肺螺類

肺螺類（），亦作有肺類，舊作有肺目、肺螺目或肺螺亚纲，是腹足綱異鰓類支序之下的一個非正式群組。這個群組包括有螺和蛞蝓，均可以透過其外套膜肺（pallial lung）而不是鰓來呼吸空氣。本群組除了包括有蝸牛和淡水螺，還包括多個海螺的科。

傳統定義的肺螺類分類單元的物種在Jörger et al. (2010)被發現原來是個多系群。肺螺類已知從石炭纪開始就已經開始出現，直到現在。

肺螺類物種有一個心室和一個腎臟，還有一個相互連接、左右對稱的神經系統。外套膜腔位於身體的右側，而且沒有鰓，而是演變成一個佈滿血管的肺。大多數物種都有殼，但沒有口蓋，而且本分類元還包括有幾種沒有外殼的蛞蝓。肺類類物種都雌雄間性，部份群組​還擁有用作交配的戀矢（love darts）

1997年分類
在原來的《旁得和林德伯格的腹足類分類 (1997年)》，本支序是一個目級分類元，包括下列各個分類元：
收眼亞目 Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948

石磺總科 Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
Superfamily Otinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
拉索蛞蝓總科 Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889
基眼亞目 Basommatophora Keferstein in Bronn, 1864：淡水螺及池塘的螺

Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
两栖螺总科 Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
Superfamily Chilinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
Superfamily Glacidorboidea Ponder, 1986
椎實螺總科 Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815
扁蜷總科 Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815
松螺總科 Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
真有肺亞目 Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885 (= formerly Archaeopulmonata)
Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
柄眼下目 Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1856thumb|Shells of pulmonate styllomatophoran snails in a museum collectionthumb|An artistic but scientifically incorrect version of various European land snails and slugs (one species here is not a pulmonate), their food plants and fungi, and a beetle that eats mollusks, bottom right.
直尿道小目 Orthurethra 
Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
Superfamily Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900
Superfamily Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900
Superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
弯尿道小目 Sigmurethra
Superfamily Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895
非洲大蝸牛總科 Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840
Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
烟管蜗牛总科 Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864
Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866
Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
Superfamily Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815
Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860
Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864
Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931
Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806
Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926
Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882
Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
? Superfamily Athoracophoroidea P. Fischer, 1883 = Tracheopulmonata
? Superfamily Succineoidea Beck, 1837 = Heterurethra

2005年分類
根據《布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年)》，Glacidorboidea被搬到異鰓類支序之下的下異鰓類群組，本分類餘下下列各個分類：

有肺類非正式群組
包括基眼類非正式群組及真有肺類支序。

基眼類非正式群組
基眼類（Basommatophora）非正式群組包括喜濕螺類（Hygrophila）支序和下列兩個總科：
两栖螺总科 Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
两栖螺科  Amphibolidae
松螺總科 Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
松螺科 Siphonariidae
 † Family Acroreiidae

喜濕螺類
喜濕螺類（Hygrophila）支序包括下列四個總科：
斜顶螺总科 Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
斜顶螺科 Acroloxidae Thiele, 1931
Superfamily Chilinoidea Dall, 1870
Family Chilinidae Dall, 1870
Family Latiidae Hutton, 1882
椎实螺总科（Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815）
椎实螺科（Lymnaeidae Rafinesque, 1815）
扁蜷總科（Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815）
扁蜷科（Planorbidae Rafinesque, 1815）
扁蜷亞科（Planorbinae Rafinesque, 1815）
 Tribe Ancylini Rafinesque, 1815：從原來的Ancylidae科降格而成
膀胱螺科（Physidae Fitzinger, 1833，又名囊螺科）

真有肺類支序
真有肺類（Eupulmonata）支序包括the clades Systellommatophora and Stylommatophora
Superfamily Trimusculoidea
Family Trimusculidae
Superfamily Otinoidea
Family Otinidae
Family Smeagolidae
耳螺總科 Ellobioidea
耳螺科 Ellobiidae

收眼類支序
收眼類支序（Systellommatophora = Gymnomorpha）之下有兩總科，分別為：
石磺總科 Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
石磺科 Onchidiidae Rafinesque, 1815
 皺足蛞蝓總科 Veronicelloidea Gray, 1840
 皺足蛞蝓科 Veronicellidae Gray, 1840
 拉索蛞蝓科 Rathouisiidae Heude, 1885

 Clade Stylommatophora 

Contains the subclades Elasmognatha, Orthurethra and the informal group Sigmurethra

 Subclade Elasmognatha 

Superfamily Succineoidea
Family Succineidae
Superfamily Athoracophoroidea
Family Athoracophoridae

 Subclade Orthurethra 

帕图螺超科（）
帕图螺科（）

小玛瑙螺超科（）
小玛瑙螺科（）
槲果螺超科（）
槲果螺科（）
同纹螺科（）
蛹蜗牛超科（）
虹蛹螺科（）

粒蛹螺科（）
（已灭绝）

蛹状螺科（）

球果螺科（）
 瓦娄蜗牛科  
 牙蛹蝸牛科 Vertiginidae 
艾纳螺超科（）
艾纳螺科（）
霜纳螺科（ ）

 Informal Group Sigmurethra 

Superfamily Clausilioidea
Family Clausiliidae
 † Family Anadromidae
 † Family Filholiidae
 † Family Palaeostoidae
Superfamily Orthalicoidea
Family Orthalicidae
Family Cerionidae
Family Coelociontidae
 † Family Grangerellidae
Family Megaspiridae
Family Placostylidae
Family Urocoptidae
Superfamily Achatinoidea
Family Achatinidae
Family Ferussaciidae
Family Micractaeonidae
Family Subulinidae
Superfamily Aillyoidea
Family Aillyidae
Superfamily Testacelloidea
Family Testacellidae
Family Oleacinidae
Family Spiraxidae
Superfamily Papillodermatoidea
Family Papillodermatidae
Superfamily Streptaxoidea
Family Streptaxidae
Superfamily  Rhytidoidea
Family Rhytididae
Family Chlamydephoridae
Family Haplotrematidae
Family Scolodontidae
Superfamily Acavoidea
Family Acavidae
Family Caryodidae
Family Dorcasiidae
Family Macrocyclidae
Family Megomphicidae
Family Strophocheilidae
Superfamily Punctoidea
Family Punctidae
 † Family Anastomopsidae
Family Charopidae
Family Cystopeltidae
Family Discidae
Family Endodontidae
Family Helicodiscidae
Family Oreohelicidae
Family Thyrophorellidae
Superfamily Sagdoidea
Family Sagdidae

 limacoid clade 

Superfamily Staffordioidea
Family Staffordiidae
Superfamily Dyakioidea
Family Dyakiidae
Superfamily Gastrodontoidea
Family Gastrodontidae
Family Chronidae
Family Euconulidae
Family Oxychilidae
Family Pristilomatidae
Family Trochomorphidae
Fossil taxa probably belonging to the Gastrodontoidea
Subfamily † Archaeozonitinae
Subfamily † Grandipatulinae
Subfamily † Palaeoxestininae
Superfamily Parmacelloidea
Family Parmacellidae
Family Milacidae
Family Trigonochlamydidae
Superfamily Zonitoidea
Family Zonitidae
Superfamily Helicarionoidea
Family Helicarionidae
Family Ariophantidae
Family Urocyclidae
Superfamily Limacoidea
Family Limacidae
Family Agriolimacidae
Family Boettgerillidae
Family Vitrinidae

 other Sigmurethra 

Two superfamilies belongs to clade Sigmurethra, but they are not in the limacoid clade.
Superfamily Arionoidea
Family Arionidae
Family Anadenidae
Family Ariolimacidae
Family Binneyidae
Family Oopeltidae
Family Philomycidae
Superfamily Helicoidea
Family Helicidae
Family Bradybaenidae
Family Camaenidae
Family Cepolidae
Family Cochlicellidae
Family Elonidae
Family Epiphragmophoridae
Family Halolimnohelicidae
Family Helicodontidae
Family Helminthoglyptidae
Family Humboldtianidae
Family Hygromiidae
Family Monadeniidae
Family Pleurodontidae
Family Polygyridae
Family Sphincterochilidae
Family Thysanophoridae
Family Trissexodontidae
Family Xanthonychidae

2010年分類
Jörger et al. (2010) analyzed major groups within the Heterobranchia using genetic data and found that Pulmonata as traditionally defined was polyphyletic, for instance some pulmonates were more closely related to Sacoglossa and Acochlidia. They proposed the more inclusive taxon Panpulmonata to unite the clades Siphonarioidea, Sacoglossa, Glacidorboidea, Pyramidelloidea, Amphiboloidea, Hygrophila, Acochlidia and Eupulmonata.

參考文獻

外部連結



 Pulmonate snails & slugs in captivity