omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
SJ Da. Da is a series of locomotives used by Swedish State Railways (). 93 units were built by ASEA between 1952 and 1957. They remained in service until the 1990s.

History
After the last D-locomotive had been delivered in 1943, SJ needed more locomotives during the late 1940s with new lines being electrified. The solution was the Da, a modernised version of the D-type including the rigid-frame coupling rod layout that was by then regarded as obsolete by most other undertakings. It was used as a universal locomotive throughout the SJ system. A more powerful, but slower Dm series was delivered at the same time for use on Malmbanan. During the 1970s the Da's were rebuilt, including increased cab comfort. SJ started retiring the locos during the 1980s and had finished the task by the mid 1990s. Some units were bought by Tågfrakt and Tågkompaniet, later being sold to NetRail. One unit has been preserved by the Swedish Railway Museum.

External links
 Järnväg.net page on Da 

ASEA locomotives
Da
15 kV AC locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1952
Standard gauge locomotives of Sweden
1′C1′ locomotives
Disperse Orange 1. Disperse Orange 1, or 4-anilino-4'-nitroazobenzene, is an azo dye.  Commercial samples contain approximately 25% dye by weight, with the remaining mass consisting of NaCl and other salts.  

This dye is useful in conducting experiments with flash photolysis due to the isomerization effect between the trans-4A4N and cis-4A4N states that occurs during photo relaxation.

References

Azo dyes
4-Nitrophenyl compounds
Anilines
Fiat R.2. The Fiat R.2 was a reconnaissance aircraft produced in Italy shortly after World War I, and the first aircraft to be marketed under the Fiat brand, (previous Fiat aircraft had been marketed as by SIA). It was a conventional two-bay biplane with equal-span, unstaggered wings and fixed tailskid undercarriage. The pilot and observer sat in tandem open cockpits. The design was a derivative of the SIA 7 and SIA 9 flown during the war, but was considerably revised by Rosatelli to correct ongoing problems with those types. A total of 129 were produced for the Air Corps of the Regio Esercito.

Operators

 Corpo Aeronautico Militare

Turkish Air Force

Specifications (Fiat-S.I.A R.2)

See also

References

Further reading

 
 

R.2
1910s Italian military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Aircraft first flown in 1919
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
Hughes Airfield. Hughes Airfield (32 Mile) is an airfield in the Northern Territory of Australia located in the locality of Hughes. It was constructed during World War II for military use. The airfield now functions as a base for aerial firefighting aircraft to protect the outer rural suburbs of Darwin.

The airfield was built by the U.S. Army engineering unit, the 808th Engineer Aviation Battalion, from 10 March 1942 until 13 April 1942. The runway was  long and  wide.

World War II use

Units based at Hughes Airfield
 No. 2 Squadron RAAF
 No. 13 Squadron RAAF
 No. 34 Squadron RAAF (15 July 1942 – 27 August 1942)
 No. 82 Squadron RAAF

Japanese Bombing Raids against Hughes Airfield
 23 August 1942 (12:12 pm)
 26 November 1942 (03.20 a.m.)
 27 November 1942 (03:56 – 04:46 am)

Present Day
On 5 September 2011, the Hughes Airfield was added to the Northern Territory Heritage Register.

On 25 January 2012, the Northern Territory Government awarded a contract to repair and resurface the airstrip to Downer EDI Works. This will better enable access to the strip for the Air Tractor AT-802 water-bombing aircraft, operated from the strip by Bushfires NT since 2009. In addition to the resurfacing works, a water tank has also been installed on site, allowing mobile pumps to be used to load firefighting aircraft.

It has been proposed that construction of the new satellite city of Weddell to the northwest should include a general aviation airport separate from Darwin International Airport. While no formal commitment to building a new general aviation facility in the Greater Darwin area has yet been made by the Northern Territory Government, the runway alignment of 11/29 at Hughes is the preferred option for such a concept.

References

External links

 OzatWar website
 Lt. Col Bernard L. Robinson Reports on the NT June 1942

Former Royal Australian Air Force bases
World War II airfields in Australia
Defunct airports in the Northern Territory
Airports established in 1942
1942 establishments in Australia
Northern Territory Heritage Register
Nonequilibrium partition identity. The nonequilibrium partition identity (NPI) is a remarkably simple and elegant consequence of the fluctuation theorem previously known as the Kawasaki identity:

(Carberry et al. 2004). Thus in spite of the second law inequality which might lead one to expect that the average would decay exponentially with time, the exponential probability ratio  given by the FT exactly cancels the negative exponential in the average above leading to an average which is unity for all time.

The first derivation of the nonequilibrium partition identity for Hamiltonian systems was by Yamada and Kawasaki in 1967.  For thermostatted deterministic systems the first derivation was by Morriss and Evans in 1985.

Bibliography

See also
 Fluctuation theorem – Provides an equality that quantifies fluctuations in time averaged entropy production in a wide variety of nonequilibrium systems
 Crooks fluctuation theorem – Provides a fluctuation theorem between two equilibrium states; implies the Jarzynski equality

External links
 

Statistical mechanics
Non-equilibrium thermodynamics
Equations
Fike Model D. The Fike Model D was a light aircraft built in the United States in the early 1950s. Designed by airline pilot William Fike, it was a conventional high-wing strut-braced monoplane with tailskid undercarriage and seating for one or two people in an enclosed cabin. In appearance, the aircraft strongly resembled a Piper Cub, with only the tail surfaces sourced from one. An unusual feature was that the flight controls were mounted to the ceiling of the cabin, rather than the floor.  This facilitated the folding or removal of the seat or seats to enable the aircraft's use as a sleeping space when camping with it. Plans were marketed for homebuilding.

Specifications

References

 
 
 aerofiles.com

1950s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
D
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1951
Fike Model E. The Fike Model E was a light aircraft built in the United States in the early 1970s. Designed by airline pilot William Fike, it was a conventional high-wing cantilever monoplane with tailskid undercarriage and seating for one or two people in an enclosed cabin. The wing was an unusual geodesic wooden construction and was of far greater chord than typical for an aircraft of this type; indeed, one of the purposes of building the aircraft was to investigate the characteristics of a wing of such low aspect ratio (3.0). The empennage was taken from a Piper Cub, but was modified to reduce its span to make it suitable for towing on the road. Plans were made available for homebuilders in the mid 1970s.

Specifications

References

 
 

1970s United States sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
E
Aircraft first flown in 1970
Flaglor Scooter. The Flaglor Scooter is an unusual light aircraft designed in the United States in the mid-1960s and marketed for homebuilding.

Design and development
The Scooter is a high-wing, wire-braced monoplane with the engine installed on the wing leading edge, above and in front of the pilot's seat. It features weled steel tube or wooden fuselage construction with fabric covering and short legged conventional landing gear. The wing uses wooden ribs and a dual spar construction with wire bracing.  It was originally intended to be powered by a  Cushman golf buggy engine, but this was found to be inadequate and a Huggins Volkswagen automotive engine conversion was used to replace it.

Operational history
Demonstrated at the 1967 EAA annual fly-in at Rockford, Illinois, the design won "Outstanding Ultralight" and "Outstanding Volkswagen-powered aircraft" awards. Plans were put on sale shortly thereafter.

Specifications (Scooter)

See also

References

 
 

1960s United States ultralight aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1967
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Interplanetary Flight: An Introduction to Astronautics. Interplanetary Flight: An Introduction to Astronautics is a short, modestly technical introduction to space exploration written by Arthur C. Clarke, and published in 1950. It includes material accessible to readers with a high-school level of science and technical education, covering the elements of orbital mechanics, rocket design and performance, various applications of Earth satellites, a discussion of the more interesting and accessible destinations in the Solar System (such as they were understood at the time of writing),  and in a final chapter covering the rationale and value of human expansion off the Earth.

Overview
The book includes ten chapters:
 Historical Survey
 The Earth's Gravitational Field
 The Rocket
 The Problem of Escape by Rocket
 The Earth-Moon Journey
 Interplanetary Flight
 The Atomic Rocket
 Spaceships and Space Stations
 Subsidiary Problems
 Opening Frontiers

A short mathematical appendix is provided (for the benefit of readers not versed in the calculus), plus a bibliography and index, for a total of 164 pages.   It includes also many figures and diagrams, and 15 plates (now largely of historical interest, showing how far space exploration has advanced since 1950).

References

1950 non-fiction books
Books by Arthur C. Clarke
Spaceflight books
Astronautics
Fleetwings Sea Bird. The Fleetwings Sea Bird (or Seabird) was an American-built amphibious aircraft of the 1930s.

Design and production
The Sea Bird was an amphibious utility aircraft designed under contract in 1934–1935 by James C. Reddig for Fleetwings, Inc., of Bristol, Pennsylvania. While the aircraft's basic configuration had a precedent in the design of the Loening "Monoduck" developed by the Grover Loening Aircraft Company as a personal aircraft for Mr. Loening (for whom Reddig worked from 1925 to 1933), the Sea Bird was unusual because of its construction from spot-welded stainless steel. It was a high-wing, wire-braced monoplane with its engine housed in a nacelle mounted above the wings on struts. The pilot and passengers sat in a fully enclosed cabin. Fleetwings initially planned to manufacture 50 production units, but at a price approaching $25,000 during the Depression, there proved to be no sustainable market.

Operational history
The Sea Bird found use with private pilot owners and saw service with the oil support industry in Louisiana, including operation by J. Ray McDermott & Co.

Variants
 F-4 Sea Bird - 4-seat prototype (1 built)
 F-5 Sea Bird - 5-seat production aircraft (5 built)

Specifications

References

 
 
 aerofiles.com

External links

 Vintage film of the Fleetwings Sea Bird

1930s United States civil utility aircraft
Sea Bird
Amphibious aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1936
Aircraft with retractable conventional landing gear
Single-engined piston aircraft
China Clean Energy. China Clean Energy, Inc. (OTC: CCGY), through its wholly owned subsidiary Fujian Zhongde Technology Co., Ltd. (“Fujian Zhongde”), is a biodiesel and specialty chemical producer operating in The People's Republic of China and selling products both domestically there and worldwide.

Biodiesel
The company uses waste vegetable oils, such as cotton seed leavings, and yellow grease, as feedstocks, processing them through proprietary technologies to produce biodiesel for local consumption and a variety of green chemicals for sale worldwide. 

In early 2008, the company secured private funding through a special stock offering to create a 100,000 metric ton annual capacity biodiesel plant.  The company's current plants are approximately one-tenth of that size.

Specialty chemicals
The company produces by products of biodiesel and various specialty chemicals.  Because these chemicals are produced from renewable feedstock, they can be considered "green" and sold for a premium in some markets. 

Chemicals listed include: Monomer Acid, Stearic, Dimer Acid, Printing Inks, Dimer-Based Polyamide Hot Melt Adhesive, Low Molecular Weight Liquor Polyamide Resins, Polyamide Hot-Melt Adhesive, Alcohol-soluble Polyamide Resins, Benzene-Soluble Polyamide Resins, and Bio Heating Fuel.

See also

 Bioenergy in China

References

External links
 Official website

Biodiesel producers
Renewable energy in China
Oil companies of China
Energy companies established in 1995
Renewable resource companies established in 1995
Chinese companies established in 1995
Goodman relation. Within the branch of materials science known as material failure theory, the Goodman relation (also called a Goodman diagram, a Goodman-Haigh diagram, a Haigh diagram or a Haigh-Soderberg diagram) is an equation used to quantify the interaction of mean and alternating stresses on the fatigue life of a material. The equation is typically presented as a linear curve of mean stress vs. alternating stress that provides the maximum number of alternating stress cycles a material will withstand before failing from fatigue.

A scatterplot of experimental data shown on an amplitude versus mean stress plot can often be approximated by a parabola known as the Gerber line, which can in turn be (conservatively) approximated by a straight line called the Goodman line.

Mathematical description

The relations can be represented mathematically as:

, Gerber Line (parabola)
, Goodman Line 
, Soderberg Line

where  is the stress amplitude,  is the mean stress,  is the fatigue limit for completely reversed loading,  is the ultimate tensile strength of the material and  is the factor of safety.

The Gerber parabola is indication of the region just beneath the failure points during experiment.

The Goodman line connects  on the abscissa and  on the ordinate. The Goodman line is much safer consideration than the Gerber parabola because it is completely inside the Gerber parabola and excludes some of area which is nearby to failure region.

The Soderberg Line connects  on the abscissa and  on the ordinate, which is more conservative consideration and much safer.  is the yield strength of the material.

The general trend given by the Goodman relation is one of decreasing fatigue life with increasing mean stress for a given level of alternating stress.  The relation can be plotted to determine the safe cyclic loading of a part; if the coordinate given by the mean stress and the alternating stress lies under the curve given by the relation, then the part will survive. If the coordinate is above the curve, then the part will fail for the given stress parameters.

References

Bibliography
Goodman, J., Mechanics Applied to Engineering, Longman, Green & Company, London, 1899.
Hertzberg, Richard W., Deformation and Fracture Mechanics and Engineering Materials. John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ: 1996.
Mars, W.V., Computed dependence of rubber's fatigue behavior on strain crystallization. Rubber Chemistry and Technology, 82(1), 51–61. 2009.

Further reading

External links
Fatpack. Fatigue analysis in python with Goodman mean stress correction implementation.

Materials science
Fracture mechanics
Rubber properties
EXPEC Advanced Research Center. The Exploration and Petroleum Engineering Center - Advanced Research Center (EXPEC ARC) is located in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. It is a research center that belongs to Saudi Aramco and is responsible for upstream oil and gas technology development. The center has over 250 scientists from various disciplines, spread across six technology teams and one laboratory division which tackle various aspects of oil and gas exploration, development, and production. These teams are: Geophysics Technology, Geology Technology, Reservoir Engineering Technology, Computational Modeling Technology, Production Technology, and Drilling Technology.

Saudi Aramco
Concierge OSGi. Concierge is an OSGI (Open Service Gateway Initiative) R3 framework implementation intended for resource-constrained devices like mobile and embedded systems.

Several new version exist and released in a eclipse project on  the Eclipse Concierge web site. This one implements RC5 OSGI Specification.

There have been no releases since 2009, so the project can be considered abandoned and obsolete.

See also
OSGi Alliance
Apache Felix
Equinox OSGi

Bibliography

External links 
Concierge Main page
The OSGi Alliance

Computer standards
Free software programmed in Java (programming language)
Software using the BSD license
List of Intel Pentium III processors. The Pentium III from Intel is a sixth-generation CPU targeted at the consumer market.

Desktop processors

"Katmai" (250 nm) 

 9.5 million transistors
 All models support: MMX, SSE
 The 'B' suffix denotes a 133 MHz FSB
 The '80525PYxxx512' number denotes an OEM CPU while the 'BX80525xxxx512' or 'BX80525xxxx512E' number denotes a boxed CPU	
 The L2 cache is off-die and runs at 50% CPU speed.

"Coppermine" (180 nm) 

 28 million transistors
 All models support: MMX, SSE
 The 'B' suffix denotes a 133 MHz FSB when the same speed was also available with a 100 MHz FSB.
 The 'E' suffix denotes a processor with support for Intel's Advanced Transfer Cache  in Intel documentation; in reality it indicates a Coppermine core when the same speed was available as either Katmai or Coppermine. The 'E' suffix was not used on speeds faster than Katmai was available on, unless the 'B' suffix was also present; but all Coppermine CPUs have the Advanced Transfer Cache. 
 The L2 cache runs at 100% CPU speed

"Coppermine T" (180 nm) 

 All models support: MMX, SSE
 The L2 cache runs at 100% CPU speed

"Tualatin" (130 nm) 

 All models support: MMX, SSE
 The 'S' suffix denotes the presence of 512 KB L2 cache and dual-processor capability.
 The Tualatin-class Pentium IIIs did not include the controversial Processor Serial Number feature that was present in the earlier Pentium IIIs
 The L2 cache runs at 100% CPU speed
 Tualatin (S) supports up to 4 GB of memory (PC133 MHz ECC SDRAM DIMM - 4x1GB)

Mobile processors

"Coppermine" (180 nm) 

 All models support: MMX, SSE

"Tualatin" (130 nm) 

 All models support: MMX, SSE

Videogame consoles

"Coppermine-128" (180 nm) 

A custom Coppermine-based Pentium III version was developed for Microsoft's Xbox game console. The only significant change was that the chip lost half of its L2 cache, dropping it down to 128 KB. Unlike the Celeron Coppermine-128 variant with the same size L2 cache, but reduced 4-way L2 cache associativity, Xbox's Coppermine core kept all of its 8-way L2 cache associativity from the Pentium III. This means that the Xbox CPU's L2 cache is more efficient than Celeron's. The Xbox CPU was manufactured onto the same Micro-PGA2 packaging as notebook chips, but in a BGA (ball grid array) format. 
 All models support: MMX, SSE
 The L2 cache runs at 100% cpu speed

See also 
 List of Intel Pentium processors

References

External links 
 Intel Automated Relational Knowledgebase
 CPU World sSpec Reference Pentium IIIs

Pentium 3
Intel Pentium 3
Agent X (1986 video game). Agent X, also known as Agent X in the Brain Drain Caper, is a computer game released in 1986 for the ZX Spectrum. The player takes control of the eponymous Agent X in a multi-load game made up of a number of sub-games. It was followed by a sequel, Agent X II: The Mad Prof's Back.

Plot 
The President has been kidnapped by a mad professor, who has left a ransom note telling of an evil dastardly plot to brainwash the leader into a warmongering maniac.  Agent X must find the professor's lab, rescue the President and take him to safety, before picking up a bomb and destroying the professor.

Gameplay 

There are four sections of the game, each loaded separately.  The first level sees Agent X driving a car which travels along a diagonally scrolling road, and is under constant attack from other road users who try to ram it off the road or trap it behind obstacles.  The player can make the car jump to avoid crashes.  The next level is a basic fighting game; enemies approach from the left and right and must be defeated by kicking or punching them.  The third level is a first-person target shooting game in which various objects are hurled towards the screen and must be shot.  The final level involves the player controlling Agent X in a helicopter, avoiding missiles and crushers.  The player must negotiate a cave complex using the helicopter, collect a bomb, then return it through the caves to destroy the professor's headquarters.

Reception 

Reviews were fairly positive, with CRASH giving it 85%, Your Sinclair rating it at 7/10, and ZX Computing rating it as Great.

CRASH said of the game "Wow!  For £1.99 this has got so much content.  The graphics are all fairly neat, but I dislike the need to continually restart and reload.", Rachael Smith from Your Sinclair said that "Agent X looks great, and has some wacky touches, such as the life indicator, which consists of a little figure moving towards a gravestone. If only they'd been used to slightly better effect this could have been a Mastertronic classic." and ZX Computing said that "... the graphics are good, the game is nicely presented, and the programmer's clearly kept his tongue well into his cheek.".

References

External links 

1986 video games
Shoot 'em ups
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX Spectrum games
Mastertronic games
Video games scored by Tim Follin
Single-player video games
Collaborative virtual environment. Collaborative virtual environments are used for collaboration and interaction of possibly many participants that may be spread over large distances. Typical examples are distributed simulations, 3D multiplayer games, collaborative engineering software, collaborative learning applications, and others. The applications are usually based on the shared virtual environment. Because of the spreading of participants and the communication latency, some data consistency model have to be used to keep the data consistent.

The consistency model influences deeply the programming model of the application. One classification is introduced in  based on several criteria, like centralized/distributed architecture, type of replication, and performance and consistency properties. Four types of consistency models were described, covering the most frequently used types of collaborative virtual environment architecture:

 Centralized primaries
 All primary replicas of each data item resides on the same computer called server.
 Advantages: complete server control over the scene
 Disadvantages: performance is limited by the server computer
 Distributed primaries
 Primary replicas are distributed among the computers.
 Advantages: high performance and scalability
 Disadvantages: difficult programming model, weaker consistency
 Used in: Distributed Interactive Simulation, Repo-3D,
 Data ownership
 Primaries are allowed to migrate among the computers. This approach is often called system with transferable data ownership.
 Advantages: more flexibility compared to Distributed Primaries
 Disadvantages: high amount of ownership requests may limit the system performance
 Used in: MASSIVE-3/HIVEK, Blue-c, CIAO, SPLINE

 Active replication
 Active replication uses peer-to-peer approach while all replicas are equal. Usually, atomic broadcast is used to deliver updates to all of them, thus they are kept synchronized.
 Advantages: complete scene synchronization (equal scene content on all computers)
 Disadvantages: the performance is limited by the slowest computer in the system
 Used in: active transactions, Age of Empires, Avango, DIVE

References

Virtual reality
Applications of distributed computing