莱佛士猪笼草

莱佛士猪笼草（学名：）得名于斯坦福·莱佛士。其分布极为广泛，包括婆罗洲、苏门答腊、西马来西亚和新加坡。已描述的莱佛士猪笼草的变型和变种是猪笼草属中最多的。仅在婆罗洲就至少有3种不同的变种。莱佛士猪笼草的巨型变型的捕虫笼大小可与马来王猪笼草相媲美。

 植物学史 

1819年，威廉·杰克博士发现了莱佛士猪笼。并在《柯蒂斯植物学杂志》上刊登了威廉·杰克博士从新加坡寄来的信，他这样写道：Phillipps, A. & A. Lamb 1996. Pitcher-Plants of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.

在那时，莱佛士猪笼草是当时所知的猪笼草属中体型最大的物种。1850年的《园丁与农夫杂志》中，对莱佛士猪笼草进行了这样的描述：

 形态特征 
莱佛士猪笼草为藤本植物。茎可长达15米，直径可达10毫米。节间距最长达20厘米。笼蔓最长可超过110厘米。

莱佛士猪笼草的下位笼呈球状，具发达的笼翼。下位笼的高度很少超过20厘米，但莱佛士猪笼草的巨型变型的高度也可达35厘米，宽至15厘米。上位笼呈漏斗状，唇的前端凸出。这两种捕虫笼都有超过3cm的细长唇颈。

捕虫笼的颜色丰富，可为暗紫色至几乎全白。莱佛士猪笼草典型变型的下位笼为浅绿色且带有紫色斑点，上位笼则为奶油色。

莱佛士猪笼草的花序为总状花序，长16至70厘米。花为红色或紫色。每个花梗通常只带一个朵花，偶尔带两朵。

幼苗具棕色或白色且容易脱落的长毛，成株则仅在花序上具一些稀疏的棕色短毛，但也可能完全无毛。

 原生地 
莱佛士猪笼草为分布广泛的低地猪笼草。其常见于婆罗洲和廖内群岛，但在西马来西亚和苏门答腊分布局限。在西马来西亚仅于东南地区分别广泛，特别是在柔佛州相当充裕。而在苏门答腊莱佛士猪笼草仅存在于因陀罗补罗到巴鲁斯之间的西部海岸。Clarke, C.M. 2001. Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.其也分布于周围一些小型岛屿，包括邦加島、纳闽岛Burbidge, F.W. 1882. Notes on the new Nepenthes.  The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 17(420): 56.、大納土納島 Mansur, M. 2012. Keanekaragaman jenis tumbuhan pemakan serangga dan laju fotosintesisnya di Pulau Natuna. [Diversity on insectivorous plants and its photosynthetic rate in Natuna Island.] Berita Biologi 11(1): 33–42. Abstract 及林加群島。Clarke, C.M. 2001. Appendix C: Distribution Maps. In: Nepenthes of Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. pp. 299–307.

莱佛士猪笼草一般生长于开阔的砂质潮湿地区中。也曾在巽他荒原森林、次生林、泥炭沼泽森林边缘、石楠林和海边的悬崖发现过莱佛士猪笼草。其海拔分布范围为0至1200米或至1500米的地区。Adam, J.H., C.C. Wilcock & M.D. Swaine 1992.  Journal of Tropical Forest Science 5(1): 13–25.

 种下类群 
由于莱佛士猪笼草分布广泛，所以莱佛士猪笼草的捕虫笼无论是在形状或颜色方面都存在很大差异。以下为已被描述的莱佛士猪笼草种下类群。其中大部分在现在已被认为是非正式的。原被非正式描述为长莱佛士猪笼草的类群在2011年被描述为巴兰猪笼草Clarke, C., J.A. Moran & C.C. Lee 2011. Nepenthes baramensis (Nepenthaceae) – a new species from north-western Borneo . Blumea 56(3): 229–233. ，现被置于赫姆斯利猪笼草下Scharmann, M. & T.U. Grafe 2013. Reinstatement of Nepenthes hemsleyana (Nepenthaceae), an endemic pitcher plant from Borneo, with a discussion of associated Nepenthes taxa. Blumea 58(1): 8–12. 。

Nepenthes rafflesiana f. alba Hort.Westphal (2000) nom.nud.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. alata J.H.Adam & Wilcock (1990)
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. ambigua Beck (1895) Beck, G. 1895. Die Gattung Nepenthes. Wiener Illustrirte Garten-Zeitung 20(3–6): 96–107, 141–150, 182–192, 217–229.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. elongata Hort.Kew ex Dyer (1897) nom.nud. [=N. hemsleyana]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. excelsior (Hort.Williams) Beck (1895)[=(N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. rafflesiana]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. glaberrima Hook.f. (1873) Hooker, J.D. 1873. Ordo CLXXV bis. Nepenthaceæ. In: A. de Candolle Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis 17: 90–105.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. hookeriana (auct. non Low: Hort.Veitch ex Mast.) Becc. (1886) [=N. × hookeriana]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. insignis Mast. (1882)
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. longicirrhosa Tamin & M.Hotta in M.Hotta (1986) nom.nud. [=N. longifolia]Clarke, C.[M.] 1997. Another Nice Trip to Sumatra . Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 26(1): 4–10.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. minor Becc. (1886)
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nigropurpureaMast. (1882)
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. nivea Hook.f. (1873)
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. pallida Hort.Veitch ex Burb. (1883) [=(N. khasiana × N. gracilis) × N. rafflesiana]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. striata Hort. ex Teijsm. (1859) Teysmann, M.J.E. 1859. Énumération des plantes envoyées de Java au jardin botanique de l'Université de Leide.  Annales d'horticulture et de botanique, ou Flore des jardins du royaume des Pays-Bas, et histoire des plantes cultivées les plus intéressantes des possessions néerlandaises aux Indes orientales, de l'Amérique et du Japon 2: 133–142.nom.nud.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. subglandulosa J.H.Adam & Hafiza (2006)Adam, J.H. & Hafiza A. Hamid 2006. Pitcher plants of Lambir Hill in Miri, Sarawak State of Malaysia. International Journal of Botany 2(4): 340–352. [=N. hemsleyana]
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. typica Beck (1895)nom.illeg.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. viridis Hort. ex Teijsm. (1859)nom.nud.
Nepenthes rafflesiana var. vittata Lauffenburger (1995) nom.nud.
Nepenthes rafflesiana "glaberrima" Burb. (1880)Burbidge, F.W. 1880. The Gardens of the Sun . Murray, London.[=N. hemsleyana]

 巨型变型 
莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型存在于婆罗洲西北海岸的一些相互分离的地区，及古晋以西110公里的海滨小镇三马丹。Clarke, C.M. 1997. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.该变型典型的原生地茂密的石楠森林，特别是植被边缘的地区。

莱佛士猪笼草巨型的方方面面都比普通的莱佛士猪笼草更大。其茎可攀至15米的高处。叶片长度可达典型变型的2.5倍。下位笼可高达35厘米，宽至15厘米，容积可达到1升。其捕虫笼的颜色多种多样，可为白底红斑至深紫色。上位笼可能为全绿或带斑点。花序也很巨大，可长达1米。花梗可达1.5厘米，具暗红色的花被片。

除了大小之外，莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型的发育中叶片也与典型变型不同，其叶片具 深红棕色光泽。人工种植的莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型也具有这样的特征，所以其并非由特殊的环境因素造成的。

曾记录到野外的莱佛士猪笼草巨型变型捕获老鼠。

 相关物种 
莱佛士猪笼草与贝卡利猪笼草、长叶猪笼草和苏门答腊猪笼草之间存在着密切的近缘关系。

2001年，查尔斯·克拉克对来自苏门答腊岛和西马来西亚的猪笼草进行了分支系统学分析，共利用了70个形态特征。莱佛士猪笼草被归入“第5分支”。其中苏门答腊猪笼草与莱佛士猪笼草的相关性达58%。贝卡利猪笼草未被包括在该研究中。贝卡利猪笼草未被包含于该研究中。

莱佛士猪笼草与苏门答腊猪笼草的主要区别在于其下位笼唇的结构不同。苏门答腊猪笼草下位笼的唇齿不明显，而莱佛士猪笼草反之。莱佛士猪笼草具细长的唇颈，而苏门答腊猪笼草则无。苏门答腊猪笼草的下位笼通体为卵形，而莱佛士猪笼草下位笼的上半部为圆柱形。此外，苏门答腊猪笼草的叶片较窄，具棕色短毛。

 自然杂交种 
N. albomarginata × N. rafflesianaLowrie, A. 1983.  Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 12(4): 88–95.McPherson, S.R. 2009. Pitcher Plants of the Old World. 2 volumes. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole.
N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana [=N. × hookeriana]Masters, M.T. 1881. New garden plants. Nepenthes Hookeriana.  The Gardeners' Chronicle, new series, 16(417): 812–813.Yulita, K.S. & M. Mansur 2012. The occurrence of hybrid in Nepenthes hookeriana Lindl. from Central Kalimantan can be detected by RAPD and ISSR markers. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 19(1): 18–24. 
? (N. ampullaria × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis [=N. × hookeriana × N. mirabilis]
N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana
? (N. bicalcarata × N. rafflesiana) × N. mirabilis var. echinostoma
N. clipeata × N. rafflesianaPhillipps, A., A. Lamb & C.C. Lee 2008. Pitcher Plants of Borneo. Second Edition. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu.
N. gracilis × N. rafflesianaTan, W.K., C.L. Wong & C.K. Frazier 1996. Nepenthes × (rafflesiana and gracilis)? Nature Malaysiana 21: 82–85.Bednar, B.L. 1985.  Carnivorous Plant Newsletter 14(4): 105–106.
N. hemsleyana × N. rafflesiana
N. mirabilis × N. rafflesiana（包括N. mirabilis var. echinostoma × N. rafflesiana）

 注释 

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rafflesiana
Nepenthes rafflesiana
Category:1835年描述的植物