omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
1-K pot. A 1-K pot (i.e. 1-kelvin pot) is a cryogenic device used to attain temperatures down to approximately 1 kelvin.

The 1-K pot is a small vessel in a cryogenic system that is filled with liquid helium.  Usually it is a few cubic centimeters in size with a pickup-tube extending into the primary liquid helium bath of the dewar.  When a vessel containing liquid helium is connected to a vacuum pump, the vapor pressure above the liquid surface drops, thereby allowing the more energetic helium molecules to evaporate out of the liquid.  As the particles evaporate and are pumped away from the liquid, they carry heat energy with them, so the remaining fluid tends to cool.  This technique is known as evaporative cooling.

At atmospheric pressure, 4He (the more abundant isotope of helium) liquefies at 4.2 K.  By employing evaporative cooling, temperatures down to 1 K can be easily produced.  While this technique is fairly simple to operate, it is inefficient for large helium baths because about 50% of the liquid helium must evaporate to attain to the lowest temperatures.  If only a small volume needs to be cooled to 1 K, the 1-K pot is used.  Only the surface of the small 1-K pot is pumped, leaving the rest of the liquid helium bath at atmospheric pressure.

While this method is commonly used in simple cryogenic systems to cool objects down to 1 K, it is also fairly popular in more complicated cryogenic systems to bootstrap to lower temperatures.  For example, in a 3He refrigerator, condensed 3He (a rare isotope of helium) is evaporatively cooled and can attain temperatures as low as 200 mK.  But the 3He must be condensed to a liquid first, and a 1-K pot is typically used for this purpose.

Another example is a dilution refrigerator, where a mixture of 3He and 4He forms a phase boundary in a mixing chamber and can cool down to a few millikelvins.  Dilution refrigerators typically use a 1-K pot to condense the 3He/4He mixture.

References

Cryogenics
Oscar Werwath. Oscar Werwath (1880 – March 20, 1948) was the founder and first president of the Milwaukee School of Engineering in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States. He is buried at Forest Home Cemetery.

Born in Stallupönen, Germany on May 3, 1880, Werwath was the son of department store owner Carl and his wife, Johanna. When he was 23, shortly after finishing his degree from Darmstadt University, he emigrated to Wisconsin. Knowing the strong German-American reputation and industrial center of Milwaukee, he decided to settle there, becoming employed at the Louis Allis Co. shortly after. Seeing that skilled engineering in Milwaukee was in great demand, Werwath conceptualized a local school that could accommodate the needed work force. Approaching the president of Rheude's Business School, Werwath was given permission to establish a series of night classes for young men in practical electricity. Shortly after the courses began, enrollment grew to be too large for the business school. Still working for the Louis Allis Co. in 1905, Werwath was encouraged to open an engineering school and Allis donated $500 toward the "School of Engineering". "Milwaukee" was added to the school's name in 1932. Oscar was president of the school until his death in 1948.

Personal life
In 1908 Oscar and Johanna married and resettled in Milwaukee.  The Werwaths had four children; Karl (1909-1979), Greta (1910-2003), Hannah (1913-1984), and Heinz (1916-1987), all of whom worked at the Milwaukee School of Engineering at some point in their life.  Karl, Oscar's oldest son, was a graduate of his father's school in 1936 and became president one month after his father's death in 1948 until 1977.

References

 

1880 births
1948 deaths
People from Nesterov
People from East Prussia
Emigrants from the German Empire to the United States
People from Milwaukee
Milwaukee School of Engineering people
Burials at Forest Home Cemetery
DSE. DSE may refer to:

Economy
 Dominant strategy equilibrium, an economic term in game theory

Stock exchanges
 Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange
 Dhaka Stock Exchange, the main Stock Exchange of Dhaka, Bangladesh
 Damascus Securities Exchange, the main Stock Exchange of Damascus, Syria

Government and administration
 Discover Science & Engineering, an Irish Government initiative
 Department of Sustainability and Environment in Victoria, Australia
 Data Services Environment, a service of the Defense Information Systems Agency, United States

Education
 Delhi School of Economics
 Disability Studies in Education
 Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education, an examination after completing secondary education in Hong Kong

Sports
 Dream Stage Entertainment, a Japanese company that promotes MMA and wrestling matches
 Dolphin South End Running Club, a San Francisco running club

Science and medicine
 DSE (gene), human gene which codes for dermatan-sulfate epimerase
 Dobutamine Stress Echo, a cardiac stress test
 Dark septate endophytes, a group of fungi that are symbiotic within vascular plant roots
 Design space exploration, systematic analysis and pruning of unwanted design points based on parameters of interest
 Discrete skeleton evolution, an iterative approach to reducing a morphological or topological skeleton

Computing and electronics
 Dead Space: Extraction, a 2009 videogame available for the Nintendo Wii and the PlayStation 3
 Dick Smith Electronics, an electronics company

Other uses
 Dimokratikos Stratos Elladas, the Greek Civil War Communist army ('Democratic Army of Greece')
 Dry Sheep Equivalent, a standard unit frequently used in Australia
 Combolcha Airport in Ethiopia
Red-short carbon steel. Red-short, hot-short refers to brittleness of steels at red-hot temperatures. It is often caused by high sulfur levels, in which case it is also known as sulfur embrittlement.

Iron or steel, when heated to above 460 °C (900 °F), glows with a red color. The color of heated iron changes predictably (due to black-body radiation) from dull red through orange and yellow to white, and can be a useful indicator of its temperature. Good quality iron or steel at and above this temperature becomes increasingly malleable and plastic. Red-short iron or steel, on the other hand, becomes crumbly and brittle.

Sulfur hot-shortness 
In steel contaminated by sulfur this embrittlement happens due to the sulfur forming iron sulfide/iron mixtures in the grain boundaries of the metal which have a lower melting point than the steel.

When the steel is heated up and worked, the mechanical energy added to the workpiece increases the temperature further.  The iron sulfide (FeS) or iron/iron sulfide alloy (which has an even lower melting point) begins to melt, and the steel starts to separate at the grain boundaries.  Steelmakers add manganese (Mn) to the steel when it is produced, to form manganese sulfide (MnS).  Manganese sulfide inclusions have a higher melting point and do not concentrate at the grain boundaries.  Thus, when the steel is later heated up and worked, the melting at the grain boundaries does not occur.

Copper hot-shortness 
When steel has elevated levels of copper, which may happen due to ore specifics but is more often cased by contamination of steel scrap, also exhibits hot-shortness. This is caused by selective oxidation of iron at the grain boundaries, where more noble and softer copper is enriched.

References

Metallurgy
Revision. Revision is the process of modifying and the resulting artifact.

More specifically, it may refer to:
 Patch (computing), a relatively small modification to a computing resource such as software or file, revision (a.k.a. update) refers to any computing resource modification
 Revision control, the management of changes to sets of computer files
 ReVisions, a 2004 anthology of alternate history short stories
 Revision3, a San Francisco-based Internet television network
 Revision (Boxcar album) a remix music album by synthpop group Boxcar
Revisions (album), an album by the band 3
 Revision (demoparty), a demoparty which takes place on Easter in Saarbrücken, Germany
 "Revisions" (Stargate SG-1), an episode of the Stargate SG-1 science-fiction television series
 Revisions (anime) a 2019 anime television series
 Final Articles Revision Convention (disambiguation), either of two International Labour Organisation conventions
 Revision or revising, a British term for exam preparation
 Taxonomic revision is a novel analysis of the variation patterns in a particular taxon
 Revision (writing), the general process of revising written work, or a version produced by that process

See also
Revisionism (disambiguation)
Solvent extraction and electrowinning. Solvent extraction and electrowinning (SX/EW) is a two-stage hydrometallurgical process that first extracts and upgrades copper ions from low-grade leach solutions into a solvent containing a chemical that selectively reacts with and binds the copper in the solvent. The copper is extracted from the solvent with strong aqueous acid which then deposits pure copper onto cathodes using an electrolytic procedure (electrowinning).

SX/EW processing is best known for its use by the copper industry, where it accounts for 20% of worldwide production, but the technology is also successfully applied to a wide range of other metals including cobalt, nickel, zinc and uranium.

References

Metallurgical processes
Media Resource Control Protocol. Media Resource Control Protocol (MRCP) is a communication protocol used by speech servers to provide various services (such as speech recognition and speech synthesis) to their clients. MRCP relies on another protocol, such as Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) or Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) for establishing a control session and audio streams between the client and the server.

MRCP uses a similar style of clear-text signaling as HTTP and many other Internet protocols, in which each message contains 3 sections: a first-line, a header and a body. The first line indicates the type of message as well as information such as response codes. The header contains a number of lines, each in the format <header>: <data>. The body, whose length is specified by the header, contains the details of the message.

Like HTTP, MRCP uses a request (usually issued by the client) and response model. Responses may simply acknowledge receipt of the request or give other information regarding its processing. For example, an MRCP client may request to send some audio data for processing (say, for speech recognition), to which the server could respond with a message containing a suitable port number to send the data, since MRCP does not have support for audio data specifically as this would have to be handled by some other protocol, such as Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP).

MRCP protocol version 2 has been approved as an RFC. Version 2 uses SIP for managing sessions and audio streams between the server and the clients, whereas version 1 did not specify the underlying protocol.

MRCP has been adopted by a wide range of commercial speech servers, such as Verbio Technologies, Skit.ai's VIVA, Microsoft Speech Server, LumenVox Speech Engine, ReadSpeaker speechServer MRCP, Nuance Recognizer and Vocalizer, Sestek TTS, Sestek Call Steering as well as commercial Interactive Voice Response software such as Blueworx Voice Response..

External links
 , A Media Resource Control Protocol (MRCP)
 , Media Resource Control Protocol version 2 (MRCPv2)
 UniMRCP, An open source cross-platform MRCP implementation

Internet protocols
Application layer protocols
A-frame. An A-frame is a basic structure designed to bear a load in a lightweight economical manner. The simplest form of an A-frame is two similarly sized beams, arranged in an angle of 45 degrees or less, attached at the top, like an uppercase letter 'A'. These materials are often wooden or steel beams attached at the top by rope, welding, gluing, or riveting. 

A-frames can be used as-is, as part of shears, or set up in a row along a longitudinal beam for added stability, as in a saw horse. More complex structures will often have crossmembers connecting the A-frames at different angles, forming a truss.

Other structures that use A-frames
 A-frame house
 A-frame hydroponics system
 A-frame contour measuring spirit level
 A frame camping tent
 A-frame complex, a motif in chemistry
 Folding ladder
 Double wishbone suspension (cars)
 Some suspension bridges
 Some swing bridges
 A-frame level: An A-frame with a plumb line hung from the vertex, used to establish a horizontal line; known in ancient Egypt, these were used in Europe until the mid–19th century.
 At the stern of ships for fishing or research. These may be fixed or luffing. Similar arrangements are used for launch and recovery systems for diving bells, ROUVs and small submersibles from other positions on a support ship.
 The main building of Florida's Disney's Contemporary Resort, in which the Walt Disney World monorail has a station
 Some Wienerschnitzel and Whataburger restaurants use the A-frame
 The London Eye is supported by only one A-frame on one side.
 Some beam engines use an A-frame

References

External links 
 

Structural system
Automotive head unit. An automotive head unit, sometimes called the infotainment system, is a vehicle audio component providing a unified hardware interface for the system, including screens, buttons and system controls for numerous integrated information and entertainment functions.

Other names for automotive head units include car stereo, car receiver, deck, in-dash stereo, and dash stereo.

Function 

Central to a vehicle's sound and information systems, head units are located prominently in the center of the dashboard or console, and provide an integrated electronic package.

The head unit provides a user interface for the vehicle's information and entertainment media components: AM/FM radio, satellite radio, DVDs/CDs, cassette tapes (although these are now uncommon), USB MP3, dashcams, GPS navigation, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and sometimes vehicle systems status. Moreover, it may provide control of audio functions including volume, band, frequency, speaker balance, speaker fade, bass, treble, equalization, and so on. With the advent of dashcams, GPS navigation, and DVDs, head units with video screens are widely available, integrating voice control and gesture recognition.

Size standards 
An original standard head unit size is ISO 7736, developed by the Deutsches Institut für Normung (DIN):

Single DIN () in Europe, South America, and Australasia
 A compact size that easily fits into a dashboard, but the unit is not tall enough to accommodate a video display.
Double DIN () in Japan, the UK, and North America.
 Doubling the height of the single DIN, a video display or touchscreen can be fitted to support manufacturer GUIs, Android Auto, Huawei HiCar and/or Apple CarPlay.
 Double DIN is also written as 2 DIN and double din.

For both single and double DIN units, ISO 10487 is the connectors standard for connecting the head unit to the car's electrical system.

Steering and aftermarket brands 

Manufacturers offer DIN headunits and standard connectors (called universal headunits), including Pioneer, Sony, Alpine, Kenwood, Eclipse, JVC, Peach Auto (Hong Kong), Boyo, Dual, Visteon, Advent and Blaupunkt.

See also
 Aftermarket
 Android Auto
 CarPlay
 Huawei HiCar

References

In-car entertainment
Consumer electronics
Dashboard head units
1K ZX Chess. 1K ZX Chess is a 1982 chess program for the unexpanded Sinclair ZX81.

Description
1K ZX Chess'''s code takes up only 672 bytes in memory, but implements chess rules except for castling, promotion, and en passant, including a computer opponent. It was the smallest implementation of chess on any computer at the time.
Developer David Horne discussed 1K ZX Chess and published the full source code as a type-in program in a series of articles in Your Computer in 1982 and 1983.

ReceptionPopular Computing Weekly in 1982 called 1K ZX Chess "one of the most interesting ZX tapes to pass through our office in recent weeks". It approved of the computer displaying moves while considering them and noted "the skills which went into writing a chess program in 1K of machine code. Is there anyone reading this who could even contemplate doing the same?" The magazine concluded, "Despite the limitations this is one cassette, at £3, which I would recommend." Sinclair User in 1983 stated that "it takes some technical wizardry to squeeze this kind of game into the unexpanded ZX81". The magazine praised the game's quick loading speed, and found that it "makes its moves very fast for the amount of memory available for it". Home Computing Weekly gave the game three out of five stars, criticizing the confusing user interface but stating that "it still produces play which needs some thought to beat". Tim Harding wrote in a 1985 book on computer chess that "the man who did it must be some sort of genius". While describing 1K ZX Chess quality of play as "so appalling that it would be hard to make it beat you" and criticizing the backward algebraic notation, he concluded that "the program is nevertheless a fantastic technical achievement".1K ZX Chess came in second place for best software in a poll of ZX81 users. Retrogaming Times Monthly described it as "history's greatest game programming feat"; Kuro5hin agreed, calling 1K ZX Chess "the greatest program ever written". BootChess author Olivier Poudade praised 1K ZX Chess''s code, stating that at first writing a smaller chess program "seemed impossible ... Horne had nailed it so much already". Poudade acknowledged replicating some of Horne's methods as he could not improve them.

See also
Microchess

References

External links
Full ZX-81 Chess in 1K
1K ZX Chess ZX81 Collection entry with the original inlay scan and program listing.  An emulator is available on the site to play the game online.

1982 video games
Chess software
Commercial video games with freely available source code
Single-player video games
Video games developed in the United Kingdom
ZX81 games
Eric Goles. Eric Antonio Goles Chacc (born August 21, 1951) is a Chilean mathematician and computer scientist of Croatian descent. He studied civil engineering at the University of Chile before taking two doctorates at the University of Grenoble in France. A professor at the University of Chile, he is known for his work on cellular automata.

Goles was born in Antofagasta, northern Chile.

In 1993, Goles was awarded Chile's National Prize for Exact Sciences. He was President of CONICYT (the Chilean equivalent of the National Science Foundation in the U.S.), and an advisor on science and technology to the Chilean government.

Goles currently teaches and does research at the Adolfo Ibáñez University.

External links
 Goles Biography as a Director of the Chilean Millennium Science Initiative
 Fuller biography in Spanish at website of CONICYT

1951 births
Living people
Chilean computer scientists
20th-century Chilean mathematicians
21st-century Chilean mathematicians
Cellular automatists
People from Antofagasta
Chilean people of Croatian descent
University of Chile alumni
Grenoble Alpes University alumni
Academic staff of the University of Chile
Edison Museum. The Edison Museum, a science and history museum about the life and inventions of Thomas Edison, is located in Beaumont, Texas, United States at 350 Pine St. on the grounds of Edison Plaza.

Building
The museum building was formerly the Gulf States Utilities Travis Street Power Substation.  The power substation came on line in 1929.  According to the Texas State Historical Marker in front of the substation building, the substation provided power ranging from street lights to cotton gins to rice irrigation to refineries in spite of The Great Depression.

Museum
"...The museum is the only facility of its kind west of the Mississippi River..." Interactive exhibits about Edison, his inventions and innovations, as well as historic artifacts from his life are featured.  Featured inventions include the incandescent light bulb, the phonograph, and some of Edison's early motion pictures. There is also a reference library about Edison.  The collection origin is tied to W. Donham Crawford, former CEO of Gulf States Utilities.  Crawford was an avid collector of Edison artifacts.  The collection was bequeathed to the museum in the early 1980s by Crawford's widow.

The museum is part of a concentration of several museums in the downtown Beaumont area.  It is located blocks away from the Tyrrell Historical Library, the Art Museum of Southeast Texas, the Beaumont Children's Museum (temporarily located in the Beaumont Civic Center), and the Fire Museum of Texas.

See also
Edison and Ford Winter Estates, museum in Fort Myers, Florida
Thomas Alva Edison Memorial Tower and Museum in Edison, New Jersey
Thomas Edison Depot Museum in Port Huron, Michigan
Edison National Historic Site in West Orange, New Jersey

References

External links
Edison Museum - official site

Museums in Beaumont, Texas
History museums in Texas
Thomas Edison
Biographical museums in Texas
Technology museums in Texas
Telecommunications museums in the United States
Science museums in Texas
Project manufacturing. Project manufacturing is an operation designed to produce large, expensive, specialized products such as custom homes, defense weapons such as aircraft carriers and submarines, and aerospace products such as passenger planes, and the Space Shuttle. 

Project manufacturing is highly flexible, because each project is usually significantly different from the one before it, even if the project’s size and expense and high degree of customization, project manufacturing can take an extremely long time to complete.

Project Manufacturing is an operation designed to produce unique but similar products. It takes advantage of common manufacturing requirements (and therefore efficiencies), while allowing for customization into “unique” combinations. Unique orders may be managed like a project. The more components of that order that are common to other unique orders the more they may be manufactured – taking advantage of manufacturing methodology. Project Manufacturing then is the melding of Manufacturing and Project Management at a level where the most advantage may be gleaned from each to the financial advantage of the company.

Project management
Manufacturing
UNIX System III. UNIX System III (or System 3) is a discontinued version of the Unix operating system released by AT&T's Unix Support Group (USG).

AT&T announced System III in late 1981, and it was first released outside of Bell Labs in 1982. UNIX System III was a mix of various AT&T Unix systems: Version 7 Unix, PWB/UNIX 2.0, CB UNIX 3.0, UNIX/RT and UNIX/32V. System III supported the DEC PDP-11 and VAX computers.

The system was apparently called System III because it was considered the outside release of UNIX/TS 3.0.1 and CB UNIX 3 which were internally supported Bell Labs Unices; its manual refers to it as UNIX Release 3.0 and there were no Unix versions called System I or System II. There was no official release of UNIX/TS 4.0 (which would have been System IV) either, so System III was succeeded by System V, based on UNIX/TS 5.0.

System III introduced new features such as named pipes, the uname system call and command, and the run queue. It also combined various improvements to Version 7 Unix by outside organizations. However, it did not include notable additions made in BSD such as the C shell (csh) and screen editing.

Third-party variants of System III include (early versions of) HP-UX, IRIX, IS/3 and PC/IX, PC-UX, PNX, SINIX, Venix and Xenix.

References

External links
 
System III source code
 
 

Bell Labs Unices
Discontinued operating systems
1982 software