創造性想像

创造性想像（），是一种有目的地产生视觉心像的認知过程 。无论睁眼或闭眼，Isaac, A. R., and Marks, D. F. (1994). Individual differences in mental imagery experience: Developmental changes and specialization. British Journal of Psychology, Vol. 85, 1994, pp479–500.McKelvie, S. J. (1995). The VVIQ as a psychometric test of individual differences in visual imagery vividness: A critical quantitative review and plea for direction. Journal of Mental Imagery, Vol. 19, Nos. 3-4,1995, pp1–106.人們都可以模擬或重建视知覺 ，McAvinue, L. P., and Robertson, I. H., Measuring visual imagery ability: A review. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, Vol. 26, No. 3, 2007, pp191–211.維持、檢閱和轉換這些心像，从而改变相关的情绪或感受，Lang, P. J., Levin, D. N., Miller, G. A., and Kozak, M. J., Fear behavior, fear imagery, and the psychophysiology of emotion: The problem of affective response integration. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. 92, No. 3,1983, pp276–306.Holmes, E. A., Coughtrey, A. E., and Connor, A., Looking at or through rose-tinted glasses? Imagery perspective and positive mood. Emotion, Vol. 8, No. 6, 2008, pp875–879.Holmes, E. A., and Mathews, A., Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2010, pp349–362.其目的是為了体验有益的生理、心理或社会效应，例如加速身体伤口愈合Wientjes, K. A., Mind-body techniques in wound healing. Ostomy/wound management, Vol 48, 11, 2002, pp62-67.，尽量减少身体痛苦 ， 缓解包括焦虑、悲伤、低落情绪的心理痛苦 ，Margolin, I., Pierce, J., and Wiley, A. (2011). Wellness Through a Creative Lens: Mediation and Visualization. Journal of Religion and Spirituality in Social Work: Social Thought, 2011, Vol 30, No. 3, pp234-252.改善自尊或自信心，Rees, B. L., An exploratory study of the effectiveness of a relaxation with guided imagery protocol. Journal of Holistic Nursing, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1993, pp271-276.加強与他人互动时的应对能力。the Hirsch, C. R., Clark, D. M., and Mathews, A., Imagery and interpretations in social phobia: Support for the combined cognitive biases hypothesis. Behavior Therapy, Vol. 37, 2006, No. 3, pp223–236.Libby, L. K., Valenti, G., Pfent, A., and Eibach, R. P., Seeing failure in your life: Imagery perspective determines whether self-esteem shapes reactions to recalled and imagined failure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 101, No. 6, 2011, pp1157– 1173.

 心灵之眼 
“心灵之眼”至少可以追溯到西塞罗的论述，他在探讨演说中明喻手法的恰当使用时，提及到了這個概念。 

在这次讨论中西塞罗指出到，若在演说中提及“他遗产中的加貝斯灣 ”和“他所擁有的卡律布狄斯”等“过于牵强 ”的明喻；不如直接使用“海湾”和“岩石”等词，理由是：“心灵之眼更容易指向我们所看到的那些物体，而不是那些我们只耳闻的人。”J.S. (trans. and ed.), Cicero on Oratory and Orators, Harper & Brothers, (New York), 1875: Book III, C.XLI, p.239. 

“心灵之眼”一词首先出现在杰弗里·乔叟撰写的坎特伯雷故事集中的“法律之人” 章节，他告诉我们城堡里的三个人有一个是盲人，他只能用“心灵之眼”去感知世界，也就是所有人在失明后所看見的“那些眼睛”。The Man of Laws Tale, lines 550-553.

 视觉和非视觉心像 
除视觉心像外，大脑也能够产生其它类型的心像 ，包括听觉的声音、味觉的滋味、嗅觉的气味、Stevenson, R. J., and Case, T. I., Olfactory imagery: A review. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, Vol. 12, No. 2, 2005, pp244–264. 运动的动作以及触觉的质感（如纹理、温度、压力）。Miquée, A., Xerri, C., Rainville, C., Anton, J. L., Nazarian, B., Roth, M., and Zennou-Azogui, Y., Neuronal substrates of haptic shape encoding and matching: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroscience, Vol. 152, No. 1,2008, pp29-39.Juttner, M., and Rentschler, I., Imagery in multi-modal object learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 2, 2002, pp197–198. 

尽管心像可涵盖多种感官，Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., and Thompson, W. L., Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 2, No. 9, 2001, pp635–642.Pearson, D. G., Mental imagery and creative thought. Proceedings of the British Academy, Vol. 147, 2007, pp187–212.但“创造性想像”这一术语仅表示人生成和处理视觉心像的过程。 

创造性想像与密切相关，且通常被视为引导心像的一部分。在引导心像中，受过训练的从业者或教师帮助参与者唤起并生成心像Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's In a Name? US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. Online Version.  Retrieved 31 July 2015. ，模拟或重建视觉、Cocude, M., and Denis, M., Measuring the temporal characteristics of visual images. Journal of Mental Imagery, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1988, pp89–101.声音、Zatorre, R. J., Halpern, A. R., and Bouffard, M., Mental reversal of imagined melodies: A role for the posterior parietal cortex. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, Vol. 22, No. 4, 2010, pp775-789. 味覺Kosslyn S. M., Ganis G., and Thompson W. L., Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 2, No. 9, 2001, pp635–642. 、Tiggemann, M., and Kemps, E., The phenomenology of food cravings: The role of mental imagery. Appetite, Vol. 45, No. 3, 2005, pp305–313.气味、 運動 McAvinue, L. P., and Robertson, I. H., Measuring motor imagery ability: A review. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2008, pp232–251.、触覺，甚至是與传统感官有别的想象内容 Banissy, M. J., Walsh, V., and Ward, J., Enhanced sensory perception in synesthesia. Experimental Brain Research, Vol. 196, No. 4, 2009, pp565–571. 

在实验中，视觉与听觉心像最为常见Betts, G. H., The distribution and functions of mental imagery. New York: Columbia University, 1909. 其中视觉心像在科学文献中留下最為广泛的研究和记录Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., and Ganis, G., The case for mental imagery. New York: Oxford University Press, Inc., 2006.Pearson, D. G., De Beni, R., and Cornoldi, C., The generation and transformation of visuo-spatial mental images. In M. Denis, R. H. Logie, C. Cornoldi, M. de Vega, and J. Engelkamp (Eds.), Imagery, language and visuo-spatial thinking. Hove: Psychology Press, 2001, pp1-23.Logie, R. H., Visuo-spatial working memory Hove. UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1995.。所有心像，都可能引发强烈的情绪或感觉。Holmes, E. A., and Mathews, A., Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders. Clinical Psychology Review, Vol. 30, No. 3, 2010, pp349–362,

 阶段 
根据实验心理学 的心像计算理论，Kosslyn, S. M., Image and mind. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1980. Kosslyn, S. M. (1987). Seeing and imagining in the cerebral hemispheres. A computational approach. Psychological Review, Vol. 94, No. 2, pp148–175. Kosslyn, S. M., Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1994.创造性想像的过程包括四个阶段：

1.心像生成，从记忆或幻想以产生心像。

2.心像维护，有意识地保持心像，防止其快速消退。 

3.心像检查，对心像进行探索、扫描及阐释，模拟感知视角的变化Kosslyn, S. M., Ganis, G., and Thompson, W. L. (2001). Neural foundations of imagery.Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Vol. 2, No. 9, pp635–642.。 

4.心像转换，将引发负面情绪的心像转化为增强自主性、应对能力与身心效能的积极心像。  

 吸引性和注意 
为了使参与者从这个阶段性的“创造性想像”过程中受益，参与者须能够容易進入沉浸狀態或是對吸引性具有敏感性， Tellegen, A., and Atkinson, G., Openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences (absorption), a trait related to hypnotic susceptibility. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Vol. 83, No. 3, 1974, pp268–277. Tellegen, A., A brief manual for the differential personality questionnaire. Minneapolis: Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, 1982.还对认知注意力资源提出了要求，包括工作记忆 。Bexton, W. H., Heron, W., and Scott, T. H., Effects of decreased variation in the sensory environment. Canadian Journal of Psychology, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1954, pp70–76. Engelhard, I. M., van den Hout, M. A., and Smeets, M. A. M., Taxing working memory reduces vividness and emotional intensity of images about the Queen's Day tragedy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, Vol. 42, No. 1, 2011, pp32–37. 

因此，临床实践中常将创造性想象与冥想、放松技巧、音乐等方法结合，以提升沉浸感与注意力控制，增强干预效果。 Bond, K., Ospina, M. B., Hooton, N., Bialy, L., Dryden, D. M., Buscemi, N., Shannahoff-Khalsa, D., Dusek, J., and Carlson, L. E., 'Defining a complex intervention: The development of demarcation criteria for "meditation"'. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, Vol. 1, No. 2, May 2009, pp129–137. Shapiro, D. H. Jnr., 'Overview: Clinical and physiological comparison of meditation with other self-control strategies'. In Shapiro, D.H Jnr. and Walsh, R.N. (Eds.) Meditation: Classic and Contemporary Perspectives. Piscataway, New Jersey: Aldine Transaction, 1984, pp5-12. 

患有注意力不足過動症（ADHD）的个体通常表现出更大的创造潜力。有較强的能力去創造、想像独特的想法。 Peterson DJ, Ryan M, Rimrodt SL, Cutting LE, Denckla MB, Kaufmann WE, Mahone EM. Increased regional fractional anisotropy in highly screened attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Child Neurol. 2011 Oct; 26(10):1296-302.但在受限条件下（如需遵循特定标准时）可能因认知僵化与注意力不足而遇到困难。但是，ADHD所增加的 、横向思维、持久性，可以提供更多以促进突破性思维的生成Carson, S. H., Peterson, J. B., & Higgins, D. M. (2003). Decreased Latent Inhibition Is Associated with Increased Creative Achievement in High-Functioning Individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 499-606.。

 引导心像 
在学术文献中“创造性想像”這術語的使用远远少于“引导心像”（guided imagery），且常涵盖所有感官心像的处理过程。此外，部分将“创造性想像”一词与“引导心像”互换使用。同时，另一些人則表明引导心像包括创造性想像。Compare for example the results returned by Google Scholar for publications containing 'Creative Visualization' in the title: Creative Visualization  with those containing 'Guided Imagery' Guided Imagery .Astin, J.A., Shapiro, S.L., Eisenberg, D. M., and Forys, M.A., Mind–body medicine: State of the science, implications for practice. Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, Vol. 16:, 2003, pp131–147.Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's In a Name? US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. Online Version. Retrieved 31 July 2015 

此外，相关研究多将创造性想象与其他身心干预（如音乐治疗、冥想、日记书写）结合，使得特定技术的效果难以单独评估。  Post-White J. 2002. Clinical indication for use of imagery in oncology practice. In Voice Massage, Scripts for Guided Imagery, Edwards D.M (Ed.). Oncology Nursing Society: Pittsburgh, PA. Wallace KG. 1997. Analysis of recent literature concerning relaxation and imagery interventions for cancer pain. Cancer Nursing 20: 79–87. Luebert K, Dahme B, Hasenbring M. 2001. The effectiveness of relaxation training in reducing treatment-related symptoms and improving emotional adjustment in acute non-surgical cancer treatment: A meta-analytical review. Psycho-Oncology, Vol. 10: pp490–502. 

 效用 
创造性想象可能帮助癌症患者改善心理状态，但“目前缺乏令人信服的证据表明其对恶心、呕吐等身体症状有显著的影响”。  

 参考 

Category:想像
Category:心理学
Category:心理治療
Category:身心療法