INhlayiyana eyisiseko

KumChazandalo wezinhlayiyana, inhlayiyana eyisiseko noma eyisisekelo iyinhlayiyana yechwe engakhiwa ezinye izinhlayiyana. Izinhlayiyana kuyimanje okucatshangwa ukuthi ziyisisekelo zihlanganisa izinzuba, ezikafelimi eziyisiseko (izinkemfe, izinhlamvana, iziphikazinkemfe, iziphikazinhlamvana, imvama okuyizinhlayiyana zotho nezinjelwane zotho), kanye nezikaboshu eziyisisekelo, imvama okuyizinhlayiyana eziyiziphoqi ezihlanganisa okwenanana phakathi kwezikafelimi. Inhlayiyana equkethe izinhlayiyana eziyisiseko ezimbili noma ukweqa ibizwa inhlayiyana eyinhlanganiselo.

Ngokuvamile utho lwakhiwa amachwe, okwakucatshangwa ukuthi ayizinhlayiyana zesiseko, okwenza ubukhona bamachwe baphenduka impikiswano kwaze kwaba ngowe-1905, njengoba abanye abafundindalo abaphambili babethatha amachembe njengamalumbo womchazazibalo, notho njengolwakhiwa impekumpeku. Izakhi zechwe zahlonzwa okokuqala eminyakeni yowe-1930 nokweva; inzuba nenelesi, kanye nebane inhlayiyana yomiyonzi wenzubawonga. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuvela kobunguxa bomngako kwakuguqula isicabangelo ngenhlayiyana, njengoba inhlayiyana eyodwa yayingagcwala indawo njengoba kwenza iza, okusayisixakaxaka esingenancazelo egculisayo.

Ngokombono womngako (quantum theory), izinelesi nezintunge kwatholwa ukuthi ziqukethe izinkemfe - izinkemfe eziphezulu nezinkemfe eziphansi – manje ezithathwa njengezinhlayiyana eziyisiseko. Futhi ngaphakathi kwechembe, amazinga amathathu enkululeko yenzuba (umlelesa, ukumpininiza, uzungezo) angahlukana ngokusebenza kweza abe izinhlayiyanaze (holon, spinon, and orbiton). Kodwa inzuba ekhululekile – leyo engazungezi indeni yechwe, eswele umdiki wokuzungeza – ibukeka ingenakuhlukaniseka futhi ihleze ithathwa njengehlayiyana eyisiseko.