插綴

插綴（Transfix）在構詞學中指在詞根（閃語族詞根）中插入的不連續詞綴，屬於構詞學的系統，可在多種閃語中見到。

不連續詞綴為語音組件在單詞中不連續，圍繞著構成詞根的語音攤開詞綴。詞根常常是一系列難懂的三個子音，雖然單子音、雙字母、四字母詞根也實際存在。Bennett, Patrick R. Comparative Semitic Linguistics : a Manual. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1998.  62-64. Print.三子音詞根的例子如阿拉伯語的 d–r–b ，可以曲折為 daraba （打擊）和 idribunna （打擊他們（陰性））。Hans Wehr, J.M. Cowan, Arabic-English Dictionary (Ithaca: Spoken Language Services, 1976. 538-539. Print.一般認為三子音詞根是最普遍的型態，部分語言學家斷定雙字母詞根可能實際上是默認的，但至少有一位學者懷疑這些主張的合法性。  

插綴在範型指定下安置到詞根的既定位置，範型綁定了所賦予詞形變化或衍生之特定意義。McCarthy, John J. Formal Problems in Semitic Phonology and Morphology. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1982. 200-218. Print.前述的插綴例子如 a–a–a 和 i––i–unna 。

插綴不同於前綴、後綴和中綴，完整的插綴配置到詞根的整體結構之中。插綴並非前綴、後綴和中綴的組合，有其獨自的結構，拆散在字詞之中。插綴另一項和其他詞綴的不同點在於各個組件本身不具意涵。再看到 daraba 這個字，組件 a–a–a 單方面編譯不出任何意義。僅能一起產生出不定詞意涵。

下列範例為馬爾他語的動詞曲折、阿拉伯語名詞衍生、豪薩語名詞複數變化，三者皆屬於亞非語系。

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 馬爾他語詞根 q–t–l 的指示曲折：完成式與未完成式Borg, Albert J. Maltese. London ;New York: Routledge, 1997. 244. Print.
! !! 完成式 !!  !! 未完成式 !! 
|-
| 單數|||| || || 
|-
|第一人稱|| qtilt || "I killed" || noqtol || "I kill"
|-
|第二人稱|| qtilt || "You killed" || toqtol || "You kill"
|-
|第三人稱陽性|| qatel || "He killed"|| joqtol || "He kills"
|-
|第三人稱陰性|| qatlet || "She killed" || toqtol ||"She kills"
|-
| Plural||  ||  ||  || 
|-
|第一人稱|| qtilna|| "We killed" || noqtlu || "We kill"
|-
|第二人稱|| qtiltu || "You killed"|| toqtlu || "You kill"
|-
|第三人稱|| qatlu|| "They killed" || joqtlu || "They kill"
|}

The Maltese example efficiently demonstrates the broad nature of transfixes and how they can be inserted into a root. 

{| class="wikitable"
|+ 阿拉伯語詞根 k–t–b 的動名詞形式Wehr, Hans. A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic : (Arabic-English). 4th ed., considerably enlarged and amended by the author. Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, 1994. 285-286. Print.
! 阿拉伯語轉寫 !! 翻譯
|-
| kataba || 'preaching, orating'
|-
| katb || 'matter, affair, concern'
|-
| kutub || 'matters, affairs, concerns'
|-
| kitab || 'public address, speech, oration'
|-
| kitba || 'courtship, engagement'
|-
| kitaba || 'rhetoric, oratory'
|-
| takatub || 'conversation, talk, discussion'
|-
| mukatib || 'conversation partner, interlocutor'
|}

The Arabic example shows the ways in which a great variety of different nouns can be derived from a single root through the use of transfixes.

{| class="wikitable IPA"
|+豪薩語的名詞複數變化Al-Hassan, Bello. "Transfixation in Hausa: A Hypothetical Analysis." Studies of the Department of African Languages and Cultures. 45. (2011): n. page. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. <http://www.sdalc.uw.edu.pl/index.php?journal=SDALC&page=article&op=download&path%5B%5D=33&path%5B%5D=21 >.
! 單數 !! !! 複數 !!
|-
| zártòò|| “saw” || zárààtáá|| "saws"
|-
| ɡárkèè  || "herd"|| ɡárààkáá || "herds"
|-
| sárkʲíí  || "emir"|| sàrààkáí || "emirs"
|-
| ɡʷúrɡʷùù || "cripple" || ɡʷúrààɡʷúú || "cripples"
|-
| ʔárzìkʲíí || "fortune" || ʔárzúkàà || "fortunes"
|}

The Hausa example demonstrates the presence of transfixation in non-Semitic languages, though the phenomenon does not seem to leave the Afro-Asiatic family.

參見

-{zh-tw:接辭;zh-hk:詞綴;zh-cn:词缀;}-
-{zh-tw:接頭辭;zh-hk:前綴;zh-cn:前缀;}-
-{zh-tw:接尾辭;zh-hk:後綴;zh-cn:后缀;}-
-{zh-tw:接周辭;zh-hk:環綴;zh-cn:环缀;}-
-{zh-tw:疊語;zh-hk:複綴;zh-cn:复缀;}-
-{zh-tw:接中辭;zh-hk:中綴;zh-cn:中缀;}-
-{zh-tw:接合辭;zh-hk:間綴;zh-cn:间缀;}-
-{zh-tw:超分節接辭;zh-hk:變調綴;zh-cn:变调缀;}-

 參考文獻 

Category:詞綴