进步

进步（）是指朝着人们认为更完善、更理想或其他理想状态迈进的过程。它是进步主义哲学的核心，进步主义将进步解释为技术、科学和社会组织效率的提升——后者通常通过直接的社会行动来实现，例如社会企业或行动主义，但也可以通过自然的社会文化演进来实现——进步主义认为全体人类社会都应努力追求这一目标。

进步的概念最早出现在19世纪早期的社会理论中，特别是奥古斯特·孔德和赫伯特·斯宾塞所描述的社会演进理论。它也存在于启蒙时代的历史哲学中。作为一项目标，社会进步已被不同政治意识形态所倡导，并提出了不同的实现理论。

参考文献

拓展阅读

 Alexander, Jeffrey C., & Piotr Sztompka (1990). Rethinking Progress: Movements, Forces, and Ideas at the End of the 20th Century. Boston: Unwin Hymans.
 Becker, Carl L. (1932). Progress and Power. Stanford University Press.
 Brunetière, Ferdinand (1922). "La Formation de l'Idée de Progrés." In: Études Critiques. Paris: Librairie Hachette, pp. 183–250.
 Burgess, Yvonne (1994). The Myth of Progress. Wild Goose Publications.
 Bury, J.B. (1920). The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into Its Origin and Growth (mirror). London: The Macmillan and Co.
 Dawson, Christopher (1929). Progress and Religion. London: Sheed & Ward.
 Dodds, E.R. (1985). The Ancient Concept of Progress and Other Essays on Greek Literature and Belief. New York: Oxford University Press.
 Doren, Charles Van (1967). The Idea of Progress. New York: Praeger.
 Fay, Sidney B. (1947). "The Idea of Progress," American Historical Review, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 231–46 in JSTOR, reflections after two world wars.
 Hahn, Lewis Edwin and Paul Arthur Schilpp (eds.).(1999). The Philosophy of Georg Henrik von Wright. Open Court.
 Iggers, Georg G. (1965). "The Idea of Progress: A Critical Reassessment," American Historical Review, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 1–17 in JSTOR, emphasis on 20th-century philosophies of history
 Inge, William Ralph (1922). "The Idea of Progress." In: Outspoken Essays, Second series. London: Longmans, Green & Co., pp. 158–83.
 Kauffman, Bill. (1998). With Good Intentions? Reflections on the Myth of Progress in America. Praeger online edition, based on interviews in a small town.
 Lasch, Christopher (1991). The True and Only Heaven: Progress and Its Critics. W. W. Norton online edition
 Mackenzie, J. S. (1899). "The Idea of Progress," International Journal of Ethics, Vol. IX, No. 2, pp. 195–213, representative of late 19th-century approaches
 Mathiopoulos, Margarita. History and Progress: In Search of the European and American Mind (1989) online edition
 Melzer, Arthur M. et al. eds. History and the Idea of Progress (1995), scholars discuss Machiavelli, Kant, Nietzsche, Spengler and others online edition
 Nisbet, Robert (1979). "The Idea of Progress," Literature of Liberty, Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 7–37.
 Nisbet, Robert (1980). History of the Idea of Progress. New York: Basic Books.
 Norberg, Johan (2016). Progress: Ten Reasons to Look Forward to the Future. London: Oneworld Publications 
 Painter, George S. (1922). "The Idea of Progress," American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 257–82.
 Pinker, Steven (2018). Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress, Penguin Books 
 Pollard, Sidney (1971). The Idea of Progress: History and Society. New York: Pelican.
 Rescher, Nicholas; Scientific Progress (Oxford: Blackwells, 1978).
 Ryan, Christopher (2019). Civilized to Death: The Price of Progress. Simon & Schuster
 Sklair, Leslie (1970). The Sociology of Progress. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. online edition
 Slaboch, Matthew W. (2018). A Road to Nowhere: The Idea of Progress and Its Critics. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Press. 

 Spadafora, David (1990). The Idea of Progress in Eighteenth Century Britain. Yale University Press.
 Spalding, Henry Norman, Civilization in East and West : an introduction to the study of human progress, London, Oxford university press, H. Milford, 1939.
 Teggart, F. J. (1949). The Idea of Progress: A Collection of Readings. Berkeley: University of California Press.
 Tuveson, Ernest Lee (1949). Millennium and Utopia: A Study in the Background of the Idea of Progress. Berkeley: University of California Press. 
 Zarandi, Merhdad M., ed. (2004). Science and the Myth of Progress. World Wisdom Books.

外部链接

 United Nations Economic and Social Development
 Islam, Modernity and the Concept of Progress


Category:行动主义
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Category:進步主義
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