Uthimba

Checkmate2

Uthimba ngumdlalo woqwembe phakathi kwabadlali ababili. Lomdlalo ubuye ubizwe ngokuthi uthimba lomhlaba ukuze uhlukaniswe kweminye imidlalo ehlobene nawo, efana  ne-xiangqi (uthimba lwaseShayina) kanye ne-shogi (uthimba lwaseJaphani). Uhlobo lothimba olukhona manje lwadabuka kwelaseSpaniya naseYurophu eseningizimu engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-15 emva kokuthubeka kusuka kumdlalo ofanayo kodwa omdala odabuka eNdiya obizwa chaturanga. Namuhla uthimba liwumdlalo onesibunge umhlaba wonke, odlalwa izigidi zabantu emhlabeni jikelele.

Uthimba umdlalo weqhingasu elingumkhanyango futhi alubandakanyi ukwaziswa okufihliwe. Ludlalwa oqwembeni lothimba olunamagcagcane angama-64 alungiswe okocansi lwemigqa eyisiphohlongo. Lapho uqala, umdlali ngamunye ulawula izinkomo eziyishumi mesithupha: inkosi eyodwa, indlovukazi eyodwa, imibhosho emibili, abefundisi ababili, izinkweli ezimbili, nezintindili eziyisiphohlongo. Umdlali onezinkomo ezimhlophe nguyena owenza umdiki wokuqala, bese kulandela umdlali wezinkomo ezimfipha. Impokophelo yomdlalo ukuthumba inkosi yomufo, njengoba lapho inkosi ibhekene nohlaselo futhi ingekho indlela yokuohunyuka. Kukhona nezindlela ezimbalwa lapho umdlalo ungaphetha engekho ogobuphondo.

Uthimba oluhleliwe lwaduma ekhulwini lwe-19. Imincintiswano yothimba yanamuhla ilawulwa ezizweni zonke i-FIDE (inhlangano yoThimba yezizwe).

 FIDE  FIDE 

I-International Chess Federation (FIDE, ngesi-French Fédération Internationale des Échecs) yinhlangano ehlanganisa izinhlangano ze-chess kazwelonke ezingaphezu kuka-200 ezivela emazwenikazi amahlanu.  Yasungulwa eParis (eFrance) ngoJulayi 20, 1924, isiqubulo sayo sithi "Gens una Sumus" (SinquMndeni owodwa, ngesiLatini).

I-FIDE inesibopho sokhuhlela imiqhudelwano ye-World Chess (bobubili ubulili, kokubili kwabadala nabancane) kanye nama-Chess Olympiads.  Isungula imithetho nemthethonqubo yomdlalo futhi yengamele ukusetshenziswa kwayo.  Ibala izilinganiso ze-Elo zabadlali futhi ibaklomelise ngezihloko zamazwe ngamazwe ezihlonishwayo.

 World Chess Champion 

Ngo-1886, amakilabhu amathathu e-chess aseMelika ahlela inselete phakathi kwamakhosi amabili avelele angaleso sikhathi: Wilhelm Steinitz (i-Ostriya) kanye no-Johannes Zukertort (IJalimani).  Ukuze bakwenze kwaziwe kabanzi, bamemezela ukuthi owinile wayezomenyezelwa "njengompetha bomhlaba".  USteinitz uwinile.  Ukusuka lapho, ompetha bakhetha abamelene nabo bese bebeka umdlalo nezimo zezomnotho.

Ngo-1924 i-FIDE yasungulwa futhi yazama ukulawula imiqhudelwano yomhlaba, kodwa imizamo yayo yehluleka lapho ibhekene nentando engenakunqotshwa yabashayi abahlukahlukene.  Ngo-1946, ngemva kokushona kuka-Alekhine, i-FIDE yathatha isinyathelo esiwujuqu futhi yabeka isisekelo sokukhethwa kwabazokhethwa esihlokweni esasinqenamuntu kanye mendlela okwakuzanqunywa ngayo abaqhudelanayo bakusasa.

 1886 - 1894:  Wilhelm Steinitz,  
 1894 - 1921:  Emanuel Lasker,  
 1921 - 1927:  José Raúl Capablanca CUBA
 1927 - 1935:  Alexander Alekhine  
 1935 - 1937:  Max Euwe  
 1937 - 1946:  Alexander Alekhine  
 1948 - 1957:  Mikhail Botvinnik  Soviet Union
 1957 - 1958:  Vasily Smyslov  Soviet Union
 1958 - 1960:  Mikhail Botvinnik Soviet Union
 1960 - 1961:  Mikhail Tal  Soviet Union
 1961 - 1963:  Mikhail Botvinnik,  Soviet Union
 1963 - 1969:  Tigran Petrosian,  Soviet Union
 1969 - 1972:  Boris Spassky,  Soviet Union
 1972 - 1975:  Robert Fischer 
 1975 - 1985:  Anatoly Karpov  Soviet Union
 1985 - 1993:  Garry Kasparov  Soviet Union
 1993 - 1999:  Anatoly Karpov  
 1999 - 2000:  Aleksandr Khalifman  
 2000 - 2002:  Viswanathan Anand  
 2002 - 2004:  Ruslan Ponomariov  I-Yukreyini
 2004 - 2005:  Rustam Kasimdzhanov  
 2005 - 2006:  Veselin Topalov  
 2006 - 2007:  Vladimir Kramnik  
 2007 - 2013:  Viswanathan Anand  
 2013 - 2023:  Magnus Carlsen  
 2023 - 2024:  Ding Liren  
 2024 - ....:  Dommaraju Gukesh  

 I-chess yokuxhumana

Kuwuhlobo Iwe-chess lapho izimbangi zidlulisela iminyakazo yazo komunye nomunye nge-imeyili.  Isikhathi sokuphendula silinganiswa ngezinsuku futhi umdlalo ungahlala izinyanga noma iminyaka.

I-International Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF)   ICCF eyasungulwa ngo-1951, iphete ukuhlela ama-Olympiads ayo kanye nama-World Champinships.

 World Championships 
 #  Iminyaka  Umpethal  Izwe  1  1950-1953  Cecil Purdy       1°. World Championship 2  1956-1959  Viacheslav Ragozin  Soviet Union   2°.World Championship 3  1959-1962  Alberic O'Kelly     3°.World Championship 4  1962-1965  Vladimir Zagorovsky  Soviet Union   4°.World Championship 5  1965-1968  Hans Berliner      5°.World Championship 6  1968-1971  Horst Rittner     6°.World Championship 7  1972-1976  Jacob Estrin  Soviet Union   7° World Championship 8  1975-1980  Jorn Sloth     8° World Championship 9  1977-1983  Tonu Oim     9° World Championship 10  1978-1984  Vytas Palciauskas     10° World Championship 11  1983-1989  Fritz Baumbach     11° World Championship 12  1984-1991  Grigory Sanakoev     12° World Championship 13  1989-1998  Mikhail Umansky     13° World Championship 14  1994-2000  Tonu Oim     14° World Championship  15  1996-2002  Gert Timmerman     15° World Championship 16 1999-2004  Tunc Hamarat     16° World Championship 17  2002-2007  Ibar Bern     17° World Championship 18  2003-2005  Joop van Oosterom     18° World Championship 19  2004-2007  Christophe Leotard     19° World Championship 20  2004-2011  Pertti Lehikoinen  Fimland   20° World Championship 21  2005-2008  Joop van Oosterom     21° World Championship 22  2007-2010  Aleksandr Dronov     22° World Championship 23  2007-2010  Ulrich Stephan       23° World Championship 24  2009-2011  Marjan Semri     24° World Championship 25  2009-2013  Fabio Finocchiaro     25° World Championship 26  2010-2014  Ron Langeveld     26° World Championship 27  2011-2014  Aleksandr Dronov     27° World Championship 28  2013-2016  Leonardo Ljubicic     28° World Championship 29   2015-2018  Aleksandr Dronov     29° World Championship 30  2017-2019  Andrey Kochemasov     30° World Championship 31  2019-2022  Fabian Stanach  Christian Muck  Ron Langeveld         31° World Championship 32  2020-2022  Jon Edwards     32° World Championship.                                                                                                                       

 Ama-Olympics e-ICCF 
 #  Iminyaka  Indondo Yegolide  Indondo Yesiliva  Indondo Yethusi   01.  1949-1952  Hungary  Czechoslovakia  Sweden  02.  1952-1955   Czechoslovakia  Sweden  Germany  03.  1958-1961   Soviet Union  Hungary  Yugoslavia   04.  1962-1964  Soviet Union  Democratic Germany  Sweden   05.  1965-1968  Czechoslovakia  Soviet Union Federal Germany   06.  1968-1972  Soviet Union  Czechoslovakia  Democratic Germany   07.  1972-1976  Soviet Union  Bulgaria  Great Britain   08.  1977-1982  Soviet Union  Hungary  Great Britain  09.  1982-1987  Great Britain  Federal Germany  Soviet Union  10.  1987-1995  Soviet Union  England   Democratic Germany  11.  1992-1999  Czechoslovakia  Germany     Canada  Scotland  12.  1998-2004  Germany  Lithuania  Latvia   13.  2004-2009  Germany  Czechia  Poland  14.  2002-2006  Germamy  Lithuania  United States  15.  2006-2009  Norway  Germany  Netherlands   16.  2010-2016  Czechia  Germany  France  17.  2009-2012  Germany  Spain  Italy   18.  2012-2016   Germany  Slovene  Spain  19.  2016-2021  Bulgaria  Germany  Czechia  Poland  20.  2016-2019   Germany  Russia  Spain  21.  2020-2023  Germany Luxemburg  United States

Izithenjwa