omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Bernhard Philberth. Bernhard Josef Philberth (26 March 1927 in Traunstein, Germany – 8 August 2010 in Melbourne) was an independent physicist, engineer and philosopher. He was ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1972.

Biography
Philberth was a member of the Academy of Science of Chieti (Italy), the Academy of Sciences of Besançon(France; where he was the first German to be accepted in a century), the Physical Society of Japan in Tokyo and the International Glaciological Society in London.

He was the originator of a project in the 1960s to investigate the disposal of radioactive waste deep inside stable, inland ice sheets (presented by the French High Commissioner for Nuclear Energy). His brother, Prof Karl Philberth headed the thermal drilling program of the International Glaciological Greenland Expedition (EGIG) as part of the project.

In relativity physics, Philberth discovered the "time gradient" ("Zeitgradient" in German) (presented by Louis de Broglie), and the relationship between the electromagnetic fundamental values.
 
With his brother, he was granted over a hundred patents for inventions in various areas of physics, such as the "cryobot" (also known as a Philberth probe) and the Philberth transformer.  He authored numerous technical publications on nuclear energy, energy management and patent law.

Philberth was also an environmentalist and initiated efforts to protect the environment using taxation law. He made a submission to the Deutsche Bundestag which resulted in a change in oil tax and was the originator of taxation of lead in petrol (law passed by the Bundestag in 1984).

As firm believers in philanthropy, the Philberth brothers founded of the "PH-Foundation" in the Philippines, which sponsors the education of youths from disadvantaged families (with over 2,000 graduates to date).

He died on 8 August 2010 due to pneumonia.

Books
 "Christliche Prophetie und Nuklearenergie"  ()  (EN: "Christian Prophecy and Nuclear Energy")
 "Der Dreieine"  ()  (EN: "The Triune")
 "Das All"  ()  (EN: "The Universe")
 "Überleben ohne Erfindungen?" ()  (EN: "Survival without Innovation?")
 "Offenbarung"  ()  (EN: "Revelation" ())
 "Der Souverän"  () (EN: "The Sovereign"  ())

Further publications
 XIV World Congress of Philosophy in Vienna (1968, File Volume IV)
 "Prominenten-Interviews", G. Klempnauer (Brockhaus)
 "Auf Hoffnung hin", J. Neumann (Kyrios)
 "Information", P.Huebner (rororo)

References

External links 

 The Life and Works of Bernhard Philberth and Karl Philberth

1927 births
2010 deaths
20th-century German physicists
20th-century German Catholic theologians
20th-century German Roman Catholic priests
German male non-fiction writers
people from Traunstein
Mesh (scale). Mesh is a measurement of particle size often used in determining the particle-size distribution of a granular material.  For example, a sample from a truckload of peanuts may be placed atop a mesh with 5 mm openings. When the mesh is shaken, small broken pieces and dust pass through the mesh while whole peanuts are retained on the mesh.  A commercial peanut buyer might use a test like this to determine if a batch of peanuts has too many broken pieces.  This type of test is common in some industries, and, to facilitate uniform testing methods, several standardized mesh series have been established.

Metal surfaces mechanically polished are designated as having a mechanical finish related to the abrasive used.

Many mesh sizes were historically given in the number of holes per inch; due to the width of the wires in the mesh, mesh numbers did not correspond directly to fractional inch sizes, and several different systems standardized with slightly different mesh sizes for the same mesh numbers.

Commercial dimensions 

Equivalent mesh sizes from 5 μm to 25.4 mm also exist.

Available sieve sizes are usually regulated by standards. Those in common use are ISO 565:1990 and ISO 3310-1:2000 (international), EN 933-1(European) and ASTM E11:01 (US). EN standards are available with national 'badging'; so they appear as BS EN, FR EN, DE EN, etc.

Practical sizes 

Although such information contains long lists of sieve sizes, in practice sieves are normally used in series in which each member sieve is selected to pass particles approximately 1/ smaller in diameter or 1/2 smaller in cross-sectional area than the previous sieve.  For example the series 80mm, 63, 40, 31.5, 20, 16, 14, 10, 8, 6.3, 4, 2.8, 2 mm is routinely available in many European countries or the series with the larger steps 63, 31.5, 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 mm, 500 μm, 250, 125, 63 μm is commonly used to grade aggregates in the construction industry.  Such series are somewhat derived from the principles originally established by Renard and now known as Renard series. Some users replace some of those indicated above with 45, 22.4, 12.5, 11.2 and 5.6 mm sieves, mostly because of historical usage of such sizes in their country or industry.

References

External links
A comparison of widely used sieve size specifications

Customary units of measurement
Systems of units
Granulometric analyses
Discharge ionization detector. A discharge ionization detector (DID) is a type of detector used in gas chromatography.

Principle
A DID is an ion detector which uses a high-voltage electric discharge to produce ions.  The  detector  uses  an  electrical  discharge  in  helium  to
generate high energy UV photons and metastable helium which  ionizes  all  compounds  except  helium. The ions produce an electric current, which is the signal output of the detector. The greater the concentration of the component, the more ions are produced, and the greater the current.

Application
DIDs are sensitive to a broad range of components.
In air separation plants, they are used to detect the components ; ; ; ;  in argon product in ppm range.

DIDs are non-destructive detectors.  They do not destroy or consume the components they detect. Therefore, they can be used before other detectors in multiple-detector configurations.

DIDs are an improvement over helium ionization detectors in that they contain no radioactive source.

References

Gas chromatography
Building Big. Building Big is a book written by David Macaulay, author of the book series The Way Things Work. Published in 2000, the book details the design of about 25 famous structures, broken down into five categories: Bridges, Tunnels, Dams, Domes, and Skyscrapers. The buildings cover construction from Roman times to the modern era.

PBS has created a television series based on the book.

External links
Website of Building Big

2000 non-fiction books
Architecture books
Lockheed Explorer. The Lockheed Explorer was the least successful wooden airplane design produced by the Lockheed Aircraft Company. The Vega fuselage was combined with a cantilevered low wing. Seating for a single pilot was provided in an open cockpit behind the wings.

Design and development

Work on the Explorer was commenced in 1927 for Sir Hubert Wilkins as an aircraft for use in exploration of Antarctica. However, this configuration was judged impractical, and Wilkins opted to use a Vega equipped with floats instead. The incomplete aircraft was brought out of storage to make an attempt at a nonstop flight between Japan and the United States, funded by lumber dealer John Buffelen and members of the Tacoma Chamber of Commerce. Named City of Tacoma, the first Pacific crossing attempt ended in disaster when overfilled fuel tanks spilled over on takeoff. Two subsequent attempts in newer Explorers also met with failure.

The wing of a wrecked Explorer was fitted to the fuselage of an Orion by aviator Wiley Post, resulting in an Orion-Explorer hybrid variously referred to as 'Wiley's Bastard' and 'Aurora', though Post himself referred to the aircraft only by its serial number. The aircraft, nose-heavy, crashed after its engine failed shortly after takeoff near Point Barrow, Alaska on August 15, 1935, taking the lives of Post and humorist Will Rogers.

Lockheed built a total of four Explorers, all of which were destroyed in crashes.

Variants 
4 Explorer Single-seat single-engined aircraft, powered by a 450-hp (336-kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp radial piston engine. Built for a non-stop trans-Pacific flight between Japan and the united States; two built.
7 Explorer Improved version of the 4 Explorer, powered by a Pratt & Whitney Wasp C radial piston engine; two built.

Specifications (Explorer 4)

See also

References 

Notes

Bibliography
 Francillon, René J., Lockheed Aircraft since 1913. London:Putnam, 1982. .
 Francillon, René J, Lockheed Aircraft since 1913. Naval Institute Press: Annapolis, 1987. 

Explorer
1920s United States civil utility aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Aircraft with fixed conventional landing gear
Ernest L. Ahrons. Ernest Leopold Ahrons (12 February 1866 – 30 March 1926) was a British engineer and author.  He is most noted for his magnum opus, The British Steam Railway Locomotive 1825–1925, published posthumously in book form, and for a series originally published in The Railway Magazine "Locomotive and train working in the latter part of the nineteenth century".

Biography
Ahrons was born in Bradford on 12 February 1866. He worked for the Great Western Railway at its Swindon Works between 1885 and 1890 and then held various engineering posts in Manchester and Egypt and for the British Government up to 1919; he then became a full-time author.

In 1925, The Engineer published a series of articles by Ahrons titled "The British Steam Railway Locomotive from 1825 to 1924", and Ahrons intended to subsequently publish them in book form, taking the story to the end of 1925, but he died on 30 March 1926. The articles were prepared by others for the book which was published in 1927.

Notable publications

References

External links

 Ernest Leopold Ahrons: locomotive historian at www.steamindex.com
 E. L. Ahrons entry in Worldcat

1866 births
1926 deaths
British mechanical engineers
Rail transport writers
Aalborgtårnet. Aalborgtårnet (Aalborg Tower) is a 54.9 metre tall observation tower built of lattice steel in Aalborg, Denmark. The tower is built on a hill, providing a total height of 105 metres above sea level. The tower has a restaurant on the top. The tower was completed in 1933, and underwent a major reconstruction from February to March 2005, in which the whole tower was pulled down and later reerected.

See also
 List of towers

References

External links
 Official site
 

Towers completed in 1933
Buildings and structures in Aalborg
Tourist attractions in Aalborg
Towers in Denmark
Wright (ADL). In software architecture, Wright is an architecture description language developed at Carnegie Mellon University. Wright formalizes a software architecture in terms of concepts such as components, connectors, roles, and ports. The dynamic behavior of different ports of an individual component is described using the Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP) process algebra. The roles that different components interacting through a connector can take are also described using CSP. Due to the formal nature of the behavior descriptions, automatic checks of port/role compatibility, and overall system consistency can be performed.

Wright was principally developed by Robert Allen and David Garlan.

References

External links 
 Wright website at CMU

Software architecture
Formal specification languages
Architecture description language
Sukhoi Su-28. The Sukhoi Su-28 is a downgraded trainer variant of the Su-25UB / Su-25T, with reductions in avionics and aircraft systems, together with the elimination of all weapon-carrying capability. It was developed as a replacement for the Aero L-39 Albatros. The Su-28 trainer is intended for technical skill, general flight and formation flying training. It is also used as an aerobatic aircraft.

Design and development
The Su-28 is a highly maneuverable and robust aircraft with the ability to perform take-off and landing with only one of its two engines running. The aircraft's engines can also run on a diesel based fuel as opposed to more traditional aviation fuel. Like the MiG-29, it also has the ability to operate from unpaved runways while maintaining high reliability and a low maintenance requirement. In addition, the Su-28 can withstand heavy landings, allowing it to be more forgiving in the training role. Range can be extended by up to four PTB-800 drop tanks, each of 800 L capacity.

Differences between the Su-28 and its parent Su-25UB model include the absence of targeting systems, weapon-operating systems, internal guns, wing pylons (used on military aircraft to mount weaponry such as bombs and missiles). It also lacks armor protection for the engines,  electronic countermeasures and any systems dedicated to ground attack operations.

Operators

Russian Air Force

Specifications (Su-28)

See also
 Sukhoi Su-25

External links

 AirWar.ru

Su-28
1980s Soviet military trainer aircraft
Twinjets
Aircraft first flown in 1987
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Shoulder-wing aircraft
John Guttag. John Vogel Guttag (born March 6, 1949) is an American computer scientist, professor, and former head of the department of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT. He conducts research on computer networks and medical applications of AI as co-lead of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory's Networks and Mobile Systems Group.

Education and career 
John Guttag was raised in Larchmont, New York, the son of Irwin Guttag (1916–2005) and Marjorie Vogel Guttag.

John Vogel Guttag received a bachelor's degree in English from Brown University in 1971, and a master's degree in applied mathematics from Brown in 1972. In 1975, he received a doctorate in Computer Science from the University of Toronto. He was a member of the faculty at the University of Southern California from 1975 to 1978, and joined the Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty in 1979.

From 1993 to 1998, he served as associate department head for computer science of MIT's electrical engineering and computer science Department. From January 1999 through August 2004, he served as head of that department. EECS, with approximately 2000 students and 125 faculty members, is the largest department at MIT.
He helped student Vanu Bose start a company with software-defined radio technology developed at MIT.

With CSAIL's Networks and Mobile Systems Group, Guttag studies issues related to computer networks, applications of networked and mobile systems, and advanced software-based medical instrumentation and decision systems. He has also done research, published, and lectured in the areas of software engineering, mechanical theorem proving, hardware verification, compilation, software radios, and medical computing.

Guttag serves on the board of directors of Empirix and Avid Technology, and on the board of trustees of the Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2006 he was inducted as a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery.
He is one of the founders of Health[at]Scale Technologies, a machine learning and artificial intelligence company.

Selected publications

References

External links 
 MIT Bio
 CSAIL Bio
 Health at Scale Technologies

Living people
American computer scientists
Formal methods people
2006 fellows of the Association for Computing Machinery
Brown University alumni
University of Toronto alumni
University of Southern California faculty
MIT School of Engineering faculty
Massachusetts General Hospital people
1949 births
Seym (river). The Seym or Seim (; ) is a river that flows westward in Russia and Ukraine. It is  long (250 km within Ukraine) and its basin area about . It is the largest tributary of the Desna.

Places on the river include Kursk, Kurchatov, Rylsk, Glushkovo, Putyvl, Baturyn, and the junction with the Desna, which continues west and south past Chernihiv to Kyiv.

In September 2024, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukrainian officials accused Russia of polluting the river by dumping sewage from a sugar factory in Tyotkino, Kursk Oblast, resulting in environmental damages estimated at about Hr 186 million ($4.5 million) in Chernihiv Oblast that included a decrease in oxygen levels and fish kills downstream.

References

External links

Rivers of Belgorod Oblast
Rivers of Kursk Oblast
Rivers of Sumy Oblast
Russia–Ukraine border
Von Braun amide degradation. The von Braun amide degradation is the chemical reaction of a monosubstituted amide with phosphorus pentachloride or thionyl chloride to give a nitrile and an organohalide. It is named after Julius Jacob von Braun, who first reported the reaction.

Reaction mechanism
The secondary amide 1 reacts via its enolized form with phosphorus pentachloride to form the oxonium ion 2. This produces a chloride ion which deprotonates the oxonium ion to form and imine 3 and hydrogen chloride. These then react with one another to form an amine, with loss of the phosphorus chloride residue. The β-chloroimine 4 is unstable and undergoes internal elimination to a form a nitrilium cation 5 which is cleaved by attack by chloride to form a nitrile 6a and a haloalkane 6b.

See also
von Braun reaction
Julius von Braun
Rosenmund–von Braun reaction

References

Elimination reactions
Degradation reactions
Name reactions
Mikulin AM-42. The Mikulin AM-42 was a 1940s Soviet aircraft piston engine designed by Alexander Mikulin. Representing a high-output version of the AM-38F, the AM-42 was used in the Ilyushin Il-1 fighter, and the Il-8 and Il-10 ground attack aircraft.

Design and development
The AM-42 was a low-altitude engine for attack aircraft that evolved from the earlier AM-38F.  Compared to the AM-38F it had a reduced compression ratio, increased supercharging, strengthened and counterbalanced crankshaft, strengthened connecting rods, strengthened pistons and a revised oil system.  The AM-42 was developed by the design bureau of Factory No. 24  now called the Salyut factory in Moscow.  The first examples were produced in November 1942 and passed its 50-hour Factory tests in January 1943.  

In September 1943 the AM-42 began State tests but these were unfinished due to piston damage while testing.  A strengthened version of the AM-42 completed its State tests in spring 1944. The AM-42 was produced in large numbers between 1944–1948 and an improved 400 hour service life version was produced from 1951–1954.  The majority of engines were produced at Factory No. 24 which was evacuated to Kuybyshev at the end of 1941.

10,232 engines were built by the time it was phased out of production in the USSR in 1954.  In addition to being produced in the USSR it was also produced in Czechoslovakia as the M-42 at the Dimitrov factory to power the Avia B-33, a Czech built version of the Il-10.

Variants
 AM-42TK: A version with a TK-300B turbo-supercharger.
 AM-42FNV: A fuel injected version.
 AM-42B-TK: A version with two TK-300B turbo-superchargers.
 AM-42FB-TK: A version with two TK-1A turbo-superchargers.

Specifications (AM-42)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989. 
 Kotelnikov, Vladimir. Russian Piston Aero Engines. Marlborough, Wiltshire. The Crowood Press Ltd. 2005. . 

Mikulin aircraft engines
1940s aircraft piston engines
V12 aircraft engines
Abertis. Abertis Infraestructuras, S.A. () is a Spanish worldwide corporation engaged  in toll road management. The company is headquartered in Madrid. The company runs over 8,600 kilometres of toll roads in the world. In October 2018, it was acquired by Italian corporation Mundys and Spanish firm ACS Group and the German company Hochtief.

History
In April 2003, Acesa Infraestructures, a business founded in 1967 as Autopistas, Concesionaria Española S.A., merged with Aurea Concesiones de Infraestructuras, a business founded in 1971 as Autopistas de Mare Nostrum (into which Dragados had spun off its own toll roads), to form Abertis.

In December 2003, the Abertis Group acquired Retevision, a leading Spanish radio and television distribution business; in June 2004, it acquired Iberpistas, another Spanish toll road operator. In December 2005, it acquired the French toll road operator Sanef.

An attempt initiated in April 2006, to acquire Atlantia (formerly Autostrade), the leading Italian toll road operator, was aborted in January 2008, after opposition from the Italian Government. Abertis then planned to sell some of its stake in the company.

On May 19, 2008, Abertis, along with Citi Infrastructure Investors of New York City, submitted a $12.8 billion proposal to lease the Pennsylvania Turnpike in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania for 75 years.  However, the consortium withdrew the offer on September 30, 2008 as they felt the proposal would not win approval in the state legislature.

In 2009, Abertis got control of AP-68 concessionaire Avasa (Spain), and of Elqui and Rutas del Pacífico (Chile). In 2011, Metropistas, an Abertis subsidiary, won the concession for the PR-22 and PR-5 toll roads in Puerto Rico. In 2012, Abertis acquired Arteris, a Group managing nine toll road concessions in Brazil and integrated additional three new toll roads in Chile. In 2015, the company took over Autopista del Sol and Los Libertadores, also in Chile. In 2016, Abertis entered Italy through the concessionaire A4 Holding. The company also acquired 100% of Autopista Central in Santiago (Chile). In the same year, the firm created Emovis, a subsidiary for development and management of technology and information services to offer electronic toll solutions and intelligent mobility.

In 2017, the Abertis Group entered into Asia through the acquisition of two toll roads in India.

In October 2018, it was acquired by Italian corporation Atlantia, the Spanish firm ACS Group and the German company Hochtief.

References

External links

Companies based in Barcelona
Conglomerate companies established in 2003
Construction and civil engineering companies of Spain
Conglomerate companies of Spain
Multinational companies headquartered in Spain
Private road operators
Telecommunications companies of Spain
Transport companies of Spain
Companies formerly listed on the Madrid Stock Exchange
Spanish brands
Construction and civil engineering companies established in 2003
Spanish companies established in 2003