omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Olami–Feder–Christensen model. In physics, in the area of dynamical systems, the Olami–Feder–Christensen (OFC) model is an earthquake model conjectured to be an example of self-organized criticality where local exchange dynamics are not conservative. The model is named after Zeev Olami, Hans Jacob S. Feder, and Kim Christensen who proposed it in 1992.

Despite the original claims of the authors and subsequent claims of other authors such as Stefano Lise, whether or not the model is self organized critical remains an open question.

The system behaviour reproduces some empirical laws that earthquakes follow (such as the Gutenberg–Richter law and Omori's Law).

Model definition 

The model is a simplification of the Burridge-Knopoff model, where the blocks move instantly to their balanced positions when submitted to a force greater than their friction.

Let S be a square lattice with L × L sites and let Kmn ≥ 0 be the tension at site (m,n). The sites with tension greater than 1 are called critical and go through a relaxation step where their tension spreads to their neighbours. Through analogy with the Burridge-Knopoff model, what is being simulated is a fault, where one of the lattice's dimensions is the flaw depth and the other one follows the flaw.

Model rules 

If there are no critical sites, then the system suffers a continuous drive, until a site becomes critical:

 

 

else if the sites C1, C2, ..., Cm are critical the relaxation rule is applied in parallel:

 

 

where K'C is the tension prior to the relaxation and ΓC is the set of neighbours of site C. α is called the conservative parameter and can range from 0 to 0.25 in a square lattice. This can create a chain reaction which is interpreted as an earthquake.

These rules allow us to define a time variable that is update during the driving step

 

this is equivalent to define a constant drive

 

and assume the relaxation step is instantaneous, which is a good approximation for an earthquake model.

Behaviour and criticality 

The system's behaviour is heavily influenced by the α parameter. For α=0.25 the system is conservative (in the sense that the local exchange is conservative, as there is still tension loss in the borders) and clearly critical. For values α<0.25 the dynamics is very different, even in the limit α → 0.25, with greater noise and much greater transients. For low α, there are less possibilities of chain reactions which could lead to cut-offs in the earthquake size distribution, implying the model is not critical. Also, for α = 0, the model is trivially not critical.

These observations lead to the question of what is the value αc where the system makes the transition from critical to non-critical behaviour, which is still an open question.

Further reading 

 

 

 

 

 

Fractals
Self-organization
Seismology measurement
MDSP. MDSP is a multiprocessor DSP family from Cradle Technologies. It is used mostly in streaming video processing in broadcast (internet and terrestrial) and video surveillance security markets.

It is an architecture that employs compute and input/output (IO) subsystems with programmable IO, consisting of general purpose and signal processing cores. The general purpose cores are used for control and IO processing, and the DSP cores are for fixed or floating-point computation.

MDSP is similar in architecture to the Cell processor, except it has multiple processing elements. The processing element, or GPP (general purpose processor) units, are 32-bit general-purpose RISC-like cores with signal processing units (DSP or DSE) via a databus.

Development tools
The initial software development kit (sdk4) was based on Cygwin 1.3.x and Cradles umgcc (GCC port). Sdk5 is based on Cygwin 1.5.x and cragcc (GCC port).

The chips are programmed in a mix of C and CLASM (C-like assembly). The PEs can be programmed in C; the DSEs and MTEs are programmed in CLASM. The programmer can manage resource allocation using semaphores.

External links
 CT3400 datasheet
 CT3600 product brief
 CT3600 datasheet

Digital signal processors
Computational Intelligence (journal). Computational Intelligence Journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on artificial intelligence and computer science. The journal published novel research as well as innovative applications in a broad range of AI, covering Computational Intelligence is an artificial intelligence journal publishing novel research on a broad range of experimental and theoretical topics in AI and computer science. With a broad scope, the journal covers machine learning, knowledge mining, web intelligence, AI language, and philosophical implications.

The journal was established in 1985 and is published by Wiley-Blackwell. Currently, the editors-in-chief is Diane Inkpen. 

The quality of the journal as an academic publishing venue is evaluated according to public citation impact metrics. in 2022, the Computational Intelligence Journal CiteScore of Scopus was 5.3, while Clarivate's Web of Science gives it 0.39 in the Journal Citation Indicator and 2,8 in the Journal Impact Factor.

External links 
 
 Web of Science

Artificial intelligence journals
Wiley-Blackwell academic journals
Academic journals established in 1985
English-language journals
Xie Shengwu. Xie Shengwu (; born November 22, 1943)  is a Chinese physicist who served as President of Shanghai Jiao Tong University from 1997 to 2006.

Xie was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province. From 1960 to 1966, he studied in the department of engineering physics at SJTU, majoring in nuclear reactors. From 1966 to 1970, he was a teaching assistant in the physics teaching office at SJTU. Xie later became a teaching assistant and vice director of the laser research lab. From 1978 to 1981, he studied optics in the department of applied physics at SJTU and obtained a master's degree. From 1981 to 1991, Xie was elevated to a full professor of physics, and later served as the chair of the physics department. From 1991, he served as the vice president of SJTU and a member of the University's CPC standing committee. He became the dean of the graduate school and a doctor's supervisor in 1994.

From July 1997, Xie served as the president of SJTU until his retirement on November 27, 2006.

References

1943 births
Physicists from Zhejiang
Presidents of Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Living people
Academic staff of Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Educators from Shaoxing
Scientists from Shaoxing
James Edward Zimmerman. James Edward Zimmerman (February 19, 1923 – August 4, 1999) was born in Lantry, South Dakota. He was a coinventor of the radio-frequency superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) and he is credited with coining the term.

Career 
 Westinghouse Research Laboratory, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania - 1943 – ??
 Smithsonian Institution, 1953 – 1955
 Ford Motor Company, Scientific Laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan, 1955 – 1969
 SHE (later BTi, then 4-D Neuroimaging), Founder 1969 – 1970
 National Bureau of Standards, 1970 – 1985

While at NIST, Zimmerman introduced two important innovations in SQUID magnetometry:
 Fractional-turn SQUID, improving the coupling efficiency
 SQUID gradiometer, improving sensitivity to nearby fields

In addition, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, he also gave a major contribution to the development of low-power closed-cycle Stirling refrigerators, to reach temperatures in the range 4K - 8K with the purpose of cooling SQUID devices and small-scale superconducting electronics without resorting to liquid helium dewar vessels.
A major achievement was the use of plastic parts made in the laboratory, which would be assembled in a totally non-magnetic cryocooler (refrigerator), in order not to interfere with highly sensitive SQUIDs..
Later, he was also involved in the development of pulse tube cryocoolers.

Education 
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, B.S. Electrical Engineering 1943 
Carnegie Institute of Technology, ScD Physics 1951 – 1953

Awards 
NIST Fellow
Samuel Wesley Stratton Award, the highest award for scientific achievement conferred by NIST
In 1987 he became one of the first to make a SQUID using the newly discovered high-temperature superconductors.

20th-century American engineers
1923 births
1999 deaths
People from Dewey County, South Dakota
Medical robot. A medical robot is a robot used in the medical sciences. They include surgical robots. These are in most telemanipulators, which use the surgeon's activators on one side to control the "effector" on the other side.

Types

 Surgical robots: These robots either allow surgical operations to be carried out with better precision than an unaided human surgeon or allow remote surgery where a human surgeon is not physically present with the patient.
 Rehabilitation robots: It facilitates and support the lives of infirm, elderly people, or those with dysfunction of body parts affecting movement. These robots are also used for rehabilitation and related procedures, such as training and therapy.
 Biorobots: A group of robots designed to imitate the cognition of humans and animals.
 Telepresence robots: It allows off-site medical professionals to move, look around, communicate, and participate from remote locations.
 Pharmacy automation: Robotic systems to dispense oral solids in a retail pharmacy setting or preparing sterile IV admixtures in a hospital pharmacy setting.
 Companion robot: It has the capability to engage emotionally with users keeping them company and alerting if there is a problem with their health.
 Disinfection robot: It has the capability to disinfect a whole room in mere minutes, generally using pulsed ultraviolet light. They are being used to fight Ebola virus disease.
 Hospital robots - With a pre-programmed layout of their environment and built-in sensors, hospital robots deliver medications, meals and specimens around hospitals.
  Robotic prosthetics - Focuses on providing their wearers with life-like limb functionality.
 Laboratory robots - Types of robots found in labs are specially designed to either automate processes or assist lab technicians in completing repetitive tasks.

See also

 Biothreat
 Robots in healthcare
 Hospi
 Open-source robotics
 Robot & Frank

References

External links
 Medical Robotics Text Book
 Medical Robots Conference 
 Robotic IV Automation - RIVA
 Where Are the Elder Care Robots?
 Notable Chinese Firms Emerging in Medical Robots Sector  (IEEE)
 Medical Robots- Towards Robotics

Medical robots
Planetary scanner. A planetary scanner (also called an orbital scanner) is a type of image scanner for making scans of rare books and other easily damaged documents. In essence, such a scanner is a mounted camera taking photos of a well-lit environment. Originally, such scanners were expensive and could only be found in archives and museums, but with the availability of cheap, high-resolution digital cameras, DIY planetary scanners have become affordable, and for instance are being used by volunteer scan providers for Project Gutenberg.

Flatbed scanners often come in contact with at least part of the object to be scanned. They also require books to be fully opened most of the time (there are some exceptions where the scanning surface ends at the edge of the flatbed scanner, so that a book can be opened partially). Both practices can damage rare books; For example, opening a book 180 degrees can be damaging to its spine.  These scanners are also implemented to scan other fragile documents such as old maps. However, planetary scanners that allow the book to open to a full 180 degrees have special features that protect the book binding from being damaged. Many of those scanners are equipped with self-balancing book cradles, gaps for the binding to be placed in, and pressure-sensitive glass controls. It is argued that by opening the book to a full 180 degrees and using scan glass, the scanner is able to capture further into the binding than those using a V cradle.

Planetary scanners tend to touch fewer parts of a book, and provide an option of only opening a book partially.

See also 
 Document camera

Notes

Image scanners
B-2LM. "B-2LM" () is a Soviet 130 mm two-gun naval artillery turret, based on the "B-13" ("Б-13") gun. Production started in 1939. "B-2LM" was established on several Soviet Navy ships, including the destroyer leader Tashkent, the Ognevoy-class destroyer (Project 30 and 30K), and the Skory-class destroyer (Project 30bis). However, it had a relatively low rate of fire and had a maximum elevation of 45 degrees making it incapable of anti-aircraft fire.

General characteristics
 Maximum laying speed: vertical - 9.85 degrees per second, horizontal - 9.7 degrees per second
 Shell weight: 33.5 kg (74 lbs)
 Initial velocity of the shell: 870 m/s
 Range: 25,597 m

History
The TTZ (тактико-техническое задание, tactical-technical assignment) for a twin-130 mm gun turret was ordered on April 15, 1936. The preliminary design for the B-2LM was approved on October 19, 1938. Later, the completed design was designed by OKB-172 (formerly Motovilikha Gun Plant and the Motovilikha Machine-Building Plant, later renamed the Perm Machine-Building Plant) and officially accepted on 16 February 1939. A prototype unit would be tested in the LMZ (Leningrad Metal Plant) throughout July—August 1940.

Range testing occurred in two phases with 240 firings, the first from 4 December 1940 until 27 January 1941 (55 days) and the second from 27 April to 27 May 1941 (31 days), totalling 86 days of testing. During testing, the B-2LM performed well and was nominated for service, with three turrets finally being installed on the destroyer leader Tashkent by 8 July 1941, in place of the 130 mm B-13 naval gun. Tashkent would later undergo state ship trials in Sevastopol Bay in July 1941, bearing the new armament.

However, five B-2LM turrets were abandoned in Shipyard No. 183 in Nikolayev (now Mykolaiv) before its capture on 16 August 1941. Serial production would commence in 1942 in Shipyard No. 402 (Severodvinsk), continuing until 1953 in the Bolshevik Plant, , and Plant No. 75 (Yurga).

References

 The B-13 gun on NavWeaps.com

Naval guns of the Soviet Union
130 mm artillery
Leningradsky Metallichesky Zavod products
Bronzing. Bronzing is a process by which a bronze-like surface is applied to other materials (metallic or non-metallic). Some bronzing processes are merely simulated finishes (patinas) applied to existing metal surfaces, or coatings of powdered metal that give the appearance of a solid metal surface. In other cases, an actual layer of heavy copper is electroplated onto an object to produce a bronze-like surface. This electroplating is the method traditionally used for "bronzing" of baby shoes, but to electroplate a non-conductive item like a baby shoe, a conductive material must first be applied, then the copper plating is done.

See also
Gilding
Copper electroplating

References

Bronze
Portland Wind Farm. 

The Portland wind farm is one of Australia's largest wind farms. It is owned and operated by Pacific Blue and is located on the coast of south-western Victoria near the city of Portland, it consists of four separate sites, all of which have been completed as of 2015. Completion of the entire 195 MW project was expected in 2011, at a capital cost of A$330 million.

The project is expected to produce more than 500GWh annually, enough electricity to power about 125,000 homes each year, and equal to more than 7% of Victoria's residential electricity demand, or powering a city the size of Geelong. The project is being developed by Pacific Blue.

History
The Danish turbine manufacturer, Vestas, constructed a blade manufacturing facility at nearby Portland in August 2005. Blades from the plant were intended to support the project. Blades were ultimately sourced from overseas however, and the plant was closed down in December 2007. Vestas cited too little investment support from the Federal government as the reason for the closure.

The planning minister approved the construction of wind towers on the Portland capes, including Cape Bridgewater, against the recommendations of the a Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal hearing and of a government appointed panel.

Stages 
 Yambuk wind farm, the first stage of the project, consists of 20 turbines, each measuring  tall, with a maximum rated output of 1.5 MW, totalling to a maximum capacity of 30 MW. These were commissioned in January 2007. The wind farm is adjacent to the existing Codrington Wind Farm, and is expected to produce more than 90GWh annually at a capital cost of about 50 million Australian dollars.
 Cape Bridgewater wind farm of 58 MW, comprises 29, 2 MW generators. At completion in 2008 it was the largest wind farm in Victoria.
 Cape Nelson South wind farm of 44 MW, comprises 22, 2 MW generators. It was completed in 2009.
 Cape Sir William Grant wind farm (PWEP IV) of 47 MW, comprises 23, 2.05 MW generators. It was completed in 2015.

Gallery

See also 

 List of power stations in Australia
 Wind power in Australia

References

External links 
 Portland Wind Project.
 Wind Power in Victoria: Wind in the Bush

Wind farms in Victoria (state)
Portland, Victoria
Articles containing video clips
Ana (programming language). In contexts of solar physics and data analysis, Ana is a computer language that is designed for array processing and image data analysis. The name is an acronym for "A Non Acronym". Ana began as a fork of an early version of IDL, but has diverged significantly since then.  It is particularly notable for being the only known fork of IDL from its early days as a quasi-open-source software package.

Ana was used as early as 1989 to track solar granulation using the SOUP instrument on Spacelab, and by the late 1990s it was in common use at the Lockheed-Martin Space Applications Laboratory and at other institutions that analyzed data from the TRACE spacecraft; it was never commonly used outside the community of active solar physics researchers, but represents a significant step forward in data analysis tools in that era. Ana was ultimately used to implement several important data visualization tools that advanced the state of the art, in the late 1990s—notably a multispectral image viewer that was used for several space missions including Yohkoh, SOHO, TRACE, and Hinode. Ana appears to have been intended as free software though it is not distributed under a recognized FOSS license. It remains available as source code, primarily through the Solarsoft distribution system, but its role as an open source, reproducible data analysis language has been subsumed by more recent tools such as PDL and Numpy/Astropy.

References

External links
 Ana Homepage

Lockheed Martin
Numerical programming languages
Array programming languages
Earth sciences graphics software
NER Class T2. The North Eastern Railway Class T2, classified as Class Q6 by the LNER, is a class of 0-8-0 steam locomotive designed for heavy freight, especially for hauling long coal trains to various collieries in the North Eastern region of the UK, with a maximum speed of 40 miles per hour.  120 were built at Darlington Works and Armstrong Whitworth between 1913 and 1921 to the design of Vincent Raven, based on the NER Class T and T1 (LNER Q5). The batch of fifty built by Armstrong Whitworth from 1919 were A-W's first locomotives to be built, after the conversion of their Scotswood works from ordnance to peacetime production.

Numbering
All passed into British Railways ownership in 1948 and they were numbered 63340-63459.

Disposal
63372 was withdrawn in 1960 after an accident. General withdrawals were from 1963 to 1967. 63395 has survived into preservation.

Preservation
One, 2238 (LNER 1946 number 3395; BR 63395) has survived to preservation on the North Yorkshire Moors Railway. It is owned by the North Eastern Locomotive Preservation Group (NELPG), who purchased from Hughes Bolckow scrapyard in 1967, and was withdrawn from service in January 2017 to await boiler overhaul. This overhaul was completed in September 2018, with the locomotive being completed just in time to visit the Severn Valley Railway for their Autumn Steam Gala.

In May 2023, 63395 suffered a cylinder failure while departing from Grosmont with a train, causing major damage.

Gallery

Models
Hornby has made a 1:76 (OO gauge) model of the class.

References

External links 

 LNER encyclopedia
 Class Q6 Details at Rail UK
 North Eastern Locomotive Preservation Group
 North Yorkshire Moors Railway
 North Eastern Railway Class T2 at Eisenbahn in Großbritannien 

0-8-0 locomotives
T2
Railway locomotives introduced in 1913
Armstrong Whitworth locomotives
Standard gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain
Freight locomotives
DMDNB. DMDNB, or also DMNB, chemically 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane, is a volatile organic compound used as a detection taggant for explosives, mostly in the United States where it is virtually the only such taggant in use. Dogs are very sensitive to it and can detect as little as 0.5 parts per billion in the air, as can specialised ion mobility spectrometers. Its presence allows more reliable explosive detection.

References

Explosive chemicals

Nitro compounds
Explosive detection
Commodore LCD. The Commodore LCD (sometimes known in short as the CLCD) is an unreleased LCD-equipped laptop made by Commodore International. It was presented at the January 1985 Consumer Electronics Show, but never released.  The CLCD was not directly compatible with other Commodore home computers, but its built-in Commodore BASIC 3.6 interpreter could run programs written in the Commodore 128's BASIC 7.0, as long as these programs did not include system-specific POKE commands. Like the Commodore 264 and Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100 series computers, the CLCD had several built-in ROM-based office application programs. 

The CLCD featured a 1 MHz Rockwell 65C102 CPU (a CMOS 6502 variant) and 32 KB of RAM (expandable to 64 KB internally). The BASIC interpreter and application programs were built into 96 KB of ROM.

References

External links 
Old-Computers.Com: Commodore LCD
Secret Weapons of Commodore: The Commodore LCD
 

Commodore computers
Early laptops
6502-based home computers
Prototypes
Computer-related introductions in 1985
George Geddes (engineer). George Geddes (February 14, 1809 – October 7, 1883) was an American engineer, agronomist, historian and politician from New York.

Life

He was the son of engineer, surveyor and Congressman James Geddes.

George Geddes studied engineering and surveying in Middletown, Connecticut, and law in Skaneateles, New York.

He was a member of the New York State Senate (22nd D.) from 1848 to 1851, sitting in the 71st, 72nd, 73rd and 74th New York State Legislatures. He was one of three state senators instrumental in the passage of the 1848 New York State law permitting women to hold property independently of their husbands, the first of its kind in the United States. He served on the New York State Senate's Indian Affairs committee and wrote articles about Iroquois history and archaeology. Originally a Whig, he later joined the Republican Party. He was a moderate abolitionist.

Geddes was well known nationally in agricultural circles for his model farm at Fairmount, and was an occasional agricultural and political columnist for the New York Tribune.  He was an early mentor to Frederick Law Olmsted. He also built the first plank road in America, at North Syracuse, New York, in 1846.

In 1861, he was president of the New York State Agricultural Society.

His son James Geddes (born November 19, 1831) was a civil engineer, agriculturist, and assemblyman in 1883.

References

Bibliography
Holt, Michael (1999). The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mitchell, Broadus (1924). Frederick Law Olmsted: Critic of the Old South. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady et al. (1887). History of Woman Suffrage. Rochester: Self-published.

1809 births
1883 deaths
New York (state) state senators
People from Camillus, New York
Burials at Oakwood Cemetery (Syracuse, New York)
19th-century members of the New York State Legislature