omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
William Lucas Root. William Lucas Root (1919 – April 22, 2007) was a noted American information theorist. 
As an early pioneer in the field, Root was instrumental in providing a mathematical basis for statistical communication theory.

Root was born in Iowa, receiving his bachelor's degree from Iowa State University in 1940 and master's degree from MIT in 1943, both in electrical engineering. He served as a Marine officer in World War II, in 1952 received his doctorate in mathematics from MIT, and subsequently joined Lincoln Laboratory, serving as head of its analysis group 1959–1961. From 1962 to 1987 he was Professor of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Michigan.

Root was an IEEE Fellow and received the 1986 Claude E. Shannon Award.

References 
 ITSOC obituary 
 University of Michigan obituary 
 

American information theorists
1919 births
2007 deaths
United States Marine Corps officers
United States Marine Corps personnel of World War II
MIT School of Engineering alumni
Iowa State University alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Fellows of the IEEE
MIT Lincoln Laboratory people
Comparison of anaerobic and aerobic digestion. The following article is a comparison of aerobic and anaerobic digestion. In both aerobic and anaerobic systems the growing and reproducing microorganisms within them require a source of elemental oxygen to survive.

In an anaerobic system there is an absence of gaseous oxygen. In an anaerobic digester, gaseous oxygen is prevented from entering the system through physical containment in sealed tanks. Anaerobes access oxygen from sources other than the surrounding air. The oxygen source for these microorganisms can be the organic material itself or alternatively may be supplied by inorganic oxides from within the input material. When the oxygen source in an anaerobic system is derived from the organic material itself, then the 'intermediate' end products are primarily alcohols, aldehydes, and organic acids plus carbon dioxide. In the presence of specialised methanogens, the intermediates are converted to the 'final' end products of methane, carbon dioxide with trace levels of hydrogen sulfide. In an anaerobic system the majority of the chemical energy contained within the starting material is released by methanogenic bacteria as methane.

In an aerobic system, such as composting, the microorganisms access free, gaseous oxygen directly from the surrounding atmosphere. The end products of an aerobic process are primarily carbon dioxide and water which are the stable, oxidised forms of carbon and hydrogen. If the biodegradable starting material contains nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur, then the end products may also include their oxidised forms- nitrate, phosphate and sulfate. In an aerobic system the majority of the energy in the starting material is released as heat by their oxidisation into carbon dioxide and water.

Composting systems typically include organisms such as fungi that are able to break down lignin and celluloses to a greater extent than anaerobic bacteria. Due to this fact it is possible, following anaerobic digestion, to compost the anaerobic digestate allowing further volume reduction and stabilisation.

References

Anaerobic digestion
Kubo gap. In atomic physics, the kubo gap is the average spacing that exists between consecutive energy levels. The units of measure are meV or millielectron volts. It varies with an inverse relationship to the nuclearity.

As the material in question is viewed from the bulk and atomic levels, we can see that the kubo gap goes from a smaller to larger value respectively. As the kubo gap increases there is also a decrease in the density of states located at the Fermi level. The kubo gap can also have an effect on the properties associated with the material. It is possible to control the kubo gap which will then cause the system to become metallic or nonmetallic. The electrical conductivity and magnetic susceptibility are also both influenced by the kubo gap and vary according to the relative size of the kubo gap.

See also
 Nanoparticle
 Quantum dot

References

Atomic physics
Mesoscopic physics
Chlorite dismutase. Chlorite dismutase, also known as Chlorite O2-lyase (), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction

 ClO → Cl− + O2

Reactions that generate oxygen molecules are exceedingly rare in biology and difficult to mimic synthetically. Perchlorate - respiring bacteria enzymatically detoxify chlorite, ClO, the end product of the perchlorate, ClO, respiratory pathway, by converting it to dioxygen, O2, and chloride, Cl−. Chlorite dismutase is a heme-containing protein, but it bears no structural or sequence relationships with known peroxidases or other heme proteins and is part of a large family of proteins with more than one biochemical function.

References

EC 1.13.11
Enzymes of unknown structure
The Monster and the Ape. The Monster and the Ape was the 26th serial released by Columbia Pictures and was released in 1945.

Plot
The Monster of the title is the "Metalogen Man", a robot created by Professor Franklin Arnold.  After displaying his invention, the robot is stolen by Professor Ernst with the aid of his trained ape, Thor.  Ken Morgan leads the attempts to recover the stolen robot.

Cast
 Robert Lowery as Ken Morgan
 George Macready as Prof. Ernst
 Ralph Morgan as Prof. Arnold
 Carole Mathews as Babs Arnold
 Willie Best as Flash, Arnold's assistant
 Jack Ingram as Dick Nordik, henchmen
 Anthony Warde as Joe Flint, henchmen
 Ted Mapes as Joe Butler, henchmen
 Eddie Parker as Blake
 Stanley Price as Mead, henchmen
 Bud Osborne as Zoo's Night Watchman
 Ray Corrigan as Thor, trained ape

Critical reception
The Monster and the Ape was, in the opinion of Cline, "strikingly similar to Republic's serial Mysterious Doctor Satan."  However, he describes Professor Ernst as one of "the  serial form's...choicest villains."

Chapter titles
 The Mechanical Terror
 The Edge of Doom
 Flames of Fate
 The Fatal Search
 Rocks of Doom
 A Friend in Disguise
 A Scream in the Night
 Death in the Dark
 The Secret Tunnel
 Forty Thousand Volts
 The Mad Professor
 Shadows of Destiny
 The Gorilla at Large
 His Last Flight
 Justice Triumphs
Source:

References

External links

Cinefania.com

1945 films
1940s English-language films
1940s monster movies
1940s science fiction films
American black-and-white films
Films about gorillas
American monster movies
Columbia Pictures film serials
Films about apes
American science fiction films
1940s American films
English-language science fiction films
Films with screenplays by Sherman Lowe
American robot films
English-language science fiction horror films
CADAM. CADAM (computer-augmented design and manufacturing) is CAD-related software that was developed by Lockheed. CADAM was originally written for IBM mainframes and later ported to UNIX workstations, including the IBM RT PC.  A variant of CADAM called Micro CADAM was also developed for PCs under DOS.

History
 1977: IBM agreed to sell CADAM to aerospace companies.
 1981: CADAM Release 18.3 was released. It provided support for IBM mainframes running VM/CMS.
 1983: CADAM Inc is formed as a subsidiary of Lockheed Corp.  
 1985: CADAM Inc successfully sued Adage over the CADAM look-and-feel. It was one of the first look-and-feel court cases.
 1987: CADAM Inc and SDRC won a massive GM C4 benchmark. CADAM agreed to port Professional CADAM to Sun, Apollo and HP.
 1989: CADAM Inc was sold to IBM. CADAM Inc, an IBM Company, was formed.
 1990: Microcadam was formed. CADAM Inc developed and enhanced CADAM (mainframes) and Professional CADAM (workstations). Microcadam developed Micro CADAM. Professional CADAM was ported to IBM RS/6000. It was one of the first non-IBM applications for the workstation.
 1991: There was a decision in the Soules v. CADAM court case.
 1991: CADAM V3R2 Released - arguably the best release to date.
 1992: IBM sold CADAM Inc to Dassault Systèmes. This entity is called "Dassault Systèmes of America" (DSA). DSA maintains mainframe CADAM and Professional CADAM. Altium was created. Altium supported Micro CADAM, P-CAD and IBM CAD.
 1993: An old version of Micro CADAM was made available via a free license for use on DOS PCs. Copies of this free version are still available on the internet.
 1999/1998: Microcadam became CSC/Microcadam.
 2000: Microcadam closed. Dassault Systèmes assumed support for Microcadam software.
 2001: Protel took the name Altium.

External links
 https://web.archive.org/web/20180415195158/http://www.cadhistory.net/
 CAD history
 MICROCADAM to Retire Helix Software

References

Computer-aided design software
Dassault Group
Defunct software companies of the United States
Circuit emulation service. Circuit emulation service (CES) is a telecommunication technology used to send information over asynchronous data networks like ATM, Ethernet or MPLS, so that it is received error-free with constant delay, similar to a leased line.

CES was introduced for ATM networks. As the interest for ATM is declining, most new applications work over packet-based (IP)-networks. Two commonly used protocols are SAToP (IETF RFC 4553) and CESoPSN (IETF RFC 5086).

Reasons for circuit emulation
Examples of channels needing constant delay include time-division multiplexed (TDM) services such as the traditional digital signal (DS) and the E-carrier circuits.

The core networks are in the evolution to packet-switched networks such as Metro Ethernet, IP/Ethernet and MPLS. These packet switching-based networks provide more cost-effective communications with comparison with traditional TDM based networks (PDH, SDH), especially for Internet services.

But the legacy TDM and ATM equipment has been widely deployed in traditional telecommunication networks: private branch exchanges (PBX) in enterprise offices, PDH/SDH equipment in carrier offices and near wireless stations. Service providers seek to continue using this equipment rather than replacing it. Especially the widely deployed 2G and 2.5G base stations are using TDM based interfaces to communicate with BSC (Base Station Controller). The early deployed 3G Node B is using ATM based protocols running on PDH/SDH physical interfaces. These base stations will exist for quite a long time in evolution to LTE.

Circuit emulation service technology allows companies to easily migrate to packet-switched networks. With CES, the legacy TDM and ATM services are supported with much more cost-effective infrastructures based on low-cost and highly available Ethernet devices. This is a reverse mapping approach with regard to traditional solutions in which IP/ethernet services is carried in ATM or PDH/SDH protocols.

CES technology makes it possible to leverage the modern network technologies like MPLS or IP backbones, Metro Ethernet, WiFi, IP-DSLAM and GPON/EPON access networks.

See also

References

TDM over Ethernet Whitepaper

External links
IPITEK CES gateway and transport equipment for wireless back-haul and enterprise applications.
Zarlink Semiconductor, ZL501XX series of chips with SAToP and CESoPSN support
RAD Communications, CES gateway equipment for office and wireless applications
Cambridge Industries Group, low-cost port-intensive CES access equipment integrated with GPON/EPON access technology

Network architecture
MRX. MRX may refer to:

The ABCG2 gene
MRX complex, DNA damage repair complex in yeast
The Magnetic Reconnection eXperiment led by DoE's Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory
Mahshahr Airport, Iran, by IATA airport code
Philips HeartStart MRx cardiac monitor/defibrillator
Proposed pressurized water reactor for ship propulsion developed by the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI)
Hashtag for Market research

ម៉ែ រុំ
ASIX. ASIX Electronics Corp. () is a fabless semiconductor supplier with a focus on networking, communication, and connectivity applications. ASIX Electronics specializes in Ethernet-centric silicon products such as non-PCI Ethernet controller, USB 2.0 to LAN controller, and network SoC for embedded networking applications.

Corporate history 
ASIX was founded in May 1995 in Hsinchu Science Park, Taiwan. In 2002, ASIX announced its first USB to MII chip. In June 2007, electronicstalk.com featured the AX11005BF, billed as the industry smallest single-chip embedded Ethernet MCU. Electronicstalk.com describes powering embedded systems in a machine to machine world (M2M) in reference to the AX110xx family of chips.

 ASIX Electronics introduced the industry's first:
 USB 3.0 to Gigabit Ethernet controller
 Non-PCI/USB 2.0 Gigabit Ethernet controller
 Single chip microcontroller with TCP/IP, 10/100 Mbit Fast Ethernet MAC/PHY, and flash
 Industry smallest single chip embedded Ethernet MCU

 Asix Electronics saw its revenues jump 59.3% sequentially to NT$31.5 million (US$957,000) in December 2006 on shipments of USB-to-Ethernet controller ICs for Nintendo's Wii consoles, according to market sources.
 ASIX is listed as a vendor in the 2007 EDN Microprocessor Directory.
 ASIX Electronics Corp:To acquire 100 pct stake in ZYWYN CORPORATION with amount of $8 million.

Products 
The current offerings are as follows:
 Non-PCI/PCMCIA embedded Ethernet
 High-speed USB-to-LAN
 Embedded network SoC
 I/O connectivity
 Embedded Wireless Modules

Wii LAN Adapter 

ASIX manufactures the chipset in the Wii LAN Adapter. The Wii is equipped with Wi-Fi but does not include an Ethernet port; gamers can purchase a Wii LAN Adapter sold by Nintendo and other manufacturers to give Ethernet capability to the Wii.

See also
 List of companies of Taiwan
 List of system-on-a-chip suppliers
 Network interface controller (NIC)
 Semiconductor industry in Taiwan

References

Computer companies of Taiwan
Computer hardware companies
Taiwanese companies established in 1995
Semiconductor companies of Taiwan
Fabless semiconductor companies
Companies listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange
Electronics companies established in 1995
Networking hardware companies
Networking companies
Scott Ambler. Scott W. Ambler (born 1966) is a Canadian software engineer, consultant and author. He is an author of books about the Disciplined Agile Delivery toolkit, the Unified process, Agile software development, the Unified Modeling Language, and Capability Maturity Model (CMM) development.

He regularly runs surveys which explore software development issues and works with organizations in different countries on their approach to software development.

Biography 
Ambler received a BSc in computer science and an MA in information science from the University of Toronto. He has been working in the IT industry since the mid-1980s, with object technology since the early 1990s, and in IT methodologies since the mid-1990s. Scott has led the development of several software processes, including Disciplined Agile Delivery (DAD) (with Mark Lines), Agile Modeling (AM), Agile Data (AD), Enterprise Unified Process (EUP), and Agile Unified Process (AUP) methodologies. Scott was a Senior Consulting Partner with SA+A and then became the Chief Scientist at Disciplined Agile which became a part of the Project Management Institute while helping organizations around the world to improve their IT processes.

Ambler was a contributing editor with Dr. Dobb's Journal, and has written columns for Software Development, Object Magazine, and Computing Canada.

He is speaker at a wide variety of practitioner and academic conferences worldwide. Public conferences include Agile 20XX, Agile India 20XX, Software Development, Agile Universe, UML World, JavaOne, OOPSLA, EuroSPI, and CAiSE. Scott also is a keynote speaker at private conferences organized by large, Fortune 500 companies for their managers and IT staff.

He is a Disciplined Agile Fellow of the Project Management Institute and a Fellow of the International Association of Software Architects (IASA). In the past he was an Eclipse Process Framework (EPF) committer and a Jolt Judge at the Jolt Awards.

Work 
Ambler has co-developed Disciplined Agile Delivery (DAD) with Mark Lines, the Enterprise Unified Process (an extension of the Rational Unified Process), and Agile Modeling.

See also 
 Database refactoring

Publications
Scott Ambler has published several books and articles. A selection:

References

External links

 Agile Data
 Agile Modeling
 Ambysoft Inc.
 Scott Ambler's blog

1966 births
Living people
Canadian software engineers
Canadian technology writers
Sub-sampling (chemistry). In analytical chemistry, sub-sampling is a procedure by which a small, representative sample is taken from a larger sample. Good sub-sampling technique becomes important when the large sample is not homogeneous.

Techniques

Coning and quartering

Coning and quartering is a method used by analytical chemists to reduce the sample size of a powder without creating a systematic bias. The technique involves pouring the sample so that it takes on a conical shape, and then flattening it out into a cake. The cake is then divided into quarters; the two quarters which sit opposite one another are discarded, while the other two are combined and constitute the reduced sample. The same process is continued until an appropriate sample size remains.  Analyses are made with respect to the sample left behind.

Riffle box splitting

A riffle box is a box containing a number (between 3 and 12) of "chutes" - slotted paths through which particles of the sample may slide.  The sample is dropped into the top, and the box produces two equally divided subsamples.  Riffle boxes are commonly used in mining to reduce the size of crushed rock samples prior to assaying.

References

Analytical chemistry
Robert R. Korfhage. Robert Roy Korfhage (December 2, 1930 – November 20, 1998) was an American computer scientist, famous for his contributions to information retrieval and several textbooks.

He was son of Dr. Roy Korfhage who was a chemist at Nestlé in Fulton, Oswego County, New York.  Korfhage earned his bachelor's degree (1952) in engineering mathematics at University of Michigan, while working part-time at United Aircraft and Transport Corporation in East Hartford as programmer.  At the same university, he earned a master's degree and Ph.D. (1962) in mathematics,
his PhD dissertation being On Systems of Distinct Representatives for Several Collections of Sets
advised by Bernard Galler (1962).

Korfhage taught mathematics at North Carolina State University (1962–64), Purdue University (1964–70), Southern Methodist University (1970–86) and the University of Pittsburgh School of Information Sciences (1986–98).

Korfhage's research focused on graph theory and information retrieval. For instance, his Information Storage and Retrieval (1997) was winner of American Society for Information Science and Technology Best information science book award (1998).

In his later years, he worked on new ways of information visualization and also genetic algorithms to optimize text queries.

He died of cancer in Pittsburgh.

Books
 1966: Logic and Algorithms, Wiley
 1970: (with Harley Flanders) Calculus, Academic Press
 1974: (with Harley Flanders and Justin Jesse Price) A Second Course in Calculus, Academic Press
 1984: Discrete Computational Structures, Academic Press
 1987: (with Norman E. Gibbs) Principles of Data Structures and Algorithms with Pascal, William C. Brown Publications
 1997: Information Storage and Retrieval, Wiley.

References

American computer scientists
University of Michigan alumni
Purdue University faculty
Southern Methodist University faculty
University of Pittsburgh faculty
People from Fulton, Oswego County, New York
1930 births
1998 deaths
Scientists from New York (state)
Uranyl formate. Uranyl formate (UO2(CHO2)2·H2O) is a salt that exists as a fine yellow free-flowing powder occasionally used in transmission electron microscopy.

It is occasionally used as a 0.5% or 1% aqueous negative stain in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) because it shows a finer grain structure than uranyl acetate. However, uranyl formate does not easily go into solution, and once dissolved, has a rather limited lifetime as a stain. It is quite sensitive to light, especially ultraviolet light, and will precipitate if exposed.

See also
 Electron microscope

References 
 2SPI.com , compound information, retrieved May 3, 2011.

Electron microscopy stains
Uranyl compounds
Nuclear materials
Formates
Cambridge Brain Analysis. Cambridge Brain Analysis (CamBA), is a software repository developed at the Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK and contains software pipelines for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis.  It is designed for batch processing and its main graphical user interface offers a spreadsheet-like look-and-feel.

The software is available under the GNU General Public License and runs under Linux. Up-to-date information is available at the Neuroimaging Informatics Tools and Resources Clearinghouse.

History 

The origins of the CamBA software repository begin in 1996 at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK. Professor Edward Bullmore and Professor Mick Brammer wrote a small package of software components to process functional magnetic resonance imaging data, which at that time was an emerging technology. In 1999 Dr John Suckling became involved in the first effort to coordinate and organise the software including options for processing structural MRI images and between-subject statistical inference, based on randomisation methods.

The CamBA initiative began in 2006. Instead of a library of functions, CamBA is better described as a software repository. It is an Eclipse RCP-based application and contains a number of pipelines which are constructed from software modules contributed by a variety of authors using a common ontology.

See also

 functional magnetic resonance imaging
 functional neuroimaging
 neuroimaging
 AFNI
 FreeSurfer
 FSL
 SPM

References

External links 
 
 

Medical imaging in the United Kingdom
Medical imaging organizations
Neuroimaging
Neuroimaging software
Free health care software
Organisations associated with the University of Cambridge
Benzocyclobutadiene. Benzocyclobutadiene is the simplest polycyclic hydrocarbon, being composed of an aromatic benzene ring fused to an anti-aromatic cyclobutadiene ring.  It has chemical formula . Though the benzene ring is stabilized by aromaticity, the cyclobutadiene portion has a destabilizing effect. This results into it being a non-aromatic compound - neither behaving as aromatic nor an antiaromatic one. For this reason, benzocyclobutadiene will readily dimerize or polymerize and it reacts as a dienophile in Diels-Alder reactions.

Benzocyclobutadiene is used in the production of the pharmaceutical drug naflocort.

See also 
Pentalene

References

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Bicyclic compounds
Four-membered rings
Pressure solution. In structural geology and diagenesis, pressure solution or pressure dissolution is a deformation mechanism that involves the dissolution of minerals at grain-to-grain contacts into an aqueous pore fluid in areas of relatively high stress and either deposition in regions of relatively low stress within the same rock or their complete removal from the rock within the fluid. It is an example of diffusive mass transfer.

The detailed kinetics of the process was reviewed by Rutter (1976), and since then such kinetics has been used in
many applications in earth sciences.

Occurrence
Evidence for pressure solution has been described from sedimentary rocks that have only been affected by compaction. The most common example of this is bedding plane parallel stylolites developed in carbonates.

In a tectonic manner, deformed rocks also show evidence of pressure solution including stylolites at a high angle to bedding. The process is also thought to be an important part of the development of  cleavage.

Theoretical models

A theoretical model was formulated by Rutter, and a recent mathematical analysis was carried out, leading
to the so-called Fowler–Yang equations, which can explain the transition behaviour of pressure solution.

See also
 Fick's laws of diffusion
 Fold (geology)
 Rock microstructure
 Stylolite
 Terzaghi's principle

References

Limestone
Petrology
Sedimentary rocks
Structural geology