数字前缀

数字前缀 （） 是派生于数词或其他数字的前缀。在英语和其他欧洲语言，这些前缀用来造一系列包含表示数量信息的词。
 例子 
数字前缀有拉丁语、希腊语、梵语三种，但主要使用前两者。

具体例子如下：

 单词：bicycle（两个轮子；自行车）、sextet（六重唱）、octopus（八只脚；章鱼）、decade（十年）、octave（八度）
 数学术语：triangle（三角形）、quadruple（四倍）、quaternion（四元数）、pentagon（五边形）、regular dodecahedron（正十二面体）
 进位制：binary（二进制）、decimal（十进制）、sexagesimal（六十进制）
 西方的数字命名法：billion (原意為(106)2)、trillion (原意為(106)3)、quadrillion (原意為(106)4)
 表示分子结构的前缀：octane（辛(八碳)烷）、pentane（戊(五碳)烷）
 国际单位制中的国际单位制词头：deca-（十）、deci-（分）、centi-（厘）

 英语中的数字前缀表 

希臘語及拉丁語中，数分四种：

 基數（）：如英语中的one、two、three、four、five等
 次数（或）：once、twice、thrice等
 分配数（）：汉语中的「各～个」。原本指意味着one each、two each，但在现代常常会失去这个意思。
 序数 （）：汉语中的「第～个」，如英语的first、second、third、fourth、fifth等。也兼备分数，表示「N分之一」，但1/2有特殊形式。

对于百位数，有来自拉丁语的 -gent-，以及加上为1–9的前缀的 -cent- 两种。
数拉丁语前缀希腊语前缀梵语前缀See Mendeleev's predicted elements for the most common use of Sanskrit numerical prefixes.基数次数分配数序数基数次数序数0nulli- –meden-, ouden- –unci- –对于分数希腊人使用序数表示 (i.e. dodecato-) –octant- – – –如上，ogdoö– –sextant- – – –如上，hecto– –quadrant- – – –如上，tetarto– –trient- – – –如上，trito– –semi- –demi-Demi- is French, from Latin dimidium. –hemi- (mn. half) e.g. hemisphere – –dodrant- – – – – –1uni- e.g.  universe, unilateralsim-sim- (sin-) is found in the words simplex, simple.singul-prim-mono-  "一", "单"e.g. monogamy holo- (整个/完整) e.g. holocaust, holographyhen-The Greek prefix for 'one' is normally mono- 'alone'. Hen- 'one' is only used in compound numbers (hendeka- 11) and a few words like henad (= monad). Haplo- 'single' is found is a few technical words such as haploid.  罕见mono- ("一, 单") hapax- ("单次") haplo- (单倍) monad- ("单位/单元")prot- e.g. proton, protozoaeka-quasqui-quasquicentennialsesqui-e.g. sesquicentennial, sesquipedalian2du-bi-, bis- bireme, bilingual, bipolar, bipartisanbin-second-di-, dy-, duo-,dyo-dis- ("两次") 常见dyakis- ("两次") 罕见 diplo- ("双倍") dyad- ("一对")deuter- e.g. Deuteron/ium Deuteronomydeuteraio-(“每隔一天”)dvi-3tri- e.g. triremeter-tern-, trin-terti-tri-  e.g. triathlon,  Tripolistris- ("三次") 常见triakis- ("三次") 罕见 triplo- ("三倍") triad- (”三个一组“)trit- ("第三") e.g. Triton/iumtritaio- ("每隔两天")tri-4quadri-,quadru-The forms related to quattuor "four", like the previous three integers, are irregular in Latin and other Indo-European languages, and the details, while presumably a form of assimilation, are unclear. Andrew Sihler, New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin, p. 412, and Carl Darling Buck, Comparative grammar of Greek and Latin. In particular, quadri- has the alternate form quadru- before p in some Latin words, such as quadruple.quater-quatern-quart-tetra-,tessara-tetrakis-("四次") tetraplo- (”四倍“) tetrad- (”四个一组“) e.g. tetrahedrontetarto- (” 第四“) tetartaio-(”每隔三天“)chatur-5quinque- –quin-quint-penta-pentakis- pentaplo- pentad- e.g. pentahedronpempt-pemptaio-pancha-6sexa-Sometimes Greek hexa- is used in Latin compounds, such as hexadecimal, due to taboo avoidance with the English word sex. –sen-sext-hexa-hexakis- hexaplo- hexad-  e.g. hexahedronhect- hectaio-shat-7septem-,septi-septen-septim-hepta- e.g. heptathlonheptakis- heptaplo- heptad-hebdomo- (第七) hebdomaio-("每隔六天") hebdomas ("一周")sapta-8octo-  e.g. October –octon-octav-octo-  e.g. octopusoctakis- octaplo- octad-  e.g. octahedronogdoö- ogdoaio-ashta-9novem- e.g. Novembernoven-nona-ennea-enneakis-enneaplo-ennead-enat- enataio-navam-10decem-, dec-den-decim-deca- e.g. decathlon, Decapolisdeca/kis/plo/d- e.g. decahedron, decagondecat-decataio-dasham-11undec-unden-undecim-hendeca-hendeca/kis/plo/d-hendecat-/o/aio-ekadasham-12duodec-duoden- e.g. duodenumduodecim-dodeca- e.g. dodecadactylumdodeca/kis/plo/d- e.g. dodecahedrondodacat-/o/aio-dvadasham-13tredec-treden-tredecim-tria(kai)deca-,decatria- e.g. triskaidekaphobiatris(kai)decakis-,decatria/kis/plo/d-decatotrito- etc.trayodasham-14quattuordec-quattuorden-quattuordecim-tessara(kai)deca-,decatettara,decatessara-tetra(kai)decakis-,decatetra/kis/plo/d-  e.g. tetradecahedron/ decatetrahedrondecatotetarto-chaturdasham-15quinquadec-, quindec-quinden-quindecim-pente(kai)deca-,decapente-penta(kai)decakis-,decapentakis- etc.decatopempto-panchadasham-16sedec-,sexdec- (但是有混种词 hexadecimal)seden-sedecim-hexa(kai)deca-,hekkaideca-,decahex-hexa(kai)decakis-, decahexakis- etc.decatohecto-shodasham-17septendec-septenden-septendecim-hepta(kai)deca-,decahepta-hepta(kai)decakis-,decaheptakis- etc.decatohebdomo-saptadasham-18octodec-octoden-octodecim-octo(kai)deca-,decaocto-octa(kai)decakis-,decaoctakis- etc.decatoogdoö-ashtadasham-19novemdec-,novendec-novemden-novemdecim-ennea(kai)deca-, decaennea-ennea(kai)decakis-,decaenneakis- etc.decatoenato-navadasham-20viginti-vicen-,vigen-vigesim-(e)icosi-eicosa/kis/plo/d-  e.g. (e)icosahedroneicosto-vimshati-22duovigint-(e)icosidyo-,dyo(e)icosi- rare e.g. docosa-hexaenoic acid  a pejoration of dyoicosa-hexanoic(e)icosidyakis- (e)icosidiplo- (e)icosidyad-eicostodeutero-24quattuorvigint-(e)icositettara-,(e)icosikaitettara- rare(e)icositetrakis- (e)icositetraplo- (e)icositetrad-  e.g. (e)icositetragoneicostotetarto-chaturvimshati-25quinvigint-(e)icosipente- e.g.  eicosapenta-enoic acid (e)icosipentakis- (e)icosipentaplo- (e)icosipentad-eicostopempto-30triginti-tricen-trigesim-triaconta-triacontakis- etc. e.g. triacontahedrontriacosto-trimshat-31untriginti-triacontahen-triacontahenakis- triacontahenaplo-  triacontahenad-triacostoproto- triacostoprotaio-40quadraginti-quadragen-quadragesim-tettaraconta-,tessaraconta-tettaracontakis-,tessaracontakis- etc.tessaracosto-chatvarimshat-50quinquaginti-quinquagen-quinquagesim-penteconta- e.g. penteconterpentecontakis- etc.pentecosto- e.g. pentecostpanchashat-60sexaginti-sexagen-sexagesim-hexeconta-hexecontakis- etc.hexecosto-shasti-70septuaginti- e.g. Septuagintseptuagen-septuagesim-hebdomeconta-hebdomecontakis- etc.hebdomecosto-saptati-80octogint-octogen-octogesim-ogdoëconta-ogdoëcontakis- etc.ogdoëcosto-ashiti-90nonagint-nonagen-nonagesim-eneneconta-enenecontakis- etc.enenecosto-navati-100centi-centen-centesim-hecato(n)-hecatontakis-hundred timeshecatontaplo-hundred-multiplehecatontad-hundred of a kindalso abbreviated inhec[aton]tad-hecatosto-hundredthhecatostaio-the hundredth dayshata–120viginticenti-  hecaton(e)icosi-hecaton(e)icosakis- etc.hecatostoeicosto- 200ducenti-ducen-,bicenten-ducentesim-diacosia-diacosakis- etc.diacosiosto- –300trecenti-trecen-,tercenten-,tricenten-trecentesim-triacosia- etc.triacosakis- triacosaplo- triacosad-triacosiosto- –400quadringenti-quadringen-,quatercenten-,quadricenten-quadringentesim-tetracosia-tetracosakis- etc.tetracosiosto-500quingent-,quincent-quingen-,quingenten-,quincenten-quingentesim-pentacosia-pentacosakis- etc.pentacosiosto-600sescenti-, sexcenti-sescen-,sexcenten-sescentesim-hexacosia-hexacosakis- etc.hexacosiosto-700septingenti-septingen-,septingenten-,septcenten-septingentesim-heptacosia-heptacosakis- etc.heptacosiosto-800octingenti-octingen-,octingenten-,octocenten-octingentesim-octacosia-octacosakis- etc.octacosiosto- –900nongenti-nongen-nongentesim-ennacosi-derived fromen(n)iacosia-,a pejoration ofenneacosia-enneacosakis- etc.enacosiost-,alt. spellingen(n)iacosiost(o)- a pejoration ofenneacosiosto- –1000milli-millen-millesim-chili-,kilo-chiliakis- chiliaplo- chiliad-chiliost-sahasra–2000duomilli –- -dischili-dischiliakis- etc.dischiliosto- –3000tremilli-trischili-trischiliost- –5000quinmilli–pentacischili-decamilli–myria-, e.g. myriapoda decakischilia-myriakis- myriaplo- myriad-decakischiliakis- etc.myriast-,decakischiliosto-ayuta–octogintmilli–octacismyri-centimilli;–decakismyria-, hecatontakischilia-decakismyriakis-,hecatontakischiliakis-etc.million- –hecatommyria-hecatommyriakis- ("十万次") hecatommyriaplo-("十万倍")hecatommyriad-("十万个一组")hecatommyriosto-(第十万；或十万之一)hecatommyriostaio-("每隔九万九千九百九十九天")billion- –dishecatommyria-dishecatommyriakis-etc.trillion- –trishecatommyria-trishecatommyriakis-etc.quadrillion- –tetrakishecatommyria-tetrakishecatommyriakis-etc.quintillion- –sextillion- –septillion- –octillion- –nonillion- –decillion- –decakishecatommyria-decakishecatommyriakis-etc.centillion- –hecatontakishecatommyria-hecatontakishecatommyriakis-etc. –chiliakishecatommyria-chiliakishecatommyriakis-etc. –myriakishecatommyria-myriakishecatommyriakis-etc. –decakismyriakishecatommyria- and so on - virtually endlessdecakismyriakishecatommyriakis-etc.少量(1–20)pauci- e.g. pauciparous –oligo- e.g. oligomer, oligonucleotide, oligopeptide,  oligosaccharide, oligopoly大量(> 1)multi- e.g. multilingual, multiple pluri  e.g. plural wife, pluralism –poly- e.g. polyhedra, polygamy, polypod, polyglot, polymathpollakis- ("多次") pollaplo-  (”多次“)  plethos, plethora (”多个为一组“)pollosto-  (次序中排在第一后的， 即序数大于1)bahut–

 补充 

 元音脱落：数字前缀结尾的元音会在以元音为开头的词干前脱落。但除了 bi-, 其在元音前为 bis-, 而其他单音节前缀 du-、di-、dvi-、tri- 即使接以元音为开头的词干也保持不变。
 连字符：数字前缀不加入连字符的情况比较多、但还是有把quarterdeck写成quarter-deck的例外。在IUPAC命名法和国际单位制词头中不会加入连字符。

同样的后缀可用于不同数： 
primarysecondarytertiaryquartaryquintarysextary (septimary) (octavary)nonary (decimary)singularybinaryternary, trinaryquaternaryquinarysenaryseptenaryoctonarynonenarydenary
在化学命名中，11（undeca-）这个前缀混合了拉丁语和希腊语，并以 -cos- 表示二十，例如 tricos- 是 23。同样，表示进位制的 binary, trinary, senary 和 octal, decimal, vigesimal

 拉丁语基数词 

 unicycle, bicycle, tricycle, quadricycle
 uniped, biped, triped, quadruped, centipede, millipede

 拉丁语分配数词 

 unary, binary, trinary, quaternary, quinary, senary, … vicenary … centenary …
 denarian, vicenarian, tricenarian, quadragenarian, quinquagenarian, sexagenarian, septuagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, centenarian, … millenarian

 希腊语 

 monad, dyad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, heptad, ogdoad, ennead, decad, ... triacontad, ... hecatontad, chiliad, myriad
 digon, trigon, tetragon, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, enneagon, decagon, hendecagon, dodecagon, ... enneadecagon, icosagon, triacontagon, ... chiliagon, myriagon
 trilogy, tetralogy, pentalogy, hexalogy, heptalogy
 monopod, dipod, tripod, tetrapod, hexapod, octopod, decapod

 混合语言 

 戊烷, 己烷, 庚, 辛烷, 壬,In organic chemistry, most prefixes are Greek but the prefixes for 9 and 11 are Latin. 癸烷, 一烷,... 二十烷

 参见 

 IUPAC 数值前缀
 数表
 十进位制
 科学命名常用后缀列表
 数词

 注释 

 参考文献 

 Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition
 Buck, Carl Darling, Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
 Sihler, Andrew Littleton, A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin , Oxford University Press 1995 

 外部链接 




Category:数字
Category:前缀
Category:古希腊语
Category:拉丁语
Category:梵语
Category:英语