omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Earle Ovington. Earle Lewis Ovington (December 20, 1879 – July 21, 1936) was an American aeronautical engineer, aviator and inventor, and served as a lab assistant to Thomas Edison.  Ovington piloted the first official airmail flight in the United States in a Blériot XI on September 23, 1911. He carried a sack of mail from Nassau Boulevard aerodrome, Garden City, New York, to Mineola, New York. He circled at 500 feet and tossed the bag over the side of the cockpit and the sack burst on impact, scattering letters and postcards.  He delivered 640 letters and 1,280 postcards, including a letter to himself from the United States Post Office Department designating him as "Official Air Mail Pilot #1."

Biography
He was born on December 20, 1879, in Chicago, Illinois. He married Adelaide in 1911 and they had two children: Earle Kester Ovington (1912–2006) and Audrey Ovington (1914-2005) He built a house in the Samarkand area of Santa Barbara, California, which included an airstrip.  While this airstrip wasn't the ultimate site of the Santa Barbara Municipal Airfield, it did serve in that capacity until Ovington's death.  He died on July 21, 1936. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea.

See also

 1911 in aviation
 Dean Smith, pioneer air mail pilot

References

External links
Ovington, Mrs. Adelaide Alexander, An Aviator's Wife, Dodd, Mead and company, 1920. Full text at archive.org.
Campbell, Robert D., Reminiscences of a Birdman, Living History Press, 2009. 
Earle Lewis Ovington at Flickr
picture of Earle Lewis Ovington by photographer James Walter Collinge: last picture in gallery

1879 births
1936 deaths
20th-century American inventors
American aerospace engineers
Aviators from Illinois
United States airmail pilots
Ocean Drilling Program. The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) was a multinational effort to explore and study the composition and structure of the Earth's oceanic basins, running from 1985 to 2004. ODP was the successor to the Deep Sea Drilling Project initiated in 1968 by the United States. ODP was an international effort with contributions of Australia, Canada, Germany, France, Japan, the United Kingdom and the ESF Consortium for Ocean Drilling (ECOD) including 12 further countries. The program used the drillship JOIDES Resolution on 110 expeditions (legs) to collect about 2,000 deep sea cores from major geological features located in the ocean basins of the world. Drilling discoveries led to further questions and hypotheses, as well as to new disciplines in earth sciences such as the field of paleoceanography.

In 2004 ODP transformed into the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP).

See also

References

External links
 
 ODP Legacy Website
 ODP publications

Marine geology
Projects established in 1985
Henschel Hs 127. The Henschel Hs 127 was a German bomber that was built as two prototypes, but cancelled without entering mass production.

Design and development
In 1935, the RLM (Reichsluftfahrtministerium - German Ministry of Aviation) published requests for a fast tactical bomber. Junkers, Focke-Wulf, Messerschmitt  and Henschel all submitted designs.

According to RLM specifications, the aircraft was to be able to maintain a speed of 500 km/h (313 mph) for 30 minutes, take-off to a height of 20 m (65 ft) in not more than 750 m (2,460 ft), and carry one defensive machine gun and 500–800 kg (1,100-1,760 lb) of bombs. The crew was to consist of a pilot, a bombardier/navigator and a gunner.

Focke-Wulf soon withdrew from participation, so three projects were presented: the future Hs 127, the Junkers Ju 88 and the Messerschmitt Bf 162. Prototypes were ordered of all three, with new Daimler-Benz DB 600 engines to be installed on all three types.

The maiden flight of the Hs 127 V1 was at the end of 1937. The aircraft was smaller and lighter than the Ju 88 and had a very good top speed of 565 km/h (353 mph), but the Ju 88 was chosen because of its bigger bomb load.

In May 1938, the contract for Hs 127 development was cancelled by the RLM and the third prototype was not finished.

The Hs 127 was a low-wing monoplane with monocoque fuselage. Its two-spar wing had an all-metal covering and was equipped with flaps. Its retractable gear had shock-absorbers to facilitate operations from poor airstrips. All three crew members sat in the nose.

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading

 Smith, J.Richard and Kay, Anthony. German Aircraft of the Second World War. London: Putnam & Company Ltd., 1972 (third impression 1978). .
 Wood, Tony and Gunston, Bill. Hitler's Luftwaffe: A pictorial history and technical encyclopedia of Hitler's air power in World War II. London: Salamander Books Ltd., 1977. . 

Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
1930s German bomber aircraft
Hs 127
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft
Conditional loop. In computer programming, conditional loops or repetitive control structures are a way for computer programs to repeat one or more various steps depending on conditions set either by the programmer initially or real-time by the actual program.

A conditional loop has the potential to become an infinite loop when nothing in the loop's body can affect the outcome of the loop's conditional statement.  However, infinite loops can sometimes be used purposely, often with an exit from the loop built into the loop implementation for every computer language, but many share the same basic structure and/or concept. The While loop and the For loop are the two most common types of conditional loops in most programming languages.

Types
The following types are written in C++, but apply to multiple languages.

While loop
Checks condition for truthfulness before executing any of the code in the loop. If condition is initially false, the code inside the loop will never be executed. In PL/I this is a DO WHILE... statement.

while (condition) {
    // code
}

Do-While loop
Checks condition for truthfulness after executing the code in the loop. Therefore, the code inside the loop will always be executed at least once. PL/I implements this as a DO UNTIL... statement.

do {
    // code
} while (condition);

For loop
A simplified way to create a while loop.

for (initialization; condition; statement) {
    // code
}

Initialization is executed just once before the loop. Condition evaluates the boolean expression of the loop. Statement is executed at the end of every loop.

So for example, the following while loop:

int i = 0;

while (i < 10) {
    // code
    
    i += 1;
}

Could be written as the following for loop:

for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
    // code
}

For-Each loop
A for-each loop is essentially equivalent to an iterator. It allows a program to iterate through a data structure without having to keep track of an index. It is especially useful in Sets which do not have indices. An example is as follows:

std::vector<std::string> range = { "apple", "banana", "orange" };

for (auto item: range) {
    // code
}

Examples
The following is a C-style While loop. It continues looping while x does not equal 3, or in other words it only stops looping when x equals 3. However, since x is initialized to 0 and the value of x is never changed in the loop, the loop will never end (infinite loop).
int x = 0;

while (x != 3) {
    // code that doesn't change x
}
The while loop below will execute the code in the loop 5 times. x is initialized to 0, and each time in the loop the value of x is incremented. The while loop is set up to stop when x is equal to 5.
int x = 0;

while (x != 5) {
    // code
    
    x += 1;
}

Frequent bugs
Conditional loops are often the source of an Off by one error.

References

Control flow
Paul Horowitz. Paul Horowitz (born 1942) is an American physicist and electrical engineer, known primarily for his work in electronics design, as well as for his role in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (see SETI).

Biography
At age 8, Horowitz achieved distinction as the world's youngest amateur radio operator.  He went on to study physics at Harvard University (A.B., 1965; A.M., 1967; Ph.D., 1970), where he has also spent all of his subsequent career.  His early work was on scanning microscopy (using both protons and X-rays).  Horowitz has also conducted astrophysical research on pulsars and investigations in biophysics.  His interest in practical electronics has led to a handful of inventions, including an automated voting machine and an acoustic mechanism for landmine detection, and an electronic Morse Code/Baudot code keyboard using a diode matrix and 66 TTL integrated circuits for Amateur Radio use.  Since 1974 he has taught a practical course in electronics whose lecture notes became one of the best known textbooks in the field: The Art of Electronics (coauthored with Winfield Hill).

Horowitz was one of the pioneers of the search of intelligent life beyond the Earth, and one of the leaders behind SETI. This work has attracted both admiration and criticism. Harvard biologist Ernst Mayr has sharply criticized Horowitz for wasting the resources of the university and the efforts of graduate students on such an endeavour. Carl Sagan provided a strong rebuttal to Mayr's criticism, and pointed out that many eminent biologists and biochemists had endorsed SETI with the statement: 
 Sagan was believed to have based the main character in his novel Contact partly on Horowitz.

Horowitz led the META and BETA SETI projects.  Horowitz and Sagan reported that, in the course of project META, they had detected 37 signals "which survived all our cuts" and cannot be positively identified.
On September 10, 1988 the university's 84-foot radio dish detected "an enormous spike which was 750 times noise. If you converted the radio signal into audio it would sound just like a tone. It would sound like a flute." All 37 signals, however, have been single events which have never been heard again. The software company 37signals has been named after these signals.

Horowitz holds professorial appointments at Harvard in both physics and electrical engineering. He has also served as a member of the JASON Defense Advisory Group. One of his doctoral students, John A. Howell, is now Emeritus Professor of Physics at Earlham College.

Works

References

External links
 Official webpage at Harvard
 Research group webpage
 Transcript of interview for PBS's Nova

21st-century American physicists
American science writers
American technology writers
Amateur radio people
Harvard University alumni
1942 births
Living people
Giulio Natta. Giulio Natta (; 26 February 1903 – 2 May 1979) was an Italian chemical engineer and Nobel laureate. He won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963 with Karl Ziegler for work on high density polymers. He also received a Lomonosov Gold Medal in 1969.

Biography

Early years
Natta was born in Imperia, Italy. He earned his degree in chemical engineering from the Politecnico di Milano university in Milan in 1924. In 1927 he passed the exams for becoming a professor there. From 1929 to 1933, he was also in charge of physical chemistry at the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Milan. In 1933 he became a full professor and the director of the Institute of General Chemistry of Pavia University, where he stayed until 1935. During this time he began using crystallography to elucidate the structures of a wide variety of molecules including phosphine, arsine and others. In that year he was appointed full professor in physical chemistry at the University of Rome.

Career
From 1936 to 1938 he moved as a full professor and director of the Institute of Industrial Chemistry at the Polytechnic Institute of Turin. In 1938 he took over as the head of the Department of chemical engineering at the Politecnico di Milano university, in a somewhat controversial manner, when his predecessor Mario Giacomo Levi was forced to step down because of racial laws against Jews being introduced in Fascist Italy.

Natta's work at Politecnico di Milano led to the improvement of earlier work by Karl Ziegler and to the development of the Ziegler–Natta catalyst. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1963 with Karl Ziegler for their research in high polymers.

Personal life

In 1935 Natta married Rosita Beati; a graduate in literature, she coined the terms "isotactic", "atactic" and "syndiotactic" for polymers discovered by her husband. They had two children, Giuseppe and Franca. Rosita died in 1968.

Natta was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 1956. By 1963, his condition had progressed to the point that he required the assistance of his son and four colleagues to present his speech at the Nobel ceremonies in Stockholm. Natta died in Bergamo, Italy at age 76.

See also
Polypropylene

References

Further reading

External links

  including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1963 From the Stereospecific Polymerization to the Asymmetric Autocatalytic Synthesis of Macromolecules

1903 births
1979 deaths
People from Imperia
Polytechnic University of Milan alumni
Neurological disease deaths in Lombardy
Deaths from Parkinson's disease in Italy
Italian chemists
Italian chemical engineers
20th-century Italian inventors
Italian Nobel laureates
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Foreign members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
Polymer scientists and engineers
Academic staff of the Polytechnic University of Milan
Recipients of the Lomonosov Gold Medal
Academic staff of the University of Milan
USS Ability (AFDL-7). The third USS Ability (AFD-7/AFDL-7) was a small auxiliary floating drydock in the service of the United States Navy.

Construction
The construction of AFD-7, a one-section, steel, floating dry dock built at Eureka, California, by the Chicago Bridge & Iron Co., was begun sometime early in 1943 and was completed in April 1944.

Service history
The small, non-self-propelled auxiliary floating dry dock was then towed to the east coast for duty at the US Coast Guard base at Curtis Bay, Maryland, where she began a long career of docking small naval combatants (up to the size of destroyer escorts) for hull repairs.

At the end of World War II, the vessel returned to the Pacific and proceeded via Pearl Harbor to Guam. While serving there, she was redesignated AFDL-7 in August 1946. Following brief operations at the naval operating base at Guam, AFDL-7 was taken out of service on 1 January 1947, and laid up with the Pacific Reserve Fleet. Some time in 1948, she was towed back to Hawaii and laid up at Pearl Harbor. New Year's Day 1950, found her at the Long Beach Naval Shipyard for repairs, which lasted into the following year. Two years later, she was back at Pearl Harbor still inactive. She was inactive, in reserve, there until June 1970, when she was transferred, on loan, to the United States Army for service in South Vietnam. In October 1971, the small dry dock was returned to the United States Navy and laid up at Guam. On 1 January 1973, she was reactivated and served at various advanced Pacific bases. She remained in this status through 1980.

During this period of service, AFDL-7 was named Ability on 7 June 1979. While at Guam, she was taken out of service early in 1981. Her name was struck from the Navy list on 15 February 1981. She was sold for scrap on 1 July 1982.

See also
USS Endeavor (AFDL-1)

Notes

Citations

Bibliography 

Online resources

External links
 

World War II auxiliary ships of the United States
Ships built in Eureka, California
1944 ships
Floating drydocks of the United States Navy
Pacific Reserve Fleet, Pearl Harbor Group
Aspect (computer programming). In computer programming, an aspect of a program is a feature linked to many other parts of the program, but is not related to the program's primary function. An aspect crosscuts the program's core concerns, therefore violating its separation of concerns that tries to encapsulate unrelated functions. For example, logging code can crosscut many modules, yet the aspect of logging should be separate from the functional concerns of the module it cross-cuts. Isolating such aspects as logging and persistence from business logic is at the core of the aspect-oriented programming (AOP) paradigm.

Aspect-orientation is not limited to programming since it is useful to identify, analyse, trace and modularise concerns through requirements elicitation, specification, and design. Aspects can be multi-dimensional by allowing both functional and non-functional behaviour to crosscut any other concerns, instead of just mapping non-functional concerns to functional requirements.

One view of aspect-oriented software development is that every major feature of the program, core concern (business logic), or cross-cutting concern (additional features), is an aspect, and by weaving them together (a process also called composition), one finally produces a whole out of the separate aspects. This approach is known as pure aspect programming, but hybrid approaches are more common. It is possible for functional concerns to crosscut non-functional or functional concerns (e.g., the need for more features harms mobility). A uniform approach to representation and composition, similar to the pure approach in AOP, is termed multidimensional representation.

References 

Aspect-oriented software development
Aspect-oriented programming
Danie G. Krige. Danie Gerhardus Krige GCOB (; 26 August 19193 March 2013) was a South African statistician and mining engineer who pioneered the field of geostatistics and was professor at the University of the Witwatersrand, Republic of South Africa. The technique of kriging is named after him. Krige's empirical work to evaluate mineral resources was formalised in the 1960s by French engineer Georges Matheron.

References

External links
Obituary in Canadian Mining Journal
Keynote: Address: A tribute to Prof. D.G. Krige for his contributions over a period of more than half a century

South African statisticians
South African geologists
South African mining engineers
1919 births
2013 deaths
20th-century South African engineers
University of the Witwatersrand alumni
Academic staff of the University of the Witwatersrand
People from Nala Local Municipality
Geostatistics
Recipients of the Order of the Baobab
Beach Abort. The Beach Abort was an uncrewed test in NASA's Project Mercury, of the Mercury spacecraft Launch Escape System. Objectives of the test were a performance evaluation of the escape system, the parachute and landing system, and recovery operations in an off-the-pad abort situation. The test took place at NASA's Wallops Island, Virginia, test facility on May 9, 1960. In the test, the Mercury spacecraft and its Launch Escape System were fired from ground level. The flight lasted a total of 1 minute, 16 seconds. The spacecraft reached an apogee of  and splashed down in the ocean with a range of .Top speed was a velocity of . A Marine Corps helicopter recovered the spacecraft 17 minutes after launch.  The test was considered a success, although there was insufficient separation distance when the tower jettisoned. Mercury Spacecraft #1, the first spacecraft off McDonnell's production line, was used in this test. Total payload weight was .

Mercury Spacecraft #1 is displayed at the New York Hall of Science, Corona Park, NY. It is displayed indoors, suspended from the ceiling, with an escape tower of unknown provenance attached.

Gallery

See also
 Boilerplate (spaceflight)

References

External links
This New Ocean: A History of Project Mercury - NASA SP-4201 
Video of Mercury Beach Abort Test
Additional Images of the Spacecraft

Project Mercury
1960 in the United States
Test spaceflights
New York Hall of Science
Flight abort
TIALD. The Thermal Imaging Airborne Laser Designator (TIALD) was a targeting pod manufactured by Ferranti/GEC Marconi in the late 1980s and 1990s, and was the UK's primary laser designator for its Paveway series of laser-guided bombs (LGBs).

History
The  RAF's first laser designators were Westinghouse Electric Corporation Pave Spike pods fitted to Blackburn Buccaneers which entered service in 1979. As these were limited to daylight use, the Ministry of Defence initiated studies for a new laser designator. The first operational use of LGBs by the UK's armed forces were the RAF Harrier attacks on Argentine forces during the Falklands War. Laser designation for these attacks was carried out by a forward air controller using a ground designator.

In 1988 a Ferranti-led consortium was awarded a contract for development of its TIALD laser designator pod for use on the Panavia Tornado. The Ferranti pod incorporated thermal imagers from GEC-Marconi and automatic video tracking equipment from British Aerospace. The first use of the TIALD pod occurred during trials in May 1990 where a Buccaneer guided Paveway II bombs dropped from a Tornado.

The 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait saw the TIALD pod rushed into service on Tornado GR1s in just 46 days. In the resultant Gulf War, two pre-production TIALD pods were used to guide 229 LGBs to their targets.

The TIALD pod was used extensively following the Gulf War including during the Iraqi no-fly zone patrols (1991-2003), the related Operation Desert Fox (1998), Operation Deliberate Force, Bosnia (1995), the Kosovo War (1999) and the 2003 Iraq Conflict.

In March 1995 the RAF received the first upgraded SEPECAT Jaguar aircraft capable of operating the TIALD pod. The upgrade required both hardware and software updates of the type. Integration on the Harrier GR7 commenced in 1996.

Manufacturer
Due to the corporate history of its parent companies, the manufacturer of the TIALD pod has been known as Ferranti, GEC-Ferranti/GEC-Marconi, BAE Systems Avionics, and Selex ES.

Replacement
Experience in Afghanistan lead to the realisation that TIALD was outdated, as described by an RAF Wing Commander: "[It] was designed in the 1980s, to allow pilots to drop laser guided bombs on targets like bridges, big buildings and aircraft hangars... TIALD as an air interdiction targeting pod is very good and has done this reasonably well over the last decade, as was proved in Deliberate Force (1995), Allied Force (1999), and Operation Telic (2003). Now, however, we need a sensor that is geared more towards urban [close air support], where we need to defend particular targets that are very similar to others, like compounds within small towns or villages."

The TIALD pod was replaced by the LITENING targeting pod on Tornados. The Sniper pod replaced TIALD on Harriers following an urgent operational requirement in 2007.

References

Cold War weapons of the United Kingdom
Military electronics of the United Kingdom
Ferranti
General Electric Company
Laser ranging
Targeting pods
USS Valley Forge (CG-50). USS Valley Forge (CG-50) was a  in the United States Navy. She was named for Valley Forge, where the Continental Army camped during one winter in the American Revolution.

Construction and commissioning 
The ship was built by Ingalls Shipbuilding in Pascagoula, Mississippi, and was launched on 29 September 1984, by her sponsor Julia Vadala Taft, wife of Deputy Secretary of Defense William H. Taft IV.

Service history
During the 1986 RIMPAC naval exercise, she acted as the plane guard for the aircraft carrier .

She saw action during Desert Storm in the USS Ranger battle group and served as the overall Anti-Air warfare commander for the gulf (Bravo Zulu AAWC).

In March 2003, Valley Forge was assigned to Destroyer Squadron 21.

The ship was decommissioned on 31 August 2004, at San Diego Naval Station, the first ship with the Aegis combat system withdrawn from service. Valley Forge was sunk on 2 November 2006, as part of target practice on a test range near Kauai, Hawaii.

Awards

 Combat Action Ribbon - (16-28 Feb 1991)
 Joint Meritorious Unit Award - (Dec 1992-May 1993)
 Navy Unit Commendation - (Jan-Feb 1991, Jan-May 2003)
 Navy Meritorious Unit Commendation - (Dec 1994-May 1995, Jun-Dec 1998)
 Navy E Ribbon - (1989, 1995, 1998)
 Navy Expeditionary Medal - (Jun-Jul 1987)
 Special Operations Service Ribbon - (Apr-May 1993)

References

External links

 
 USS Valley Forge webpage

Ticonderoga-class cruisers
Ships built in Pascagoula, Mississippi
1984 ships
Cold War cruisers of the United States
USS Valley Forge (CG-50)
Ships sunk as targets