omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
EMMA (accelerator). The electron machine with many applications or electron model for many applications (EMMA) is a linear non-scaling FFAG (fixed-field alternating-gradient) particle accelerator at Daresbury Laboratory in the UK that can accelerate electrons from 10 to 20 MeV. A FFAG is a type of accelerator in which the magnetic field in the bending magnets is constant during acceleration. This means the particle beam will move radially outwards as its momentum increases. Acceleration was successfully demonstrated in EMMA, paving the way for future non-scaling FFAGs to meet important applications in energy, security and medicine.

A linear non-scaling FFAG is one in which a quantity known as the betatron tune is allowed to vary unchecked. In a conventional synchrotron such a variation would result in loss of the beam. However, in EMMA the beam will cross these resonances so rapidly that their effect should not be seen. EMMA will use the ALICE accelerator as a source of electrons and will be situated in the same laboratory at STFC's Daresbury site.

EMMA is a proof-of-principle machine; the experience gained in building this machine will be useful for future muon accelerators (which could be used in neutrino factories), and also for proton and carbon ion particle accelerators, which have applications for cancer therapy.

Non-scaling FFAGs are a good candidate for use in an accelerator-driven subcritical reactor system in which a non-critical fission core is driven to criticality by a small accelerator. Future electrical power generation could be influenced heavily by the use power stations consisting of a sub-critical core containing a material such as thorium, and a small accelerator capable of providing extra neutrons via a spallation target.

EMMA was funded by the BASROC consortium, under the CONFORM umbrella. Commissioning of EMMA began in June 2010 when the beam was injected and sent around part of the ring. Full ring commissioning commenced in August 2010. As of March 31 2011, full ring circumnavigation was completed to establish proof of principle.

References

External links
 Nature Physics article
 ASTeC project page
 CONFORM – EMMA section
 R. Edgecock et al., EMMA, The World's First Non-scaling FFAG. Proceedings of the 2008 European Particle Accelerator Conference
 
 Scientific publications relating to EMMA.

Particle accelerators
Research institutes in Cheshire
Science and Technology Facilities Council
Extent. Extent may refer to:

Computing 
 Extent (file systems), a contiguous region of computer storage medium reserved for a file
 Extent File System, a discontinued file system implementation named after the contiguous region
 Extent, a chunk of storage space logical volume management uses internally to provide various device mappings
 Extent, in computer programming, is the period during which a variable has a particular value

Other 
 Extent, a technical description of the wingspan of a bird, bat, or other flying animal
 Extent, a writ allowing a creditor to seize or assume temporary ownership of a debtor's property; also, the actual seizure in its execution
 Map extent, the portion of a region shown in a map

See also 
 Extant (disambiguation)
RotorWay Exec. The RotorWay Exec is a family of American two-bladed, skid-equipped, two-seat kit helicopters, manufactured by RotorWay International of Chandler, Arizona and supplied in kit form for amateur-construction.

Design and development
The Exec 162F is the latest in the Exec series of helicopters manufactured by RotorWay International.

The RotorWay Scorpion design was updated with an aluminum tail and full fiberglass cockpit enclosure to become the Exec. The Exec 90 was developed in the early 1990s, it was, at the time, the only piston-powered helicopter to utilize an asymmetrical airfoil for improved autorotation characteristics and safety.

In 1994, a fuel injection system with electronic ignition, and FADEC was added to the Exec 90, producing the Exec 162F.

Unlike most U.S.-designed helicopters, the main rotor on the Exec 162F rotates clockwise, as seen from above.

The Exec series was further developed into the RotorWay A600 Talon, which replaced the Exec in production.

Operational history
Comedian and ventriloquist Jeff Dunham has a custom-painted Rotorway Exec 162F with his name and a picture of Walter on the aircraft.

Variants
Rotorway Windstar
Four place development that was cancelled.
RotorWay Exec 90
Introduced in 1990, improvement of the original RotorWay Exec, Electronic ignition, eyebrow windows, elastomeric control head.
RotorWay Exec 162F
FADEC improved model.
AvioTecnica ES-101 Raven
In 1996 AvioTecnica of Italy marketed the Exec as the ES-101 Exec with a turbine engine instead of the piston engine. In 2004 it produced an improved variant it named the Aviotechnica ES-101 Raven powered by a modified Solar T-62-A turboshaft. Other improvements include carbon-fibre rotor blades, a two-piece windscreen and later models have a digital cockpit.
Alpi Syton AH 130
The Raven design was taken over by Alpi Aviation in late 2008 and the aircraft further developed into the Alpi Syton AH 130.
Hillberg Turbine Exec
A turbine conversion using the Solar T62 auxiliary power unit (APU) made by Hillberg Helicopters of Fountain Valley, California in the 1990s.

Specifications

See also 
 Aerokopter AK1-3 Sanka
 Composite Helicopters International KC 518 Adventourer

Notes

References
Taylor, Michael J.H. (ed.). Brassey's World Aircraft & Systems Directory 1999/2000. London:Brassey's, 1999. .
Jackson, Paul (ed) Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2008-2009. Coulsdon, Surrey, England:Jane's Information Group, 2008.

External links

RotorWay International website

1990s United States civil utility aircraft
1990s United States helicopters
Homebuilt aircraft
Single-engined piston helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1994
Drift-field transistor. The drift-field transistor, also called the drift transistor or graded base transistor, is a type of high-speed bipolar junction transistor having a doping-engineered electric field in the base to reduce the charge carrier base transit time.

Invented by Herbert Kroemer at the Central Bureau of Telecommunications Technology of the German Postal Service, in 1953, it continues to influence the design of modern high-speed bipolar junction transistors.

Early drift transistors were made by diffusing the base dopant in a way that caused a higher doping concentration near the emitter reducing towards the collector.

This graded base happens automatically with the double diffused planar transistor (so they aren't usually called drift transistors).

Similar high speed transistors
Another way to speed the base transit time of this type of transistor is to vary the band gap across the base, e.g. in the SiGe [epitaxial base] BJT the base of Si1−ηGeη can be grown with η approx 0.2 by the collector and reducing to 0 near the emitter (keeping the dopant concentration constant).

Applications
Germanium diffused junction transistors were used by IBM in their Saturated Drift Transistor Resistor Logic (SDTRL), used in the IBM 1620. (Announced Oct 1959)

References

External links
 Herb’s Bipolar Transistors IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRON DEVICES, VOL. 48, NO. 11, NOVEMBER 2001 PDF needs IEEE subscription
 Influence of Mobility and Lifetime Variations on Drift-Field Effects in Silicon-Junction Devices PDF needs IEEE subscription

Transistor types
1953 introductions
Matthew Stirling (railway engineer). Matthew Stirling (1856–1931) was Locomotive Superintendent of the Hull & Barnsley Railway (H&BR).  Matthew Stirling was born in Kilmarnock on 27 November 1856. He was the son of Patrick Stirling, the nephew of James Stirling, and grandson of Robert Stirling – all of whom were also famous mechanical engineers.

Career
Matthew was appointed Locomotive Superintendent of the H&BR on 13 May 1885. His first locomotive design was the H&BR Class B 0-6-0 tender locomotive (1889). This later became LNER Class J23.  A larger and more modern version of the Class B was developed later.  This was designated H&BR Class L, and later became LNER Class J28.  Matthew Stirling's locomotive designs often incorporated the design traditions established by his father, including domeless boilers.  His powerful H&BR Class A (LNER Class Q10) 0-8-0 freight locomotives were heavily used during World War I.

List of locomotive designs

The LNER Class N13s survived into the British Railways era and the last locomotive, No. 69114, was withdrawn in 1956.

Retirement and death
He retired in 1922 when the H&BR was taken over by the North Eastern Railway (NER). Stirling died on 5 October 1931 in Hull, aged 75.

References

External links 
 Matthew Stirling
 Famous Stirling Family Members

1856 births
1931 deaths
Scottish mechanical engineers
Scottish railway mechanical engineers
Locomotive builders and designers
Locomotive superintendents
Hull and Barnsley Railway
Matthew
People from Kilmarnock
Tsuneo Nakahara. was a Japanese communications engineer, executive advisor to the CEO of Sumitomo Electric. He was one of the main researchers contributing to the development of optical fiber technology.

He earned his B.E. in 1953 and his Ph.D. in 1961, both in electrical engineering, from the University of Tokyo. He did his post-doc at Polytechnic Institute of New York University. He was a foreign associate of the US National Academy of Engineering and a member of the Board of Trustees of Polytechnic Institute of New York University.

In 1983, Tsuneo Nakahara became fellow of the IEEE for contributions to the development of microwave transmission lines, traffic control systems, and fiber optics.

Nakahara was an IEEE Life Fellow and served in a number of positions. In 2002, he received the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal.

Notes

External links
 Tsuneo Nakahara Oral History at IEEE History Center, dated May 20, 1994.

1930 births
2016 deaths
Japanese electrical engineers
University of Tokyo alumni
Fiber optics
Polytechnic Institute of New York University faculty
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering
Fellows of the IEEE
JDM Roitelet. 

The JDM Roitelet (French: "Wren") was a single-seat light aircraft marketed in France by Avions JDM shortly after World War II.  However, only a single example (the prototype, registration F-WFAC) is known to have been built. It was a low-wing, open cockpit monoplane with tailskid undercarriage.

Specifications

Avions JDM
Avions JDM (from "Jean Dabos et Masclet") was a French aircraft manufacturer established in Neuilly-sur-Seine shortly after World War II to market the Roitelet for homebuilding. However, the aircraft did not sell.

References

Bibliography
 aviafrance.com
 luftfahrt-archiv.de
 aviafrance.com

1940s French sport aircraft
Homebuilt aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Roitelet
Aircraft first flown in 1949
PYTHIA. PYTHIA is a computer simulation program for predicting events at very high energies in particle accelerators.

History
PYTHIA was originally written in FORTRAN 77, until the 2007 release of PYTHIA 8.1 which was rewritten in C++. Both the Fortran and C++ versions were maintained until 2012 because not all components had been merged into the 8.1 version. However, the latest version already includes new features not available in the Fortran release. PYTHIA is developed and maintained by an international collaboration of physicists, consisting of Christian Bierlich, Nishita Desai, Leif Gellersen, Ilkka Helenius, Philip Ilten, Leif Lönnblad, Stephen Mrenna, Stefan Prestel, Christian Preuss, Torbjörn Sjöstrand, Peter Skands, Marius Utheim and Rob Verheyen.

Features
The following is a list of some of the features PYTHIA is capable of simulating:
 Hard and soft interactions
 Parton distributions
 Initial/final-state parton showers
 Multiparton interactions
 Fragmentation and decay

See also
 Particle physics
 Particle decay

References

Further reading

External links
 The official PYTHIA page

Monte Carlo particle physics software
Physics software
Software that was rewritten in C++
John Wozencraft. John McReynolds "Jack" Wozencraft (September 30, 1925 – August 31, 2009) was an electrical engineer and information theorist, professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. One of the pioneers of coding theory, Wozencraft developed the sequential decoding techniques for convolutional codes that made error-free communication possible with relatively low computing power.

Biography
He attended the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, NY. Following graduation in 1946, he joined the United States Army Signal Corps Engineering Laboratory. He received his Sc.D. at MIT in 1957. From 1957 to 1976, when he retired, he served on the faculty of MIT's department of Electrical Engineering.

While on a leave of absence from MIT (1972–1974), he served as Dean of Research at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. Following his retirement from MIT in 1976, he returned to the Naval Postgraduate School as professor of electrical engineering and the founding chairman of a new interdisciplinary command, control, and communications academic group. He was appointed distinguished professor in 1985, and he retired in 1987.

In 1965, with Irwin M. Jacobs, Wozencraft co-authored Principles of Communication Engineering (), a highly regarded textbook which is still widely used.

In 2006, Wozencraft was awarded the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal.

He died on August 31, 2009, in Redmond, Washington.

See also
Rpal

References

External links
 John Wozencraft's bio at IEEE History Center

American information theorists
American electrical engineers
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
MIT School of Engineering faculty
1925 births
2009 deaths
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army officers
Avions Fairey Belfair. The Avions Fairey Belfair, also known as the Tipsy Belfair after its designer, Ernest Oscar Tips, was a two-seat light aircraft built in Belgium following World War II.

Design and development

The Belfair was based on the Tipsy B built before the war, but featured a fully enclosed cabin. It was a low-wing cantilever monoplane of conventional configuration with exceptionally clean lines. It was fitted with tailwheel undercarriage with spatted mainwheels.

The aircraft boasted splendid performance, twice breaking the world distance record for aircraft in its class (FAI class 1A - under 500 kg). The first of these flights was made by Albert van Cothem on 21 August 1950 and covered . The second, made by P. Anderson on 3 August 1955 nearly trebled this to . Both records were set in the same aircraft, construction number 533, registration OO-TIC.

Unfortunately, the Belfair was a victim of the glut of light aircraft on the market following World War II. The aircraft was priced at BEF 200,000, when war-surplus Piper Cubs and similar aircraft were selling for around BEF 30,000. Consequently, although six airframes past the prototype were under construction, only three had been completed when Tips made the decision that the aircraft was simply not commercially viable and sold the remaining airframes "as is". They were purchased by D. Heaton of Speeton, Yorkshire and completed in the UK, with a further aircraft converted from a prewar Tipsy Trainer to the same standard. One of these aircraft (c/n 535, G-APIE, ex OO-TIE) was still flying in 2015, while another (c/n 536, G-APOD) was under restoration as of 2001.

Specifications

See also

Notes

References

 
 
 Oliver Holmes photography
 The Ultimate Tipsy Site

Single-engined tractor aircraft
1940s Belgian civil utility aircraft
Belfair
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1946
Belfair
HMS Swindon. HMS Swindon was a Hunt-class minesweeper of the Aberdare sub-class built for the Royal Navy during World War I. She was not finished in time to participate in the First World War and was sold into civilian service in 1921.

Design and description 
The Aberdare sub-class were enlarged versions of the original Hunt-class ships with a more powerful armament. The ships displaced  at normal load. They had a length between perpendiculars of  and measured  long overall. The Aberdares had a beam of  and a draught of . The ships' complement consisted of 74 officers and ratings.

The ships had two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one shaft, using steam provided by two Yarrow boilers. The engines produced a total of  and gave a maximum speed of . They carried a maximum of  of coal which gave them a range of  at .

The Aberdare sub-class was armed with a quick-firing (QF)  gun forward of the bridge and a QF twelve-pounder (76.2 mm) anti-aircraft gun aft. Some ships were fitted with six- or three-pounder guns in lieu of the twelve-pounder.

Construction and career 
Swindon was renamed from HMS Bantry in 1918 to avoid any conflict between the vessel name and a coastal location. In 1921 she was sold off and converted to a coastal passenger/freight steamer  by the Coaster Construction Co of Montrose, Scotland for the Union Steamship Co of British Columbia. She was laid up and sold to Coast Ferries in 1951, then scrapped at Gambier Island, BC in 1952.

See also 
 Swindon, Wiltshire

Notes

References 
 
 
 
 

Hunt-class minesweepers (1916)
Royal Navy ship names
1918 ships
Stover Manufacturing and Engine Company. The Stover Manufacturing and Engine Company was created by D.C. Stover in 1881. An established inventor, he progressed through a profitable windmill business to, in 1895, the manufacture of kerosene and gasoline powered stationary engines for use on the American farm.

History 
The Stover company began producing windmills in 1879.</ref> It was incorporated in 1881 as the Stover Manufacturing and Engine Company and by 1922 they had 600 employees.

Stover made more than 277,000 engines of various sizes and uses. Stover licensed some designs to Sears, Roebuck and Co. under the Economy trademark.

In addition to windmills and engines, Stover made a line of cast iron waffle irons.

The main manufacturing plant was located at 301 N Henderson Road in Freeport, IL. Although in disrepair, much of the plant still stands.

References

Engine manufacturers of the United States
Urban Planning College. The College of Urban Planning () is a public university in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It was founded in the 1960s through a bilateral agreement between the Ethiopian and French governments.

Overview
It was intended to train higher technicians serving Ethiopian cities. In the early years of its establishment, French was the medium of instruction, which was later taught as a credited course. The college was known for its unique multi-disciplinary training in architecture, urban planning and civil engineering.

In 1996, it was merged with the Ethiopian Civil Service University and renamed as the Faculty of Urban Studies. Since then, the faculty has organized itself under the Ethiopian Civil Service University to continue its central role in the development of Ethiopian urban centers.

See also 

 List of universities and colleges in Ethiopia
 Education in Ethiopia

References
Ethiopian Civil Service College

Universities and colleges in Ethiopia
Universities and colleges established in the 1960s
1960s establishments in Ethiopia
Eritrea Institute of Technology. The Eritrea Institute of Technology (EIT) or Mai-Nefhi College is a technological institute located near the town Himbrti, Mai Nefhi, Eritrea. It is situated about 12 km southwest of Asmara, near the Mai Nefhi dam. The institute has three colleges: Science, Engineering and Technology, and Education. The institute began with about 5,500 students during the 2003-2004 academic year.

Overview

The EIT was opened after the University of Asmara was reorganized. According to the Ministry of Education, the institution was established, as one of many efforts to achieve equal distribution of higher learning in areas outside the capital city, Asmara. Accordingly, several similar colleges are also established in different other parts of the country.

The Eritrea Institute of Technology at Mai Nefhi is the main local institute of higher studies in science, engineering and education. Funding for EIT is largely provided by the Ministry of Education.

References

External links 
Eritrea Institute of Technology

Universities and colleges in Eritrea
Science and technology in Eritrea
Scientific organisations based in Eritrea
Educational institutions established in 2003
2003 establishments in Eritrea
AGX. AGX may stand for:

Arts and entertainment
 AGX-05 Cybuster, fictional mecha in the video game 2nd Super Robot Wars Original Generation
 AGX-04 Gerbera Tetra, fictional mobile suit in the anime series Mobile Suit Gundam 0083: Stardust Memory

Businesses and organizations
 Aviogenex, a former Serbian airline, ICAO code AGX
 AGX Resources, former name of Pacific Rubiales Energy
 AGX, a Brazilian unmanned aerial vehicles manufacturer

Science and technology
 AGX graphite, nuclear graphite
 AgX, pseudo-chemical notation for Silver halide
 Advanced Graphics eXtended, variation of PCI-based AGP port
 AGX Multiphysics, a proprietary real-time physics engine

Other uses 
 Renault AGx, a range of trucks
 Agatti Aerodrome, an airport in Lakshadweep, India, IATA code AGX
 Aghul language, ISO 639-3 code agx

See also
 AGXT, enzyme
 AG (disambiguation)
Avro Antelope. The Avro 604 Antelope was a British light bomber which was designed and built in the late 1920s to meet a requirement for a light bomber to equip the Royal Air Force, competing against the Hawker Hart and the Fairey Fox II. It was unsuccessful, the Hart being preferred.

Design and development
The Avro 604 Antelope was designed to meet the requirements of Air Ministry Specification 12/26, for a single-engine light, high-speed day bomber. One prototype was ordered by the Air Ministry, which first flew in July 1928, powered by a 480 hp (360 kW) Rolls-Royce F.XIB (later known as the Kestrel) engine.

The prototype Antelope, which was a single-bay biplane with all-metal construction, was evaluated at the Aeroplane and Armament Experimental Establishment (A & AEE) at Martlesham Heath against the Hawker Hart and Fairey Fox II. While it easily met the performance requirements of the specification, it showed poor low-speed handling and spinning characteristics, and was rejected in favour of the Hart owing to the ease of maintenance of the Hart.

Operational history
After rejection for operational service, the prototype Antelope was fitted with dual controls and used by the Royal Aircraft Establishment as an engine and propeller test bed, remaining in use until September 1933.

Operators

Royal Air Force
Royal Aircraft Establishment

Specifications (Antelope)

See also

References

External links

Avro Antelope – British Aircraft Directory

1920s British bomber aircraft
Antelope
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Dimethyl sulfoxide (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on dimethyl sulfoxide.

Material Safety Data Sheet  

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source  such as SIRI, and follow its directions.

Structure and properties

Thermodynamic properties

Vapor pressure of liquid
vapor pressure at 20 °C = 0.556 mbar = 0.417 mmHg

Distillation data

Spectral data

References

 

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup