拉姆福德奖章

拉姆福德奖章 （）是一项由英国皇家学会授予的奖项，旨在奖励“对物质的热学或光学性质做出杰出新发现的欧洲科学家”。该奖由拉姆福德伯爵本杰明·汤普森于1796年捐赠5000美元而始创，于1800年首次颁奖，此后每两年颁发一次，奖金为1000英镑。 自成立以来，该奖已授予包括拉姆福德伯爵本人在内的101位科学家。在所有获奖人中，英国公民获奖53次，德国17次，法国14次，荷兰7次，瑞典4次，美国3次，意大利2次，澳大利亚、匈牙利，比利时，卢森堡和新西兰各1次。

 获奖者列表 
年份获奖者国籍获奖理由参考1800本杰明·汤普森为他关于光和热的多方面发现1802 未颁发———1804 约翰·莱斯利为他的著作中发表的关于热的实验，题名“对热的本质和热的传播的实验性研究”—1806未颁发———1808  为他的著作中为照明的目的使用来自煤炭的气体—1810 艾蒂安-路易·马吕斯 为反射光的新性质的发现, 出版于Memoires dArcueil的第二卷1812 未颁发———1814  为他关于露水的论文，发表于the course of the preceding (1815) year"1816 汉弗里·戴维 为他关于燃烧与火焰的论文，出版于Philosophical Transactions的最后一卷1818 大卫·布儒斯特 为他关于光的偏振的发现1820 未颁发———1822 未颁发———1824 奥古斯丁·菲涅耳"For his Development of the Undulatory Theory as applied to the Phenomena of Polarized Light, and for his various important discoveries in Physical Optics"1826 未颁发———1828 未颁发———1830 未颁发———1832 约翰·弗雷德里克·丹尼尔"For his Paper, entitled, Further Experiments with a new Register Pyrometer, for measuring the expansion of Solids, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1831"1834 为他关于辐射热的发现1836 未颁发———1838  为他关于热的极化的实验，其解释发表于Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh1840 让-巴蒂斯特·毕奥 为他的关于光的圆偏振的研究1842 威廉·福克斯·塔尔博特为他对照相术的探索和改进1844 未颁发———1846 迈克尔·法拉第 "For his discovery of the optical phenomena developed by the action of magnets and electric currents in certain transparent media, the details of which are published in the nineteenth series of his experimental researches in electricity, inserted in the Philosophical Transactions for 1845 and in the Philosophical Magazine"1848 亨利·维克托·勒尼奥 "For his experiments to determine the laws and the numerical data which enter into the calculation of steam engines"1850 弗朗索瓦·阿拉戈 "For his experimental investigations on polarized light, the concluding memoirs on which were communicated to the Academy of Sciences of Paris during the last two years"—1852 乔治·斯托克斯 为他对光的折射率变化的研究—1854  "For the successful construction of the smokeless fire grate lately introduced by him, and for other valuable improvements in the application of heat to the warming and ventilation of apartments"—1856 路易·巴斯德 "For his discovery of the nature of racemic acid and its relations to polarized light, and for the researches to which he was led by that discovery"—1858  为他对光的多方面实验性研究—1860 詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦 为他关于颜色分解的研究和其他光学论文—1862 古斯塔夫·基尔霍夫 "For his researches on the fixed lines of the solar spectrum, and on the inversion of the bright lines in the spectra of artificial light"—1864 约翰·丁达尔 为他关于气体和蒸汽吸收和辐射热量的研究—1866 阿曼德·斐索 "For his optical researches, & especially for his investigations into the effect of heat on the refractive power of transparent bodies"—1868  "For his researches on the qualitative as well as quantitative relation between the emissive and absorptive powers of bodies for heat and light, published originally in [1858 & 1859]"—1870  为他对矿物光学的研究—1872 安德斯·埃格斯特朗 为他对光谱的研究—1874 约瑟夫·诺曼·洛克耶 为他对太阳和化学元素的光谱研究—1875 为他对辐射能的研究—1876 皮埃尔·让森 "For his numerous & important researches in the radiation & absorption of light, carried on chiefly by means of the spectroscope"—1878 "For his various optical researches, and especially for his recent redetermination of the velocity of the propagation of light"—1880 威廉·哈金斯 "For his important researches in astronomical spectroscopy, and especially for his determination of the radial component of the proper motions of stars"—1882  "For his photographic researches and his discovery of the method of photographing the less refrangible part of the spectrum, especially the infra-red region; also for his researches on the absorption of various compound bodies in this part of the spectrum"—1884  为他的光谱学研究—1886 塞缪尔·兰利"For his researches on the spectrum by means of the Bolometer"—1888 "For important and long-continued investigations, which have largely advanced our knowledge of the physics of the Sun"—1890 海因里希·赫兹为他关于电磁辐射的工作—1892 尼尔斯·克里斯托弗·杜奈尔为他关于恒星的光谱学的研究—1894 詹姆斯·杜瓦 为他关于极低温度物质性质的研究—1896 菲利普·莱纳德威廉·伦琴  "For their investigations of the phenomena produced outside a highly exhausted tube through which an electrical discharge is taking place"—1898 奥利弗·洛奇 "For his researches in radiation and in the relations between matter and ether"—1900 亨利·贝可勒尔 "For his discoveries in radiation proceding [sic] from uranium"—1902 查尔斯·阿尔格农·帕森斯 "For his success in the application of the steam turbine to industrial purposes, and for its recent extension to navigation"—1904 欧内斯特·卢瑟福 "For his researches on radio-activity, particularly for his discovery of the existence and properties of the gaseous emanations from radio-active bodies"—1906 为他关于热的实验性工作—1908 亨德里克·洛伦兹 为他关于光学和电学的研究—1910 海因里希·鲁本斯 "On the ground of his researches on radiation, especially of long wave length"—1912 海克·卡末林·昂内斯 为他关于低温的研究—1914 约翰·斯特拉特，第三代瑞利男爵 为他关于热力学和辐射的研究—1916 威廉·亨利·布拉格 为他关于X射线辐射的研究—1918 夏尔·法布里 阿尔弗雷德·佩罗 为他们对于光学的贡献—1920  为他关于高真空气体性质的研究—1922 彼得·塞曼 为他对光学的研究—1924 查理士·凡而侬·波伊斯 为他对气体热量计的发明—1926  "For his services to physical science, especially in the subjects of optics and terrestrial magnetism"—1928 弗里德里希·帕邢为他对谱的知识的贡献—1930 彼得·德拜为他关于比热和X射线光谱的工作—1932 弗里茨·哈伯 "For the outstanding importance of his work in physical chemistry, especially in the application of thermodynamics to chemical reactions"—1934 万德·约翰尼斯·德哈斯 "For his researches on the properties of bodies at low temperatures, and in particular, for his recent work on cooling by the use of adiabatic demagnetisation"—1936  "For his researches on the use of polarized light for investigating directly the stresses in transparent models of engineering structures"—1938 "In recognition of his distinguished work and discoveries in many branches of physical optics"—1940 曼内·西格巴恩"For his pioneer work in high precision X-ray spectroscopy and its applications"—1942 "In recognition of his outstanding work on the physics of the upper air and its application to meteorology"—1944 "In recognition of his important contributions to research on the internal combustion engine, which have greatly influenced the development of the various types"—1946 "In recognition of his leading part in the application of modern physical chemistry to many technological problems of pressing importance"—1948 弗朗西斯·西蒙"For his outstanding contributions to the attainment of low temperatures and to the study of the properties of substances at temperatures near the absolute zero"1950 弗兰克·惠特尔"For his pioneering contributions to the jet propulsion of aircraft"1952 弗里茨·泽尔尼克 "In recognition of his outstanding work in the development of phase contrast microscopy"1954 "For his distinguished contributions to the technique for the production of high vacua and to the development of the reflecting microscope"1956 "In recognition of his distinguished work on the nature of friction"1958 "In recognition of his distinguished researches in spectroscopy and optics"1960  "In recognition of his distinguished work in the field of molecular spectroscopy and particularly its application to the study of flame phenomena"—1962  "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to chemical engineering"1964 亨德里克·范德胡斯特 "In recognition of his distinguished work on the scattering processes in the interplanetary medium and his prediction of the 21 cm spectral line from interstellar neutral hydrogen"—1966  "In recognition of his distingsuihed [sic] and paramount personal contribution to the establishment of economic nuclear energy in Great Britain"1968 加博尔·德奈什"In recognition of his distinguished contributions to optics, especially by establishing the principles of holography"1970  "In recognition of his outstanding contributions to engineering and of his leadership of engineering design teams in the chemical and atomic energy industries and in electricity generation"1972  "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to meteorology, particularly the physics of clouds" 1974  "In recognition of his contributions to physical metallurgy and particularly extending knowledge of the role of dislocation in the fracture of metals"—1976 伊利亚·普里高津Belgian "In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the theory of irreversible thermodynamics"—1978 乔治·波特 "In recognition of his distinguished studies of very fast chemical reactions by flash photolysis"1980  "In recognition of his discovery of the quantum of circulation in superfluid helium and his development of new techniques for precise measurements within liquid helium"—1982  "In recognition of his unique contribution to the design of optical instruments ranging from large telescopes to bubble-chamber optics"—1984  "In recognition of his many contributions to the theory and design of optical instruments, especially of a wide variety of important new medical instruments which have made a major contribution to clinical diagnosis and surgery"—1986  "In recognition of his contributions to scientific developments in the gas industry"1988  "In recognition of his pioneering work on optical diagnostics and electrical aspects of combustion and his fundamental studies of flame problems associated with jet engines and furnaces"1990  "For discovering and applying techniques for depositing and characterising thin films of high quality amorphous silicon and for demonstrating that these can be doped to give useful electronic devices, such as cost-effective solar cells and large arrays of thin film transistors, now used in commercial, flat-panel, LCD colour TV screens"1992  "In recognition of his wide-ranging and imaginative contributions to applied mathematics and statistical physics, especially in the physical properties of liquids and the development of the Temperley-Lieb algebra"—1994   "In recognition of his contributions to polymer science, in particular his elucidation of the basis of polymeric crystallization, a fundamental ingredient in many materials, to methods of making strong fibres and to the understanding of polymer solutions which underlie this technology"1996  "In recognition of his work on the 40Ar/39Ar method of dating developing this technique to a sophisticated level and one which is widely used for dating extraterrestrial and terrestrial rocks"1998  "In recognition of his leading research in the development of polymer-based electronics and optoelectronics leading to a very rapid growth of development activities aimed at plastic electronic displays, with advantages of very low cost, flexibility, and the option of curved or flat surfaces"2000   "In recognition of his research on ultra-short pulse laser science and technology. In his work on streak cameras, he first demonstrated the technique of sub-picosecond chronoscopy whereby the cameras, by synchronous repetition, can function as oscilloscopes. He conducted pioneering work on coupled cavity modelocking, and his discovery of the technique of self-modelocking led to the commercialisation of sub-picosecond pulses over a wide tuning range. He also exploited diode-pumped solid-state lasers in nonlinear optics for frequency conversion by demonstrating the world's first all-solid-state optical parametric oscillator"2002   "for his outstanding contributions to our fundamental understanding of the structure and dynamics of reaction processes on solid surfaces"2004   "in recognition of his many contributions to molecular spectroscopy and to the dynamics of molecular photodissociation"2006 "for his pioneering work on molten salts and dense plasmas that has led the way to a quantitative understanding of the structure and dynamics of strongly correlated ionic liquids"2008  "for his extensive and highly innovative work in ultra-cold matter"2010  "for his outstanding work into novel types of quantum matter using innovative instrumentation and techniques"2012  "for his outstanding contributions to tunable ultrafast lasers and nonlinear fibre optics, including fibre Raman, soliton and supercontinuum laser sources, which translated fundamental discoveries to practical technology" 2014  "for his outstanding creativity in nanophotonics, investigating many ingenious nanostructures, both artificial and natural to support novel plasmonic phenomena relevant to Raman spectroscopy, solar cell performance and meta-materials applications."2016 奥尔特温·赫斯/  "表彰他在纳米表面等离子体激活光学和具有量子增益的光学超材料方面的开创性工作。"2018    "for pioneering work in the quantum control of light and matter on ultrashort timescales"

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Category:皇家学会奖项