Ibane

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Ibane liyinhlayiyana eyisisekelo eyinani lewonga, okuhlanganisa nemiyonzi yenzubawonga efana namaza okukhanya kanye namaza womsakazo, kanye nesithwali  sesiphoqi senzubawong. Amabane ayizinhlayiyana ezifufukisa ukukhanya. Ngamanye amazwi, ukukhanya kuthwalwa amabane lapho kuhamba emkhathini. Kwezokuguxazela kohoyana ibane ngalinye linesici sesidlakalasi sohoyana esincike emjingeni: Ibane eliyamaniswa nokukhanya emjingeni ophezulu lizoba nesidlakalasi esiningi (futhi lizoyamaniswa nokukhanya kubangacuphi elifuphi).

Njengezinye ezinhlayiyana eziyisiseko, amabane achazwa ingqanda kwezokuguxazela kohoyana  futhi akhipha ububili benhlayiyana-liza, ukusho ukuthi ukucondoza kwawo kunolwangu lwezakhi zakho kokubili izinhlayiyana namaza. Isicabango sanamuhla sebane sadabuka eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala yekhulu lama-20 ngomsebenzi owawenziwa ngu-Albert Einstein, owakade akhela phezu kocwaningo luka-Max Planck. Ngesikhathi ezama ukuchaza ukuthi kuza kanjani ukuba uTho nemiyonzi yenzubawonga zibe sekulinganeni komchadamezo (thermal equilibrium) ndawonye, u-Planck waphakamisa ukuthi isidlakathi esigcinwe ngaphakathi kwesithako kufanele sithathwe njengesakhiwa izingxenye ezilingana ubungako, ezilubandlu. Ukuze achaze umthelela wenzubabane, u-Einstein wavela nesu lokuthi ukukhanya ngokwako kwakhiwa izingxenye ezincane zesidlakathi. Ngokomphumela eminye imigcanso eminingi yaqinisekisa incazelo ka-Einstein.

KuNongo oluyiNdinganiso lomchazandalo wezinhlayiyana, amabane nezinye izinhlayiyana eziyisisekelo achaziswa njengomphumela oyindingeko wemithetho yendalo onesilinganiso esithile emkhathini. Izakhi eziyizakhi eziyingxenye yezinhlayiyana, ezifana nomlelesa, isisindo nokumpimpiliza, zinqunywa umlinganiso (guage symmetry). Isicabango sebane siye saholela ekuphuculweni kweqophelo eliphezulu lomchazandalo wemigcanso nemibono, kuhlanganisa izicwazi, imijiyo kaBose-Einstein, umbono wenkundla yomngako, nokuhlakahlwa ngamanani kwezobunguxa yomngako. Ngaphezu kwalokho amabane sewacwaningwe njengezinhlwa zezicikizi zomngako, nasekuswtshenzisweni ekufaniseni ngokukhanya (optical imaging) nasekuxhumaneni ngokukhanya okufana nomchazanyandla wokukhanya ( quantum cryptography).