omniomni/omni-engineering huggingface dataset:
Le Rhône 9J. The Le Rhône 9J is a nine-cylinder rotary aircraft engine produced in France by Gnome et Rhône. Also known as the Le Rhône 110 hp in a reference to its nominal power rating, the engine was fitted to a number of military aircraft types of the First World War. Le Rhône 9J engines were produced under license in Great Britain by W.H. Allen Son & Company of Bedford, and in Germany by Motorenfabrik Oberursel where it was sold as the Oberursel Ur.II.

In common with other Le Rhône series engines, the 9J featured highly visible copper induction pipes and used a single push-pull rod to operate its two overhead valves. The main visual difference between the 9J and the earlier, less powerful Le Rhône 9C engine is that the copper intake manifold tubing (with round section lower ends) on the 110 hp 9J is attached to the crankcase behind the cylinders, whereas on the 9C (80 hp) the intake manifolds (with rectangular lower ends) are fully visible from the front.

Examples of Le Rhône 9J engines are on public display in aviation museums, with several remaining airworthy, powering restored and authentic reproductions of vintage aircraft.

Variants
Le Rhône 9Ja
(1916) , nine-cylinder rotary engine. 953 built by W.H. Allen Son & Co.
Le Rhône 9Jb
(1916) , nine-cylinder rotary engine.
Le Rhône 9Jby
(1916) , nine-cylinder rotary engine.
Le Rhône M-2 production in the USSR post-WWI,

Applications

Le Rhône 9Ja

Le Rhône 9Jb
Morane-Saulnier AC
Nieuport 17, 23 and 23bis
Nieuport 24 and 24bis
Nieuport 27
Le Rhône 9Jby
Sopwith Camel
Bristol Scout

Oberursel Ur.II
Fokker D.VI (first prototype)
Fokker D.VIII
Fokker Dr.I
Fokker S.IV
Fokker V.9
Fokker V.16
Fokker V.17
Fokker V.25
Fokker V.33

Survivors

A Bristol M.1 replica, owned and operated by the Shuttleworth Collection remains airworthy and is powered by a Le Rhône 9J engine. The collection's airworthy Avro 504 is also powered by a 110 hp Le Rhône rotary engine. The reproduction Avro 504 at Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome has also flown with an original Le Rhone 9J powerplant, as was Cole Palen's first reproduction Fokker Dr.I triplane (now retired) for Old Rhinebeck's airshows in the 1960s, bearing American registration N3221.

A full-scale Nieuport 11 replica built by Walt Pfeifer and Joe Pfeifer in the early 1960s, now operated by The Vintage Aviator Limited, flies in New Zealand with a Le Rhone 9C.

Engines on display
Preserved Le Rhône 9J engines are on public display at the following museums:
Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center
Shuttleworth Collection
Museum of Hungarian Aviation
Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica de Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Specifications (Le Rhône 9Ja)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Lumsden, Alec. British Piston Engines and their Aircraft. Marlborough, Wiltshire: Airlife Publishing, 2003. .
 Gunston, Bill. World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines. Cambridge, England. Patrick Stephens Limited, 1989.

External links

Le Rhône rotary engine - Images and description 
YouTube Video of Le Rhône 9J-powered Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome Avro 504
New-build reproduction Oberursel Ur.II rotary engine run-up from New Zealand

1910s aircraft piston engines
9J
Rotary aircraft piston engines
Krogmann's salt. Krogmann's salt is a linear chain compound  consisting of stacks of tetracyanoplatinate.  Sometimes described as molecular wires, Krogmann's salt exhibits highly anisotropic electrical conductivity. For this reason, Krogmann's salt and related materials are of some interest in nanotechnology.

History and nomenclature
Krogmann's salt was first synthesized by Klaus Krogmann in the late 1960s.

Krogmann's salt most commonly refers to a platinum metal complex of the formula K2[Pt(CN)4X0.3] where X is usually bromine (or sometimes chlorine). Many other non-stoichiometric metal salts containing the anionic complex [Pt(CN)4]n− can also be characterized.

Structure and physical properties

Krogmann's salt is a series of partially oxidized tetracyanoplatinate complexes linked by the platinum-platinum bonds on the top and bottom faces of the planar [Pt(CN)4]n− anions.  This salt forms infinite stacks in the solid state based on the overlap of the dz2 orbitals.

Krogmann's salt has a tetragonal crystal structure with a Pt-Pt distance of 2.880 angstroms, which is much shorter than the metal-metal bond distances in other planar platinum complexes such as Ca[Pt(CN)4]·5H2O (3.36 angstroms), Sr[Pt(CN)4]·5H2O (3.58 angstroms), and Mg[Pt(CN)4]·7H2O (3.16 angstroms).  The Pt-Pt distance in Krogmann's salt is only 0.1 angstroms longer than in platinum metal.

Each unit cell contains a site for Cl−, corresponding to 0.5 Cl− per Pt.  However, this site is only filled 64% of the time, giving 0.32 Cl− per Pt in the actual compound. Because of this, the oxidation number of Pt does not rise above +2.32.

Krogmann's salt has no recognizable phase range and is characterized by broad and intense intervalence bands in its electronic spectra.

Chemical properties

One of the most widely researched properties of Krogmann's salt is its unusual electric conductance.  Because of its linear chain structure and overlap of the platinum  orbitals, Krogmann's salt is an excellent conductor of electricity.  This property makes it an attractive material for nanotechnology.

Preparation

The usual preparation of Krogmann's salt involves the evaporation of a 5:1 molar ratio mixture of the salts K2[Pt(CN)4] and K2[Pt(CN)4Br2] in water to give copper-colored needles of K2[Pt(CN)4]Br0.32·2.6 H2O.

5K2[Pt(CN)4] + K2[Pt(CN)4Br2] + 15.6 H2O → 6K2[Pt(CN)4]Br0.32·2.6 H2O

Because excess PtII or PtIV complex crystallizes out with the product when the reactant ratio is changed, the product is therefore well defined, although non-stoichiometric.

Uses
Krogmann's salt nor any related material has found any commercial applications.

References

Cyanides
Potassium compounds
Platinum compounds
Metal halides
Electrical conductors
Mixed valence compounds
Non-stoichiometric compounds
Faulkner-Blanchard. The Faulkner-Blanchard was an American brass era automobile manufactured in Detroit, Michigan by the Faulkner-Blanchard Motor Car Company in 1910.

A prototype was made in mid-1910. The vehicle was offered as a five-seater touring car with a six-cylinder engine at . The vehicle cost $2,500.

References

 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Defunct manufacturing companies based in Detroit
Cars introduced in 1910
Flyer (1913 automobile). The Flyer was an American brass era automobile manufactured in Mt. Clemens, Michigan by the Flyer Motor Car Company from 1913 to 1914. The Flyer had a monobloc four-cylinder water-cooled engine with selective transmission.

References
 

Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States
Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan
Companies based in Macomb County, Michigan
Cars introduced in 1913
University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering. The University of Wisconsin–Madison College of Engineering, often referred to as COE, is the engineering school of the University of Wisconsin–Madison. The college comprises 8 academic departments. With an enrollment of 4,500 undergraduate and 1,500 graduate students, the College of Engineering is considered one of the best engineering schools in the United States. UW–Madison's graduate engineering program ranked 27th nationally in the 2023-2024 Best Engineering Schools ranking by U.S. News & World Report, while its undergraduate program ranked 13th.

The school dates back to 1857 when the first department of engineering was created by the university Board of Regents. It was not until 1868 when the first professor of engineering, Colonel W. R. Pease, was hired.

Academic departments
Biomedical Engineering (BME)
Chemical and Biological Engineering (CBE)
Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE)
Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE)
Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics (NEEP)
Industrial and Systems Engineering (ISyE)
Materials Science and Engineering (MS&E)
Mechanical Engineering (ME)

Notes

College of Engineering
Engineering schools and colleges in the United States
Engineering universities and colleges in Wisconsin
Universities and colleges established in 1857
1857 establishments in Wisconsin
American Institute of Steel Construction. The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)  is a not-for-profit technical institute and trade association for the use of structural steel in the construction industry of the United States.

AISC publishes the Steel Construction Manual, an authoritative volume on steel building structure design that is referenced in all U.S. building codes.

The organization works with government agencies, policymakers, and other stakeholders to promote policies and regulations that support the industry's growth and development.

History

Foundation
In 1911, two civil engineering organizations, the Bridge Builders Society and the Structural Steel Society, began cooperating to form  broad codes of ethics and practices within the profession. In 1917, during World War I, the two groups merged into the War Service Committee which helped procure fabricated structural steel and coordinate industry efforts. However, by 1919 the Committee was disbanded but some steel fabricators insisted on creating a new association to promote the structural steel industry nationally, founding the National Steel Fabricators Association, which was renamed in 1922 to become the American Institute of Steel Construction, however, the Institute lists 1921 as their foundation year, as that was the year a uniform telegraphic code for the entire industry was created by the National Steel Fabricators Association which triggered the group's transformation from a group of steel manufacturers to the industry standard professional society.

Publications

Steel Construction Manual
According to the AISC, the Steel Construction Manual is the "premier reference for structural steel design and construction in the United States" having been published since 1927. Editions are usually made every five to six years to keep up with developments in structural steel codes and standards and to incorporate new materials.

References

American engineering organizations
Cierva W.9. The Cierva W.9 was a British 1940s experimental helicopter with a three-blade tilting-hub controlled main rotor, and torque compensation achieved using a jet of air discharged from the rear port side of the fuselage. The design was not further developed into production, and the prototype crashed in 1946.

Development
In 1943, primary investor G & J Weir Ltd. revived the moribund Cierva Autogiro Company to develop an experimental helicopter to Air Ministry Specification E.16/43. The W.9 was to investigate James G. Weir's contention that a powered tilting hub-controlled rotor with automatic collective pitch control, and torque reaction control using jet efflux, was both safer and more efficient than the Sikorsky R-4 helicopter fitted with manually controlled main rotor cyclic and collective pitch and the anti-torque tail rotor system. The W.9 was completed late in 1944 and assigned serial PX203. It was damaged during ground-running due to incorrect control phasing arising from a high order of pitch-flap coupling, and did not start test flying until 1945.

The most visible characteristic of the W.9 was torque compensation and directional control by using blown air rather than a tail rotor. A variable pitch fan cooled the engine; the heated air and engine exhaust passed through the long hollow tailboom and exhausted to port. Foot pedals controlled the fan pitch. Of more importance, however, was the shaft-driven hydraulically-actuated rotor hub with rotational speed variation to give automatic collective pitch control. Development of the rotor system resulted in a tilting hub combined with cyclic pitch control of each blade to minimize control forces. Manual control of collective pitch was added to the automatic collective pitch change system to provide precise vertical control in hover and the ability to cushion a landing from an autorotative descent.

The W.9 was first publicly demonstrated during an air display in Southampton on 22 June 1946. It was displayed at the Seventh SBAC Airshow at Radlett in 1946

The helicopter was destroyed in an accident in 1946 and the project was abandoned. Parts of the W.9 rotor hub were used in the W.14 Skeeter prototype.

Cierva was bought out by Saunders-Roe, and that design entered production service in the 1950s as the Saunders-Roe Skeeter.

Specifications (W.9)

Operators

Air Ministry

See also
 NOTAR

References

1940s British experimental aircraft
1940s British helicopters
W.9
NOTAR helicopters
Single-engined piston helicopters
Aircraft first flown in 1945
Arctic Aircraft Arctic Tern. The Arctic Aircraft Arctic Tern (named after the bird) is a bush plane that was produced in small numbers in Alaska in the 1970s and 1980s. It is a strengthened and modernised version of the Interstate Cadet of the 1940s. It is a high-wing braced monoplane with fixed tailwheel undercarriage. It has two seats in tandem, with the rear seat removable for added cargo carriage. It is also provided with a cargo loading door in the fuselage side to facilitate loading bulky items. Optional fittings included floats or skis in place of the wheeled undercarriage, and a ventral pod to carry extra cargo or fuel.

In 2007, the Interstate Aircraft company was planning a revised and updated Arctic Tern, with US FAA certification expected in the first half of the year.

Specifications (landplane)

See also

References

Further reading
 
 
 

1970s United States civil utility aircraft
Arctic Tern
High-wing aircraft
Single-engined tractor aircraft
Drafting linen. From the late 19th century until the middle of the 20th century, drafting linen, also known as drafting cloth, was commonly used as an alternative to wood-pulp and rag papers in creating technical drawings. Its major benefits were considerable strength, especially in erasing and redrawing, durability in handling, and translucency for making multiple reprographic prints. Manufactured as an undyed muslin woven fabric, typically using cotton or linen fiber, the textile was highly starched and then calendered to create a smooth surface for precise ink and graphite lines. Although drafting linen was most typically used in creating original drawings, it was occasionally used as the underlying support for blueprints and other similar reprographic processes. Drafting linen largely fell out of favor after the development of drafting film — varying in chemical composition from cellulose acetate to polyester—in the 1950s.

See also
Technical drawing tools

References

Lowell, W. & Nelb, T. R. (2006). Architectural Records: managing design and construction records. Chicago: Society of American Archivists.

Papermaking
Arctic Aircraft. 
The Arctic Aircraft Company was founded in Anchorage, Alaska by Bill Diehl in 1975 to produce an updated version of the Interstate Cadet light aircraft as the Arctic Tern. In 1985, the company closed down, and rights to the aircraft went to the Interstate Aircraft Company.

References
 

1975 establishments in Alaska
1985 disestablishments in Alaska
Aviation in Alaska
Companies based in Anchorage, Alaska
Defunct aircraft manufacturers of the United States
Defunct companies based in Alaska
Drapery hook. The drapery hook is a hook designed for hanging drapery.  It is often concealed within the drape's header tape  The distinctive shape shown in the figure, with a sharp end and a blunt end, was patented by James William McGhee (1882–1968) in the 1920s.  Numerous other drapery hooks were patented before and after this common design.

Patents

Infringement

Patent 1475306 was the subject of an infringement lawsuit that McGhee lost and appealed. He lost again on appeal when the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit found that hook designs were not patentable in 1929:
 With the lower court, we fail to find in plaintiffs' device any patentable novelty; certainly there is no invention in the hook member. Hooks of all shapes and materials are among the commonest things of life. In size, strength, and shape they are to be adapted to needs and tastes, and the adaptation of a hook to suit the pole, rod, bar, or rings from which the drapery is to hang is readily made by any person of common intelligence. There is no invention.

References

External links

 Circuit Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit; May 27, 1929

Clothing industry
Systems simulation. Computers are used to generate numeric models for the purpose of describing or displaying complex interaction among multiple variables within a system. The complexity of the system arises from the stochastic (probabilistic) nature of the events, rules for the interaction of the elements and the difficulty in perceiving the behavior of the systems as a whole with the passing of time.

Systems Simulation in Video Games
One of the most notable video games to incorporate systems simulation is Sim City, which simulates the multiple systems of a functioning city including but not limited to: electricity, water, sewage, public transportation, population growth, social interactions (including, but not limited to jobs, education and emergency response).

See also 
 Agent-based model
 Discrete event simulation
 NetLogo
 Systems Dynamics

References

External links
A Brief Introduction to Systems Simulation
Resources and Courses in Systems Simulation
Guide to the Winter Simulation Conference Collection 1968-2003, 2013-2014

Stochastic simulation
Systems theory
Jersey Shore Steel. Jersey Shore Steel Company is a family-owned company based in Jersey Shore, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania in the United States, principally manufacturing rail steel.

It was founded in 1938, near the end of the Great Depression by John A. Schultz. The mill was set up in the former New York Central locomotive shop in Avis, across Pine Creek from Jersey Shore. The company began manufacturing steel rails for the railroad industry. In its first year of business, Jersey Shore Steel was able to produce 15,000 tons of rail steel. When John A. Schultz died in 1943, the business was passed onto his sons Charles and John A. Jr. The brothers oversaw expansion and devastation. A massive fire nearly destroyed the steel mill in 1963, and the Agnes Flood of the West Branch Susquehanna River valley caused tremendous amounts of damage in 1972. The company which is owned by a third generation of the Schultz family operates two mills, the original mill in Avis and a second mill in Lycoming County at Montoursville. It is capable of producing 170,000 tons of rail steel annually. The rail steel produced by Jersey Shore Steel can be used as door supports, fence posts, sign stands, barricade legs, shelving supports, orchard posts, and vineyard stakes.

Many of the products produced by Jersey Shore Steel reach their destination via the Lycoming Valley Railroad, a short line that operates 38 miles of track in Lycoming and Clinton along track that was formerly owned by Conrail and the Reading and New York Central Railroads.

References

Steel companies of the United States
Manufacturing companies based in Pennsylvania
Companies based in Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Clinton County, Pennsylvania
American companies established in 1938
Manufacturing companies established in 1938
1938 establishments in Pennsylvania
Stephen J. Mellor. Stephen J. Mellor (born 1952) is an American computer scientist, developer of the Ward–Mellor method for real-time computing, the Shlaer–Mellor method,  and Executable UML, and signatory to the Agile Manifesto.

Biography 
Mellor received a BA in computer science from the University of Essex in 1974, and started working at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland as a programmer in BCPL. In 1977 he became software engineer at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and in 1982 consultant at Yourdon, Inc.

At Yourdon in cooperation with Paul Ward they developed the Ward–Mellor method, and published the book-series Structured Development for Real Time Systems in 1985.

Together with Sally Shlaer he founded Project Technology in 1985. That company was acquired by Mentor Graphics in 2004. Mellor stayed as chief scientist of the Embedded Systems Division at Mentor Graphics for another two years, and is self-employed since 2006.

Since 1998 Mellor has contributed to the Object Management Group, chairing the consortium that added executable actions to the UML, and the specification of model-driven architecture (MDA). He is also chairing the advisory board of the IEEE Software magazine. Since 2013, Mellor has served as CTO for the Industrial Internet Consortium.

Publications 
 1985. Structured Development for Real-Time Systems: Essential Modeling Techniques. With Paul T. Ward. Prentice Hall.
 1986. Structured Development for Real-Time Systems: Implementation Modeling Techniques (Structured Development for Real-Time Systems Vol. 1). With Paul T. Ward. Prentice Hall.
 1988. Object Oriented Systems Analysis: Modeling the World in Data. With Sally Shlaer. Prentice Hall.
 1992. Object Life Cycles: Modeling the World In States. With Sally Shlaer. Prentice Hall.
 2002. Executable UML: A Foundation for Model Driven Architecture. With Marc J. Balcer. Addison-Wesley.
 2004. MDA Distilled. With Kendall Scott, Axel Uhl, Dirk Weise. Addison-Wesley.

Articles, a selection:
 1989. "An object-oriented approach to domain analysis" with S. Shlaer. In: ACM SIGSOFT Software Engineering Notes. Vol 14–5, July 1989. pp. 66–77.
 1997. "Why explore object methods, patterns, and architectures?" with Ralph Johnson. In: IEEE Software. Vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 27–29. 
 1999. "Softwareplatform-independent, precise action specifications for UML". With S. Tockey, R. Arthaud, P. LeBlanc - The Unified Modeling ..., 1999.
 2002. "Make models be assets". In: Commun. ACM Vol 45–11. pp. 76–78.
 2003. "A framework for aspect-oriented modeling". Paper from 4th (AOSD) Modeling With (UML) Workshop, October 2003.
 2004. "Agile MDA" White paper 2004.

See also 
 Data flow
 State transition

References

External links 

 Stephen J. Mellor homepage
 R. Whetton, M. Jones and D. Murray, "The use of Ward and Mellor Structured Methodology for the design of a complex real time system," IEE Colloquium on Computer Aided Software Engineering Tools for Real-Time Control, 1991, pp. 5/1-5/4.
 Ward and Mellor methodology.

1952 births
Living people
British computer scientists
Alumni of the University of Essex
People associated with CERN
Real-time technology
Real-time computing
Agile software development
United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan. The United States-Japan Joint Nuclear Energy Action Plan is a bilateral agreement designed to establish a framework for joint research and development in nuclear energy technology. The agreement was signed on April 18, 2007. 

Japan also maintain nuclear energy agreements with countries such as Australia, Canada, China, France, and the United Kingdom and is in discussion with other nations.

Under the plan, the United States and Japancollaborate on research in several key areas:

Fast reactor technology

Fuel cycle technology

Advanced computer simulation and modeling, small and medium reactors

safeguards and physical protection, and nuclear waste management. 

The activities are overseen and coordinated by a joint steering committee.

An initial progress report was scheduled for completion in April 2008.

See also

United States Global Nuclear Energy Partnership
Nuclear Power 2010 Program
Nuclear power in the United States
Energy policy of the United States
Energy in Japan
Nuclear power in Japan

References

Nuclear energy in the United States
Nuclear energy in Japan
Action plans
Japan–United States relations