omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Nanodomain. A nanodomain is a nanometer-sized cluster of proteins found in a cell membrane. They are associated with the signal which occurs when a single calcium ion channel opens on a cell membrane, allowing an influx of calcium ions (Ca) which extend in a plume a few tens of nanometres from the channel pore. In a nanodomain, the coupling distance, that is, the distance between the calcium-binding proteins which sense the calcium, and the calcium channel, is very small, less than , which allows rapid signalling. The formation of a nanodomain signal is virtually instantaneous following the opening of the calcium channel, as calcium ions move rapidly into the cell along a steep concentration gradient. The nanodomain signal collapses just as quickly when the calcium channel closes, as the ions rapidly diffuse away from the pore. Formation of a nanodomain signal requires the influx of only approximately 1000 calcium ions.

Coupling distances greater than , mediated by a larger number of channels, are referred to as microdomains. nanodomain

Properties 

Nanodomain signals are thought to improve the temporal precision of fast exocytosis of vesicles due to two specific properties:
 The peak concentration of calcium ions will be reached incredibly quick (within a microsecond) and maintained as long as the channel is open.
 Closure of the channel leads to a rapid collapse of the domain due to lateral diffusion away from the pore (the site of entry). The lateral diffusion of microdomains additionally depends on the action of fast endogenous buffers (which remove the calcium and transport it away from the active zone).

Single channels are able to cause vesicular release, however, the cooperativity of different calcium channels is synapse-specific. The release driven by a single calcium ion channel minimizes the total calcium ion influx, overlapping domains can provide greater reliability and temporal fidelity.

References

Molecular biology
Sub-bituminous coal. Sub-bituminous coal is a lower grade of coal that contains 35–45% carbon. The properties of this type are between those of lignite, the lowest grade of coal, and those of bituminous coal, the second-highest grade of coal. Sub-bituminous coal is primarily used as a fuel for steam-electric power generation.

Properties

Sub-bituminous coals may be dull, dark brown to black, soft and crumbly at the lower end of the range, to bright jet-black, hard, and relatively strong at the upper end. They contain 15-30% inherent moisture by weight and are non-coking (undergo little swelling upon heating). The heat content of sub-bituminous coals range from 8300 to 11,500 BTu/lb or 19.3 to 26.7 MJ/kg. Their relatively low density and high water content renders some types of sub-bituminous coals susceptible to spontaneous combustion if not packed densely during storage in order to exclude free air flow.

Reserves 

A major source of sub-bituminous coal in the United States is the Powder River Basin in Wyoming.

Application 

Sub-bituminous coals, in the United States, typically have a sulfur content less than 1% by weight, which makes them an attractive choice for power plants to reduce SO2 emissions under the Acid Rain Program.

Sub-bituminous coals release large quantities of greenhouse gases when burned, compared to higher grades of coal.

See also
 Types of Coal
 Greenhouse gas emissions#Carbon dioxide (CO2)
 Anthracite
 Bituminous coal
 Lignite
 Coal mining
 Coal mining in the United States
 Coal-fired power station

References 

Coal

it:Carbone#Litantrace sub-bituminoso
Low-key feedback. In human-computer interaction, low-key feedback is a type of output that takes a background role by being very subtle, sometimes nearly imperceptible. Physical machines often provide rich low-key feedback as a byproduct of their design. In computer software, the low-key feedback usually needs to be designed in.

The benefit of low-key feedback is that it can provide always available indication without cluttering the user interface with explicit indicators such as text labels or indicator lights. The downside of low-key feedback is that it can be too subtle to some users and it often cannot be self-describing to beginners.

For example, a person driving an automobile has several means of being informed about the operation of the engine. In addition to the dashboard lights, the driver also perceives the sound and vibration of the engine. An abnormal sound or vibration alerts the driver that there may be a problem, while a typical sound or vibration assures the driver that everything is going as normal. Making the automobile completely silent might negatively impact the performance of the driver, as he must expend additional effort to stay informed about the operation of vehicle.

Similarly, a computer program that has two modes of operation might employ low-key feedback to keep the user informed about the current mode. If the program had a view mode and an edit mode, background color of the workspace might subtly change from white to pale yellow when switching to edit mode. A web browser application could keep track of the pages the user has visited and alter the colors of links that point to pages the user has already viewed.

See also
 Haptic communication

Human–computer interaction
Gunmetal. Gun metal, also known as red brass in the United States, is a type of bronze – an alloy of copper, tin, and zinc. Proportions vary but 88% copper, 8–10% tin, and 2–4% zinc is an approximation. Originally used chiefly for making guns, it has largely been replaced by steel for that purpose. Gunmetal casts and machines well, and is resistant to corrosion from steam and salt water. It is used to make steam and hydraulic castings, valves, gears, statues, and various small objects, such as buttons. It has a tensile strength of  to , a specific gravity of 8.7, a Brinell hardness of 65 to 74, and a melting point of around 1,000 degrees Celsius.

Variants
Gunmetal ingot is a related alloy in which the zinc is replaced by 2% lead; this makes the alloy easier to cast but it has less strength.
Modified gunmetal contains lead in addition to the zinc; it is typically composed of 86% copper, 9.5% tin, 2.5% lead, and 2% zinc. It is used for gears and bearings.
U.S. government bronze specification G C90500 is composed of 88% copper, 10% tin, and 2% zinc, as is British Admiralty gunmetal.
G bronze (or Copper Alloy No. C90300) contains 88% copper, 8% tin, and 4% zinc.
U.S. government bronze specification H is composed of 83% copper, 14% tin, 3% zinc, and 0.8% phosphorus.
Red brass is used to produce pipes, valves, and plumbing fixtures and is considered to offer a good mixture of corrosion resistance, strength and ease of casting. It typically contains 85% copper, 5% tin, 5% lead, and 5% zinc.
Copper Alloy C23000, which is  known as red brass, contains 84–86% copper, 0.05% each iron and lead, with the balance being zinc.

Gunmetal can also mean steel treated to simulate gunmetal bronze. Bushings made of this metal are used in machinery.

Other uses of gun metal
Gun money, Irish late 17th-century emergency coins, contain gunmetal, as worn and scrapped guns were used to make them; but also many other metals, in particular brass and bronze, as people donated pots and pans and other metal objects.

External doors and windows of offshore rock lighthouses are often made of gunmetal due to its corrosion resistant properties.

References

Bronze
Plumbing
Jupiter project. The Jupiter project was to be a new high-end model of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC)'s PDP-10 mainframe computers. This project was cancelled in 1983, as the PDP-10 was increasingly eclipsed by the VAX supermini machines (descendants of the PDP-11). DEC recognized then that the PDP-10 and VAX product lines were competing with each other  and decided to concentrate its software development effort on the more profitable VAX. The PDP-10 was finally dropped from DEC's line in 1983, following the failure of the Jupiter Project at DEC to build a viable new model.

References

External links
 Jupiter development documents at Bitsavers

DEC computers
Information technology projects
Prototypes
Wrapping tissue. Wrapping tissue is a translucent, thin tissue paper used for wrapping and cushioning items.

Wrapping tissue is usually found in single sheets or sheet collections of 25, 40, or 50. White tissue is also sold specifically for bulk wrapping in reams of 480 sheets.

Some shops wrap delicate merchandise in folded or crumpled layers of tissue paper to protect it before placing it in bags or boxes for the purchaser.  

Colored wrapping tissue can be used for an assortment of visually creative purposes. For example, when wet, the color bleeds a watercolor-like layer of tissue paper that stays when the tissue paper is peeled off. Tissue paper can be crumpled up to form objects, such as flowers.

Tissue paper was used by musicians in the early 1900s to play the comb, producing a sound similar to the kazoo. Jazz musician Red McKenzie was one of the best-known players.

For production wrapping tissue paper is made by the machine glaze process. A slurry of bleached wood pulp beaten together with soda ash and optical brighteners is placed on a forming wire where the water is allowed to drain away. The sheet is then pressed against a felt and pressed against a drying cylinder for the final drying step. The sheet is then pulled away from the dryer and wound up ready for further processes like calendering etc. or straightaway converting it into wrapping paper.

See also
Crêpe paper
Tissue paper
Yankee dryer
Wove paper

References

Packaging materials
Paper products
Craft materials
Vicalloy. Vicalloy is a family of cobalt-iron-vanadium wrought ferromagnetic alloys which have high coercivity and are used to make permanent magnets and other magnetic components.  Vicalloy is precipitation hardened and can be formed by a number of cold working techniques. It is commonly used in electromechanical device applications, such as Wiegand wires because it shows a large Wiegand effect.

It consists of 52% cobalt, 10% vanadium, trace amounts of elements such as carbon and manganese, and balance (~37%) iron.

Its magnetic maximum energy product  is 1 MGOe when cast and as high as 3.5 MGOe when appropriately cold worked.

'Vicalloy' was used in hysteresis motors both in solid and laminated form (for higher frequency applications) by Vactric Ltd and Walter Jones Ltd - neither company still exist- using material produced and processed by Telcon Ltd (now owned by Carpenter Technology Corporation) from about 2008. 'Electrical Times' published an article 'Magnetic Alloys for Hysteresis Motors' by D.R. Driver on 10 August 1967 which includes some magnetic characteristics of Vicalloy and P6 alloy. Work on applications in hysteresis motors was done at Aston University, UK, (the late Nick Capoldi who joined Smiths Industries) and The Electrical Research Association, UK, (Tasker and Bradford), amongst others.

References 

Cobalt alloys
Ferromagnetic materials
Vanadium compounds
Iron compounds
Magnetic alloys
Francis Crowe Society. The Francis Crowe Society is an honor society intended to recognise the graduates of the University of Maine's College of Engineering.

The society was founded in the fall of 2000 by Dean Larryl Matthews and named in honor of Francis T. Crowe, a Civil Engineer of the University's class of 1905 who designed 19 of the 'super-dams' in the Western United States that made farming possible in the Great Basin, the California Central Valley, Central Arizona and the Imperial Valley. Each graduate from the College of Engineering is invited to join and each department has the opportunity to nominate a distinguished engineer (generally an alumnus or senior member of the college but not necessarily so) for induction. These recipients are engineers who have distinguished themselves in their field of study and their induction is intended to serve as a role model to the new graduates. Generally the title 'Distinguished Engineer' (or Inductee) is reserved for alumni while non-alumni are named as 'Honorary Members'.

Note that if you visit the Hoover Dam, Francis Crowe's name does not appear on the plaque commemorating the engineers, politicians and other major players.

Notable Society Members
 John Glenn, Honorary Member, Astronaut, Senator, Engineer, Inducted Spring 2001

External links
Society's Website

University of Maine
2000 establishments in Maine
Dynel. Dynel is a trade name for a type of synthetic fiber used in fibre reinforced plastic composite materials, especially for marine applications. As it is easily dyed, it was also used to fabricate wigs. The fashion designer Pierre Cardin used Dynel fabric (which he marketed as "Cardine") to make a collection of heat-molded dresses in 1968. A copolymer of acrylonitrile and vinyl chloride, Dynel shares many properties with both polyacrylonitrile (high abrasion resistance, good tensile strength) and PVC (flame resistance).  It is an acrylic resin.

Dynel was originally produced by Union Carbide corporation.

References

Synthetic fibers
Wigs
Acrylate polymers
Copolymers
Tesla. Tesla most commonly refers to:

 Nikola Tesla (1856–1943), a Serbian-American electrical engineer and inventor
 Tesla, Inc., an American electric vehicle and clean energy company, formerly Tesla Motors, Inc.
 Tesla (unit) (symbol: T), the SI-derived unit of magnetic flux density

Tesla may also refer to:

Companies and organizations
 Tesla a.s., a Czech electronics company
 Tesla Electric Light and Manufacturing, a former company in Rahway, New Jersey, US

Media and entertainment
 Tesla (band), an American hard rock band formed in Sacramento, California
 Tesla – Lightning in His Hand, a 2003 opera by Constantine Koukias
 "Tesla", a song on the 2013 album Nanobots by They Might Be Giants
 "Tesla" (song), a 2023 song by Lil Yachty
 "Tesla", a 2008 song by the Bosnian band Letu štuke
 Tesla (2016 film), a 2016 film by David Grubin
 Tesla (2020 film), a 2020 film by Michael Almereyda

Places
 Tesla, California, a former coal mining town in Corral Hollow, California, US
 Tesla, West Virginia, US
 Tesla Fault, a geological formation in the Diablo Range, California, US
 Tesla River, Romania

Space
 2244 Tesla, an asteroid discovered in 1952
 Tesla (crater), a lunar crater

Science and technology
 Tesla (microarchitecture), a microarchitecture developed by Nvidia
 Teraelectronvolt Energy Superconducting Linear Accelerator, a proposed particle collider, now part of the International Linear Collider project
 Nvidia Tesla, a brand of GPGPU cards with the Tesla microarchitecture

See also
 List of things named after Nikola Tesla
 List of Nikola Tesla patents
 Nikola Tesla (disambiguation)
 Nikola Tesla in popular culture
 
 
 Tesler, a surname 
TSLAQ, a loose collective critical of Tesla, Inc.
Notes on the Synthesis of Form. Notes on the Synthesis of Form is a book by Christopher Alexander about the process of design.

Design
Alexander defines design as "the process of inventing things which display new physical order, organization, form, in response to function...".

Even though his focus was formed in architectural design and civil engineering, the core ideas underlying his approach can be applied to many other fields.

Alexander's analysis of the village of Bavra, in Gujarat, India formed the major case study in the dissertation and the book.

Influence
By the time it was published, the book was considered "one of the most important contemporary books about the art of design, what it is, and how to go about it."

The book influenced a number of leading software writers, including Larry Constantine, Ed Yourdon, Alan Cooper, and Tom DeMarco.

Alexander's later work
For some reasons – perhaps related to the mathematical difficulties he faced or to the paradigm shift taking place in the design methods movement through the 1960s and 1970s, or argument by the German designer Horst Rittel that design deals with 'wicked problems' that do not have well defined boundaries or rationales, and cannot be solved with rigid methodology advocated in Notes – Alexander did not continue to develop the formal parts of his approach, which, by that time, showed promise. Instead, he chose, temporarily, to work on patterns (A Pattern Language) together with other well-known architects (Sara Ishikawa and Murray Silverstein). These patterns are visible or material manifestations of the driving forces underlying the synthesis of form. For an example, consider the following excerpt from the part one of the book (page 15): 

Nevertheless, what matters here is not only the form itself but the forces induced by the magnetic field. The fact that the magnetic field induces certain kind of form is relevant for some purposes; however, there are many practical applications not related to form. The equations describing the magnetic field can be translated into many useful outputs, to which, the concept denoted here by term "pattern" is a corresponding material manifestation or articulation.  In his most recent work, The Nature of Order, Alexander demonstrates that it is illogical to separate formal manifestations from the underlying processes or sequences which produce the form, as both are observable aspects of the same field, thereby resolving the apparent conflict between this work and his subsequent pattern research.

See also
 Idea networking
 Pattern language

Notes

External links

Architecture books
Newport Networks. Newport Networks was a manufacturer of Voice over IP Session Border Controllers (SBCs), founded by entrepreneur Terry Matthews. 
Headquartered in Caldicot, near Newport in South Wales, with its R&D facility in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire, the company's hardware products consisted of the chassis based 1460 and the smaller 4U 310. These two hardware platforms could run a number of different applications, these include Stand-alone or Integrated SBC, distributed SBC, Interconnect Border Controller Function (I-BCF) or Interconnect Border Gateway Function (I-BGF), the latter two being elements of IMS.

The company was founded in September 2000 and floated on the London Stock Exchange AIM (Alternate Investment Market), and alleged in 2008 to have recently started to achieve significant sales, in particular to Chunghwa Telecom, Taiwan's largest integrated telecommunications operator, which has deployed Newport Networks' 1460 session border controller in its VoIP network. Prior to that, the company's most notable customer was UK based Kingston Communications

In 2008 the company made the majority of its employees redundant, put the business up for any potential take over or sale and closed its High Wycombe research and development facility.

On 18 March 2009, Newport Networks, with its two remaining employees, de-listed from the AIM. This is despite having announced twelve months earlier that the company had signed a major OEM agreement which was expected to substantially increase its product sales.

The company has now ceased all trading, it has been placed into solvent liquidation and remaining funds distributed to shareholders.

Executives when company last traded
Sir Terence H. Matthews, Kt., OBE, P.Eng., F.I.E.E. FREng. - Chairman
John Everard - Director
John Ackroyd - Director/CEO/CFO/Company Secretary
Simon Gibson, OBE - Director
Sir David Rowe-Beddoe - Director

Origin of Newport name
Founder, Sir Terence H. Matthews has a history of naming companies after places in South Wales, from where he originates. Newport Networks is named after the city of Newport which is Matthews' birthplace. The company's headquarters is just outside Newport at Caldicot.

See also
Session Border Controller

Defunct companies of Wales
LMS Stanier Class 2 0-4-4T. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) Stanier Class 2 0-4-4T was a class of 10 light passenger locomotives built in 1932.  Ostensibly designed under new Chief Mechanical Engineer (CME) William Stanier, they were in fact the last new design of the Midland Railway's school of engineering.

Overview 
The Midland Railway had a large number of 1P 0-4-4T and this was a larger version of the larger wheeled design, classified 2P.  The ten built were numbered 6400–6409 by the LMS and renumbered 1900–1909 shortly before nationalisation, freeing the numbers for new LMS Ivatt Class 2 2-6-0s.  British Railways adding 40000 to their numbers making them 41900–41909.  Although the last new Midland-style design, as subsequent Stanier engines incorporated much Great Western Railway practice, they were not the last MR-designed locomotives built with some 4Fs appearing as late as 1940.

The class was originally built with stovepipe chimneys, apparently due to an oversight by Stanier due to the design for future LMS locomotive chimneys not being finalised. All were later fitted with Stanier chimneys.

Two of the locomotives were fitted with vacuum control gear in 1934 for working the motor trains on the St Alban's branch, and allocated to Watford Junction shed. The remainder were fitted in the BR period and used at a number of different sheds including Warwick and Longsight.
(Motor trains was the terminology used by the LMS although they later became popularly referred to as push-pull trains. The suitably modified stock was marked as pull-push).

Details

Withdrawal 
All were withdrawn in November 1959 except 41900, which was withdrawn in March 1962. None were preserved.

References 
 
 
 

Notes

External links

 Class 2P-C Details at Rail UK

2 Stanier 0-4-4T
0-4-4T locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1932
Scrapped locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Passenger locomotives
VDP. VDP may refer to:

In technology:
 Variable data printing, type of on-demand printing in which text and graphics may be altered in-process 
 Variable data publishing, may to any variable data output, often to distinguish from "variable data printing" for electronic viewing output
 Vector Distance Panning, technique for panning sounds around a 3D array of speakers
 Video Disk Player, fore-runner of DVD player, now an obsolete format
 Video Display Processor, term used by Sega and other manufacturers for the Video Display Controller in some of its video game consoles
 Vulnerability disclosure program, programs where individuals can receive recognition and compensation for reporting software bugs, especially those about security exploits and vulnerabilities.

Wine and viniculture:
 Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter, or the Association of German Prädikat Wine Estates
 Vin de pays, French wine classification

Other:
 Van Dyke Parks, American composer and arranger
 Vesicle Docking Protein
 Visual descent point in aviation
 Village Defence Party, a paramilitary in Bangladesh.
 Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland, VDP, in Burkina Faso.
 Vanden Plas, a coachbuilder and later, automotive marque and model designation, originally spelled Van den Plas and abbreviated "VdP".