Inhlwa yevanga

INhlwa yevanga iwuhlobo lwechwe elinesibalo esithile seziNelesi enuzini yalo, ihlanganisa nesiqa esicwebile esiqukethe lolohlobo kuphela. Ngokungafani nemixube yevanga, izinhlwa zevanga azinakuwohlozeka zibe ezinye iziqa. Inani lezinelesi enuzini yisona sakhi esichasisa inhlwa, futhi kubhekiselwa kulo ngokuthi inani lobuchwe - wonke amachwe enani lobuchwe elifanayo angamachwe enhlwa efanayo. Cishe lonke uTho lobunkindisi kumkhathilibe lwakhiwa izinhlwa zevanga. Lapho izinhlwa ezingafani zibhekana nokusabela kwevanga, amachwe ahleleka kabusha abe yimixube emisha ebanjwe ndawonye izibhonqi zevanga. Zimbalwa izinhlwa ezitholakala zingaxubene nezinye futhi zicwebe njengezimbiwa zemvelo, iCwebe neMbedu. Zonke ezinye izinhlwa zitholakala kuNomkhubulwane ziyimixube noma izimvange. Umoya ngokuyinhloko uyinhlanganisela yezinhlwa iNihwe, isOhwe nesAlahwe, nakuba uqukethe imixube ehlanganisa umCalahle ontuhlambili namanzi. 

Periodic_table_(polyatomic)
Umlando wokuvubukulwa nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlwa waqala emiphakathini yakudala yabantu eyaqala ngokuvubukula izimbiwa ezifana noMcalahle, Isibabuli, usoklele nemBedu (nakuba isicabango senhlwa sasingakaqondwa). Imizamo yokujinja izinhlwa ezifana nalezi yaphumela esicabangweni sezinhlwa zakudala, ubuthakathi, kanye neminye imibono efanayo ekhona emlandweni. Imvama yokuqondwa kwanamuhla kwezinhlwa yathuthuka kusuka emsebenzini kaDimitri Mendele, umthaki waseRashiya owashicilela icansi lezinhlwa lokuqala elaziwayo ngonyaka we-1869. Leli cansi lihlela izinhlwa ngokukhuphuka kwenani lobuchwe kube izinhlu ("periods") lapho imiqobe ("groups") ecobelelana khona ("periodic") ngezakhi zokubumbeka nezakhi zevanga. Icansi lezinhlwa lifingqa izakhi ezihlukene zezinhlwa, okuvumela abathaki batomule ukuhlobana phakathi kwazo futhi babikezele ngemixube emisha engase yenzeke.

Incaziso
Izinhlwa zevanga eziluhlengesi yiHwanzi neHwelanga, zombili ezidalwa ukusabela okwenzeka endeni yokuQhuma okuKhulu, emva kwemizuzu engama-20 yokuzalwa koMkhathilibe, kanye namachaphaza wezinhlwa ezimbili ezilandelayo, okungumThanya neBehlezani. Cishe zonke ezinye izinhlwa ezisemvelweni zadalwa izinqubo zemvelo ezihlukahlukene zokulumbanisa iNuzi. Emhlabeni, ngamanani amancane wamaChwe amasha akhiqizeka ngokwemvelo ngokusabela okwenzeka enuzini, noma imidludlungu yasemkhathini. Amachwe amasha aphinde akhiqizeke emhlabeni njengamaChembe wemisebe yokubucuka kokuyonzeka okuqhubekayo okufana nokubucuka kokuqala, ukubucuka kwesibili Kanye nengxubano engalindelwe, ukubucuka kwesixheke kanye nezinye izindlela zokubucuka eziyivela kancane.

Ezinhlweni ezingama-94 ezitholakala ngokwemvelo, lezo ezinenani lobuchwe kusuka kwelilodwa kuya kwangama-82, ngawodwa cishe anechembe elilodwa elizinzile (ngaphandle komThanyambi, inhlwa yama-43 kanye nomPhomethimbi, inhlwa yama-61, zombili ezingenawo amachembe azinzile). AmaChembe athathwa njengazinzile yilawo okungakabonwa kubucuka okuyonzayo kuwo. Izinhlwa ezinenani lobuchwe kusuka kwelangama-83 kuya kwelengama-94 zona azizinzile neze kuze kube sezingeno lapho ukubucuka okuyonzayo kwawo wonke amachembe kuhlongeka kalula. Ezinye zalezi zinhlwa, ngokuphawulekayo iBima (inani lobuchwe elingama-83), isiThomsizi (inani lobuchwe elingama-90) kanye neShaqantuva (inani lobuchwe elingama-92), zinechembe elilodwa noma ukweqa elinempilo eyisigamu eyanele ukuphila njengezinsalela zokuqhuma komlumbanisonuzi (nucleosynthesis) wenkanyezi okwakhiqiza izinkimbi ezinzima ngaphambi kokudalwa kohlelo lozungezolanga lwethu. Ngeminyaka eyizi-1019 eziphindwe ngo-1.9, okuyiminyaka engaphezu kwaleyo yomkhathilibe wethu ngobudala, iBima-209 ( inani lobuchwe elingama-83 ) linokubucuka kokuqala obude bempilo-sigamu obaziwayo kunanoma iyipho inhlwa etholakala ngokwemvelo, futhi uhlezi ubhekwa njengofana nezinhlwa ezingama-80 ezizinzileyo. Izinhlwa ezinzima kakhulu (lezo ezilandela imPulu, inhlwa yama-94) zibhekana nokubucuka okuyonzayo ngezimpilo-sigamu ezilufuphi kakhulu futhi ezingatholakali emvelweni kudingeka zilumbaniswe.

 Inani lobuchwe 

Inani lobuchwe lenhlwa lilingana nenani lezinelesi zechwe ngalinye, futhi yilona elichasisa inhlwa. Ngokwesibonelo, wonke amaChwe womCalahle aqukethe izinelesi eziyisi-6 enuzini lechwe; ngakho inani lobuchwe lomCalahle yisi-6. AmaChwe womCalahle kungenzeka abe namanani wezintunge ahlukile; amachwe wenhlwa efanayo anamanani wezintunge ezihlukile aziwa ngokuthi amaChembe wenhlwa.

Inani lezinelesi enuzini lechwe libuye linqume umlelesa, wona onquma inani lezinzuba zechwe esimweni salo sokuhonyozeka. Izinzuba zigcinwa ekuzungezeni ichwe okuyinto enquma izakhi zevanga ezihlukene zechwe. Inani lezintunge enuzini imvama alinawo umthelela omkhulu ezakhini zevanga zenhlwa. Ngaleyondlela , wonke amaChembe womCalahle acishe abe nezakhi zevanga ezifanayo ngokuba wonke anezinelesi eziyisi-6 nezinzuba eziyisi-6, nakuba amachwe womCalahle engaba nezintunge eziyisi-6 noma isi-8. Ingakho inani lobuchwe, kunenani lesisindo noma ubunzima bechwe, lithathwa njengenkondolo ehlonzayo  lenhlwa yevanga.

Uphawu lwenani lobuchwe ngu- Z.

 AmaChembe 

Amachembe angamachwe wenhlwa efanayo (enenani lezinelesi elifanayo enuzini lechwe), kodwana anenani elihlukile lezintunge. Ngokwesibonelo, ingakho kunamachembe amathathu ayinhloko womCalahle. Wonke amaChwe womCalahle anezinelesi eziyisi-6 enuzini, kodwa angaba nezintunge eziyisi-6, isi-7 noma isi-8. Njengoba amanani esisindo awo kuyi-12, i-13 ne-14 ngokulandelana, amaChembe amathathu womCalahle azowa ngokuthi umCalahle we-12, umCalahle we-13 nomCalahle we-14, futhi afinyezwa kanje 12C, 13C, and 14C. UmCalahle wansuku zonke nalowo womchazaziqa uyingxube yo 12C (okungaba 98.9%), 13C (okungaba 1.1%) kanye nokungaba ichwe elilodwa kwayisigidi wo 14C.

Icansi lezinhlwa
Icansi elilandelayo liveza izinhlwa ezaziwayo eziyi-118.

 Inhlwa ngesiNgisi (IUPAC) Uphawu Inombolo yobuchwe Isisindo sobuchwe[u] isiLuthi[kg/m³] (20 °C) Ekuncibilikeni (°C) Ekudlidlizeni (°C) uNyaka wokuvubululwa<i> umVubululi IsAcagu  actinium  Ac  89  227,03  10070  1047  3197  1899  Debierne IsAlumbe  aluminium  Al  13  26,98  2700  660,5  2467  1825  Ørsted IsAmoshi  americium  Am  95  243,06  13670  994  2607  1944  Seaborg IsiBidani  antimony  Sb  51  121,75  6690  630,7  1750  zamani  (?) IsAlahwe  argon  Ar  18  39,94  1,66   -189,4 −189,4   -185,9 −185,9  1894  Ramsay, Strutt IsAsumu  arsenic  As  33  74,92  5720  613 2)  613 2)  11. Jhd.  Albertus Magnus IsAtsha  astatine  At  85  209,99    302  337  1940  Segrè umBhanya  barium  Ba  56  137,33  3650  725  1640  1808  Davy ImBeke  berkelium  Bk  97  247,07  13250  986    1949  Seaborg IBehlezani  beryllium  Be  4  9,01  1850  1278  2970  1797  Vauquelin IBima  bismuth  Bi  83  208,98  9800  271,4  1560  1540  Agricola Umthofu  lead  Pb  82  207,2  11340  327,5  1740  zamani  (?) IBhohombi  bohrium  Bh  107  262,12        1976  Oganessian umBohlwa  boron   B  5  10,81  2460  2300  2550  1808  Davy, Gay-Lussac UmBhulufu  bromine  Br  35  79,90  3140   -007,3−7,3  58,8  1826  Balard UmKhathofi   cadmium  Cd  48  112,41  8640  321  765  1817  Stromeyer und  Hermann UmCanga  cesium  Cs  55  132,91  1900  28,4  690  1860  Kirchhoff,  Bunsen UmCaphana  calcium  Ca  20  40,078  1540  839  1487  1808  Davy UmNgcalife  californium  Cf  98  251,08  15100  900    1950  Seaborg IShambe  cerium  Ce  58  140,11  6770  798  3257  1803  von Hisinger, Berzelius IChwenzi  chlorine  Cl  17  35,45  2,95   -101−101  -034,6 −34,6  1774  Scheele UmChiyangqwala  chromium  Cr  24  52,00  7140  1857  2482  1797  Vauquelin UmConjambi  cobalt  Co  27  58,933  8890  1495  2870  1735  Brandt IChumumbi  curium  Cm  96  247,07  13510  1340  3110  1944  Seaborg IDamasimbi  darmstadtium  Ds  110  269        1994  GSI UmDubumbi  dubnium  Db  105  262,11        1967/70  Ghiorso UmDanyathofi  dysprosium  Dy  66  162,5  8560  1409  2335  1886  Lecoq de Boisbaudran IsEntshenye   einsteinium  Es  99  252,08    860    1952  Seaborg Insimbi  iron  Fe  26  55,85  7870  1535  2750  zamani  (?) INdwembi  erbium  Er  68  167,26  9050  1522  2510  1842  Mosander UmNulundu  europium  Eu  63  151,96  5250  822  1597  1901  Demarçay UmFeme  fermium  Fm  100  257,10        1952  Seaborg UFusihwe  flourine  F  9  19,00  1,58   -219,6−219,6   -188,1 −188,1  1886  Moissan IShabalalambi  francium  Fr  87  223,02    27  677  1939  Perey UmGedembulu  gabolinium  Gd  64  157,25  7890  1311  3233  1880  de Marignac UmGambana  gallium  Ga  31  69,72  5910  29,8  2403  1875  Lecoq de Boisbaudran UmGwangaza  germanium  Ge  32  72,61  5320  937,4  2830  1886  Winkler iMbedu  gold  Au  79  196,97  19320  1064,4  2940  zamani  (?) UmHlafantunge  Hafnium  Hf  72  178,49  13310  2150  5400  1923  Coster,  de Hevesy UmHasambi    Hassium  108  265,00        1984  GSI IHwelanga  Helium  He  2  4,00  0,170   -272,2−272,2   -268,9 −268,9  1895  Ramsay, Crookes UmHomambi  holmium   Ho  67  164,93  8780  1470  2720  1878  Soret IHwanzi  hydrogen  H  1  1,01  0,084   -259,1 −259,1   -252,9 −252,9  1766  Cavendish INzulumbi  indium  In  49  114,82  7310  156,2  2080  1863  Reich, Richter Inkwithi  iodine  I  53  126,90  4940  113,5  184,4  1811  Courtois Imbidi  iridium  Ir  77  192,22  22560  2410  4130  1803  Tennant UmKhosha  potassium  K  19  39,098  860  63,7  774  1807  Davy UmCalahle  carbon  C  6  12,011  3510  3550  4827  zamani  (?) UmKhalahwe  krypton  Kr  36  83,80  3,48   -156,6−156,6   -152,3−152,3  1898  Ramsay, Travers Usoklele  copper  Cu  29  63,55  8920  1083,5  2595  zamani  (?) ILalamthumbi  Lanthanum  La  57  138,90  6160  920  3454  1839  Mosander UmLangalambi  lawrencium  Lr  103  260,10    1627    1961  Ghiorso UmThanya  Lithium  Li  3  6,94  530  180,5  1317  1817  Arfwedson UmLuthambi  Lutetium  Lu  71  175,00  9840  1656  3315  1907  von Welsbach, Urbain UmGethe  Magnesium  Mg  12  24,30  1740  648,8  1107  1828  Bussy UManyazini  Manganese  Mn  25  54,90  7440  1244  2097  1774  Gahn UMtshambi  meitnerium  Mt  109  266        1982  GSI UMendele  Mendelevium  Md  101  258,1        1955  Seaborg UMophobo  molybdenum  Mo  42  95,94  10280  2617  5560  1778  Scheele INaside  sodium  Na  11  22,99  970  97,8  892  1807  Davy INdalamhonyambi  neodyn  Nd  60  144,24  7000  1010  3127  1895  von Welsbach INkanyihwe  neon  Ne  10  20,18  0,84   -248,7 −248,7   -246,1 −246,1  1898  Ramsay Travers UmNaphangana  neptunium  Np  93  237,05  20480  640  3902  1940  McMillan Abelson INimbi  nickel  Ni  28  58,69  8910  1453  2732  1751  Cronstedt INobo  niobium  Nb  41  92,91  8580  2468  4927  1801  Hatchet INihwe  nitrogen  N  7  14,01  1,170   -209,9 −209,9   -195,8 −195,8  1771  Scheele INombi  nobelium  No  102  259,10        1958  Seaborg UmOsisivu  osmium  Os  76  190,2  22590  3045  5027  1803  Tennant ImPanda  palladium  Pd  46  106,42  12020  1552  3140  1803  Wollaston IPholoba  phosphorus  P  15  30,97  1820  44  280  1669  Brand IKhazi  platinium  Pt  78  195,08  21450  1772  3827  1557  Scaliger ImPulu  plutonium  Pu  94  244,06  19740  641  3327  1940  Seaborg ImPosumu  polonium  Po  84  208,98  9200  254  962  1898  Marie Curie UmPhahlazambi  praseodymium  Pr  59  140,91  6480  931  3212  1895  von Welsbach UmPhomethimbi  promethium   Pm  61  146,92  7220  1080  2730  1945  Marinsky UmPhacagu  protactinium  Pa  91  231,04  15370  1554  4030  1917  Fajans Hahn, Meitner Isigidi  mercury   Hg  80  200,59  13550   -038,9 −38,9  356,6  zamani  (?) UmSebembi  radium  Ra  88  226,03  5500  700  1140  1898  Marie und Pierre Curie UmLahwe  radon  Rn  86  222,02  9,23   -071 −71   -061,8 −61,8  1900  Dorn UMlenembi  rhenium  Re  75  186,21  21030  3180  5627  1925  Noddack, Tacke, Berg ULundu  rhodium   Rh  45  102,91  12410  1966  3727  1803  Wollaston ILugambi  Rentgenium  Rg  111  272        1994  GSI ILubimbo  Rubidium  Rb  37  85,45  1530  39  688  1861  Bunsen, Kirchhoff ISalanqwali  Ruthenium  Ru  44  101,07  12450  2310  3900  1844  Claus UmLefelambi  Rutherfordium  Rf  104  261,11        1964/69  Ghiorso UmSambi  Samarium  Sm  62  150,36  7540  1072  1778  1879  Lecoq de Boisbaudran IsOhwe  oxygen  O  8  16,00  1,33   -218,4 −218,4   -182,9 −182,9  1774  Priestley, Scheele IScambi  scandium  Sc  21  44,96  2990  1539  2832  1879  Nilson Isibabuli  sulfur  S  16  32,07  2060  113  444,7  zamani  (?) ISigamchibi  seaborgium  Sg  106  263,12        1974  Oganessian ISewezi  Selenium  Se  34  78,96  4820  217  685  1817  Berzelius  iCwebe  silver  Ag  47  107,87  10490  961,9  2212  zamani  (?) ISiphemba  silicon  Si  14  28,09  2330  1410  2355  1824  Berzelius IsiThanambi  tin  Sn  50  118,71  7290  232  2270  zamani  (?) ISolombi  strontium  Sr  38  87,62  2630  769  1384  1798  Klaproth UmThulumbi  tantalum  Ta  73  180,95  16680  2996  5425  1802  Ekeberg UmThanyambi  technetium  Tc  43  98,91  11490  2172  5030  1937  Segrè InTehla  tellurium  Te  52  127,6  6250  449,6  990  1782  von Reichenstein UmThabathofi  terbium  Tb  65  158,93  8250  1360  3041  1843  Mosander UmThohla  thallium  Tl  81  204,38  11850  303,6  1457  1861  Crookes IsiThomsizi  thorium  Th  90  232,04  11720  1750  4787  1829  Berzelius UmThuthumbi  thulium  Tm  69  168,93  9320  1545  1727  1879  Cleve IsinTsazayiya  titanium  Ti  22  47,88  4510  1660  3260  1791  Gregor, Klaproth IChusinimbi  Copernicium  Uub  112  277        1996  GSI ILivambi  Livermorium  Uuh  116  289        2000  JINR IsOgambi  oganesson  Uuo  118  293        2006  JINR UMcombi  Moscovium  Uup  115  288        2006  JINR UmFelombi  flerovium  Uuq  114  289        1999  JINR UmNihombi  nihonium  Uut  113  287        2006  JINR IShaqantuva  uranium  U  92  238,03  18970  1132,4  3818  1789  Klaproth UVathofi  vanadium  V  23  50,94  6090  1890  3380  1801  del Río UmZithowe  tungsten  W  74  183,85  19260  3407  5927  1783  Fausto und Juan de Elhuyar UmYabambi  ytterbium  Yb  70  173,04  6970  824  1193  1878  de Marignac UmYambi  yttrium  Y  39  88,91  4470  1523  3337  1794  Gadolin IZethe  zinc  Zn  30  65,39  7140  419,6  907  zamani  (?) IXhwe  xenon  Xe  54  131,29  4,49   -111,9 −111,9   -107,0 −107  1898  Ramsay,  Travers IZambedu  zirconium  Zr  40  91,22  6510  1852  4377  1789  Klaproth

Category:ISayensi

Isilulumagama nezimpawu

Izinhlea zevanga ezihlukahlukene zihlonzwa ngokusemthethweni ngamanani azo wobuchwe, amagama azo amukelwayo, kanye nezimpawu zawo ngokwevanga.

 Amanani wobuchwe
Izinhlwa ezaziwayo zinamanani wobuchwe aqala kulinye (1) kuya ekhulwini elineshumi nesiphohlongo (118), alotshwa ngezibalonani zase-Arabiya. Njengoba izinhlwa zingakleliswa ngenani lobuchwe, kusuka kweliphansi kuya kweiliphezulu (njengasecansini lobunkathi), ngezinye izikhathi amaqoqo ezinhlwa angahlonzwa ngokuthi kuthiwe,  "through", "beyond", or "from ... through", as in "through iron", "beyond uranium", or "from lanthanum through lutetium" .