腾格里信仰

腾格里信仰是突厥人、蒙古人、匈人和匈奴等中亚游牧民族的传统信仰，带有萨满教、泛灵信仰、图腾崇拜和祖先崇拜色彩。腾格里信仰以一神论思想为主The spelling Tengrism is found in the 1960s, e.g. Bergounioux (ed.), Primitive and prehistoric religions, Volume 140, Hawthorn Books, 1966, p. 80. Tengrianism is a reflection of the Russian term, . It is reported in 1996 ("so-called Tengrianism") in Shnirelʹman (ed.), Who gets the past?: competition for ancestors among non-Russian intellectuals in Russia, Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 1996, , [ p. 31] in the context of the nationalist rivalry over Bulgar legacy. The spellings Tengriism and Tengrianity are later, reported (deprecatingly, in scare quotes) in 2004 in Central Asiatic journal, vol. 48–49 (2004), [ p. 238].  The Turkish term  is also found from the 1990s. Mongolian  is used in a 1999 biography of Genghis Khan (Boldbaatar et. al, ,  , 1999, [ p. 18]).R. Meserve, Religions in the central Asian environment. In: History of Civilizations of Central Asia, Volume IV , The age of achievement: A.D. 750 to the end of the fifteenth century, Part Two: The achievements, p. 68:
"[...] The ‘imperial’ religion was more monotheistic, centred around the all-powerful god Tengri, the sky god."，崇拜中心神灵腾格里（突厥语： ẗŋr̈y→täŋri、täŋäri或täŋiri； Tangra；； ；達斡爾語：tangar /təŋgər/；哈萨克语：تاڭىر  Тәңір 回鶻語：15px /tängri/；維吾爾語：تەڭرى tengri）。后由于受到佛教、印度教等影响，腾格里被加上各种称呼，分裂成为众多神灵，17世纪后甚至出现“九十九腾格里”的说法，有学者因而称之为“一神论和多神论的结合”。在欧洲，可萨人、保加尔人、马扎尔人Fodor István, A magyarok ősi vallásáról (About the old religion of the Hungarians)  Vallástudományi Tanulmányok. 6/2004, Budapest, p. 17–19和阿瓦尔人也曾信仰腾格里。腾格里信仰也是历史上突厥汗国、西突厥汗国、旧大保加利亚和保加利亚第一帝国的主要宗教。

“腾格里”一词最早出于匈奴，在中国古代典籍中，写作“撑犁”《汉书·匈奴传》：“匈奴谓天为撑犁。”《册府元龟·300》：“撑音田庾切。”。“腾格里”，是古代中亚游牧民族对于天的称呼，与突厥同族的敕勒发展出了“苍天”（Koke Tengri；蒙古语：Khukh Tengri）的概念《敕勒歌》：“天苍苍，野茫茫”。，而蒙古人将蒙哥·腾格里（突厥语：Mangu Tangri；蒙古语：Mongke Tangri，汉语译作长生天）作为最高信仰。现代土耳其语也称腾格里信仰为“Göktanrı dini”，意为“天神教”，语源是蒙古语的“Khukh Tengri”，即“苍天”。

腾格里信仰认为人的存在由“长生天”腾格里和大地母亲Umay维持，人需要诚实、有敬畏心地生活以调和自己的世界，并使自身的灵魂变得更为完美。

腾格里信仰在其各信众部族中逐渐被伊斯兰教、藏传佛教、摩尼教Buddhist studies review, Volumes 6-8, 1989, p. 164.和基督教等强势宗教取代，但自20世纪90年代起苏联解体起，中亚新建立的突厥语族共和国又开始重新推崇这种传统信仰，在俄罗斯西伯利亚的萨哈共和国、鞑靼斯坦共和国、布里亚特共和国和图瓦共和国等地也有复苏迹象，但不与既有信仰冲突Balkanlar'dan Uluğ Türkistan'a Türk halk inançları Cilt 1, Yaşar Kalafat, Berikan, 2007。吉尔吉斯共和国的前政府成员成立了“腾格里军”（Tengir Ordo），旨在宣传腾格里信仰的传统价值；他还领导有一个声称有50万名信众的腾格里社群，支持国际腾格里信仰的研究。

（蒙古语： Böö mörgöl）以腾格里信仰为核心，也常常被直接称为“腾格里信仰”或“腾格里教”（Tengrism）Walther Heissig. The Religions of Mongolia. Routledge, 2000. ISBN 0710306857. P. 46Michael Stausberg. Religion and Tourism: Crossroads, Destinations and Encounters. Routledge, 2010 (ISBN 0415549329), p.162: «Julie Steward, alias Sarangerel Odigon (1963-2006), a woman with a Mongolian (Buryat) mother and a German father, born in the United States, started to practice shamanism (or what she would refer to as "Tengerism") as an adult; she then moved to Mongolia where she strived to restore and reconstruct the "ancient and original" religion of the Mongolians. Among her major moves was the founding of a Mongolian Shamans' Association (Golomt Tuv) which gave Mongolian shamans a common platform and brought them into touch with shamans in other parts of the world, with the prospect of starting a shamanic world organization. Through some books Sarangerel also spread her Mongolian message to Western audiences. She traveled widely, giving lectures and holding workshops on Mongolian shamanism. Moreover, she started a Mongolian shamanic association of America (the Circle of Tengerism).»。

隨著蒙古人的征戰與擴張，腾格里信仰與其他宗教信仰有所交流、融合。1262年，伊兒汗旭烈兀致羅馬教宗的信中，運用、顯示基督教景教與腾格里信仰相容的元素，及景教所使用的敘利亞語詞匯。A. S. Amanjolov, History of ancient Türkic Script, Almaty 2003, p.305

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Category:蒙古神話
Category:突厥神話
Category:中亚宗教
Category:多神論
Category:泛靈論
Category:蒙古国文化
Category:巫覡宗教