灰帶藍麴黴

灰帶藍麴黴（學名：Aspergillus glaucus）為髮菌科麴菌屬下的一個種。為一種絲狀真菌，由於其在極端環境下的生理耐受度高，因此具有廣泛的環境分佈。Cai, M; Zhou, X; Lu, J; Fan, W; Zhou, J; Niu, C; Kang, L; Sun, X; Zhang, Y (Dec 2012). "An integrated control strategy for the fermentation of the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus glaucus for the production of anti-cancer polyketide". Marine biotechnology (New York, N.Y.). 14 (6): 665–71. doi:10.1007/s10126-012-9435-6. PMID 22286337.Hubka, V; Kolarík, M; Kubátová, A; Peterson, SW (Jul–Aug 2013). "Taxonomic revision of Eurotium and transfer of species to Aspergillus". Mycologia. 105 (4): 912–37. doi:10.3852/12-151. PMID 23396159.像許多其他麴菌屬（Aspergillus）的真菌一樣，它可以是輕度致病的，但在醫學和食品生產中具有許多潛在應用。Mikiharu Doi (2013). Toko, Kiyoshi, ed. Biochemical sensors: mimicking gustatory and olfactory senses, Chapter 8: Investigation into the Kokumi Taste of Soup Stock Materials. Singapore: Pan Stanford. p. 123. ISBN 9789814267076.Safety, University of Minnesota, Department of Environmental Health &. "Aspergillus glaucus". www.dehs.umn.edu. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
 形態學 
灰帶藍麴黴是絲狀和壁薄的，與同屬的其他物種有許多共同特徵。其分生孢子頭（conidial heads）為輻射狀，一般大小約在 5 至 6.5 μm 之間。產生分生孢子之細胞（conidiogenous）形狀為圓柱形，分生孢子（conidium）為圓形或橢圓形。Thom, C., & Raper, K. B. (1941). The Aspergillus glaucus group (Vol. 424). US Dept. of Agriculture.[null Mould Allergy], Yousef Al-Doory and Joanne F. Domson, Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, 1984. 287 p.分生孢子梗（conidiophores）通常長 200 至 350 μm ，其壁平滑，在無色至淡褐色之間。菌絲（hyphae）是有分隔且透明的。"Aspergillus glaucus". www.mold.ph. Retrieved 2016-10-15.瓶梗（phialides）覆蓋囊泡（vesicles）的上部，為球狀至亞球狀，單列，直徑在 15 至 30 μm 之間。子囊（asci）包含八個孢子，通常為不規則，而子囊殼（perithecia）通常是黃色的。其黴菌外觀常可見黃色或綠色斑塊。
 習性與生長環境 
由於其生理上的特徵，灰帶藍麴黴是一種非常強壯的嗜旱真菌（xerophilic fungus），可於各種不同的環境中存活。此種能夠在低濕度環境中生長，也能夠在乾燥地區生長。其可生長溫度範圍為 4°C至 37°C，因此在冬季它也能生長良好，亦是少數可發現於北極地區的真菌之一。然而，生長的最佳溫度範圍在 24°C和 25°C之間，這個溫度範圍被認為是最適合生長的，大約會在一到三週內達到成熟。它也是該屬中耐滲透性最強種類之一，能夠在 60％ 的蔗糖濃度下發育，也能夠生長在非常甜的糖漿和食品中。Panasenko, Vasil T. (1967). "Ecology of microfungi". The Botanical Review. 33 (3): 189–215. doi:10.1007/BF02858637. ISSN 0006-8101.
 病理 
有些菌株可能產生黴菌毒素（mycotoxins），有實例顯示它會導致致命的腦部感染。Traboulsi, RS; Kattar, MM; Dbouni, O; Araj, GF; Kanj, SS (Oct 2007). "Fatal brain infection caused by Aspergillus glaucus in an immunocompetent patient identified by sequencing of the ribosomal 18S-28S internal transcribed spacer". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 26 (10): 747–50. doi:10.1007/s10096-007-0361-x. PMID 17665232.雖然如此，它並不被認為是非常致病的，因為它的生長溫度超過 35°C就會被限制。此外，即使作為病原體，也不被認為是高危險的，因為它對抗真菌治療非常敏感。Araujo, Ricardo; Pina-Vaz, Cidalia; Rodrigues, Acacio Gonçalves (2007-01-01). "Susceptibility of environmental versus clinical strains of pathogenic Aspergillus". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 29 (1): 108–111. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.09.019. ISSN 0924-8579. PMID 17189101.另外，除了引起肺炎（pneumonitis）和各種形式的皮膚炎（dermatitis）之外，它也是已知的過敏原和刺激物。M.D, Kazuko Yoshida; M.D, Masayuki Ando; M.D, Kiyotaka Ito; M.D, Tetsunori Sakata; M.D, Kazuko Arima; M.D, Shukuro Araki; M.D, Katsuhisa Uchida (1990-08-01). "Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis of a Mushroom Worker due to Aspergillus glaucus". Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal. 45 (4): 245–247. doi:10.1080/00039896.1990.9940809. ISSN 0003-9896."Chemical Sampling Information | Aspergillus glaucus". www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
 應用 
應用於日本料理中的燻發酵魚片（鰹節）。在製備的最後階段，將其培養物噴灑到魚上，使之發酵。但由於其會產生β-硝基丙酸（beta-nitropropionic acid）毒素，因此一直存在健康問題。Frisvad, Jens C.; Thrane, Ulf; Samson, Robert A.; Pitt, John I. (2006-08-29). "Important Mycotoxins and the Fungi which Produce Them". In Ailsa Diane Hocking. Advances in Food Mycology. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 571. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, Inc. p. 7. ISBN 9780387283913.
另一種可能的應用是作為抗癌劑的用途，Cai, Menghao; Zhang, Ying; Hu, Wei; Shen, Wei; Yu, Zhenzhong; Zhou, Weiqiang; Jiang, Tao; Zhou, Xiangshan; Zhang, Yuanxing (2014-05-20). "Genetically shaping morphology of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus glaucus for production of antitumor polyketide aspergiolide A". Microbial Cell Factories. 13: 73. doi:10.1186/1475-2859-13-73. ISSN 1475-2859. PMC 4039328 Freely accessible. PMID 24886193.Sun, Xueqian; Zhou, Xiangshan; Cai, Menghao; Tao, Kejing; Zhang, Yuanxing (2009-09-01). "Identified biosynthetic pathway of aspergiolide A and a novel strategy to increase its production in a marine-derived fungus Aspergillus glaucus by feeding of biosynthetic precursors and inhibitors simultaneously". Bioresource Technology. 100 (18): 4244–4251. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2009.03.061. ISSN 1873-2976. PMID 19386490.其真菌毒素 aspergiolide A 具有作為抗癌劑的潛力。最後，由於其北極棲息地和低基本生長溫度範圍，灰帶藍麴黴為能夠在低溫下發揮功能之酶的潛在來源，儘管該領域的研究還相對較新。Abrashev, Radoslav; Feller, Georges; Kostadinova, Nedelina; Krumova, Ekaterina; Alexieva, Zlatka; Gerginova, Maria; Spasova, Boryana; Miteva-Staleva, Jeni; Vassilev, Spassen (2016-05-01). "Production, purification, and characterization of a novel cold-active superoxide dismutase from the Antarctic strain Aspergillus glaucus 363". Fungal Biology. 120 (5): 679–689. doi:10.1016/j.funbio.2016.03.002.

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glaucus