omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Johnson's criteria. Johnson's criteria, or the Johnson criteria, created by John Johnson, describe both spatial domain and frequency domain approaches to analyze the ability of observers to perform visual tasks using image intensifier technology. It was an important breakthrough in evaluating the performance of visual devices and guided the development of future systems. Using Johnson's criteria, many predictive models for sensor technology have been developed that predict the performance of sensor systems under different environmental and operational conditions.

History

Night vision systems enabled the measurement of visual thresholds following World War II. The 1950s also marked a time of notable development in the performance modeling of night vision imaging systems. From 1957 to 1958, Johnson, a United States Army Night Vision & Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) scientist, was working to develop methods of predicting target detection, orientation, recognition, and identification. Working with volunteer observers, Johnson used image intensifier equipment to measure the volunteer observer's ability to identify scale model targets under various conditions. His experiments produced the first empirical data on perceptual thresholds that was expressed in terms of line pairs. In the first Night Vision Image Intensifier Symposium in October 1958, Johnson presented his findings in a paper entitled "Analysis of Image Forming Systems", which contained the list that would later be known as Johnson's criteria.

Criteria

The minimum required resolution according to Johnson's criteria are expressed in terms of line pairs of image resolution across a target, in terms of several tasks:

 Detection, an object is present (1.0 +/− 0.25 line pairs)
 Orientation, symmetrical, asymmetric, horizontal, or vertical (1.4 +/− 0.35 line pairs)
 Recognition, the type object can be discerned, a person versus a car (4 +/− 0.8 line pairs)
 Identification, a specific object can be discerned, a woman versus a man, the specific car (6.4 +/− 1.5 line pairs)

These amounts of resolution give a 50 percent probability of an observer discriminating an object to the specified level.

Additionally, the line pairs refer to lines being displayed on an interlaced CRT monitor.  Each line pair corresponds to 2 pixels of a film image, or an image displayed on an LCD monitor.

References

Further reading

Papers
John Johnson, “Analysis of image forming systems,” in Image Intensifier Symposium, AD 220160 (Warfare Electrical Engineering Department, U.S. Army Research and Development Laboratories, Ft. Belvoir, Va., 1958), pp. 244–273. https://home.cis.rit.edu/~cnspci/references/johnson1958.pdf

Books
Harney, Robert.  "Combat Systems vol. 1: Sensors", Chapter 14: Imaging and Image-based Perception. 2005. http://www.nps.navy.mil/se/harney/cbt1ch14.pdf

Vision
Steinmetz Opel Tuning. Steinmetz Opel-Tuning is an automobile tuning company specializing in Opel cars, based in Aachen, Germany. They develop higher performance engines, sports suspension, special exhausts and complete aerodynamic bodystyling kits. Their engineers believe that the proving ground for all products is still in motorsport.

See also

Irmscher
OPC

Bibliography 
 Klaus Steinmetz - Ein Leben für den Motorsport, Klaus Steinmetz, Oliver Steinmetz, Heel Verlag (2007),  (German)
 Opel GT Motorsport 1968-1975, Stefan Müller, Detlef Kurzrock, Maurice Van Sevecotte, Petrolpics Verlag (2008),  (German)

References

External links
 Steinmetz German website
 Steinmetz English website

Video clips

Opel
Auto parts suppliers of Germany
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1993
Automotive motorsports and performance companies
Auto tuning companies
Companies based in Aachen
Point code. An SS7 point code is an address for the SS7 telephone switching system. It is similar to an IP address in an IP network.  It is a unique address for a node (Signaling Point, or SP), used in MTP layer 3 to identify the destination of a message signal unit (MSU).

Message contain an OPC (Originating Point Code) and a DPC (Destination Point Code); sometimes documents refer to it as a signaling point code.  Depending on the network, a point code can be 24 bits (North America, China), 16 bits (Japan), or 14 bits (ITU standard, International SS7 network and most countries) in length.

ANSI point codes use 24 bits, mostly in 8-8-8 format. ITU point codes use 14 bits in 3-8-3 format.

Fourteen bit point codes can be written in multiple formats. The most common are decimal number, hexadecimal number, or 3-8-3 format (3 most significant bits, 8 middle bits, 3 least significant bits).

Twenty-four bit point codes may be written in decimal, hexadecimal, or 8-8-8 format.

Abbreviations
OPC Originating Point Code
DPC Destination Point Code
ISPC International Signaling Point Code

References

External links
Web-based PointCode converter
SS7 Point Code Converter by Valid8.com

Signaling System 7
UEI. UEI may refer to:

Organizations
 Unidad Especial de Intervención ("Special Intervention Unit"), the emergency response unit of the Spanish Guardia Civil
 UEI College, a career education school in California, US
 Universal Electronics Inc, an American manufacture of electronic remote control and sensing products

Other uses
 Unique Entity Identifier, a unique identifier for companies in the US
 Unified Emulator Interface, a component of the software Eclipse
Ucspi-tcp. ucspi-tcp is a public domain Unix TCP command-line tool for building TCP client-server applications.  It consists of super-server tcpserver and tcpclient application.

From "Life with qmail", Dave Sill, 2 January 2006 (Appendix B.3.):  ucspi-tcp is an acronym for UNIX Client-Server Program Interface for TCP, and it is pronounced ooks-pie tee see pee.

tcpserver features built-in TCP Wrapper-like access control.

ucspi-tcp competes with several other programs 
mconnect client supplied as part of SunOS
faucet and hose, part of the netpipes package
netcat

External links
 http://cr.yp.to/ucspi-tcp.html

Unix network-related software
Transmission Control Protocol
Public-domain software with source code
Information silo. An information silo, or a group of such silos, is an insular management system in which one information system or subsystem is incapable of reciprocal operation with others that are, or should be, related. Thus information is not adequately shared but rather remains sequestered within each system or subsystem, figuratively trapped within a container like grain is trapped within a silo: there may be much of it, and it may be stacked quite high and freely available within those limits, but it has no effect outside those limits. Such data silos are proving to be an obstacle for businesses wishing to use data mining to make productive use of their data.

Information silos occur whenever a data system is incompatible or not integrated with other data systems. This incompatibility may occur in the technical architecture, in the application architecture, or in the data architecture of any data system. However, since it has been shown that established data modeling methods are the root cause of the data integration problem, most data systems are at least incompatible in the data architecture layer.

In organizations 
In understanding organizational behaviour, the term silo mentality often refers to a mindset which creates and maintains information silos within an organization. A silo mentality is created by the divergent goals of different organizational units: it is defined by the Business Dictionary as "a mindset present when certain departments or sectors do not wish to share information with others in the same company". It can also be described as a variant of the principal–agent problem. 

A silo mentality primarily occurs in larger organizations and can lead to poorer performance and has a negative impact on the corporate culture. Silo mentalities can be countered by the introduction of shared goals, the increase of internal networking activities and the flattening of hierarchies.  

Predictors for the occurrence of silos are 
 Number of employees 
 Number of organizational units within the whole organization 
 Degree of specialization 
 Number of different incentive mechanisms.

Gleeson and Rozo suggest that

Etymology 
The term functional silo syndrome was coined in 1988 by Phil S. Ensor (1931–2018) who worked in organizational development and employee relations for Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and Eaton Corporation, and as a consultant. Silo and stovepipe (as in "stovepipe organization" and "stovepipe system") are now used interchangeably and applied broadly. Phil Ensor's use of the term silo reflects his rural Illinois origins and the many grain silos he would pass on return visits as he contemplated the challenges of the modern organizations with which he worked.

See also 
 
 
  (also called walled garden or closed ecosystem)

References

External links
 The silo effect in business

Business software
Information systems
Enterprise application integration
Altera Hardware Description Language. Altera Hardware Description Language (AHDL) is a proprietary hardware description language (HDL) developed by Altera Corporation. AHDL is used for digital logic design entry for Altera's complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs) and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). It is supported by Altera's MAX-PLUS and Quartus series of design software. AHDL has an Ada-like syntax, while its feature set is comparable to the synthesizable portions of the Verilog and VHDL hardware description languages. In contrast to HDLs such as Verilog and VHDL, AHDL is a design-entry language only; all of its language constructs are synthesizable. By default, Altera software expects AHDL source files to have a .tdf extension (Text Design Files).

Example
% a simple AHDL up counter, released to public domain 13 November 2006 %
% [block quotations achieved with percent sign] %
% like c, ahdl functions must be prototyped %

% PROTOTYPE:
 FUNCTION COUNTER (CLK)
	RETURNS (CNTOUT[7..0]); %

% function declaration, where inputs, outputs, and
bidirectional pins are declared %
% also like c, square brackets indicate an array %

SUBDESIGN COUNTER
(
	CLK		:INPUT;
	CNTOUT[7..0]	:OUTPUT;
)

% variables can be anything from flip-flops (as in this case),
tri-state buffers, state machines, to user defined functions %

VARIABLE
	TIMER[7..0]: DFF;

% as with all hardware description languages, think of this
 less as an algorithm and more as wiring nodes together %

BEGIN
	DEFAULTS

		TIMER[].prn = VCC; %  this takes care of d-ff resets %
		TIMER[].clrn = VCC;
	END DEFAULTS;

	TIMER[].d = TIMER[].q + H"1";
END;

References

 Scarpino, Frank A., VHDL and AHDL Digital System Implementation. Prentice Hall PTR, 1998.

Hardware description languages
UNIVAC 1050. The UNIVAC 1050 was a variable word-length (one to 16 characters) decimal and binary computer. It was initially announced in May 1962 as an off-line input-output processor for larger UNIVAC systems.

Instructions were fixed length (30 bits – five characters), consisting of a five-bit "op code", a three-bit index register specifier, one reserved bit, a 15-bit address, and a six-bit "detail field" whose function varies with each instruction. The memory was up to 32K of six-bit characters.

The first 256 memory positions were group into 64 fields of 4 characters each, called "tetrads", it is possible to address any of these positions either by tetrad or by individual character. These Tetrads were used to implement the following:
 2 x Arithmetic Registers (each 16 characters wide)
 7 x Index Registers (each 3 characters wide)
 Multiplier and Quotient (each 4 characters wide)
 6 x I/O Channels

Like the IBM 1401, the 1050 was commonly used as an off-line peripheral controller in many installations of both large "scientific computers and large "business computers". In these installations the big computer (e.g., a UNIVAC III) did all of its input-output on magnetic tapes and the 1050 was used to format input data from other peripherals (e.g., punched card readers) on the tapes and transfer output data from the tapes to other peripherals (e.g., punched card punches or the line printer).

A version used by the U.S. Air Force, the U1050-II real-time system, had some extra peripherals.  The most significant of these was the FASTRAND 1 Drum Storage Unit.  This physically large device had two contra-rotating drums mounted horizontally, one above the other in a pressurized cabinet.  Read-write heads were mounted on a horizontally moving beam between the drums, driven by a voice coil servo external to the pressurized cabinet.  This high-speed access subsystem allowed the real-time operation.  Another feature was the communications subsystem with modem links to remote sites.  A Uniservo VI-C tape drive provided an audit trail for the transactions. Other peripherals were the card reader and punch, and printer.  The operator's console had the 'stop and go' buttons and a Teletype Model 33 teleprinter for communication and control. The initial Air Force order in November 1963 was for 152 systems.

Subsequently, UNIVAC released the 1050 Model III (1050-III) and 1050 Model IV (1050-IV) for general purpose Commercial usage. The key difference between the two models was that of performance and expandability. The 1050-IV could be expanded to 64K of character addressable memory which could be accessed at two characters at a time with a cycle time of 2 microseconds per access (vs. 4.5 Microseconds in the 1050-III). Both models supported Decimal Multiply/Divide as an upgrade option.

References

External links
UNIVAC 1050 documents at bitsavers.org
 YouTube Video: "UNIVAC 1050-II"

1050
Variable word length computers
Vmstat. vmstat (virtual memory statistics) is a computer system monitoring tool that collects and displays summary information about operating system memory, processes, interrupts, paging and block I/O. Users of vmstat can specify a sampling interval which permits observing system activity in near-real time.

The vmstat tool is available on most Unix and Unix-like operating systems, such as FreeBSD, Linux or Solaris.

Syntax
The syntax and output of vmstat often differs slightly between different operating systems.

# vmstat 2 6
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- ----cpu----
 r  b   swpd   free   buff  cache   si   so    bi    bo   in    cs us sy id wa
 0  0   2536  21496 185684 1353000    0    0     0    14    1     2  0  0 100  0
 0  0   2536  21496 185684 1353000    0    0     0    28 1030   145  0  0 100  0
 0  0   2536  21496 185684 1353000    0    0     0     0 1026   132  0  0 100  0
 0  0   2536  21520 185684 1353000    0    0     0     0 1033   186  1  0 99  0
 0  0   2536  21520 185684 1353000    0    0     0     0 1024   141  0  0 100  0
 0  0   2536  21584 185684 1353000    0    0     0     0 1025   131  0  0 100  0

In the above example the tool reports every two seconds for six iterations.

We can get the customized or required outputs by using various options with the vmstat command.

# vmstat –s     This option is used to get memory statistics.

# vmstat –d     This option is used to get disk statistics.

See also 
 nmon — a system monitor tool for the AIX and Linux operating systems.
 iostat
 top
 sar

References

External links 
 
 
 
  Softpanorama vmstat page

Unix software
System monitors
Fokker D.I. The Fokker D.I (company designation M.18) was a development of the D.II fighter. The D.I was also flown in Austro-Hungarian service as a fighter trainer aircraft under the designation B.III. Confusing the matter further, both the D.II and D.I arrived at the Front in German service at similar times, in July–August 1916. The main designer was Martin Kreutzer.

Design and development

Similar to the D.II, the D.I was an unstaggered single-bay, or Einstielig equal-span biplane. The upper fuselage was initially parallel with the upper wing and was fitted with the  Mercedes D.I six-cylinder water-cooled engine.
 
Control was achieved using wing-warping. The wings were also tested in twin-bay (Zweistielig) form. To improve visibility, the center section was cut back and the wings were slightly staggered and the top wing raised slightly.

These improvements were retained, and the airplane was ordered into production with an  Mercedes D.II inline engine and a single synchronized 7.92 mm (.312 in) lMG 08 machine gun. The Austro-Hungarian B.IIIs, serialled 04.11 to 04.27, retained the Mercedes D.I engine, and some were armed with a free-firing Schwarzlose MG M.07/12 machine gun mounted above the centre-section.

Operational history
Deliveries began in July 1916 and 90 D.I fighters were delivered to the German Fliegertruppen and 17 B.III fighter trainers to the Austro-Hungarian Luftfahrttruppen, eight of which were license-built by the Magyar Általános Gépgyár (MAG) in Hungary.

One Austro-Hungarian B III was experimentally fitted with a  Mercedes D.III engine. Another had ailerons instead of wing warping, and still another had long span, swept back wings.

Compared with aircraft in service at that time, such as the Albatros D.II and the Nieuport 11, this Fokker's design and performance were decidedly unimpressive, and further production did not take place.

The D.I was the basis for the Fokker D.IV.

Operators
 Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops
 Luftstreitkräfte

Ottoman Air Force

Specifications (D.I)

See also

References

Further reading

D 01
1910s German fighter aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1916
Delta Heritage Air Park. Delta Heritage Air Park  is a private aerodrome located  east of Delta, British Columbia, Canada. Several flying clubs are headquartered at the park, including branches of COPA and RAA. 

The park is located within Boundary Bay park and borders the Boundary Bay Wildlife Management Area.

History 
The air park was established in the early 1960s and by the 1970s it housed about 120 aircraft. The 85th chapter of the Recreational Aircraft Association of Canada (RAA 85) constructed an aircraft hangar and clubhouse on the site in the 1970s.

In 1995 the park was acquired by Metro Vancouver who planned on turning the land into a park. An agreement was reached between Metro Vancouver and RAA 85 to allow flying to continue within the air park.

As of 2020, about 60 aircraft are stationed at the park including many antiques.

The park hosts an annual fly-in.

See also
 List of airports in the Lower Mainland

References

External links
Delta Heritage Airpark

Airports in Greater Vancouver
Registered aerodromes in British Columbia
Buildings and structures in Delta, British Columbia
Transport in Delta, British Columbia
Duffields, West Virginia. Duffields is an unincorporated community in Jefferson County, West Virginia, United States. Duffields depot is the second oldest surviving B&O depot, named for the pre-Civil War landowner who constructed it (Richard Duffield), and has been on the National Register of Historic Places since 2007. No longer in railroad use, it is expected to become a museum. During the American Civil War, a Confederate infantry company (Company H of the 2nd Virginia Infantry) was recruited from the area. The depot became a strategic target, most famous for its capture by Confederate Capt. John S. Mosby on June 29, 1864, as well as a raid his Rangers made on a Union army pay train on October 14, 1864 (the "Greenback raid"). The modern community is served by the Duffields MARC Train station, located on the Brunswick Line. Services to Washington, D.C., and Martinsburg are provided on weekdays.

References

Unincorporated communities in Jefferson County, West Virginia
Unincorporated communities in West Virginia
Wet-folding. Wet-folding is an origami technique developed by Akira Yoshizawa that employs water to dampen the paper so that it can be manipulated more easily. This process adds an element of sculpture to origami, which is otherwise purely geometric. Wet-folding is used very often by professional folders for non-geometric origami, such as animals. Wet-folders usually employ thicker paper than what would usually be used for normal origami, to ensure that the paper does not tear.

One of the most prominent users of the wet-folding technique is Éric Joisel, who specialized in origami animals, humans, and legendary creatures. He also created origami masks.  Other folders who practice this technique are Robert J. Lang and John Montroll.

The process of wet-folding allows a folder to preserve a curved shape more easily. It also reduces the number of wrinkles substantially. Wet-folding allows for increased rigidity and structure due to a process called sizing. Sizing is a water-soluble adhesive, usually methylcellulose or methyl acetate, that may be added during the manufacture of the paper. As the paper dries, the chemical bonds of the fibers of the paper tighten together which results in a crisper and stronger sheet. In order to moisten the paper, an artist typically wipes the sheet with a dampened cloth. The amount of moisture added to the paper is crucial because too little will cause the paper to dry quickly and spring back into its original position before the folding is complete, while too much will either fray the edges of the paper or will cause the paper to split at high-stress points.

Notes and references

See also

 Papier-mâché

External links

 Mini-documentary about Joisel at YouTube

Origami
Mathematics and art
Lithium chloride (data page). This page provides supplementary chemical data on Lithium chloride.

Solubility

Thermodynamic properties

Spectral data

Structure and properties data

Temperature Relative Humidity over saturated solution in water

Material Safety Data Sheet 

The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source  such as SIRI, and follow its directions.

References

Chemical data pages
Chemical data pages cleanup
ODR. ODR or Odr may refer to:

Octal data rate, a technique used in high-speed computer memory
Oculomotor delayed response, a task used in neuroscience.
Óðr
Office for dispute resolution
On Demand Routing
One Day Remains
One Definition Rule
One-drop rule
Online dispute resolution 
Operator Driven Reliability - A field maintenance concept which is implemented in ODR programs
Orthogonal distance regression
Outdoor ice rink
Owner-driven reconstruction, in natural disaster recovery
Stefan Brands. Stefan Brands is the designer of the core cryptographic protocols of Microsoft's U-Prove technology.

Business career 
Following his academic research on these protocols during the nineties, they were implemented and marketed under the U-Prove name by Credentica until Microsoft acquired the technology.

Prior to Credentica, earlier versions of Brands' protocols were implemented by DigiCash, by Zero-Knowledge Systems, and by two consortiums made up of academic research groups, European banks, and large IT organizations.

Early career and affiliations 
Brands has worked at DigiCash, at Zero-Knowledge Systems, and at Microsoft Corp. He has also served as an adjunct professor at McGill University, and as an advisor to Canada's data protection commissioner and to the Electronic Privacy Information Center.

References

External links

Living people
Microsoft employees
Dutch cryptographers
Dutch mathematicians
Utrecht University alumni
Academic staff of McGill University
Eindhoven University of Technology alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)