阿道夫·希特勒的心理狀態

關於阿道夫·希特勒的心理狀態有諸多研究，一些心理學和精神分析專家認為他可能有精神疾病，但他一生中從未親自受過診斷。在希特勒在世期間、以及死後，都曾有人認為他有躁鬱症、思覺失調症、或心理病態。知名的診斷者包括1943年的和1973年的埃里希·弗羅姆。另外也有專業人士如認希特勒大概沒有有這些問題。

 宣稱的心理問題 
 據稱的問題 研究來源 歇斯底里、戲劇化人格違常  Wilmanns ,Pieper, Werner. Highdelberg: Zur Kulturgeschichte der Genussmittel und psychoaktiven Drogen, 2000, P. 228; Lidz, R.; Wiedemann, H. R. Karl Wilmanns (1873–1945). … einige Ergänzungen und Richtigstellungen. In: Fortschritte der Neurologie, 1989, Volume 57, P. 160–161 Murray ,Murray, Henry A. Analysis of the personality of Adolf Hitler. With predictions of his future behavior and suggestions for dealing with him now and after Germany's surrender , 1943. Online:Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler Langer , Binion ,Binion, Rudolph. Hitler among the Germans, Elsevier: New York, 1976. . Tyrer Henry, Desmond; Geary, Dick; Tyrer, Peter. Adolf Hitler. A Reassessment of His Personality Status. In: Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine, Volume 10, 1993, P. 148–151 思覺失調症、偏執狂  Vernon ,Vernon, W. H. D. "Hitler, the man – notes for a case history" (PDF-Datei; 2.8 MB). In: The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Volume 37, Issue 3, July 1942, P. 295–308; compare Medicus: "A Psychiatrist Looks at Hitler". In: The New Republic, April 26th, 1939, P. 326–327. Murray , Treher ,Treher, Wolfgang. Hitler, Steiner, Schreber – Gäste aus einer anderen Welt. Die seelischen Strukturen des schizophrenen Prophetenwahns, Oknos: Emmendingen, 1966 (newer edition: Oknos, 1990). ; Wolfgang Treher ; Is Wolfgang Treher a reliable author?  Schwaab ,Schwaab, Edleff H. Hitler's Mind. A Plunge into Madness, Praeger: Westport, CT, 1992.  Tyrer , Coolidge/Davis/Segal  藥物濫用造成的心理問題  Heston/Heston  生理疾病造成的心理問題  Gibbels ,Gibbels, Ellen. Hitlers Nervenkrankheit: Eine neurologisch- psychiatrische Studie.  (PDF; 6.9 MB) In: Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, 1994, Volume 42 (2), P. 155–220 Hesse ,Hesse, Günter. Hitlers neuropsychiatrischen Störungen. Folgen seiner Lost-Vergiftung?  Hayden Hayden, Deborah. Pox. Genius, Madness, and the Mysteries of Syphilis. Basic Books. 2003. ; Hitler syphilis theory revived ; Heinrich Himmler's physician, Felix Kersten, allegedly had access to a medical report that was held under lock and key that supposedly proved that Hitler had syphilis. (Kessel, Joseph. The Man With the Miraculous Hands: The Fantastic Story of Felix Kersten, Himmler's Private Doctor, Burford Books: Springfield, NJ, 2004. ; see also Hitler the Paretic (Syphilitic)  心理病態、反社會人格障礙  Bychowski ,Bychowski, Gustav. Dictators and Disciples. From Caesar to Stalin: a psychoanalytic interpretation of History, International Universities Press: New York, 1948 Henry/Geary/Tyrer , Coolidge/Davis/Segal  自戀型人格疾患  Sleigh ,Sleigh, Alfred. Hitler: A Study in Megalomania. In: Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal, June 1966, Volume 11, Issue 3, P. 218–219 Bromberg/Small ,Bromberg, Norbert; Small, Verna Volz. Hitler's Psychopathology,  International Universities Press: New York, Madison/CT, 1983. ; see also Bromberg, Norbert. Hitler's Character and Its Development. In: American Imago, 28, Winter 1971, P. 297–298; Norbert Bromberg, 81, Retired Psychoanalyst  New York Times; Verna Small, 92, leading Village preservationist  Coolidge/Davis/Segal  施虐人格障礙  Coolidge/Davis/Segal  邊緣性人格障礙  Bromberg/Small , Victor ,Victor, George. Hitler: The Pathology of Evil, Potomac Books, 1999.  Dorpat ,Dorpat, Theodore. Wounded Monster. Hitler's Path from Trauma to Malevolence, University Press of America, 2003.  Coolidge/Davis/Segal  創傷後壓力症候群  Dorpat , Koch-Hillebrecht ,Koch-Hillebrecht, Manfred. Hitler. Ein Sohn des Krieges. Fronterlebnis und Weltbild,  Herbig: Munich, 2003. ; Hitlers Therapie  Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung; Armbruster (2009) Vinnai ,Vinnai, Gerhard. Hitler – Scheitern und Vernichtungswut. Zur Genese des faschistischen Täters, Psychosozial-Verlag: Gießen, 2004. ; Gerhard Vinnai's website  Coolidge/Davis/Segal  腦功能側化異常  Martindale/Hasenfus/Hines Martindale, Colin; Hasenfus, Nancy; Hines, Dwight. Hitler: a neurohistorical formulation. In: Confinia psychiatrica, 1976, Volume 19, Issue 2, P. 106–116 思覺失調型人格障礙症  Rappaport ,Rappaport, Ernest A. Anti-Judaism. A psychohistory, Perspective Press: Chicago, 1975.  Waite Waite, Robert G. L. ' The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler, Basic Books, 1977. ; Waite, Robert G. L. Adolf Hitler's Anti-Semitism. A Study in History and Psychoanalysis. In: Wolman, Benjamin B. (editor). The Psychoanalytic Interpretation of History'', New York, London 1971, P. 192–230. 危險領導者障礙（Dangerous leader disorder）  Mayer Mayer, John D. The emotional madness of the dangerous leader. In: Journal of Psychohistory, Volume 20, 1993, P. 331–348 躁鬱症  Hershman/Lieb Hershman, D. Jablow; Lieb, Julian. A Brotherhood of Tyrants: Manic Depression and Absolute Power, Prometheus Books: Amherst, NY, 1994.  亞斯伯格症候群  Fitzgerald Fitzgerald, Michael. Autism and creativity: is there a link between autism in men and exceptional ability?, Routledge, 2004. . S. 25–27

除了心理疾病，也有其他心理狀態的分析，例如2015年指出性格堅決（assertive），並願意為了權力而冒極高的風險Peter Longerich: Hitler. Biographie. Siedler, Munich 2015, 。

 診斷的倫理問題 

精神醫學對於疾病書寫（pathography）的評價不佳，尤其是未親自診斷患者的分析，在美國，由於1973建立的高華德守則，許多人更認為為這種分析不道德。德國精神科醫師Hans Bürger-Prinz認為任何隔空診斷都是對精神醫學的嚴重濫用。希特勒的眾多不同診斷結果也顯示此方法的不確定性Wippermann, Wolfgang. Faschismus und Psychoanalyse. Forschungsstand und Forschungsperspektiven. In: Bedrich Loewenstein (Editor). Geschichte und Psychologie. Annäherungsversuche, Pfaffenweiler, 1992. P. 266; Dörr, Nikolas. Zeitgeschichte, Psychologie und Psychoanalyse 。

對於希特勒的案例，特別重要的問題包括普羅讀者容易接受作者的診斷而不加思考，另一問題是若將希特勒的行為歸因於心理疾病，可能顯得他不用為自己的行為負責。也有人持相反的觀點，認為用心理疾病醜化希特勒可能造成人們把納粹德國的責任全都都歸罪於他，顯得大眾和其他人員都不用負責Als ein Volk ohne Schatten!  In: Die Zeit, No. 48, November 21, 1986，例如1963年汉娜·阿伦特所稱「平庸的邪惡」即強調精神正常的人仍可犯下納粹大屠殺。社會心理學家也持類似觀點。

有些人根本上反對試圖用任何方式來解釋希特勒，例如猶太神學家和大屠殺倖存者艾米爾·法肯海姆（Emil Fackenheim）認為人類無法解釋希特勒的邪惡，只有神可以解釋Emil Fackenheim, Yehuda Bauer: The Temptation to Blame God. In: Rosenbaum, Ron. Explaining Hitler: The Search for the Origins of His Evil. Harper Perennial: New York, 1999. 。克勞德·朗茲曼（Claude Lanzman）甚至批評試圖解釋希特勒的人，認為這接近纳粹大屠殺否认論Claude Lanzmann and the War Against the Question Why. In: Rosenbaum (1999), P. 251–266; Lanzmann, Claude. Hier ist kein Warum. In: Stuart Liebman (Editor). Claude Lanzmann's Shoah: Key Essays, Oxford University Press, 2007. ; Lanzmann, Claude; Caruth, Cathy; Rodowick, David. The Obscenity of Understanding. An Evening with Claude Lanzmann. In: American Imago, 48, 1991, P. 473–495

對群眾的影響
精神醫師Jan Ehrenwald指出，除了希特勒自己的心理狀態，較少人研究為什麼他能得到上百萬的狂熱支持者。在二戰期間即有人指出希特勒知道自己的心理狀態，並利用它來煽動群眾Murray, Henry A. Analysis of the personality of Adolf Hitler. With predictions of his future behavior and suggestions for dealing with him now and after Germany's surrender , 1943. Online:„Analysis of the Personality of Adolph Hitler"。也有些人注意到其他有精神問題的人物，如查爾斯·曼森和吉姆·瓊斯，也在自己領導的新興宗教團體中得到極大的影響力Coolidge, Frederic L.; Davis, Felicia L.; Segal, Daniel L.. Understanding Madmen: A SSM-IV Assessment of Adolf Hitler  . In: Individual Differences Research 5, 2007, P. 30–43.。

另一些研究者則認為希特勒的支持者也有心理問題Walter Langer is dead at 82; wrote secret study of Hitler  New York Times; A Psychological Profile of Adolf Hitler. His Life and Legend  (Online); Eckhardt, William. The Values of Fascism. In: Journal of Social Issues, Volume 24, 1968, P. 89–104; Muslin, Hyman. Adolf Hitler. The Evil Self. In: Psychohistory Review, 20, 1992, P. 251–270; Berke,  Joseph. The Wellsprings of Fascism: Individual Malice, Group Hatreds and the Emergence of National Narcissism, Free Associations, Vol. 6, Part 3 (Number 39), 1996; Lothane, Zvi. Omnipotence, or the delusional aspect of ideology, in relation to love, power, and group dynamics. In: American Journal of Psychoanalysis, 1997, Volume 57 (1), P. 25–46，但目前沒有證據支持此說Psychological evaluations of Nazi leaders didn't show any signs of mental disturbances (Zillmer, Eric A.; Harrower, Molly; Ritzler, Barry A.; Archer, Robert P. The Quest for the Nazi Personality. A Psychological Investigation of Nazi War criminals. Routledge, 1995. )。1996年丹尼爾·戈德哈根指出希特勒能快速取得政治力量與他的心理問題無關，而是當時德國的社會問題導致Goldhagen, Daniel. Hitler's Willing Executioners. Alfred Knopf: New York, 1996; Hans-Ulrich Wehler shared the same view: Geschichte als historische Sozialwissenschaft. Frankfurt am Main, 1973, P. 103.。

2000年，有研究者開始分析希特勒的心理狀態是否和群眾的狂熱有關係Matussek, Paul; Matussek, Peter; Marbach, Jan . Hitler – Karriere eines Wahns, Herbig: Munich, 2000. ; Das Phänomen Hitler ; Review ; Marbach, Jan. Zum Verhältnis von individueller Schuld und kollektiver Verantwortung. Lecture given on the 35th annual conference of the "Deutschsprachige Gesellschaft。

參考資料

Category:精神病学史Category:阿道夫·希特勒Category:異常心理學Category:精神病理學