併合 (語言學)

併合（incorporation）為語言學之語法類別上的一種現象，諸如動詞與其賓語（賓語併合）或副詞修飾語所形成的合成词；同時保留其原始的語法功能。其中包含名詞修飾動詞，併縮小其詞義涵蓋範圍，而不是引用特定的語詞實體來進行此類功能。而併合與黏著法構詞(agglutination)有基本上的不同；併合主要以及物性(transitivity)與配價(verb valency)構成為主；而黏著法構詞可以是數名詞或名詞形容詞等而合成一單詞(合成詞)，或者及物性及配價所構成亦可。

併合是多式综合语的核心，例如在北美、西伯利亞，以及北澳大利亞等之語言裡都可以發現此類語法現象。 然而，多式綜合功能並不一定意味著有併合的功能（Mithun 2009）；而且這些併合表現的語言也不意味著該語言有多式綜合的功能。

併合範例
英語

奧內達語

帕內爾語

楚科奇語

科里亞克語

莫霍克語

夏安語

汉语

名詞併合的語義

歷時觀點的併合

註釋

參考文獻

Baker, Mark C. (1996). The Polysynthesis Parameter. New York [etc.]: Oxford University Press.
Baker, Mark C. (1988) Incorporation: a theory of grammatical function changing. Chicago:. University of Chicago Press.
Evans, Nicholas & Hans-Jürgen Sasse (eds.). (2002). Problems of Polysynthesis. Berlin : Akademie Verlag.
Kroeber, Alfred L. (1909). Noun incorporation in American languages. In F. Heger (Ed.), XVI Internationaler Amerikanisten-Kongress (pp. 569–576). Vienna: Hartleben.
Kroeber, Alfred L. (1911). Incorporation as a linguistic process. American Anthropologist, 13 (4), 577-584.

Massam, Diane. (2001). Pseudo noun incorporation in Niuean. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 19 (1), 153-197.
Mithun, Marianne. (1984). The evolution of noun incorporation. Language, 60 (4), 847-895.  
Mithun, M. (1985). Diachronic morphologization: The circumstances surrounding the birth, growth, and decline of noun incorporation. Papers from the Sixth International Conference on Historical Linguistics. Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 6. Jacek Fisiak, ed. Amsterdam-Poznan: John Benjamins-Adam Mickiewicz University, 365-394.
Mithun, Marianne. (1986). On the nature of noun incorporation. Language, 62 (1), 32-38.  
Mithun, Marianne. (2009) Polysynthesis in the arctic. In: Mahieu, M.-A., Tersis, N. (Eds.), Variations on Polysynthesis, The Eskaleut Languages. Benjamins, Amsterdam, pp. 3–18. 
Mattissen, Johanna. (2006) The ontology and diachrony of polysynthesis. In: Wunderlich, D. (Ed.), Advances in the Theory of the Lexicon. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin/New York, pp. 287–354.
Payne, Thomas E. Describing Morphosyntax, Cambridge University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-521-58805-7
Rosen, Sara T. (1989). Two types of noun incorporation: A lexical analysis. Language, 65 (2), 294-317.
Sadock, Jerrold M. (1980). Noun incorporation in Greenlandic: A case of syntactic word-formation. Language, 57 (2), 300-319.
Sadock, Jerrold M. (1986). Some notes on noun incorporation. Language, 62 (1), 19-31.
Sapir, Edward. (1911). The problem of noun incorporation in American languages. American Anthropologist, 13 (2), 250-282.
Van Valin, Robert D. & Randy LaPolla. (1997). Syntax: Structure, meaning and function. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

範例及文本參考出處
Conlang: Advanced Polysynthesis (Wikibooks)
Lexicon of Linguistics
Michael Jonathan Mathew Barrie Dynamic Antisymmetry and the Syntax of noun Incorporation
Van Valin & LaPolla:1997

參見
配价
黏著法構詞(agglutination)
加勒比語系(Cariban languages)

外部連接
部分語法學詞匯簡釋 

Category:語言類型學
Category:及物性與配價