omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Operational display system. Operational Display Systems are systems used for tracking the status of multiple objects in avionics.  Operational Display Systems are usually being developed by large countries' civil aviation authorities (such as the Federal Aviation Administration in the United States, or the main Service Providers in Europe, such as DFS, NATS, DSNA, ENAIRE,  MUAC, etc., coordinated by Eurocontrol in Europe), with inputs from technology companies and air traffic controllers associations.

Air traffic control systems gradually evolved from the old sweeping radar to modern computer-driven systems showing maps, weather information, aircraft routes and digitized radar tracks on an ergonomically-designed console.

Whereas in the past the information came only from a radar, current systems use inputs from a variety of sources.  Radar is still used (multiple sources instead of just one), but is now complemented by  transponder data (the aircraft sending out information regarding altitude and identifications) and soon satellite data (for more accurate positioning and overseas navigation).

As most data is now digital, this opens the way for extra functionalities to be embedded in the modern Operational Display System, such as trajectory prediction, conflict warnings, traffic flow management, arrival optimisation, etc. Two separate competing systems are currently operating within the US, Common ARTS (Automated Radar Terminal System (Lockheed Martin)) and STARS (Raytheon), with Common ARTS operating at the busiest facilities (New York, Dallas, Atlanta, Southern California, Chicago, Washington D.C. area, Denver, St. Louis, Minneapolis and San Francisco area) within the US.

On the display side, the round radar is being replaced by computer-driven cathode-ray tubes, which now are being replaced by modern LCD flat screens in en route systems. However a great many US Air Traffic TRACON facilities and Towers still use the older cathode-ray tube technology. Most of the larger TRACONs employ a 20" x 20" Sony color tube display; Common ARTS uses the ARTS Color Display (ACD) and the Remote ARTS Color Display (R-ACD), while STARS uses the Terminal Control Workstation (TCW) and Tower Display Workstation (TDW). Towers are slowly replacing old DBrite (cathode ray type remote displays) with an LCD type manufactured by Barco. However these display replacements are currently installed only at the busiest facilities with lower density traffic facilities slated for retrofit later.

Avionics
Nibbles (video game). Nibbles, also known by the source code's file name NIBBLES.BAS, is a variant of the snake video game concept used to demonstrate the QBasic programming language. Nibbles was written in QBasic by Rick Raddatz, who later went on to create small businesses such as Xiosoft and Bizpad.

Gameplay

The game's objective is to navigate a virtual snake through a walled space while consuming numbers (from 1 through 9) along the way. The player must avoid colliding with walls, other snakes or their own snake. Since the length of the snake increases with each number consumed, the game becomes more difficult over time.  After the last number has been eaten, the player progresses to the next level, with more complex obstacles and increased speed. There is a multiplayer mode which allows a second player to control a second snake by using a different set of keys on the same keyboard.

Development
Nibbles was included with MS-DOS version 5.0 and above.  Written in QBasic, it is one of the programs included as a demonstration of that programming language.  The QBasic game uses the standard 80x25 text screen to emulate an 80x50 grid by making clever use of foreground and background colors, and the ANSI characters for full blocks and half-height blocks. Microsoft's 24kB QBasic version was copyrighted in 1990. Due to MS-DOS's prevalence at the time, it was available on almost every IBM PC compatible in the early 1990s.

See also
 GORILLA.BAS
 DONKEY.BAS

References

External links
MS-DOS 5 included games at MobyGames

1991 video games
BASIC software
Commercial video games with freely available source code
DOS games
Linux games
MacOS games
Microsoft games
Multiplayer and single-player video games
Snake video games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Block plane. A block plane is a small metal-bodied woodworking hand plane which typically has the blade bedded at a lower angle than other planes, with the bevel up. It is designed to cut end grain and do touchup or finish work. It is typically small enough to be used with one hand.

Description 
Block planes vary in length from . The most common standard angled block planes have the blade angled at ~20°. Low angle block planes have the blade angled at ~12°.

Origin 
According to Patrick's Stanley Blood and Gore, Stanley marketing materials describe the origin of the name of this tool as follows: "A Block Plane was first made to meet the demand for a Plane which could be easily held in one hand while planing across the grain, particularly the ends of boards, etc. This latter work many Carpenters call 'Blocking in', hence the name 'Block' Plane." Tradition also claims that the block plane gets its name from its traditional use to level and remove cleaver marks from butchers' blocks that were built with the end grain facing up.

It is a common modern error to refer to older wooden-bodied bench planes as block planes, as they were made from a block of wood. Historically, the term “block plane” was not used before it was applied to small metal-bodied planes, which were designed and produced beginning in the 1860s.

Usage 
A block plane is frequently used for paring end grain. This is possible because a block plane has its blade set at a shallow bed angle, allowing the blade to slice through end grain more efficiently; furthermore, for this to work, the plane is frequently held at an angle sometimes as much as 45 degrees to the direction of travel, so that the cutting edge slices the wood fibers as they pass from one end of the cutting edge to the other.

A block plane has many other uses in woodworking. Typically, it is used for cleaning up components by removing thin shavings of wood in order to make a component fit within fine tolerances. Chamfering (angling square edges) and removing glue lines are some of the other uses woodworkers find for the block plane.

References

Planes
Hand tools
Woodworking hand tools
Smoothing plane. A smoothing plane or smooth plane is a type of bench plane used in woodworking. The smoothing plane is typically the last plane used on a wood surface, removing very fine shavings to leave a smooth finish. When used effectively it quickly produces a finish that equals or surpasses that made by sandpaper.

Description and history 
The smoothing plane is the shortest of the bench planes. Under the Stanley Bailey numbering system for metal-bodied planes #1 to #4 are smoothing planes, with lengths ranging from  to . The #4 plane, which is  in length, is the most common smoothing plane in use. Historically wooden smoothing planes in the United States have typically been  long with irons  wide.

As with other bench planes, until the end of the 19th century the bodies of smoothing planes were predominantly wooden, typically made out of beech (Fagus sylvatica in Europe, Fagus grandifolia in North America). Wooden planes were largely superseded by iron-bodied planes and to a lesser extent transitional planes. Despite the predominance of the heavier iron-bodied planes, vintage wooden planes remain in common use, while new wooden smoothing planes are available from a small number of manufacturers.

Being smaller than other bench planes, the smoothing plane is better able to work on smaller workpieces and around obstructions. Since the 1700s wooden smoothing planes have predominantly been 'coffin shaped' – wider in the middle and slightly rounded – making them more manoeuvrable. It has also been claimed that the coffin design exposes more end grain, enabling the plane to better adjust to changes in humidity.

The irons (blades) on smoothing planes are often slightly rounded at the corners to minimise the risk of gouging out tracks or marks in the workpiece, and on a metal plane the throat or mouth is usually set tight to reduce the risk of tearout.

In Britain the name smoothing plane dates back to at least the 17th century.

Use 
A smoothing plane is typically used after the workpiece has been flattened and trued by the other bench planes, such as the jack, fore, and jointer planes. Smoothing planes can also be used to remove marks left by woodworking machinery.

When used effectively alongside other bench planes, the smoothing plane should only need a handful of passes removing shavings as fine as  or less. The workpiece is then ready to be finished, or can be further refined with a card scraper or sandpaper.

The smoothing plane is usually held with both hands, and used in a similar manner to the other bench planes. 

Though designed for smoothing, a smoothing plane can be used as an 'all-round' bench tool and for rougher work depending on how it is set up.

References

Planes

da:Høvl#Skrubhøvl, Slethøvl og Pudshøvl
Scrub plane. The scrub plane is a type of plane used to remove large amounts of wood from the surface of lumber, such as when eliminating cup or twist in the first stages of preparing rough stock, or when reducing the thickness of a board significantly. Scrub planes generally have a short sole, a relatively narrow but thick blade, a very wide mouth, and a deeply curved edge (of about a 3 inch to 7 inch radius) to make a deep, gouging cut.

A scrub plane is generally used in diagonal strokes across the face of a board, rather than parallel to the length of the board (along the grain) as with most other bench planes. In thicknessing or preparing rough stock, the scrub plane is usually followed by the jack plane, jointer plane, then smoothing plane.

Its function in modern woodworking has been largely replaced by power tools such as the thickness planer. A scrub plane can still be useful for planing boards too wide to fit through a thickness planer.

References 

Planes
Shoulder plane. The shoulder plane (also bullnose plane) is a plane tool with a blade flush with the edges of the plane, allowing trimming right up to the edge of a workpiece. Like a rebate plane, the shoulder plane's blade extends, therefore cuts, to the full width of the tool. The shoulder plane is used to trim the shoulders and faces of tenons. It is used when it is necessary to trim right into the concave corner where two surfaces of the same piece of wood meet perpendicularly. It is also commonly used to clean up dadoes (housings) and tenons for joinery.

Unlike the rebate plane, the shoulder plane is intended to cut end grain. There are therefore differences between it and a rebate plane in the angles at which the iron (blade) is set.

 There is a more acute angle between the iron and the sole of the tool. 
 The iron is set square across the tool rather than obliquely (skewed).
 The iron is set face down. The ground and honed bevel forming the edge is uppermost.

A shoulder plane also has a much finer set mouth, which allows finer shavings to be taken.

References
 

Planes
Transport (disambiguation). Transport is the movement of people or goods from place to place. 

Transport may also refer to:

Related terms
 Especially in military contexts, a vehicle used to carry supplies or personnel, e.g. transport aircraft (disambiguation) or troopship
 Transport industry
 Penal transportation, also known as "sentence to transport"

Biology and medicine 
 Movement of molecules or ions across cell membranes, including active transport and passive transport; see also secretion
 Movement of electrons in electron transport chains
 Movement of blood and other bodily fluids in the circulatory system

Geology and earth science 
 Movement of products of erosion, e.g. by a river, prior to their deposition as a sedimentary rock

Physics and technology 
 Transport phenomena, in physics, mechanisms by which particles or quantities move from one place to another
 In computer networking, the function of issuing and responding to service requests in transport layers and associated "transport protocols"
 Transport (recording), a device that handles a storage medium and extracts or records the information from and to it
 MPEG transport stream, a communications protocol for audio, video, and data
 Transport (SAP), a process of moving some or all the modifications from one SAP installation to another
 Transport layer, the fourth layer of the OSI model for networking

Other uses
 Transport Canada, a department of the government of Canada
 Transport (typeface), a typeface used on British, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese road signs
 Transport (constituency), functional constituency in Hong Kong
 Transport (band), an Australian band from Brisbane
 Transport (album), a 2016 studio album by Borderland

See also 
 Tranceport, a DJ mix album series
 Pontiac Trans Sport, a minivan built by Pontiac
 Outline of transport
 Transports (disambiguation)
 Transportation (disambiguation)
 Transport theory (disambiguation)
Inca rope bridge. Inca rope bridges are simple suspension bridges over  canyons, gorges and rivers (pongos) constructed by the Inca Empire.  The bridges were an integral part of the Inca road system and exemplify Inca innovation in engineering. Bridges of this type were useful since the Inca people did not use wheeled transport – traffic was limited to pedestrians and livestock – and they were frequently used by chasqui runners delivering messages throughout the Inca Empire.

Construction and maintenance 
The bridges were constructed using ichu grass woven into large bundles which were very strong.
Part of the bridge's strength and reliability came from the fact that each cable was replaced every year by local villagers as part of their mit'a public service or obligation. In some instances, these local peasants had the sole task of repairing these bridges so that the Inca highways or road systems could continue to function.  
Repairing these bridges was dangerous, with those performing repairs often facing death.

In 1615, in Quechua author Huamán Poma's manuscript The First New Chronicle, Poma illustrates the Guambo rope bridge in use. He describes the masonry bridges as a positive result of the Spanish colonization of Peru, as the new bridges prevented deaths from the dangerous repair work.

Famous examples
The greatest bridges of this kind were in the Apurímac Canyon along the main road north from Cusco; a famous example spans a 45-meter gap that is supposed to be the inspiration behind Thornton Wilder's 1928 Pulitzer Prize winning novel The Bridge of San Luis Rey (1927).

Made of grass, the last remaining Inca rope bridge, reconstructed every June, is the Q'iswa Chaka (Quechua for "rope bridge"), spanning the Apurimac River near Huinchiri, in Canas Province, Quehue District, Peru. Even though there is a modern bridge nearby, the residents of the region keep the ancient tradition and skills alive by renewing the bridge annually in June. Several family groups have each prepared a number of grass-ropes to be formed into cables at the site; others prepare mats for decking, and the reconstruction is a communal effort. The builders have indicated that effort is performed to honor their ancestors and the Pachamama (Earth Mother).

See also

 Carrick-a-Rede Rope Bridge, a rope suspension bridge in Northern Ireland
 Inca Bridge, rope bridge, secret entrance to Machu Picchu
 Simple suspension bridge. see the image of the Inca rope bridge built with modern materials and structural refinements
 Suspension bridge, modern suspended-deck type

References

Bibliography

 Showed the bridge at Huinchiri and predicted the art of building it would be lost within another generation, which proved untrue.
 Describes the documentary film directed by Jorge Carmona.

External links

 
 
 
 
 

Inca

Inca
Ropework
Footbridges
Suspension bridges
Cultural heritage of Peru
SFW. SFW may refer to:
 S.F.W., a 1994 film directed by Jefery Levy
 Safi Airways, an airline based in Afghanistan, ICAO designator SFW
 Science Fiction World (科幻世界), a monthly science fiction magazine in China
 Screen-Free Week, annual event where people shall turn off screens (formerly TV Turnoff Week and Digital Detox Week)
 Sensor Fuzed Weapon, a type of cluster bomb system
 Shoppers Food Warehouse, a supermarket chain based in the Washington, D.C., region
 Safe for work, Internet slang for material appropriate for workplaces or schools

See also 
 NSFW (disambiguation)
OpenAFS. OpenAFS is an open-source implementation of the Andrew distributed file system (AFS). AFS was originally developed at Carnegie Mellon University, and developed as a commercial product by the Transarc Corporation, which was subsequently acquired by IBM. At LinuxWorld on 15 August 2000, IBM announced their plans to release a version of their commercial AFS product under the IBM Public License. This became OpenAFS. Today, OpenAFS is actively developed for a wide range of operating system families including: AIX, Mac OS X, Darwin, HP-UX, Irix, Solaris, Linux, Microsoft Windows, FreeBSD, NetBSD.

Foundation 
The OpenAFS Foundation was established on May 20, 2013 as a non-profit organization dedicated to fostering the stability and growth of OpenAFS.

Governance
Governance of the project is split between the board of elders who consider issues of strategic direction, and the gatekeepers who control the source repository.

Licensing
Although there is no legal entity that owns the OpenAFS source code, copyright on many files is attributed to IBM.  Most of the source is covered by the IPL, however several files in the tree are covered by university vanity licenses.  All applicable licenses are listed in a file in the source repository called openafs/doc/LICENSE.

Development
The contributors over the last five years have made significant improvements to both the implementation and the AFS3 protocol without breaking interoperability with the IBM/Transarc releases.  Since that announcement was written, several large development projects have been integrated, such as: 64-bit MS-Windows support, MS-Windows 7 support, Apple-Mac OS X v10.4-v10.9 support, and the demand attach fileserver.

Many development projects are at various stages of completion.  The following are several prominent examples:

 Fileserver back-end utilizing object storage
 rxtcp
 rxgk
 rxk5
 Instrumentation framework
 Byte-range locking support

Deployment
The existing user base includes small single server cells as well as large multinational deployments spanning academia, private research laboratories, government, and commercial entities.  A small snapshot of the deployed AFS cells can be found by reviewing the contents of the CellServDB file distributed with OpenAFS.

References

External links

OpenAFS website
AFS Wiki

Network file systems
Free network-related software
IBM software
File systems supported by the Linux kernel
Spark printing. Spark printing is an obsolete form of computer printing and before that fax and chart recorder printing which uses a special paper coated with a conductive layer over a contrasting backing, originally black carbon over white paper but later aluminium over black paper.  Printing on this paper uses pulses of electric current to burn away spots of the conductive layer.  Typically, one or more electrodes are swept across the page perpendicular to the direction of paper motion to form a raster of potential burnt spots.

Western Union developed the paper for this printing technology in the late 1940s, under the trademark "Teledeltos".  The Western Union "Deskfax" fax machine, announced in 1948, was one of the first printers to use this technology.

Spark printing was a simple and inexpensive technology. The print quality was relatively poor, but at a time when conventional printers cost hundreds of pounds, spark printers' sub-£100 price was a major selling point. The other major downside is that they can only print onto special metallised paper and such an electrosensitive paper is no longer widely available, but is still sold as of 2020.

Models 

By 1979, the Comprint 912 was widely advertised as being faster, quieter, and less expensive than competitive matrix printers, with its "special aluminized 'silver paper'" being superior to ordinary paper, and "on those rare occasions when you really do need a plain bond paper copy, just run your Comprint 912 printout through your plain bond copy machine and you've got it."

The Sinclair ZX Printer, introduced in November 1981 for the low-end ZX81 (and later for the  ZX Spectrum) home computers used the spark printing method, and retailed for .

In the early 1980s, Casio released a "Mini Electro Printer", the FP-10 for some of their scientific calculators. It used Casio CMP-36x5 paper.

The Hewlett Packard 9120A, which attached to the top of the HP-9100A/B calculator, also used the sparking technique.

Tandy / Radio Shack TRS-80 Screen Printer, Quick Printer, and Quick Printer II all used this same method and special paper.

The Sharp Corporation ELSIMATE EL-8151 portable calculator had a built in spark printer which used silver-colored paper. It is known to be compatible with the Casio CMP-36x5 paper used by the FP-10, despite the Casio paper having a slightly larger core diameter.

Variants 

A different spark printer implementation propelled dry toner from a tiny hole in the end of a glass rod, using a high-voltage spark between the platen and print head. The glass toner rod held a solid mass of toner, pushed toward the ejection tip by a spring. This had the advantage of printing onto plain paper, but the disadvantage of the toner not being cured to the paper, and thus easily smudged. Similar to the Sinclair printer, this printer had only one stylus (the toner rod), since the entire plate behind the paper served as the other spark electrode. The printer could only print one line of pixels at a time.

References 

Non-impact printing
Charles Friedel. Charles Friedel (; 12 March 1832 – 20 April 1899) was a French chemist and mineralogist.

Life
A native of Strasbourg, France, he was a student of Louis Pasteur at the Sorbonne. In 1876, he became a professor of chemistry and mineralogy at the Sorbonne.

Friedel developed the Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions with James Crafts in 1877, and attempted to make synthetic diamonds.

His son Georges Friedel (1865–1933) also became a renowned mineralogist.

Lineage 
 Friedel's wife's father was the engineer, Charles Combes. The Friedel family is a rich lineage of French scientists:
 Georges Friedel (1865–1933), French crystallographer and mineralogist; son of Charles
 Edmond Friedel (1895–1972), French Polytechnician and mining engineer, founder of BRGM, the French geological survey; son of Georges
 Jacques Friedel (1921–2014), French physicist; son of Edmond

References

Further reading

External links

 
 Charles Friedel

1832 births
1899 deaths
Scientists from Strasbourg
Academic staff of the University of Paris
19th-century French chemists
French mineralogists
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
University of Paris alumni