IsiNcithinye

IsiNcithinye (monosaccharide), sibizwa nangokuthi ushukela olula, siwuhlobo olula kunazo zonke zoshukela kanye nemuvo uyisiseko (iminxazwi (monomers)) okwakhiwe ngalo izifukuthusi (carbohydrate). 
Imvamisa siwumncwebe oqinile,  ongenambala, okuncibilikayo emanzini. Ngokuphikisana negama lawo elithi (shukela), iziNcithinye ezithile kuphela ezinambitheka kamtoti.
Isicabayo (formula) esijwayelekile sithi CnH2nOn, noma i- [Cn (H2O) n] noma i- {CH2O} n (yize kungewona wonke amachembe afaka lesicabayo)

Izibonelo zesiNcithinye zihlanganisa  IsiNcihleke, IsiNcithelo nesiNcintusi. 

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imininingwane
IsiNcithinye siyisakhi sokwakha IsiNcithimbili (njenge-sucrose ne-lactose) neziNcithiningi (polysaccharides) (njenge-cellulose nesitashi). Ichwe ngalinye lomcalahle lisekela iqembu le(hydroxyl yi-chiral), ngaphandle kwalezo ezisekupheleni kochungechunge. Lokhu kuphakamisa amafomu amaningi we(isomeric)), onke anesicabayi esifanayo sevanga. Isibonelo, isiNcintusi nesiNcishuko zombili zingama-(aldohexoses), kepha zinezakhiwo ezihlukile zomzimba nezakhiwo zevanga.

IsiNcithinye esiyisincishuko sidlala indima ebalulekile ekusetshenzisweni komzimba, lapho amandla evanga akhishwa khona nge-glycolysis kanye nomjikelezo we(citric acid) ukuhlinzeka amandla ngezinto eziphilayo. Ezinye izinCithinye zingaguqulwa emzimbeni ophilayo zjbe yisiNcishuko.