印度-太平洋語系

印度-太平洋语系是由约瑟·哈罗德·格林伯格于1971年提出的总语系，目前认为此说谬误。其将新几内亚、美拉尼西亚的巴布亚诸语言和安达曼语系(或至少大安达曼语系)、塔斯马尼亚诸语言结合到一起。格林伯格找到的同源词后来成了范围较小的跨新几内亚语系证据。一般被认为是孤立语言的库孙达语(可能还包括其他未分类语言)也被包括进来。1971年的原始假设中并未包含“澳大利亚原住民语言”。

假设
印度-太平洋语系假说将新几内亚的非南岛语言与新几内亚东边或西边的特定语言结合起来，首先由格林伯格于1971年作出。支持者Merritt Ruhlen认为印度-太平洋语系是一个内部多样性极大而十分古老的语系，甚至远比反映6000年前的民族迁徙的南岛语系古老。他注意到，新几内亚至少4万年前就已有现代人类居住，有一定冗余的估计还要再加1到1.5万年。Ruhlen, Merritt.The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue. John Wiley & Sons, Inc: New York, 1994路易吉·路卡·卡瓦利-斯福扎则认为印度-太平洋语系是非常多相的语系，内含700种语言，可能老于4万年。Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca.Genes, Peoples, and Languages. University of California Press: Berkeley, 2001

接受程度

格林伯格的假说基于对词汇相似性的大致估计和形态相似性，尚未经过标准的比较法检验，也没有对祖语的构拟。塔斯马尼亚语言已经灭绝了，其证据如此稀少以至于许多历史语言学家都认为它们不可分类。罗杰·布伦奇以该理由反驳印度-太平洋语系假说，注意到它“标榜纯粹的语言学实践...它方便地将一大片地区所有卷毛人群的非南岛语言全放在一起。”他写道，如果不谈对巴布亚诸语言的更深入研究和史前史研究，印度-太平洋语系也是不可接受的，它“只存在于相信者的眼中”。无我(2001)Languages of the Himalayas, vol. 1, pp 139–141如此回复：

自格林伯格的工作以来，新几内亚语言主要由斯蒂芬·沃姆研究。沃姆提出的跨新几内亚语系包含格林伯格印度-太平洋语系假说70%的语言，不过其内部结构完全不同。沃姆还认为大安达曼语系、西巴布亚语系(不属于跨新几内亚)和帝汶的特定语言间的词汇相似性“相当地引人注目，近乎同形[...]例子也不算少”，但认为是底层的影响，而不是语言间直接的联系。Wurm, S.A. (1977).New Guinea Area Languages and Language Study, Volume 1: Papuan Languages and the New Guinea Linguistic Scene. Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra.

Pawley (2008)发现除塔斯马尼亚和安达曼语以外的所有印度-太平洋分支都包含跨新几内亚语系的语言，这可以解释比格林伯格提供的更坚实的同源词。但是因为这些跨新几内亚语言混合了其他语系的语言，连接起各个分支的同源词并不支持格林伯格“所有巴布亚语言都有亲缘关系”的论断。Andrew Pawley, 2008.assessment of Greenberg's Indo-Pacific hypothesis(draft)

词汇比较

下表比较了不同“印度-太平洋语系”语言和祖语的基础词汇.

词义库孙达语Watters, David E. 2006. Notes on Kusunda Grammar: A Language Isolate of Nepal.Himalayan Linguistics Archive3. (2006) 1-182.尼哈利语Nagaraja, K.S. 2014.The Nihali language: grammar, texts and vocabulary. Manasagangotri, Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages..原始翁甘语Blevins, Juliette. 2007. "A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands."Oceanic Linguistics, Volume 46, Number 1, June 2007.大安达曼语Abbi, Anvita. 2011.Dictionary of the Great Andamanese language. Port Blair: Ratna Sagar.克那博依语Hajek, John. 1998. "An extinct unclassified language of the Malay Peninsula."Mon–Khmer Studies28: 137–49.恩加诺语Greenhill, S.J., Blust. R, & Gray, R.D. (2008).Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics.Evolutionary Bioinformatics, 4:271-283.原始跨新几内亚语原始帕马-恩永甘语Alpher, Barry. 2004. Pama-Nyungan: Phonological Reconstruction and Status as a Phylo-Genetic Group. In Claire Bowern and Harold Koch (eds.),Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method, 93-126, 387-574. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.原始昆威库语Harvey, Mark. 2003. An initial reconstruction of Proto Gunwinyguan phonology. In Evans, Nicholas (ed.),The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia: comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region, 205-268. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.原始纽尔纽尔语Stokes, Bronwyn and William McGregor. 2003. Classification and Subclassification of the Nyulnyulan Languages. In Nicholas Evans (ed.),The non-Pama-Nyungan languages of northern Australia: comparative studies of the continent's most linguistically complex region, 29-74. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.头ipipe(ː)ñ*-otabɛr-cotahalɛyu, iur*kV(mb,p)utu; *mVtVna*koc; *-pam*-alma; *marru头发gikuguso*-odeot-becsûyutpururu, yur*(nd,s)umu(n,t)[V]; *iti*ngar眼iŋ / inəŋjikit*-ecebo < *eca-ipoer-ululaŋbak*(ŋg,k)iti [maŋgV]; *ŋg(a,u)mu; *nVpV*kuru*koq; *-nganycurla; *-Tum*-miny耳iyucigam*-ikwager-buocʰəliòhkarih*kand(i,e)k[V]*-kanam*-lababa鼻inu / inəucoːn*-iɲjan-ipoer-kɔʈʰolîaŋpan*mundu*ngurru*ce*-mal(ul)齿uhu, u.umenge*-akweder-pʰile, ɸilecʰəráhʔekaʔ, kaaʔ*titi*rirra, *lirra*yama/errk ; *-retmV*jarringk舌iŋdzũ, idziŋ / idzəŋ*-adalaŋɑ-tɑtɟelildi*mbilaŋ; *me(l,n)e*calañ*thelng; *-cen*-yangala口ata, attakaggo*-alaŋer-pʰoŋɟəhòpkaʔaʔ, kaʔ*maŋgat[a]*caː*-ngal/rrk; *-thala*-lirr手awi / awəibakko*-omeer-ʈoŋtʰãɛaʔ, ʔeap*sikal, *sakil*mara*-kun*-marla足yen*ugeu-mɔʈoɟauɛʔaa, ʔea*k(a,o)ond(a,o)C*cama; *cina*thenge*-mbala乳房ambu / ambo*-akaker-me-tɛirâpaŋkok, èămah*amu*ngamun*pippi; *cikka*ngamarna肉amba / əmbakaːwe-tʰomohiədhp-Paman *miña*kany; *wang; *thangku*warli血ləpa, ləppacorṭo*-aceŋe-teicʰahâkyakh, kiak*ke(nj,s)a*kurlpa; *kurrac*kunbulu; *kururr骨gu.u, guhupaːkṭo*daŋe-tɔe, o-ʈɔygusɛa, ʔea*kondaC*muku*-mo*kaanyji人nu, niu*eŋ, *əŋ (< *en)somkakh, kak*ambi*Nal*wamba名gidzijumu, jyumu*-atibaliuni*imbi*-ngey狗agəi*wem(e)cɑoâmunbɛɛ̄, be*yila鱼nəsacaːn*napoʈɑjeorâyapyay, ʔeai*kuya/u*ceny; *cipak虱子kikeːpe*kuhikɔemoh'ɛyup, hĩũk*niman, *iman*kulu/i*mic; *Tort*wirnka树yiː / ihi*taŋ 'tree, log'ɛʈ-ʈole 'wood'sənɟéh*inda*thantaq; *Lany; *porloq叶haq / haχ*bebetecrâpaŋpruru*iti; *sasak*marla; *mancarr花gipan*okwʈɔl, ʈɔlokuntomèpfoejĕ, kafèfo*ngorro*bubu水taŋjoppo*iŋinoparbə*ok[V]; *nok*nguku ~ *nguki*wak; *kolk-*wula火dza*tukeɑʈ; lurohaŋoiɛəp, iɘb*k(a,o)nd(a,u)p; *inda; *kambu*jungku石yeŋgu / yiŋgucaːgo, caːrgo*ulimeobuŋkaliɛa, ʔe*kamb(a,u)na, *[na]muna*cuntu; *kVrrV土dum*belabuɑdowp*taːku “地”盐huki / hukkicoːposɑresəmsamkanam路un, uŋḍãːy/ḍa(ː)y*icalaɲɔrtɔɛko*morlo*makirr吃amṭ/tyeː-*-itaɲɑ; ijiɟáhápno*na-*mungka-*-rli死betto-be(ṭṭ)*peca-meem-pʰilkaʔa*kumV-

注释

参考

Greenberg, Joseph H. 1971. "The Indo-Pacific hypothesis." InCurrent Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 8: Linguistics in Oceania, edited by Thomas A. Sebeok, 808-71. The Hague: Mouton. (Reprinted in Greenberg,Genetic Linguistics, 2005, 193–275.)treeavailable at the Linguist List MultiTree Project [no longer functional as of 2014]
Greenberg, Joseph H. 2005.Genetic Linguistics: Essays on Theory and Method, edited by William Croft. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
O'Grady, Dobrovolsky, Katamba. 1997.Contemporary Linguistics.
Usher, Timothy. "A comparison of Greenberg's and Wurm's classifications." In Greenberg,Genetic Linguistics, 2005, 261–269. (Systematic tabulation of the two sets of results.)
Wurm, Stephen A. 1982.The Papuan Languages of Oceania.Tübingen: Gunter Narr.

外部链接
印度-太平洋语系地图 

Category:假定的语言系属分类