omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Traverse board. The traverse board is a tool formerly used in dead reckoning navigation to easily record the speeds and directions sailed during a watch. Even crew members who could not read or write could use the traverse board.

As the mathematician William Bourne remarked in 1571, “I have known within these 20 years that them that were ancient masters of shippes hathe derided and mocked them that have occupied their cards and plattes and also the observation of the Altitude of the Pole saying; that they care not for their sheepskinne for he could keepe a better account upon a board.”  

Bourne’s ‘old salt’ is talking about a traverse board, a wooden board with a compass rose drawn on it linked by pegs and cords to a series of peg holes beneath it.  It allowed a helmsman to keep a rough check of the time sailed on each rhumb of the wind.

Description
The traverse board is a wooden board with peg-holes and attached pegs.  It is divided into two parts, upper and lower.

The top part is for recording direction sailed. It has a representation of the compass rose with its 32 compass points, just as on the face of the ship's compass. Eight concentric rings are inscribed on the compass rose. Each ring has one peg hole at each point of the compass. Eight pegs are attached to the centre of the compass rose with strings.

The bottom part is for recording speed. It has four rows of holes. Each column represents a certain speed, measured in knots. Three more columns to the right give fractional knots: , , and . Eight pegs are attached to this part of the board.

Each half-hour during the watch, a crew member inserted a peg in the top part of the board to represent the heading sailed during that half-hour, as shown on the ship's compass.  The innermost ring of peg-holes is used for the first half-hour, and each succeeding measurement was made in the next ring out, until all eight rings were used.

Each hour during the watch, a crew member inserted a peg in the bottom portion of the board to represent the speed sailed during the hour.  The speed would have been measured using a knot log.  If the speed for the first hour of the watch was  knots, the crew member would count over 10 holes in the first row and place one peg, then place another peg in the column marked "".  In the second hour of the watch, the crew member would use the second row of pegs, and so on until all 4 rows were used.

At the end of the watch, the navigator collected the information about the speeds and directions sailed during the watch into the logbook, cleared the pegs from the board, and used the information to figure the vessel's dead reckoning track.  Meanwhile, the helm of the new watch  would begin recording the new sailing headings and speeds on the traverse board.

See also
Toletta de marteloio
Rhumbline network

External links

 The Pilgrims & Plymouth Colony:1620 -- Navigation: The Traverse Board by Duane A. Cline—line drawing of traverse board

References

Navigational equipment
Imera (company). Imera was a subsidiary of Norwegian offshore services company Oceanteam ASA located in Dublin and Amsterdam.  The company was created by merger of a privately owned Irish company Imera Power and Hydragrid, a subsidiary of Oceanteam. Oceanteam owned a 70% stake in the company.

Imera was the promoter of the East–West Interconnector project across Irish Sea between Ireland and Wales.  It also proposed the BelBrit interconnector between the United Kingdom and Belgium.

In January 2009, Imera announced plans to build Europagrid, an electricity grid connecting multiple European nations and offshore wind farm projects.

In 2009, it was published that the East West Interconnector did not receive EU grant aid to secure financing.  Following this, Oceanteam divested its entire shareholding in Imera in December 2009.

References

Companies of the Republic of Ireland
Companies disestablished in 2010
Engineering bill of materials. An engineering bill of materials (EBOM) is a type of bill of materials (BOM) reflecting the product as designed by engineering.

The EBOM is not related to modular BOM or configurable BOM (CBOM) concepts, as modular and configurable BOMs are used to reflect selection of items to create saleable end-products.

The EBOM concept aligns to sales BOMs (as sold), service BOMs (as changed based on changes due to field service).

This BOM includes all substitute and alternate part numbers, and includes parts that are contained in drawing notes.

See also
 Bill of materials
 Configurable BOM (CBOM)
 Material Requirements Planning (MRP)
 Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II)
 Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

Manufacturing
Enterprise resource planning terminology
Bernard Pietenpol. Bernard H. Pietenpol (1901–1984) was an aircraft designer.

A designer of homebuilt aircraft, Pietenpol was a self-taught mechanic who lived most of his life in the small community of Cherry Grove in southeastern Minnesota.

His best-known design, the Pietenpol Air Camper, was meant to be built and flown by the "average American" of the 1930s. The Air Camper is a two-place open cockpit monoplane with "parasol" wing built from material that was, in the 1930s, readily available from local sources. Powered by a Ford Model A engine, and first flown with one in May 1929,  Pietenpol's design was sturdy, simple and  affordable. Plans were first published in Modern Mechanics and Inventions, then in the magazine's 1932 Flying and Glider Manual.

With the success of the Air Camper, MMI editor Weston Farmer convinced Pietenpol to design an airplane that could be powered with the cheaper and more readily available Ford Model T engine.  In response to Farmer's request, Pietenpol designed the single-place Pietenpol Sky Scout.

Air Campers have been built using many (over 50 have been recorded) different power plants. Pietenpol himself liked the air-cooled Corvair engine.  But his original design is well suited to the high torque, slow-turning Model "A."

A restored example of the Air Camper can be found in the inventory of the Mid-Atlantic Air Museum in Reading, Pennsylvania.

In later years, Pietenpol sold and repaired television sets. In 1981, the Pietenpol Workshop and Garage was added to the National Register of Historic Places. His hangar was disassembled and relocated to Pioneer Airport, in Oshkosh, Wisconsin as part of the EAA Aviation Museum. Pietenpol died in 1984, and was inducted in the Minnesota Aviation Hall of Fame in 1991.

References

1901 births
1984 deaths
Aircraft designers
People from Fillmore County, Minnesota
History of aviation
Aquapel. Aquapel is a technical racing swimsuit designed by Tyr Sport, Inc.  It has a unique creation process that gives it a high-speed design, turbulence reduction and advanced compression biochemics.  The suit fits snugly and uniformly across all parts of the body.  The suit also sports strangely placed seams that together make-up what TYR calls hydrodynamic flow panels.  These flow panels have been specially designed to reduce turbulence, and aid in the smooth control of water flow.  In 2005, these suits ranged in price from roughly $55 for a racer to $220 for a bodyskin.

Construction
Aquapel is constructed of a unique Lycra blend.  It is passed through a series of rollers, which flatten the material while still maintaining its original strength and recovery ability.  Then it is heated, which sears the material, giving it its unique shiny finish.  A hydrophobic solution is the applied to the finished material to reduce the chlorine and water absorption of the fabric.  Combined, all of these applications help the suit reduce drag and micro-turbulence, while advancing the hydrodynamic principles of the suit.

Performance
The suits have been seen at the 2000 Olympics, but their popularity was far lower than that of their competition, the Speedo Fastskin.

References

Swimwear brands
One-piece suits
Manufacturing bill of materials. A manufacturing bill of materials (MBOM), also referred to as the manufacturing BOM, contains all the parts and assemblies required to build a complete and shippable product.

MBOM is a type of bill of materials (BOM). Unlike engineering bill of materials (EBOM), which is organized with regards to how the product is designed, the MBOM is focused on the parts that are needed to manufacture a product. In addition to the parts list in an EBOM, the MBOM also includes information about how the parts relate to each other. In a batch execution system such as ISA-88, the MBOM will refer to the formula part of the recipe. A recipe will include a "recipe procedure" and "equipment requirements" in addition to the formula. The "recipe procedure" explains the steps to make the end product. The "equipment requirements" describes the machines and tools that are necessary to make the product. In ISA-95 terms, the MBOM will refer to the "material specification" in the "product definition model".

An MBOM is not the same as "as manufactured" or "as built". The MBOM can be viewed as the ingredients in a recipe to make a cake, where as "as built" refers to the actual materials that were consumed to make the cake. In ISA-88 terms "as built" is the same as the batch record, in ISA-95 terms "as built" is the same as a "segment response" in "production performance".

The details in an MBOM are good enough to allow it to be used in a manufacturing operations management (MOM) System or manufacturing execution system (MES). The MBOM typically contains more information than what is needed to do the MRP (material requirements planning) part of an MPS (master production schedule) in an ERP (enterprise resource planning) system.

References 

Production planning
Management frameworks
Indiana Transmission. Indiana Transmission is a Stellantis North America automobile factory in Kokomo, Indiana.  The first plant, Indiana Transmission I, opened in 1998 and the second opened in 2003. In June 2010 Chrysler announced a 300 million dollar investment to retool and modernize the Indiana plant for production of a future eight-speed automatic transmission. The plant is not to be confused with Kokomo Transmission, a separate plant also located in Kokomo.

Current products 
 Indiana Transmission I
 Chrysler 65RFE transmission RWD
 Jeep Grand Cherokee
 Dodge Durango
 Dodge Ram 1500
 Chrysler 66RFE transmission RWD
 Dodge Ram 2500-3500 (5.7L V8)
 Chrysler 68RFE transmission RWD
 Dodge Ram 2500-3500 (6.7L diesel)
 948TE FWD
 Jeep Cherokee
 Indiana Transmission II
 Chrysler W5A580 transmission RWD
6 gen. Charger or 2nd Gen. Magnum SXT
Gearbox: Daimler-Benz 5G-Tronic cross Ref. Kelly Bluebook Detailed specs.
 Chrysler 300
 Dodge Challenger
 Dodge Charger (LX)
 Jeep Grand Cherokee

References

External links 
 

Chrysler factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Indiana
Indianapolis Foundry. Indianapolis Foundry was a Chrysler automobile foundry located at 1100 S. Tibbs Avenue in Indianapolis, Indiana. The factory opened in 1890 as the "American Foundry Company" and was purchased in 1946 by Chrysler and operated as a subsidiary. It became part of Chrysler property in 1946 and expanded in 1964, 1978, 1988, and went through a major remodel from 1996 through 2000. The plant covered  on Indianapolis' west side.

Brief timeline
 1890s: American Foundry opens in Indianapolis.
 1910-1920: The foundry makes engine blocks and heads for Apperson, Chalmers, Marmon, Maxwell, Stutz autos, Caterpillar tractors, Stutz fire trucks.
 1925: Maxwell reorganizes as Chrysler Corporation, turns to American Foundry as an engine block supplier.
 1946: Chrysler buys American Foundry.
 1950: New plant opens at 1100 S. Tibbs Ave.
 1964: Expansion makes Tibbs foundry Central Indiana's largest.
 1996: Foundry launches $225 million upgrade.
 2003: DaimlerChrysler says Indianapolis foundry will close within four years.
 2005: Foundry closes on September 30, idling final 900 employees.

Foundry/ Brazil S.A. The 3.3/3.8L blocks were outsourced to Bruhl Foundry/ Germany. 
Current products:
 Cast iron blocks
 3.3/3.8 L V6
 3.7 L V6
 4.7 L V8

Notes

Chrysler factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Indiana
Defunct companies based in Indianapolis
Manufacturing companies based in Indianapolis
1890 establishments in Indiana
2005 disestablishments in Indiana
Kokomo Casting. Kokomo Casting Plant is a Stellantis North America automotive factory in Kokomo, Indiana that manufactures aluminum parts for automotive components, transaxle cases, engine blocks, propulsion transmissions. The factory opened in 1965 and was expanded in 1969, 1986, 1995, and 1997. It is the largest die casting factory in the world. In June 2010 Chrysler announced a 300 million dollar investment to retool and modernize the Kokomo Casting for production of a future eight-speed automatic.

Current products
 Aluminum parts
 Transmission and transaxle cases

References

External links
 

Chrysler factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Indiana
Companies based in Kokomo, Indiana
1965 establishments in Indiana
Buildings and structures in Howard County, Indiana
Industrial buildings completed in 1965
Kokomo Transmission. Kokomo Transmission Plant is a Chrysler automotive factory in Kokomo, Indiana that manufactures propulsion transmissions. The  factory opened in 1956 at 2401 S Reed Rd. The plant is not to be confused with Indiana Transmission, a separate plant also located in Kokomo.

Products

Current 
Machining of engine block castings and transmission components (aluminum and steel):
 Chrysler 40TES/41TES transmission FWD
 Chrysler 62TE transmission FWD
 Chrysler 845RE transmission RWD
 Chrysler 850RE transmission RWD
 Machining of engine block castings and transmission components (aluminum and steel)

Transmission for the models Jeep Grand Cherokee, Chrysler 300, Dodge Charger, Dodge Challenger, Dodge Durango, Ram 1500.

Former 
 Chrysler 404,604,606, 42RLE & 62TE transmissions
 Chrysler 518/618 (46,47 & 48 RH-RE transmissions
 Chrysler 48RE transmission RWD
 Chrysler 41TE transmission FWD
 Chrysler 40TE transmission FWD
 Chrysler 42RLE transmission RWD

References

External links
 

Chrysler factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Indiana
Companies based in Kokomo, Indiana
Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack. Detroit Assembly Complex – Mack, previously known as the Mack Avenue Engine Complex, is a Stellantis North America automobile assembly factory in Detroit, Michigan. The plant is located adjacent to the Detroit Assembly Complex – Jefferson plant.

History 
The original factory ("Old Mack") was built in 1916 by the Michigan Stamping Company. When Michigan Stamping was sold to Briggs Manufacturing Company in 1920, Briggs made bodies there for Plymouth, Ford, and others. Chrysler Corporation bought Mack Avenue and 11 other plants from Briggs in 1953. It continued to use it as a stamping plant for the nearby Dodge Main factory, Lynch Road Assembly, and Jefferson Avenue Assembly plants.

In 1979, a financially hurting Chrysler closed the now outdated factory and all but abandoned the site, which became derelict, overgrown, and a toxic brownfield. The city of Detroit bought it in 1982 but was unable to find a purchaser or afford environmental remediation for the site and returned it to Chrysler. In 1990 Chrysler began cleanup and demolition of the old plant and built a new factory on the site ("New Mack").

The factory floor space covers . It was the original production site for the Dodge Viper, from 1992 to 1995 when the Viper moved to Conner Avenue Assembly.  It was converted into an engine plant in 1998, with the additional  of "Mack Engine II" added in 1999

In April 2013, Mack Engine I produced the last PowerTech 4.7 L V8 engine and retooled to produce the Pentastar V6 engine. To switch to Pentastar production, 197 million dollars was invested in the Mack Engine I, and up to 250 jobs are to be added.

In December 2018, Fiat Chrysler Automobiles announced that the Mack Avenue Engine Complex would be reopened and converted back into a vehicle assembly plant, to make the next generation Jeep Grand Cherokee starting in 2021.

Products

Current 
 Jeep Grand Cherokee

Previous 
 4.7 L Chrysler PowerTech engine V8 (Mack Engine I)
 3.7 L Chrysler PowerTech engine V6 (Mack Engine II)
 3.0 L, 3.2 L, and 3.6 L Chrysler Pentastar engine V6 (Mack Engine I)

See also 
List of Chrysler factories

References 

Chrysler factories
Industrial buildings and structures in Detroit
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Michigan
1916 establishments in Michigan
Background noise. Background noise or ambient noise is any sound other than the sound being monitored (primary sound). Background noise is a form of noise pollution or interference. Background noise is an important concept in setting noise levels.

Background noises include environmental noises such as water waves, traffic noise, alarms, extraneous speech, bioacoustic noise from animals, and electrical noise from devices such as refrigerators, air conditioning, power supplies, and motors.

The prevention or reduction of background noise is important in the field of active noise control. It is an important consideration with the use of ultrasound (e.g. for medical diagnosis or imaging), sonar, and sound reproduction.

Other uses
In astronomy, background noise or cosmic background radiation is electromagnetic radiation from the sky with no discernible source.

In information architecture, irrelevant, duplicate or incorrect information may be called background noise.

In physics and telecommunication, background signal noise can be detrimental or in some cases beneficial. The study of avoiding, reducing or using signal noise is information theory.

In telephony, artificial comfort noise is used as a substitute for natural background noise, to fill in artificial silence created by discontinuous transmission systems using voice activity detection.
Background noise can also affect concentration.

See also
4'33"
Ambient noise level
Electronic noise
The Hum
Colors of noise
Sound masking

External links
How low noise levels are achieved in concert halls
Background noise in acoustics (demo)

Acoustics
Noise pollution
Sound
Saltillo Engine Plant. Saltillo Engine is a Chrysler engine plant in Ramos Arizpe, Coahuila, Mexico. The factory opened in 1981. It was built as a scale model of the plant at Trenton, Michigan, United States, but with more work flexibility, having only 20 job classifications rather than the 70 at Trenton.

Current products:
 6.2 L Hemi Hellcat V8
 6.4 L Hemi Apache V8
 3.0 L Hurricane I6

Former products:
 Chrysler 5.9LA (1981-1992)
 Chrysler 5.2 (1992-2002)
 Chrysler 5.9 Magnum V8 (1993-2003)
 Chrysler 8.0 Magnum V10 Truck (1994-2003)
 Chrysler 5.7 Hemi V8 (2003-2023)
 2.0 L I4
 2.4 L I4
 2.4 L Tigershark I4

South Engine Plant 
Saltillo South Engine opened in 2010. It produces the 3.6 L Pentastar V6 engine.

References

Chrysler factories
Motor vehicle assembly plants in Mexico
Indium arsenide. Indium arsenide, InAs, or indium monoarsenide, is a narrow-bandgap semiconductor composed of indium and arsenic. It has the appearance of grey cubic crystals with a melting point of 942 °C.

Indium arsenide is similar in properties to gallium arsenide and is a direct bandgap material, with a bandgap of 0.35 eV at room temperature.

Indium arsenide is used for the construction of infrared detectors, for the wavelength range of 1.0–3.8 μm. The detectors are usually photovoltaic photodiodes. Cryogenically cooled detectors have lower noise, but InAs detectors can be used in higher-power applications at room temperature as well. Indium arsenide is also used for making diode lasers.

InAs is well known for its high electron mobility and narrow energy bandgap. It is widely used as a terahertz radiation source as it is a strong photo-Dember emitter.

Quantum dots can be formed in a monolayer of indium arsenide on indium phosphide or gallium arsenide. The mismatches of lattice constants of the materials create tensions in the surface layer, which in turn leads to the formation of the quantum dots. Quantum dots can also be formed in indium gallium arsenide, as indium arsenide dots sitting in the gallium arsenide matrix.

References

Cited sources

External links
 Ioffe institute data archive entry
 National Compound Semiconductor Roadmap entry for InAs at ONR web site

Arsenides
Indium compounds
III-V semiconductors
III-V compounds
Zincblende crystal structure
Arenite. Arenite (from the Latin arena, "sand") is a sedimentary clastic rock with sand grain size between 0.0625 mm (0.00245 in) and 2 mm (0.08 in) and containing less than 15% matrix. The related adjective is arenaceous. The equivalent Greek-derived term is psammite, though this is more commonly used for metamorphosed sediments.

Since it refers to grain size rather than chemical composition, the term is used for example in the classification of clastic carbonatic limestones, as the granulometrically equivalent term sandstone is not appropriate for limestone. Other arenites include sandstones, arkoses, greensands, and greywackes.

Arenites mainly form by erosion of other rocks or turbiditic re-deposition of sands. Some arenites contain a varying amount of carbonatic components and thus belong to the rock-category of carbonatic sandstones or silicatic limestones. Arenites often appear as massive or bedded medium-grained rocks with a middling- to wide-spaced preferred lamination and often develop a pronounced cleavage.

Pettijohn gives the following descriptive terms based on grain size, avoiding the use of terms such as "clay" or "argillaceous" which carry an implication of chemical composition:

References

Sedimentary rocks
Sandstone
Working. Working may refer to:

 Work (human activity), intentional activity people perform to support themselves, others, or the community

Arts and media
 Working (musical), a 1978 musical
 Working (TV series), an American sitcom
 Working (Caro book), a 2019 book by Robert Caro
 Working (Terkel book), a 1974 book by Studs Terkel
 Working!!, a manga by Karino Takatsu
 "Working" (song), by Tate McRae and Khalid, 2021

Engineering and technology
 Cold working or cold forming, the shaping of metal below its recrystallization temperature
 Hot working, the shaping of metal above its recrystallization temperature
 Multiple working, having more than one locomotive under the control of one driver
 Live-line working, the maintenance of electrical equipment while it is energised
 Single-line working, using one train track out of two

Other uses
 Holbrook Working (1895–1985), statistician and economist
 Working the system, exploiting rules and procedures for unintended or abusive effects
 A working, being a series of occult rituals

See also
Workin' (disambiguation)
 Work (disambiguation)
 Works (disambiguation)
Nanolight. A nanolight is an Australian class of ultralight powered aircraft. It was originally defined as a powered hang glider with an empty weight, including both wing and power system, of less than . A nanolight may be launched on foot or using a wheeled undercarriage.

Nanolights are somewhat slower than purpose-built microlights. Because they are so light, they are often used for thermal soaring. The engine is used to launch the aircraft to a safe altitude and to find a thermal. It is then turned off and the pilot uses thermal lift alone to gain altitude.

Because nanolights have good thermal performance, but low cruise speeds, this class of aircraft is most often flown by hang glider pilots who use them for soaring flights, rather than ultralight pilots using them to fly distances.

See also 
Index of aviation articles
Rogallo wing
Rotor kite
Homebuilt aircraft

References 

Ultralight trikes
Nelson Bohnalite. Nelson-Bohnalite was the name of a piston developed by Adolph Lincoln Nelson in the 1930s and 1940s. The pistons were licensed to Bohn Aluminum and sold to all the major auto manufacturers at the time. These were some of the first pistons to use an aluminum body with a steel strut, allowing for the weight of aluminum and the strength of steel where the piston moves on the piston rod. Many then existing brands of autos used this type of piston in the mid-1930s: Auburn, Graham, Hupmobile, Nash, Packard, Pierce-Arrow and Studebaker.

References

External links
 

Engine technology