齒股蠅屬

齒股蠅屬（學名：）是家蠅科之下一個雙翅目昆蟲的属。雖然幾乎全球都可見到本屬物種的踪影，但在較溫暖的氣候更常見。在夏季，牠們時常會在糞便上出現，在家畜的排遺附近很常見。本屬已知物種有超過130種，當中最常見的為。

如同其他同科的屬，本屬物種無論在經濟方面或公共衛生方面都具有司法科学領域的重要性。無論是在人類医学或兽医学這兩方面，本屬物種均被多個權威機構認定為最重要的昆蟲。
已證明部分本屬物種會將某些疾病的病原體攜帶並傳播給溫血動物，包括人類。研究人員繼續監測這些疾病的傳播媒介，因為它們與小母牛的乳房發生的夏季乳房炎（summer mastitis）的傳播有關。

物種
本屬現時包括約130個物種，當中有超過50個物種有在中國大陸分佈。這50個物種當中的15個物種有在河北省分佈、三個物種有在四川省分佈，另外有五個物種在台灣分佈。下列部分物種：
H. acuta , 1898
 (, 1830)
 親齒污蠅 Hydrotaea affinis ，邻齿股蝇
 类邻齿股蝇 H. affinoides 
 (, 1845)
 Hydrotaea armipes (Fallén, 1825) = 隐齿股蝇 Hydrotaea occulta (Meigen, 1826)
 刺足齿股蝇 Hydrotaea armipes Fallén 
H. anxia (Zetterstedt, 1838)
 刺足齿股蝇  (, 1825)
H. atrisquama Ringdahl, 1925
H. australis , 1923
H. basdeni , 1939
 双斑齿股蝇 Hydrotaea bimaculata Meigen
 拟双斑齿股蝇 Hydrotaea bimaculatoides Wang
H. borussica Stein, 1899
 斜齿股蝇 H. calcarata
 开普齿股蝇 H. capensis ：屬於Ophyra亞屬。
  H. chalcogaster ：屬於Ophyra亞屬。
 栉足齿股蝇 H. cinerea 
H. cristata Malloch, 1918
 南曲脉齿股蝇 Hydrotaea cyrtoneura Seguy, 1938
 曲脉齿股蝇  (Zetterstedt, 1845)
 常齿股蝇  
H. depressa Huckett, 1954
 双斑齿股蝇  
 渡口齿股蝇 Hydrotaea dukouensis Ni, 1982
 隐齿股蝇  
 裸齿股蝇 Hydrotaea glabricula (Fallén, 1825)
 Hydrotaea hennigi Pont, 1986
H. hirticeps (Fallén, 1824)
H. hirtipes (Malloch, 1924)
 Malloch, 1916
 夏氏齿股蝇 H. hsiai
 银眉齿股蝇  ：屬於Ophyra亞屬。
H. irritans (Fallén, 1823)
 雅氏齒股蠅 H. jacobsoni ，爪哇齿股蝇
H. lasiophthalma Malloch, 1919
 长鬃齿股蝇 H. logisteta  = Hydrotaea longiseta Feng & Feng, 1997
H. lundbecki (Michelsen, 1978)
 玛曲齿股蝇 Hydrotaea maquensis Wu, 1990
H. meridionalis Porschinskiy, 1882
 速跃齿股蝇 H. meteorica 
 斑翅齿股蝇  (, 1826)
 拟毛足齿股蝇 Hydrotaea mimopilipes Ma & Zhao , 1992
 单鬃齿股蝇 H. monochaeta 
 多鬃齿股蝇 Hydrotaea multichaeta Wu, 1990
H. nidicola Malloch, 1925
 裸刺齿股蝇 Hydrotaea nudispinosa Ma,sp.n
 暗额齿股蝇 H. obscurifrons ：屬於Ophyra亞屬。
 钝鬃齿股蝇 Hydrotaea obtusiseta Feng & Feng, 1997
 钝齿股蝇 H. obtusisteta 
 隱齒股蠅 H. occulata 
 角逐齿股蝇 H. palaestrica 
H. pallicornis Pont, 1973
 曲股齿股蝇 Hydrotaea pandellei Stein, 1899
 豹股齿股蝇 Hydrotaea pardifemorata Xue, Zhang & Liu, 1994
 小齿股蝇 H. parva 
H. pellucens 
H. penicillata (, 1866)
 毛足齿股蝇 Hydrotaea pilipes Stein, 1903
 长毛齿股蝇 Hydrotaea pilitibia Stein, 1916，毛胫齿股蝇
 单毛齿股蝇 Hydrotaea ringdahli Stein, 1916
H. rostrata Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
 曲胫齿股蝇 Hydrotaea scambus  = Hydrotaea seambus Zetterstedt
 拟常齿股蝇 Hydrotaea similis Meade, 1887
 林齿股蝇 Hydrotaea silva Hsue
 刺腿齒股蠅 Hydrotaea spinefemora 
H. spinifemorata Huckett, 1954
 刺颊齿股蝇 Hydrotaea spinigena Xue & Li, 1995
 厚环齿股蝇， 也称具刺齿股蝇， Hydrotaea spinigera ：屬於Ophyra亞屬。
 刺齿股蝇 Hydrotaea spinosa Stein
 多刺齿股蝇 Hydrotaea spinosus Ye & Ma, 1992
 臺灣齒股蠅 Hydrotaea taiwanensis 
H. tersa (Wiedemann, 1830)
 虎股齿股蝇 Hydrotaea tigrifemorata Xue, Zhang & Liu, 1994
H. tuberculata Róndani, 1866
 单刺齿股蝇 Hydrotaea unispinosa Stein, 1898
 黑胸齿股绳 H. velutina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830
 新疆齿股蝇 Hydrotaea xinjiangensis Ni, 1982
 昭盟齿股蝇 Hydrotaea zhaomenga Xue , 1994

 描述 
幼体e of this genus are often 多态性 (生物学) obligate 肉食動物s. The second and third s are predators, and the first is also carnivorous in some species. Some species have 同类相食 final instars. The smallest larvae are under 6 mm and the largest are up to 16 mm. The abdomen has ventral welts and large 氣門s with  slits.

Adults commonly feed on the 血液 of 哺乳动物s. They are able to reopen wounds that are almost completely healed. Mouthpart 形態學 (生物學) in the genus ranges from sponging mouthparts to mouths with rasping teeth. Many species have enlarged prestomal teeth. The  spiracle is covered in long, thick e. The average male Hydrotaea is 6.5-8.5 mm and the average female is 5.75-7.5 mm. They are very light brown to bluish black with large, red eyes and plumose 觸角.

分佈及棲息地
本屬物種大多数分布在北半球古北界的欧洲、亚洲和北美洲比較和暖的地區，在非洲南部、南美洲和澳洲区亦有少数种分布。這些齒股蠅通常都在市区環境棲息，會被发酵了的東西吸引，常見於植物、糞便及分解中的腐肉，主要是死去超過十日的屍體。

 生命周期 
The 生物生命週期 of Hydrotaea rostrata has been studied in the field of 法醫昆蟲學. Mature flies seek out decay, preferably in material that has been dead for an extended amount of time. Masses of 蛆s, which are often characteristic of other species of flies, are not typical of H. rostrata. The larvae of this species progress through three stages, or s, which are then followed by the formation of a 蛹. The adult fly emerges from the pupa. The developmental process from egg to adult takes between 518.4 and 1555.6 hours, according to one study in Australia. Development is more rapid in warmer temperatures of . In cooler temperatures of , development may take up to 64.5 days.

The larvae of another species, the black dump fly (H. aenescens), inhabit fecal material and consume other larvae, including those of 家蠅, the housefly. The black dump fly is commercially available for use in housefly control. It is also useful in forensics, as it may inhabit 屍體.

Some larvae are able to seek shelter underground in cold conditions.

Associated pathogens
Research has incriminated Hydrotaea irritans as a vector of summer , a 牛亚科 infection that can be caused by multiple suspected 细菌. The research allowed flies inoculated with select bacteria from a sample representing summer mastitis to come in contact with the s of 家牛. The bacteria appeared in some of the cows and on the bodies of just over a third of the doctored flies. The evidence indicates that H. irritans transmits the bacterial species 金黃色葡萄球菌, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Streptococcus uberis, , , Peptostreptococcus indolicus, and .

H. irritans attacks many other warm-blooded animals, including humans.

H. aenescens also carries bacteria, particularly .

司法科学的重要性
本屬物種在世界各地司法科学個案方面有其重要性，因為這些物種的存在及數量顯示了尸体现象（post-mortem interval，PMI）發生的時間。這些物種會在屍體開始分解作用之後四至五個月棲息於屍體之內。牠們顯示了屍體未有被火化，而且在較早期被麗蠅所棲息的期間已完結。 Hydrotaea larvae may feed on each other and on other flies, such as blow-flies.

Hydrotaea can be used to identify 药物s and to determining whether a body was relocated. Hydrotaea spinigera can make up 70% of the muscid fly population on a corpse in forested habitat. Hydrotaea rostrata may arrive at a decomposing body on the second day of decay, and may stay up to 34 days or until the body is 骨骼系統ized.

參考文獻

外部連結


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