omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Mount Mansfield Electric Railroad. The Mount Mansfield Electric Railroad was an intrastate railroad in central Vermont. It ran from Waterbury to Stowe, a distance of approximately .

History
An electric railroad between Stowe and Waterbury, connecting with the Central Vermont Railway, was authorized by the legislature of Vermont in 1865, 1872, 1888, and 1894. Not until 1897 were sufficient funds raised and construction started. A power plant was built at the south end of Stowe, outside of the village, along with a battery house just north of Colbyville, and service began in 1898. The line operated three passenger cars with baggage areas, two freight motors, a single truck work car which was basically an open-air trolley, and a doubled-ended rotary snowplow. This last saw minimal service, as the unit damaged the track and neighboring structures, and was not effective at the Waterbury end of the railroad due to low current. A wreck shortly after the commencement of services damaged one of the passenger cars; it was removed from service almost immediately.

Traffic on the line was never heavy, with the primary shipper being the Burt Lumber Company in Stowe, which shipped clapboards and other wood products to the Boston area. Damage from the 1927 hurricane-related flooding was minimal, but traffic declined further in the early 1930s, and the right-of-way was passed to the state of Vermont in 1932, which promptly turned much of the roadbed into the first concrete paved road in the state, Vermont Route 100.

The corporate structure of the MMER remained until 1963, operating trucks which carried goods over the new concrete road from Stowe to the train freight station at Waterbury.

Stations
An 1897 timetable listed the following stops from south to north:

 Waterbury, Vermont
 Stowe, Vermont

The Stowe terminus had a covered station in the back of a storefront. That building still stands on the south side of the main street in the village, but has been extensively renovated. Small stations were built at the side road leading to Moscow, Vermont, and in Waterbury Center. There was no station at the Waterbury end of the line; passengers used the Central Vermont Railroad station (still in existence), and freight was carried to the freight depot. There was an interchange, and boxcars and loads of coal made their way over the entire line by use of the freight motors.

References

 Jones, Robert C., Railroads of Vermont, Volume II, 1993.
 Chase, Jerry W., Waterbury (Vermont) Historical Society Newsletter, Summer 2003

Defunct Vermont railroads
Interurban railways in Vermont
Railway companies established in 1897
Railway companies disestablished in 1932
1897 establishments in Vermont
1932 disestablishments in Vermont
American companies established in 1897
Truss (Unix). is a system tool available on some Unix-like operating systems. When invoked with an additional executable command-line argument,  makes it possible to print out the system calls made by and the signals received by this executable command-line argument. As of version IEEE Std 1003.1-2008,  is not part of the Single UNIX Specification (POSIX).

The  command was originally developed by Roger Faulkner and Ron Gomes as part of the development of Procfs for System V Release 4.  While several names were considered, “” was chosen for being non-ambiguous and easily pronounceable, with multiple meanings, including as an abbreviation for TRace Unix Syscalls and Signals or in the sense of “If your program doesn’t work, put it in a truss.”

See also
 ktrace
 strace

References

External links
 FreeBSD truss man page
 Solaris truss man page
 UnixWare truss man page

Unix programming tools
David Napier (precision engineer). David Napier (1787–1873) was a Scottish engineer, notable for founding Napier & Son, an early automotive and aero-engine company.

Biography and career
David Napier was born in Dumbarton to a family of engineers (the Kilmahew branch of the Napier family).  He was the son of Robert Napier (1726–1790), and cousin of another Robert Napier – known as the "Father of Clyde Shipbuilding."  One of David Napier's uncles had served as a blacksmith for the Duke of Argyll.

He eventually moved south, and worked for Henry Maudslay before founding his own precision engineering company in 1808 in Soho, London.  In 1848, it became D. Napier & Son, when he added his son James Napier to the business partnership.

The company produced machines for bullet-making, gun-boring and turning for a number of government arsenals, as well as coin-weighing machines for the Bank of England, two-cylinder printing presses (designed to print simultaneously on both sides of a sheet of paper) and a centrifuge for sugar manufacturing.  His machines were described as "delicate as any clock could be", and his printing press in particular earned praise by Thomas Curson Hansard.

After his death his grandson Montague Napier, would make the company famous for first motor vehicles and later aero engines.

References

External links

1787 births
1873 deaths
David
People from Dumbarton
Scottish mechanical engineers
Scottish company founders
19th-century Scottish businesspeople
Saro Shrimp. The Saunders Roe A.37 Shrimp was a 1930s British two-seat four-engined experimental flying boat built by Saunders-Roe Limited ("Saro") at Cowes.

Development
The Shrimp was designed by H Knowler in 1939 as a half-size research aircraft as part of a development programme for the Saunders-Roe S.38 a four-engined patrol flying-boat to Specification R.5/39 – a replacement for the Short Sunderland. The R.5/39 project was cancelled but the Shrimp was completed as a private venture. Registered as G-AFZS, it was first flown at Cowes in October 1939. It was based at Beaumaris, Anglesey where a slipway was built for it. The Ministry of Aircraft Production acquired it in 1944 with the serial TK580 for tests to help the design of the Short Shetland a successor to the R.5/39 project being developed jointly by Saro and Short Brothers. For this its twin rudder tail was swapped for a single fin and the hull was modified to represent that of the Shetland.

The Shrimp was scrapped at Felixstowe in 1949.

Operators

Air Ministry
Saunders Roe

Specifications

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

 Green, William. Warplanes of the Second World War, Volume 5: Flying Boats. London: Macdonald & Company (Publishers) Ltd., 1962 (5th Impression 1972). .
 Jackson, A.J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919. London: Putnam & Company, 1974. .
 Jarrett, Philip. "Nothing Ventured...No 12". Aeroplane Monthly, March 1991, Vol 19 No, 3 Issue 215. ISSN  0143-7240. pp. 146–150.
 London, Peter. Saunders and Saro Aircraft Since 1917. London: Putnam (Conway Maritime Press), London, 1988. .

External links

 Saro A.37 – British Aircraft Directory
 Saro A.37 – British aircraft of World War II
 "Dynamic Similarity" a 1940 Flight article

1930s British experimental aircraft
Flying boats
Shrimp
Four-engined tractor aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1939
Four-engined piston aircraft
Twin-tail aircraft
Geer-Melkus Construction. Geer-Melkus Construction Co., Inc. was a commercial construction company located in Grand Island, Nebraska. The company was founded in 1893 and was in existence until 1986.

Overview
Originally known as the Geer Company, it later became known as Geer-Maurer Construction Company before becoming known as Geer-Melkus. Geer-Melkus was the general contractor on many prominent buildings and civil engineering projects throughout the Midwest, including the Stuhr Museum of the Prairie Pioneer in Grand Island, designed by Edward Durell Stone.

The company was involved in several prominent lawsuits, including Geer-Melkus Constr. Co. v. United States, 302 F.2d 181 (8th Cir. 1962); United States v. Geer-Melkus Constr. Co., 195 F. Supp. 362 (D.N.D. 1961); Wood River v. Geer-Melkus Constr. Co., 233 Neb. 179 (Neb. 1989); and Geer-Melkus Constr. Co. v. Hall County Museum Board, 186 Neb. 615 (Neb. 1971).

Geer-Melkus Constr. Co. v. United States, 302 F.2d 181 (8th Cir. 1962)
This case was brought to the court by Bison Construction Co. against Geer-Melkus Construction in order to receive payment for a contract. Bison Construction claimed that Geer-Melkus had withheld a payment totalling $16,196.19. Geer-Melkus admitted to withholding said payments but said it was on account of damages incurred by water escaping through a break in the water line which Bison was contracted to construct. The end result was a judgement against Geer-Melkus and they were impelled to pay Bison Construction the outstanding total.

References

External links
Metal Building Construction

Companies based in Nebraska
1893 establishments in Nebraska
Construction and civil engineering companies of the United States
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1893
Defunct companies based in Nebraska
Construction and civil engineering companies disestablished in 1986
1986 disestablishments in Nebraska
Bronisław Żurakowski. Bronisław Żurakowski (26 June 1911 – 4 October 2009) was a Polish engineer, aeroplane constructor, and glider test pilot. 

Before the war Żurakowski worked in the RWD bureau, where he designed aircraft RWD-17, RWD-17W, RWD-20 and  made calculations for RWD-16bis, RWD-21 and RWD-23. After the war he designed the first Polish helicopter BŻ-1 GIL and later a helicopter BŻ-4 Żuk (both designated BŻ for his initials). He was a co-designer of a successful utility plane PZL-104 Wilga.

Born in Makiejowka, Bronisław is a brother of test pilot Janusz Żurakowski.

References

Bronisław Żurakowski's obituary

1911 births
2009 deaths
Polish aerospace engineers
Polish glider pilots
Polish test pilots
Heinkel HE 1. The Heinkel HE 1 or Caspar S 1 was a two-seat, low-wing monoplane floatplane, designed in 1921 by German designer Ernst Heinkel at Caspar-Werke.

The HE 1  was produced under licence in Sweden for the Marinen (Swedish Navy) in 1921 as the Svenska S.2. The HE 1 was powered by a  Maybach Mb.IVa engine; one test aircraft was powered by a Siddeley Puma engine.

Specifications

Operators

Swedish Navy
Swedish Air Force

References

 

HE 001
Low-wing aircraft
1920s German military reconnaissance aircraft
1920s Swedish military aircraft
Floatplanes
Svenska Aero aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1923
Dendrite (adhesive). Dendrite is a contact adhesive and rubber cement brand marketed in South Asia, mainly in Northeast India, Bangladesh and Bhutan.

Products
The adhesive is marketed in glue sticks, glue tubes and in cans. Dendrite holds 80% of the market share throughout the country in footwear retail market.

Its marketing slogan is Bonding our world together.

Production Company
Dendrite is produced by the Chandras' Chemical Enterprises (Pvt) Limited   under the umbrella of the P. C. Chandra Group based in Kolkata.

Chandras' Chemical Enterprises (Pvt) Limited is the second unit of the Group which was set up in 1965. The company has three factories in Kolkata. The company manufactures and markets a variety of Synthetic Adhesives based on Polychloroprene, Polyurethane, Epoxy, EVA, Lamination and other Elastomers. These products are mainly used in footwear, automobile, shipbuilding, railway coaches, engineering, electronics, leather goods, flooring, packaging, construction and household applications. The company's major product is marketed under the brand name 'DENDRITE'.

The products are marketed through an All-India network of dealers and through its several branches all over the country. The products are also exported to Middle East and SAARC countries.

External links
Official Website
Strong Adhesives

Adhesives
Henry M. Brinckerhoff. Henry M. Brinckerhoff (1868–1949) was a pioneering highway engineer who in 1906 partnered with William Barclay Parsons to found what would eventually be known as Parsons Brinckerhoff, one of the largest transportation, planning and engineering companies in the United States. Brinckerhoff specialized in electric railways and he is best known for his co-invention of the third rail, which revolutionized rapid transit. He subsequently played a key role in the planning and development of transit systems of Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland and Cincinnati. Brinckerhoff also designed the network of roads at the 1939 New York World's Fair.

References

American engineers
1868 births
1949 deaths
David Kuck. David J. Kuck, a graduate of the University of Michigan, was a professor in the Computer Science Department the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign from 1965 to 1993. He is the father of Olympic silver medalist Jonathan Kuck. While at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign he developed the Parafrase compiler system (1977), which was the first testbed for the development of automatic vectorization and related program transformations. In his role as Director (1986–93) of the Center for Supercomputing Research and Development (CSRD-UIUC), Kuck led the construction of the CEDAR project, a hierarchical shared-memory 32-processor SMP supercomputer completed in 1988 at the University of Illinois.

He founded Kuck and Associates (KAI) in 1979 to build a line of industry-standard optimizing compilers especially focused upon exploiting parallelism.  After CSRD, Kuck transferred his full attentions to KAI and its clients at various US National Laboratories. KAI was acquired by Intel in March 2000, where Kuck currently serves as an Intel Fellow, Software and Services Group (SSG), Developer Products Division (DPD).

Kuck was the sole software person on the ILLIAC IV project in contrast to all the other hardware-oriented members. Kuck is responsible not only for developing many of the initial ideas of how to restructure computer source code for parallelism but also trained many of that field's major players around the world.

Honors
Kuck is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. He was also elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1991 for pioneering contributions to the theory and practice of parallelism in scientific computation. He has won the Eckert-Mauchly Award from ACM/IEEE and the IEEE Computer Society Charles Babbage Award.  Kuck is a major contributor in creating OpenMP, a cross-platform, directive-based parallel programming approach which is especially friendly in multi-core environment.  In 2010 Kuck was selected to receive the Ken Kennedy Award, given by ACM and the IEEE Computer Society for Innovations in High-Performance Computing.

References

External links
 David Kuck's Bio at Intel

University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty
American computer scientists
1994 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Fellows of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
Fellows of the IEEE
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
Living people
University of Michigan alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Gunnison Tunnel. The Gunnison Tunnel is an irrigation tunnel constructed between 1905 and 1909 by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation in Montrose County, Colorado. The  tunnel diverts water from the Gunnison River to the arid Uncompahgre Valley around Montrose, Colorado.

History

At the time of its completion, it was the longest irrigation tunnel in the world and quickly made the area around Montrose into profitable agricultural lands. In 1972, the tunnel was designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). 

The idea for a tunnel is credited to Frank Lauzon, a miner and prospector. By the early 1890s he was farming in Montrose. Popular lore is that idea came to him in a dream that the waters of the Gunnison River should be brought to the valley. In the late 1890s, the campaign for the tunnel was led by Omer Madison Kem. National funding was approved in 1902.

As construction was undertaken, two advances in technology made work safer and easier. Jackhammers fed by a compressor replaced hand-turned drill bits to set holes for blasting charges. Dynamite replaced black powder for blasting. By 1906 shifts of workers up to 30 at a time worked in the tunnel.

The tunnel opened in 1909 to much fanfare with a dedication ceremony attended by President William Howard Taft.

It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.

The tunnel is  long and is  in cross-section, with square corners at the bottom and an arched roof. It drops about  over its length. At the deepest, it is about  beneath the surface of Vernal Mesa.

In 2009, some communities in the Uncompahgre Valley, celebrated the centennial anniversary of the Gunnison Tunnel opening.

See also
List of Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
List of tunnels documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Colorado

References

Further reading

External links

American Society of Civil Engineers site - The Gunnison Tunnel article

Gunnison River
Tunnels in Colorado
Water tunnels in the United States
Water tunnels on the National Register of Historic Places
Transportation buildings and structures in Montrose County, Colorado
Curecanti National Recreation Area
Historic American Engineering Record in Colorado
Interbasin transfer
Industrial buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
National Register of Historic Places in Montrose County, Colorado
National Register of Historic Places in national parks
Transportation buildings and structures on the National Register of Historic Places in Colorado
Water supply infrastructure on the National Register of Historic Places
Historic Civil Engineering Landmarks
Tunnels completed in 1909
Foreset bed. A foreset bed is one of the main parts of a river delta. It is the inclined part of a delta that is found at the end of the stream channel as the delta sediment is deposited along the arcuate delta front. As the sediments are deposited on a sloping surface the resulting bedding is not horizontal, but dips in the direction of current flow toward deeper water. A cross-section of a delta shows the cross bedding in the direction of stream flow into the still water.

The foreset bed is formed when a stream carrying sediment meets still water.  When the stream meets the still water, the velocity of the water is decreased enough so that the larger sediment particles can no longer be carried and are therefore deposited.  The deposited sediment builds up over time, and a delta is formed.

References

Sedimentology
Data-Link Switching. Data-Link Switching (DLSw) is a tunneling protocol designed to tunnel unroutable, non-IP based protocols such as IBM Systems Network Architecture (SNA) and NBF over an IP network.

DLSw was initially documented in IETF RFC 1434 in 1993. In 1995 it was further documented in the IETF RFC 1795. DLSw version 2 was presented in 1997 in IETF RFC 2166 as an improvement to RFC 1795. Cisco Systems has its own proprietary extensions to DLSw in DLSw+. According to Cisco, DLSw+ is 100% IETF RFC 1795 compliant but includes some proprietary extensions that can be used when both devices are Cisco.

Some organisations are starting to replace DLSw tunneling with the more modern Enterprise Extender (EE) protocol which is a feature of IBM APPN on z/OS systems. Microsoft refers to EE as IPDLC. Enterprise Extender uses UDP traffic at the transport layer rather than the network layer.
Cisco deploy Enterprise Extender on their hardware via the IOS feature known as SNAsW (SNA Switch).

See also
Microsoft Host Integration Server
Synchronous Data Link Control
Systems Network Architecture

References

External links
RFC 1434 Data Link Switching: Switch-to-Switch Protocol
RFC 1795 DLSw Standard Version 1.0
RFC 2166 DLSw v2.0 Enhancements

Tunneling protocols
Data-Link Switching
Riegel (glacial). A riegel (from German, literally crossbar) is a transverse ridge of bedrock that has been exposed by glacial erosion.  Riegels are also known as rock bars, thresholds, and verrous.  They are found in glaciated valleys, and are often associated with waterfalls and zones of rapids when streams are present.  When multiple riegels are stacked in a series they are referred to as a glacial stairway.

Most riegels can be identified by having smooth faces on the up-valley sides, while the down-valley sides show signs of having been plucked (eroded by the removal of rocks and blocks from the bedrock).

References

www.proz.com, March 5th, 2007
www.answers.com, March 5th, 2007
Glacial landforms
Video standards converter. A video standards converter is a video device that converts NTSC to PAL and/or PAL to NTSC.

The PAL TV signals may be transcoded to or from SECAM.

Video standards converters are primarily used so television shows can be viewed in nations with different video standards.

With the use of high-definition television, new digital video standards converters came on the market. Some were down converters only, HDTV to PAL or NTSC. Others could both up and down convert: HDTV to standard definition: PAL or NTSC and vice versa.

History
Converters are needed because NTSC uses 30 frames (pictures) per second and PAL uses 25 frames per second.
First video standards converters were analog. That is a special professional video camera that used a video camera tube would be pointed at a cathode ray tube video monitor. Both the Camera and the monitor could be switched to either NTSC or PAL, to convert both ways. Robert Bosch GmbH's Fernseh Division made a large three rack analog video standards converter, Model NC 56 P 40. These were the high-end converters of the 1960s and 1970s. Image Transform in Universal City, CA used the Fernseh converter and in the 1980s made their own a custom digital converter. This was also a larger 3 rack device. As digital memory size became larger in smaller packages converters became the size of a microwave oven. Today one can buy a very small converter for home use.

See also
Reverse Standards Conversion
Scan conversion
Television standards conversion

External links
Web site
Video standards

References

Video hardware
Film and video technology
Compressed fluid. A compressed fluid (also called a compressed or unsaturated liquid, subcooled fluid or liquid) is a fluid under mechanical or thermodynamic conditions that force it to be a liquid.

At a given pressure, a fluid is a compressed fluid if it is at a temperature lower than the saturation temperature. This is the case, for example, for liquid water at atmospheric pressure and room temperature. In a plot that compares pressure and specific volume (commonly called a p-v diagram), compressed fluid is the state to the left of the saturation curve.

Conditions that cause a fluid to be compressed include:
 Specific volume and enthalpy inferior to that of a saturated liquid;
 Temperature below the saturation temperature;
 Pressure above the saturation pressure.

The term compressed liquid emphasizes that the pressure is greater than the saturation pressure for the given temperature. Compressed liquid properties are relatively independent of pressure.

References 

Fluid dynamics
Gases