INguxa

INguxa (elithi umshini liyibizomfakela) iyisimiso esiphathekayo esisebenzisa isidlakalasi ukuze sifake iziphoqi futhi silawule ukudikiza ukuze senze umsebenzi. Leli bizo livame ukusetshenziswa ezilekelelini, ezifana nalezo ezisebenzisa izilumbamdiki nezidikizisi. Izinguxa zingaqhutshwa izilwane nabantu, zingalawulwa iziphoqi zemvelo ezifana nesivungu namanzi, futhi zingalawulwa isidlakalasi sevanga, umchadamezo noma amaZuba, futhi zihlanganisa izimiso zobunguxa ezibumba amagalelo eZenzi ukufezekisa umsebenzi ocacisiwe wemiphumela yeziphoqi nomdiki. Izinguxa zingahlanganisa neziCikizi neziNzwi ezilusa ukusebenza futhi zisongoze umdiki, ngokuvamile ezibizwa ngokuthi izinhlelo zobunguxa.

Izazi zefilosofi engokwemvelo zeMveselelo zihlonze iziNguxa eyisithupha ezilula okwakuyizilekeleli eziyisisekelo ezifaka umthwalo kumdiki, futhi zabala isilinganiso sesiphoqi esiwumphumela ngesiphoqi segalelo, namuhla okwaziwa ngokuthi uMenzelelo wobuNguxa.

Izinguxa zanamuhla ziyizimiso eziyinkimbinkimbi ezihlanganisa izici zohlaka, ukusebenza kobunguxa nezigcoyi zokulawula futhi zihlanganisa izixhakasimo (interfaces) zokuzisebenzisa kalula. Izibonelo zihlanganisa: izinhlobo ezihlukene zezithuthi, izimoto, izikebhe nezindiza; izilekeleli zasendlini nasehhovisi (home and office appliances), ezihlanganisa izicikizi, iziphathamoya zezakhiwo  nomthumbelo wamanzi (water handling systems); kanye nezinguxa zezolimo, izinsiza eziyizinguxa kanye nezimiso zenhleleleko yasemkhando nezithununu zezimboni.


 uMsuka 
Igama lesizulu elithi 'inguxa' liqhamuka kweliyisenzokuthi esithi 'guxa' esilingisa umsindo owenziwa izinsimbi ezihlanganisiwe zaba malungalunga, okuthi lapho zidikiza zenze umsindo oguxazelayo.  Into ekulesi simo ibizwa ngokuthi inguxanguxa, livele lapho elithi inguxa. Leli gama lihumusha elithi 'machine', ngesizulu elaziwa ngomfakela othi umshini.

 uMlando
Izembe, elenziwe ngokuqhephula uhlalu lube itshopi, lapho lisesandleni somuntu ludlulisa isiphoqi nomdiki wethuluzi kube iziphoqi eziqhezulayo eziluqombotha nomdiki wesisetshenzuswa. Izembe liyisibonelo sokuqala setshopi (wedge), inguxa elula endala kunezinye kweziyisithupha okusekelwe kuzo izinguxa eziningi. Inguxa elula engeyesibili ngobudala insiza emise okogxalo  (ramp), ebikade osetshenziswa kusuka ezikhathini zanguna ukudikiza Izinto ezisindayo.

Kubikwa ukuthi ezinye ezinguxa ezilula zaqanjwa eMpuma eseDuze. Isondo, kanye kanye nesondo nomshiza nokusebenza komshiza, kwaqanjwa eMesopothamiya (namuhla ibizwa Iraq) enkathini yenkulungwane yesi-5 BC. Isixakaxo sona savela eminyakeni eyizi-5,000 edlule eMouma eseDuze, lapho esasisetshenziswa khona njengomlinganiso wokulunganisa (balance scale), nokudikizisa Izinto ezinkulu kwezobuchwepheshe baseGibhithe lasendulo. Isixakaxo sasisetshenziswa njengensiza yokuthwala amanzi, inguxa eyisijibi ( crane machine) yokuqala, eyavela okokuqala eMesopothamiya cishe ngowezi-3000 BC, kanye nasebuchwephesheni baseGibhithe lasendulo cishe ngowezi-2000 BC. Ubufakazi bokuqala bomdonso buseminyakeni yokuqala yenkulungwane yesibili BC eMesopothamiya, futhi naseGibhithe lasendulo enkathini yoSendo lweshumi nambili (1991-1802 BC). Isibhinyi (screw), okuyinguxa elula yokugcina eyaqanjwa, savela okokuqala  eMesopothamiya ngenkathi yangemva kwe-Asiriya (911-609) BC. Izitshopolonco zaseGibhithe zakhiwa kusetshenziswa izinguxa ezilula ezintathu, igxalo, itshopi, nesixakaxo.

 IziNguxa ezilula