omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
MDI. MDI may refer to:

Computer science
Media Delivery Index, a metric used in IPTV networks
Medium-dependent interface (MDI) and medium-dependent interface crossover (MDI-X), types of Ethernet port connections
Microsoft Document Imaging Format, a proprietary file format
Mission Data Interface, an interface developed by NUWC Keyport
Multiple-document interface, a type of software application interface
Multi-Draw Indirect, a rendering technique

Health
Major Depression Inventory, a self-report mood inventory developed by the World Health Organization
Metered-dose inhaler, a device that helps deliver a specific amount of medication to the lungs
Multiple drug intake, an unnatural cause of death
Multiple Daily Injections, a technique of intensive insulinotherapy
Mental Development Index, a measure of the cognitive abilities of infants and part of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development

Organizations
Management Development Institute, a business school in Gurgaon, India
Merchants Distributors, Inc., a wholesale grocery store distributor based in Hickory, North Carolina
Movement for Democracy and Independence, a former political party in the Central African Republic
Motor Development International, a compressed air car maker

Other uses
Mount Desert Island, an island off the coast of the U.S. state of Maine
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate, a chemical
Michelson Doppler Imager, an instrument on board the SOHO spacecraft
1501, in Roman numerals
Medically determinable impairment, a factor in establishing disability under Social Security Disability Insurance and Supplemental Security Income

See also
MD1 Ministry of Defence 1, a British weapon research and development organisation of the Second World War
Majority function. In Boolean logic, the majority function (also called the median operator) is the Boolean function that evaluates to false when half or more arguments are false and true otherwise, i.e. the value of the function equals the value of the majority of the inputs.

Boolean circuits 

A majority gate is a logical gate used in circuit complexity and other applications of Boolean circuits. A majority gate returns true if and only if more than 50% of its inputs are true.

For instance, in a full adder, the carry output is found by applying a majority function to the three inputs, although frequently this part of the adder is broken down into several simpler logical gates.

Many systems have triple modular redundancy; they use the majority function for majority logic decoding to implement error correction.

A major result in circuit complexity asserts that the majority function cannot be computed by AC0 circuits of subexponential size.

Properties 

For any x, y, and z, the ternary median operator 〈x, y, z〉 satisfies the following equations.
 〈x, y, y〉 = y
 〈x, y, z〉 = 〈z, x, y〉
 〈x, y, z〉 = 〈x, z, y〉
 〈〈x, w, y〉, w, z〉 = 〈x, w, 〈y, w, z〉〉

An abstract system satisfying these as axioms is a median algebra.

Ties 
Most applications deliberately force an odd number of inputs so they don't have to deal with the question of what happens when exactly half the inputs are 0 and exactly half the inputs are 1. The few systems that calculate the majority function on an even number of inputs are often biased towards "0" – they produce "0" when exactly half the inputs are 0 – for example, a 4-input majority gate has a 0 output only when two or more 0's appear at its inputs. In a few systems, the tie can be broken randomly.

Monotone formulae for majority 

For n = 1 the median operator is just the unary identity operation x.  For n = 3 the ternary median operator can be expressed using conjunction and disjunction as xy + yz + zx.

For an arbitrary n there exists a monotone formula for majority of size O(n5.3). This is proved using probabilistic method. Thus, this formula is non-constructive.

Approaches exist for an explicit formula for majority of polynomial size:
 Take the median from a sorting network, where each compare-and-swap "wire" is simply an OR gate and an AND gate. The Ajtai–Komlós–Szemerédi (AKS) construction is an example.
 Combine the outputs of smaller majority circuits.
 Derandomize the Valiant proof of a monotone formula.

See also 
 Boolean algebra (structure)
 Boolean algebras canonically defined
 Boyer–Moore majority vote algorithm
 Majority problem (cellular automaton)

Notes

References

External links

Logic gates
Circuit complexity
Boolean algebra
Modula. The Modula programming language is a descendant of the Pascal language. It was developed in Switzerland, at ETH Zurich, in the mid-1970s by Niklaus Wirth, the same person who designed Pascal. The main innovation of Modula over Pascal is a module system, used for grouping sets of related declarations into program units; hence the name Modula. The language is defined in a report by Wirth called Modula. A language for modular multiprogramming published 1976.

Modula was first implemented by Wirth on a PDP-11. Very soon, other implementations followed, most importantly, the compilers developed for University of York Modula, and one at Philips Laboratories named PL Modula, which generated code for the LSI-11 microprocessor.

The development of Modula was discontinued soon after its publication. Wirth then concentrated his efforts on Modula's successor, Modula-2.

See also 
 Modula-2
 Modula-2+
 Modula-3

References 

Procedural programming languages
Modula programming language family
Programming languages created in 1975
Monolithic kernel. A monolithic kernel is an operating system architecture with the entire operating system running in kernel space. The monolithic model differs from other architectures such as the microkernel in that it alone defines a high-level virtual interface over computer hardware. A set of primitives or system calls implement all operating system services such as process management, concurrency, and memory management. 

Device drivers can be added to the kernel as loadable kernel modules.

Examples
Some Unix-like operating system kernels 
Linux kernel
FreeBSD
OpenBSD
NetBSD
MS-DOS
Windows 9x

Loadable modules
Modular operating systems such as OS-9 and most modern monolithic-kernel operating systems such as OpenVMS, Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, DragonFly BSD, Solaris, and AIX can dynamically load (and unload) executable kernel modules at runtime. 

This modularity of the operating system is at the binary (image) level and not at the architecture level. Modular monolithic operating systems are not to be confused with the architectural level of modularity inherent in server-client operating systems (and its derivatives sometimes marketed as hybrid kernel) which use microkernels and servers (not to be mistaken for modules or daemons).

Practically speaking, dynamically loading modules is simply a more flexible way of handling the operating system image at runtime—as opposed to rebooting with a different operating system image. The modules allow easy extension of the operating systems' capabilities as required. Dynamically loadable modules incur a small overhead when compared to building the module into the operating system image. 

However, in some cases, loading modules dynamically (as-needed) helps to keep the amount of code running in kernel space to a minimum; for example, to minimize operating system footprint for embedded devices or those with limited hardware resources. Namely, an unloaded module need not be stored in scarce random access memory.

See also
Exokernel
Hybrid kernel
Kernel (operating system)
Microkernel
Nanokernel
Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate

References 

Monolithic kernels
Mole Day. Mole Day is an unofficial holiday celebrated among chemists, chemistry students, and chemistry enthusiasts on October 23 between 6:02 a.m. and 6:02 p.m., making the date 6:02 10/23 in either MDY or YMD date formats. The time and date are derived from the Avogadro constant, which is approximately , defining the number of particles (atoms or molecules) in one mole (mol) of substance, one of the seven base SI units.

Overview
Mole Day originated from a celebration by educator Margaret Christoph. She wrote an article about her experiences in The Science Teacher in the 1980s. Inspired by this article, Maurice Oehler, a high school chemistry teacher from Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, founded the National Mole Day Foundation (NMDF) on May 15, 1991.

Many high schools around the United States, South Africa, Australia, and Canada celebrate Mole Day as a way to get their students interested in chemistry, with various activities often related to chemistry or moles.

The American Chemical Society sponsors National Chemistry Week, which occurs from the Sunday through Saturday during which October 23 falls. This makes Mole Day an integral part of National Chemistry Week.

See also
Pi Day
Square Root Day

References

External links
Maurice Oehler obituary 

Chemistry events
Observances about science
October observances
Unofficial observances
MBR. MBR may refer to:

Science and technology

Computing 
 Master boot record, the first sector of a partitioned data storage device, used for booting
 Memory buffer register
 Minimum bounding rectangle
 Minimum bit rate

Other fields 

Membrane bioreactor, in waste disposal
 Microwave background radiation, in cosmology
 Minimum bend radius, for installation of cables and pipes

Publications
 The Malaysia Book of Records
 Mountain Bike Rider, a British magazine

Military
 Main battle rifle
 Morskoi Blizhniy Razvedchik, (Russian for "Naval Short Range Reconnaissance"), a class of flying boats, like the Beriev MBR-2

Places
 Middlesbrough railway station, England (by GBR code)
 Mohammed Bin Rashid Library, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Other uses
 Maximum base rent, as used in rent control in New York 
 Minerações Brasileiras Reunidas, an iron mining business

See also
 Movimiento Bolivariano Revolucionario 200 (MBR-200), a leftist political movement founded by Hugo Chávez in Venezuela
Transport in Nauru. Transportation in Nauru includes pedestrian, bicycle, automobile, train, and airplane. There is no harbor/port as of the 2020s, as the island is surrounded by a rocky coral reef, however an international port is currently under construction.

Ocean

The Nauru international port which is currently under construction on Nauru in the Pacific Ocean. It will become the country's first international seaport and improve commerce and connectivity for the island nation.

Air
Nauru has one airport, Nauru International Airport. Nauru Airlines, which flies to Brisbane, Australia; Majuro, Marshall Islands; Kiritimati; Palau; Nadi, Fiji; Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia and Tarawa, Kiribati, is the only airline to fly to the airport. There are seven airplanes in service, three of which are reserved for freight.

Rail

Rail transport is used for moving phosphate from the island's interior to the cantilever jetties on the island's western coast, in Aiwo District. For this purpose, a  long,  narrow gauge railway was built by the Pacific Phosphate Company in 1907.

Road 
The island has about 30 km (18 miles) of road, and traffic drives on left side of road. Island Ring Road is the main Road on the island, going around the entire exterior of the island.

References

External links
Nanometre. The nanometre (international spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm), or nanometer (American spelling), is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), equal to one billionth (short scale) or one thousand million (long scale) of a meter (0.000000001 m) and to 1000 picometres. One nanometre can be expressed in scientific notation as 1 × 10−9 m and as  m.

History
The nanometre was formerly known as the "millimicrometre" – or, more commonly, the "millimicron" for short – since it is  of a micrometer. It was often denoted by the symbol mμ or, more rarely, as μμ (however, μμ should refer to a millionth of a micron).

Etymology
The name combines the SI prefix nano- (from the Ancient Greek , , "dwarf") with the parent unit name metre (from Greek , , "unit of measurement").

Usage
Nanotechnologies are based on physical processes which occur on a scale of nanometres (see nanoscopic scale).

The nanometre is often used to express dimensions on an atomic scale: the diameter of a helium atom, for example, is about 0.06 nm, and that of a ribosome is about 20 nm. The nanometre is also commonly used to specify the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation near the visible part of the spectrum: visible light ranges from around 400 to 700 nm. The ångström, which is equal to 0.1 nm, was formerly used for these purposes.

Since the late 1980s, in usages such as the 32 nm and the 22 nm semiconductor node, it has also been used to describe typical feature sizes in successive generations of the ITRS Roadmap for miniaturized semiconductor device fabrication in the semiconductor industry.

Unicode
The CJK Compatibility block in Unicode has the symbol .

References

External links

Near-field Mie scattering in optical trap nanometry

Metre
Network service access point address. A network service access point address (NSAP address), defined in ISO/IEC 8348, is an identifying label for a service access point (SAP) used in OSI networking.

These are roughly comparable to IP addresses used in the Internet Protocol; they can specify a piece of equipment connected to an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) network. A specific stream, analogous to a TCP/IP port or socket, is specified by using a transport service access point (TSAP). ATM can also use a presentation (PSAP) and session (SSAP) access point, but these may also be unspecified; this is up to the application.

Allocation and scope
NSAP addresses are allocated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), through a system of delegated authorities, which are generally national standards organizations. One of the schemes to generate NSAPs uses E.164 which is the addressing format describing telephone numbers.

NSAP addresses do not specify where a network terminal is located. Routing equipment must translate NSAP addresses to subnetwork points of attachment (SNPAs) to route OSI packets; virtual circuit identifier (VCI) numbers are an example of a datalink layer SNPAs in ATM; when OSI packets are sent encapsulated in IP packets, the IP address is considered an SNPA.

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy/Synchronous Optical Networking networks are a major part of the network infrastructure, and NSAPs are used extensively. They are usually assigned by the network management/network operations centre personnel and agreed upon within an organization to be unique (to that organization and based on geographical location using country code telephone prefixes) and are required before any operational connectivity is established at the commissioning stage.

NSAP addresses are used in the following OSI-based network technologies: 
 ATM switched virtual circuit networks
 X.25  (see ITU-T X.121 for addressing in public data networks)
 Frame Relay
 IS-IS
 Synchronous Digital Hierarchy and Synchronous Optical Networking networks.

NSAP-style addresses are used in the IS-IS routing protocol.

Network selector
The network selector (NSEL) is a field in the NSAP address that identifies the network layer service to which a packet should be sent. This part of the address for a router will always be 0x00. In the IS-IS routing protocol, the field is sometimes referred to as the SEL field.

See also
Address Resolution Protocol

References

OSI protocols
Identifiers
Network addressing
Nitronium ion. The nitronium ion, , is a cation. It is an onium ion because its nitrogen atom has +1 charge, similar to ammonium ion . It is created by the removal of an electron from the paramagnetic nitrogen dioxide molecule , or the protonation of nitric acid  (with removal of ).

It is stable enough to exist in normal conditions, but it is generally reactive and used extensively as an electrophile in the nitration of other substances. The ion is generated in situ for this purpose by mixing concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated nitric acid according to the equilibrium:

Structure 
The nitronium ion is isoelectronic with carbon dioxide and has the same linear structure and bond angle of 180°. For this reason it has a similar vibrational spectrum to carbon dioxide. Historically, the nitronium ion was detected by Raman spectroscopy, because its symmetric stretch is Raman-active but infrared-inactive. The Raman-active symmetrical stretch was first used to identify the ion in nitrating mixtures.

Salts 
A few stable nitronium salts with anions of weak nucleophilicity can be isolated. These include nitronium perchlorate , nitronium tetrafluoroborate , nitronium hexafluorophosphate , nitronium hexafluoroarsenate , and nitronium hexafluoroantimonate . These are all very hygroscopic compounds.

The solid form of dinitrogen pentoxide, , actually consists of nitronium and nitrate ions, so it is an ionic compound, nitronium nitrate , not a molecular solid. However, dinitrogen pentoxide in liquid or gaseous state is molecular and does not contain nitronium ions.

Related species
The compounds nitryl fluoride, , and nitryl chloride, , are not nitronium salts but molecular compounds, as shown by their low boiling points (−72 °C and −6 °C respectively) and short nitrogen–halogen bond lengths (N–F 135 pm, N–Cl 184 pm).

Addition of one electron forms the neutral nitryl radical, ; in fact, this is fairly stable and known as the compound nitrogen dioxide.

The related negatively charged species is , the nitrite ion.

See also
 Nitrosonium

References

Oxycations
Nitronium compounds
Functional groups
Nitrogen(V) compounds
Orbital. Orbital  may refer to:

Sciences

Chemistry and physics
 Atomic orbital
 Molecular orbital
 Hybrid orbital

Astronomy and space flight
 Orbit
 Earth orbit

Medicine and physiology
 Orbit (anatomy), also known as the orbital bone
 Orbitofrontal cortex, a part of the brain used for decision making

Business
 Orbital Corporation, an Australian engine technology company
 Orbital Sciences Corporation, a U.S. satellite launch and defense systems corporation
 Orbital ATK, American aerospace manufacturer formed from the merger of Orbital Sciences Corporation and parts of Alliant Techsystems

Transportation
 Ring road (or orbital road in some regions)
 Orbital (metro), a rapid transit line usually encircling a city centre
 Orbital engine

Other uses
 Orbital (novel), a 2023 novel by Samantha Harvey
 Orbital (The Culture), artificial worlds from Iain M. Banks's series of science fiction novels, the Culture
 Orbital (band), an English electronic dance music duo, whose first single was 'Chime' [1989]
 Orbital (1991 album) 
 Orbital (1993 album)
 Orbital (comics), a Franco-Belgian science fiction comics series
 Orbital piercing

See also
 Orbit (disambiguation)
Object code. In computing, object code or object module is the product of an assembler or compiler.

In a general sense, object code is a sequence of statements or instructions in a computer language, usually a machine code language (i.e., binary) or an intermediate language such as register transfer language (RTL). The term indicates that the code is the goal or result of the compiling process, with some early sources referring to source code as a "subject program".

Details
Object files can in turn be linked to form an executable file or library file. In order to be used, object code must either be placed in an executable file, a library file, or an object file.

Object code is a portion of machine code that has not yet been linked into a complete program. It is the machine code for one particular library or module that will make up the completed product. It may also contain placeholders or offsets, not found in the machine code of a completed program, that the linker will use to connect everything together. Whereas machine code is binary code that can be executed directly by the CPU, object code has the jumps and inter-module references partially parametrized so that a linker can fill them in. An object file is assumed to begin at a specific location in memory, often zero. It contains information on instructions that reference memory, so that the linker can relocate the code when combining multiple object files into a single program.

An assembler is used to convert assembly code into machine code (object code). A linker links several object (and library) files to generate an executable. Assemblers (and some compilers) can also assemble directly to machine code to produce executable files without the object intermediary step.

References

Machine code

kk:Объектілік модуль
ru:Объектный модуль
Oil (disambiguation). Oil is any of a number of nonpolar, hydrophobic, and viscous liquids.

Oil also often refers to:

 Cooking oil, any liquid fat used in food preparation
 Lubricant, a substance that reduces friction between surfaces
 Lubrication,  using a lubricant to reduce friction
 Motor oil, any lubricant used in internal combustion engines
 Petroleum (crude oil), naturally occurring liquid found beneath the Earth's surface, or a derived product:
 Fuel oil, liquid fuel burned for heat or power
 Heating oil, liquid fuel

Oil or OIL may also refer to:

Arts, entertainment, and media

Art
 Oil paint, paint with pigments suspended in an oil
 Oil painting, the process of using paints based on oils

Music
 Oil (band), a group of Californian heavy metal musicians
 OiL, a band from Pennsylvania now called CKY
 Oil: Chicago Punk Refined, a compilation CD released by Thick Records
 Midnight Oil, also known as "The Oils", an Australian rock band
 "Oil," a Gorillaz track featuring Stevie Nicks, released on the 2023 album "Cracker Island."

Television

Series
 Oil, an early title of the U.S. TV series Blood & Oil
 Oil, the original title of 1980s soap opera Dynasty

Episodes
 "Oil" (Dynasty), the debut episode of Dynasty
 "Oil" (The Young Ones), a 1982 episode of The Young Ones

Other arts, entertainment, and media
 Oil (film), a 2009 Italian documentary
 Oil!, a novel by Upton Sinclair published in 1927

Organizations
 Big Oil, a name used to collectively describe major oil corporations
 OIL (incorporations and corporate services), a company
 Office of Infrastructure and Logistics (European Commission) in Luxembourg
 Oil India Ltd
 Oil Insurance Limited, a mutual insurance company
 Oilexco (TSX: OIL, LON: OIL), an oil company

Technology
 Ontology Inference Layer or Ontology Interchange Language, an ontology infrastructure for the Semantic Web
 OSEK Implementation Language, a description language used in OSEK systems

See also

Langues d'oïl (in Romance languages)
OYL (disambiguation)
Optimization (disambiguation). Mathematical optimization is the theory and computation of extrema or stationary points of functions.

Optimization, optimisation, or optimality may also refer to:

 Engineering optimization
 Feedback-directed optimisation, in computing
 Optimality model in biology
 Optimality theory, in linguistics
 Optimization (role-playing games), a gaming play style
 Optimize (magazine)
 Process optimization, in business and engineering, methodologies for improving the efficiency of a production process
 Product optimization, in business and marketing, methodologies for improving the quality and desirability of a product or product concept
 Program optimization, in computing, methodologies for improving the efficiency of software
 Search engine optimization, in internet marketing
Supply chain optimization, a methodology aiming to ensure the optimal operation of a manufacturing and distribution supply chain
Social media optimization, in internet marketing, involves optimizing social media profiles

See also 

 Optimum (disambiguation)
 Optimality theory (disambiguation)
 Optimism (disambiguation)
 Optimist (disambiguation)
 Optimistic (disambiguation)
 
 Maximization (disambiguation)
 Minimization (disambiguation)