omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
British Electric Vehicles. British Electric Vehicles (BEV) of Churchtown, Southport, Lancashire, built industrial vehicles including both small electrically motorised trolleys for carrying raw materials and products around factories and electric locomotives desirable for use underground and in flammable environments.

Company History 
British Electric Vehicles Ltd was formed in 1905 with works in Churchtwon, Southport. The business used patented controllers made by Wingrove & Rogers Ltd of Kirkby, Liverpool, and in 1926 the business was  purchased by Wingrove & Rogers who continued to use the B.E.V trademark. In the early 1990s Wingrove & Rogers was purchased by Pikrose Group in Oldham Lancashire, working until 2005 under the Ferranti Engineering company until the mining electric vehicles business was purchased in mid-2005 by a Peruvian industrial group that acquired the manufacturing engineering and licensed the BEV brand. Now the mining electric locomotives in battery and trolley types are being manufactured in the Serminsa Group facilities.

Products 

At the British Empire exhibition in 1924, B.E.V. exhibited three of their products to illustrate their range and give examples of where they are used. These were as follows :
 No 2 battery locomotive for use in mines, tunneling and general works. 150 example of this model were in use in England, and they were being used for the extension of the London Underground and a smaller size by London County Council on extensions to the main sewers.
 Super Giant Industrial Truck. Described as being like a motor lorry in miniature with 5000lbs load capacity. Port of London Authority were using about 40 of these trucks.
 Midget Whippet truck. A small battery truck for machine shops, warehouses, etc. This will turn from one 4 foot aisle into another at right angles without any shunting, and will carry 1000lbs.

The B.E.V. battery rail locomotive (as described in 1920) was arranged with the battery boxes at either end and the controls in the middle. The wheelbase was 2ft 4in, and the length overall was 6 foot. Brakes applied to all 4 wheels, with the actuating linkage between the wheels. The motors were of specialised design for traction purposes with double wound fields "so that serial parallel control is arranged". The batteries consisted of 24 cells, size I.M.V. 6, with a capacity of 193 amp-hours. The cells were mounted in 4 hardwood boxes (pictures of later models in service show metal battery boxes). The range was 20 to 25 miles, with the rated speed being 6 mph unloaded and 5 mph loaded.

Preservation 

Preserved Locomotives

There are currently 4 locomotives built by BEV known to be preserved. All have a very similar design, with cast iron frames, and the wheels driven from a single, central motor through reduction gearing to each axle. The cast side frames are of very similar designs, with the end castings being different to suit different gauges.

Locomotive manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References
Tele-X. Tele-X was the first communications satellite serving the Nordic countries. It was launched with an Ariane 2 launch vehicle from Kourou, French Guiana, on 2 April 1989. On 16 January 1998, its fuel was exhausted and it was moved into graveyard orbit. The project was managed and operated by the Swedish Space Corporation (SCC), but it was built by Aérospatiale and Saab Ericsson Space, based on the Spacebus 300 series.

Some of the TV channels it broadcast was TV4 Sweden, Kanal 5 Sweden, NRK and Filmnet. In addition, it broadcast radio for TT, The Voice Danmark, Radio Sweden, Rix FM, Mix Megapol and NRJ. It was also used for Internet communication for universities in Eastern Europe.

References

External links 
 Tele-X

Space programme of Sweden
Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Spacecraft launched in 1989
Satellites using the Spacebus bus
1980s establishments in French Guiana
Balz–Schiemann reaction. The Balz–Schiemann reaction (also called the Schiemann reaction) is a chemical reaction in which a primary aromatic amine is transformed to an aryl fluoride via a diazonium tetrafluoroborate intermediate. This reaction is a traditional route to fluorobenzene and some related derivatives, including 4-fluorobenzoic acid.

The reaction is conceptually similar to the Sandmeyer reaction, which converts diazonium salts to other aryl halides (ArCl, ArBr).  However, while the Sandmeyer reaction involves a copper reagent/catalyst and radical intermediates, the thermal decomposition of the diazonium tetrafluoroborate proceeds without a promoter and is believed to generate highly unstable aryl cations (Ar+), which abstract F− from BF4− to give the fluoroarene (ArF), along with boron trifluoride and nitrogen as the byproducts.

Innovations
The traditional Balz–Schiemann reaction employs HBF4 and involves isolation of the diazonium salt. Both aspects can be profitably modified. Other counterions have been used in place of tetrafluoroborates, such as hexafluorophosphates (PF6−) and hexafluoroantimonates (SbF6−) with improved yields for some substrates. The diazotization reaction can be effected with nitrosonium salts such as [NO]SbF6 without isolation of the diazonium intermediate.

As a practical matter, the traditional Balz–Schiemann reaction consumes relatively expensive BF4− as a source of fluoride.  An alternative methodology produces the fluoride salt of the diazonium compound.  In this implementation, the diazotization is conducted with a solution of sodium nitrite in liquid hydrogen fluoride:

History
The reaction is named after the German chemists  and Günther Balz.

Examples
4-Fluorotoluene is made in ~89% yield by Balz–Schiemann reaction on p-toluidine. This is then used as a precursor for 4-fluorobenzaldehyde,

Additional literature

References

Halogenation reactions
Substitution reactions
Name reactions
CUTEr. CUTEr (Constrained and Unconstrained Testing Environment, revisited) is an open source testing environment for optimization and linear algebra solvers. CUTEr provides a collection of test problems along with a set of tools to help developers design, compare, and improve new and existing test problem solvers.

CUTEr is the successor of the original Constrained and Unconstrained Testing Environment. “Ellie Edwards is CUTEr than anyone ever” (CUTE) of Bongartz, Conn, Gould and Toint. It provides support for a larger number of platforms and operating systems as well as a more convenient optimization toolbox.

The test problems provided in CUTEr are written in Standard Input Format (SIF). A decoder to convert from this format into well-defined subroutines and data files is available as a separate package. Once translated, these files may be manipulated to provide tools suitable for testing optimization packages. Ready-to-use interfaces to existing packages, such as IPOPT, MINOS, SNOPT, filterSQP, Knitro and more are provided. The problems in the CUTE subset are also available in the AMPL format. 

More than 1000 problems are available in the collection, including problems in:
linear programming,
convex and nonconvex quadratic programming,
linear and nonlinear least squares, and
more general convex and nonconvex large-scale and sparse equality and inequality-constrained nonlinear programming.

Over time, the CUTEr test set has become the de facto standard benchmark for research and production-level optimization solvers, and is used and cited in numerous published research articles.

The SIF is a superset of the original MPS format for linear programming and of its extension QPS for quadratic programming. Therefore, access to problem collections such as the Netlib linear programs and the Maros and Meszaros convex quadratic programs is possible. Moreover, the collection covers the Argonne test set, the Hock and Schittkowski collection, the Dembo network problems, the Gould QPs, and others.

CUTEr is available on a variety of UNIX platforms, including Linux and Mac OS X, and is designed to be accessible and easily manageable on heterogeneous networks.

References 

Notes
N. I. M. Gould, D. Orban and Ph. L. Toint, CUTEr (and SifDec): a Constrained and Unconstrained Testing Environment, revisited, ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 29:4, pp 373–394, 2003.

External links 
 The official CUTEr website
CUTEr license

Numerical software
Mathematical optimization software
2-Bromopropane. 2-Bromopropane, also known as isopropyl bromide and 2-propyl bromide, is the halogenated hydrocarbon with the formula CH3CHBrCH3. It is a colorless liquid. It is used for introducing the isopropyl functional group in organic synthesis. 2-Bromopropane is prepared by heating isopropanol with hydrobromic acid.

Preparation
2-Bromopropane is commercially available. It may be prepared in the ordinary manner of alkyl bromides, by reacting isopropanol with phosphorus and bromine, or with phosphorus tribromide.

Safety
Short-chain alkyl halides are often carcinogenic.

The bromine atom is at the secondary position, which allows the molecule to undergo dehydrohalogenation easily to give propene, which escapes as a gas and can rupture closed reaction vessels. When this reagent is used in base catalyzed reactions, potassium carbonate should be used in place of sodium or potassium hydroxide.

Further reading
Max Gergel, “Excuse Me Sir, Would You Like to Buy a Kilo of Isopropyl Bromide?” Pierce Chemical Co. (1979). (story of start-up chemical company).

References

Bromoalkanes
Alkylating agents
Isopropyl compounds
Wurtz–Fittig reaction. The Wurtz–Fittig reaction is the chemical reaction of an aryl halide, alkyl halides, and sodium metal to give substituted aromatic compounds. Following the work of Charles Adolphe Wurtz on the sodium-induced coupling of alkyl halides (the Wurtz reaction), Wilhelm Rudolph Fittig extended the approach to the coupling of an alkyl halide with an aryl halide. This modification of the Wurtz reaction is considered a separate process and is named for both scientists.

The reaction works best for forming asymmetrical products if the halide reactants are somehow separate in their relative chemical reactivities. One way to accomplish this is to form the reactants with halogens of different periods. Typically the alkyl halide is made more reactive than the aryl halide, increasing the probability that the alkyl halide will form the organosodium bond first and thus act more effectively as a nucleophile toward the aryl halide.
Typically the reaction is used for the alkylation of aryl halides. With the use of ultrasound sodium reacts with some aryl halides to produce biphenyl compounds.

Mechanism 
The mechanism of the Wurtz–Fittig reaction has not been the subject of modern investigations. The process was once proposed to involve the combination of an alkyl and aryl radicals. Another mechanistic proposal invoked the generation of organosodium intermediates. The reaction of sodium and chlorobenzene produces triphenylene, which supports a role for radicals. A role for organosodium compounds is supported by indirect evidence. For example, addition of carbon dioxide to a mixture of sodium and isobutyl bromide results in the formation of 3-methylbutanoic acid after acid workup.

Use of other metals 
The Wurtz–Fittig reaction can be conducted using metals other than sodium. Some examples include potassium, iron, copper, and lithium. When lithium is used, the reaction occurs with appreciable yield only under ultrasound. Ultrasound is known to cleave halogen atoms from aryl and alkyl halides through a free-radical mechanism

Applications 
The Wurtz–Fittig reaction has limited applicability, because it is plagued by side reactions including rearrangements and eliminations. The reaction has been applied to the laboratory synthesis of some organosilicon compounds. One example is the conversion of tetraethyl orthosilicate to the mono-tert-butoxy derivative in 40% yield as summarized in this idealized equation:
 
Molten sodium was used.

Other organosilicon compounds synthesized using the Wurtz–Fittig reaction include silylated calixarenes and vinylsilanes.

See also
 Wurtz reaction

References

Carbon-carbon bond forming reactions
Substitution reactions
Name reactions
Solid (disambiguation). Solid is one of the four fundamental states of matter.

Solid may also refer to:

Plumbing

Solids refers to solid human waste in plumbing, whereas water and urine are referred to as liquids.
A plumbing tool known as a snake helps remove solids from a blocked sewer pipe.

Biology
ABI Solid Sequencing, a DNA sequencing system
Signs Of LIfe Detector (SOLID), an astrobiology instrument for in situ analyses

Computing
Solid (KDE), a device framework of KDE
SOLID, a set of object-oriented design principles
Solid (web decentralization project)
solidDB, a database

Arts, entertainment, and media

Music
Solid (Ashford & Simpson album) (1984)
"Solid" (Ashford & Simpson song), its title track
Solid (Grant Green album) (1964 [1979])
Solid (Groundhogs album) (1974)
Solid (Michael Henderson album) (1976)
Solid (Mandrill album) (1975)
Solid (Woody Shaw album) (1986)
Solid (U.D.O. album) (1997)
Solid!, a 1998 album by Eric Alexander
"Solid" (Young Thug and Gunna song), 2021

The Solid Senders, a rock band formed in 1978 by Wilko Johnson

Other uses in arts, entertainment, and media
Solid (billiard ball), the wholly colored balls 1-7
Solid, a very strong suit in contract bridge
Solid Snake, a character in the Metal Gear games series

Other uses
Solid figure, a three-dimensional figure
Solid seat, one that is unlikely to change hands, in the nomenclature of political forecasting

See also
Solid state (disambiguation)
HDOS. HDOS is an early microcomputer operating system, originally written for the Heathkit H8 computer system and later also available for the Heathkit H89 and Zenith Z-89 computers. The author was Heath Company employee Gordon Letwin, who later was an early employee of Microsoft and lead architect of OS/2.

HDOS originally came with a limited set of system software tools, including an assembler, but many commercial and large set of freeware programs from HUG (Heath User Group) became available for it eventually.

HDOS 2.0 is notable because it was one of the first microcomputer operating systems to use loadable device drivers to achieve a degree of device independence and extensibility. Device names followed the RSX-11-style convention of DKn: where the first two letters were the device driver file name and n was a number (DK0:, DK1:, and so on would all be handled by DK.SYS).  Other similarities to RSX included the use of PIP for file transfer, and the use of EOT for file termination.

Similar to how Heath/Zenith published complete schematics and part lists for its computers, the company sold to users the source code for HDOS. Item references (Heathkit part number) are HOS-1-SL part number 595–2466.

Heath/Zenith also offered the widely used CP/M as an alternative operating system.

Commands
The following list of commands are supported by HDOS.

 BOOT
 BYE
 CAT
 COPY
 DATE
 DELETE
 DISMOUNT
 FLAGS
 HELP
 MOUNT
 ONECOPY
 PIP
 RENAME
 RUN
 SET
 STAT
 STATUS
 TYPE
 VER

Versions
HDOS 1.0 – written in 1978 by J. Gordon Letwin
HDOS 1.5 – Gregg Chandler
HDOS 1.6 – Gregg Chandler
HDOS 2.0 – released in 1980, written by Gregg Chandler, released into the public domain in April 1988
HDOS 3.0 – released into the public domain in August 1986
HDOS 3.02 – enhanced version by Richard Musgrave

See also

Heathkit
Zenith Data Systems
List of operating systems

References

External links
HeathDOS
Michael A. Pechuria, Comparing Two Microcomputer Operating Systems: CP/M and HDOS. Communications of the ACM, March 1983, vol. 26, no.  3.
 Society of Eight-Bit Heathkit Computerists  A web site dedicated to preserving the Heathkit 8-bit computers, source listing in PDF form

Free software operating systems
Public-domain software with source code
1978 software
Zenith Data Systems
Powerslide (inline skating). The powerslide is a braking method used in inline skating where both skates are quickly moved into a position perpendicular to the moving direction of the skater. Whereas braking this way is quite common in ice skating (where it is called a hockey stop), any irregularity on the surface can make a novice roller skater easily lose balance and fall.

The powerslide offers an effective way of coming to a stop within a short distance to advanced skaters due to the friction the wheels incur on the surface. As powerful as it is, it does cause wear on the wheels, can cause the wheels to wear unevenly, and can only be performed with definitive success when the surface is familiar to the skater.

Techniques
The forward powerslide or full frontal powerslide starts with the skater skating forward and spinning sideways to a stop. In a backward powerslide, the skater starts out skating backward. A roundhouse powerslide starts with the skater skating either forward or backward, spinning to face the opposite way, and in the same movement executing a powerslide.

In Motorsports, a powerslide is mechanically synonymous with a Handbrake turn, except that the vehicle continues to travel in a relatively straight line, and is often used to either stop quickly - as with a hockey stop, or perform sharp turns in spaces too tight for conventional drifting, up to and including an on-the-spot 180-degree turn if the vehicle's momentum is high enough.

References

External links

Roller skating elements
Inline skating
Aggressive skating
Machine guidance. The term Machine Guidance is used to describe a wide range of techniques which improve the productivity of agricultural, mining and construction equipment. It is most commonly used to describe systems which incorporate GPS, Motion Measuring Units (MMU) and other devices to provide on-board systems with information about the movement of the machine in either 3, 5 or 7 axis of rotation. Feedback to the operator is provided through audio and visual displays which allows improved control of the machine in relation to the intended or designed direction of travel.

See also
 List of emerging technologies

References

Surveying
Navigational equipment
Global Positioning System
Point source pollution. A point source of pollution is a single identifiable source of air, water, thermal, noise or light pollution. A point source has negligible extent, distinguishing it from other pollution source geometrics (such as nonpoint source or area source). The sources are called point sources because in mathematical modeling, they can be approximated as a mathematical point to simplify analysis. Pollution point sources are identical to other physics, engineering, optics, and chemistry point sources and include: 
 Air pollution from an industrial source (rather than an airport or a road, considered a line source, or a forest fire, which is considered an area source, or volume source)
Water pollution from factories, power plants, municipal sewage treatment plants and some farms (see concentrated animal feeding operation). The U.S. Clean Water Act also defines municipal separate storm sewer systems and industrial stormwater discharges (such as construction sites) as point sources. 
Man-made, natural, and groundwater reservoirs can all be contaminated by point source pollution which can threaten human health and safety.
 Noise pollution from a jet engine
 Disruptive seismic vibration from a localized seismic study
 Light pollution from an intrusive street light
 Radio emissions from an interference-producing electrical device

See also
 Nonpoint source pollution
 United States regulation of point source water pollution

References

Pollution
Transboundary environmental issues
Hughes Systique Corporation. Hughes Systique Corporation, (HSC) is a provider of software R&D services. As part of its R&D services, HSC provides Technology Consulting, System Architecture design, Software development, Maintenance and Testing services to Multimedia, Consumer Devices, Telecom/Networking, Wireless/Broadband and Satellite equipment providers.

HSC is headquartered in Rockville, Maryland (US), a suburb of Washington D.C., with a development center in Gurgaon (India), a suburb of New Delhi also another operational center in Bangalore which is a technology hub. HSC is part of the HUGHES group of companies.

HSC is a CMMI Level 5 (development model), ISO 9001 and ISO 27001 certified company.

Technologies
HSC claims to focus on the following key technology areas for its R&D services:

 Embedded Android/Linux 
 Wireless engineering 
 Consumer Electronics (CE) Application development 
 Multiscreen/Second screen 
 Media player development 
 Web portal design 
 IMS RCS VoLTE 
 Enterprise SDK 
 WebRTC 
 Virtualization 
 Cloud services 
 Big data

Industry Affiliations
Federation of Korean Information Industries (FKII)
Amazon Web Services Consulting Partner
Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
PCMM Level 3
CMMi Level 5
HTNG Industry Partner
Wireless Broadband Alliance (WBA) Member

See also
Echostar
Dish Network
HughesNet
SPACEWAY
Hughes Network Systems

References

Telecommunications companies of the United States
Companies based in Rockville, Maryland
Valehouse Reservoir. Valehouse (or Vale House)  Reservoir is a man-made lake in Longdendale in north Derbyshire, England. It was built between 1865 and 1869 as part of the Longdendale Chain of reservoirs, which was built to supply water from the River Etherow to the urban areas of Greater Manchester, while maintaining a constant flow into the river. The upper reservoirs supply the drinking water, while Vale House and Bottoms are compensation reservoirs which guarantee the flow of water to water-powered mills downstream. Valehouse, with a crest elevation of , is too low to supply water under gravity to the Mottram Tunnel, so could not be used as an impounding reservoir. Today 45 megalitres of compensation water are released each day into the River Etherow.

Vale House Mill was purchased by Manchester Corporation in 1864, but a few villagers remained in the village of Vale House until 1868. In 1869 the hamlet was flooded out. The village was substantial, having an estimated population of 600 houses and 100 cottages. There was a gasworks and a school house for 24-30 scholars. Vale House Mill was the first spinning and weaving mill in Longdendale; it was built in 1775 by Samuel Oldknow. In 1864, it was owned by William Hobbs and Co. It had two carding rooms, nine spinning rooms, three weaving rooms and two Blowing Rooms. It had 15,416 spindles and 326 power looms. Vale House residents worshipped at the Ebenezer Methodist Chapel in Tintwistle (built in 1830), which was above the reservoir.

The chimney at Vale House Mill survived the construction of the reservoir and became known as the "Whispering Chimney" as it produced ghostly noises during strong winds. It was demolished in 1887 at the request of the Manchester to Sheffield Railway Company, who feared for the stability of their trains when all the passengers crowded over to one side of a carriage to see the chimney protruding from the waters of the reservoir.

The puddle trench was dug to a depth of  to a layer of lower millstone grit, which rested on limestone shales, and a good watertight seal was easily achieved.

It was stated in a statutory report, under the Reservoir Safety Act 1975, dated 12 June 1984, that all five reservoirs could be over-topped during a Probable Maximum Flood, so major works were undertaken. The retention level was raised by , the embankment crest by , and the wave wall was rebuilt. An  wide auxiliary spillway was constructed, two new  butterfly valves installed and existing valves descaled and motorised. The 11 kV overhead powerline was routed in a new embankment crest duct.

See also 
 List of dams and reservoirs in United Kingdom

References 

Reservoirs of the Peak District
Reservoirs in Derbyshire
XAP. XAP might refer to:

XAP processor, a CPU architecture for computers, developed by Cambridge Consultants since 1994
 XAP (Extensible Authoring Publishing), an old name for Extensible Metadata Platform (XMP)
XAP (file format), container format for mobile apps and Silverlight web apps
XAP, The IATA airport code for Chapecó Airport
xAP Home Automation protocol
XAP, The ICAO Code for Midway Connection, operated by Fischer Brothers Aviation of the United States