UHlakahlisombulu

uHlakahlisombulu ikhono eliboniswa izinguxa (machines) ezifana nezinhlelo zesicikizi lokuqhogoya emisebenzi eyamaniswa nenhlakahliso yomuntu, efana nokufunda, ukuhluza, ukuxazulula izinkinga, ukushwaya, nokuthatha izinqumo. Uhlakahlisombulu umkhakha wocwaningo lwenzululwazi yesicikizi othuthukisa futhi ufunde izindlelasu ezenza izinguxa zishwaye isimo ezikuso futhi zisebenzise ukufunda nenhlakahliso ngokwenza izenzo ezikhulisa amathuba wazo wokufeza imigomo echasisiwe.

Ubuchwepheshe bohlakahlisombulu busetshenziswa kabanzi kwezezimboni, kuhulumeni nakwezenzululwazi. Amahlelokusebenza aseqhulwini  wohlakahlisombulu ahlanganisa iziphequluli ezithuthukisiwe zolwebu (isb., Google ), izinhlelo zezincomo (ezisetshenziswa i- YouTube, i-Amazon ne- Netflix ), ukuqonda izwi lomuntu (njenge- Siri ne- Alexa ), izimoto ezizishayelayo (isb., Tesla, Waymo ), amathuluzi aphehlayo nokucikoza (I-ChatGPT nobuciko bohlakakahlisombulu) ukwenza izinqumo okuhlelelekiwe kanye nokuncintisana ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu ezinhlelweni zomfeketho weqhinga-su (ezifana noThimba nomHaqo ). 

Njengoba izinguxa ziba nekhono ngokwengeziwe, imisebenzi ebhekwa njengedinga "ubuhlakani" ivamise ukususwa encazelweni yohlakahlisombulu, okuyinto eyaziwa ngokuthi 'umthelela wohlakahlisombulu' . Ngokwesibonelo, ukuqaphela iziqakaqo ngokukhanya (optical character recognition) kuvame ukungabalwa ezintweni ezithathwa njengohlakahlisombulu, njengoba sekuphenduke ezobuchwepheshe ezisebenza njalo. 

uHlakahlisombulu lwasungulwa njengomkhakha woqeqesho lobungqandavu ngo-1956, futhi eminyakeni eyalandela lwabhekana namagagasi ambalwa ethemba,  Funding initiatives in the early 80s: Fifth Generation Project (Japan), Alvey (UK), Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (US), Strategic Computing Initiative (US): alandelwa ukudumala nokulahlekelwa uxhaso (okwaziwa ngokuthi " ubusika bohlakahlisombulu "), First AI Winter, Lighthill report, Mansfield Amendment Second AI Winter: okwalandelwa izindlela ezintsha, impumelelo kanye noxhaso oluvuselelwe.   Ucwaningo lohlakahlisombulu luye lwazama futhi lwalahla izindlela eziningi ezihlukene kusukela ekusungulweni kwalo, okuhlanganisa ukulingisa ubuchopho, ukufanisela ukuxazulula izinkinga zomuntu, ukucabanga okuhlelekile, isizindamininingo esikhulu solwazi kanye nokulingisa ukuziphatha kwezilwane. Eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lama-21, ukufunda kwenguxa okugxile kumchazazibalo nezibalomininingo kuye kwahamba phambili kulomkhakha, futhi lobunyonico buye baphumelela kakhulu, baba usizo ekuxazululeni izinkinga eziningi eziyinselele kwezezimboni nasemfundweni.

Imikhakha engaphansi kohlakahlisombulu ehlukene igxile emigomweni ekhethekile nasekusetshenzisweni kwamathuluzi akhethekile. Izimpokophelo zocwaningo olungokwesiko lohlakahlisombulu zihlanganisa inhluzeko ehlelelisiwe, ubusempu bolwazi, ukuhlela okuhlelelisiwe, ukufunda, ukudludlunga ulimi lwemvelo, intshwayo, kanye nekhono lokunyukuza nokuthonya izinto. Ubuhlakani obuvamile (obuyikhono lokuxazula izinkinga) bungenye yezimpokophelo zesikhathi eside zalomkhakha. Ukuze baxazulule lezinkinga, abacwaningi bohlakahlisombulu baye bamukela futhi bahlayiza ubunyoninco bokuxazula izinkinga obunhlobonhlobo - obuhlanganisa ukuhlwaya nokungqandanisa komchazazibalo (search and mathematical optimization), umhluzamqondo osemthethweni (formal logic), amaxhoxho ezinzwa ambulu (artificial neural networks), kanye nezindlelasu ezisekwe kwizibalomniningo, umsongahle (probability) kanye nomnotho. Uhlakahlisombulu lubuye lugqobe kwinzululwazi yesicikizi, umchazangqondo, ezezilimi, injulalwazi, neminye imikhakha eminingi.

Lomkhakha wasungulwa kucatshangwa ukuthi ubuhlakani bomuntu "bungachaziswa ngokunembile kuze kwenziwe nenguxa ukuba ibufefenyeke". Lokhu kwavusa izimpikiswano zenjulalwazi ngokuphathelene nomqondo kanye nemiphumela yomcondozo ekukhandeni izidalwa ezimbulu ezinikezwe ubuhlakani obunje ngobomuntu; lezi kwakuzinto ezake zahlwaywa ngaphambili izinganekwane, izingeneko, nenjulalwazi kusukela endulo. Osonzululwazi besicikizi kanye nosonjulalwazi sebasikisele ukuthi uhlakahlisombulu lungaba ingcupho yokuphila kwabantu uma amakhono enhluzeko yalo awaqondiswa ngasemigomweni ezozuzisa uluntu.

 uMlando 

Izidalwa zokuzakhela ezinobuhlakani zavela njengezilekeleli zokuxoxa izindaba endulo, futhi zasetshenziswa kakhulu ezinganekweni, njengakuleyo ka-Mary Shelley ebizwa  Frankenstein noma eka-Karel Čapek ebizwa R.U.R. Lemidwambu kanye nesiphetho sayo zaphakamisa izinkingana eziningi ezinye zazo okusaxoxwa ngazo namanje kwezomcondozo wohlakahlisombulu.

Ucwaningo lwenhluzeko yezinguxa noma 'inhluzeko engokomthetho' lwaqalwa osonjulalwazi nabachazizibalo endulo. Ukufundwa komhluzangqondo womchazazibalo kwaholela embonweni wokucikiza ka-Alan Turing, owasikisela ukuthi inguxa, ngokushadaza izimpawu ezifana ne-"0" kanye no- "1", ingakwazi ukufefenyeka noma isiphi isenzo esicatshangwayo sesisuso somchazazibalo. Lomqondo wokuthi izicikizi zezezibhangqiwe zingafefenyeka noma iyiphi inqubo yenhluzeko esemthethweni waziwa ngokuthi umbono ka-Church-Turing. Lokhu, kanye nokuvubukulwa  obekwenzeka ngasikhathi sinye kwezochazozinzwa (neurobiology), umbono wokwaziswa kanye nezokululezwa (cybernetics), kwaholela abacwaningi ekutheni bacubungule ukuba kungenzeka yini bakhe ubuchopho bamazuba. Umkhiqizo wokuqala namuhla owaziwa ngokuthi uhlakahlisombulu kwaba umklamo osemthethweni ka-McCullouch and Pitt ngowe-1943 abawenzela "izinzwa zokuzakhela" ze-Turing-ephelele.

Ngaseminyakeni ye-1950, kwavela imibono emibili yokuthi ubuhlakani benguxa bungafezwa kanjani. Umbono wokuqala, owaziwa ngokuthi uHlakahlisombulu olungokoMfanekiso noma GOFAI, wawuzosebenzisa izicikizi ukukhanda unongo olungokomfanekiso lwezwe nezimiso ezikwazi ukuhluza ngokuphathelene nezwe. Abagqugquzeli balombono babehlanganisa u+Allen Newell, u-Herbert A. Simon, no-Marvin Minsky. Okuyamaniswa eduze nalombono kwakuyindlela "yokuhlwaya okusobozelayo" "heuristic search", eyayifanisa ubuhlakani nenkiyankiya yokuhlwaya umkhathinga wezimpendulo ezingasebenza. Umbono wesibili, owaziwa indlela yabaxhumanisi, wawufuna ukufeza ubuhlakani ngokufunda. Abagqugquzeli balombono, ubhongoza wabo okwakungu Frank Rosenblatt, babefuna ukuxhuma i-Perceptron ngezindlela ezifuze uxhumano lwezinzwa. U-James Manyika nabanye baqhathanise lezindlela zokuya emqondweni ezimbili (uhlakahlisombulu olungokomfanekiso) kanye nobuchopho (ukuxhumanisa). UManyika uveza ukuthi izindlela ezingokomfanekiso zaziqhoqhobele ukufuqwa okuvuna uhlakahlisombulu kulenkathi, ngenxa yoxhumano namasiko wokuhlakanipha wabantu abanje ngo-Descarte, uBoole, uGottlob Frege, uBertrand Russell, nabanye. Izindlela zabaxhumanisi ezisekwe kwezokululeza noma amaxhoxhox weziNzwa ambulu zafuqelwa ngemuva kodwa ziye zazuza ukubaluleka emashumini eminyaka yakamuva.

Umkhakha wocwaningo lohlakahlisombulu wazalwa ngonyaka we-19556 eshabhu lase-Dartmouth College. Izihambeli zaphenduka abasunguli nabaholi bocwaningo lohlakahlisombulu. Zona kanye nabafundi zakhiqiza izinhlelo abezindaba abazichazisa ngokuthi "ezimangazayo": iziCikizi zazifunda amaqhingasu woThimba, zixazuluka izinkiyankiya zamazwi e-algebra, zifakazela ama-logical theorems futhi zifunda ukukhuluma isingisi. Maphakathi neminyaka ye-1960, ucwaningo kwelaseMelika lwaluxhaswa uMnyango wezokuVikela futhi izingqalaba zazisunguliwe ezweni lonke.

Abacwaningi eminyakeni ye-1960 naseminyakeni ye-1970 babegculisekile ukuthi izinsondelo ezingokomfanekiso zazizophumelela ekudaleni inguxa enohlakahlisombulu oluvamile (artificial general intelligence) futhi bathatha lokhu njengempokompelo yomkhakha wabo. UHerbet Simon wabikezela wathi, "phakathi neminyaka engamashumi amabili, izinguxa zizoba nekhono lokwenza noma imuphi umsebenzi owenziwa ngumuntu". UMarvin Minsky wavuma lapho ebhala wathi, "phakathi nesizukulwane esisodwa ... inkinga yokukhanda "uhlakahlisombulu" izoxazululwa ngokuphelele". Bahluleka ukuqaphela ubunzima neminye yemisebenzi eyayisasele. Ukuqombola kwagqoza futhi ngowe- 1974, ekusabeleni kokugxeka kuka-Sir James Lighthill nasengcindezeni eqhubekayo eqhamuka kumgwamanqa waseMelika wokuxhasa izinkebengo ezikhiqizwayo kakhulu, bobabili ohulumeni baseMelika naseBrithani banqamula ucwaningo oluhlwayayo kuhlakahlisombulu. Iminyaka eyalandela embalwa yabizwa ngokuthi "ubusika bohlakahlisombulu", inkathi lapho ukuthoka uxhaso lwezinkebengo zohlakahlisombulu okwakunzima ngayo.

Imigomo
Inkinga evamile yokufefenyeka (noma ukudala) ubuhlakani seyiqhezulwe yaba izinkingana ezintathu. Lezi zihlanganisa izinkondolo ezikhethekile noma amakhono athile abacwaningi abalindele ukuba isimiso esinobuhlakani siziveze. Izinkondolo ezichaziswa ngezansi yizona eziye zanakwa kakhulu.

Inhluzeko, nokuxazula izinkinga

Abacwaningi bangaphambili bathuthukisa imikholezima elingisa inhluzeko ngayinye esetshenziswa abantu lapho bexazulula izinkila noma benza izgqibo ezihluzekile. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka ye-1990, abacwaningi bohlakakahlisombulu bathuthukisa izindlelasu zokubhekana nokwaziswa okungacacile noma okungaphelele, besebenzisa izicabango zomsongahle nezomnotho.

Iningi laleyo mikholezima yaba ngengalo usizo ekuxazululeni zinkinga ezinkulu zenhluzeko ngokuba yayibhekana 'nezinkinga ezixakayo": yayiba lusilili kakhulu lapho izinkinga zikhula. Ngisho nabantu babengazisebenzisi izigqibo ucwaningo lokuqala lohlakahlisombulu olwaluzinonga. Baxzulula iningi lezinkinga zabo besebenzisa ukwahlulela okusheshayo.

 Isimelelo soLwazi 


Isimelelo soLwazi kanye nomngcikisho wolwaziKnowledge representation and knowledge engineering:


 ,
  yizinto ezivumela izinhleleluso zohlakahlisombulu ukuba ziphendule imibuzo ngobuhlakani futhi zenze izigqibo ngeziminya zezwe langempela.

Isimelelo "salokho okukhona" siwufuza: iqoqo lezinto, ubuhlobo, izicabango, nezakhi ezichaziswayo ukuze izenzi zehlelokusebenza zikwazi ukuzihlakahla. Iningi lezimfuza zajikelele zibizwa ngokuthi izimfuza zaphezulu (upper ontologies), ezilinga ukuhlinzeka ngezisekelo lonke olunye ulwazi futhi zenza okwabalamuli phakathi kwezimfuza zesidlangala ezimboze ulwazi oluqondile mayelana nesidlangala solwazi olukhethekile. Inhleleliso enobuhlani ngempela izodinga ukufikelela olwazini lokuqonda okuvamile; iqoqo leziminya ezaziwa uwonkewonke.

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