委內瑞拉陸軍

委內瑞拉陸軍，正式名稱為委內瑞拉玻利瓦爾共和國國家軍(), 是委內瑞拉武裝部隊的六個軍種之一。 該軍隊要參與陸上地面軍事行動，並應對可能危及國家主權的外部或內部威脅。

陸軍直接聽令於人民政權國防部。陸軍分為六個作戰兵種和四個指揮部：作戰、後勤、教育和陸軍航空兵。

委內瑞拉陸軍指揮官、官兵、技術員和軍醫均畢業於委內瑞拉玻利瓦爾軍事大學軍事院校，並且會被授予少尉軍銜，院校如下:

 委內瑞拉軍事學院,
 ,
 玻利瓦爾軍事技術學院,
 軍事衛生科學院

1821年6月24日，委內瑞拉軍隊在卡拉沃博戰役中戰勝西班牙帝國。不久委內瑞拉獨立。

 歷史 

 獨立 

With the beginning of the  on 19 April 1810 and the subsequent war in the country, a 军校 was created in 1810 by decree of the Supreme Board of 卡拉卡斯 for the training of officers for the 共和主义 cause. The 保皇派 reaction was fast and by 1812 the  was dissolved. A war to the death begun (guerra a muerte), with neither side giving quarter. On 11 April 1817, 1,800 Republicans under General Píer won a major victory against the Royalists at San Félix (southeast of Caracas), where the revolutionaries defeated 1,500 Royalists under General Nicolás María Cerruti. The Royalists suffered 593 dead and 497 captured, of whom 160 peninsulares (西班牙人 born in the 伊比利亚半岛). All of the Spaniards were 斬首. The Republicans lost 31 dead and 65 wounded.

The war continued until 1824 with successes and failures on each side. On 7 August 1819, the army of 新格瑞那達共和國, under the command of the Liberator 西蒙·玻利瓦尔, defeats the Royalist troops under the command of General José María Barreiro in the , being the first republic of the so-called Bolivarianas (Bolivarians) to obtain their independence of the 西班牙帝國; a day that also celebrates the .

The liberating army, whose central nucleus are the infantry battalions of , 跳躍者, Vencedores, the , plus the contingents of the 槍騎兵 Bravos de Apure of General 何塞·安东尼奥·派斯·埃雷拉, and whose contingents are made up mainly of Colombian-Venezuelan troops under the supreme leadership of Bolívar, are now waging the Venezuelan campaign as part of 大哥倫比亞共和國. On 24 June 1821, the Republicans obtained a decisive victory over the Royalists in the battle at , and today is celebrated as the day of the Venezuelan Army.

After the Battle of Carabobo, the remnants of the Royalist armies that managed to escape from the battlefield took refuge in 卡貝略港, while in the east they did the same in 庫馬納. Cumaná was taken shortly after by the Republicans, but the heavily fortified city of Puerto Cabello resisted under 攻城戰 until 1823, during which time it served as the base for the Spanish reconquest of territories in western Venezuela.
Afterwards, these troops take part in the Southern Campaign under the command of 元帅 安东尼奥·何塞·苏克雷, and went on to liberate 厄瓜多尔 in the 皮钦查战役, Peru in the , and  (today 玻利維亞) in the 阿亚库乔战役.

 20世紀 
20世紀，委內瑞拉當局依據普魯士模式下對軍隊進行改革，這使得軍隊走上了現代化和專業化道路。不過隨之而來的是軍隊開始干預國政，委內瑞拉出現政治不穩定、政變和獨裁統治等局面。在1940年至1958年期間，軍國主義在該國政治中占主導地位，1952年時任國防部長希門內斯自任臨時總統，推翻委內瑞拉合眾國，建立了現在的政權。1958年，民主運動最終迫使軍方停止干預國政。

隨著佩雷斯希門尼斯的推翻和民主的回歸，委內瑞拉軍隊開始對付國內的由委內瑞拉共產黨和左翼革命運動（Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria ，MIR）的極端分子領導的民族解放武裝部隊（Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional，FALN）。此外委內瑞拉軍隊也參與了聯合國在尼加拉瓜的維和行動。

 21世紀 
21世紀，委內瑞拉軍隊從俄羅斯手中購買了大量軍備，該國軍隊幾乎實現了全面現代化。

委內瑞拉武裝部隊是拉丁美洲第四大軍隊，僅次於巴西、哥倫比亞和墨西哥的軍隊。

Mission and vision

Its mission, as the ground forces of the 委內瑞拉軍事, is to:

Secure the ground defenses of the nation,
Contribute to the establishment of democratic institutions and build up respect and full compliance to the laws of the Republic as mandated,
Support national development and integration,
And to participate in programs of international cooperation and peacekeeping.

 Functions of the Army 
In accordance with the Article 9 of the National Armed Forces Organic Law as amended, the functions of the Army are to

 Organize, train and equip units for ground forces operations
 Establish doctrines for the various operations it has to undertake 
 Participate in military mobilization programs
 Maintain the national borders
 And actively achieve readiness to develop technologies and scientifically advances for the advancement of national defense

Official hymn
Spanish lyrics
Chorus

Adelante marchemos, valientes, al combate y al rudo fragor
por la patria muy altas las frentes, despleguemos pujanza y valor.
Por la patria muy altas las frentes, despleguemos pujanza y valor.

Nuestra sangre es la savia del pueblo y en el pueblo se plasma en canción
es la rosa más pura del viento que en la historia da brillo a la acción,
En las aguas, el aire y la tierra la victoria es el alba inmortal,
si sublime es el triunfo en la guerra, preservemos la gloria y la paz.

Chorus

Y si el brazo extranjero se atreve a infamar de este suelo el honor
antes muerte mil veces nos llegue que rendirnos al torpe invasor,
pues de todas las patrias que el cielo diera al hombre en morada de amor,
es la nuestra el más hondo desvelo en el sueño de un mundo mejor.

Chorus

裝備
步兵武器
起源型號口徑細節圖片 突擊步槍  AK-103 7.62×39mm 根據許可證生產 於 2006 年以 5200 萬美元購買了彈藥。2006 年以 4.746 億美元簽訂了兩份生產 AK-103 的合同。 標準型突擊步槍。 200px  FN FNC 5.56×45mm NATO 玻利瓦爾國民警衛隊的隊員也使用。 200pxFAMAS F15.56×45mm NATO特種部隊旅在數量有限的情況下使用。200px 戰鬥步槍  FN FAL 7.62×51mm NATO  200px 機槍  FN Minimi 5.56×45mm NATO 200x200px  FN MAG通用機槍 7.62×51mm NATO 200x200px  M60 7.62×51mm NATO   白朗寧M2重機槍 12.7×99mm NATO  200px 衝鋒槍  H&K MP5 9×19mm NATO  200px  Uzi 9×19mm NATO  200px  CAVIM Orinoco IV 9×19mm NATO 新的本土設計衝鋒槍 200px  FN P90 5.7×28mm  200px  長風衝鋒槍 9×19mm NATO 在陸軍第 509 特種部隊營服役。  手槍  Glock 17 9×19mm NATO 200px  白朗寧大威力半自動手槍 9×19mm NATO 200px 狙擊步槍  M14 7.62×51mm NATO  200px  M700   200px  SVDChávez’s Bid for Russian Arms Pains U.S.  Retrieved on January 23, 2020. 7.62×54mmR 200px 火箭推進榴彈/反戰車飛彈  AT4 84×1020mm   RBS 70 106mm 200px  9K338 Igla-S (SA-24 Grinch) 72mm 200px  RPG-7 40mm 200x200px

 組織 

Army major commands

 陸軍總司令部 

 陸軍後勤司令部 

 陸軍航空司令部 

 特種部隊 
99th Army Special Operations Brigade

Army divisions and corps

 第1步兵師 

 第2步兵師 

The 79th Andes Air Defense Artillery Brigade reports directly to the Operational Strategic Command, while being in the 2ID's territorial jurisdiction.

 第 3 步兵師 

Since 2016 the newly created 34th CCB reports also to the Operational Strategic Command.

 第 4 裝甲師 

 第 5 叢林步兵師 

 第9騎兵師 

 第 6 工兵團 

Ranks

 Technical Non-commissioned officers and Warrant officers (Army shoulder boards) Sargento Técnico de Tercera(Junior Warrant Officer)  Sargento Técnico de Segunda  Sargento Técnico de Primera (Third WarrantOfficer)  Maestro Técnico de Tercera (SecondWarrant Officer)  Maestro Técnico de Segunda(FirstWarrant Officer)  Maestro Técnico de Primera  Maestro Técnico Mayor  Maestro Técnico Supervisor(Chief WarrantOfficer) 50px|center  50px|center  50px|center  50px|center  50px|center  50px|center  50px|center  50px|center

 陸軍歷屆總司令 
Commanding Generals of the Venezuelan ArmyCommanding GeneralTerm in officeMGEN Francisco Rodríguez del ToroApril 1810– July 1811Generalissimo 弗朗西斯科·德·米蘭達Jul 1811 – Aug. 1812Office of Commanding General of the Army was vacant from 1812 to January 1813.GEN Jan. 1813 – Jun. 1813GEN 西蒙·玻利瓦尔 (first term)May 1813 – Dec 1814Office of Commanding General of the Army was vacant from December 1814 to May 1815.General in Chief May 1815Office of Commanding General of the Army was vacant from May 1815 to May 1816.GEN Simón Bolívar (second term)May 1816 – Aug. 1821GEN Ago. 1821 – Dic. 1822GEN 何塞·安东尼奥·派斯·埃雷拉Dec. 1822 – Jan 1847General in Chief  (2nd term)May 1847 – May 1858GEN  (acting)Jun 1848 – August 1848GEN March 1858 – August 1859 (acting till May 1858)GEN Pedro E. RamosAug 1859 – Dec 1859GEN León de Febres CorderoDec 1859 – May 1861GEN 何塞·安东尼奥·派斯·埃雷拉 (2nd term)May 1861 – Jul 1863GEN Jul. 1863 – April 1868GEN León Colina (acting)1864 GEN  (acting)1866GEN April 1868 – Jul. 1868GEN  (3rd term)Jul. 1868 – Nov. 1868GEN Nov. 1868 – May 1869GEN May 1869 – April 1870GEN  (2nd term)April 1870 – Feb. 1877GEN Feb. 1877 – Feb. 1879GEN Nov. 1878 – Feb. 1879 (acting till early February 1879)GEN José Gregorio CedeñoFeb. 1879 (acting, served 12 days)GEN  (3rd term)Feb. 1879 – May 1884GEN May 1884 – April 1886GEN  (4th term)April 1886 – August 1887GEN August 1887 – June 1888Doctor Jul. 1888 – Mar. 1890Doctor Mar. 1890 – Oct. 1892GEN  (2nd term)Oct. 1892 – Feb. 1898LTGEN Feb. 1898 – Oct. 1899LTGEN 西普里亚诺·卡斯特罗Oct. 1899 – Nov. 1908LTGEN 胡安·比森特·戈麦斯Nov. 1908 – Dec. 1935LTGEN Dec. 1935 – May 1941MGEN May 1941 – Oct 1945LTCOL Oct. 1945 – Nov. 1948LTCOL (later COL, BRIG and MGEN) 马科斯·佩雷斯·希门内斯Nov. 1948 – Aug 1954BRIG Hugo FuentesAug 1954 – Dec. 1957BRIG Rafael Virgilio VivasDec. 1957 – Jan. 1958Office of Commanding General of the Army was vacant from January 1958 to January 1959.BRIG Marco A. Moros A.Jan 1959 – Feb. 1960MGEN Pedro J. Quevedo D.Feb. 1960 – Jul. 1964BRIG Pablo A. Flores A.Jul. 1964 – Ene. 1968MGEN Roberto Morean SotoEne. 1968 – Feb. 1970MGEN Víctor M. MaldonadoFeb. 1970 – Sep. 1971MGEN Homero I. Leal T.Sep. 1971 – Feb. 1973BRIG Feb. 1973 – April 1974MGEN Manuel I. Bereciartu P.Apr. 1974 – Oct. 1975MGEN Víctor M. Molino V.Oct. 1975 – Jun. 1977MGEN Ernesto Brandt T.Jun. 1977 -Jun. 1978MGEN Arnaldo CastroJun. 1978 – May 1979MGEN Ángel V. Berrio BritoMay 1979 – Jun. 1979MGEN Tomás Abreu R.Jun. 1979 – Jan. 1980MGen Rafael G. Marín. G.Jan. 1980 – Jun. 1981MGEN Vicente L. Narváez O.Jun. 1981 – Jun. 1982MGEN Luis Octavio RomeroJun. 1982 – Jun. 1983MGEN Luís J. Silva TiradoJun. 1983 – Jun. 1984MGEN José A. OlavarríaJun. 1984 – Jun. 1985MGEN José Humberto VivasJun. 1985 – Jun. 1986MGEN Elidoro A. GuerreroJun. 1986 – Jun. 1987MGEN Italo del Valle AlliegroJun. 1987 – Jun. 1988MGEN José María Troconis PerazaJun. 1988 – Jun. 1989MGEN Carlos J. Peñaloza Z.Jun. 1989 – Jun. 1991MGEN Pedro. R. Rangel R.Jun. 1991 – Jun. 1993MGEN Jorge I. Tagliaferro De LimaJun. 1993 – Jan 1994MGEN Moisés A. Orozco GraterolFeb 1994 – Dec 1994Office of Commanding General of the Army was vacant from December 1994 to January the following year.MGEN Pedro N. Valencia V.Jan. 1995 – Jul. 1996MGEN Pedro Hernández G.Jul. 1996 – Jul. 1997MGEN Wilfredo J. Guerrero Z.Jun. 1997 – Jul. 1998MGEN Rubén M. Rojas PérezJul. 1998 – Feb. 1999MGEN Noel E. Martínez OchoaFeb. 1999 – Aug. 1999MGEN *Aug. 1999 – Jun. 2001MGEN Víctor A. Cruz WefferJun. 2001 – Dec 2001BRIG (later MGEN) Efraín Vásquez VelascoDec. 2001 – Apr. 2002MGEN Julio J. García MontoyaApril 2002 – Jan. 2003MGEN *Jan. 2003 – Jan. 2004MGEN *Jan. 2004 – Jul. 2006MGEN Pedro Azuaje ApitzJul. 2006 – Jul. 2007LTGEN *Jul. 2007 – Mar. 2009LTGEN Mar. 2009 – Jul. 2010LTGEN Euclides Campos AponteJul. 2010 – Jul. 2012LTGEN Carlos Alcalá CordonesJul. 2012 – Jul. 2013LTGEN Alexis Ascension López RamírezJul. 2012 – Jul. 2014 LTGEN Gerardo Izquierdo TorresJul. 2014– July 2015LTGEN Juan de Jesús García ToussainttJuly 2015 – June 2017LTGEN Jesús Rafael Suárez ChourioJune 2017 –

(*): Marks promotion to the rank of full General (and appointment as Minister of Defense) after serving term as Commanding General of the Army

參考文獻

外部鏈接

  Sitio oficial del Ministerio del Poder Popular para la Defensa de Venezuela
  Sitio oficial del Ejército Libertador (Venezuela)
  Sitio oficial de la Aviación del Ejército del Venezuela
 Latin American Light Weapons National Inventories 

Category:委內瑞拉軍事
Category:各國陸軍