced by the multi-plate friction clutches. Typically the multi-plate clutches are arranged on the main shaft or on the counter shaft. The forward reverse section of the gear box is generally located in the forward section as close to the engine as possible. This is beneficial to the forward reverse control elements as they are not subjected to the high relative torque. The challenge involved in providing this feature in the existing transmissions is the complex shaft arrangement. This problem arises due to the limitation of centre distance between the two shafts and fixed axial dimensions due to the vehicle size limitations.

Full planetary (power shift)
In this type of transmissions the planetary action is used for providing reverse or forward action to the gear box.

CVT/IVT
Here the automatic nature of the gear box takes care of the direction change by either engaging planetary sets or by engaging multi-plate clutches or by some other means.
Features of power shuttle transmissions.

Power shuttle transmissions were invented for mining and earth moving applications. The needs in the areas were:
Quick shuttle response
Left hand shuttle lever (so that right hand is free for loader joystick)
Reducing driver fatigue.

References
 http://www.landini.com/pdf/05_RX2_PLT_8P.pdf

Mechanical power transmission
Clean Slate Program. The Clean Slate Program was an interdisciplinary research program at Stanford University which considered how the Internet could be redesigned with a "clean slate", without the accumulated complexity of existing systems but using the experience gained in their decades of development.
Its program director was Nick McKeown.

Program outline
Clean Slate was based on the belief that the current Internet has significant deficiencies that need to be solved before it can become a unified global communication infrastructure, and that the Internet's shortcomings will not be resolved by the conventional incremental and backward-compatible style of academic and industrial networking research.

The research program focused on unconventional, bold, and long-term research that tries to break the network's ossification. To this end, the program was characterized by two research questions:
 "With what we know today, if we were to start again with a clean slate, how would we design a global communications infrastructure?"
 "How should the Internet look in upcoming 15 years?"

Program coordinators identified five key areas for research:
 Network architecture
 Heterogeneous applications
 Heterogeneous physical-layer technologies
 Security
 Economics and policy

The Clean Slate Program ceased in January 2012, after spawning four major follow-up projects:
 Internet Infrastructure: OpenFlow and Software Defined Networking
 Mobile Internet: POMI 2020
 Mobile Social Networking: MobiSocial
 Data Center: Stanford Experimental Data Center Lab

References

External links
 Stanford MobiSocial Computing Laboratory
 POMI 2020: Programmable Open Mobile Internet
 Stanford Experimental Data Center Lab
 Topical Coder—Broken Internet

Internet architecture
Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment. The Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment (MAEE) was a British military research and test organisation.  It was originally formed as the Marine Aircraft Experimental Station in October 1918 at RAF Isle of Grain, a former Royal Naval Air Service seaplane base, to design, test and evaluate seaplanes, flying boats and other aircraft with a naval connection.

It was renamed as the Marine and Armament Experimental Establishment on 16 March 1920 to recognise that weapons and other equipment were evaluated as well as complete aircraft. It was renamed again on 1 March 1924 as the Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment.

Relocations
On 16 June 1924 the Establishment moved to the site of the former Seaplane Experimental Station seaplane base at Felixstowe. It carried out research and development work on water-based aircraft for service needs and also on their equipment and on air-sea rescue apparatus. The Establishment's work grew during its early years and by 1930 it was carrying out acceptance tests and trials on flying boats, seaplanes, and their associated equipment and armaments.

With the start of the Second World War the Establishment was moved to the more secure and safer location of Helensburgh in Scotland, and in 1940 was put under the control of the Ministry of Aircraft Production.  In addition to its earlier functions the Establishment became responsible for acceptance tests and trials of air-sea rescue apparatus and equipment and for aircraft armament research with bombs, depth charges and projectiles, including experiments and tests in water tanks. Being the sole official experimental establishment for marine aircraft in the country, particular emphasis was placed on research, especially into seaworthiness, stability and control on water, and water impact loads.

In August 1945, the MAEE returned to Felixstowe, and soon after came under the Ministry of Supply, which was taking control of most military research establishments. Reduced interest in flying boats meant the link with the Royal Air Force ended in 1953, when flying ended. From then the Establishment was responsible for testing and evaluating prototype marine craft and air-sea rescue apparatus and associated equipment to determine whether they complied with the development specifications and to advise when they could be handed over for Service trials.

The MAEE was closed down in March 1956, its remaining activities being moved to the Air Ministry and the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment at Boscombe Down. The model workshop remained on site and came under the control of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.

References

Sources
Ray Sturtivant, RAF Flying Training and Support Units since 1912, Air-Britain (Historians), England, 2007,

See also
Aeroplane & Armament Experimental Establishment at Martlesham Heath
Seaplane Experimental Station
 Secret Scotland Wiki - Marine Aircraft Experimental Establishment 

1918 establishments in the United Kingdom
Fleet Air Arm
Military research establishments of the United Kingdom
Military history of Kent
National Ground Water Association. The National Ground Water Association (NGWA), headquartered in Westerville, Ohio, is a membership-based nonprofit organization.

Founded in 1948, the organization is composed of United States and international groundwater professionals in four membership divisions: water well contractors, scientists and engineers, manufacturers, and suppliers. The group, that includes hydrogeologists, promotes responsible water use.

NGWA provides short courses, conferences, and webinars related to the science of groundwater and the groundwater industry to both its members and the general public. It publishes two peer-reviewed journals: Groundwater and  Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation, as well as a trade publication, Water Well Journal. The association also offers voluntary certification programs.

NGWA also operates a separate nonprofit foundation, the National Ground Water Research and Educational Foundation.

The organization hosts Groundwater Week to bring together professionals from within the groundwater industry.

References

External links
National Ground Water Association main Web site
National Ground Water Research and Educational Foundation
National Ground Water Association's Web site for well owners

Publications
 Groundwater
 Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 
 Water Well Journal

Hydrology organizations
Hydrogeology organizations
Non-profit organizations based in Ohio
Organizations established in 1948
Land surface models (climate). Land surface models (LSMs) use quantitative methods to simulate the exchange of water and energy fluxes at the Earth surface–atmosphere interface. They are key component of climate models. Over the past two decades, they 
have evolved from oversimplified schemes, which described the surface boundary conditions for general circulation models (GCMs), to complex models that can be used alone or as part of GCMs to investigate the biogeochemical, hydrological, and energy cycles at the
Earth's surface.

It has been suggested that "terrestrial biosphere models" (TBMs) is a more inclusive term than land surface models (LSMs). The representation of roots in TBMs (or LSMs), however, remains relatively crude. Particularly, the dynamic functions of roots and phylogenetic basis of water uptake remain largely absent in LSMs.

See also
CLASS
JULES
NCAR LSM 1.0

References

Numerical climate and weather models
Rolls-Royce Experimental Machine Gun. The Rolls-Royce Experimental Machine Gun was a prototype British heavy machine gun, designed by Rolls-Royce during World War II.

Britain wanted to equip aircraft with the Browning M2 .50 caliber machine gun by buying direct from America, but since this was the main heavy caliber machine gun of the U.S. Army and its Air Corps none could be spared for export. Thus Rolls-Royce commenced design of a heavy machine gun in early 1940, intended for use in aircraft. The result was a recoil-operated weapon firing .50 Browning cartridges.  This was evaluated in March 1941 and proved prone to stoppages. A revised gas-operated weapon was designed and built to try to solve these problems.

As well as the .50-inch versions, it was planned to modify the gas-operated gun to fire the more powerful .55-inch ammunition used in the Boys anti-tank rifle.

All work on the Rolls-Royce machine guns was abandoned in 1942, by which time supply of the M2 Browning from the U.S.A. had started.

References
Notes

Bibliography
Birch, David. Rolls-Royce Armaments. Derby, UK: Rolls-Royce Heritage Trust. 2000. .
Hogg, Ian V. and Weeks, John S. Military Small Arms of the 20th Century. Iola WI: Krause. 7th Edition, 1990. .

.50 BMG machine guns
Aircraft guns
Trial and research firearms of the United Kingdom
Machine guns of the United Kingdom
World War II machine guns
Rolls-Royce
Sym. Sym may refer to:

 S'ym, comic book character
 Sım, Azerbaijan
 Sym (river), a left tributary of the Yenisey with a portage to the Vakh (Ob basin)
 The symmetric group on a set X, denoted Sym(X)
 The symmetrization linear operator
 Karol Juliusz "Igo" Sym, an Austrian-born Polish actor and collaborator with Nazi Germany.

SYM may refer to:

 IATA code for Pu'er Simao Airport, Yunnan, China
 Sanyang Motor, Taiwanese maker of motorcycles and scooters 
 the SYM-1, a single board "trainer" computer produced by Synertek
 N=4 supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory, a model of particles in mathematics and theoretical physics.
 Switzerland Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers)
 Military/US Navy Code for commonly used equipment. example:  Symbol 2842 [SYM 2842] - Jackbox, Sound-Powered Telephone.
Paradigms of AI Programming. Paradigms of AI Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp () is a well-known programming book by Peter Norvig about artificial intelligence programming using Common Lisp.

History
The Lisp programming language has survived since 1958 as a primary language for Artificial Intelligence research. This text was published in 1992 as the Common Lisp standard was becoming widely adopted. Norvig introduces Lisp programming in the context of classic AI programs, including General Problem Solver (GPS) from 1959, ELIZA: Dialog with a Machine, from 1966, and STUDENT: Solving Algebra Word Problems, from 1964.  The book covers more recent AI programming techniques, including Logic Programming, Object-Oriented Programming, Knowledge Representation, Symbolic Mathematics and Expert Systems.

See also
Herbert A. Simon
J. C. Shaw
Allen Newell
Daniel G. Bobrow
Joseph Weizenbaum

References

 Norvig, Peter. Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case studies in Common Lisp. San Francisco, Calif: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, 1992.

External links
Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming: Case Studies in Common Lisp Book Homepage
Peter Norvig's Homepage
Source Code from Paradigms of Artificial Intelligence Programming
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence online class from Stanford

Artificial intelligence publications
Common Lisp publications
Computer science books