拉律戰爭

拉律戰爭，或譯拿律战争（），是發生於馬來西亞拉律地區（也譯拿律，，今霹靂州太平一帶）的一系列戰事爭端。第一場戰事始于1861年7月，並以《邦咯條約》的簽署告終。戰爭起因於當地華人祕密會社爭奪霹靂州拉律地區的礦區控制權的衝突，以及拉惹阿都拉（）和雅·伊布拉欣（）间的繼承戰爭。

 第一次拉律戰爭 1861–62 
1861年7月，第一次拉律戰爭爆發。有關控制礦井水源的爭論升級，海山公司将義興公司赶出新吉辇 （, 今 ）。 Notes on the Larut Disturbances by Khoo Kay Kim, A history of Perak, Sir Richard Olof Winstedt, Richard James Wilkinson, Sir William Edward Maxwell, republished by Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1974, PPiv&vHistory of Malaya, 1400-1959, Joginder Singh Jessy, Jointly published by the United Publishers and Peninsular Publications, 1963, P151A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978, , , PP78&123The Malayan tin industry to 1914: with special reference to the states of Perak, Selangor, Negri, Sembilan, and Pahang by Lin Ken Wong, Published for the Association for Asian Studies by the University of Arizona Press, 1965, P27 海峽殖民地總督干預，要求拉律土酋雅·伊布拉欣代表霹靂蘇丹賠償義興公司17,447美元。A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978, , , PP79The Western Malay States, 1850-1873: the effects of commercial development on Malay politics, Kay Kim Khoo, Oxford University Press, 1972, P129A history of Malaya, Joseph Kennedy, Macmillan, 1970, P138A short history of Malaya, Gerald Percy Dartford, Longmans, Green, 1963, P128The Making of Modern South-East Asia: The European conquest, D. J. M. Tate, Oxford University Press, 1971, P276

 第二次拉律戰爭 1865 
1865年6月，因兩派結社成員間的賭博爭吵，爆發第二次拉律戰爭。海山公司成員俘虜了14名義興公司成員，其中13人被殺。第14人逃跑，通知會社。義興公司展開報復，袭击海山公司村莊，夷为平地，殺死了40名男子。戰鬥蔓延到威斯利省和檳城島，其他祕密結社陸續加入戰鬥。双方戰至筋疲力盡，最終達成協議。在官方調查後，海山和義興因破壞檳城和平，各被罰款5,000美元，流放領導人。History of Malaya, 1400-1959, Joginder Singh Jessy, Jointly published by the United Publishers and Peninsular Publications, 1963, P152Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 64, MBRAS, 1991, P10A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978, , , P79The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study, Wilfred Blythe, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs [by] Oxford U.P., 1969, P115

1870年，拉律地區共有約4萬名客家和粤語礦工，兩組礦區相距較近。Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 36, Part 2, MBRAS, 1968, P44The dynamics of Chinese dialect groups in early Malaya, Lau-Fong Mak, Singapore Society of Asian Studies, 1995, P72

 第三次拉律戰爭 1871-72 
1871年，爆发了第三次拉律戰爭。起因据传來自一件丑闻，涉及義興公司首領和海山首領鄭景貴侄子妻子的婚外情。婚外情曝光後，私通的兩人遭到严刑拷打，浸猪笼，最終被扔进废弃矿池淹死。为了替首领报仇，義興公司率領经槟城帶來的4,000名中國大陸雇佣兵袭击海山，首次將海山公司赶出拉律。约一万名海山公司成員在槟城寻求庇护。几个月后，由雅·伊布拉欣支持的海山公司奪會了馬當（）和拉律矿山。此时，1871年，苏丹阿里去世后，拉惹阿都拉 (  ) 宣稱霹雳州王位，反对在阿都拉缺席时獲任命的苏丹伊斯邁（），以及雅·伊布拉欣與海山公司。华裔矿工间的战争遂演變成霹雳州马来蘇丹的内战。The Making of Modern South-East Asia: The European conquest, D. J. M. Tate, Oxford University Press, 1971, PP274&276A gallery of Chinese kapitans, Choon San Wong, Ministry of Culture, Singapore, 1963, P72The journals of J. W. W. Birch, first British resident to Perak, 1874-1875, James Wheeler Woodford Birch, Oxford University Press, 1976The Chinese in Malaya, Victor Purcell, Oxford Univ. Press, 1948, P107Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a survey of the Triad Society from 1800 to 1900, Leon Comber, Published for the Association for Asian Studies by J.J. Augustin, 1959, P158A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978 , , P80The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study, Wilfred Blythe, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Oxford U.P., 1969, P179Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, PP267,270

 第四次拉律战争和邦咯条约 1873–74 

1873年，距离上次战爭仅一年，第四次拉律戰爭爆發 。海山公司奪回拉律幾周後，義興公司在拉惹阿都拉支持下，動用来自新加坡和中國的武器人員反擊。雅·伊布拉欣在馬當的財產被毁。當地馬來居民遭殺掠。混亂蔓延到吉輦、邦咯和天定。在拉律戰爭中，始終旁觀的马来酋长震驚於华裔礦工及祕密結社造成的混亂。海峽殖民地檳城華人看到投資在拉律戰爭中遭到破壞，尋求英國干預。超過4萬名来自海山與義興的華人參與霹靂王室的繼承戰爭。Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, P270,275History of Malaya, 1400-1959Joginder Singh Jessy, Jointly published by the United Publishers and Peninsular Publications, 1963, P158A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978, , , PThe first 150 years of Singapore, Donald Moore, Joanna Moore, 1969, P361Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 64, MBRAS, 1991, P11

霹雳苏丹国陷入曠日持久的繼承鬥爭，無法維持秩序。事態失控，對马來人、華人和英國人不利。 A History of Malaysia By Barbara Watson Andaya, Leonard Y. Andaya, Palgrave Macmillan, 1984, , , P150-151 A portrait of Malaysia and Singapore, Soo Hai Ding Eing Tan, Oxford University Press, 1978, , , P80 Pasir Salak: pusat gerakan menentang British di Perak, Abdullah Zakaria Ghazali, Yayasan Perak, 1997, PP8,24 Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 64, MBRAS, 1991, P13 Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, P279 The development of British Malaya 1896-1909, Hon-chan Chai, Oxford U.P., 1968, P5 A short history of Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, Constance Mary Turnbull, Graham Brash, 1981, P134維多利亞時代的旅行家和冒險家伊莎貝拉·博德（Isabella Lucy Bird，1831-1904 年）在《通廣黃金克森尼索的道路》（, 1892） 中陳述，拉惹阿都拉与友人陳金鐘，以及新加坡英國商人，起草了一封信給海峽殖民地總督，尋求将霹靂置于英國保护下，說“需要一位能人來展示善治。”The Golden Chersonese and the Way Thither, By Isabella Bird, Cambridge University Press, 2010, , , P269 Life of Lieutenant General the Honorable Sir Andrew Clarke, By Robert Hamilton Vetch, Kessinger Publishing, 2005, , , P149The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study, Wilfred Blythe, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Oxford U.P., 1969, P186British Intervention in Malaya, 1867-1877Cyril Northcote Parkinson, University of Malaya Press, 1964, PP122, 255 1872年9月26日，在2千名森寧會人襲擊1萬2千名中山會人后，鄭景貴聯合44位華裔領袖請求英國干預。Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, P276A gallery of Chinese kapitans. Choon San Wong, Ministry of Culture, Singapore, 1963, P102The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study, Wilfred Blythe, Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs [by] Oxford U.P., 1969, P177 

為恢复霹雳州法律和秩序，英国干预马来国家事务，協助邦咯条约的簽訂。 1874 年，海峡殖民地总督爵士在邦咯岛召开会议，阿都拉獲得霹雳州苏丹王位，而不是竞争对手伊斯邁。 Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei By Simon Richmond, Lonely Planet, 2010, , , P144 Triad and tabut: a survey of the origin and diffusion of Chinese and Mohamedan secret societies in the Malay Peninsula, A.D. 1800-1935, Parts 1800-1935, Mervyn Llewelyn Wynne, Govt. Print. Off., 1941, P299 Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a survey of the Triad Society from 1800 to 1900, Leon Comber, Published for the Association for Asian Studies by J.J. Augustin, 1959, P200

1874年1月20日，在邦咯岛的冥王号上，各方签署條約，以解决華人争端及苏丹继承權，并为英国居住區铺平道路──獲任管理拉律，及協助管理英国居民。 Nineteenth-century Malaya: the origins of British political control, Charles Donald Cowan, Oxford University Press, 1967, P184 Swettenham by Henry Sackville Barlow, Southdene, 1995, P119 Footprints in Malaya by Sir Frank Athelstane Swettenham, Hutchinson, 1942, P30 Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 27, MBRAS, 1 January 1954, P12 Imperial Connections: India in the Indian Ocean Arena, 1860-1920 By Thomas R. Metcalf, University of California Press, 2008, , , P39 Absent history: the untold story of Special Branch Operations in Singapore, 1915-1942, Kah Choon Ban, Raffles, 2001, , 9789814071024, P41

海山公司首領鄭景貴，與義興公司首領陳亞炎，分别受封为中国甲必丹。拉律更名为太平，作为休战状态的确认。三天后，鄭景貴受任为安撫委員會成员。其他成員包含瑞天咸和必麒麟。委员会目标是以友好方式解决拉律锡矿争吵。 The Mandarin-Capitalists from Nanyang: Overseas Chinese Enterprise in the Modernisation of China 1893-1911 By Michael R. Godle, Cambridge University Press, 25 July 2002, , , P28 A gallery of Chinese kapitans, Choon San Wong, Ministry of Culture, Singapore, 1963, P77 Rough guide to Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei By Charles de Ledesma, Mark Lewis, Pauline Savage, , , P181 Taiping, ibukota Perak by Kay Kim Khoo, Persatuan Muzium Malaysia, 1981, P8 The evolution of the urban system in Malaya, Heng Kow Lim. Penerbit Universiti Malaya, 1978, PP51&54

委員會决定，将太平的矿山分配给海山，将甘文丁的矿山分配给義興。A gallery of Chinese kapitans by Choon San Wong, Ministry of Culture, Singapore. 1963, P78The impact of Chinese secret societies in Malaya: a historical study by Wilfred Blythe, Issued under the auspices of the Royal Institute of International Affairs [by] Oxford U.P., 1969, PP121, 123, 180

1880年代，在太平建立了马来半岛第一座供奉何仙姑的寺庙。學者廖小菁認為建廟是战后的“和解工程”，“為謀建凝塑大廣東認同的整合機制，所攜手進行的一系列文化操作的結果”Irene Liao, “拉律戰爭與何仙姑信仰在英屬馬來亞的開展” (The Larut Wars and the Beginning of the He Xiangu Cult in British Malaya), Bulletin of the Institute of Modern History Academia Sinica 100 (2018), 47–84 (47).。许多華裔矿工来自何仙姑崇拜中心增城区。 

 餘波 
1875 年，新任命的英國駐紮總長在馬哈拉惹里拉命令下遭到暗殺。里拉是上霹靂州的王子和穆夫提，是馬來民族主义者，希望恢復英國禁止的奴隸制，或恢復霹靂州的独立，來保护自己的經濟利益。在隨後的霹靂戰爭中，英軍擊敗叛軍，進行報復，處決里拉。因認為兩人參與暗殺行動，拉惹阿都拉和雅·伊布拉欣遭流放至塞舌尔。

1877年，英國任命霹靂摄政；1886年，成為霹靂新蘇丹。

 參考書目 

 《拜別唐山：在馬來半島異域重生》，白偉權著，台北市：一八四一出版，2024年。

 參見 


 鄭景貴

 参考 

 註腳 

 延伸阅读 
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 Nineteenth-century Malaya: the origins of British political control, Volume 11 of London oriental series, Charles Donald Cowan, Oxford University Press, 1967
 In search of Southeast Asia: a modern history, David P. Chandler, David Joel Steinberg, University of Hawaii Press, 1987, , 
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 The protected Malay States, 1874-1895, Emily Sadka, University of Malaya Press, 1968
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 Pickering: protector of Chinese, Robert Nicholas Jackson, Oxford U. P., 1966
 The development of the tin mining industry of Malaya, Yat Hoong Yip, University of Malaya Press, 1969
 The Malayan tin industry to 1914: with special reference to the states of Perak, Selangor, Negri, Sembilan, and Pahang, Volume 14 of Monographs of the Association for Asian Studies, Lin Ken Wong, University of Arizona Press, 1965
 The Malay States, 1877-1895: political change and social policy, Philip Fook Seng Loh, Oxford University Press, 1969
Category:三合會
Category:組織犯罪衝突
Category:1865年衝突
Category:1862年衝突
Category:1861年衝突