佔領波羅的海國家

占领波罗的海国家指的是1940年6月14日，苏联根据苏德互不侵犯条约軍事佔領波罗的海三国（爱沙尼亚、拉脱维亚、立陶宛）这一事件，随后三国即被吞并并成为了苏联加盟共和国。1941年6月22日，纳粹德国展開巴巴罗萨行动攻击苏联，在数周内占领波罗的海国家。1941年7月，第三帝国成立東方總督轄區管理波罗的海地区。1944年波羅的海攻勢行动后，苏军重新占领波罗的海地区，并将剩余德军围困于库尔兰口袋中，直至其1945年5月正式投降。苏联对波罗的海国家的占领则一直维持至1991年8月波罗的海国家重获独立为止。苏联国务委员会在1991年9月6日正式承认三国独立，并支持三国加入联合国和欧盟。俄罗斯在1998年8月将其位于波罗的海国家的最后一个军事基地移交拉脱维亚，并在1999年10月撤出所有驻扎在波罗的海国家的俄军。

波羅的海三國 The Occupation of Latvia  at Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Latvia、美國及其法院、歐洲議會 Motion for a resolution on the Situation in Estonia  by the European Parliament, B6-0215/2007, 21.5.2007; passed 24.5.2007 . Retrieved 1 January 2010.歐洲人權法院European Court of Human Rights cases on Occupation of Baltic States以及联合国人权理事会均表明三國的權益在1939年蘇德互不侵犯條約受剝奪，先遭蘇聯入侵，再遭德國入侵，然後被蘇聯非法佔領及吞併"The Soviet Red Army retook Estonia in 1944, occupying the country for nearly another half century." (Frucht, Richard, Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, ABC-CLIO, 2005  ISBN 978-1-57607-800-6, p. 132 Country Profiles: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania  at UK Foreign OfficeThe World Book Encyclopedia ISBN 0-7166-0103-6The History of the Baltic States by Kevin O'Connor ISBN 0-313-32355-0See, for instance, position expressed by the European Parliament, which condemned "the fact that the occupation of these formerly independent and neutral States by the Soviet Union occurred in 1940 following the Molotov/Ribbentrop pact, and continues." "After the German occupation in 1941–44, Estonia remained occupied by the Soviet Union until the restoration of its independence in 1991." 。各國和組織對蘇聯吞併的不承認政策，衍生出國體連續的原則，即三國雖然於1940年至1991年被非法佔領，在法理上仍然獨立David James Smith, Estonia: independence and European integration, Routledge, 2001, ISBN 0-415-26728-5, pXIX。

 参考文献 

 参见 
冬季战争
苏联占领比萨拉比亚和北布科维纳

 扩展阅读 

 Yaacov Falkov, "Between the Nazi Hammer and the Soviet Anvil: The Untold Story of the Red Guerrillas in the Baltic Region, 1941-1945", in Chris Murray (ed.), Unknown Conflicts of the Second World War: Forgotten Fronts (London: Routledge, 2019), pp. 96–119, 
 Regarding the Procedure for carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia.  – Full text, English
 The Global Museum on Communism about the occupation of Estonia by the Soviet Union.
 The Occupation museum of Latvia
 GULAG 113 – Canadian film about Estonians mobilized into the Red Army 1941 and forced into labour in the GULAG
 Soviet Aggression Against the Baltic States  by (Latvian Supreme Court justice) Augusts Rumpeters — Short and thoroughly annotated dissertation on Soviet-Baltic treaties and relations. 1974. Full text
 Situation in Soviet occupied Estonia in 1955–1956. Manivald Räästas, Eduard Õun. 1956.

 媒體及學術文章 

 Mälksoo, Lauri (2000). Professor Uluots, the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law . Nordic Journal of International Law 69.3, 289–316.
 Non-Recognition in the Courts: The Ships of the Baltic Republics by Herbert W. Briggs. In The American Journal of International Law Vol. 37, No. 4 (Oct., 1943), pp. 585–596.
 Alfred Erich Senn What Happened in Lithuania in 1940?(PDF)
 The Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States, by Irina Saburova. In Russian Review, 1955
 The Steel Curtain , 時代雜誌, April 14, 1947
 The Iron Heel , 時代雜誌, December 14, 1953

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