omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force. The People's Liberation Army Naval Air Force (PLANAF; ) is the naval aviation branch of the People's Liberation Army Navy.

History
Historically, the PLANAF's main role has been to provide the navy's warships with air defense coverage. Part of the coastal defense doctrine was to have naval aircraft protecting the ships, hence the reason why many PLA ships of the 1960s–70s lacked long range anti-aircraft missiles or artillery. During the Sino-Vietnamese War, the PLANAF carried out many successful bombing and airstrike missions against Vietnamese territories, such as in the Spratly Islands. The 1960s saw a series of air combat sorties flown against the Republic of China Air Force. PLANAF pilots have been credited with many major victories over the Taiwanese in these small incidents. Historical aircraft operated by the PLANAF include the J-5, the J-6, and H-5. These aircraft have been retired by the late 1990s.

A PLANAF J-15 made the first landing on Liaoning, China's first aircraft carrier, on 25 November 2012.

According to the Department of the Air Force's China Aerospace Studies Institute (CASI) the PLANAF had around 2016 a major restructuring into a brigade structure.

In 2023, the PLANAF transferred maritime strike, bomber, and most fighter units to the People's Liberation Army Air Force, including at least 3 fighter brigades, 2 bomber regiments, 3 radar brigades, 3 air defense brigades, and some airbases. It retained carrier aircraft, helicopters, UAVs, and other special purpose aircraft.

Bases 

 Lingshui Naval Air Station - KJ-500, Shaanxi Y-8Q and ground base of Shenyang J-15s

Equipment

Future

In July 2018, Lieutenant General Zhang Honghe of the PLAAF stated that China is developing a new carrier-based aircraft that will replace the J-15 due to four crashes and numerous technical problems. One problem with the aircraft is that it is the heaviest carrier-borne fighter in current operation with an empty weight of 17,500 kg compared to the F/A-18E/F Super Hornet's 14,600 kg (though it is less than the F-14 Tomcat's weight of 19,800 kg). Weight problems are compounded when operating off Liaoning, as its STOBAR launch and recovery method further limits payload capacity.
In 2023, China is accelerating the development of its FC-31 prototype successor the Shenyang J-35 fighter jet to be carried on the Fujian aircraft carrier. The J-35 is expected to complete carrier-based testing soon, while the Fujian is in the final stages of outfitting and is projected to undergo sea trials in 2023, to steady its progress in naval modernization.

See also
 List of active People's Liberation Army aircraft
 Republic of China Naval Aviation Command

References

Citations

Sources 

 
 

4
Aviation in China
China
PL-7. The PL-7 () is the PRC version of the French Magic R.550 short-range air-to-air missile. It is a short-range, Infrared homing missile used by Chinese fighters.  It was designed by Wu Shendao, and produced at the Factory 331 (Zhuzhou Aeroengine factory) (中国株洲航空发动机厂).

Specifications
 Length - 2.74 m
 Diameter - 157 mm
 Wingspan - 0.66 m
 Weight - 89 kg
 Warhead  - 12.5 kg
 Speed - Mach 2.5
 Range - 0.5 to 14 km
 Guidance - Infrared homing

Operational history

During the late 1998–2001 Zimbabwean intervention in the Second Congo War, Air Force of Zimbabwe BAE Hawks were reportedly modified to be armed with PL-7s for air interception missions in support of Zimbabwean and Laurent Kabila's government forces.

Operator

Bangladesh Air Force

 People's Liberation Army Air Force

 Iranian Air Force

References

External links
https://web.archive.org/web/20060510171721/http://www.sinodefence.com/airforce/weapon/pl7.asp

Air-to-air missiles of the People's Republic of China
Cold War weapons of China
Short range air-to-air missiles
BMW Headquarters. The BMW Headquarters (, ), also known as the BMW Tower (German: BMW-Turm or BMW-Hochhaus), is a high-rise building located in the Am Riesenfeld area of Munich, Germany. The building has served as the global corporate headquarters of German automaker BMW since 1973. It was declared a protected historic building in 1999, and it is often cited as one of the most notable examples of modern architecture in Munich. Extensive renovations commenced in 2004 and were completed in 2006.

Concept and construction
The tower was built between 1968 and 1972, and it was ready in time for the 1972 Summer Olympics. The inauguration followed on 18 May 1973. The  building is located next to the Olympiapark and BMW's main factory. The tower's exterior is supposed to mimic the shape of four cylinders in a car engine, with the Museum building representing a cylinder head. Both buildings were designed by the Austrian architect Karl Schwanzer.

The tower consists of four vertical cylinders standing next to and across from each other. Each cylinder is divided horizontally in its center by a mold in the facade. Notably, these cylinders do not stand on the ground; they are suspended on a central support tower. During construction, individual floors were assembled on the ground and then elevated. The tower has a diameter of  and has 22 occupied floors, two of which are basements and 18 of which serve as office space.

BMW campus
The BMW Museum is located right next to the tower while BMW Welt, which showcases the current cars of BMW and acts as a distribution centre, opened on the opposite side of the road on 17 October 2007.

Popular culture
During the 1972 Summer Olympics, BMW branding was removed from the buildings to prevent product placement. BMW badging was also removed from the 2002 sedans, which accompanied Olympic marathon runners during the competition. The branding was removed again for the building's cameo appearance in the 1975 film Rollerball, replaced by large orange circles, meant to stand for the fictional ruling Energy Corporation of the future.

The building also made an appearance in the 1977 horror film Suspiria.

See also
 BMW Central Building
 BMW Group Classic
 History of BMW

References

External links

 http://www.7-forum.com/modelle/bmw_hochhaus.php

Office buildings completed in 1972
Buildings and structures in Munich
Registered historic buildings and monuments in Bavaria
Towers in Germany
BMW
Tourist attractions in Munich
Skyscrapers in Munich
Skyscraper office buildings in Germany
List of General Motors factories. This is a list of General Motors factories that are being or have been used to produce automobiles and automobile components. The factories are occasionally idled for re-tooling.

Current factories

Sold/co-operated factories

Former factories

See also
Flint, Michigan auto industry
List of former automotive manufacturing facilities
List of Ford factories
List of Mazda facilities
List of Chrysler factories
List of Fiat Group assembly sites
History of General Motors

References

General Motors factories

Opel
Imperial Japanese Navy Aviation Bureau. The  of the Ministry of the Navy of Japan was responsible for the development and training of the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service. In 1941 it was headed by Vice-Admiral Eikichi Katagiri and was organized as follows:
 General Affairs Department
 Air Naval Intelligence Department
 Land Based Airfield Engineering Department
 Training Department - ensured that qualified personnel were sent to the Combined Air Training Command at Kasumigara.
 Technical Department - Designed new aircraft and equipment plus was responsible for the storage and repair of aircraft at Naval Air Arsenals
Aomori
Koza
 Hiro
 Omura or Sasebo
Kanoya
Kasumigara
Yokosuka

Navy Training Schools and Units 
Training for the IJNAS are conducted under training unit led directly by the Naval Air Bureau. Such unit could either be an actual combat air group(Kōkūtai) or a proper training unit. For training pilot for carrier operation, light carriers are employed.

Such schools and units was named after the place where they were established (cities, towns or Arsenal/Base), or with the carrier name if it is a carrier based unit. A numbering system is also used.

For example, the 12th combined air group(training) based at Kure consist of the Ōita, Usa, Hakata and Ōmura training air group.

Navy training units by name
Oppama
Chitose
Genzan
Tainan
Tokushima
Konoike
Ōita
Ōmura
Tsukuba
Yokosuka
Hyakuri
Kasumigaura
Tsuikui
 Kuiko
Shanghai
Suzuka
Tsuchiura
 Kaminoike

Training Carriers
 Hōshō
 Ryūhō

See also
 List of Imperial Japanese Navy Air Force Service personnel (WWII)
 Organization of the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service

References 

Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
Imperial Japanese Navy
Units of the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
Stephen Foster Briggs. Stephen Foster Briggs (December 4, 1885 – October 16, 1976) was an American engineer, co-founder of the Briggs & Stratton manufacturing company, and founder of Outboard Marine Corporation.

Early life and education
Stephen Foster Briggs was born in Watertown, South Dakota. Briggs then graduated from Watertown High School and from South Dakota State College in Brookings, South Dakota.

Early career

Briggs' idea for his first product came from an upper-level engineering class project while at South Dakota State College. This first product was a six-cylinder, two-cycle engine, which Stephen Foster Briggs developed during his engineering courses at South Dakota State. After his graduation, he was eager to produce his engine and enter the rapidly expanding automobile industry. Bill Juneau, a coach at South Dakota State, knew of Briggs' ambition and the entrepreneurial interests of Harold M. Stratton, a successful grain merchant who had a farm next to Juneau's farm, so he introduced the two. In 1922, their fledgling company set a record in the automotive industry, selling the Briggs & Stratton Flyer (the "Red Bud") at record low prices of US$125-$150.

Briggs & Stratton company
Launched in 1908 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and later based in Wauwatosa, Wisconsin.

The company began as an informal partnership between Briggs and Harold M. Stratton.
Eventually Briggs and Stratton settled on manufacturing automotive components and small gasoline engines. Briggs purchased an engine patent from A.O. Smith Company and began powering early washing machines and reel mowers, as well as many other types of equipment. The company went public on the New York Stock Exchange in 1928.

During World War II, Briggs & Stratton produced generators for the war effort. Some pre-war engines were made with aluminum, which helped the company develop its expertise in using this material. This development, along with the post-war growth of 1950s suburbs (and lawns), helped secure Briggs & Stratton's successful growth throughout the 1950s and 1960s.

Stephen Briggs went on to purchase Evinrude and Johnson Outboards and start the Outboard Marine Corporation. Frederick P. Stratton, Sr. (the son of Harold Stratton) served as Chairman of Briggs & Stratton until his death in 1976. Frederick P. Stratton, Jr. served as Chairman until his retirement in 2001.

References

External links
UWM alumni gallery
  Briggs & Stratton Corporation

1885 births
1976 deaths
20th-century American engineers
20th-century American businesspeople
South Dakota State University alumni
Martin Richards (computer scientist). Martin Richards (born 21 July 1940) is a British computer scientist known for his development of the BCPL programming language which is both part of early research into portable software, and the ancestor of the B programming language invented by Ken Thompson in early versions of Unix and which Dennis Ritchie in turn used as the basis of his widely used C programming language.

Education
Richards studied mathematics as an undergraduate student at the University of Cambridge and took the Cambridge Diploma in Computer Science. His PhD was on programming language design and implementation. He was a senior lecturer at the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory until his retirement in 2007.

Research
In addition to BCPL, Richards' work includes the development of the TRIPOS portable operating system.

He was awarded the IEEE Computer Society's Computer Pioneer Award in 2003 for "pioneering system software portability through the programming language BCPL".

Richards is a fellow of St John's College at the University of Cambridge.

References

Living people
Fellows of St John's College, Cambridge
History of computing in the United Kingdom
Members of the University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory
Programming language designers
Kernel programmers
1940 births
Auguste Bravais. Auguste Bravais (; 23 August 1811, Annonay, Ardèche – 30 March 1863, Le Chesnay, France) was a French physicist known for his work in crystallography, the conception of Bravais lattices, and the formulation of Bravais law. Bravais also studied magnetism, the northern lights, meteorology, geobotany, phyllotaxis, astronomy, statistics and hydrography.

He studied at the Collège Stanislas in Paris before joining the École Polytechnique in 1829, where he was a classmate of groundbreaking mathematician Évariste Galois, whom Bravais actually beat in a scholastic mathematics competition. Towards the end of his studies he became a naval officer, and sailed on the Finistere in 1832 as well as the Loiret afterwards. He took part in hydrographic work along the Algerian Coast. He participated in the Recherche expedition and helped the Lilloise in Spitzbergen and Lapland.

Bravais taught a course in applied mathematics for astronomy in the Faculty of Sciences in Lyon, starting in 1840. He succeeded Victor Le Chevalier in the Chair of Physics at the Ecole Polytechnique from 1845 until 1856 when he was replaced by Henri Hureau de Sénarmont. In 1844 he published a paper on the statistical concept of correlation, and arrived at a definition of the correlation coefficient before Karl Pearson. He is, however, best remembered for his work on Bravais lattices, particularly his 1848 discovery that there are 14 unique lattices in three-dimensional crystalline systems, correcting the previous scheme, with 15 lattices, conceived by Frankenheim three years before.
Bravais published a memoir about crystallography in 1847. A co-founder of the Société météorologique de France, he joined the French Academy of Sciences in 1854. Bravais also worked on the theory of observational errors, a field in which he is especially known for his 1846 paper "Mathematical analysis on the probability of errors of a point".

The mountain Bravaisberget, in Svalbard, is named after Bravais.

References

1811 births
1863 deaths
People from Annonay
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
19th-century French physicists
École Polytechnique alumni
Collège Stanislas de Paris alumni
Computerized maintenance management system. A computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) is any software package that maintains a computer database of information about an organization's maintenance operations. This information is intended to help maintenance workers do their jobs more effectively (for example, determining which machines require maintenance and which storerooms contain the spare parts they need) and to help management make informed decisions (for example, calculating the cost of machine breakdown repair versus preventive maintenance for each machine, possibly leading to better allocation of resources).

CMMS data may also be used to verify regulatory compliance. To properly control the maintenance of a facility, information is required to analyze what is occurring. Manually, this requires a tremendous amount of effort and time. A CMMS also allows for record keeping, to track completed and assigned tasks in a timely and cost-effective manner.

See also 
 1:5:200
 Building lifecycle management
 Computer-aided facility management (CAFM)
 Corrective maintenance
 Enterprise asset management (EAM)
 Facility management
 Fixed assets register (FAR)
 Inspection
 Logistics management
 Maintenance, repair and operations
 Performance supervision system
 Predictive maintenance
 Preventive maintenance

References

Further reading 
 

Business software
Information technology management
Management cybernetics
Maintenance
Gypsy (software). Gypsy was the first document preparation system based on a mouse and graphical user interface to take advantage of those technologies to virtually eliminate modes. Its operation would be familiar to any user of a modern personal computer. It was the second WYSIWYG document preparation program, a successor to the Bravo on the Xerox Alto personal computer.

It was designed and implemented at Xerox PARC in 1975 by Larry Tesler and Timothy Mott, with advice from Dan Swinehart and other colleagues. The code was built on Bravo as a base and the developers of Bravo, including Tom Malloy, Butler Lampson and Charles Simonyi provided technical support to the effort. It was produced for use at Ginn & Co., a Xerox subsidiary in Lexington, Massachusetts, which published textbooks.

Drag-through selection, double-click, and cut-copy-paste were quickly adopted by Dan Ingalls for Smalltalk, beginning with Smalltalk-76. The ideas and techniques were refined in the Apple Lisa and Macintosh and spread from there to most modern document preparation systems.

Differences from Bravo
Although similar in capabilities to the then-current version of Bravo, the user interface of Gypsy was radically different. In both Bravo and Gypsy, a command operated on the current selection. But Bravo had modes and Gypsy didn't. In Bravo, the effect of pressing a character key depended on the current mode, while in Gypsy, pressing a character key by itself always typed the character.

For example, in Bravo's Command Mode, pressing "I" entered Insert Mode. In that mode, pressing character keys typed characters into a holding area ("buffer") until the Escape key was pressed, at which time the buffer contents were inserted before the selection and the editor returned to Command Mode.  In Gypsy, no command or buffer was needed to insert new text. The user simply selected an insertion point with the mouse and typed the new text. Each inserted character went directly into the document at the insertion point, which was automatically positioned after the new character.

Among other differences between Gypsy and the then-current version of Bravo were:
 To select text in Bravo, the user clicked the first and last characters to be selected, each with a different mouse button. In Gypsy, the user could drag from the first to the last character while holding a mouse button down. 
 In addition to cut-copy-paste, Gypsy introduced double-click to select a word as well as the ability to change the style of a text selection to bold, italic or underlined by pressing the Control key (also called "Look") while pressing "B", "I", or "U".
 To minimize memorization and modes, the least frequently used commands in Gypsy appeared in a clickable menu. Each menu item could have parameters as in dialog boxes today. For example, the Scan (find) command took one parameter, which the user entered modelessly before clicking the command name, "Scan".

References

Further reading

External links
 Gypsy: The Ginn Typescript System
 "Gypsy" an investigation of the Ginn computer-assisted editing system
 Larry Tesler demonstrating cut, copy, and paste in Gypsy on a Xerox Alto

Word processors
Xerox
S-LINK. S-LINK, for simple link interface, is a high-performance data acquisition standard developed at CERN for collecting information from particle accelerators and other sources. Unlike similar systems, S-LINK is based on the idea that data will be collected and stored by computers at both ends of the link, as opposed to a "dumb" devices collecting data to be stored on a "smart" computer. Having a full computer at both ends allows S-LINK to be very thin, primarily defining the logical standards used to feed data at high speed from the motherboards to the link hardware interfaces.

S-LINK started in 1995 in response to problems collecting data from the new ATLAS experiment at CERN. ATLAS was extensively instrumented with stand-alone computers, which sent data via a variety of methods to be collected on various servers. S-LINK was seen as a way to provide a single mechanism for forwarding the data from the collection to the link hardware with extremely low latency. Generally the S-LINK hardware provided functionality that would normally be provided by networking (or other) drivers running on the host CPU, thereby tying up cycles and introducing delays.

S-LINK used a 32-bit bus running up to 66 MHz, allowing for throughout up to 264 MB/s. The "link side" was typically connected to optical fibre for transmission to the collecting machines, known as the read-out motherboard, or ROMB. Data could also be sent back to the front-end motherboard or FEMB, typically for flow control purposes at a much lower speed.

References

External links
 S-LINK

Particle experiments
Data
Space Empires. Space Empires is a series of 4X turn-based strategy games by Malfador Machinations that allow the player to assume the role of the leader of a space-faring civilization.

Gameplay
In Space Empires, the player assumes the role of the single leader of a race of intelligent beings that has recently acquired the technology required to build large fully space-based ships for interplanetary and interstellar travel.

Starting out with only a few possible hull sizes for their ships, on which they can place any number of components to essentially create a unique ship, the player can research new hull sizes and components to use with them, eventually being able to build ships ten times the size of his original hull size.

The components available to the player can vary greatly, from ship bridges, long-range scanners and shield generators to emergency supply components that, when used, will be destroyed but will allow a ship to continue moving for a longer time, and of course, weapons of various kinds, boarding parties, cloaking devices right up to Dyson sphere construction material and star-destroying devices.

The player can meet extraterrestrial races (which will inevitably happen as the player expands their realm) and conduct diplomacy with them. Treaties can be signed between two empires, varying from the basic trade agreement to full-blown partnerships and even protectorates. The player can also conduct intelligence operations, from simple information gathering missions, to ship bombs, to inciting rebellion on a planet.

Interstellar travel in Space Empires is not faster-than-light drive based, but instead relies on anomalies called "warp points", essentially wormholes between two star systems. Warp points are naturally occurring but a player can open and close these warp points if she or he has the appropriate technologies.

Games
 Space Empires (1993)
 Space Empires II (1995)
 Space Empires III (1997)
 Space Empires IV (2000)
 Space Empires: Starfury (2003)
 Space Empires V (2006)

Later development
In 2006, Strategy First acquired Malfador Machinations and the Space Empires intellectual property prior to publishing Space Empires V. Strategy First still owns the Space Empires intellectual property and has not developed another PC game.

In 2011, Strategy First released a RPG board game named Space Empires: 4X, based on the digital model of the Space Empires computer games, utilizing sprites and mechanics from Space Empires IV.

References

External links
 Space Empires Universe site, community homepage (offline) via Internet Archive
 Developer website, company homepage (offline) via Internet Archive
 Interview with Aaron Hall, the creator of Space Empires

 
4X video games
Multiplayer hotseat games
Science fiction franchises
Space opera video games
Turn-based strategy video games
Video game franchises
Video game franchises introduced in 1993