omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Inland saline aquaculture. Inland saline aquaculture is the farming or culture of aquatic animals and plants using inland (i.e. non-coastal) sources of saline groundwater rather than the more common coastal aquaculture methods. As a side benefit, it can be used to reduce the amount of salt in underground water tables, leading to an improvement in the surrounding land usage for agriculture. Due to its nature, it is only commercially possible in areas that have large reserves of saline groundwater, such as Australia.

Systems

Extensive culture 
Extensive culture aquaculture systems are simple and with low levels of intervention. An example of this would be a salty dam, lake or pond stocked with trout, where no food is needed to be added as the fish can feed off what naturally occurs in the water. While they required little capital investment or management time, their productivity is relatively low.

Intensive culture 
Intensive culture requires more capital outlay and greater management time. Often they use purpose-built facilities (e.g. tanks), artificial food and aeration and constant monitoring of water quality. It has much higher productivity rates, but associated high levels of feeding, labour, water pumping and capital costs.

Semi-intensive culture 
Semi-intensive culture is in between extensive and intensive culture. It may range from adding some artificial feed to an extensive system or some aeration and waste management. Costs rise as more inputs are added.

Suitable species

Fish 
 Rainbow trout - robust, fast growth, require low water temperatures, may be limited to winter production
 Brown trout - robust, fast growth, require low water temperatures, may be limited to winter production
 Barramundi - needs higher temperatures, tolerant in a large range of salinity levels
 Macquarie perch - wide tolerance over range of salinity and water quality levels, not suitable for commercial quantities
 Silver Perch - suitable for extensive and intensive systems, prefers warmer water
 Snapper

Other species 
 Crustaceans - brine, shrimp, prawns - these can be included as part of a wastewater treatment program as some have the capacity to quickly clean water
 Molluscs - mussels
 Algae - both unicellular and "seaweeds" can be used to extract a range of high-value products, including pharmaceutical chemicals.

Mixing species

Chain system 
Some inland aquaculture systems involve using a range of separated species to increase its productivity. An example of this would be where water is used to culture a fish specifies, which is then diverted to tanks of shellfish which feed on the fine particles left by the fish, which then is diverted to algae species which remove the dissolved nutrients, and then last of all the water is sent to a horticultural system.

Polyculture 

Separate from this type of system is polyculture, where two or more species are cultured in the same water, possibly multiple fish species or a fish and mollusc species.

See also
 List of harvested aquatic animals by weight

External links 

Aquaculture
ChessMachine. The ChessMachine was a chess computer sold between 1991 and 1995 by TASC (The Advanced Software Company). It was unique at the time for incorporating both an ARM2 coprocessor for the chess engine on an ISA card which plugged into an IBM PC and a software interface running on the PC to display a chess board and control the engine. 

The ISA card was sold with a CPU running at either 16 MHz or 32 MHz, and 128 KB, 512 KB, or 1 MB of onboard memory for transposition tables. This made economic sense at the time of introduction because mainstream PCs were only running from 10 MHz to 25 MHz. 

Two engines were sold with the card: The King by Johann de Koning and Gideon by Ed Schröder. Gideon was famed for winning two World Computer Chess Championships on this hardware. The King later became the engine used in the popular Chessmaster series of chess programs.

TASC later incorporated the technology into a dedicated unit, sold from 1993 to 1997. There were two models, the R30 and R40, running at 30 MHz and 40 MHz respectively, and having 512 KB and 1 MB of transposition tables, respectively. 

The SmartBoard, a wooden sensory board, was connected to the units, which were in tiny boxes approximately the size of chess clocks. They were only sold with The King chess engine. 

This was the end of the era of strong dedicated chess computers, and these two models are acknowledged as the strongest dedicated chess computers that were ever sold. At the height of its strength, the R30 attained a rating over 2350 on computer rating lists, higher than any other dedicated unit. According to the SSDF rating list, the R30 held its own against its contemporary programs running a Pentium-90 MHz and won against other dedicated units.

References
Swedish Chess Computer Association (SSDF) - R30 entry
Gideon on the Chessmachine
Schachcomputer.info - The Wiki for chess computers 

Chess computers
ARM-based home computers
Computer-related introductions in 1991
Rectisol. Rectisol is the trade name for an acid gas removal process that uses methanol as a solvent to separate acid gases such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from valuable feed gas streams. By doing so, the feed gas is made more suitable for combustion and/or further processing. Rectisol is used most often to treat synthesis gas (primarily hydrogen and carbon monoxide) produced by gasification of coal or heavy hydrocarbons, as the methanol solvent is well able to remove trace contaminants such as ammonia, mercury, and hydrogen cyanide usually found in these gases.  As an acid gas and large component of valuable feed gas streams, CO2 is separated during the methanol solvent regeneration.

Process description

In the Rectisol process (licensed by both Linde AG and Air Liquide), cold methanol at approximately –40 °F (–40 °C) dissolves (absorbs) the acid gases from the feed gas at relatively high pressure, usually 400 to 1000 psia (2.76 to 6.89 MPa). The rich solvent containing the acid gases is then let down in pressure to release and recover the acid gases. The Rectisol process can operate selectively to recover hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide as separate streams, so that the hydrogen sulfide can be sent to either a Claus unit for conversion to elemental sulfur or a WSA Process unit to recover sulfuric acid, while at the same time the carbon dioxide can be sequestered (CCS) or used for enhanced oil recovery.

Rectisol, like Selexol and Purisol, is a physical solvent, unlike amine based acid gas removal solvents that rely on a chemical reaction with the acid gases. Methanol as a solvent is inexpensive compared to the proprietary Selexol and Purisol solvents. The Rectisol process requires more electrical energy for refrigeration to maintain the low temperatures required but it also requires less steam energy for regeneration. Although capital costs for methanol solvent (Rectisol) units are higher than proprietary solvent units, methanol as a cold, physical solvent can remove greater percentages of acid gas components providing a higher purity cleaned gas.

The Rectisol process is very flexible and can be configured to address the separation of synthesis gas into various components, depending on the final products that are desired from the gas. It is very suitable to complex schemes where a combination of products are needed, such as for example hydrogen, carbon monoxide, ammonia and methanol synthesis gases and fuel gas side streams.

See also

Hydrodesulfurization
Selexol
Amine treating
Sour gas

References

External links
Rectisol Wash

Chemical processes
Acid gas control
Natural gas
Oil refining
3DA. 3DA was an alliance formed between The Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) and Hewlett-Packard (HP) in September 1995.  Its purpose was to unify SCO's OpenServer product, UnixWare (newly acquired from Novell), and HP-UX from HP; the resulting product would then become the de facto Unix standard for both existing x86 systems and the upcoming IA-64 processor architecture from Intel.

In September 1996, SCO announced that they were offering a "code-level preview" of the system, codenamed Gemini.

By 1998 the alliance had ground to a halt, setting the stage for Project Monterey.

References

 
 

HP software
Unix history
Optical Review. Optical Review is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1994 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media in partnership with the Optical Society of Japan. The editor-in-chief is Masahiro Yamaguchi. The journal publishes research and review papers in all subdisciplines of optical science and optical engineering.

Subdisciplines include general and physical optics, spectroscopy, quantum optics, optical computing, photonics, optoelectronics, lasers, nonlinear optics, environmental optics, adaptive optics, and space optics. Optics regarding the visible spectrum, infrared, and short wavelength optics are also included. Coverage encompasses required materials as well as suitable manufacturing tools, technologies, and methodologies.

Abstracting and indexing 
The journal is abstracted and/or indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2020 impact factor of 0.890.

See also 
 Applied Physics Express
 Japanese Journal of Applied Physics

References

External links 
 
 Optical Review at Optical Society of Japan website
 NLM Catalog

Optics journals
Science and technology in Japan
Academic journals established in 1994
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
English-language journals
Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies
EEGLAB. EEGLAB is a MATLAB toolbox distributed under the free BSD license for processing data from electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and other electrophysiological signals. Along with all the basic processing tools, EEGLAB implements independent component analysis (ICA), time/frequency analysis, artifact rejection, and several modes of data visualization. EEGLAB allows users to import their electrophysiological data in about 20 binary file formats, preprocess the data, visualize activity in single trials, and perform ICA. Artifactual ICA components may be subtracted from the data. Alternatively, ICA components representing brain activity may be further processed and analyzed. EEGLAB also allows users to group data from several subjects, and to cluster their independent components.

History
In 1997, a set of data processing functions was first released on the Internet by Scott Makeig in the Computational Neurobiology Laboratory directed by Terry Sejnowski at the Salk Institute, under the name “the ICA/EEG toolbox”. In 2000, Arnaud Delorme designed a graphical user interface on top of these functions along with some of his artifact removal functions, and released the first version of the “EEGLAB software for artifact removal”. In 2003, Delorme and Makeig joined efforts to release the first stable and fully documented version of EEGLAB. In 2004, EEGLAB was awarded funding by the NIH for continued development of research software.

See also

Other open-source toolboxes for neurophysiological signals processing include:

 MNE-Python (Python)
 Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox (MatLab)
 NeuroKit (Python)

References 

Free mathematics software
Magnetoencephalography
Electroencephalography
Containerized housing unit. A containerized housing unit, usually abbreviated as CHU (and sometimes called containerized living unit or CLU) is an ISO shipping container pre-fabricated into a living quarters. Such containers can be transported by container ships, railroad cars, planes, and trucks that are capable of transporting intermodal freight transport cargo.

Container housing units are related to the site and land occupied during a certain amount of time by the need of water supply and excavation, electricity, telecommunications, etc. Plug-in city is a concept that is developing as more units capable of moving by intermodal means are brought up to the market. Local site is thus of most importance on correct container housing units use.  An example of CLU housing is at the Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa base (Camp Lemonnier) in Djibouti.

Modular shipping containers are typically referred to as isotainers. In some military applications, the slang terms "Combat Housing Unit" or "cans" has also gained acceptance.

First developed by Malcom McLean to transport cargo, freight containers withstand much abuse. Freight container housing is becoming more and more popular. Shipping container architecture is a form of architecture using steel intermodal containers (shipping containers) as structural elements.

Reefer container housing units

Reefer containers can be repurposed for container housing or prefabricated for housing purposes.  The advantage is the insulation in the walls, ceiling, and floor compared to corrugated metal in standard shipping containers that can get very hot or cold from the weather outside. Prefabricated reefer containers with the wiring ran through the walls and the plumbing ran through the ceiling and floor before the insulation, interior walls, and floors are installed would be more practical than trying to do that with a repurposed used reefer container.

As prisons
In Eritrea, shipping containers are sometimes used to house prisoners without a trial. Placed in the middle of deserts, these converted containers get hot during daytime and cold during nighttime. This has widely been considered an abuse of human rights.

See also
 Shipping container architecture
 Affordable housing
 Manufactured housing
 Prefabricated building
 Prefabricated home

References

External links
 movable container club

Freight rolling stock
Packaging
Intermodal containers
NPE. NPE may refer to:

Transport
 Napier Airport, New Zealand, by IATA code
 New Pantai Expressway, an expressway in Klang Valley region, Malaysia
 Nationale Plattform Elektromobilität, the German National Platform for Electric Mobility

Science and technology
 New political economy, a sub-school within the field of political economy
 Nonylphenol ethoxylates, mixtures of nonionic surfactants
 Non-paternity event, a paternal relationship that is shown to be false through DNA testing
 Norton Power Eraser, a tool that scans a computer system for threats
 Null pointer exception, a form of  run-time error in many programming languages

Other
 National Party of Europe, in politics
 National Policy on Education, in India
 New Popular Edition, maps published by the Ordnance Survey
 Non-practicing entity, a type of patent owner
Skynet 5A. Skynet 5A is the first in a series of new-generation Skynet military communications satellites, used by the British Ministry of Defence. It was launched aboard an Ariane 5 carrier rocket at 22:03 GMT on 11 March 2007.

Launch
Skynet 5A was one of two payloads orbited by the first Arianespace Ariane 5 launch of 2007. India's INSAT 4B communications satellite was launched on the same rocket.

It was originally planned for launch on 10 March, but due to a problem with a sensor controlling the launch pad water deluge system, the launch was delayed one day.

Construction
Skynet 5A was built by EADS Astrium, who also selected Ariane 5 as the carrier rocket to launch all three Skynet 5-series satellites. Their design is based on the Eurostar E3000 satellite bus.

Use
Skynet 5A is being used to provide secure communications services for the British armed forces and NATO. Skynet 5A had a launch mass of 4.7 tonnes, and operates with a payload power of 5 kilowatts, four times more than the previous-generation Skynet 4 satellites.

It is operated by Paradigm Secure Communications, a commercial organisation which is a wholly owned subsidiary of EADS Astrium, on behalf of the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence.

Skynet 5A is located at 6 degrees East

References

See also

 Skynet (satellites)

Communications satellites in geostationary orbit
Military satellites of the United Kingdom
Spacecraft launched in 2007
Satellites using the Eurostar bus
Spacecraft launched by Ariane rockets
Cahn–Hilliard equation. The Cahn–Hilliard equation (after John W. Cahn and John E. Hilliard) is an equation of mathematical physics which describes the process of phase separation, spinodal decomposition, by which the two components of a binary fluid spontaneously separate and form domains pure in each component.  If  is the concentration of the fluid, with  indicating domains, then the equation is written as

where  is a diffusion coefficient with units of  and  gives the length of the transition regions between the domains.  Here  is the partial time derivative and  is the Laplacian in  dimensions.  Additionally, the quantity  is identified as a chemical potential.

Related to it is the Allen–Cahn equation, as well as the stochastic Allen–Cahn and the stochastic Cahn–Hilliard equations.

Features and applications

Of interest to mathematicians is the existence of a unique solution of the Cahn–Hilliard equation, given by smooth initial data.  The proof relies essentially on the existence of a Lyapunov functional.  Specifically, if we identify

as a free energy functional, then

so that the free energy does not grow in time.  This also indicates segregation into domains is the asymptotic outcome of the evolution of this equation.

In real experiments, the segregation of an initially mixed binary fluid into domains is observed.  The segregation is characterized by the following facts.

 There is a transition layer between the segregated domains, with a profile given by the function  and hence a typical width  because this function is an equilibrium solution of the Cahn–Hilliard equation.
 Of interest also is the fact that the segregated domains grow in time as a power law.  That is, if  is a typical domain size, then .  This is the Lifshitz–Slyozov law, and has been proved rigorously for the Cahn–Hilliard equation and observed in numerical simulations and real experiments on binary fluids.
 The Cahn–Hilliard equation has the form of a conservation law,  with . Thus the phase separation process conserves the total concentration , so that .
 When one phase is significantly more abundant, the Cahn–Hilliard equation can show the phenomenon known as Ostwald ripening, where the minority phase forms spherical droplets, and the smaller droplets are absorbed through diffusion into the larger ones.

The Cahn–Hilliard equation finds applications in diverse fields: in complex fluids and soft matter (interfacial fluid flow, polymer science and in industrial applications). The solution of the Cahn–Hilliard equation for a binary mixture demonstrated to coincide well with the solution of a Stefan problem and the model of Thomas and Windle. Of interest to researchers at present is the coupling of the phase separation of the Cahn–Hilliard equation to the Navier–Stokes equations of fluid flow.

See also
 Allen–Cahn equation
 Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation

Further reading 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 T. Ursell, “Cahn–Hilliard Kinetics and Spinodal Decomposition in a Diffuse System,” California Institute of Technology (2007).

References 

Equations of fluid dynamics
Partial differential equations
Equations
Frederick Grover. Frederick Warren Grover (September 3, 1876  – January 30, 1973) was an American physicist and electrical engineer.

Grover worked as a physicist at the National Bureau of Standards, and he went to study with Arnold Sommerfeld at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in 1907.  He was awarded his doctorate in 1908, and his thesis dealt with precision measurements and theory of eddy currents to determine a new method for finding the conductivity of metals.  Upon receipt of his doctorate, he again worked at the National Bureau of Standards.  Later, as Professor of Electrical Engineering, he taught at Union College in Schenectady, New York from 1920 to 1946.

Grover received a B.S. degree from MIT in 1899, an M.S. degree from Wesleyan University in 1901, a Ph.D. degree from George Washington University in 1907, and a second Ph.D. degree from the University of Munich, Germany in 1908.

Publications
 Frederick W. Grover Additions to Inductance Formulas, Scientific Paper #320, Bulletin of the Bureau of Standards 14 555-570 (1918)
Frederick W. Grover Tables for the Calculation of the Inductance of Circular Coils of Rectangular Cross Section, Scientific Paper #455, Scientific Papers of the Bureau of Standards 18 451-487 (1922)
Frederick W. Grover Formulas and Tables for the Calculation of the Inductance of Coils of Polygonal Form, Scientific Paper #468, Scientific Papers of the Bureau of Standards 18 737-762 (1922)
 Frederick W. Grover The Calculation of the Inductance of Single-Layer Coils and Spirals Wound with Wire of Large Cross Section, Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers (1929)
 Frederick W. Grover Inductance Calculations: Working Formulas and Tables (Van Nostrand, 1946 and Dover, 1962 and 2004)

References
 Michael Eckert Mathematics, Experiments, and Theoretical Physics: The Early Days of the Sommerfeld School, Journal Physics in Perspective Volume 1, Number 3, pp. 238–252 (1999)

Notes

1876 births
1973 deaths
American physicists
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
Wesleyan University alumni
George Washington University alumni
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich alumni
Pratt & Whitney J48. The Pratt & Whitney J48  (company designation JT7 Turbo-Wasp) is a turbojet engine developed by Pratt & Whitney as a license-built version of the Rolls-Royce Tay. The Tay/J48 was an enlarged development of the Rolls-Royce Nene (Pratt & Whitney J42).

Design and development

In 1947, at the behest of the United States Navy, Pratt & Whitney entered into an agreement to produce the Rolls-Royce Nene centrifugal-flow turbojet engine under license as the J42 (company designation JT6), for use in the Grumman F9F Panther fighter aircraft. Concerned that the Nene would not have the potential to cope with future weight growth in improved versions of the Panther, Luke Hobbs, vice president of engineering for P&W's parent company, the United Aircraft Corporation, requested that Rolls-Royce design a more powerful engine based on the Nene, which Pratt & Whitney would also produce.

By 1948, Rolls-Royce had designed the Tay turbojet, also a centrifugal-flow design. However, as Rolls-Royce was then developing an improved design with an axial compressor, which would become the Avon, the development and production of the Tay turbojet was left to Pratt & Whitney. However, Rolls-Royce retained the rights to the Tay outside of the United States.

The Tay/J48 was a thirty percent enlargement of the preceding Nene/J42, and was produced both with and without afterburning.

Operational history
Several aircraft types used the J48 engine during the 1950s, including the Grumman F9F-5 Panther. and Grumman F9F-6/F9F-8 Cougar, The U.S. Air Force's Lockheed F-94C Starfire and North American YF-93 used afterburning versions of the J48 engine.

Variants
Data from The Engines of Pratt & Whitney: A Technical History.

J48-P-1  dry,  thrust with afterburning
J48-P-2 ,  thrust with water injection
J48-P-3 ,  thrust with afterburning
J48-P-5 ,  thrust with afterburning
J48-P-6 ,  thrust with water injection
J48-P-6a ,  thrust with water injection
J48-P-7 ,  thrust with afterburning
J48-P-8  thrust
J48-P-8A  thrust
 Turbo-Wasp JT-7 Commercial engines / company designation

Applications
 Grumman F9F-5 Panther
 Grumman F9F-6/-8 Cougar
 Lockheed F-94C Starfire
 North American YF-93

Specifications (J48-P-8A)

See also

References
Notes

Bibliography

External links

 Pratt & Whitney History page on the J48

Tay
1940s turbojet engines
Centrifugal-flow turbojet engines