omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
European Digital Archive on Soil Maps of the World. European Digital Archive on Soil Maps (EuDASM) is a digital inventory of the maps holding valuable information pertaining to soil that are highly demanded in various environmental assessment studies focusing on policy issues. The EuDASM is a common platform established by Joint Research Centre in Italy of the European Commission and the International Soil Reference and Information Centre(ISRIC) of Wageningen University in The Netherlands to store soil and related maps in digital format and to provide free access to the global community (Researchers, University scholars, policy makers, etc.). The archive is typically unique at the present times, for it is the only archive that holds nearly 6000 maps online related to soils and are freely accessible to the public around the world. Moreover, the major focus of the EuDASM initiative is towards the developing nations of Africa, South America, Asia etc., in order to assist them to arrest the loss of existing information and prevent the quality deterioration.

More Information about EuDASM: Panagos, P., Jones, A., Bosco, C., Senthil Kumar P.S. European digital archive on soil maps (EuDASM): preserving important soil data for public free access. 
International Journal of Digital Earth (2011), 4 (5), pp. 434–443. doi:10.1080/17538947.2011.596580

In 2013–2014, the European Digital Archive of Soil Maps (EuDASM) has been concluded the metadata for Europe. You can find the Metadata for 1,312 European maps. This is part of the global EuDASM project making available more than 6,000 Maps from 142 countries around the World. EuDASM transferred paper-based soil maps into a digital format with the maximum possible resolution and to ensure their preservation and easy disclosure. Many of these documents are over 50 years old and are beginning to deteriorate

External links 
 National Soil Maps (listed by Country)
 National Soil Maps (listed by Continent)

Environmental websites
European Union and agriculture
Map collections
Pedology
Authoring system. An authoring system is a program that has pre-programmed elements for the development of interactive multimedia software titles. Authoring systems can be defined as software that allows its user to create multimedia applications for manipulating multimedia objects.

In the development of educational software, an authoring system is a program that allows a non-programmer, usually an instructional designer or technologist, to easily create software with programming features. The programming features are built in but hidden behind buttons and other tools, so the author does not need to know how to program. Generally authoring systems provide many graphics, much interaction, and other tools educational software needs. The three main components of an authoring system are: content organization, control of content delivery, and type(s) of assessment. Content Organization allows the user to structure and sequence the instructional content and media. Control of content delivery refers to the ability for the user to set the pace in which the content is delivered, and how learners engage with the content. Assessment refers to the ability to test learning outcomes within the system, usually in the form of tests, discussions, assignments, and other activities which can be evaluated.

An authoring system usually includes an authoring language, a programming language built (or extended) with functionality for representing the tutoring system. The functionality offered by the authoring language may be programming functionality for use by programmers or domain representation functionality for use by subject experts. There is overlap between authoring languages with domain representation functionality and domain-specific languages.

Authoring language

An authoring language is a programming language used to create tutorials, computer-based training courseware, websites, CD-ROMs and other interactive computer programs. Authoring systems (packages) generally provide high-level visual tools that enable a complete system to be designed without writing any programming code, although the authoring language is there for more in-depth usage.

See also 
 Chamilo
 Hollywood (programming language) with its Hollywood Designer graphical interface.
 Learning management system
 SCORM
 Experience API
 Web design program
 XML editor
 Game engine

References

External links 

 Authoring system at IFWiki
Locatis, C., Ullmer, E., Carr, V. et al. "Authoring systems: An introduction and assessment." J. Comput. High. Educ. 3, 23–35 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02942596
Kearsley, Greg. "Authoring Systems in Computer Based Education." Communications of the ACM, Volume 25, Issue 7, July 1982, pp 429–437. https://doi.org/10.1145/358557.358569

Learning
E-learning
Educational software
Desensitization (telecommunications). In telecommunications, desensitization (also known as receiver blocking) is a form of electromagnetic interference where a radio receiver is unable to receive a weak radio signal that it might otherwise be able to receive when there is no interference. This is caused by a nearby transmitter with a strong signal on a close frequency, which overloads the receiver and makes it unable to fully receive the desired signal.

Typical receiver operation is such that the Minimum Detectable Signal (MDS) level is determined by the thermal noise of its electronic components. When a signal is received, additional spurious signals are produced within the receiver because it is not truly a linear device. When these spurious signals have a power level that is less than the thermal noise power level, then the receiver is operating normally. When these spurious signals have a power level that is higher than the thermal noise floor, then the receiver is desensitized. This is because the MDS has risen due to the level of the spurious signals. Spurious signals increase in level when the received signal strength increases.

When an interfering signal is present, it can contribute to the level of the spurious signals. Stronger interference generates stronger spurious signals. The interference may be at a different frequency than the signal of interest, but the spurious signals caused by that interference can show up at the same frequency as the signal of interest. It is these spurious signals that degrade the ability of the receiver by raising the MDS.

Consider the case of a repeater station, a station consisting of a transmitter and receiver, both operating at the same time, but on separate frequencies, and in some cases, separate antennas. Elevated MDS can be experienced in this case as well.
One way to correct this condition is adding a duplexer to the station. This is common in Land Mobile Radio services such as police, fire, various commercial and amateur service.

See also
Receiver (radio)
Sensitivity (electronics)
Minimum detectable signal

References

Electromagnetic compatibility
Interference
Noise (electronics)
Radio communications
Newhaven ERF. The Newhaven ERF (Energy Recovery Facility) is an incinerator, in the town of Newhaven in the English county of East Sussex, for the treatment of up to 210,000 tonnes per annum of the county's municipal solid waste. The facility, built by Veolia Environmental Services, was approved by planners at the Conservative-controlled East Sussex County Council.

The facility treats household waste that cannot be reused, composted or recycled and generates electricity from it. The electricity produced is sold to the National Grid and is enough to supply 25,000 homes. 88 tonnes of steam are produced per hour which is used to turn the generator and create electricity; the steam is cooled back into water and reused in a closed loop system.

Construction
Construction of the facility began in April 2008 and was completed in late 2011. The facility became operational in 2012. The building itself is  tall, but the chimneys are  tall. It is the first of its kind to be built in the South Downs area and cost around £175 million to complete, including a unique ‘floating caisson’ which was used to house 20 metres of the plant underground and reduce the proposed height to meet planning requirements.

See also
List of incinerators in the United Kingdom

References

Waste power stations in England
Buildings and structures in East Sussex
Marvin's Maze. Marvin's Maze is a maze game released by SNK for arcades in 1983.

Plot

Marvin's Maze is a maze game where the player fight against Robonoids while trying to clear the maze of dots. There are two ways to finish each rack: eating up all the dots, or destroying a certain number of Robonoids (listed at the bottom of the screen). Two ways to destroy the Robonoids: shoot them, or remove the ground from under them at certain points of the maze (the 'Trick').

Scoring
1 Robonoid: 500 
2 Robonoids: 1500 
3 Robonoids: 3500 
4 Robonoids: 7500 
5 Robonoids: 15500 
Dot: 100 
Super Dot: 200 
Trick (remove ground from under Robonoid): 500 
Bonus at end of round: 500 X number of Robonoids destroyed

References

1983 video games
Arcade video games
Maze games
PlayStation Network games
SNK games
SNK Playmore games
Video games developed in Japan
Naval co-operation and guidance for shipping. Naval co-operation and guidance for shipping (NCAGS) is a naval doctrinal term. Naval personnel are trained to carry out NCAGS establish and provide advice for safe passage of merchant ships worldwide, during times of peace, tension, crisis and war. NCAGS personnel act as a liaison between military commanders and the civil authorities. During war, the NCAGS organization may be responsible for establishing a convoy. NCAGS is used by many NATO countries during exercises such as Bell Buoy. NCAGS has been an important part of the naval reserves.

Previously, the doctrinal term used was naval control of shipping.

NCAGS is often a joint effort between countries, and NATO maintains a dedicated NCAGS presence at the NATO Shipping Centre, part of Allied Maritime Command in Northwood, UK. It conducts multinational exercises to strengthen ties between national navies and the civilian shipping industry.

NCAGS exercises such as Exercise Lucky Mariner test NCAGS skills.

NCAGS can sometimes be confused with Allied Worldwide Navigational Information System (AWNIS), which is a completely different set of skills in this area.

United Kingdom Maritime Trade Operations
After 2001, the UK Royal Navy created a Naval Reserve–manned UK Maritime Trade Operations (UKMTO) office in Dubai to coordinate and exchange information with merchant traffic in the Arabian Sea to help counter Somali piracy. It acts as the primary point of contact for merchant ships to connect and liaison with military forces in the Arabian Sea, Red Sea and Persian Gulf. 

The Maritime Trade Information Centre (MTIC) in Portsmouth, UK, supports UKMTO outputs.

The UK Maritime Trade Operations office often releases warnings as well as reports regarding maritime activity - for example, it details instances of piracy and publicly warns nearby vessels - in its areas of responsibility. The UKMTO has over 26 thousand followers on X, as of April 2024.

NCAGS in the US Navy 
In the US Navy, NCAGS is a function that is staffed by the Navy Reserve. As of 2018, it was composed of:

 NCAGS Norfolk supporting US Fleet Forces
 NCAGS San Diego supporting US Third Fleet
 NCAGS Houston supporting US Fourth Fleet
 NCAGS Chicago supporting US Fifth Fleet
 NCAGS New York supporting US Sixth Fleet
 NCAGS Kitsap supporting US Seventh Fleet

References

External links
 NATO Shipping Centre
 PACIO Shipping Working Group

Ship management
United States Department of Defense doctrine
HTT Pléthore. The HTT Pléthore was a Canadian concept car, developed and produced by HTT Automobile in Quebec.

History

It debuted at the 2007 Montreal International Auto Show as a pre-production prototype under the name "Locus Pléthore", under the supervision of Luc Chartrand. It has a supercharged 6.2L V8 LS9 with  and  of torque or an optional high performance homemade V8 engine with . This engine is supported by Pratt & Miller and based on the supercharged V8 from the Corvette ZR1. The chassis and body are made entirely out of carbon fibre with no engine subframe, resulting in the chassis being exceptionally rigid. The car will weigh approximately  and, if mated to the  engine, will have a power-to-weight ratio equivalent to that of a Formula One race car. Two prototypes were constructed, the second suggests a center seating position previously featured in the McLaren F1, 1966 Ferrari 365 P prototype, and the 1969 Bizzarrini Manta Concept. HTT Automobile planned to custom build a limited lifetime production run of 99 Pléthores.

Debut

On February 16, 2011, the Pléthore was featured on CBC's Dragon's Den. Sébastien Forest & Carl Descoteaux put forward their pitch for Canada's first supercar, asking $1.5 million for 20% of their company. Subject to completion of due diligence, W. Brett Wilson and Robert Herjavec offered to become partners in the company by purchasing 20% of the company for $1 million, providing an additional $500,000 in loans, and acquiring the rights to purchase 3 Pléthores at cost, including the first car to be sold in Canada. This deal fell through after the transmission failed during a test drive, however an unidentified party stepped in after their television appearance with the necessary funding. HTT planned to make 6-7 cars a year, with 6 cars registered as pre-sold. The HTT Pléthore also made an appearance in the video game Asphalt 8: Airborne, and is set to make an appearance in Asphalt Legends Unite.

Resurgence 
In 2013, the HTT Pléthore was revamped to the previous model with an even more powerful engine. HTT called it the LC-1300, for its supposed 1,300 horsepower 8.2L V10 taken from the Dodge Viper.

References

Cars of Canada
Sports cars
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Quebec
Canadian brands
Rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicles
HTT Pléthore
Project Oxygen. Project Oxygen is a research project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory to develop pervasive, human-centered computing.  The Oxygen architecture is to consist of handheld terminals, computers embedded in the environment, and dynamically configured networks which connect these devices. A Project Oxygen device, the H21, exhibits similarities to the iPhone. As of 2021, Project Oxygen devices have never been officially used in wider society.

References

External links
 MIT Project Oxygen

Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Usability
Greenprinting. Greenprinting relates to the conservation of land. Greenprinting is the creation of conservation scenarios that help communities make informed conservation decisions.

Greenprinting can galvanize public support and encourage partners to work toward common conservation goals. Greenprinting often involves use of state-of-the-art maps and models created with Geographic Information System (GIS) software that combines layers of spatial and demographic information to guide growth management efforts.

Publications 
 Local Greenprinting for Growth
 The Trust For Public Land - Greenprinting Case Studies
 The Trust for Public Land - Greenprinting for Growth in Texas
 Vision North Texas Greenprinting Project Presentation Jan 27th 2007
 Vision North Texas Greenprinting Project Status Report March 20th 2008

References

External links
 The Trust for Public Land

Environmental conservation
Environmental planning
Parks
Davies attack. In cryptography, the Davies attack is a dedicated statistical cryptanalysis method for attacking the Data Encryption Standard (DES). The attack was originally created in 1987 by Donald Davies. In 1994, Eli Biham and Alex Biryukov made significant improvements to the technique. It is a known-plaintext attack based on the non-uniform distribution of the outputs of pairs of adjacent S-boxes. It works by collecting many known plaintext/ciphertext pairs and calculating the empirical distribution of certain characteristics. Bits of the key can be deduced given sufficiently many known plaintexts, leaving the remaining bits to be found through brute force. There are tradeoffs between the number of required plaintexts, the number of key bits found, and the probability of success; the attack can find 24 bits of the key with 252 known plaintexts and 53% success rate.

The Davies attack can be adapted to other Feistel ciphers besides DES. In 1998, Pornin developed techniques for analyzing and maximizing a cipher's resistance to this kind of cryptanalysis.

References
 
 
 

Cryptographic attacks
Data Encryption Standard
Card stock. Card stock, also called cover stock and pasteboard, is paper that is thicker and more durable than normal writing and printing paper, but thinner and more flexible than other forms of paperboard.

Card stock is often used for business cards, postcards, playing cards, catalogue covers, scrapbooking, and other applications requiring more durability than regular paper gives. The surface usually is smooth; it may be textured, metallic, or glossy. When card stock is labeled cover stock, it often has a glossy coating on one or both sides (C1S or C2S, for "coated: one side" or "coated: two sides"); this is used especially in business cards and book covers.

Measurements

Most nations describe paper in terms of grammage—the weight in grams of one sheet of the paper measuring one square meter.

Other people, especially in the United States, describe paper in terms of pound weight—the weight in pounds per ream (500 sheets) of the paper with a given area (based on historical production sizes before trimming): for card stock, this is ; as compared to newsprint (thinner paper) of . In describing paper, the pound is often symbolized by the pound symbol, #. Because of the difference in the way pound weight is determined, a sheet of 65# card stock is thicker and heavier than a sheet of 80# newsprint.

The weight of cardstock ranges from 50# to 110# (about 135 to 300 g/m2).

Rather than as a function of weight per sheet of a given area, paper thickness can be measured and stated directly, in units of linear measure. In the United States, this usually is expressed in thousandths of an inch, often abbreviated thou points (pt. and pts.) and mils. For example, a 10 pt. card is  thick (corresponding to a weight of about 250 g/m2), and 12 pt. is . The thou point (1/1,000 inch) differs from the typographical point (1/12 traditional pica = exactly 0.01383 inch = 0.35136 mm).
 
The length and width of card stock often are stated in terms of the ISO system of paper sizes, in which specific dimensions are implied by numbers prefixed with the letter A. Card stock labeled A3, for example, measures 420 × 297 mm (16.5 × 11.7 in).

See also 
 Construction paper
 Paper density

References 

Paper
Printing terminology
Raether limit. The Raether limit is the physical limiting value of the multiplication factor () or gas gain in an ionization avalanche process (Townsend avalanche). 

Even though, theoretically, it seems as if  can increase without limit (exponentially), physically, it is limited to about  or  (where  is the first Townsend coefficient and  is the length of the path of ionization, starting from the point of the primary ionization).

Heinz Raether postulated that this was due to the effect of the space charge on the electric field.

The multiplication factor or gas gain is of fundamental importance for the operation of the proportional counter and Geiger counter ionizing radiation detectors.

Sources

 The Mechanism of the Electric Spark, Leonard Benedict Loeb, John M. Meek. Stanford University Press, 1941 
 High Voltage Engineering, M S Naidu, V Kamarju.  Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2009 

Particle detectors
Ionization
Electrical phenomena
Avoidance reaction. Avoidance reaction is a term used in the description of the movement of paramecium. This helps the cell avoid obstacles and causes other objects to bounce off of the cell's outer membrane. The paramecium does this by reversing the direction in which its cilia beat. This results in stopping, spinning or turning, after which point the paramecium resumes swimming forward. If multiple avoidance reactions follow one another, it is possible for a paramecium to swim backward, though not as smoothly as swimming forward.

Avoidance reaction occurs when the cell hits an obstruction, providing an anterior, mechanical stimulus:
The cell will then reverse.
It will then stop and rotate.
Now facing a new direction, the cell will move off in that direction.

This process will continue until the cell is able to negotiate its way around the obstruction.

Movement of Paramecium cells is caused by control of calcium ions inside the cell and membrane potentials. The simplest explanation for the avoidance reaction is that membrane potential controls the influx of calcium ions, which regulates the beat frequency and angles of cilia on the surface of the cell.

References 

Oligohymenophorea
Stephen O. Rice. Stephen Oswald Rice (November 29, 1907 – November 18, 1986) was a pioneer in the related fields of information theory, communications theory, and telecommunications.

Biography
Rice was born in Shedds, Oregon (later renamed Shedd).

He received a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering from Oregon State University and did graduate work at Caltech and at Columbia University. He worked for nearly forty years at Bell Labs. At Bell Labs, Rice discovered the Rice distribution and Rice's formula.  In 1957–58 he was a visiting professor at Harvard University.

His paper “Mathematical Analysis of Random Noise”, published in the Bell System Technical Journal divided over two issues, is considered as a classic reference in its field.

He died in La Jolla, California.

Awards and honors
 He was elected to member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1977.
 In 1983 he was awarded the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal.
 The IEEE Communications Society named a paper prize after him: the Stephen O. Rice Prize for best paper in the field of communications theory.

References

1907 births
1986 deaths
American electrical engineers
Oregon State University alumni
Scientists at Bell Labs
Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering
20th-century American engineers
Replenishment. Replenishment may refer to:

Processes and projects 
 Beach replenishment or Beach nourishment, a coastal-management process that artificially replaces sediments lost to erosion
 Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment, an inventory-management scheme trademarked by the Voluntary Interindustry Commerce Standards Association
 Lake Chad replenishment project, a proposed major water-diversion scheme to channel water from the Ubangi River to Lake Chad
 Replenishment (photography), a process used in processing photographic paper and film

Ships 
 Replenishment oiler, a naval auxiliary ship that can conduct underway replenishment on the high seas
 Underway replenishment, a method of transferring fuel, munitions, and stores from one ship to another while under way
 Vertical replenishment, a method of supplying seaborne vessels by helicopter

See also 
 Replenish (disambiguation)