omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Aeronautics Defense Dominator. The Aeronautics Defense Dominator is an Israeli Medium-Altitude Long-Endurance (MALE) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) manufactured by Aeronautics Defense Systems. It is based on the Austrian Diamond DA42 Twin Star passenger aircraft. Dominator UAV executes intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) operations.

Operational history
The aircraft made its first test flight in July 2009. The unmanned aircraft has an endurance of 28 hours with a  payload and flies at 75-190 knots (140–350 km/h) to a maximum altitude of .

Operators
 — 2 Dominator XPs 
 - Ordered in August 2018 
  - 1 Dominator 2, being used to monitor borders.

Specifications

See also

References

External links
 Aeronautics Defense Systems Ltd.
 Israeli Weapons

2000s Israeli military reconnaissance aircraft
Unmanned military aircraft of Israel
Medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicles
Dominator
Low-wing aircraft
Diesel-engined aircraft
Sono arsenic filter. The Sono arsenic filter was invented in 2006 by Abul Hussam, who is a chemistry professor at George Mason University (GMU) in Fairfax, Virginia. It was developed to deal with the problem of arsenic contamination of groundwater. The filter is now in use in Hussam's native Bangladesh.

Development
Farmers had been drinking fresh groundwater from wells, whereas previously they had had to use ponds and mudholes which were contaminated with bacteria and viruses. However, these wells were also contaminated with naturally occurring high concentrations of poisonous arsenic, causing skin ailments and cancers. Awareness of the problem developed through the 1990s.

Allan Smith, an epidemiologist at the University of California at Berkeley, observed that the arsenic problem affects millions of people worldwide:

Hussam developed his filter after years of testing hundreds of prototypes. The final version contains  of shards of porous iron, which bonds chemically with arsenic. It also includes charcoal, sand and bits of brick. It filters nearly all arsenic from well water.

Awards
Hussam was awarded the 2007 Grainger challenge Prize for Sustainability by the National Academy of Engineering. Hussam plans to use 70% of the $1 million engineering prize to distribute filters to needy communities.

See also
 Backwashing
 Carbon filtering
 Distillation
 Filtration
 Reverse osmosis
 Sand separator
 Settling basin
 Water purification

References

External links 
 DWC-Water: Arsenic filtration - description and test results.
 Invention description at GMU website
 Manob Sakti Unnayan Kendro (MSUK) - development and distribution.

Bangladeshi inventions
Water filters
Arsenic
Water pollution
Spectrum S-40 Freedom. The Spectrum S-40 Freedom was a business jet developed by Spectrum Aeronautical. The aircraft was first announced at the 2006 NBAA Conference in Orlando, Florida.

Design and development
The S-40 is expected to be classified as a very light jet, albeit it is planned to feature a cabin comparable to the Lear 60, Hawker 800, Phenom 300 and the Citation XLS, at a Maximum Take-Off Weight of less than .

It will be built using a graphite-epoxy construction process that makes the aircraft one third the weight of comparably sized aluminium airplanes. The aircraft is designed to cruise at  at speeds up to 435 knots (Mach 0.76) and fly as far as 4170 km - while consuming about 40% less fuel than conventionally built planes - using two GE Honda HF120 engines.

The retail sales price of the aircraft is supposed to be US-$6.8 million. In May 2011 Spectrum president Austin Blue is quoted: "We are still trying to get the programmes advancing, but it is not easy" The aircraft is to be released about 12 months before the smaller Spectrum S-33 Independence. FAA and JAA Type Certifications of the S-40 Freedom were initially estimated for 2010.

In 2016, the company stated that it was looking for funding to produce the S-40 in Mexico.

Specifications

See also

References

External links
 Spectrum Aeronautical

S-40
Abandoned civil aircraft projects
Very light jets
Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear
Low-wing aircraft
Twinjets
T-tail aircraft
2010s United States business aircraft
Ingolstadt Manching Airport. Ingolstadt Manching Airfield, or Fliegerhorst Ingolstadt/Manching in German , is a military airbase with civil usage located in Manching near Ingolstadt, Germany.

Usage
The airfield is home to the Bundeswehr Technical and Airworthiness Center for Aircraft. The first flights of the Panavia Tornado and Eurofighter prototypes took place here. The F-104G Starfighter and the F-4 Phantom II fighter aircraft were flown here testing weapons systems in the 1960s, 70s and 80s.
During the Space Shuttle missions it was considered as a landing site for Transoceanic Abort Landings.

Cassidian, the defence and security subsidiary of EADS (now renamed Airbus Defence and Space), also had its headquarters here. Manching is now a key center for Airbus' military air systems activity in Germany, including supporting Luftwaffe aircraft.

Airlines and destinations
Private Wings offers some business on-demand charters and seasonal scheduled leisure flights across Europe. Ingolstadt Manching also receives frequent charter flights from Braunschweig-Wolfsburg Airport transferring personnel of the Volkswagen Group between their headquarters in Wolfsburg and their subsidiary Audi in Ingolstadt.

See also
 Transport in Germany
 List of airports in Germany

References

External links

 Official website
 
 
 

Ingo
Pfaffenhofen (district)
Acquisition Program Baseline. Acquisition Program Baseline (APB) is a term used by the United States Department of Defense to refer to a program threshold and objective values for the minimum number of cost, schedule, and performance attributes that describe the program over its life cycle. The APB initially was developed by the PM for the Milestone B decisions and contains parameters for the program such as key cost, schedule, and performance goals.

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20070204073933/http://www.dtic.mil/cjcs_directives/cdata/unlimit/3170_01.pdf

United States defense procurement
Survey of Bangladesh. The Survey of Bangladesh (SOB) () is the national mapping authority of Bangladesh. The agency functions under the Ministry of Defence and is headed by the Surveyor General of Bangladesh who is usually a Brigadier General rank officer from the Corps of Engineers of Bangladesh Army.

History
SOB began as the "Bengal Survey" on 1 January 1767 in undivided India and conducted surveying and mapping activities until 1947. After the partition of the subcontinent on 14 August 1947, the organization started its new role as Survey of Pakistan and established a regional office at Dhaka. The regional office initially had 2 directorates, 2 field parties, 1 drawing office, 1 photogrammetric office (regional office for East Pakistan) and a geodetic department.

Topographic maps of Bengal were generated during the last quarter of the 18th century, covering the whole of Bangladesh at a scale of 1:50,000.

Rights and responsibilities
The SOB possesses the rights to all aerial photographs and other topographic maps of Bangladesh. They undertake geodetic, topographical and aerial surveys from time to time and keep records of basic geodetic and levelling networks. Topomaps are prepared, updated and verified by ground surveys. The SOB's regular responsibilities include revising and upgrading the topographic basemaps drawn on 1:50,000 scale.

Aerial photographs in Bangladesh are used as per the 'Rules for Classification, Custody and Issue of Aerial Photographs' issued by the Ministry of Defence, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. It is broadly divided into two categories: 'Classified Photographs' and 'Public Photographs'. The aerial photographs containing sensitive sites are marked as 'Classified' and those which do not contain any sensitive information are termed 'Public'.

The SOB is also responsible for the following:

International boundary mapping (Chittagong - Mizo Hill Sector and Bangladesh-Myanmar Area)
Monitoring mean sea level
Surveys of the cantonments
Project mapping; mapping service for various Ministries, departments and agencies; processing and preservation of aerial photographs
Production of maps on various scales according to the needs of various departments

Map updating is a regular process and done once every five to seven years. At present the SOB is digitally updating the base map of Bangladesh. The SOB publishes all the maps from its own offset printing press and the products are available in its sales centre at the SOB campus located in the Tejgaon Industrial Area, Dhaka-1208.

References

External links
Survey of Bangladesh website

Bangladesh
Geography of Bangladesh
Government of Bangladesh
Government agencies of Bangladesh
Focke-Wulf Fw 300. The Focke-Wulf Fw 300 was a proposed very-long-range civil airliner, transport, reconnaissance aircraft and anti-ship aircraft, designed by Focke-Wulf in 1941 and 1942. The design was intended to replace the Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor.

Design and development
The proposed Fw 300 had an all-metal airframe, a low-wing cantilever configuration, and a pressurized fuselage, possessing a smoothly contoured forward fuselage and nose, somewhat reminiscent of the Boeing 307 Stratoliner airliner in shape. Space was provided for up to 50 passengers in individual compartments. The landing gear was retractable. Four wing-mounted piston engines were proposed to drive the aircraft. Two engine candidates were:
The highly experimental Junkers Jumo 222, a 24-cylinder "multibank" inline engine (six inline banks of four cylinders each, arranged at 60° intervals around the crankcase), rated at 1,864 kW (2,500 hp), which in the event never proceeded to the production stage during the course of the war with just under 300 examples built in several different versions;
The Daimler-Benz DB 603, a 12-cylinder inverted-V engine rated at 1,342 kW (1,800 hp) and the largest displacement inverted-V12 aviation powerplant built by Germany in World War II.
Both engines were liquid-cooled.

In the proposed military configuration, the eight-man crew was to have been enclosed in one pressure cabin, and the defensive gun armament operated remotely. For anti-ship missions, it would have carried guided missiles.

Design work continued during the first years of the war, but was shelved as the need for long-range bombers or other long-range efforts diminished and other priorities emerged. Construction of a prototype was never started.

Specifications (proposed)

See also

References

 Herwig, Dieter and Rode, Heinz. Luftwaffe Secret Projects - Strategic Bombers 1935-45. Midland Publishing Ltd., 2000. .

External links

General arrangement drawing of the Fw 300

Fw 300
Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Four-engined piston aircraft
Dornier Do 214. The Dornier Do 214 was a proposed large long-range flying boat, developed by Dornier in World War II.

Development 

Originally designed as the Do P.93 for passenger transatlantic service from Lisbon to New York, the Do 214 was redesigned as the P.192 for military service in early 1940. In 1941, a full-sized fuselage mockup was constructed in order to evaluate the interior layout. The fuselage was streamlined, having a round cross-section, with the interior consisting of two decks.
 
Its wings featured a small amount of sweep on the leading edge, with straight trailing edges, and were shoulder-mounted on the fuselage. Eight Daimler-Benz DB 613 24-cylinder "power-system" engines — themselves consisting of a pair of Daimler-Benz DB 603 inverted V12 engines, paired up to run a single propeller like the DB 605-based "DB 610" engines of the Heinkel He 177A, and themselves weighing over  apiece (the DB 613 "power systems" would have weighed more like 1.8 tonnes apiece) — provided the power, with four tractor engines and four pusher engines. All eight "power system"
engines, using a total of 16 DB 603s to complete them, provided power to two quartets of four-blade VDM variable-pitch propellers; the front propellers had a 5.00 m (16 ft 5 in) diameter, the rear propellers had a 4.60 m (15 ft 1 in) diameter.

The mammoth eight-engine design was intended for use as a military transport, with a large bow door admitting vehicles and bulky freight to the upper deck. It was also designed for use as a long-range bomber, flying tanker, aerial minelayer and U-boat supply vessel. By 1943, it was realized that long-range flying boats were not needed due to the worsening war situation, and the Do 214 project was canceled.

Göppingen Gö 8
A 1/5 scale model glider of the Dornier Do 214 was designed and built as the Göppingen Gö 8, by Wolf Hirth and Ulrich Hütter. For hydrodynamic stability tests of the hull integrated floats, in collaboration with the Göttingen aerodynamic laboratory, the glider was towed by a boat.

Specifications

The following specifications are for Do P.192-01 / Do 214 / civil airliner / DB 613C engines.

See also

References

 

Abandoned military aircraft projects of Germany
Do 214
German military transport aircraft
Flying boats
Eight-engined push-pull aircraft
High-wing aircraft
IVL C.24. IVL C.24 was the first aircraft to be designed in Finland and built in an industrial environment. The aircraft was manufactured by IVL, but only in one example.

The designer of the aircraft was engineer Kurt Berger. The aircraft made its maiden flight on April 16, 1924, piloted by Georg Jäderholm.

The aircraft was a one seated, high-wing monoplane. It was designed as a fighter, but its Siemens-Halske Sh. III engine was under-powered, the speed moderate and flight characteristics poor. The visibility from the pilot's seat was also very poor. The aircraft was in Finnish Air Force use for a short time. 

The aircraft is currently stored in the Finish Air Force Museum, in a restored condition, although possibly eqquiped with the wrong wing.

Operators

Finnish Air Force

Specifications (C.24)

See also

References

https://www.ilmailumuseot.fi/tuotteet.html?id=20172/233434}

1920s Finnish fighter aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
IVL C.VI.25. IVL C.VI.25 was a Finnish fighter aircraft designed by IVL. It was a further development of the IVL C.24.

The aircraft made its maiden flight on June 11, 1925. The aircraft was wrecked after a forced landing, due to engine trouble, on December 17, 1925.

The aircraft was under-powered, like its predecessor, and it was not considered possible to further develop the aircraft.

Operators

Finnish Air Force

Specifications (C.VI.25)

See also

References

1920s Finnish fighter aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Rotary-engined aircraft
Practical Common Lisp. Practical Common Lisp is an introductory book on the programming language Common Lisp by Peter Seibel. It features a fairly complete introduction to the language interspersed with practical example chapters, which show developing various pieces of software such as a unit testing framework, a library for parsing ID3 tags, a spam filter, and a SHOUTcast server.

At the Jolt Product Excellence and Productivity Awards in 2006, it won a Productivity Award in the technical book category.

The full text is available online. In a 2006 Google TechTalk, Seibel presented the book's main points in the context of linguistic relativity (the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis).

See also
Common Lisp the Language

References

External links

Practical Common Lisp

Common Lisp publications
IVL Haukka. IVL Haukka were a series of Finnish biplane fighters designed by Kurt Berger at IVL in 1927. "Haukka" is Finnish for "Hawk".

Versions
IVL D.26 Haukka I - the first prototype aircraft, which made its maiden flight on March 17, 1927. Only one aircraft was manufactured.
VL D.27 Haukka II - a further developed version of the D.26. Two aircraft were manufactured at the aircraft factory at Suomenlinna (which now had shortened its name from IVL to VL). These aircraft were used by the Finnish Air Force in its Maalentoeskaadri for a couple of years. During this time the FAF had begun the purchasing of foreign fighters, which eventually halted the series production of the Haukka II.

Survivors
Two Haukkas are preserved, one D.26 at Päijät-Häme Aviation museum, and one D.27 at Hallinportti Aviation Museum.

Operators

Finnish Air Force

Specifications (D.26)

See also

References

Further reading
 Hallinportti Aviation museum: I.V.L. D.26 Haukka I ja D.27 Haukka II brochure, summer 2005.

External links

1920s Finnish fighter aircraft
Biplanes
Single-engined tractor aircraft
IVL K.1 Kurki. IVL K.1 Kurki was a prototype for a four-seated, high-wing trainer aircraft, which was designed in 1927 by IVL. The designer was Asser Järvinen and the prototype was manufactured at the IVL plant at Suomenlinna. The aircraft made its maiden flight on March 30, 1927. Only one aircraft was manufactured.

The aircraft was both over weight and too heavy in the front. It had poor flight characteristics. The Finnish Air Force only flew the aircraft 13 hours.

Survivors
Päijät-Häme Aviation museum has stored the only Kurki manufactured.

Operators

Finnish Air Force

Specifications (K.1)

See also

References

Further reading

 Hallinportti Aviation museum: I.V.L. D.26 Haukka I ja D.27 Haukka II brochure, summer 2005.

1920s Finnish military trainer aircraft
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Junkers A 35. Junkers A 35 was a two-seater cantilever monoplane, used for postal, training and military purposes. The aircraft was designed in the 1920s by Junkers in Germany and manufactured at Dessau and by AB Flygindustri in Limhamn, Sweden and conversions from A 20s were made in Fili, Russia.

Design and development
The A 35 was a development of a series of Junkers aircraft from 1918, starting with the J10/J11, the A 20, A 25, A 32, and finally the A 35. It was originally intended as a two-seat multi-purpose fighter aircraft and made its first flight in 1926. Due to the post-war restrictions, Hugo Junkers and the Soviet Government signed a contract about the setup of an aircraft facility at Fili in Russia in December 1922.

In 1926, the first Junkers L5 engines were mounted on the Junkers A 20s. With some further tail modifications the new aircraft was designated as A 35. A total of 24 aircraft were originally built as A 35s. A number of A 20s and A 25s were also modified with the Junkers L5 engine. The A 35 was also available with a BMW IV engine.

Versions
Junkers A 20
 The version manufactured in Limhamn was called R02 and the version manufactured in Fili was called  Ju 20
Junkers A 20L
Landplane version.
Junkers A 20W
Floatplane version.
Junkers A 25
 The version manufactured in Limhamn was called R41 and the version manufactured in Fili was called  Type A
Junkers A 35
 The militarized version manufactured in Limhamn was called K53/R53 and the version manufactured in Fili was called  Type 20.
The Junkers R53 was first built as in 1926 as a military version of the Junkers A35.  It was equipped with a Junkers L5 engine and a machine gun over the rear seat by AB Flygindustri in Limhamn and this version was designated as the Junkers/AFI R53.  It was sold to different countries from Sweden to avoid the restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles. Most of these R53 were converted Junkers A35 or A20 civil aircraft, which had been built at Dessau. Some were delivered to Turkey as modified A20s, a further 20 aircraft went to Russia and 21 militarized R53 were sold to China.

Operators

Afghan Air Force

Bulgarian Air Force

Chilean Air Force
 21 K53 aircraft were sold to Chinese warlords, 10 to Zhang Zongchang of Shandong, 9 to Zhang Xueliang of Manchuria, 1 to Yan Xishan of Shanxi, 1 sold to Liu Xiang of Sichuan.

Finnish Air Force – One aircraft only. Tested for three weeks in 1928.

Reichswehr

Royal Hungarian Air Force

Imperial Iranian Air Force
 Spanish Republic

Soviet Air Force – 20 Ju-20 (militarized A 20) aircraft

Turkish Air Force – 64 A20 aircraft,  Together with the Turkish Government Junkers set up a factory at Kayseri under the name TOMTAŞ. At this factory the delivered A20 aircraft, modified to A35's, were militarized with machine guns and bomb slots.

Specifications (A 35)

See also

References

Bibliography
 Andersson, Lennart. "Chinese 'Junks': Junkers Aircraft Exports to China 1925-1940". Air Enthusiast, No. 55, Autumn 1994, pp. 2–7.

External links

 Junkers K 53 article in German with photo

1920s German military trainer aircraft
A 35
Monocalcium aluminate. Monocalcium aluminate (CaAl2O4) is one of the series of calcium aluminates.  It does occur in nature, although only very rarely, as two polymorphs known as krotite and dmitryivanovite, both from meteorites. It is important in the composition of calcium aluminate cements.

Properties
Monocalcium aluminate is formed when the appropriate proportions of calcium carbonate and aluminium oxide are heated together until the mixture melts.  It melts incongruently at 1390 °C.  The crystal is monoclinic and pseudohexagonal, and has density 2945 kg·m−3.  In calcium aluminate cements, it exists as a solid solution in which the amount of minor elements depends upon the bulk composition of the cement.  A typical composition is Ca0.93Al1.94Fe0.11Si0.02O4.  It reacts rapidly with water, forming the metastable hydrate CaO·Al2O3·10H2O, or a mixture of 2CaO·Al2O3·8H2O, 3CaO·Al2O3·6H2O and Al(OH)3 gel.  These reactions form the first stage of strength development in calcium aluminate cements.

References

Cement
Calcium compounds
Aluminates
Power canal. A power canal is a canal used for hydraulic power generation, rather than for transport of watercraft. The power canal was a major factor in the Industrial Revolution in New England in the 19th century. Most early power canals were mill races used mechanically to transfer power directly from falling water to machinery in mill buildings. Later, the hydraulic power generated electricity locally for the same mill factories. These power canals were often filled in as electricity (transported by power lines) replaced the need for local water power, and road transport needs or city expansion needs reclaimed the land. Some hydraulic power canals were transformed into local electric generators, but most were closed. Remains of power canals can be seen in old mill towns and are often protected as historical structures today.

United States

California 
 California Powder Works (1864-1914)

Maine 
 Cumberland and Oxford Canal (1871-1905) was originally a transport canal from 1832

Massachusetts 
 Holyoke Canal System (1827)
 Merrimack Canal (1820s)
 Lowell Power Canal System and Pawtucket Gatehouse (1821)
 Turners Falls Canal (1869) was originally a transport canal from 1798

Michigan 
 Edison Sault Power Canal

New Hampshire 
 Nashua power canal (1826), part of Mine Falls Park
 Amoskeag Falls power canal originally dug for transport in 1807

New York 
 Niagara Falls Hydraulic Power and Manufacturing Company (1862)
 Rockland Mill Complex (c.1850)

Ohio
 Great Western Powder Works (1877)

Notes 

Canals
History of New England