ULwazi

ULwazi lungachasiswa ngokuthi ukuqaphela isiminya (amaqiniso) noma amakhono asebenzayo, futhi lungabhekisela nasekwazini izinto noma izimo. Ulwazi lweziminya, olubuye lubizwe ulwazi lwesiphakamiso, luvame ukuchasiswa njengokholo lweqiniso oluhlukile embonweni noma ingqagelweni ngenxa yesihlanguzo esihle. Nakuba kunokuvumelana okubanzi phakathi kosonjulalwazi ukuthi ulwazi lwesiphakamiso luwuhlobo lokholo lweqiniso, izimpikiswano eziningi zenjulalwazi zigxila esihlanguzweni: ukuthi ingabe luyadingeka ngempela, nokuthi singaluqonda kanjani, nokuthi ingabe kukhona okunye okudingekayo kunalo. Lezi zimpikiswano zanda ngamandla ngenxa yochunge lwemigcanso yokucabanga eyenziwa nguEdmund Gettier futhi zahlokoloza izichasiso ezinye ezihlukile. Ezinye zazo zilandula ukuthi isihlanguzo siyindingeko futhi zifaka ezikhundleni saso, ngokwesibonelo, ukwethembeka noma ukubonkaliswa kwezici zokuqonda. Ezinye ziphika ngokuthi isihlanguzo siyadingeka kodwa zicabayo izimfuneko ezengeziwe, ngokwesibonelo, ukuthi abekho abanqobi bokholo noma ngokuthi umuntu akanakuba nokholo uma lungamanga.

Ulwazi lungakhiqizwa ngezindlela eziningi. Umtombo obalulekile wolwazi lobungcweti ubizwa intshwayo, engukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa. Osomibono abaningi abahlanganisa nokuzihlola ngaphakathi izimo zomqondo njengomthombo wolwazi. Eminye imithombo okuhlale kuxoxwa ngayo ihlanganisa inkumbulo, isazela senhluzeko, ukugigiyela, nobufakazi. Ngokwemfundiso yosisekelo, eminye imithombo eliyisiseko ngomqondo wokuthi ikwazi ukuhlanguza izinkolelo ngaphandle kokuncika ezimweni zomqondo. Lesibizelo siyalandulwa ikakhulu yolabo benhlezekelo (coherentists), abaphikisa ngelithi kudingeka inhluzekelo ethile phakathi kwazo zonke izimo zomqondo zokholwayo ukuze kube ulwazi. Ngokwabe mfundiso yokungenasigcino, kudingeka umqokozo ongenasigcino wezinkolelo.

Izici eziningi zolwazi zisaphenywa, futhi luneqhaza ezingqeqeshweni ezihlukahlukene. Luyisihloko sokuqala emkhakheni womchazalwazi, ocwaninga lokho okwaziwa umuntu, indlela abazuze ulwazi ngayo, nokuthi kusho ukuthi ukwazi ngokuthile.