賽局理論中的特殊賽局

賽局理論研究賽局模型中，兩個以上參與者進行策略性互動的過程。理論中許多特殊的賽局模型有特定名稱，本條目列出其中研究最为广泛的一些賽局模型。

 賽局的構成要件簡介 
視不同的研究範疇而定，一個賽局可由各種理論要件構成。以下介紹最基本且共通的幾個要件。
 參與者人數：在賽局中，自主做出決策並行動，且能從最後的決策組合得到償付的每個個體，都是一個參與者。
 決策次數：參與者在賽局中從數個行動分支中擇一的行為即為決策，所產生的策略為"單純策略"。若賽局中所有參與者的決策次數相同，本格會直接標明數字。 
 單純策略奈許均衡個數：奈許均衡發生時，表示此賽局中有某個策略組合，其各策略互為對手策略的最適反應策略。換句話說，假使所有參與者都已依奈許均衡的策略組合行動，任一個參與者都沒有外在誘因使其偏離原本的行動。考慮參與者皆不會對其策略分支進行機率分配(即假設單純策略)，一個賽局中可能存在任意數量個奈許均衡。
 動/靜態賽局：若賽局中，參與者有意識的在前一參與者行動後才進行行動，此稱動態賽局。若所有參與者同時行動則稱為靜態賽局。
 完美資訊：若此賽局為動態賽局，且每一參與者確實知道前一參與者者的行動內容，則稱參與者擁有完美資訊。
 固定額償付：若一賽局中，任一個最終策略組合的償付總額皆相同，稱此賽局有固定額償付特性。在這樣的賽局中，一參與者的利得，必定來自另一參與者的等額損失。一個固定額償付的賽局也可被理解為一零和賽局，只要將所有可能的償付額皆減去一個特定數，使各個償付矩陣總和為零即可，他們的大小順序將維持相同。

 賽局列表 
賽局參與者每人決策种类數單純策略奈許均衡的個數動態賽局完美資訊零和賽局性別大戰222否否否上校賽局2不定不定否否是切蛋糕賽局不定, 
通常 2無限不定For the cake cutting problem, there is a simple solution if the object to be divided is homogenous; one person cuts, the other chooses who gets which piece (continued for each player). 是是是蜈蚣賽局2不定1是是否膽小鬼賽局 (又稱鷹與鴿)222否否否合作賽局不定不定>2否否否科諾寡占競爭2無限There may be finite strategies depending on how goods are divisible1否否否死結賽局221否否否獨裁者賽局2無限There may be finite strategies depending on how goods are divisible1不适用Since the dictator game only involves one player actually choosing a strategy (the other does nothing), it cannot really be classified as sequential or perfect information.不适用Since the dictator game only involves one player actually choosing a strategy (the other does nothing), it cannot really be classified as sequential or perfect information.是用餐者困境不定21否否否拍賣美金220是是否艾法洛酒吧模型不定2不定否否否無限策略賽局2無限0否否是猜均值的2/3不定無限1否否可能Potentially zero-sum, provided that the prize is split among all players who make an optimal guess. 庫恩撲克牌賽局227 & 640是否是猜硬幣賽局220否否是少數者賽局不定2不定否否否奈許議價賽局2無限There may be finite strategies depending on how goods are divisible無限There may be finite strategies depending on how goods are divisible否否否戰爭與和平賽局不定不定>2是否否海盜賽局不定無限There may be finite strategies depending on how goods are divisible無限是是否公主與怪獸賽局2無限0否否是囚犯困境221否否否公共財不定無限1否否否剪刀石頭布230否否是篩選遊戲不定不定不定是否否信号博弈不定不定不定是否否獵鹿賽局222否否否旅行者困境2N >> 11否否否三人對峙賽局31-3無限是是否信任賽局2無限1是是否最後通牒賽局2無限There may be finite strategies depending on how goods are divisible無限是是否志愿者困境不定22否否否消耗戰賽局220否否否

 外部連結 
 List of games from gametheory.net 
 A visual index to common 2x2 games 

 附註 

 原文參考 
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 Martin J. Osborne & Ariel Rubinstein: A Course in Game Theory (1994).
 McKelvey, R. and T. Palfrey (1992) "An experimental study of the centipede game," Econometrica 60(4), 803-836.
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 Shubik, Martin "The Dollar Auction Game: A Paradox in Noncooperative Behavior and Escalation," The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 15, 1, 1971, 109-111.
 Sinervo, B., and Lively, C. (1996). "The Rock-Paper-Scissors Game and the evolution of alternative male strategies". Nature Vol.380, pp. 240–243
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