omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
31st Reserve Engineer Company (Ireland). The 31 Company of Engineers (previously 3rd Company of Engineers) was an Irish Defence Forces Engineering Support Company under the command of the Southern Reserve Brigade.

The unit HQ was based in Sarsfield Barracks Limerick (HQ + 2 platoons), and it also had elements based in Collins Barracks (Cork) (2 platoons).

History

From 1959 to 2005, the company was part of the Forsa Cosanta Aituil and known as the 3rd COE.

It was decommissioned and replaced on 1 October 2005 with the integration of the Irish Defence Forces and the restructure of the Irish Army Reserve under the RDF.

The Unit was stood down in late 2012 as part of the RDF reorganisation.

Roles
The 31st COE fulfilled the Combat Engineer role within the 1st Southern Brigade RDF. The 31st COE maintains specialist’s skills were in line with their PDF counterparts.

Mobility 
This involves improving the ability of friendly forces to move around the battlefield. The 31st COE fulfills this role by maintaining skills necessary for the;
 breaching and clearing of minefields
 gap & river crossing (infantry & vehicular bridge deployment)
 obstacle clearance (including use of explosives for obstacle reduction and provision of alternative access or egress points in the urban environment)

Counter Mobility
The aim of counter mobility operations is to reduce the ability of enemy forces to move around the battlefield. The 31st COE has the capability to;
 destroy bridges or buildings
 render roads or areas impassable to tanks
 create substantial roadblocks to deny roads to both infantry and mechanised enemy
 create extensive defensive obstacles ranging from barbed wire entanglements to defensive anti-tank minefields

Survivability
To improve the survivability of defensive positions the 31st COE can strengthen existing fortifications and supplement them with defensive trench systems, machine gun bunkers, mortar positions, etc...

Other roles
In addition, the 31st COE can deploy in the Battlefield Services role. This role principally relates to support of units operating considerable distances from a secure base and can range from the creation of substantial base camps, establishing a secure floodlit perimeter with defensive positions, erecting tented command positions and accommodation, providing on-site electricity generation and large scale on-site water purification.

The Basic Field Engineering role supplements the other roles, allowing the 31st COE to construct lifting and gap crossing devices with minimal equipment in demanding conditions.

Former HQ Officers
Cmdt John Keane AR (Retired)

Cmdt Pat Lavin AR (Retired)

Cmdt Gerard Beatty AR (Retired)

Captain Gerard Russell AR (Retired)

Lt Gerard O'Donoghue AR

Former HQ NCO's
Company Sergeant Patrick Hincy AR (Retired)

Company Quarter Master Sergeant Martin Cronin AR

Training Sergeant Mark O'Reilly AR

Transport Sergeant Pops McGrath AR (Retired)

Sergeant Dwayne O'Doherty AR (Retired)

Corporal Gerard Arthur AR (Retired)

Corporal Shane O'Reilly AR

External links
 Irish Defence Forces website
 Southern Brigade 31 COE site

Military units and formations of the Irish Army
Engineer companies
Pumping (computer systems). Pumping, when referring to computer systems, is an informal term for transmitting a data signal more than one time per clock signal.

Overview
Early types of system memory (RAM), such as SDRAM, transmitted data on only the rising edge of the clock signal.  With the advent of double data rate synchronous dynamic RAM or DDR SDRAM, the data was transmitted on both rising and falling edges. However, quad-pumping has been used for a while for the front-side bus (FSB) of a computer system.  This works by transmitting data at the rising edge, peak, falling edge, and trough of each clock cycle.  Intel computer systems (and others) use this technology to reach effective FSB speeds of 1600 MT/s (million transfers per second), even though the FSB clock speed is only 400 MHz (cycles per second).  A phase-locked loop in the CPU then multiplies the FSB clock by a factor in order to get the CPU speed.

Example:  A Core 2 Duo E6600 processor is listed as 2.4 GHz with a 1066 MHz FSB.  The FSB is known to be quad-pumped, so its clock frequency is 1066/4 = 266 MHz.  Therefore, the CPU multiplier is 2400/266, or 9×.  The DDR2 RAM that it is compatible with is known to be double-pumped and to have an Input/Output Bus twice that of the true FSB frequency (effectively transferring data 4 times a clock cycle), so to run the system synchronously (see front-side bus) the type of RAM that is appropriate is quadruple 266 MHz, or DDR2-1066 (PC2-8400 or PC2-8500, depending on the manufacturer's labeling.).

References

Computer memory
Suspended solids. Suspended solids refers to small solid particles which remain in suspension in water as a colloid or due to motion of the water. Suspended solids can be removed by sedimentation if their size or density is comparatively large, or by filtration. It is used as one indicator of water quality and of the strength of sewage, or wastewater in general. It is an important design parameter for sewage treatment processes.

It is sometimes abbreviated SS, but is not to be confused with settleable solids, also abbreviated SS, which contribute to the blocking of sewer pipes.

Explanation
Suspended solids are important as pollutants and pathogens are carried on the surface of particles. The smaller the particle size, the greater the total surface area per unit mass of particle in grams, and so the higher the pollutant load that is likely to be carried.

Removal
Removal of suspended solids is generally achieved through the use of sedimentation and/or water filters (usually at a municipal level). By eliminating most of the suspended solids in a water supply, the significant water is usually rendered close to drinking quality. This is followed by disinfection to ensure that any free floating pathogens, or pathogens associated with the small remaining amount of suspended solids, are rendered ineffective.

Effectiveness of filtering
The use of a very simple cloth filter, consisting of a folded cotton sari, drastically reduces the load of cholera carried in the water, and is suitable for use by the very poor; in this case, an appropriate technology method of disinfection might be added, such as solar water disinfection.

A major exception to this generalization is arsenic contamination of groundwater, as arsenic is a very serious pollutant which is soluble, and thus not removed when suspended solids are removed. This makes it very difficult to remove, and finding an alternative water source is often the most realistic option.

See also
 Bottom trawling
 Total suspended solids
 Turbidity

References

Water
PWS-19. The PWS-19 was a Polish reconnaissance and bomber plane prototype of the 1930s, constructed in the PWS (Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów - Podlasie Aircraft Factory).

Development 
The PWS-19 was constructed in 1930 in order to replace the French-designed bombers Potez 25 and Breguet 19 in the Polish Air Force.  It was a development of the PWS-17, which remained unbuilt.  Main designers were Zbysław Ciołkosz and Antoni Uszacki.  It was planned to be produced in two variants: reconnaissance PWS-19A2 and bomber PWS-19B2.  It was a conventional design, a strutted high-wing monoplane with quite elegant silhouette, open cockpits and fixed landing gear.  It was fitted with double tailfins to obtain a good field of defense fire.

In 1934 Antoni Uszacki designed a smaller plane basing on the PWS-19, designated PWS U-6, with G-1620 Mors 400 hp engine.  It participated in a contest for an army cooperation plane, but lost against RWD-14 Czapla and was not built.

Operational history 
The only prototype first flew in Biała Podlaska in September 1931. During tests it showed quite good flight characteristics, although the rudders had to be enlarged to improve manoeuvrability and stability.  However, on March 17, in 1933, the wings distorted in a dive and the prototype crashed (killing an observer). The Air Force considered ordering the PWS-19A2 powered by a Bristol Pegasus engine, but at the same time, a more modern aircraft the PZL.23 Karaś had been developed by PZL - a low-wing monoplane of all-metal construction.  As a result, works upon the PWS-19 stopped.

Description 
Mixed construction high-wing (parasol) monoplane.  A fuselage of a steel frame, covered with duralumin in front section and canvas in mid and rear sections.  Two-spar wings, of wooden construction, plywood covered. Stabilizers, rudder and elevator of metal construction, canvas covered.  Twin vertical tailfins. Crew of two (pilot and observer/gunner) in open individual cockpits.  Conventional fixed landing gear, with a rear skid.  The plane was fitted with RKL/D radio and camera.

Engine: 9 cylinder air-cooled radial Pratt & Whitney Hornet T2 in front, with a Townend ring (there were optional Bristol Jupiter VII or Bristol Pegasus).  Two-blade metal propeller of a fixed pitch.  Fuel tank 420 L in a fuselage, dropped in emergency.

Armament: single fixed front-mounted 7.7 mm Vickers machinegun with an interrupter gear, in the right fuselage side, single 7.7mm Vickers on a ring mounting of the observer.  Up to 250 kg bombs (maximum bomb size - up to 50 kg).

Operators 

 Polish Air Force

Specifications

See also

References

Further reading

External links 

 Photos and drawings at Ugolok Neba

1930s Polish bomber aircraft
1930s Polish military reconnaissance aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
PWS aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Inland Steel Building. The Inland Steel Building is a skyscraper located at 30 W. Monroe Street in Chicago, Illinois. It is one of the city's defining commercial high-rises of the post–World War II era of modern architecture. Its principal designers were Bruce Graham and Walter Netsch of the Skidmore, Owings & Merrill architecture firm. The building is managed and leased by MB Real Estate. The Inland Steel Building was designated a Chicago Landmark in 1998.

Architecture
The use of brushed stainless steel cladding reflects the corporation that commissioned the building as its headquarters, the Inland Steel Company.

The placement of all structural columns on the building's perimeter—and the consolidation of elevators and other service functions in a separate tower—allowed for a highly flexible interior floor layout with no interior columns. This design is a good example of the widely held principle of the era, "form follows function" (Louis Sullivan). The lobby features a sculpture of gold, stainless steel and enameled copper by Richard Lippold entitled Radiant I.

The building would later serve as the prototype for SOM’s much larger One Chase Manhattan Plaza in New York City, completed in 1961. Key architectural and structural concepts incorporated in the building influenced those used in the design and construction of the Cooperative Insurance Tower in Manchester, United Kingdom, which was completed in 1962.

Chicago Landmark status 
The Inland Steel Building was only three years old when first honored in 1960 as an architectural landmark by Chicago's fledgling Commission on Chicago Architectural Landmarks. A metallic plaque related to that 1960 designation can be found in front of the building on Monroe Street. It was one of 38 buildings in Chicago honored by that original commission. 

That commission was later replaced by the Commission on Chicago Landmarks, which designated the Inland Steel Building as a Chicago Landmark on October 7, 1998. A square plaque related to that later landmark designation can be found next to the metallic plaque.

References

External links

Inland Steel Building - Skidmore, Owings & Merrill
Inland Steel Building Renovation - Skidmore, Owings & Merrill 

1957 establishments in Illinois
Chicago Landmarks
Commercial buildings on the National Register of Historic Places in Chicago
Office buildings completed in 1957
Skidmore, Owings & Merrill buildings
Skyscraper office buildings in Chicago
Trans-Caspian Oil Transport System. The Trans-Caspian Oil Transport System is a proposed project to transport oil through the Caspian Sea from Kazakhstani Caspian oilfields to Baku in Azerbaijan for the further transportation to the Mediterranean or Black Sea coast. The main options under consideration are an offshore oil pipeline from Kazakhstan to Azerbaijan, and construction of oil terminals and oil tankers fleet.  A strong push for the project has been from the partners of the Kashagan oilfield project and in particular Total who has a share in both the field and the BTC pipeline. They have estimated that such a project would cost roughly US$4 billion. The project also faces opposition from Iran and Russia, both alternative avenues for Kazakhstan's oil and gas who would likely object to competing pipelines being built.

History
In 2005, the Government of Kazakhstan adopted plans for creation of a trans-Caspian westbound route for oil export.  On 19 June 2006, President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev and President of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev signed a framework agreement on the trans-Caspian oil transport system.  On 24 January 2007, partners in Tengiz Chevroil (developer of Tengiz field) and KCO (Kashagan field developer) signed a memorandum of understanding to create a trans-Caspian oil transport system.  On 2 October 2009, the national oil company of Kazakhstan Kazmunaygas and the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic signed a memorandum of understanding to expand the Caspian Oil Transport System to include Azeri infrastructure and onshore pipelines from Baku to Kulevi oil terminal in Georgia.

On 6 October 2009, an agreement on the oil pipeline from Kashagan to Baku was signed by consortium of French companies during the French President Nicolas Sarkozy's visit to Kazakhstan.

Oil pipeline
A  long oil pipeline will run from Kashagan field or Kuryk to Baku.   Work for the pipeline is still in the feasibility stage according to an official from the oil company Total.

Shuttle tankers system
The shuttle tankers system envisages a usage of oil tankers to transport oil from Kuryk terminal in Kazakhstan to Sangachal Terminal in Azerbaijan.  The capacity of this system would be  in the initial stage, rising later up to .

See also

 Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea
 Kulevi oil terminal
 Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline

References

External links
The Globalization of Energy Resources: Tapping Caspian Oil and Gas. Lecture presented by Jonathan Elkind, Independent energy, environment and security consultant and former Director for Russian, Ukrainian, and Eurasian Affairs, National Security Council (1998–2001). October 19, 2006. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

Oil pipelines in Kazakhstan
Oil pipelines in Azerbaijan
Caspian Sea
Proposed pipelines in Asia
Azerbaijan–Kazakhstan relations
Submarine pipelines
Proposed pipelines in Europe
Fritz Leonhardt. Fritz Leonhardt (12 July 1909 – 30 December 1999) was a German structural engineer who made major contributions to 20th-century bridge engineering, especially in the development of cable-stayed bridges. His book Bridges: Aesthetics and Design is well known throughout the bridge engineering community.

Biography
Born in Stuttgart in 1909, Leonhardt studied at Stuttgart University and Purdue University. In 1934 he joined the German Highway Administration, working with Paul Bonatz amongst others. He was appointed at the remarkably young age of 28 as the Chief Engineer for the Cologne-Rodenkirchen Bridge.

In 1954 he formed the consulting firm Leonhardt und Andrä, and from 1958 to 1974 taught the design of reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete at Stuttgart University. He was President of the University from 1967 to 1969.

He received Honorary Doctorates from six universities, honorary membership of several important engineering universities, and won a number of prizes including the Werner von Siemens Ring, the Honorary Medal Emil Mörsch, the Freyssinet Medal of the FIP, and the Gold Medal of the Institution of Structural Engineers. In 1988, he was awarded an Honorary Degree (Doctor of Science) by the University of Bath.

Throughout his career, Leonhardt was as dedicated to research as to design, and his major contributions to bridge engineering technology included:

development of a launching system for prestressed concrete bridges, first used in his 1963 bridge over the Caroní River in Ciudad Guayana, Venezuela
the 'Hi-Am' anchor for cable stays, in collaboration with the Swiss firm B.B.R.V.
anchorages in prestressed concrete
experiments during the 1930s on steel orthotropic decks.

Major works

His major structures include the Cologne-Rodenkirchen Bridge, Stuttgart Television Tower, Hamburg's Alster-Schwimmhalle and various cable-stayed bridges in Düsseldorf.

He also worked on the design of several cable-stayed bridges abroad, including the Pasco-Kennewick bridge (1978) in the U.S., and the Helgeland Bridge (1981) in Norway.

Fritz Leonhardt Prize
This prize was established in 1999 on the 90th anniversary of Leonhardt's birth, to recognise outstanding achievements in structural engineering. The first prize was awarded to Michel Virlogeux. Subsequent winners have included Jörg Schlaich (2002), René Walter (2005), and William F. Baker (engineer) (2009).

Bibliography
 Brücken / Bridges (4th edition), Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart (Germany), , 1994 (first published 1982).
 Ponts/Puentes, Presses polytechniques et universitaires romandes, Lausanne (Switzerland), , 1986.

Notes

External links
 Fritz Leonhardt Symposium 2009 – University of Stuttgart
 
 Bridge Design and Engineering: Fritz Leonhardt, Master of Bridges
 Structures of Leonhardt, Andrä and Partners

IStructE Gold Medal winners
Bridge engineers
German civil engineers
Structural engineers
1909 births
1999 deaths
Werner von Siemens Ring laureates
Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Order of Merit of Baden-Württemberg
20th-century German engineers
Engineers from Stuttgart
Callisto Corporation. Callisto Corporation was a software development company founded by Robert Harris, Mike Barta and Seth Lipkin in May 1989. Prior to founding the company, all three worked at GCC Technologies.

They were best known for their series of computer games for the Macintosh in the 1990s, including ClockWerx, Spin Doctor, Super Maze Wars and Super Mines. They also were contracted out to work on the software titles Math Blaster, Reading Blaster, and Typing Tutor. From 1990 to 1992, they created and expanded Meeting Maker, a networked meeting-scheduling product. In 1991, Callisto sold Meeting Maker to ON Technology.

From 1997 to 2007, the company focused on consumer digital photo software, which resulted in PhotoParade.  In mid-2008, the PhotoParade.com web site was changed to indicate that direct emailing of PhotoParade files would no longer be supported. At the same time, all links to support and purchasing options were removed from the website.

Callisto Corp. operated independently in Natick, Massachusetts.

Callisto Software, Inc.

Another company called Callisto Software, Inc., based in Wheaton, specialized in mobile device management, and was acquired by Novell in 2001.

See also 
 Casady & Greene
 Mac gaming

Notes

External links 
 PhotoParade; essentially defunct, but as of 4 September 2012, still had the free PhotoParade player available for download.
 Digibarn - Callisto SuperMazeWars

Video game companies of the United States
Bushbury Electric. The Bushbury Electric was an English automobile manufactured by the Star Cycle Factory of Wolverhampton in 1897.  An electric car, it came in three- and four-wheeled models, some of which were controlled by reins.  Power was provided by two large three-speed electric motors placed under the seat, along with the battery.  The vehicle's range was limited.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References
David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles.
Bushbury Electric on 3-Wheelers.com

1890s cars
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Electric vehicles introduced in the 19th century
Companies based in Wolverhampton
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1897
Cars introduced in 1897
Bushbury
Bukh & Gry. The Bukh & Gry was a Danish automobile manufactured in 1904.  Its creators, Jens Bukh and John Gry, had both worked in the American automotive industry; together they built only one car, manufactured at Horve and shown at the Tivoli Gardens in Copenhagen in 1905.  This model had a water-cooled 10/12 hp two-cylinder engine and friction drive; no further cars were built.
They continued their business with the construction of diesel engines for tractors and industrial purpose. In 1915 the factory moved from Horve to Kalundborg. Now being close to the Kalundborg shipyard, Bukh produced maritime engines.

References
David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles.

Car manufacturers of Denmark
Danish companies established in 1904
Engine manufacturers of Denmark
Caldwell Vale. The Caldwell Vale Truck & Bus Co. was an Australian automobile, bus, truck and tractor manufacturer from 1907 to 1913 in the Sydney suburb of Auburn. The company started in 1907 when Felix Caldwell and Norman Laurie Caldwell of South Australia filed for a patent covering "Improvements in and connected with driving and steering motor propelled vehicles". In short, the patent was for a four-wheel-drive system with four-wheel-steering. Later they combined with Henry Vale of New South Wales and in 1910, the trio applied for a patent covering "Improved power steering gear for heavy motor driven road vehicles". Few technical details have survived about the marque and roughly 40 examples of the vehicles appear to have been made.  A touring car, it is known to have had four-wheel drive, a 30 hp six-cylinder engine and four-wheel steering.  The company also built a fair tractors. In 1912–13, the company lost a court case to do with the performance guarantee of the trucks and was taken over by Purcell Engineering in 1916.

A surviving example can be seen at the National Road Transport Hall of Fame in Alice Springs, Northern Territory, Australia.

Another surviving example can be seen at Booleroo Steam & Traction Preservation Society Inc It can be seen running at their yearly Rally BS&TPS Facebook Page
Photo showing working at their 2018 rally - 1910 Caldwell-Vale tractor in Action

References

Bus manufacturers of Australia
Defunct truck manufacturers
Truck manufacturers of Australia
Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Australia
Tractor manufacturers of Australia
Eadie (automobile). Eadie was an English automobile manufactured from 1898 until 1901.  A product of Redditch, it was built as either a motor tricycle or quadricycle, and featured a 2¼ De Dion engine.

See also
 List of car manufacturers of the United Kingdom

References
 David Burgess Wise, The New Illustrated Encyclopedia of Automobiles.

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of England
Companies based in Redditch
Excelsior-Mascot. The Excelsior-Mascot was a German automobile manufactured in Nippes, Cologne (Prussia) from 1911 until 1922. Only a few, with two- and four-cylinder proprietary engines of 8 hp to 18 hp, were produced.

References

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of Germany
Cars introduced in 1911
Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1911
Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1922
1922 disestablishments in Germany
German companies established in 1911
Economy of Cologne
Economy of Prussia