omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Filetab. Filetab is a decision table-based computer programming language widely used in business in the 1960s and 1970s.

History
Filetab has a long history, originally designed in the late 1960s and descended from the DETAB programming. Filetab was developed by the National Computing Centre (NCC) and originally used on ICL operating systems such as GEORGE 2/3 and VME, but ported to a large number of others.

The original architect of Filetab was Tom Barnard, who developed the program (LITA - LIst and TAbulate) for Morgan Crucible when employed by them as a programmer on an ICL 1902 from 1965–1968. Its purpose was to produce simple ad hoc reports similar to those created with a plugboard on a punched card tabulator, bypassing the necessity to write an assembly language program in PLAN. It required only a few cards to specify the input and output formats, headings, sequencing and totalling. LITA could not be described as a programming language as it only required run-time parameters indicating field types and locations in records and no compilation. In those days there was no concern by Morgan's regarding ownership or copyright when Barnard left to further develop the software as Filetab.

In 2009 facing financial difficulty NCC sold the rights to Filetab to a newly formed company "NCC Filetab Limited". The Managing Director of NCC Filetab Limited was also the Managing Director of NCC at this time,  although NCC Filetab Limited, despite the similarity of its name, was not owned by NCC. In 2010 NCC was declared insolvent and was liquidated.

Variants
Versions produced include:

 TABN for ICL 1900 series mainframes
 TAB-360 for IBM System/360 (also known as DETAB-360)
 UNITAB for UNIVAC
 HTAB for Honeywell
 TAB-11 for RSTS/E on PDP-11
 FTL6 for ICT 1900 series
 DTPL for ICT 1900 series – slightly different from FTL6
 RPL-11 for RT-11, RSTS/E, RSX-11 on PDP-11
 RPL-3 for IBM System/3
 Filetab-D for x86 and PDP-11
 FPL - Fast programming Language. Written in 8086 Assembler for IBM PCs and compatibles. (Released in 1986). Written by Kevin Powis.
 Rapid-Expert and expertGenius extended syntax for Microsoft Windows, Unix and OpenVMS
 RapidGen compiler and FILETAB legacy converters for Windows, Unix and OpenVMS

A Linux version was produced in 2001, which although free to use was not Open Source and licensed under the GPL, drawing some criticism from the Open Source Software Community.

References

External links
 RapidGen Software For Windows, Unix and OpenVMS versions of Filetab development tools
 Filetab Developers Guide, 2001, NCC

ICL programming languages
Hutchinson Technology. Hutchinson Technology is an engineering company established and headquartered in Minnesota, United States, specializing in the design and manufacture of precision technologies. Hutchinson's primary products are suspension assemblies that hold magnetic read-write heads at microscopic distances above the disks in rigid disk drives.

History
Hutchinson Technology was founded in 1965 by Jon Geiss and Jeffrey Greene, initially to produce gyroscope components for missiles. It subsequently supplied printed circuit boards to Minnesota's two largest computer companies, Univac and Control Data. With contracts from Control Data and IBM in the 1970s, it developed specialized mechanisms that precisely position the read-write heads for magnetic disk drives. The company grew to employ 3,000 people (2001-2010).

On November 2, 2015 Japanese electronics company TDK announced plans to purchase Hutchinson Technology for $126 million.

References

External links
Official website

Manufacturing companies based in Minnesota
Euromissile. Euromissile was a European consortium set up in the 1970s by France's Aérospatiale and West Germany's DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG to produce the Euromissile HOT anti-tank missile. 

On April 5, 1991, Thomson-CSF joined the Euromissile Economic Interest Group (GIE) to jointly develop the short-range anti-aircraft system Crotale NG.

Later on Aérospatiale-Matra, DaimlerChrysler Aerospace AG (DASA) (as well as Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA (CASA)) merged on 10 July 2000 to form the European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company (EADS), now known as Airbus. All missile activities of the former parent companies are now part of MBDA, where Airbus owns a 37.5 % share.

Missiles
HOT (missile)
MILAN
Roland (missile)

References

Defence companies of France
Defence companies of Germany
Guided missile manufacturers
Aerospatiale-Matra
France–Germany military relations
Former joint ventures
Reliant Sabre. The Reliant Sabre (also "Sabre Four") and the Reliant Sabre Six were small two-seater sports cars produced by Reliant between 1961 and 1964.

History
Developed in collaboration with the Israeli motor company Autocars, as a result of the Managing Director Itzhak Shubinsky visiting the 1960 London Racing Car Show, where he saw the Ashley 1172 fibreglass body and also a Leslie Ballamy-designed chassis, the EB Debonair, exhibited on the LMB Components stand. Autocars obtained licences for both parts and contracted Reliant to develop the Sabra for Autocars. Reliant introduced a right-hand drive version for the UK market and renamed it the Sabre. At Reliant, David Page redesigned the chassis and the bodyshell was redesigned by Eddie Pepall to meet US requirements. Launched in 1961 as two-door convertibles, front-engined, rear-drive, with four-cylinder OHV, Ford Consul (later "Zephyr 4") engines of . They had front disc brakes, rack and pinion steering, and a ZF all-synchro gearbox. The front suspension was an unusual leading-arm set-up. Power output was  giving at least .

Coupés were introduced in June 1962, and total production reached 208 cars. At Earls Court in October 1962 the Sabre was shown with a redesigned, "less bizarre" front end. A six-cylinder Super Sabre SE2 prototype was also shown, which then became the Sabre Six.

In 1962, the Reliant Sabre Six was introduced, with a  six-cylinder Ford engine of , capable of  and 0-60 mph in 12.2 seconds. The nose of the car was different from the earlier Sabres, and all but the first 17 Sabre Sixes had more conventional suspension, taken from the Triumph TR4. From a production total of 77, 75 were coupés and just two were convertibles.
The Reliant competitions department modified three factory cars and three privateer cars for entry into a number of International rallies.  Modifications included a Raymond Mays alloy head with triple twin-choke Weber carburettors and independently-branched exhaust manifolds. Between 1963 and 1965, the cars participated in the Alpine Rally, RAC Rally, Welsh Rally and Monte Carlo Rally.

Appearances in films and books
 Modesty Blaise had a Sabre Six in the book I Lucifer.

References
Footnotes

Sources

External links

 Reliant Sports Car Index
 Reliant Owners Club
 Reliant Motor Club

S
Cars introduced in 1961
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles
Coupés
Sports cars
Convertibles
FM H-10-44. The FM H-10-44 was a switcher locomotive produced by Fairbanks-Morse from August, 1944–March, 1950. The units featured a , six-cylinder opposed piston prime mover, and were configured in a B-B wheel arrangement mounted atop a pair of two-axle AAR Type A trucks, with all axles powered. Many H-10-44s received modifications that increased their horsepower rating to .

The Raymond Loewy-designed carbody featured a slanted nose, sloping hood lines, and (considered to be its most distinguishing feature) a protruding roof visor mounted on the rear of the cab. These styling cues were carried through to the H-10-44's successor, the FM H-12-44, until September 1952 when the exterior design was "Spartanized" to reduce production costs.

A total of 195 units were built for American railroads.  Three intact examples of the H-10-44 are known to survive today, all of which are owned by railroad museums. Most notable of these is Milwaukee Road #760 (originally delivered as #1802), the first Fairbanks–Morse locomotive constructed in their own plant, which is preserved and operational at the Illinois Railway Museum. Another example is former Hallet Dock Company HD-11, which is now at the Lake Superior Railroad Museum in Duluth, Minnesota. 

In 1954, Milwaukee Road H-10-44 #1811 (Now 781) and Milwaukee Road “ribside” caboose #01900 wrecked between Monticello and New Glarus, Wisconsin. A wooden rail bridge had been previously burned in a grass fire, and both the locomotive and caboose struck the bridge. Both are now restored and on display at the Brodhead Historical Society in Brodhead, Wisconsin. 

A reproduction H-10-44 locomotive sits atop the Wood Family Fishing Bridge, a former railroad bridge which crosses the Rock River several hundred yards south of the foundry where the H-10-44s were built, in Beloit, Wisconsin.

Units produced

References

External links

 Fairbanks-Morse H10-44 Roster
 Preserved Fairbanks Morse Yard Power

B-B locomotives
H-10-44
Diesel–electric locomotives of the United States
Railway locomotives introduced in 1944
Standard gauge locomotives of the United States
Shunting locomotives
Design load. In general, the term design load can refer to two distinct concepts:  

 the maximum amount a system is designed to handle, or 
 the maximum amount the system is capable of producing. 

These interpretations represent fundamentally different aspects of system performance. The design load is either the same as or a multiple of the rated load, which represents the system's declared performance capacity, see structural design load section below.

Structures and pressure vessels have design loads of the first type. Electric motors, compressors and heaters have design loads of the second type. Cranes have design loads of both the first and second type because they have to lift a defined load and do that at a specified speed.

Example crane design load 
A crane's rated load is its Safe Working Load (SWL) and the design load (DL) is, (p 90)The dynamic lift factor for offshore cranes in the range 10 kN < SWL ≤ 2500 kN is not less than  .(p 84) Thus for a crane with a SWL of 2000 kN (~200 tonne) its design load is not less than,The minimum breaking load (MBL) for the combined capacity of reeves of a steel wire hoisting rope required on this size of crane is, (p 68)Thus the MBL is 2.3 times of the DL and ~3 times that of the SWL for this example. Similar ratios are obtained for other parts of the crane's structure. This factor of safety has been shown to be required when a failure could be catastrophic, such as a crane dropping its load or collapsing entirely. The dynamic lift factor increases as the SWL of a crane decreases and its exact value is dependent on the hoisting speed of the crane and other factors. These calculations are more complex and beyond the scope of this article.

Structural design load 
In structural design, the design load depends on the calculation method used. There are two widely accepted methods, Allowable Strength Design (ASD) and Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD). In general terms, the engineer uses unfactored structural loads and the material yield strength with a safety factor in ASD; while in LRFD both structural loads and strength are factored and the strength is the ultimate rather than the yield. For example, a bridge would have a specified load carrying capacity, with the design load being determined according to the calculation method used and applied in the calculations to ensure the actual real-world capacity of the bridge to carry specified load.

See also
Limit states design
Factor of safety
Specified load

References

Engineering concepts
Orthotropic. Orthotropic  may refer to:

 Orthotropic material is one that has different material properties or strengths in different orthogonal directions (e.g., glass-reinforced plastic, or wood)
 Orthotropic deck, in bridge design, is one made from solid steel plate
 Orthotropic movement, in botany, is a type of tropism along the same axis as the stimulus
 Orthotropics, a method claimed to be able to guide facial growth
Control break. In computer programming a control break is a change in the value of one of the keys on which a file is sorted which requires some extra processing. For example, with an input file sorted by post code, the number of items found in each postal district might need to be printed on a report, and a heading shown for the next district.  Quite often there is a hierarchy of nested control breaks in a program, e.g. streets within districts within areas, with the need for a grand total at the end. Structured programming techniques have been developed to ensure correct processing of control breaks in languages such as COBOL and to ensure that conditions such as empty input files and sequence errors are handled properly.

With fourth generation languages such as SQL, the programming language should handle most of the details of control breaks automatically.

References

Conditional constructs
Data management
V23. V23, or similar, may refer to:
 DR Class V 23, a locomotive
 ITU-T V.23, a modem standard
 Fokker V.23, a German experimental fighter aircraft of the 1910s
 Skytrader UV-23 Scout, an American prototype utility aircraft of the 1970s
 v23, a British graphic design studio founded by Vaughan Oliver
 V23, supervision of high-risk pregnancy, in the ICD-9 V codes
V11. V11 may refer to:

Aircraft 
 Fokker V.11, a German experimental biplane
 Mississippi State University XV-11 Marvel, an American experimental aircraft
 Škoda-Kauba V11, a Czechoslovak trainer project
 Vultee V-11, an American attack aircraft

Other uses 
 DEC V-11, a miniprocessor chip set
 ITU-T V.11, a telecommunications standard
 Kanding light rail station, in New Taipei, Taiwan
 Lancia Esatau V.11, an Italian bus
 V11 Tongwell Street, a road in the Milton Keynes, England
 V11, a grade in bouldering
 V11, a personal history of mental disorder, in the ICD-9 V codes
Chrysotype. Chrysotype (also known as a chripotype or gold print) is a photographic process invented by John Herschel in 1842. Named from the Greek for "gold", it uses colloidal gold to record images on paper.

Processes

Herschel's process 
Herschel's system involved coating paper with ferric citrate, exposing it to the sun in contact with an etching used as mask, then developing the print with a chloroaurate solution. This did not provide continuous-tone photographs.

In 2006, 164 years after Herschel's work with gold printing, photographers Liam Lawless and Robert Wolfgang Schramm published a formula based on Herschel's process.

Processes based on ziatype 
Following the introduction of Richard Sullivan's ziatype process in 1997, which uses ammonium ferric oxalate to print out palladium images, many photographers began experimenting successfully with substituting gold for some or all of the palladium. Image quality decays rapidly as the printer approaches 100% gold in a ziatype print.

Puckett's process 
Richard Puckett, an American photographer, announced in the March/April 2012 issue of View Camera magazine a chrysotype process that uses ascorbate with ammonium ferric oxalate to print out on dry paper, with no hydration, fine-grained, continuous tone gold images. Puckett presented the process at the 2013 APIS (Alternative Photography International Symposium) in Santa Fe, New Mexico. Originally the process was named the Texas Chrystoype; following a major revision of the formula in 2017, Puckett renamed the process the Chrysotype Supreme.

Literature 
The modern chemist and photographic historian Mike Ware published the first books covering the subject of chrysotype in 2006, The Chrysotype Manual: the science and practice of photographic printing in gold and Gold in Photography: the history and art of chrysotype.

References

External links
The Chrysotype Supreme Formula by Richard Puckett
Texas Chrysotype Formula by Richard Puckett
Chrysotype Books by Mike Ware
The Texas Revolution in Gold: Online Article
A palladium and gold printing out and development system
Prints of Gold: the Chrysotype Process Re-invented
Photographic Printing in Colloidal Gold Ware, M. The Journal of Photographic Science 42 (5) 157-161 (1994).
Practical Printing with Colloidal Gold

Photographic processes dating from the 19th century
Prix Marie-Victorin. The Prix Marie-Victorin () is an award by the Government of Quebec that is part of the Prix du Québec, which "goes to researchers in the pure and applied sciences whose work lies in fields outside biomedicine. These fields include the natural and physical sciences, engineering, and technology, and the agricultural sciences". It is named in honour of Brother Marie-Victorin.

Winners

See also 
 List of general science and technology awards

References

External links
 Award winners 

Canadian science and technology awards
Marie-Victorin
Nuke (software). Nuke is a node-based digital compositing and visual effects application first developed by Digital Domain and used for television and film post-production. Nuke is available for Windows, macOS (up to Monterey natively), and RHEL/CentOS. Foundry has further developed the software since Nuke was sold in 2007.

Nuke's users include Digital Domain, Walt Disney Animation Studios, Blizzard Entertainment, DreamWorks Animation, Illumination Mac Guff, Sony Pictures Imageworks, Sony Pictures Animation, Light Chaser Animation Studios, Framestore, Weta Digital, Double Negative, and Industrial Light & Magic.

History 
Nuke (the name deriving from 'New compositor') was originally developed by software engineer Phil Beffrey and later Bill Spitzak for in-house use at Digital Domain beginning in 1993. In addition to standard compositing, Nuke was used to render higher-resolution versions of composites from Autodesk Flame.

Nuke version 2 introduced a GUI in 1994, built with FLTK – an in-house GUI toolkit developed at Digital Domain.  FLTK was subsequently released under the GNU LGPL in 1998.

Nuke won an Academy Award for Technical Achievement in 2001.

In 2002, Nuke was publicly released by D2 Software. In 2005, Nuke 4.5 introduced a new 3D subsystem developed by Jonathan Egstad.

In 2007, The Foundry, a London-based plug-in development company, took over development and marketing of Nuke from D2. The Foundry released Nuke 4.7 in June 2007, and Nuke 5 was released in early 2008, which replaced the interface with Qt and added Python scripting, and support for a stereoscopic workflow. In 2015, The Foundry released Nuke Non-commercial with some basic limitations. Nuke supports use of The Foundry plug-ins via its support for the OpenFX standard (several built-in nodes such as Keylight are OpenFX plugins).

References

External links 
 
 Sourceforge site for the OpenFX effects plug-in standard

Compositing software
Visual effects software
Proprietary software that uses Qt
Software that uses FLTK
Software that uses Qt
Wharton reaction. The Wharton olefin synthesis or the Wharton reaction is a chemical reaction that involves the reduction of α,β-epoxy ketones using hydrazine to give allylic alcohols.  This reaction, introduced in 1961 by P. S. Wharton, is an extension of the Wolff–Kishner reduction. The general features of this synthesis are: 1) the epoxidation of α,β-unsaturated ketones is achieved usually in basic conditions using hydrogen peroxide solution in high yield; 2) the epoxy ketone is treated with 2–3 equivalents of a hydrazine hydrate in presence of substoichiometric amounts of acetic acid. This reaction occurs rapidly at room temperature with the evolution of nitrogen and the formation of an allylic alcohol. It can be used to synthesize  compounds.  
Wharton's initial procedure has been improved.

Mechanism and scope
The mechanism of the Wharton reaction begins with reaction of the ketone (1) with hydrazine to form a hydrazone (2).  Rearrangement of the hydrazone gives intermediate 3, which can decompose giving off nitrogen gas forming the desired product 4.  The final decomposition can proceed by an ionic or a radical pathway, depending on reaction temperature, solvent used, and structure of intermediate 3.

The Wharton olefin synthesis allows the transformation of an α,β unsaturated ketone into an allylic alcohol. The epoxide starting material can be generated by a number of methods, with the most common being reaction of the corresponding alkene with hydrogen peroxide or m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The Wharton reaction also commonly suffers from reduction of the allylic alcohol product down to the aliphatic alcohol. This is thought to be due to the oxidation of hydrazine to diimide under the conditions employed in the reaction. The classical Wharton olefin synthesis has two limitations:
 The classical Wharton olefin synthesis conditions are not free from the presence of water, so reactants undergoing the Wharton olefin synthesis should not be sensitive to water.
 For acyclic α,β-unsaturated ketones, the Wharton olefin synthesis does not show any selectivity for a specific configuration of the newly synthesized double bond, in terms of (E) or (Z)-stereoisomers.

Applications
The methodology has been implemented in synthesis of complex molecules:
 The total synthesis of the anticancer natural product OSW-1 provides a practical application of the Wharton olefin synthesis. An α,β-epoxyketone reacts with hydrazine hydrate to yield an allylic alcohol.
 In the synthesis of , a bioactive natural product, the α,β-epoxyketone is formed from a cyclic α,β-unsaturated ketone and in a separate step reacts under the classical Wharton olefin synthesis conditions to yield an allylic diol.

References

See also
Eschenmoser fragmentation
Grob fragmentation
Wolff–Kishner reduction

Organic redox reactions
Name reactions
PSA XU engine. The PSA XU is a family of internal combustion engines used in Citroën and Peugeot automobiles. It became the dominant mid-size engine in Peugeot and Citroën products through the 1980s and 1990s.

The XU design was introduced in 1981 with the Peugeot 305. It was a SOHC or DOHC straight-4 design with two or four valves per cylinder, using petrol as fuel. It was applied transversely in front wheel drive vehicles only, tilted by 30°. Displacement ranged between , and all production XU gasoline engines had a bore of . The engine uses an aluminium cylinder head in all models. All models' blocks are made, except XU10, in cast aluminium alloy with removable cast iron wet cylinder liners. XU10 blocks are made in cast iron, with bores machined directly in the block, without removable cylinder liners. Its first Citroën application was on the Citroën BX in 1982, where it appeared in  format.

The XU was replaced by the more modern EW/DW family.

XU5

The XU5 had a displacement of , with a bore and a stroke of . All XU5 engines were SOHC 2-valve per cylinder designs. They used either a single or double-barrel carburetor, or fuel injection, depending on model. Output ranges from .

XU7
The XU7 had a displacement of , with a bore and a stroke of . All XU7 engines used fuel injection, with a 16-valve DOHC version, the XU7 JP4, also produced. Output ranged from .

XU8

The XU8 had a displacement of , with a bore and a stroke of . The only engine in this family is the 16-valve DOHC turbocharged XU8 T which was fitted to the Peugeot 205 Turbo 16.

XU9
The XU9 was the predecessor to the XU10 and had an aluminum block with wet iron liners. It had a displacement of , with a bore and a stroke of . Many versions were produced, from a double-barrel carburetted 8-valve to a 16-valve DOHC fuel injected model. Output ranged from .

XU10
The XU10 has a cast iron block with a displacement of , with a bore and stroke of , making it a square engine. Many versions were produced, from a double-barrel carburetted 8-valve to a 16-valve DOHC, fuel injected, turbocharged model. Output ranged from .

Motorsport
The XU engine was used in motorsport for over 3 decades.

See also
 PSA XUD (Diesel variant)
 List of PSA engines

Sources

Guide des moteurs Peugeot Citroën (in French)

XU
Straight-four engines
Gasoline engines by model