三軍輕武器計劃

「三軍輕武器計劃」（）為美軍在1970年代尋找M1911手槍Subcommittee on Investigations (1981). In July 1981, there were 412,339 .45 caliber pistols and 127,745 .38 caliber revolvers in the inventories of the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps. The last procurement of the .45 caliber pistol occurred in 1945. Since that time the existing inventory has been maintained by  rebuilding and reconditioning the worn weapons. Department of Defense witnesses testified that $1.5 million is currently  budgeted for the procurement of replacement components for those handguns. They also testified "field reports indicate that it is reaching the end of its maintainable life." After urging of House Committee on Appropriations, the Department of Defense, in 1978, initiated two studies to investigate the benefits of standardizing ammunition and handguns of the military departments.https://ndia.dtic.mil/wp-content/uploads/2021/future/T-SA_JSSASP.pdf 的替代品而成立的部門。

 歷史 
在美國空軍首先開始了「三軍輕武器計劃」（Joint Service Small Arms Program、JSSAP）以為美軍尋找M1911的替代品時，數家廠商在1970年後期提供了多種9×19毫米北約標準口徑手槍來參加試驗。

至1980年，貝瑞塔92手槍S-1打敗了柯爾特（Colt）、史密斯威森（S&W）、Star、赫尔斯塔尔国营工厂及黑克勒&科赫（H&K）提供的試驗手槍Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 4. Interest in the 9-mm handgun started in 1978 with informal Air Force testing of 9-mm pistols.[...] DOD concluded 2 years later that handgun standardization using 9-mm ammunition was feasible. At first, DOD planned to rely on the results of Air Force testing, which concluded that Beretta [92S-1] was by far the superior weapon tested. The Army, however, opposed awarding a sole-source contract to Beretta on grounds that the Air Force testing was not scientific. Since 1980, the Army has conducted two additional extensive rounds of testing the 9-mm pistol.。

由於陸軍對試驗評選中的認受性作出質疑，陸軍在1984年開出了新的XM9試驗，史密斯威森、貝瑞塔、黑克勒-科赫、西格&绍尔、瓦爾特（Walther）、施泰爾（Steyr）及赫尔斯塔尔国营工厂都有參加了，貝瑞塔又再贏得了這次試驗，1985年成為了XM9的生產商。

可靠性問題令軍方在1988年又再開始了XM10的試驗，貝瑞塔依然勝出Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 15.Thompson (2011), Chapter: "Army Takes Charge"Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 112.。

 試驗品 

 第一次測試 
名單如下Army R, D & A. Volume 22, Number 1; "JSSAP management committee[...] coordinated their service inputs. This study was  two principal parts, the first being the on-going Air Force Evaluation of handguns which was being conducted at Elgin Air Force Base, FL, in which various model 9mm pistols were evaluated against the M1911A1's and M15 .38 cal revolvers. The second part of the study considered a review of compilation of all existing historical reports and studies relative to pistols, hand-guns and their performance."Army R, D & A. Volume 22, Number 1：
+國家生產商型號參考資料貝瑞塔貝瑞塔92手槍埃斯塔勒國營工廠白朗寧大威力半自動手槍白朗寧Fast Action半自動手槍柯特製造公司柯特SSP半自動手槍史密斯威森史密斯威森M459半自動手槍黑克勒-科赫HK VP70手槍HK P9半自動手槍恆星28半自動手槍

 第二次測試 
名單如下Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 15.Thompson (2011), Chapter: "Army Takes Charge"Legislation and National Security Subcommittee (1986); Page 9：
國家生產商型號貝瑞塔貝瑞塔92手槍埃斯塔勒國營工廠白朗寧雙動半自動手槍柯特製造公司柯特SSP半自動手槍史密斯威森史密斯威森M459半自動手槍黑克勒-科赫HK P7手槍西格&紹爾SIG P226半自動手槍華瑟華瑟P88手槍斯泰爾武器

 結果 
在招標當中，只有貝瑞塔92F和SIG P226能夠圓滿完成試驗。

根據來自GAO的報告，貝瑞塔能夠授予M9的合同的原因是貝瑞塔92F在破壞性測試之中，具有更好的耐用性和較低的總承包價格。

儘管每把P226手槍的成本較貝瑞塔92F少，SIG的組件當中包括彈匣及備用零件等的價格卻高於貝瑞塔92F。

在1984年的美軍測試中，只有貝瑞塔92SB-F和SIG P226合格，由於貝瑞塔報價較低，因此美國陸軍選擇了92F（92SB-F），編號為M9。不過，美國政府因為本土槍枝製造商史密斯威森強烈抗議之前測試的結果，因而建議重新執行一次測試。

在1987年，名為編號“M10”執行的測試中，陸軍直接以現有M9手槍進行測試，最後仍然擊敗了其他樣槍，因而確定了它的地位。

 參考資料