現代希伯來語

現代希伯來語（，），又稱以色列希伯來語，是現今使用的希伯來語的標準形式。它由19世紀末及20世紀初希伯來語復興運動發展起來，現為以色列國的法定語文，是世界上唯一仍在使用的迦南語言。

希伯來語是亞非語系中西北閃族語言的一種，自古以來一直是猶太人的語言。公元前3世紀猶太人日常語言被西亞蘭語（亞蘭語的一種方言）所取代。然而，希伯來語仍用於猶太教禮拜儀式及猶太文學的某些流派。到了19世紀末，俄羅斯猶太語言學家艾利澤·本-耶胡達發起了一場民眾運動，旨在將希伯來語復興為活語言，在錫安主義的背景下保育希伯來文學及猶太民族的獨特性。

如今，大約有900至1000萬人使用希伯來語，其中包括母語人士、流利使用者及非流利使用者。這個數字的一半是以希伯來語為母語的以色列人，而另一半則是其他人士：150萬是往以色列的移民；150萬是阿拉伯裔以色列人，他們的第一語言通常是黎凡特阿拉伯語；五十萬是移居海外的以色列人或散居海外的猶太人。

根據以色列法律，正式指導現代希伯來語發展的組織是希伯來語言學院，其總部位於耶路撒冷希伯來大學。

 名稱 
該語言學術上稱為「現代希伯來語」（），通稱「以色列希伯來語」（），簡稱「希伯來語」（）。; quote: "Most people refer to Israeli Hebrew simply as Hebrew. Hebrew is a broad term, which includes Hebrew as it was spoken and written in different periods of time and according to most of the researchers as it is spoken and written in Israel and elsewhere today. Several names have been proposed for the language spoken in Israel nowadays, Modern Hebrew is the most common one, addressing the latest spoken language variety in Israel (Berman 1978, Saenz-Badillos 1993:269, Coffin-Amir & Bolozky 2005, Schwarzwald 2009:61). The emergence of a new language in Palestine at the end of the nineteenth century was associated with debates regarding the characteristics of that language.... Not all scholars supported the term Modern Hebrew for the new language. Rosén (1977:17) rejected the term Modern Hebrew, since linguistically he claimed that 'modern' should represent a linguistic entity that should command autonomy towards everything that preceded it, while this was not the case in the new emerging language. He also rejected the term Neo-Hebrew, because the prefix 'neo' had been previously used for Mishnaic and Medieval Hebrew (Rosén 1977:15–16), additionally, he rejected the term Spoken Hebrew as one of the possible proposals (Rosén 1977:18). Rosén supported the term Israeli Hebrew as in his opinion it represented the non-chronological nature of Hebrew, as well as its territorial independence (Rosén 1977:18). Rosén then adopted the term Contemporary Hebrew from Téne (1968) for its neutrality, and suggested the broadening of this term to Contemporary Israeli Hebrew (Rosén 1977:19)"

亦有人認為「現代希伯來語」這個稱法不妥; quote: The language with which we are concerned in this contribution is also known by the names Contemporary Hebrew and Modern Hebrew, both somewhat problematic terms as they rely on the notion of an unambiguous periodization separating Classical or Biblical Hebrew from the present-day language. We follow instead the now widely-used label coined by Rosén (1955), Israeli Hebrew, to denote the link between the emergence of a Hebrew vernacular and the emergence of an Israeli national identity in Israel/Palestine in the early twentieth century."，因為它暗示了聖經希伯來語的明確分期。; quote: The language with which we are concerned in this contribution is also known by the names Contemporary Hebrew and Modern Hebrew, both somewhat problematic terms as they rely on the notion of an unambiguous periodization separating Classical or Biblical Hebrew from the present-day language. We follow instead the now widely-used label coined by Rosén (1955), Israeli Hebrew, to denote the link between the emergence of a Hebrew vernacular and the emergence of an Israeli national identity in Israel/Palestine in the early twentieth century."支持改用已廣泛使用的「以色列希伯來語」; quote: The language with which we are concerned in this contribution is also known by the names Contemporary Hebrew and Modern Hebrew, both somewhat problematic terms as they rely on the notion of an unambiguous periodization separating Classical or Biblical Hebrew from the present-day language. We follow instead the now widely-used label coined by Rosén (1955), Israeli Hebrew, to denote the link between the emergence of a Hebrew vernacular and the emergence of an Israeli national identity in Israel/Palestine in the early twentieth century."，因為它「代表了希伯來語的非時間順序性質」。; quote: "Most people refer to Israeli Hebrew simply as Hebrew. Hebrew is a broad term, which includes Hebrew as it was spoken and written in different periods of time and according to most of the researchers as it is spoken and written in Israel and elsewhere today. Several names have been proposed for the language spoken in Israel nowadays, Modern Hebrew is the most common one, addressing the latest spoken language variety in Israel (Berman 1978, Saenz-Badillos 1993:269, Coffin-Amir & Bolozky 2005, Schwarzwald 2009:61). The emergence of a new language in Palestine at the end of the nineteenth century was associated with debates regarding the characteristics of that language.... Not all scholars supported the term Modern Hebrew for the new language. Rosén (1977:17) rejected the term Modern Hebrew, since linguistically he claimed that 'modern' should represent a linguistic entity that should command autonomy towards everything that preceded it, while this was not the case in the new emerging language. He also rejected the term Neo-Hebrew, because the prefix 'neo' had been previously used for Mishnaic and Medieval Hebrew (Rosén 1977:15–16), additionally, he rejected the term Spoken Hebrew as one of the possible proposals (Rosén 1977:18). Rosén supported the term Israeli Hebrew as in his opinion it represented the non-chronological nature of Hebrew, as well as its territorial independence (Rosén 1977:18). Rosén then adopted the term Contemporary Hebrew from Téne (1968) for its neutrality, and suggested the broadening of this term to Contemporary Israeli Hebrew (Rosén 1977:19)"1999年，以色列語言學家諸葛漫提出了「以色列語」一詞以代表該語言的多重起源。Zuckermann, G. (1999), "Review of the Oxford English-Hebrew Dictionary", International Journal of Lexicography, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 325-346; quote: "Most people refer to Israeli Hebrew simply as Hebrew. Hebrew is a broad term, which includes Hebrew as it was spoken and written in different periods of time and according to most of the researchers as it is spoken and written in Israel and elsewhere today. Several names have been proposed for the language spoken in Israel nowadays, Modern Hebrew is the most common one, addressing the latest spoken language variety in Israel (Berman 1978, Saenz-Badillos 1993:269, Coffin-Amir & Bolozky 2005, Schwarzwald 2009:61). The emergence of a new language in Palestine at the end of the nineteenth century was associated with debates regarding the characteristics of that language.... Not all scholars supported the term Modern Hebrew for the new language. Rosén (1977:17) rejected the term Modern Hebrew, since linguistically he claimed that 'modern' should represent a linguistic entity that should command autonomy towards everything that preceded it, while this was not the case in the new emerging language. He also rejected the term Neo-Hebrew, because the prefix 'neo' had been previously used for Mishnaic and Medieval Hebrew (Rosén 1977:15–16), additionally, he rejected the term Spoken Hebrew as one of the possible proposals (Rosén 1977:18). Rosén supported the term Israeli Hebrew as in his opinion it represented the non-chronological nature of Hebrew, as well as its territorial independence (Rosén 1977:18). Rosén then adopted the term Contemporary Hebrew from Téne (1968) for its neutrality, and suggested the broadening of this term to Contemporary Israeli Hebrew (Rosén 1977:19)"

 背景 
古希伯來語作為一種口頭語言在公元132至136年巴柯巴起義之後衰落，對這場起義的鎮壓摧毀了猶太地區的人口，使得希伯來語在公元200至400年間消亡。猶太人流亡後，希伯來語僅限於禮拜儀式使用。Sáenz-Badillos, Ángel and John Elwolde: "There is general agreement that two main periods of RH (Rabbinical Hebrew) can be distinguished. The first, which lasted until the close of the Tannaitic era (around 200 CE), is characterized by RH as a spoken language gradually developing into a literary medium in which the Mishnah, Tosefta, baraitot and Tannaitic midrashim would be composed. The second stage begins with the Amoraim and sees RH being replaced by Aramaic as the spoken vernacular, surviving only as a literary language. Then it continued to be used in later rabbinic writings until the tenth century in, for example, the Hebrew portions of the two Talmuds and in midrashic and haggadic literature."

 字母 
名稱正楷אבגדהוזחטיכלמנסעפצקרשת潦草45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px45x45px發音[], ∅[], [][][][][][][]~[][][][], []~[][][][][][], ∅[], [][][][]~[][], [][]轉寫a,e,i,o,u,'b, vgdhvzh, chtyk, khlmnsa,e,i,o,u,'p, ftskrsh, st

 詞法 
現代希伯來語的詞法與聖經希伯來語相差無幾。

 參見 

 希伯來語
 聖經希伯來語

 參考 

 參考書目 














 外部連結 

 Modern Hebrew Swadesh list
 The Corpus of Spoken Israeli Hebrew - introduction  by Tel Aviv University
 Hebrew Today – Should You Learn Modern Hebrew or Biblical Hebrew? 
 History of the Ancient and Modern Hebrew Language  by David Steinberg
 Short History of the Hebrew Language  by Chaim Menachem Rabin
 Academy of the Hebrew Language: How a Word is Born

Category:主謂賓語序語言
Category:以色列語言
Category:語言復興
Category:猶太語言
Category:希伯来语单词和短语
Category:希伯來語
Category:迦南语支
Category:Webarchive模板wayback链接
Category:CS1希伯来语来源 (he)
Category:CS1含有希伯来语文本 (he)
Category:含有希伯來語的條目