驃語

驃語（20x20px；，）是一種已經滅絕的漢藏語系語言。該語言是驃國諸城邦之間的本土語言，在公元前2世紀至公元後9世紀期間蓬勃發展。9世紀末期，緬族自南詔遷移來以後，驃語的使用者人數開始下降。至12世紀末期，驃語仍然被使用，至少驃文在蒲甘王國的碑銘中仍被使用。13世紀的時候，因為使用緬甸語的蒲甘王國在上緬甸崛起，驃語最終滅絕。

驃語有自己的文字，這種文字被稱為驃文，是一種婆羅米文字。根據最近的研究表明，緬文可能是在驃文的基礎上發明的。

系属分类

Blagden (1911: 382)是首先识别出骠语属于汉藏语系的学者。Blagden, C. O. 1911. A preliminary study of the fourth text of the Myazedi inscriptions. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 43(2).三宅英雄 (2021)认为骠语因为其音韵和词汇特色在汉藏语系下自成一支。骠语已经几乎将原始汉藏语的形态尽数丢失。 

骠语被马提索夫临时地归入缅彝语群，大卫·布拉德利则认为它最接近卢伊语支，三宅英雄稍后发现两种假说都似是而非。无我也将骠语暂时划为汉藏语系下独立一支。 

音系
三宅英雄构拟了骠语的音节结构：

(C.)CV(C)(H)
(声母前音)+音节

有7个元音。

   前  中  后 高 i    u 中 e  ə  o 低 æ    a

三宅英雄构拟了43-44个声母，具体数字取决于如何分析声门塞音。创新的声母有：

擦音：/h ɣ ç ʝ ð v/
流音：/R̥ R L̥ L/
内爆音：/ɓ/ 

有10个韵尾：-k、-t、-p、-m、-n、-ŋ、-j、-r、-l、-w。骠语是分析语，没有可能的屈折现象。

骠文碑刻列表
 位置  序列号 Halin  01Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU001) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo.   04Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU004) around a funerary urn held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo.  Pagan  07Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU007) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda in Pagan [Data set]. Zenodo.  Pagan  08Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of the quadrilingual Pyu inscription (PYU008) held at the Pagan museum, originally found in the grounds of the Myazedi pagoda [Data set]. Zenodo.   10Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU010) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo.  Pagan  11Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a bilingual Pyu inscription (PYU011) held at the Pagan museum [Data set]. Zenodo.    12Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Sanskrit-Pyu bilingual inscription (PYU012) around the base of a Buddha statue held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo.    22Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU022) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo.    25Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU025) on the base of a funerary urn held at the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo.    28Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU028) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo.    29Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU029) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo.  Myittha  32Miles, James, & Hill, Nathan W. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU032) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a pagoda in Myittha [Data set]. Zenodo.  Myittha  39Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU039) kept in an inscription shed on the grounds of a monastery in Myittha [Data set]. Zenodo.    42Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU042) kept in one of two inscription sheds on the grounds of the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set].
. Zenodo.   55Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU055) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo.    56Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU056) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo.    57Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU057) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo.  Halin  60Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU060) kept in the inscription shed outside the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo.  Halin  61Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscriptions (PYU061) held at the Archaeological Museum at Halin [Data set]. Zenodo.  ???  63Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU063) held at the National Museum (Burmese: အမျိုးသား ပြတိုက်) in Rangoon [Data set]. Zenodo. http://doi.org/    105Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription on a gold ring (PYU105) held by the Śrī Kṣetra museum [Data set]. Zenodo.    160Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU160) discovered in Śrī Kṣetra [Data set]. Zenodo.  ???  163Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU163) [Data set]. Zenodo.    164Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU164) [Data set]. Zenodo.    167Miles, James. (2016). Documentation of a Pyu inscription (PYU167) [Data set]. Zenodo. 

词汇
下面是部分骠语基础词，数据来自戈登·卢斯和三宅英雄。

 词义 Luce (1985)Luce, George. 1985. Phases of Pre-Pagan Burma: languages and history (volume 2). Oxford University Press. . Miyake (2016)Miyake, Marc. 2016. Pyu numerals in comparative perspective . Presentation given at SEALS 26. Miyake (2021) 1  tå  ta(k·)ṁ  /tæk/ 2  hni°  kni  3  ho:, hau:  hoḥ  /n.homH/ < *n.sumH < *məsumH 4  pḷå  plaṁ  5  pi°ŋa  (piṁ/miṁ) ṅa  /pəŋa/ 6  tru  tru(k·?)  7  kni  hni(t·?)ṁ  8  hrå  hra(t·)ṁ  9  tko  tko  /t.ko/ 10  sū, sau  su  20  tpū   骨、遗迹  ru   水  tdu̱-   /t.du/ 金  tha   一天  phru̱   口  de [ḷe ?]  年  sni:   村  o   好  ha   生病  hni°:   接近  mtu   名  mi   /r.miŋ/ 我  ga°:   我的  gi   妻  maya:   配偶、妻子  [u] vo̱:   子  sa:   /saH/ 孙子  pli, pli°   给    /pæH/

音变
骠语自原始藏缅语的音变如下。Miyake, Marc. 2021. The prehistory of Pyu . SEALS 2021 . (Video )

 咝音链变：*c > *s > /h/
 去鼻化：*m > /ɓ/以及可能的*ŋ > /g/
 *e低化：*e > /ä/
 *sC复辅音送气化：*sk, *st, *sp > /kʰ, tʰ, pʰ/

用途
骠语曾是骠族城邦的本土语言。梵语和巴利语在这一地区也曾通行过。中国史书记录了800至802年间从骠国来的35名乐师以梵语奏乐演唱。《唐会要》卷三十三：“骠国乐，贞元十八年（802年）正月，骠国王来献”。《新唐书·骠国传》：“贞元中，王雍羌闻南诏归唐，有内附心，异牟寻遣使杨加明诣剑南西川节度使韦皋请献夷中歌曲，且令骠国进乐人。于是皋作《南诏奉圣乐》，用正律黄钟之均……凡曲名十有二：一曰《佛印》，骠云《没驮弥》，国人及天竺歌以事王也。二曰《赞娑罗花》，骠云《咙莽第》，国人以花为衣服，能净其身也。三曰《白鸽》，骠云《都》，美其飞止遂情也。四曰《白鹤游》，骠云《苏谩底哩》，谓翔则摩空，行则徐步也。五曰《斗羊胜》，膘云《来乃》。昔有人见二羊斗海岸，强者则见，弱者入山，时人谓之“来乃”。来乃者，胜势也。六曰《龙首独琴》，骠云《弥思弥》，此一弦而五音备，象王一德以畜万邦也。七曰《禅定》，骠云《掣览诗》，谓离俗寂静也。七曲唱舞，皆律应黄钟商。八曰《革蔗王》，骠云《遏思略》，谓佛教民如蔗之甘，皆悦其味也。九曰《孔雀王》，骠云《桃台》，谓毛采光华也。十曰《野鹅》，谓飞止必双，徒侣毕会也。十一曰《宴乐》，骠云《笼聪网摩》，谓时康宴会嘉也。十二曰《涤烦》，亦白《笙舞》，骠云《扈那》，谓时涤烦暋，以此适情也。”Aung-Thwin.
骠巴利缅巴利泰巴利翻译500x500px(6世纪骠文)ဣတိပိ သော ဘဂဝါ အရဟံ သမ္မာသမ္ဗုဒ္ဓော ဝိဇ္ဇာစရဏသမ္ပန္နော သုဂတော လောကဝိဒူอิติปิโส ภะคะวา อะระหัง สัมมาสัมพุทโธ อะนุตตะโร ปุริสะทัมมะสารถิ สัตถาเทวะมะนุสสานัง由于这些原因，即先前获得的美德，佛陀被称为尊者。500x500pxအနုတ္တရော ပုရိသဒမ္မ သာရထိ သတ္ထာ ဒေဝမနုသာနံ ဗုဒ္ဓေါ ဘဂဝါတိอะนุตตะโร ปุริสะทัมมะสารถิ สัตถาเทวะมะนุสสานัง พุทโธ ภะคะวาติ真实而完美的开悟者，一个被赋予知识和行为的人，一个快乐的人。一个了解宇宙的人，一个卓越的人，一个人类任性的激情的使者，一个众神和人类的主宰，一个受祝福的佛陀。

注释

参考




阅读更多






 Griffiths, Arlo, Marc Miyake & Julian K. Wheatley. 2021. Corpus of Pyu inscriptions .

外部链接
 The Pre-History of Pyu, Marc Miyake 
 Searchable corpus of Pyu inscriptions 
 Datasets for Pyu inscriptions , photographed by James Miles

參考資料

Category:漢藏語系
Category:緬甸語言
Category:亞洲絕跡語言
Category:缅甸文化史