Inzululwazi

Inzululwazi futhi ISayensi iyisigabavu esihleliwe nendlela yokuzuza lonke ulwazi olungaba khona emhlabeni nakumkhathilibe wonke. Kwinzululwazi kukhona izindlela zokuhlela izincazelo ezivivinyayo nokubikezela ngomkhathi.  "... modern science is a discovery as well as an invention. It was a discovery that nature generally acts regularly enough to be described by laws and even by mathematics; and required invention to devise the techniques, abstractions, apparatus, and organization for exhibiting the regularities and securing their law-like descriptions."— p.vii  Kubalulekile kakhulu kwinzululwazi ukuba imiphumela yezivivinyo nocwaningo kube eqinisekiswe osonzululwazi abaningi ukuze amaqiniso ayo angaphuma odwa kuvezwa amaphutha. Kwencikene kakhulu nokusizana kuhlanganwe.  

Izimpande zokuqala zenzululwazi ziseGibhithe lasendulo naseMesopotamiya kusukela cishe ngowezi-3500 kuya ku-3000 BCE."The historian ... requires a very broad definition of "science" – one that ... will help us to understand the modern scientific enterprise. We need to be broad and inclusive, rather than narrow and exclusive ... and we should expect that the farther back we go [in time] the broader we will need to be."  p.3—  Amagalelo abo kwezomchazazibalo, ezomchazamkhathi, kanye nezokwelapha angena futhi abumba iFilosofi yemvelo yamaGreki yenkathi yakudala, okuyilapho kwenziwa khona imizamo emisiwe yokuqhamuka nezincazelo ezisekelwe emsukeni ongokwemvelo wezinto ezenzeka endaweni ebonwa ngamehlo. Ngemuva kokuwa koMbuso oseNtshonalanga WaseRoma, ulwazi lwemiqondo yamaGrikhi ngomhlaba lwehla eNtshonalanga Yurophu phakathi neminyaka engamakhulu amane yokuqala (eyama-400 kuya kwe-1000 CE) weNkathi Ephakathi  kepha lwalondolozwa emazweni obuSulumane ngesikhathi se- nkathi yokuChuma kobuSulumane.  Ukubuyiselwa nokuhlanganiswa kwemisebenzi yamaGrikhi nemibuzo yamaSulumane eNtshonalanga Yurophu kusuka ngekhulu le-10 kuye le-13 kwavuselela "iFilosofi yemvelo",   kamuva eyaguqulwa yinguquko yenzululwazi eyaqala ngekhulu le-16  njengoba amasu amasha kanye nokusanda-kufunyanwa kwayishiya imiqondo namasiko wamaGrikhi kwangaphambili.     Indlela-su yenzululwazi ngokushesha yadlala indima enkulu ekwakhiweni kolwazi futhi kuze kwaba ngekhulu lam-19 lapho izici eziningi zezikhungo nokucwephesha zenzululwazi ezaqala ukwakheka;  The Oxford English Dictionary dates the origin of the word "scientist" to 1834.  kanye nokushintshwa "kwefilosofi yemvelo" kube isayensi yemvelo.  

Inzululwazi yanamuhla ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe yaba amagatsha amathathu amakhulu aqukethe inzululwazi yemvelo (isib, umchazampilo, umchazatho, kanye nomchazandalo), efunda  imvelo ngomqondo obanzi; inzululwazi yezenhlalo (isib, Ezomnotho, ezengqondo, kanye nezenhlalo), ezifunda abantu ngabanye nemiphakathi; kanye nesayensi ehlelekile (isib. umhluzaqondo, umchazazibalo, kanye nesayensi yesiCikizi semibhalo), ephathelene nezimpawu ezilawulwa yimithetho. Kodwa kukhona ukungaboni ngaso linye,   ekutheni inzululwazi ehlelekile empeleni yakha inzululwazi njengoba ingasekelwe ebufakazini obungcwetile.  Imikhakha esebenzisa ulwazi olukhona lwenzululwazi ngezinjongo ezisebenzayo, enjengomNgcikisho,  ezokwelapha, zichazwa njengenzululwazi esetshenziswayo.     

Ulwazi olusha lwenzululwazi luthuthukiswa ucwaningo losonzululwazi abagqugquzelwa ilukuluku ngokuphathelene nomhlaba kanye nayisifiso sokuxazulula izinkinga. Ucwaningo lwenzululwazi lwanamuhla lwenziwa ngokubambisana okukhulu futhi luvame ukuqhutshwa amathimba  akwezemfundo, izikhungo zokucwaninga, izikhungo zikahulumeni nezinkampani. Umthelela osebenzayo ocwaningweni lwenzululwazi uholele ekuqubukeni kwezinqubomgomo zesayensi ezifuna ukuthonya umhwebo wenzulukeazi ngokubeka phambili ukuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo yezentengiso, izikhali, ukunakekela impilo, futhiukuvikelwa kwemvelo.

 uMsuka 
Igama elithi inzululwazi elisetshenziswa ukuhumusha elithi science lisho 'isimo sokwazi', noma ulwazi olunzulu ngendalo ezungezile.
Igama elithi inzululwazi liyinhlanganisela yamabizo amabili athi 'nzulu + ulwazi' ngoba loluhlobo lolwazi lunzulu, ludinga ukufundwa kabanzi nokucwaningwa ngokujulile. Lingcono kakhulu kunalelo elingumfakela othi isayensi. Leli liyibizo lesintu okufanele silisebenzise. Nansi indlela yokulisebenzisa lona kanye namanye ahlobene nalo:

 science - inzululwazi
 scientist - usonzululwazi
 scientific - okwenzululwazi
.

 uMlando 

 uMlando wakuqala 
Inzululwazi ayinawo umsuka owodwa vo. Kunalokho, izindlelasu ezihleliwe zavela lusilili ngokuhamba kwesikhathi seminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane, ngezimo ezingafani ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomhlaba, futhi inbalwa imininingwane ekhona emayelana nokuthuthuka kwayo endulo. Kungenzeka abesifazane babeneqhaza elikhulu kwinzululwazi yasendulo, as did religious rituals. Ezinye izazi zisebenzisa ebizo elithi 'inzululwazi yanguna' ukuze bagqabe ubuqhebeqhebe basendulo obunenswebu yenzululwazi yanamuhla kulwangu lwayo; nokho, lomgqabo uye wahlatshwa kakhulu njengothunazayo noma osikisela ngokweqile umbono wobumanjemanje (Presentism), njengoba ubhekwa Lobo buqhebeqhebe ngeso lemijinjo yanamuhla.

Ubufakazi obuqandikhanda bemidludlungu yenzululwazi baqala ukucaca ekufikeni kwezimiso zokubhala emiphakathini yasendulo njengaseGibhithe naseMesopothamiya, kanjalo kwaqopheka iziqoshwa zokuqala emlandweni wenzululwazi. Nakuba amazwi nezicabangelo ezithi 'inzululwazi' nesithi 'imvelo' zazingeyona ingxenye yenkulumo yangaleso sikhathi, imiphakathi yasendulo yaba namagalelo abalulekile naba nendawo kwinzululwazi yamaGrikhi nasenkathini ephakathi.

Abantu baseMesopothamiya lasendulo basebenzisa ulwazi olumalungana nezakhi ezihlukene zeziqa ukuze bakhiqize amakhamba, izindindimana, inhlaka, insipho, izinkimbi, isinomfiya, nesivimbamanzi. Bacwaninga uchazomzimba lwezilwane, ukucondoza kwezilwane, nomchazanyezi ngezinjongo zokubhula. AbaseMesopothamiya babenentshiseko enkulu kwezokwelapha futhi iziyalo zemitho zokuqala zavela ngolimi lwamakhaledi ngoSendo lwesithathu lwase-Uri. Babegxile kakhulu ekufundeni izihloko zenzululwazi ezazisebenziseka kwezenkolo nasempilweni futhi babengakuthakaseli ukugculisa ilukuluku.

 Enkathini yanguna 
Enkathini yanguna, babekhona ababebhekwa njengosonzululwazi, kodwana hhayi ngendlela efana neyanamuhla. Abantu abayizinyanga ezigogodile, nabayingxenye yezicukuthwane futhi imvama abesilisa yibona ababeqhogoya izinhlobonhlobo zophenyo emvelweni.

 Enkathini ephakathi 
Ngenxa yokuwa kombuso waseRoma, ikhulu lesi-5 lambozwa ukwehla kwezingqithabuchopho nokuwohloka kolwazi olwalukhona endulo.

 Enkathini yokukhanyiselwa 
Ekuqaleni kwenkathi yokukhanyiselwa, uIsaac Newton wakha isisekelo sobunguxa basendulo ngencwadi ethi Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, eyaba nethonya elikhulu kwezomchazandalo. U-Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz wasebenzisa amabizo womchazandalo wobu-Aristotile, okuyiwona asetshenziswa ngendlela entsha.

 Izinkomba 

 Izixhumanisi ezingaphandle 

 Euroscience 
 Classification of the Sciences in Dictionary of the History of Ideas. (Isimo esisha se-elekthronikhi sinobhomu kabi, okufakiwe ngemuva kokuthi "Idizayini" ingafinyeleleki. Internet Archive inguqulo yakudala).
 United States Science Initiative Imininingwane ekhethiwe yesayensi enikezwe izinhlaka zikaHulumeni wase-US, kufaka phakathi ucwaningo nemiphumela yokuthuthuka
 How science works University of California Museum of Paleontology

Category:ISayensi