Peephole optimization. Peephole optimization is an optimization technique performed on a small set of compiler-generated instructions, known as a peephole or window, that involves replacing the instructions with a logically equivalent set that has better performance.

For example:

 Instead of pushing a register onto the stack and then immediately popping the value back into the register, remove both instructions
 Instead of multiplying x by 2, do 
 Instead of multiplying a floating point register by 8, add 3 to the floating point register's exponent

The term peephole optimization was introduced by William Marshall McKeeman in 1965.

Replacements
Peephole optimization replacements include but are not limited to:
 Null sequences – Delete useless operations
 Combine operations – Replace several operations with one equivalent
 Algebraic laws – Use algebraic laws to simplify or reorder instructions
 Special case instructions – Use instructions designed for special operand cases
 Address mode operations – Use address modes to simplify code

Implementation
Modern compilers often implement peephole optimizations with a pattern matching algorithm.

Examples

Replacing slow instructions with faster ones
The following Java bytecode:

 aload 1
 aload 1
 mul

can be replaced with the following which executes faster:

 aload 1
 dup
 mul

As for most peephole optimizations, this is based on the relative efficiency of different instructions. In this case, dup (which duplicates and pushes the top of the stack) is known/assumed to be more efficient than aload (which loads a local variable and pushes it onto the stack).

Removing redundant code
The following source code:

  a = b + c;
  d = a + e;

is straightforwardly compiled to:

MOV b, R0  ; Copy b to the register
ADD c, R0  ; Add  c to the register, the register is now b+c
MOV R0, a  ; Copy the register to a
MOV a, R0  ; Copy a to the register
ADD e, R0  ; Add  e to the register, the register is now a+e [(b+c)+e]
MOV R0, d  ; Copy the register to d

but can be optimized to:

MOV b, R0  ; Copy b to the register
ADD c, R0  ; Add c to the register, which is now b+c (a)
MOV R0, a  ; Copy the register to a
ADD e, R0  ; Add e to the register, which is now b+c+e [(a)+e]
MOV R0, d  ; Copy the register to d

Removing redundant stack instructions
If the compiler saves registers on the stack before calling a subroutine and restores them when returning, consecutive calls to subroutines may have redundant stack instructions.

Suppose the compiler generates the following Z80 instructions for each procedure call:

 PUSH AF
 PUSH BC
 PUSH DE
 PUSH HL
 CALL _ADDR
 POP HL
 POP DE
 POP BC
 POP AF

If there were two consecutive subroutine calls, they would look like this:

 PUSH AF
 PUSH BC
 PUSH DE
 PUSH HL
 CALL _ADDR1
 POP HL
 POP DE
 POP BC
 POP AF
 PUSH AF
 PUSH BC
 PUSH DE
 PUSH HL
 CALL _ADDR2
 POP HL
 POP DE
 POP BC
 POP AF

The sequence POP regs followed by PUSH for the same registers is generally redundant. In cases where it is redundant, a peephole optimization would remove these instructions. In the example, this would cause another redundant POP/PUSH pair to appear in the peephole, and these would be removed in turn. Assuming that subroutine _ADDR2 does not depend on previous register values, removing all of the redundant code in the example above would eventually leave the following code:

 PUSH AF
 PUSH BC
 PUSH DE
 PUSH HL
 CALL _ADDR1
 CALL _ADDR2
 POP HL
 POP DE
 POP BC
 POP AF

See also
 Object code optimizers, discussion in relation to general algorithmic efficiency
 Capex Corporation – produced the COBOL optimizer, an early mainframe object code optimizer for IBM Cobol
 Superoptimization
 Digital Research XLT86, an optimizing assembly source-to-source compiler

References

External links
 The copt general-purpose peephole optimizer by Christopher W. Fraser
 The original paper

Compiler optimizations