Ikhambi lokugoma

Ikhambi lokugoma ikhambi elinyusa amandla wamasosha omzimba ukuze ezolwa nasifo thizeni. Ikhambi lokugoma luvamise ukwakhiwa ngenxenye yegciwane elidala izifo. Kujwayele ukuthi lengxenye yegciwane kube amagciwane abulewe noma amacezu akhomba uhlobo legciwane. Lawa macezu aqeqesha amasosha omzimba ukuthi akwazi ukubona igciwane ukuze amasosha omzimba alwe nalo alibulale uma sekufika igciwane langempela.

Ukunika umuntu umuthi oqeqesha amasosha omzimba kuthiwa ukugoma. Akukho okuhlula ukugoma ekuvimbeni ukutheleleka ngezifo ezidalwa amagciwane.*United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). A CDC framework for preventing infectious diseases.  Accessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines are our most effective and cost-saving tools for disease prevention, preventing untold suffering and saving tens of thousands of lives and billions of dollars in healthcare costs each year."
American Medical Association (2000). Vaccines and infectious diseases: putting risk into perspective.  Accessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines are the most effective public health tool ever created."
Public Health Agency of Canada. Vaccine-preventable diseases.  Accessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines still provide the most effective, longest-lasting method of preventing infectious diseases in all age groups."
United States National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). NIAID Biodefense Research Agenda for Category B and C Priority Pathogens.  Accessed 11 September 2012. "Vaccines are the most effective method of protecting the public against infectious diseases." Umlando utshengisa ukuthi
ukugoma kwaqeda izifo okubalwa kuzo ingxibongo, kwaphinde kwanciphisa amazinga ezifo
okubalwa kuzo i-polio, isimungumungwane, kanye ne-tetanus. Imithi kugoma kwaziwa igwema
izifo okubalwa kuzo umkhuhlane, i-HPV, kanye nenqubulunjwana.

Igama lomuthi womgongo kuthiwa i-vaccine ngesiNgisi okuyigama elaqanjwa ngu-Edward Jenner owalisungula olimini lwesiLathini olusho inqubulunjwana yezinkomo ngesitkhathi eqamba umuthi wokuligoma.

Ukusebenza kwalo

Imithi yoku goma iphephile futhi iyasebenza kahle ukulwa nezifo ezithelelanayo. Kodwa ke, kukhona izindawo lapho ugugoma kuba buthaka khona.

Amandla emithi yomgomo anqunyelwe izinto eziningi njenge:
 Isifo (imithi yokugoma ethize isebenza kangcono kuneminye ngokuhambisana nesifo)
 Uhlobo lomuthi womgomo (eminye imithi yomgomo ethize isebenza kangcono uma ibhekene nesifo eqondene naso)
 Uma isikhathi sokuthola umgomo sakhiwe kahle
 Wonke umuntu unendlela yakhe yokuthi imithi yomgomo isebenza kanjani kuye
 Ezinye izizathu kungabalwa kuzo ubuzwe, ubudala, kanye nofuzo.

Uma umuntu ogonyiwe uyasithola isifo agonyelwe sona (lokhu kuthiwa isifo esingena ngenkani) kuvamile ukuthi kwehle ukuthelelanana kwalesi sifo kwabanye abantu abangagonyiwe.

Okulandelayo izinto okumele ziqaphelwe ukuze luzosebenza kahle uhlelo lokugoma abantu:
 Ukwenziwa kahle izibalo ezitshengisa ukuthi mangakanani amazinga okugoma adingekayo kusukela esikhathini esincane kuya kwesilandelayo.
 Ukuqhubeka ukuqapha isimo sesifo zikhathi zonke.
 Ukuqhubeka namazinga aphezulu okugoma ngisho esehlile amazinga esifo emphakathini.

Ukugoma sekwaqeda izifo ezifana nengxibongo, eyaziwa njengenye yezifo ezazithelelana zibhubhisa abantu emhlabeni. Ezinye izifo kubalwa kuzo i-rubella, i-polio, isimungumungwane,
i-mumps, i-chickenpox, kanye nei-typhoid eseza cishe zaphela ngenxa yokugoma
okwakusabalele.

Uma iningi labantu bangomile. Kuba nzima kakhulu ukuthi isifo sibhebhetheke. Lokhu kwaziwa
ngokuthi ukuphepha komhlambi.

Ukugoma kuvimba ukuqala kokumelana nokusebenza komuthi obulala amagciwane. Umzekelo; izinhlelo zomgomo sezehlise amazinga ukumelana nokusebenza kwemithi efana ne-penicillin ebulala amagciwane anjenge-Streptococcus pneumoniae edala inyumoniya.

Umgomo wesimungumungwana uvimbela ukufa kwabantu abangama 1-million minyaka yonke.

Imithelela emibi

Ukugoma kwabantwana kuphephile. Imithelela emibi ijwayele ukuba mncane. Imithelela ijwayele ukuba imfiva, ubuhlungu endaweni yokujova, kanye nezinhlungu zomsipha. 

Imithelela emibi kakhulu ayijwayelekile.

Izinhlobo

Imithi yomgomo yakhiwe ngezincezu zamagciwane.

Ziningi izihlobo ezisetshenziswayo.

Okucishiwe

Kukhona imithi yomgomo eyakhiwe ngamagciwane acishiwe kusetshenziswa amakhemikhali,
ukushisa, noma imisebe endmandla. Imizekelo kungabalwa kuyo imithi yokugoma elwa nezifo ezifana ne-polio, hepatitis A, amarabi, kanye nomkhuhlane.

Okuncishisiwe

Kukhona imithi yomgomo enamagciwane aphilayo, ancishisiwe. Le nhlobo yomgomo yenza
umzimba ube namandla anyukile ukulwa nezifo kodwa awuphephile ukusetshenziswa kubantu
abamasosha omzimba abuthaka.

Obekunobuthi
Kukhona indlela yokuthatha into ewubuthi, bucishwe ubuthi bayo ukuze kwakhiwe ngayo umuthi yomgomo obizwa nge-toxoid.

Okuyingxenye

Kukhona umuthi wokugoma owakhiwa ngengxenye yegciwane thizeni ukuze
kuzoqeqesheka amasosha omzimba.

Okuhlangene

Kukhona amagciwane ambozwe ngento okuthiwa i-polysaccharide edala ukuthi ifihleke
kumasosha omzimba. Abacwaningi bakwazi ukuthatha i-polysaccharide emboze igciwane
ayihlanganise neprotheni thizeni ezokwenza ukuthi amasosha omzimba akwazi ukulibona
igciwane.

Imizamo emisha

Miningi imithi yomgomo emisha eqanjwayo kumanje.
Yize imithi yokugoma eminingi yakhiwa kusetshenziswa amagciwane abulewe kanye
nezingxenye zamanye amagciwane, kukhona imithi yokugoma eyokwenziwa eyakhiwe ngezinto
ezingatholakazi emvelweni.

I-valence
Imithi yokugoma ingaba isimo sokuba-monovalant noma ibe multivalant. Umuthi wokugoma one
simo sokuba-monovalant wakhelwe ukuthi ulwe nomazisi wegciwane elilodwa noma igciwane
elilodwa. Umuthi wokugoma one simo sokuba-multivalant ukwazi ukubona ilwe namagciwane
amaningi.

I-Heterotypic
Kukhona imithi yokugoma eyakhiwa ngokusebenzisa amagciwane aqhamuka ezilwaneni ukuze
asetshenziswe kumuntu noma olunye uhlobo lwesilwane.

Ukuqeqesha amasosha omzimba
Uma amasosha omzimba athola umuthi wokugoma egazini awubona njengento eqhamuka ngaphandle komzimba, ayibulale bese “ayayikhumbula”. Uma sekufika igciwane langempela
emzimbeni, amasosha omzimba ayakwazi ukukhumbulu bese:
 Ayalibulala igciwane ngaphambi kokuthi litholane nezithwana zomzimba;
 Ayalibona igciwane abulale lona kanye nesithwana somzimba lapho igciwane selingene khona.

Okusizayo kanye nokugcinayo
Imithi yokugoma ijwayele ukuhlanganisa nezinto ezisiza ukugoma eziqinisa amasosha omzimba.
Kuyenzeka ukuthi imithi yokugoma ixutshwe nezinto ezenza ukuthi umuthi ugcineke ungaboli
uma uhlaselwa amanye amagciwane kanye nesikhunta.

Uhlelo
Kufuneka ukuthi abantwana bathole umgomo ngesikhathi lapho khona imizimba yabo isikwazi
isikwazi ukuba namasosha omzimba “anamandla aphelele”. Lokhu kuhambisana nohlelo
lokugoma oluyinkimbinkimbi.
Miningi imithi yokugoma ehambisana nezigaba zokukhula komuntu mpilo yonke. Umzekelo,
isimungumungwana, i-tetanus, umkhuhlane, kanye nenyumoniya. Kuvamise ukuthi imithi
yokugoma enikwa abantu asebekhulile kakhulu ibhekane nenyumoniya kanye nomkhuhlane.

Umlando
Ngaphambi kokuthi kube khona imithi yokugoma enamacezu aqhamuka kwingxibongo yezinkomo, abantu babekwazi ukuthelelelana ngamabomu ngegciwane lengxibongo. Kunobufakazi emlandweni obutshengisa ukuthi izwe laseShayina laseliqalile ukugomela ingxibongo eminyakeni engu-1000 edlule.Needham, Joseph. (2000). Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.154

Eminyakeni yangama-1760s, u- Edward Jenner wathola ukuthi abantu abasengayo kwakungenzeki ukuthi bathole ingxibongo ngoba basebetheleleke ngengxibongo yezinkomo.
Ngonyaka ka 1796, u-Jenner wabuka ukhunta oluqhamuka esandleni somuntu osengayo otheleleke ngengxibongo yezinkomo, waluhlikihla esandleni somfana oneminyaka eyisi-8 okwatholakala ukuthi usegomekile ekutholeni ingxibongo emva kwamaviki ayisi-6. Kwatholala ukuthi akayitholanga ingxobongo.

U-Jenner waqhubeka nalolucwaningo kwathi ngonyaka ka-1798 wabika ukuthi umuthi wakhe wokugoma usebenza ngokuphelile ezinganeni nakwabadala. Isizukulwane salomuthi wokugoma saqhamuka ngeminyaka yama-1800 ngu-Louis Pasteur.

Iminyaka yama-1900 yabona ukuqala kwemithi yokugoma eminingi, okubalwa kuyo imithi elwa ne-diphtheria, isimungumungwana, i-mumps, kanye ne-rubella. Kwa igxathu elikhulu ukutholakala komgomo we-polio ngeminyaka yo-1950 lapho okwaphinde kwanqotshwa khona ingxibongo eminyakeni yo-1960 no-1970. u-Maurice Hilleman waba nomthelela omkhulu ekwakhiweni yalemigomo.

Ukwakhiwa kwamakhambi okugoma amaningi kuze kube manje ime ngokuxhaswa uhulumeni, izikhungo zemfundo ephakeme kanye nabasizi bomphakathi abazimele. Amakhambi okugoma
amaningi awabizanga kakhulu aphinde asiza abezempilo. Ukusetshenziswa kwamakhambi okugoma kunyuke kakhulu eminyakeni eyedlule. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukugonywa kwezilwane kusiza ukuthi zingatholi izifo nokuthi zingatheleli abantu ngezifo.

Amadokodo okuqamba
Ukufaka idokodo lokuqamba ikhambi lokugoma kungaba ingqinamba ekuqanjweni kwamakambi okugoma amasha ngenxa yokuthi lawa madokodo awavikelekile kahle. Ukwenziwa
kwamadokodo kwenzelwa ukuthi ligcineke liyimfihlo.

Isigungu sezempilo umhlaba wonke i-WHO ithi into evimba ukuthi kwenziwe amakhambi okugoma emazweni azathuthuka imali, izinsiza kusebenza nabasebenzi abawaziyo umsebenzi.

Izindlela zokuthumela

Ukuthuuthukiswa kwezindlela ezintsha zokuthumela izinto, kunyusa ithemba lokwakhuwa kwamakhambi okugoma azothunyelwa ngokuphepha bese eyasetshenziswa.
Izindlela ezincomekayo zokunikwa kwabantu abakhambi okugoma abala imigomo ethathwa
ngomlomo. Ikhambi lokugoma elithathwa ngomlomo labonakala lisebenziseka kalula uma lisetshenziswa abasebenzi abangaqeqeshiwe.
Ikhambi lokugoma elingasebinzisi umjovoWHO to trial Nanopatch needle-free delivery system| ABC News, 16 Sep 2014|  lisahlolwa ngezilwane okwamanje. Kwakhiwe istembu esincane esifanisa nebhandishi elinamathelayo esinama-microscopic projections angu-20 000.

Imikhuba
Ukwakhiwa kwamakhambi omgomo kunemikhuba ejwayelekile:
 Imigomo eminingi ibibhekiswe ebantwaneni kodwa manje sekubhekwe abasha nabadala.
 Ukuxutshwa kwamakhambi okugoma sekuyinto ejwayelekayo. 
 Kubhekwa ezinye izindlela zokunika abantu imigomo
 Amakhambi akhandelwa ukuthi agqugquzele amashosha omzimba angaphakathi nashintshashintshayo. 
 Kunemizamo eyenziwayo ukuze kwakhiwe ikhambi lokugomela izifo ezibucayi kakhulu. 
 Kukhona amakhambi okugoma akhandelwa ukuvikela ekuhlaselweni ngemithi. 
 Ososayensi bazama ukwakha amakhambi okugoma okuzenzela ngokusebenzisa ingaphandle legciwane. Lokhu kuzosisa kubantu abangalizweli ikhambi lokugoma.

Imithombo