埃及第三十四王朝

埃及第三十四王朝，又称罗马法老时期，是指在罗马帝国统治埃及时期埃及人民及祭司仍然将罗马皇帝视为埃及法老。他们在壁画上描绘罗马皇帝身着埃及统治者服饰、拥有法老王名。在此期间，埃及人民继续从事宗教政治活动。

尽管埃及人民视罗马皇帝为埃及法老及统治者，但皇帝们自己从未在埃及以外采用任何法老头衔或传统，因为这些在整个罗马世界很难证明是正当的。大多数皇帝可能不太关心埃及人赋予他们的地位，一生中很少访问该省一次以上。埃及行省的管理方式与其他行省的方式有很大的分别。该地的总督是由罗马皇帝亲自挑选，并且通常将其视为个人财产而非省份。虽然并非所有罗马皇帝被视为法老，但埃及宗教要求法老在场，作为人类与众神之间的中间人。由皇帝担任这一角色被证明是最简单的解决方案，类似于几个世纪前波斯皇帝被视为法老的方式（第二十七王朝和第三十一王朝）。

尽管埃及直至641年才被阿拉伯帝国征服，但最后一位获得埃及法老头衔的罗马皇帝为馬克西米努斯·戴扎（Maximinus Daza），他是四帝內戰中割據帝国東部的小亚细亚、埃及和黎凡特的皇帝。在他那个时代，由于埃及处于罗马帝国的边缘（与埃及作为世界中心的传统法老观点相反），罗马人作为法老的观点已经下降了一段时间。4世纪开始基督教开始传播至罗马各地以及埃及首都亚历山大的改造进入一个主要的基督教中心，迅速地结束了这一传统，因为新宗教与作为法老的传统含义不相容。

皇帝的名字是根据他们名字在希腊语中的译法，用象形文字拼音写成的。这种呈现名字的方式导致罗马法老对现代埃及学产生重大影响，因为阅读他们的名字标志着象形文字破译的重要一步。

皇帝—法老列表
肖像皇帝法老王名  备注100px  奥古斯都Augustus<small>30BC-14荷鲁斯名：200pxṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢwstp-n-Ptḥ-Nnw-jt-nṯrw200px<small>ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt	普列诺门名：100px<small>ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ100pxḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ mrj-Ꜣst100pxAutokrator	诺门名：100px<small>Kaisaros, Ep. nt.f mḥ100pxKaisaros, Ep. pꜢ nṯr100pxKaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst100pxKaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst第一位罗马皇帝和第一位控制埃及的罗马统治者。100px  提比略Tiberius<small>14-37荷鲁斯名：200pxṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢwstp-n-Ptḥ-Nnw-jt-nṯrw200px<small>ṯmꜢ-Ꜥ wr-pḥtj ḥwnw-bnr-mrwt	诺门名：100px<small>Kaisaros, Ep. nt.f mḥ100pxKaisaros, Ep. pꜢ nṯr100pxKaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst100pxKaisaros, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ptḥ-ꜢstLeft little impression on Egypt90px卡利古拉37–41荷鲁斯名：169x169pxkꜢ-nḫt jꜢḫ-stwt-RꜤ-JꜤḥ普列诺门名：153x153pxAutokrator, Ep. ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw mrj-Ptḥ-Ꜣst诺门名：231x231pxKaisaros Germanikos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏtLeft little impression on Egypt; lifted the ban on Egyptian cults in Rome instituted by Augustus90px克勞狄烏斯41–54荷鲁斯名：93x93pxkꜢ-nḫt ḏd-jꜢḫ-Šw-(m)-Ꜣḫt67x67pxkꜢ-nḫt wḥm-ḫꜤw普列诺门名：130x130pxAutokrator, Ep. ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw mrj-Ꜣst-Ptḥ109x109pxKaisaros Germanikos201x201pxKaisaros Sebastos Germanikos Autokrator诺门名：117x117pxTiberios Klaudios193x193pxTiberios Klaudios Kaisaros ntj ḫwLeft little impression on Egypt; rebuked requests from Alexandria to gain its own self-governing senate90px尼禄54–68荷鲁斯名：274x274pxṯmꜢ-Ꜥ ẖwj-ḫꜢswt wr-nḫw-BꜢqt ḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Nnw-Mrwr59x59pxṯmꜢ-Ꜥ ẖwj-ḫꜢswt普列诺门名：84x84pxḥqꜢ-ḥqꜢw stp-n-Ptḥ mrj-Ꜣst110x110pxKaisaros Germanikos诺门名：70x70pxNeron113x113pxNeron Klaudios, Ep. ḫw123x123pxAutokrator Neron137x137pxNeron Klaudios Kaisaros ntj ḫwSent a small group of praetorian guards to explore along the Nile river south of Egypt, perhaps intended as a scouting mission for a later conquests in the region90px加爾巴68–69诺门名：147x147pxSerouios Galbas AutokratorLeft little impression on Egypt90px奥托69诺门名：116x116pxMarkos OthonLeft little impression on Egypt没有維特里烏斯统治埃及的记录。韦斯巴芗69–79诺门名：95x95pxOuespasianos120x120pxOuespasianos ntj ḫwFirst emperor to visit Egypt since Augustus; received a traditional pharaonic coronation90px提图斯79–81荷鲁斯名：93x93pxḥwnw-nfr bnr-mrwt普列诺门名：56x56pxTitos139x139pxAutokrator Titos Kaisaros诺门名：120x120pxOuespasianosLeft little impression on Egypt90px图密善81–96荷鲁斯名：170x170pxḥwnw-nḫt jṯj-m-sḫm.f.金荷魯斯名：126x126pxwsr-rnpwt ꜤꜢ-nḫtw普列诺门名：88x88pxḤr-zꜢ-Ꜣst mrj-nṯrw-nb(w)诺门名：80x80pxDomitianos114x114pxDomitianos ntj ḫw125x125pxDomitianos Sebastos KaisarosIntroduced Egyptian deities on coins minted in Alexandria and founded temples dedicated to deities such as Isis and Serapis in Italy. Using the trappings of being pharaoh, he also sought to add further legitimacy to imperial rule.90px涅尔瓦96–98诺门名：102x102pxNerouas ntj ḫwLeft little impression on Egypt90px图拉真98–117普列诺门名：185x185pxAutokrator Kaisaros Nerouas130x130pxGermanikos Dakikos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt诺门名：124x124pxNerouas Traianos148x148pxNerouas Traianos, Ep.  Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ꜣst113x113pxTraianos ntj ḫw221x221pxTraianos ntj ḫw + Aristos Germanikos DakikosEgyptian sources from Trajan's time associate empress Pompeia Plotina with the goddess Hathor, the first known direct association between the imperial family (other than the emperor) and Egyptian deities90px哈德良117–138诺门名：164x164pxTraianos Adrianos, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt mrj-Ꜣst120x120pxAdrianos ntj ḫw100x100pxHadrianus CaesarPaid a 8/10-month long state visit to Egypt in 130–131, visiting many sites of note and founding Antinoöpolis. Hadrian's cult of Antinous was influenced by Egyptian theology. Ruled during a period of Roman Egyptomania.90px安敦尼138–161荷鲁斯名：273x273pxnfr-n(?)-tꜢ-nṯr ḥn-n-f-ŠmꜤw-Mḥw-m-nḏm-jb普列诺门名：203x203pxAutokrator Kaisaros Titos Ailios Adrianos诺门名：167x167pxAntoninos ntj ḫw + Eusebes192x192pxAntoninos Sebastos Eusebes ntj ḫw155x155pxAntoninos ntj ḫw Ꜥnḫ-ḏt226x226pxAntoninos ntj ḫw, Ep. šꜢj-n-BꜢqtCelebrated in Ancient Egypt due to overseeing the completion of a Sothic cycle in 139. His long reign saw the last significant temple constructions in Egypt. Visited Alexandria in the 150s to sponsor various new buildings.盧基烏斯·維魯斯 161–169232x232pxLoukio(s) Aurelio(s), Ep. wr-ꜤꜢ Ꜥnḫ-ḏtJoint emperor with Marcus Aurelius90px馬可·奧理略161–180181x181pxAurelios Antoninos ntj ḫw233x233pxAutokrator Kaisaros Mark(os) Aurelio(s) Antonin(os)204x204pxAure(li)os, Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt + Antonin(os), Ep. Ꜥnḫ-ḏt300x300px[Markos] Aurelio(s) Antoninos SebastosFaced with a native Egyptian revolt led by Isidorus in 171–175 and the revolt of the Egypt-supported usurper Avidius Cassius 175. Toured Egypt in 176, the province at the time badly affected by the Antonine Plague. Replaced Demotic with Greek for official use in Egypt.90px康茂德180–192293x293pxMarkos Au(re)lios Komodos Antoninos116x116pxKomodos Kaisaros(?)129x129pxKomodos Antoninos ntj ḫwLast emperor to be widely attested as pharaonic patron in Egyptian temples. Subsequent decline of representations of emperors is probably attributable to decreased resources available to the clergy and temples rather than a change in imperial attitude and policy.五帝之年(193年)中的两位皇帝没有法老头衔的记录。 佩蒂纳克斯在埃及被短暂地认可，而尤利安努斯在埃及根本不被承认。篡位者佩斯切尼乌斯·奈哲尔是埃及公认的佩蒂纳克斯的继承人，但也没有法老头衔。90px塞普蒂米乌斯·塞维鲁193–211119x119pxSeouēros ntj ḫwToured Egypt together with the imperial family in 199–200. Repaired old buildings and established senates in Alexandria and elsewhere. Religious division and controversy led to the first large-scale persecution of Christians in Egypt in 201. 90px盖塔21186x86pxGeta(s) ntj ḫwBriefly joint emperor with Caracalla90px卡拉卡拉211–217121x121pxAntoninos ntj ḫwExtended Roman citizenship to all inhabitants of the Roman Empire through the 212 Antonine Constitution; his name Aurelius was then common, particularly in Egypt.马克里努斯217–218114x114pxMakrino(s) n(tj) ḫwBroke long-standing convention and sent a prefect and a senator to govern Egypt, though both were deposed and the senator killed after Macrinus's death迪亚杜门尼安218133x133pxDiadoumenianosJunior joint emperor with Macrinus埃拉伽巴路斯接替马克里努斯和迪亚杜门尼安，在任何已知的埃及资料中都没有提到。他的继任者亚历山大·塞维鲁在埃及得到承认，但没有法老头衔。短暂统治的皇帝馬克西米努斯·色雷克斯、戈尔迪安一世、戈尔迪安二世、普皮恩努斯、巴尔比努斯和戈爾迪安三世在现存的埃及文献中没有记录。90px菲利普244–249151x151pxPhilippos ntj ḫwDue to decades of mismanagement and civil strife Egypt had fallen into poverty by the time of Philip's reign. Last pharaoh to be commemorated at the great temple at Esna.90px德西乌斯249–251119x119pxDekios ntj ḫwOversaw the Decian persecution of Christians. His reign saw southern Egypt being raided by the Blemmyes, the first time southern Egypt was attacked since the time of Augustus.官方文件和亚历山大铸币证明，皇帝加卢斯和埃米利安努斯在埃及得到承认。但他们都没有法老头衔。瓦勒良253–26094x94pxOualerianosDemonized by Christians for renewing persecutions, but popular among the Egyptian clergy在瓦勒良之后，埃及被一系列篡位者控制:小马克里亚努斯、奎伊图斯和穆斯乌斯·埃米利安努斯，然而他们都没有法老头衔。合法皇帝加里恩努斯随后被承认，尽管在他的统治时期也没有已知的法老头衔。加里恩努斯的继任者在埃及留下的记录很少，克劳狄二世、昆提卢斯、奥勒良和克劳狄·塔西佗统治记录很少，尽管他们都被认为是公认的。271年的大部分时间里，埃及被帕米拉帝國的芝诺比娅占领，直到奥勒良重新夺回这个省份。弗洛里安努斯的统治在埃及被拒绝，埃及转而支持普罗布斯。普罗布斯276–282194x194pxAutokrator Probos (?)Seized the imperial throne with Egyptian support. Defeated the Blemmyes, who had penetrated as far north as Coptos.古埃及文献中没有皇帝卡鲁斯、卡里努斯和努梅里安的记载。戴克里先284–30590pxDiokletian(os)Reforms removed much of Egypt's idiosyncrasy, further integrating Egypt economically and administratively with the other provinces. Lands in southern Egypt were abandoned during a state visit in 298. The Diocletianic Persecution was particularly severe in Egypt.马克西米安286–30595x95pxMaksimiano(s)Western Roman emperor, ruling jointly with Diocletian; did not actually control Egypt伽列里乌斯305–311208x208pxKaisaros Iouio(s) Maksimio(s)Persecutions of Christians continued until a deathbed decree of religious toleration by Galerius马克西米努斯311–313215x215pxKaisaros Oualerios Mak(sim)inosLast emperor regarded to have been pharaoh by the Egyptians马克西米努斯是最后一位在象形文字中得到承认的罗马皇帝。虽然王座饰名是后来的记录(在340年君士坦提烏斯二世统治时期)，但异教徒的埃及人在死后使用戴克里先的饰名，而不认可后来的基督教皇帝。

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Category:古埃及王朝
Category:罗马时代埃及
Category:罗马帝国