美國訟務次長

是美國司法部排名第四的高級官員，繼司法部長、副部長及助理部長之後。該職位自2021年10月28日起由擔任。

美國訟務次長在美國最高法院代表美國聯邦政府參加訟辯。美國在最高法院採取的法律立場即由訟務次長決定。除了監管及處理政府作為訴訟方的案件外，訟務次長辦公室還會在與聯邦政府有重大利益關聯的案件中提交法庭之友摘要。幾乎所有以「合眾國」為與訟一方的案件中，訟務次長辦公室都會代表政府出庭爭辯，並在大多數政府曾提交「法庭之友」摘要的案件中出庭爭辯。在聯邦上訴法院，訟務次長辦公室會審視對合眾國不利的案件，並決定政府是否應向最高法院尋求覆核。訟務次長辦公室還會審視聯邦地區法院對合眾國作出的裁決，並就政府對案件的上訴做出核准決定。

 訟務次長辦公室的組成 
訟務次長由4名副訟務次長（deputy solicitors general）及17名訟務次長助理（assistants to the solicitor general）協助。其中3名副訟務次長是司法部的職業律師，剩下的1名副訟務次長被稱為「首席副訟務次長」（Principal Deputy Solicitor General）。與訟務次長相同，首席副訟務次長通常在政府任期結束時卸任。

訟務次長或一名副訟務次長通常會在最高法院為最重要的案件爭辯。其他案件可能由其中一名助理或其他政府律師（government attorney）參與訟辯。每個最高法院任期內，訟務次長通常會在6至9個案件中爭辯，而每名副訟務次長在4至5個案件中爭辯，每名助理則會在2至3個案件中爭辯。

 歷任訟務次長 
訟務次長任期委任總統本杰明·布里斯托October 11, 1870 – November 15, 1872尤利西斯·辛普森·格兰特Samuel PhillipsDecember 11, 1872 – May 1, 1885John GoodeMay 1, 1885 – August 5, 1886格罗弗·克利夫兰George JenksJuly 30, 1886 – May 29, 1889Orlow ChapmanMay 29, 1889 – January 19, 1890本杰明·哈里森威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱February 4, 1890 – March 20, 1892Charles AldrichMarch 21, 1892 – May 28, 1893Lawrence MaxwellApril 6, 1893 – January 30, 1895格罗弗·克利夫兰Holmes ConradFebruary 6, 1895 – July 1, 1897John RichardsJuly 6, 1897 – March 16, 1903威廉·麦金莱Henry HoytFebruary 25, 1903 – March 31, 1909西奥多·罗斯福Lloyd BowersApril 1, 1909 – September 9, 1910威廉·霍华德·塔夫脱Frederick LehmannDecember 12, 1910 – July 15, 1912William BullittJuly 16, 1912 – March 11, 1913约翰·威廉·戴维斯August 30, 1913 – November 26, 1918伍德罗·威尔逊Alexander KingNovember 27, 1918 – May 23, 1920William FriersonJune 1, 1920 – June 30, 1921James BeckJune 1, 1921 – May 11, 1925沃伦·盖玛利尔·哈定William MitchellJune 4, 1925 – March 5, 1929卡尔文·柯立芝Charles HughesMay 27, 1929 – April 16, 1930赫伯特·胡佛Thomas ThacherMarch 22, 1930 – May 4, 1933James BiggsMay 5, 1933 – March 24, 1935富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福Stanley ReedMarch 25, 1935 – January 30, 1938罗伯特·H·杰克逊March 5, 1938 – January 17, 1940弗朗西斯·貝弗利·比德尔January 22, 1940 – September 4, 1941Charles FahyNovember 15, 1941 – September 27, 1945Howard McGrathOctober 4, 1945 – October 7, 1946哈里·S·杜鲁门Philip PerlmanJuly 30, 1947 – August 15, 1952Walter CummingsDecember 2, 1952 – March 1, 1953Simon SobeloffFebruary 10, 1954 – July 19, 1956德怀特·艾森豪威尔Lee RankinAugust 4, 1956 – January 23, 1961Archibald CoxJanuary 24, 1961 – July 31, 1965约翰·肯尼迪瑟古德·马歇尔August 11, 1965 – August 30, 1967林登·约翰逊Erwin GriswoldOctober 12, 1967 – June 25, 1973Robert BorkJune 27, 1973 – January 20, 1977理查德·尼克松杰拉尔德·福特Daniel FriedmanJanuary 20, 1977 – March 4, 1977吉米·卡特Wade McCreeMarch 4, 1977 – January 20, 1981Rex LeeAugust 6, 1981 – June 1, 1985罗纳德·里根Charles FriedOctober 23, 1985 – January 20, 1989William BrysonJanuary 20, 1989 – May 27, 1989乔治·赫伯特·沃克·布什Ken StarrMay 27, 1989 – January 20, 1993William BrysonJanuary 20, 1993 – June 7, 1993比尔·克林顿Drew DaysJune 7, 1993 – June 28, 1996Walter DellingerJune 28, 1996 – November 7, 1997Seth WaxmanNovember 7, 1997 – January 20, 2001Barbara UnderwoodJanuary 20, 2001 – June 13, 2001乔治·沃克·布什June 13, 2001 – July 13, 2004Paul ClementJune 13, 2005 – June 2, 2008Gregory GarreOctober 2, 2008 – January 20, 2009Edwin KneedlerJanuary 20, 2009 – March 20, 2009贝拉克·奥巴马艾蕾娜·卡根March 20, 2009 – May 17, 2010Neal KatyalMay 17, 2010 – June 9, 2011Don VerrilliJune 9, 2011 – June 25, 2016Ian GershengornJune 25, 2016 – January 20, 2017Noel FranciscoJanuary 20, 2017 – March 10, 2017唐納·川普Jeff WallMarch 10, 2017 – September 19, 2017Noel FranciscoSeptember 19, 2017 – July 3, 2020Jeff WallJuly 3, 2020 – January 20, 2021Elizabeth PrelogarJanuary 20, 2021 – August 11, 2021乔·拜登Brian FletcherAugust 11, 2021 – October 28, 2021Elizabeth PrelogarOctober 28, 2021 – present

 Note: Some terms overlap because the incumbent remained in office after a successor was named. The office has been vacant at times while awaiting the nomination or confirmation of a successor.

 首席副訟務次長列表 
 Paul M. Bator – 1982 to 1983
 Donald B. Ayer – June 1986 to December 1988
 John Roberts – October 1989–January 1993 (Became Chief Justice)
 Paul Bender – 1993–1996
 Seth Waxman – 1996–1997 (Became Solicitor General)
 Barbara Underwood – March 1997 to January 2001 (acting SG from January to June 2001)
 Paul D. Clement – 2001 to July 2004 (became acting SG)
 Gregory G. Garre – September 2005-June 19, 2008 (became acting SG)
 Neal Katyal – January 2009 to May 2010 (became acting SG)
 Leondra Kruger – acting principal deputy SG named in August 2010
 Sri Srinivasan – August 2011 to May 2013 (became Chief Judge of D.C. Circuit)
 Ian Gershengorn – September 2013 to June 2016 (became Acting SG)
 Noel Francisco – January 20, 2017 to March 10, 2017 (became SG)
 Jeff Wall – March 10, 2017 to January 20, 2021 (became Acting SG)
 Elizabeth Prelogar – January 20, 2021 - October 28, 2021 (became SG)

 參見 
 法律政策專員
 澳洲民事檢察專員
 澳洲法律政策專員

 參考文獻 


Category:美国司法部官员
Category:法律政策專員
Category:特定地區法律職業