隱變量理論

隱變量理論（）又稱隱變數理論，是由物理學家質疑量子力學完備性而提出的替代理論。歷史上隨著量子力學的發展，而提出了海森堡不確定原理等限制，一別於古典物理，諸如位置與動量等無法同時精準測出其值；此外關於粒子位置等特性由機率密度描述所取代。一些物理學家例如愛因斯坦，認為量子力學並未完整地描述物理系統的狀態，亦即質疑量子力學是不完備的。因此量子力學的背後應該隱藏了一個尚未發現的理論，可以完整解釋物理系統所有可觀測量的演化行為，而避免掉任何不確定性或隨機性。

歷史上愛因斯坦是隱變量理論的主要倡導者，出於對標準量子力學詮釋的機率性解釋的不滿。他曾說：「我相信上帝不擲骰子。」愛因斯坦與馬克斯·玻恩的私人通信（1926年12月4日）：Albert Einstein Archives  reel 8, item 180 

1935年，愛因斯坦與波多爾斯基、羅森共同提出的EPR悖論（以姓氏字首為縮寫）試圖對哥本哈根詮釋做出挑戰，論文中指出「實在性元素」（即隱變量）應該加入量子力學中，俾使在量子纏結現象中不會出現鬼魅般的超距作用。在提出後，這樣的爭辯仍停留在物理哲學的範疇，直到約翰·貝爾提出貝爾定理方得區分兩者差異。透過實驗證實：一定類型的局域隱變量理論與實驗結果不相符，包括EPR佯謬中提出的詮釋版本。非局域（廣域）的隱變量理論最知名者為德布羅意-玻姆理論。

参见
 量子不確定性
 量子力學
 量子形上學
 量子神祕主義（Quantum mysticism）
 關係性量子力學（Relational quantum mechanics）

 參考資料 
 文内引用 

 延伸阅读 

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 John Stewart Bell, "On the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox", Physics 1, (1964) 195–200. Reprinted in Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanics, Cambridge University Press, 2004.
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 Wolfgang Pauli, letter to M. Fierz dated 10 August 1954, reprinted and translated in K. V. Laurikainen, Beyond the Atom: The Philosophical Thought of Wolfgang Pauli, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1988, p. 226.
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 Erich Joos, et al., Decoherence and the Appearance of a Classical World in Quantum Theory, 2nd ed., Berlin, Springer, 2003.
 Wojciech Zurek (2003). "Decoherence and the transition from quantum to classical — Revisited",  (An updated version of Physics Today, 44:36–44 (1991) article)
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 Asher Peres and Daniel Terno, "Quantum Information and Relativity Theory",  Reviews of Modern Physics 76 (2004) 93.
 Roger Penrose, The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe, Alfred Knopf 2004.
 Maximilian Schlosshauer, "Decoherence, the Measurement Problem, and Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics", in Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.76, pages 1267–1305, 2005.
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 Marco Genovese, "Research on hidden variable theories: a review of recent progresses", in Physics Reports'', vol.413, 2005.

外部連接


Category:量子力學
Category:变量 (数学)