埃斯特万·德·毕尔巴鄂·埃吉亚

埃斯特万·德·毕尔巴鄂·埃吉亚（，），是西班牙的律师、长枪党政治人物。毕尔巴鄂作为同情卡洛斯主义的保王派人士Stanley G. Payne, The Franco Regime, Madison 2011, , 978-0299110741, p. 235在内战期间加入了佛朗哥阵营，并在战后担任，任内他主持建立了欧洲最具管制性的司法体系之一During early Francoism some 1% of the population went through jails and some 1,1‰ were judicially executed. Comparative background might be provided by similar European post-civil-war cases. In Poland (until 1953) there were 250,000 political prisoners, ca. 1% of the population, Tomasz Łabuszewski (ed.), Śladami zbrodni. Projekt edukacyjny IPN, Warszawa 2007, p. 6. Military tribunals, dealing with crimes against state, sentenced at least 5,800 to death. The number of those executed remains obscure and is estimated at few thousand, 0,2-0,3‰ of the population, Dariusz Burczyk, Igor Hałagida, Alicja Paczoska-Hauke (eds.) Skazani na karę śmierci przez Wojskowe Sądy Rejonowe w Bydgoszczy, Gdańsku i Koszalinie (1946-1955), Gdańsk 2009, , pp. 9, 17. In Greece there were 65,000 political prisoners, some 0,9% of the population, Minas Samatas, Greek McCarthyism: a comparative assessment of Greek post-civil war repressive anticommunism and the U.S. Truman-McCarthy era, [in:] Journal of the Hellenic Diaspora 13 (1986), p. 38. In 1949 the Athens government admitted 3,150 death sentences for contributing to the revolt; at least 1,233 have actually been executed, some 0,2‰ of the population, Bickham Sweet-Escott, Greece: A Political and Economic Survey 1939-1953, London 1954, p. 73, though some authors claim there were 5,000 executed by court-martial, which would constitute 0,7‰ of the population, Stanley G. Payne, Civil War in Europe, 1905-1949, Cambridge 2011, , p. 223. In both Polish and Greek cases numbers do not include death sentences on theoretically non-political charges, extrajudicial executions and – in case of Greece – death due to atrocious conditions in labor camps. In long-established democracies which experienced minor fratricidal violence, by no means comparable to a civil war, the number of politically-motivated death penalties administered by the judicial system was not negligible. In case of post-1944 Belgium there were 2,940 Nazi collaborators (some 0,4‰  of the population) sentenced to death, though the number of those actually executed was 242, Payne 2011, p. 204。其后他于1943年3月出任众议院议长，直到1965年9月因年事已高而卸任Entrevista a Esteban Bilbao, [in:] Esfuerzo común 102 (1969)。

 参考来源 

 延伸阅读 
 Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, Cambridge 1975, 
 Julian Casanova, Francisco Espinosa Maestre, Conxita Mir, Francisco Moreno Gómez, Morir, matar, sobrevivir: la violencia en la dictadura de Franco, Barcelona 2004, 

Category:西班牙罗马天主教徒
Category:卡洛斯派
Category:西班牙众议院议员
Category:西班牙参议院议员
Category:西班牙众议院议长
Category:西班牙律师
Category:西班牙司法大臣
Category:萨拉曼卡大学校友
Category:德乌斯托大学校友