omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Rhenium heptafluoride. Rhenium heptafluoride is the compound with the formula ReF7. It is a yellow low melting solid and is the only thermally stable metal heptafluoride. It has a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal structure similar to IF7, which was confirmed by neutron diffraction at 1.5 K. The structure is non-rigid, as evidenced by electron diffraction studies.

Production, reactions and properties
Rhenium heptafluoride can be prepared from the elements at 400 °C:

2 Re + 7 F2 → 2 ReF7
It also can be produced by the explosion of rhenium metal under sulfur hexafluoride. 

It hydrolyzes under a base to form perrhenic acid and hydrogen fluoride:
ReF7 + 4H2O → HReO4 + 7HF
With fluoride donors such as CsF, the  anion is formed, which has a square antiprismatic structure. With antimony pentafluoride, SbF5, a fluoride acceptor, the  cation is formed.

References

Rhenium compounds
Fluorides
Yosegi. (lit., "parquet work") is a type of traditional Japanese marquetry developed in the town of  during the Edo period. Resembling a type of mosaic,  is created through the combination of fine oblong rods of wood chosen for their grain, texture and colour, making an intricate surface pattern which is then sliced into thin layers. It is commonly found on traditional Japanese puzzle boxes and similar decorative items.

Technique
The rods are glued together to form large sections of the desired geometric pattern, often called a seed plate, before being sliced into thin layers (in the  technique), which are then glued onto boxes and other handicraft works. Alternatively, the entire plate can be carved out (in the  technique) to create a single piece. To add to the glaze and sturdiness of the surface, finishing coatings of lacquer are applied.

Woods used
A number of different types of wood are used in the creation of . Both the spindle tree (Euonymus spp.) and Ilex macropoda are used for the colour white; aged wood from the  tree (Cercidiphyllum japonicum) is used for black; Picrasma quassioides, mulberry (Morus alba) and the Chinese lacquer tree (Toxicodendron vernicifluum) are used for yellow; the camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) and Maackia are used for brown, black walnut (Juglans nigra) for purple, the Japanese cucumber tree (Magnolia obovata) for blue and Chinese cedar (Toona sinensis) for red.

Uses
 is commonly found on the outside of traditional Japanese secret boxes or puzzle boxes, but may also be used to create or decorate many other items, such as trays, chests, jewelry boxes, vases, photo frames and drink coasters.

See also
Marquetry

References

External links
Collection Ruth und Clemens Stupperich  Yosegi - collection (catalogue)

Surface decorative techniques in woodworking
Japanese art
Edo period
Japanese words and phrases
703rd Strategic Missile Wing. The 703rd Strategic Missile Wing is an inactive United States Air Force unit.  It was last assigned to Strategic Air Command's 13th Air Division at Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado.   It was Strategic Air Command's first Titan I wing, but never achieved full operational status.  It was inactivated on 1 July 1961 and its assets transferred to another wing.

History
The 703rd was the first HGM-25A Titan I Intercontinental ballistic missile wing.  It was activated on 25 September 1958, but never became fully operational.  Partial capability was achieved on 10 December 1958, with training on the operation of the Titan I ICBM until March 1960.

The missiles, personnel and facilities of the wing were reassigned to the 451st Strategic Missile Wing on 1 July 1961 and the unit was inactivated.

Lineage
 Established as 703rd Strategic Missile Wing (ICBM-Titan) on 5 September 1958
 Activated on 25 September 1958
 Discontinued and inactivated on 1 July 1961
 Consolidated with the 303rd Fighter Wing on 31 July 1985 as the 503rd Tactical Missile Wing

Assignments
 1st Missile Division, 25 September 1958
 Fifteenth Air Force, 15 January 1959
 13th Air Division, 1 July 1959 – 1 July 1961

Components
 848th Strategic Missile Squadron: 1 February 1960 – 1 July 1961
 849th Strategic Missile Squadron:  1 August 1960 – 1 July 1961

Stations
 Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado, 25 September 1958 – 1 July 1961

Missiles
 HGM-25A Titan I

References

Notes

Bibliography

 

Military units and formations established in 1958
703
1958 establishments in the United States
SysML Partners. SysML Partners is a consortium of software tool vendors and industry leaders organized in 2003 to create the Systems Modeling Language (SysML), a dialect of UML customized for systems engineering. The consortium was founded and organized by Cris Kobryn, who previously chaired the UML 1.1 and UML 2.0 specification teams, and Sandy Friedenthal, chair of the OMG Systems Engineering Special Interest Group. The SysML Partners defined SysML as an open source specification, and their specifications include an open source license for distribution and use.

The SysML Partners completed their SysML v. 1.0a specification draft and submitted it to the Object Management Group in November 2005. In recognition of their contributions to modeling, the SysML Partners were named a winner in the "Modeling Category" of the SD Times 100 for 2007.

See also
Systems Modeling Language
Unified Modeling Language
UML Partners

References

External links
SysML Open Source Specification Project Provides information related to SysML open source specifications, FAQ, mailing lists, and open source licenses.

 
Systems Modeling Language
Systems engineering
Pearl GTL. The Pearl GTL is a gas to liquids (GTL) plant based in Ras Laffan, Qatar. It converts natural gas into liquid petroleum products.  It is the largest GTL plant in the world.  The first commercial shipment from the Pearl GTL was made on 13 June 2011. Pearl GTL received the 2021 "Asset of the Year" award by Shell.

Technical features
Upon achieving its full capacity in 2012, the Pearl GTL will convert  of natural gas into  of petroleum liquids and  into natural gas liquids and ethane. The integrated process automation and control system for the main plant and the onplot tank farm will be designed and implemented by Honeywell, while that for the offplot tank farm and the loading berths will be designed and implemented by Invensys. Page Europa was contracted as overall Telecom System Integrator for both onshore and offshore telecommunications systems. ABB Group was contracted to supply all of the electrical and control systems. The first train will be commissioned in 2010, followed by the second train in 2011.

The main contractors are KBR and JGC Corporation. Other contractors are J. Ray McDermott, CB&I, Consolidated Contractors Company, Kentz, Descon Engineering Limited.  The process pumps are supplied by Flowserve, chemical injection pumps are by LEWA Germany and eight turbomachinery trains for use in the air separation systems are supplied by Linde. Half of the 24 reactors for the Fischer–Tropsch process were supplied by MAN AG.

The Pearl GTL project builds upon the foundations of the smaller scale GTL project in Bintulu, Malaysia, which has been in operation since 1993.  The plant is expected to reach full production in mid-2012.

Cost
In 2003, the project cost was estimated to be US$5 billion. However, after facing huge cost escalation, it was reported to be $18 billion in 2007, and, according to QatarEnergy sources, final project cost is expected to reach as high as $24 billion.  Because Shell's contract provided them with the input gas for free, the project was calculated to be viable once the price of oil exceeded $40 per barrel.

Project company
The project is a Production Sharing Agreement (PSA) between QatarEnergy and Shell.

GTL fuel
The primary products of the Pearl GTL plant is naphtha and transport fuels, with paraffins and lubricant oils as smaller by-products of the process.  The transport fuel can be used in existing light and heavy diesel engines and has been shown to have a number of benefits, such as lower emissions and engine performance enhancement.

References

External links
 

Natural gas plants
Petroleum production
Energy infrastructure in Qatar
Natural gas in Qatar
Shell plc subsidiaries
Synthetic fuel facilities
JGC Corporation
Non-renewable resource companies established in 2011
Napadogan. Napadogan is a community in the Canadian province of New Brunswick.

Mining

Northcliff Resources Ltd. and the Sissom Partnership have proposed to build a  tungsten and molybdenum mine, the Sisson Mine, near Napadogan. Some members of the Maliseet First Nation and other residents are protesting against the potential environmental hazards represented by the mine.

History

At its peak Napadogan was a very active community. The CN railroad operated a large facility. There were 15 side rails, a roundhouse, turntable, sand tower, water tower, coal storage and control tower. There was maintenance for the box cars and engines. This was during the 30s, 40s, and 50s. During its peak there were a lot of wartime effort supplies transported through these lines. It is said on a good day in the control tower you could catch the horse races in England on the radio. CN owned six houses in town to put up staff. It would not have been uncommon to have 300 crew just to deal with the tracks, clearing snow and repairing tracks.

At the CN yard they kept several engines on cold standby in case of a breakdown. CN also had jail cells in the event that they captured any German spies during the war. Hobos were common through this area as they were riding the rails. My Boyce's son William recalls two German hobos that were riding the rails as hobos and came into the store begging for bread and jam. One of them had been shot by machine gun and could barely walk, his friend had saved him.

During the war everything was shipped through Napadogan on its way to Halifax. Tanks and aircraft out of the US. Every rail town in New Brunswick was in fear of being bombed or German spies coming in to attack them due to the resources they were shipping to England.

Most of the homes and businesses during the war had black-out curtains as there was a fear of bombing.

The lake in Napodogan is great for fishing.

There were two grocery stores in town, Howard Elgee owned one and later on Hubert Boyce owned the second one. The second one that Mr. Boyce operated was originally operated by his father and then sold before Hubert purchased it back. Hurbert operated the grocery store, owned the CN restaurant, and had the post office.

Today Napadogan is all but a ghost town but there are talks of tungeston mining operations starting up.

CN operated a raillink between Edmunston and Halifax with occasional stops in Moncton.

Notable people

See also
List of communities in New Brunswick

References

Communities in York County, New Brunswick
Fokker S.IV. The Fokker S.IV was a military trainer aircraft produced in the Netherlands in the mid-1920s. It was a conventional, single-bay biplane with staggered wings of unequal span braced with N-struts, essentially a radial-engined development of the S.III. The pilot and instructor sat in tandem, open cockpits and the undercarriage was of fixed, tailskid type with a cross-axle between the main units. The Royal Netherlands Army Aviation Group purchased 30 examples and used them right up to the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940. On 14 May that year, a few surviving S.IVs escaped to France alongside some S.IX trainers, but never flew again.

The S.IV could be powered by a variety of engines in the  range, including  Siemens-Halske Sh 11,  Le Rhône 9J,  Bristol Lucifer,  Armstrong-Siddeley Mongoose,  Oberursel UR.II or the  Clerget 9B.

Units using this aircraft/Operators (choose)

Royal Netherlands Air Force

Specifications

References

External links
 Уголок неба

1920s Dutch military trainer aircraft
S.IV
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1924
Rotary-engined aircraft
Fly-class brig-sloop. The Fly class were built for the Royal Navy as a class of 16-gun brig-sloops; two 6-pounder guns on trucked gun-carriages towards the bows, and eight pairs of slide-mounted 24-pounder carronas along the broadsides. An extra two carronades were added soon after completion, so giving them 18 guns in practice (but the seven vessels remained officially classed as 16 guns). The class was designed by one of the Surveyors of the Navy - Sir John Henslow - and approved in 1805. The Admiralty ordered five vessels to this design in January 1805, 23 days after it had ordered the same quantity of the similar Seagull Class to a comparative design by William Rule, the other Surveyor of the Navy; it ordered two more Fly Class in August 1805, although this final pair were planked with hulls of pitch pine ("fir") rather than the normal oak used in the first five.

Vessels
In the following table, the Fly class brig-sloops are listed in the order in which they were instructed to be built (i.e. order dates).

Notes

References

British Warships in the Age of Sail, Rif Winfield, Seaforth Publishing, 2007. 

Sloops of the Royal Navy
Sloop classes
Fokker S.IX. The Fokker S.IX was a military trainer aircraft produced in the Netherlands in the mid-1930s, designed at a Royal Netherlands Navy request for a machine to replace the obsolete Fokker S.IIIs then in service. It was a conventional, single-bay biplane with staggered wings of unequal span braced with N-struts. The pilot and instructor sat in tandem, open cockpits and the undercarriage was of fixed, tailskid type with divided main units. The wing had a wooden structure, the fuselage one of welded steel tube, and the entire aircraft was fabric-covered.

The Navy approved the design and ordered 27 aircraft, later reducing this to 15. The Royal Netherlands Army Aviation Group ordered 20 examples with a different engine, following this with an order for a second batch of 20. None of these latter aircraft were delivered by the time of the German invasion of the Netherlands in 1940. On 14 May that year, a few surviving Army S.IXs escaped to France alongside some S.IVs, but never flew again.

Following the war, air charter company Frits Diepen Vliegtuigen ordered three more aircraft, which were used to train pilots into the 1950s.

Variants
 S.IX/1 - version with Armstrong Siddeley Genet Major engine for Army
 S.IX/2 - version with Menasco Buccaneer engine for Navy

Operators

Royal Netherlands Air Force
Royal Netherlands Navy

Specifications (S.IX/1)

References

 
 

1930s Dutch military trainer aircraft
S.IX
Aircraft first flown in 1937
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Biplanes
Gander Automated Air Traffic System. Gander Automated Air Traffic System (GAATS) is a proprietary system of Nav Canada used for the oceanic airspace of the Gander Area Control Centre (ACC).

Most of the airspace is not monitored by radar, so procedures differ from those in continental airspaces. GAATS is an oceanic air traffic management system that automatically processes flight data and provides air traffic controllers with a radar-like picture of traffic in oceanic airspace. GAATS also provides automatic waypoint reports, and use of Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) which is text-based messaging for such routine requests as altitude changes. GAATS brings significant safety and efficiency benefits to North Atlantic airspace.

North Atlantic airspace is the busiest oceanic airspace in the world with about 1,300 flights a day, most of which are large commercial carriers. More than half the flights follow the North Atlantic Tracks but about 40% are 'random', with flight plans not on tracks, such as search/rescue and others. Nav Canada shares control of this airspace with its United Kingdom counterpart, the National Air Traffic Services (NATS).

The GAATS technology is now used by NATS’ Shanwick Oceanic Control with Nav Canada and the UK ANS provider collaborating on flight management for the whole of North Atlantic airspace.

The Gander ACC ("Gander Centre", CZQX) is responsible for controlling aircraft in the western half of the North Atlantic oceanic airspace. The Gander oceanic airspace is bounded to the north by the Icelandic Control Center, on the east by the Prestwick, Scotland, control centre, to the south by the Portuguese control centre in the Azores, and finally to the southwest by the New York Air Route Traffic Control Center.

GAATS traffic management capabilities are achieved through the tight integration between air traffic, airspace and weather models. Operational flexibility and workload balancing are further enhanced through dynamic sectorization.

Specifically, GAATS gives controllers increased situational awareness by having on-screen access to data from a variety of sources, as well as a visual display of the aircraft positions, much as a radar controller would. Among the many features available, controllers can use this new computing and display power to view projected routes and their timelines, and to help avoid potential conflicts.

References 
 GAATS Brochure
 ARINC waypoint communications
 ATC Technology over the North Atlantic

Air traffic control in Canada
Air traffic control systems
Transatlantic flight
Edward Wilson Davis. Edward Wilson Davis (May 8, 1888 – December 3, 1973) was an American engineer and inventor famous for pioneering early research into taconite. As a researcher at the University of Minnesota, Davis developed an engineering process to economically extract iron ore from hard taconite rocks, making taconite valuable as iron ore for the iron and steel industries. He worked closely with industrial firms such as the Mesabi Iron Company and the Reserve Mining Company to transform his research into a working industry on northeast Minnesota's Iron Range. Davis was known as "Mr. Taconite" for his efforts.

History 
Davis was born on May 8, 1888, in Cambridge City, Indiana. He pursued courses in science and engineering and received a degree in electrical engineering from Purdue University in 1911. In 1912, Davis began working as a mathematics instructor at the University of Minnesota.

In 1913, Davis began working on taconite. Over the next four decades, Davis devised a process to crush the hard rock, separate the iron from the crushed rock using magnets, and roll the iron into pellets suitable for transport and use in a blast furnace. Davis earned 19 patents for his many innovations. In the 1950s, Davis's research was used to create several taconite processing plants in northeast Minnesota. The Reserve Mining Company honored Davis by naming its Silver Bay, Minnesota, facility the E. W. Davis Works.

In addition to his taconite research, Davis was active in Minnesota politics and history. He published an account of his research, Pioneering With Taconite, with the Minnesota Historical Society in 1964.

References

External links 
A Basic Explanation of Taconite Mining and Processing
Davis's Entry in the Minnesota Inventors Hall of Fame
Finding Aid for Davis's Papers at the Minnesota Historical Society

Scientists from Minnesota
Mining in Minnesota
People from Cambridge City, Indiana
1973 deaths
1888 births
20th-century American inventors
Line plot survey. Line plot survey is a systematic sampling technique used on land surfaces for laying out sample plots within a rectangular grid to conduct forest inventory or agricultural research. It is a specific type of systematic sampling, similar to other statistical sampling methods such as random sampling, but more straightforward to carry out in practice.

This survey methodology is typically used to collect information about seedlings, shrubs, invasive species, signs of wildlife, need for fertilization, timber species count, and other similar types of data. For statistical control, all sample plots are a precise radius, typically , and must not include features outside each sampling circle.

Method

The method is commonly used for forest inventories. It makes it possible to accurately estimate the volume standing in a forested tract without counting every single item. Inventory specialists set up a line bearing on their hand compass and determine how many plots to take on this survey line. This is done by determining the distance between survey lines (B), the distance between plots (D), and the surface area (A) of the tract. The number of samples that should be taken is then calculated as follows:

The survey starts with the surveyor selecting two random numbers between [0 and B] and [0 and D] for the first plot and line location. The surveyor then measures the length to the first plot, surveys, and repeats the procedure. Once at the boundary, the surveyor turns 90° and continues on to the next transect.

Uses
The line plot survey has the advantage of ensuring the inventory incorporates an even outlay and includes everything in the forested tract. Examples of this are stand regeneration surveys to assess what is growing in a forest. Transect azimuth of 300° using plots one chain apart in one tenth acre then perhaps moving four chains to the next plot while still on the 300° (degree) bearing.

References

Forest modelling
Learjet 85. The Learjet 85 was a Learjet development program by aircraft manufacturer Bombardier Aerospace.

The program was launched on October 30, 2007 and a mockup of the aircraft was unveiled in October 2008 at the NBAA show in Orlando. The Learjet 85 was to fit between the midsize and the super midsize segments of the market. Designed for type certification under FAR-25, it was the first Bombardier Aerospace business jet to feature a composite structure. The plane was intended to have a high-speed cruise of Mach 0.82 and a transcontinental range of up to .

On January 15, 2015, Bombardier announced their decision to suspend the Learjet 85 program and cut 1000 associated jobs.

On October 29, 2015, Bombardier chief executive Alain Bellemare announced a 2015 $4.9 billion third quarter loss, including the cancellation of the Learjet 85 program.

Design and development
Computer software design tools were used on the project, including CATIA and HyperSizer, and similar wing technology employed as on the Bombardier CSeries.

Bombardier reported nearly 60 Learjet 85 orders at a price of US$17.2 million (2008 dollars). Flexjet announced it would be the initial launch customer with seven orders in 2011.

On October 21, 2010, Bombardier opened a Learjet 85 aircraft component manufacturing facility in Querétaro, Mexico. The plant was inaugurated by President Felipe Calderón. Some parts of the wing would have been manufactured in Belfast in Northern Ireland.

The first test flight was on 9 April 2014.

The development was "paused" in January 2015 as the aircraft development was consuming too much money and orders were lacking. The company suspended the Learjet 85 to concentrate on the CSeries and Global 7000/8000 instead. On October 29, 2015, the project was cancelled.

Specifications (Learjet 85)

References

External links

 Learjet 85 website archives on Archive.org

85
2010s United States business aircraft
Abandoned civil aircraft projects of the United States
T-tail aircraft
Twinjets
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 2014
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear