Ubumomoni nesithembu

Isithembu (ngokuthi umshado zisebuningini wosuku Latter Saints ekhulwini le-19 noma Isimiso ngu yesimanje Fundamentalist kwabasebenza isithembu ) okwakwenziwa abaholi ISonto likaJesu Kristu Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) isikhathi esingaphezu kwesigamu 19 century, futhi wenza obala kusuka ngo-1852 kuya ku-1890 ngamaphesenti aphakathi kwama-20 nama-30 emindeni yamaSanta Wezinsuku Zokugcina.  Namuhla, izinkolo ezahlukahlukene zobuMormonism obusisekelo ziqhubeka nokwenza isithembu. 

 Umsuka 
Abaningi abaguqukele enkolweni okubandakanya uBrigham Young,Orson Pratt, noLyman Johnson, babhala ukuthi uJoseph Smith wayefundisa ngomshado wobuningi ngasese ngo-1831 noma ngo-1832.UPratt ubike ukuthi uSmith utshele amanye amalungu okuqala ngo-1831 nango-1832 ukuthi ukushada ngobuningi bekuyisimiso sangempela, kepha ukuthi isikhathi sokwenza lokho besingakafiki. Orson Pratt, "Celestial Marriage," Journal of Discourses, reported by David W. Evans (7 October 1869), Vol. 13 (London: Latter-day Saint's Book Depot, 1871), 192–93.UJohnson naye wathi wayizwa le mfundiso kuSmith ngo-1831. Lyman Johnson as recounted by Orson Pratt, "Report of Elders Orson Pratt and Joseph F. Smith," Millennial Star, vol. 40, no. 50 (16 December 1878): 788.UMosiah Hancock ubike ukuthi ubaba wakhe wafundiswa ngomshado weningi entwasahlobo ka-1832. Todd M. Compton, In Sacred Loneliness: The Plural Wives of Joseph Smith (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1997), 644; citing Mosiah Hancock Autobiography, 61–62.

Izinguqulo zango-1835 no-1844 zeMfundiso neziVumelwano zesonto (i-D & C) zazinqabela isithembu futhi zamemezela ukuthi ukuba nesithembu kuphela kwendlela eyamukelekayo yomshado

Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1832, izithunywa zevangeli ezingamaMormon zasebenza ngempumelelo ukuguqula abalandeli baseMaine bomholi wenkolo wesithembu uJacob Cochran, owacasha ngo-1830 ukuze abaleke ukuboshwa ngenxa yokwenza kwakhe isithembu.Phakathi kwezinto ezintsha ezasungulwa uCochran emshadweni kwakukhona " ubufazi obungokomoya ," futhi "isiko licabanga ukuthi wayethola imithwalo kaningi yabantu abasondelene naye, nokuthi njalo labo kwakungabesifazane abakhaliphile nabakhangayo emphakathini." Ridlon, G.T. Cochran Delusion/Mormon Invasion, in Saco Valley Settlements and Families: Historical, Biographical, Genealogical, Traditional, and Legendary (Rutland, Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle, 1895), 269 ff.Iningi lalabo ababa yiKhoramu LayiShumi Nambili ngo-1835 laya ezingqungqutheleni zamaMormon ezazibanjelwe enkabeni yendawo yaseCochranite ngo-1834 nango-1835. Evening and Morning Star 2 [August 1834]: 181. Messenger and Advocate 2 [October 1835]: 204–07 states that "On August 21, 1835, nine of the Twelve met in conference at Saco, Maine." History of the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints 1:583. History of the Church 2:252UBrigham Young, umphostoli waleli bandla, wajwayelana nabalandeli bakaCochran njengoba enza izinkambo eziningana zezithunywa zevangeli edabula indawo yaseCochranite esuka eBoston eya eSaco, Times and Seasons 6 [November 1, 1845]. futhi kamuva washada no-Augusta Adams Cobb, owayekade eyiCochranite. Stewart, J. J. (1961) Brigham Young and His Wives, at p. 85. Carter, K.B. (1973) Our pioneer heritage 6, 187–89.

UJoseph Smith wasigxeka esidlangalaleni isithembu, waphika ukubandakanyeka kwaso, futhi ababambiqhaza baxoshwa, njengoba amarekhodi esonto nezincwadi zawo zibonisa. "Notice," Times and Seasons, Volume 5, No. 3, 1 February 1844 (p. 423 in bound edition — alt source of text) "As we have lately been credibly informed, that an Elder of the Church of Jesus Christ, of Latter-day Saints, by the name of Hiram Brown, has been preaching Polygamy, and other false and corrupt doctrines, in the county of Lapeer, state of Michigan."Kepha abaholi besonto nokho baqala ukwenza isithembu ngawo-1840, ikakhulukazi amalungu eKhoramu LayiShumi Nambili. Smith, W. "A Proclamation," Warsaw Signal, Warsaw, Illinois [October 1845], page 1, column 4 USidney Rigdon, ngenkathi ehlukanisiwe nesonto, wabhala incwadi ebhekise ku- Messenger noMmeli ngo-1844 elahla i-Quorum yesonto labayishumi nambili kanye nokuxhunyaniswa kwabo nesithembu.

Ngaleso sikhathi, lo mkhuba wawugcinwa uyimfihlo kubantu abangewona amalungu futhi iningi lamalungu esonto.Kukho konke ukuphila kwakhe, uSmith waphika obala ukuthi unabafazi abaningi. 

 Abanye abaholi besonto lokuqala 
Umongameli weSonto LDS uBrigham Young wayenabafazi abangama-51, nezingane ezingama-56 ngabangu-16 kulaba bafazi.

Umphostoli weSonto LDS uHeber C. Kimball wayenamakhosikazi angama-43, futhi enezingane ezingama-65 ngabangu-17 balabo bafazi.

 Izenzo zikahulumeni wase-US zokulwa nesithembu 
Isithembu seMormon sasingenye yezinkinga zokuziphatha ezihamba phambili ngekhulu le-19 e-United States, mhlawumbe okwesibili emva kobugqila obubalulekile.Eshukunyiswe intukuthelo ethandwayo, uhulumeni wase-US uthathe izinyathelo eziningi zokulwa nesithembu; lokhu bekusebenza ngokuhlukahluka. E.g., Donald T. Critchlow and Philip R. VanderMeer, The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History, Oxford University Press, 2012; Volume 1, pp. 47-51, 154.

 1857-58 Impi yase-Utah 
Ngenkathi iSonto LDS lihlala kulokho okwaba yi-Utah Territory, ekugcineni kwaba ngaphansi kwamandla nombono we-United States.Ingxabano iqale ukukhombisa ekuphathweni kukaJames Buchanan kanye namasosha ombuso afika (bheka iMpi yase-Utah ).UBuchanan, elindele ukuphikisana kwamaMormon nombusi osanda kuqokwa ukuba athathe isikhundla sikaBrigham Young, wathumela amabutho kahulumeni angama-2 500 e-Utah ukuyobeka umbusi omusha, ngaleyo ndlela aqala uchungechunge lokungezwani lapho amaMormon ayezizwa esongelwa khona. 

 Umthetho we-1887 Edmunds – Tucker 
Isonto lalihluleka ukulawula uhulumeni wendawo, futhi amalungu amaningi nabaholi babephishekelwa ngenkuthalo njengababaleki.Ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuvela esidlangalaleni, ubuholi bushiywe ukuzulazula "ngaphansi komhlaba."

Ngemuva kokumukelwa komthetho i-Edmunds – Tucker Act, isonto likuthole kunzima ukusebenza njengesikhungo esisebenzayo.Ngemuva kokuvakashela abaholi bobupristi ezindaweni eziningi, umongameli wesonto uWilford Woodruff wasuka waya eSan Francisco ngoSepthemba 3, 1890, ukuyohlangana nosomabhizinisi abadumile nosopolitiki.Ubuyele eSalt Lake City ngoSepthemba 21, ezimisele ngokuthola isiqinisekiso esivela kuNkulunkulu sokulandela inkambo ebibonakala icace ngokwedlulele.Njengoba achaza kumalungu esonto ngemuva konyaka, ukukhetha kwakuphakathi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqhubeka nokwenza umshado weningi futhi ngaleyo ndlela alahlekelwe ngamathempeli, "emisa yonke imiyalo ekuwo," futhi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ayeke ukushada ngobuningi ukuze ukuqhubeka nokwenza izimiso ezibalulekile zabaphilayo nabafileyo. UWoodruff usheshe wengeza ukuthi ubenze kuphela njengoba iNkosi iyale:

 Izinsalela ngaphakathi kwamahlelo 
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, iningi lalabo abenqabe ukuyekiswa kweSonto LDS lokushada ngobuningi lakha imiphakathi emincane, ebumbene ezindaweni zamaRocky Mountains.Lawa maqembu aqhubeka nokwenza "iSimiso."Ngama-1940, umphostoli weSonto LDS uMark E. Petersen waqamba igama elithi " Mormon fundamentalist " ukuchaza abantu abanjalo. Ken Driggs, "'This Will Someday Be the Head and Not the Tail of the Church': A History of the Mormon Fundamentalists at Short Creek," Journal of Church and State 43:49 (2001) at p. 51.Ama-fundamentalists enza njengabantu ngabanye, njengemindeni, noma njengengxenye yamahlelo ahleliwe.Namuhla, iSonto LDS liyaphikisana nokusetshenziswa kwegama elithi "amaMormon basicists" futhi lisikisela ukusebenzisa igama elithi "amahlelo esithembu" ukugwema ukudideka ngokuthi ngabe umzimba omkhulu wamakholwa amaMormon ufundisa noma wenza isithembu. 

AmaMormon fundamentalists akholelwa ukuthi ukushada ngobuningi kuyisidingo sokuphakanyiswa nokungena ezingeni eliphakeme lombuso wasezulwini.Lezi zinkolelo zivela ezitatimendeni zeziphathimandla zamaMormon zekhulu le-19 kufaka noBrigham Young (yize abanye balaba baholi benikeze izitatimende ezingqubuzanayo zokuthi umuntu oyedwa angathola okungenani "ukuphakanyiswa" ngezinga eliphansi ngenkolelo yesithembu). 

 Izizathu zesithembu 
Ngesikhathi sokushicilelwa kweNcwadi kaMormoni e-1830, imfundiso ye-Latter Day Saint yagcina ukuthi isithembu sasivumelekile kuphela uma siyalwe nguNkulunkulu.Incwadi kaJakobe yasilahla isithembu njengokuphinga,kepha yashiya kuvuleke umbandela wokuthi "Ngoba uma ngithanda, kusho iNkosi yamabandla, ukungiphakamisela inzalo, ngiyoyala abantu bami; uma kungenjalo, bazolalela lezi zinto."Ngakho-ke, iSonto LDS namuhla lifundisa ukuthi umshado weningi ungenziwa kuphela lapho ugunyazwe nguNkulunkulu. Ngokwalo mbono, iManifesto ne- Second Manifesto yango-1890 yahoxisa ukugunyazwa kukaNkulunkulu kwangaphambilini okwanikezwa uJoseph Smith.

Kodwa-ke, uBruce R. McConkie washo ngempikiswano encwadini yakhe yango-1958, iMormon Doctrine, ukuthi uNkulunkulu "ngokusobala" uzobuye aqale umkhuba wesithembu ngemuva kokuBuya Kwesibili kukaJesu Kristu.Lokhu kunanela izimfundiso zangaphambilini zikaBrigham Young zokuthi inhloso eyinhloko yesithembu kwakuwukuletha iMillennium.Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zesonto ezisemthethweni azenzi lutho ngokuvuselelwa kabusha komshado weningi.

Ngokomgomo wesonto, ngemuva kokushona kowesilisa, angavalwa ngummeli kubo bonke abesifazane abeshade nabo ngokusemthethweni esaphila.Kunjalo nangabesifazane; kodwa-ke, uma owesifazane eboshwe uphawu kowesilisa ngenkathi esaphila, bonke abayeni bakhe kufanele babe sebeshonile ngaphambi kokuthi aboshwe ngummeli kubo. LDS Church, Church Handbook of Instructions, (LDS Church, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1998) p. 72. "A deceased woman may be sealed to all men to whom she was legally married during her life. However, if she was sealed to a husband during her life, all her husbands must be deceased before she can be sealed to a husband to whom she was not sealed during life." 

Imfundiso yesonto ayicaciswanga ngokuphelele ngesimo sabesilisa noma besifazane abasayinwa ngummeli kwabalingani abaningi.Kukhona okungenani amathuba amabili:

 Kungakhathaleki ukuthi bangaki abantu owesilisa noma owesifazane aboshwe uphawu lommeleli, bazohlala kuphela noyedwa wabo empilweni yangemva kokufa, nokuthi abashadayo abasele, abasengafanele ukuthola izinzuzo ezigcwele zokuphakanyiswa okuvela ngokuvalelwa, shada nomunye umuntu ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ngamunye unomshado waphakade.
 Lokhu kusayinwa kudala imishado esebenza ngobuningi ezoqhubeka ngemuva kokufa. Azikho izimfundiso zesonto ezicacisa ukuthi ubudlelwano be-polyandrous bungaba khona yini emva kwempilo, ngakho-ke amanye amalungu esonto ayangabaza ukuthi lokhu kungenzeka yini kusebenza kwabesifazane ababoshwe ngommeleli kwabaningi abashadile. Ithuba lokuthi abesifazane bangavalwa emadodeni amaningi ushintsho lwenqubomgomo lwakamuva olwenziwe ngo-1998. Abaholi besonto abaluchazanga lolu shintsho, noma imiphumela yalo yezimfundiso.

 Ukugxekwa komshado weningi 

 Izimo zomshado wenqwaba ongajabule 
Abagxeki besithembu eSontweni LDS lokuqala bathi imishado eminingi yakhiqiza ukungajabuli kwabanye abafazi.Isazi-mlando se-LDS, uTodd Compton, encwadini yakhe ethi In Sacred Loneliness, uchaze izehlakalo ezehlukene lapho abanye abafazi emishadweni yesithembu benganeme ngesithembu.

 Izinkomba