omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Crêpe paper. Crêpe paper is thin, textured, and often colorful decorative paper used in paper craft. It is created by adhering wet tissue paper to the cylinder of a Yankee dryer and then scraping it off with a blade once dry. This process creates gathers in the paper, giving it a crinkly texture like that of crêpe. This creasing process is called creping or crêping.

Production 

Paper that is creped is produced on a paper machine that has a single large steam-heated drying cylinder (yankee) fitted with a hot-air hood. The raw material is paper pulp. The Yankee cylinder is sprayed with adhesives to make the paper stick. Crêping is done by the Yankee's doctor blade that scrapes the dry paper off the cylinder surface. The crinkle (crêping) is controlled by the strength of the adhesive, geometry of the doctor blade, speed difference between the yankee and final section of the paper machine and paper pulp characteristics.

Properties 
Crêpe paper and tissue are among the lightest papers and are normally below 35 g/m2.

The crêpe ratio reflects how much the paper has shortened during crêping. The figure is normally between 10 – 30%. Crêping is used to adjust the paper's stretch and thickness, both of which have a marked effect on softness and absorbency.

Crêping can also be applied to specialty papers, such as  in sack paper.

Applications 
 Crêpe paper is popular for streamers and other party decorations.
 Props and costume accessories can be made of crêpe paper. It can be soaked in a small amount of water to create a dye for Easter eggs, white cardstock, and other materials.
 Crêpe paper can also be used to make paper flowers, appliqué, and paper sculpture.
 Crêpe paper is important as the backing for various types of tape, including masking tape and electrical tape.
 Used in recovery systems in small model rockets.
 Crêpe paper is one of the main components used in costume building for Junkanoo the most popular street parade in the Bahamas.
 Crêpe paper can also be used as lipstick, lip tint and hair color.

See also 
 Tissue paper
 Toilet paper

References 

Paper
Visual arts materials
Fokker F.25. The Fokker F.25 Promotor, first flown in 1946, was a single-engined, twin-boomed, four-seat passenger monoplane with a pusher engine mounted at the rear of a central nacelle. It was of wooden construction and has fitted with a retractable nosewheel undercarriage. One feature of the design was that instead of a 2 + 2 seating, the pilot sat in front to the left, and all three passengers were on a bench seat to the rear of him. Alternatively, when being used as an air ambulance aircraft, it could carry a patient on a stretcher, which was loaded through a hatch in the aircraft's nose. The F.25 was evocative of the pre-war G.I design. 

During World War II, Frits Diepen, a car dealer, had a twin boom aircraft powered by a  Ford V-8 engine designed and built at Bergen-op-Zoom. This aircraft emerged postwar as the Diepen Difoga 421 aircraft, and was flown for the first time in 1946, but proved unsuccessful. 

Diepen then contracted Fokker to design and build a new aircraft of similar layout to the Difoga, which became the Fokker F.25 Promotor. Diepen intended to use the Promotor as an air taxi and charter aircraft, placing an order for 100 aircraft, and also negotiated exclusive sales rights to the Promotor. The first example made its maiden flight on 20 October 1946 and later that year was exhibited at the Paris Air Show.

Production was stopped in 1949 after 20 F.25s had been completed. They could not compete in cost against large numbers of surplus military aircraft available at bargain prices following the end of the war, while Fokker required its production capacity to concentrate on the Fokker S.11 Instructor trainer. Only three of the aircraft were flown.

Specifications (Fokker F.25 with O-435-A engine)

References

Further reading

External links

 

1940s Dutch civil utility aircraft
F 25
Mid-wing aircraft
Single-engined pusher aircraft
Twin-boom aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1946
GIET University. GIET University, formerly Gandhi Institute of Engineering and Technology, is a private university located at Gunupur, in the state of Odisha, India, established in 1997 by the Vidya Bharati Educational Trust. 

GIET University offers undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral programs in various fields of engineering, technology, management, and computer applications.

Managing trustee 
Edu-entrepreneur Dr. Satya Prakash Panda (President)  and Dr. Chandra Dhwaj Panda (Vice-President)  founded in 1996 a trust called Vidya Bharati Education Trust, which is a non-governmental organization and a conglomerate of educational institutions.

Schools 

GIETU includes the following schools:
 School of Engineering and Technology
 School of Humanities & Social Studies
 School of Agriculture
 School of Sciences
 School of Management Studies (SMS)
School of Nursing

Academic Programmes 
GIET University conducts four-year B. Tech, B.SC Agriculture, B.Sc in Nursing, 3 years BBA, BCA and 2 years M.Sc, M.Tech programme in various disciplines: GIET University offers some of the most sought-after programmes including 14 undergraduates and 20 postgraduate programmes. In addition to undergraduate and postgraduate courses, GIETU also offers full-time and part time Ph.D. degrees in Engineering, Natural Sciences and Management disciplines.

NIRF Rankings 
GIET University, Gunupur, was ranked in the 200-300 band in the NIRF 2024 rankings for Engineering.

References 

Universities in Odisha
Educational institutions established in 1997
1997 establishments in Orissa
Mac OS nanokernel. The Mac OS nanokernel is an operating system kernel that serves as the basis of most PowerPC based system software versions 7 through 9 of the classic Mac OS, predating Mac OS X.

The initial revision of this software is a single tasking system which delegates most tasks to an emulator running the Motorola 68000 series (68K) version of the operating system. The second major revision supports multitasking, multiprocessing, and message passing, and would be more properly called a microkernel. Unlike the 68K-derived Mac OS kernel running within it, the PowerPC kernel exists in a protected memory space and executes device drivers in user mode.

The nanokernel is very different from the Copland OS microkernel, although they were created in succession with similar goals.

System 7.1.2 – Mac OS 8.5.1 
The original nanokernel, and the tightly integrated Mac 68k emulator, were written by emulation consultant Gary Davidian. Its main purpose is to allow the existing Motorola 68K version of the operating system to run on new hardware. As such, the normal state of the system is to be running 68K code. The operating system does little until activated by an interrupt, which is quickly mapped to its 68K equivalent within the virtual machine.

Other tasks may include switching back to PowerPC mode, if necessary, upon completion of the interrupt handler, and mapping the Macintosh virtual memory system to the PowerPC hardware. However, as the software is little documented, these might instead be handled by the emulator running in user mode.

This nanokernel is stored on the Mac OS ROM chip integrated into Old World ROM computers, or inside the Mac OS ROM file on disk on the New World ROM computers, rather than being installed in the familiar sense.

Interim development 
Progress after 1994 demanded additional functionality. A forward-looking architecture was introduced for PCI card drivers in anticipation of the  Copland microkernel called NuKernel, which supports memory protection. The Open Transport networking architecture introduced standardized PowerPC synchronization primitives. The DayStar Digital Genesis MP Macintosh clone requires kernel extensions to support multiprocessing. This evolution would later affect the overhaul to the nanokernel in Mac OS 8.6.

Mac OS 8.6 and later
Mac OS 8.6's nanokernel was rewritten by René A. Vega to add Multiprocessing Services 2.0 support. PowerMacInfo, distributed in the Multiprocessing SDK, is an application that displays statistics about the nanokernel's operation.

References

External links
 René A. Vega's explanation of basic Mac OS architecture
 supervisor mode
 Question from a non-programmer

Nanokernels
Classic Mac OS
Anderson impurity model. The Anderson impurity model, named after Philip Warren Anderson, is a Hamiltonian that is used to describe magnetic impurities embedded in metals. 
It is often applied to the description of Kondo effect-type problems, such as heavy fermion systems and Kondo insulators. In its simplest form, the model contains a term describing the kinetic energy of the conduction electrons, a two-level term with an on-site Coulomb repulsion that models the impurity energy levels, and a hybridization term that couples conduction and impurity orbitals. For a single impurity, the Hamiltonian takes the form

,

where the  operator is the annihilation operator of a conduction electron, and  is the annihilation operator for the impurity,  is the conduction electron wavevector, and  labels the spin. The on–site Coulomb repulsion is , and  gives the hybridization.

Regimes 
The model yields several regimes that depend on the relationship of the impurity energy levels to the Fermi level :
The empty orbital regime for  or , which has no local moment.
The intermediate regime for  or .
The local moment regime for , which yields a magnetic moment at the impurity.

In the local moment regime, the magnetic moment is present at the impurity site. However, for low enough temperature, the moment is Kondo screened to give non-magnetic many-body singlet state.

Heavy-fermion systems 
For heavy-fermion systems, a lattice of impurities is described by the periodic Anderson model. The one-dimensional model is

,

where  is the position of impurity site , and  is the impurity creation operator (used instead of  by convention for heavy-fermion systems). The hybridization term allows f-orbital electrons in heavy fermion systems to interact, although they are separated by a distance greater than the Hill limit.

Other variants 
There are other variants of the Anderson model, such as the SU(4) Anderson model, which is used to describe impurities which have an orbital, as well as a spin, degree of freedom. This is relevant in carbon nanotube quantum dot systems. The SU(4) Anderson model Hamiltonian is

,

where  and  label the orbital degree of freedom (which can take one of two values), and  represents the number operator for the impurity.

See also 
 Hubbard model
 Kondo effect
 Kondo model
 Anderson localization

References

Quantum lattice models
Condensed matter physics
Steel casting. Steel casting is a specialized form of casting involving various types of steel cast to either final/net or near-net shape. Steel castings are used when iron castings cannot deliver enough strength or shock resistance.

Examples of items that are steel castings include: hydroelectric turbine wheels, forging presses, gears, railroad truck frames, valve bodies, pump casings, mining machinery, marine equipment, turbocharger turbines and engine cylinder blocks.

Steel castings are categorized into two general groups: carbon steels and alloy steels.

Steel castability 
Steel is more difficult to cast than iron. It has a higher melting point and greater shrinkage rate, which requires consideration during mold design. Risers should be given more capacity to draw from as the metal cools and shrinks. Attention should be paid to the thickness of mold cavities, as thinner areas will cool quicker than thicker areas, which can create internal stress points that can lead to fracture. 

Molten steel is also less fluid than molten iron, making it more difficult to pour and fill intricate gaps in a mold cavity. Molten steel is also more likely to react with internal mold surfaces, making for more unpredictable results.

Machinability 
Cast parts often require machining to achieve accurate tolerances and desired surface finishes. Carbon steel is the easiest type of steel to machine. High-carbon steel can be more time consuming to cut or grind, and will wear tools faster. Low-carbon steel can get gummy, making it difficult to work with. 

Generally, the presence of alloys used to increase mechanical performance often make machining more difficult.

Damping ability 
Casting is often a valuable means to creating intricate parts used in machine applications where vibration is often a factor. Cast steel typically has a lower damping ability than cast iron, which can lead to excess vibration and noise in the form of ringing or squealing.

Impact and wear resistance 
Most steels offer a good balance of strength and ductility, which makes them extremely tough. This allows them to withstand significant stress and strain without fracturing. Steel can also be fairly wear-resistant. Alloy additions can increase both impact and wear resistance.

Steel casting alloys

Alloy steel castings are broken down into two categories: low-alloy steels and high-alloy steels. Low-alloy steels contain less than 8% alloying content and high-alloy steels have 8% or more.

This is a table of some steel casting alloys:

Terminology
In present-day vocabulary, the term cast steel is almost always used in its sense referring to steel castings. Between the late 19th and mid 20th centuries, this was not always true, which is worth understanding if one is reading historical documents; see cast steel for details.

References

Notes

Bibliography
.

Casting (manufacturing)
Steel
Jørn Jensen. Jørn Jensen (1925 – 2007) was one of the earliest Danish computer programmers. Examined as a mechanical engineer, he had worked with electromechanical construction. In 1958, he was employed at the Danish Regnecentralen (RC), and very soon exhibited an extraordinary programming skill. He developed the main parts of the base programs to the Dansk Aritmetisk Sekvens Kalkulator (DASK, Danish Arithmetic Sequence Calculator), the first Danish computer. Among other programs, he designed a set of monitor programs to supervise the program running schedule on DASK. In tight collaboration with Peter Naur and others, he developed reliable, well documented compilers for the ALGOL 60 programming language. In this context, he invented Jensen's Device, an ingenious exploitation of the name parameters to compute numerical series without using procedure parameters, as is needed in all programming languages, except ALGOL 60 and Simula 67.

After some 20 years at Regnecentralen, he continued his career in systems programming, and other types, at the Brown, Boveri & Cie electrical engineering company.

References

Danish computer programmers
1925 births
2007 deaths
Joint Personnel Administration. Joint Personnel Administration (JPA) is the intranet-based personnel administration system used by the British Armed Forces from April 2006 onwards, replacing the separate payment and administration teams from each of the three Services. Despite the ability to carry out over 40 formerly paper-based functions, from checking postings to payslips, the system has been heavily criticised.

Creation
JPA was created by Electronic Data Systems in partnership with the Ministry of Defence at an estimated cost of £269 million. It is believed that JPA will save the MoD in excess of £100 million per year.

Design

The system was designed around an Oracle Commercial off-the-shelf package, with an Oracle database as the back-end structure. JPA has essentially two parts:  an online and an offline (deployed) application. The online application communicates directly with the main servers over the Restricted LAN Interconnect (RLI) (usually using the DII network, although JPA is also accessible via TAFMIS and other legacy systems) on a client-server basis. However, if communications are not stable enough for this configuration, the system can be used "in theatre" with a limited connection in offline mode with a local server recording all database updates/deletes/inserts. Once communications are restored, a synchronisation process amalgamates the changes held locally into the remote master server in the United Kingdom.

Implementation
JPA was rolled out to each of the three armed forces at separate, phased dates. The Royal Air Force came first, on 1 April 2006. This was both on time and on budget. The Royal Navy followed in November 2006 with the British Army, most difficult of the three Services in terms of complexity of administration, completing the rollout in June 2007. JPA is maintained by a core team of analyst developers in the Service Personnel and Veterans Agency (SPVA), formerly the Armed Forces Personnel Administration Agency (AFPAA).

Statistics

Administers more than 340,000 live pay records.
Maintains over 570,000 master personnel records.
Maintains more than 725,000 pension records.
Accounts for £5.7 billion in military pay and allowances.
Provides IT services and supports over 8,000 desktop PCs worldwide.

Criticism and problems
From the rollout of JPA problems with pay have been well publicised. Teething problems upon rollout include users not being able to log onto the system due to high server demands, and others not receiving the correct pay or allowances.

The rollout also came at the same time as the War on terror, which saw headlines such as "Anger As Our Boys Go Unpaid".

In February 2008 an RAF officer successfully sued the MoD for shortfalls in his pay packet as a result of JPA.

Later in 2008, the then Chief of the Defence Staff General David Richards raised his concerns over the "prevalence of fraudulent behaviour" on the system.

References

Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)
Human resource management software
American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics. The American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics (AAMSI) was an organization created to encourage improvements in the state of medical care by encouraging the development of computer systems for that field.

History
On August 19, 1981, the American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics was incorporated. This organization came into existence as a result of the efforts of two predecessor organizations, the Society for Computer Medicine (SCM), incorporated in November, 1972, and the Society for Advanced Medical Systems (SAMS), incorporated in November, 1975, to merge into one. Formal dissolution of SCM and SAMS occurred on April 30, 1982.

Purpose
AAMSI's main purpose was to support patient care, teaching, research, and health administration through the development and implementation of computer systems. To meet this goal, the association served as a clearinghouse for information on medical systems and informatics, supported committees which contributed to the advance of medical informatics and sponsored annual conferences on advances in medical information systems.

In 1989, AAMSI merged with the Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (SCAMC) and the American College of Medical Informatics (ACMI) to form the American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA).

A collection of AAMSI's papers were donated to the National Library of Medicine in 1987.

See also
 Society for Medical Decision Making
 American Medical Informatics Association

References

External links
American AAMSI Records (1972-1984)

Health informatics and eHealth associations
Organizations established in 1981
Defunct organizations based in the United States
Medical and health organizations based in the United States
Welltec. Welltec, based in Allerød, Denmark is an international provider of robotic well solutions for the oil and gas industry known for its flagship "Well Tractor". The company was established in 1994 by Jørgen Hallundbæk, who conceived the idea behind the Well Tractor while he was a graduate student at the Technical University of Denmark. 
 
In 2003 the company went from being a sub contractor to other service companies to being a direct contractor to the operators and today the company has established over 45 offices worldwide and employs more than 1,000 people..

See also
List of oilfield service companies

References

External links

Robotics companies
Oil wells
Oilfield services companies
Technology companies based in Copenhagen
Companies based in Allerød Municipality
Danish companies established in 1994
GEC Series 63. The GEC Series 63 was a 32-bit minicomputer produced by GEC Computers Limited of the UK during the 1980s in conjunction with A. B. Dick in USA. During development, the computer was known as the R Project. The hardware development (under Dick Ruth and Ed Mack) was done in Scottsdale, Arizona whilst the software was the responsibility of GEC in Dunstable, UK. The hardware made early use of pipeline concepts, processing one instruction whilst completing the preceding one.

Announced in 1983, two operating systems were to be offered: UX63 and OS6000. UX63 was a Unix port derived from UNIX System III, whereas OS6000 was a port of the OS4000 operating system from the GEC 4000 series (under pressure from the marketing department, concerned about compatibility with its existing user base). Subsequently, a version of UNIX System V Release 2 was added - largely to compete with VAX machines which were becoming the fashionable computer of choice amongst academics, concerned about being able to access software from US colleagues. The C compiler, necessary to effect the implementation, was first produced for OS4000 and cross-compiled.

The Unix product was one of the first ports to a different processor architecture undertaken in the UK, with large chunks of the GEC 63 Unix port done at the University of Edinburgh. (Other comparable early Unix ports included that of the High Level Hardware Orion system which launched with 4.1BSD Unix in 1984, ICL's PNX for the PERQ workstation in 1983, and a reported port to a Bleasdale Computer Systems product by Root Computer in early 1983. These ports were likely to have been fully operational before GEC 63 Unix was.)

There were plans for six models, but only two models of the GEC Series 63 were ever produced: the 63/30 and the 63/40. The 63/40 added an embedded GEC 4160 minicomputer running OS4000 to provide additional communications features (such as X.25 and X.29 access).

The Series 63 was used by several UK universities, also being procured with some controversy as part of the Alvey Project, having been chosen as a British-made alternative (along with Systime-produced VAX machines) to the DEC VAX, with DEC's machine being the only one available at the time that was capable of running the specified Berkeley Unix operating system. One of the first student-run university computing facilities in the UK, The Tardis Project, was established in 1988 in the Department of Computer Science of the University of Edinburgh using a Series 63. The name came from the resemblance of the Series 63's large blue cabinet to Doctor Who's time machine.

The Series 63 was discontinued in August 1987 after disappointing sales. Approximately 22 systems were sold during the lifetime of the system.

See also
 GEC Computers

References

External links
 Computing at Chilton, GEC Series 63

Minicomputers
GEC Computers
32-bit computers